WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:02.480 --> 00:00:05.430 align:start position:0% Despite<00:00:02.960> existing<00:00:03.520> on<00:00:03.760> a<00:00:04.080> small<00:00:04.560> planet<00:00:04.960> in<00:00:05.200> a 00:00:05.430 --> 00:00:05.440 align:start position:0% Despite existing on a small planet in a 00:00:05.440 --> 00:00:08.470 align:start position:0% Despite existing on a small planet in a tiny<00:00:06.000> corner<00:00:06.400> of<00:00:06.560> the<00:00:06.720> cosmos,<00:00:07.759> astronomers 00:00:08.470 --> 00:00:08.480 align:start position:0% tiny corner of the cosmos, astronomers 00:00:08.480 --> 00:00:11.910 align:start position:0% tiny corner of the cosmos, astronomers know<00:00:08.880> exactly<00:00:09.760> how<00:00:10.160> much<00:00:10.559> visible<00:00:11.040> matter<00:00:11.519> the 00:00:11.910 --> 00:00:11.920 align:start position:0% know exactly how much visible matter the 00:00:11.920 --> 00:00:15.589 align:start position:0% know exactly how much visible matter the entire<00:00:12.880> universe<00:00:13.759> should<00:00:14.080> contain.<00:00:15.360> The 00:00:15.589 --> 00:00:15.599 align:start position:0% entire universe should contain. The 00:00:15.599 --> 00:00:20.070 align:start position:0% entire universe should contain. The problem<00:00:15.839> is<00:00:16.480> that<00:00:16.880> for<00:00:17.359> decades,<00:00:18.720> 40%<00:00:19.600> of<00:00:19.760> it 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:20.080 align:start position:0% problem is that for decades, 40% of it 00:00:20.080 --> 00:00:22.390 align:start position:0% problem is that for decades, 40% of it has<00:00:20.400> been<00:00:20.560> missing.<00:00:21.600> And<00:00:21.840> I'm<00:00:22.000> not<00:00:22.160> just 00:00:22.390 --> 00:00:22.400 align:start position:0% has been missing. And I'm not just 00:00:22.400 --> 00:00:24.950 align:start position:0% has been missing. And I'm not just talking<00:00:22.720> about<00:00:22.960> the<00:00:23.279> ever<00:00:23.760> mysterious<00:00:24.560> dark 00:00:24.950 --> 00:00:24.960 align:start position:0% talking about the ever mysterious dark 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:28.550 align:start position:0% talking about the ever mysterious dark matter<00:00:25.439> and<00:00:25.760> dark<00:00:26.160> energy.<00:00:27.199> Galaxy<00:00:27.760> clusters 00:00:28.550 --> 00:00:28.560 align:start position:0% matter and dark energy. Galaxy clusters 00:00:28.560 --> 00:00:31.349 align:start position:0% matter and dark energy. Galaxy clusters don't<00:00:28.960> seem<00:00:29.279> to<00:00:29.439> have<00:00:29.760> as<00:00:30.160> much<00:00:30.560> visible<00:00:31.039> mass 00:00:31.349 --> 00:00:31.359 align:start position:0% don't seem to have as much visible mass 00:00:31.359 --> 00:00:34.790 align:start position:0% don't seem to have as much visible mass as<00:00:31.679> our<00:00:32.000> models<00:00:32.480> say<00:00:33.120> should<00:00:33.440> be<00:00:33.680> there. 00:00:34.790 --> 00:00:34.800 align:start position:0% as our models say should be there. 00:00:34.800 --> 00:00:37.910 align:start position:0% as our models say should be there. Entire<00:00:35.360> galaxies<00:00:36.000> seem<00:00:36.239> to<00:00:36.399> have<00:00:36.640> lost<00:00:37.280> huge 00:00:37.910 --> 00:00:37.920 align:start position:0% Entire galaxies seem to have lost huge 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:39.990 align:start position:0% Entire galaxies seem to have lost huge reservoirs<00:00:38.559> of<00:00:38.719> the<00:00:38.960> material<00:00:39.520> they<00:00:39.840> were 00:00:39.990 --> 00:00:40.000 align:start position:0% reservoirs of the material they were 00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:43.190 align:start position:0% reservoirs of the material they were born<00:00:40.320> with.<00:00:41.520> Even<00:00:41.920> the<00:00:42.239> space<00:00:42.719> between 00:00:43.190 --> 00:00:43.200 align:start position:0% born with. Even the space between 00:00:43.200 --> 00:00:47.110 align:start position:0% born with. Even the space between galaxies,<00:00:44.320> enormous<00:00:45.120> cosmic<00:00:45.760> deserts<00:00:46.640> are 00:00:47.110 --> 00:00:47.120 align:start position:0% galaxies, enormous cosmic deserts are 00:00:47.120 --> 00:00:50.869 align:start position:0% galaxies, enormous cosmic deserts are emptier<00:00:47.920> than<00:00:48.239> our<00:00:48.559> best<00:00:49.039> theories<00:00:49.600> predict. 00:00:50.869 --> 00:00:50.879 align:start position:0% emptier than our best theories predict. 00:00:50.879 --> 00:00:54.630 align:start position:0% emptier than our best theories predict. This<00:00:51.360> missing<00:00:51.840> mass<00:00:52.559> has<00:00:52.879> to<00:00:53.120> be<00:00:53.440> out<00:00:53.680> there. 00:00:54.630 --> 00:00:54.640 align:start position:0% This missing mass has to be out there. 00:00:54.640 --> 00:00:58.069 align:start position:0% This missing mass has to be out there. that<00:00:55.360> or<00:00:55.680> all<00:00:55.920> our<00:00:56.239> models<00:00:56.559> of<00:00:56.719> cosmology<00:00:57.760> are 00:00:58.069 --> 00:00:58.079 align:start position:0% that or all our models of cosmology are 00:00:58.079 --> 00:01:00.630 align:start position:0% that or all our models of cosmology are wrong.<00:00:58.879> But<00:00:59.120> every<00:00:59.359> time<00:00:59.520> we've<00:00:59.840> looked, 00:01:00.630 --> 00:01:00.640 align:start position:0% wrong. But every time we've looked, 00:01:00.640 --> 00:01:03.830 align:start position:0% wrong. But every time we've looked, we've<00:01:01.039> found<00:01:01.359> nothing.<00:01:02.399> And<00:01:02.640> believe<00:01:03.039> me, 00:01:03.830 --> 00:01:03.840 align:start position:0% we've found nothing. And believe me, 00:01:03.840 --> 00:01:07.030 align:start position:0% we've found nothing. And believe me, we've<00:01:04.320> tried.<00:01:05.600> We've<00:01:06.000> used<00:01:06.320> our<00:01:06.720> most 00:01:07.030 --> 00:01:07.040 align:start position:0% we've tried. We've used our most 00:01:07.040 --> 00:01:10.149 align:start position:0% we've tried. We've used our most powerful<00:01:07.600> telescopes,<00:01:08.799> deepest<00:01:09.280> surveys, 00:01:10.149 --> 00:01:10.159 align:start position:0% powerful telescopes, deepest surveys, 00:01:10.159 --> 00:01:12.710 align:start position:0% powerful telescopes, deepest surveys, and<00:01:10.400> most<00:01:10.880> sensitive<00:01:11.520> detectors<00:01:12.240> in<00:01:12.560> the 00:01:12.710 --> 00:01:12.720 align:start position:0% and most sensitive detectors in the 00:01:12.720 --> 00:01:15.910 align:start position:0% and most sensitive detectors in the search.<00:01:14.159> The<00:01:14.400> missing<00:01:14.720> mass<00:01:15.200> just<00:01:15.520> remains 00:01:15.910 --> 00:01:15.920 align:start position:0% search. The missing mass just remains 00:01:15.920 --> 00:01:18.870 align:start position:0% search. The missing mass just remains invisible,<00:01:17.200> slipping<00:01:17.759> past<00:01:18.080> our<00:01:18.400> instruments 00:01:18.870 --> 00:01:18.880 align:start position:0% invisible, slipping past our instruments 00:01:18.880 --> 00:01:23.749 align:start position:0% invisible, slipping past our instruments like<00:01:19.119> a<00:01:19.280> ghost.<00:01:20.640> That<00:01:20.960> is<00:01:21.840> until<00:01:22.240> now.<00:01:23.280> For<00:01:23.520> the 00:01:23.749 --> 00:01:23.759 align:start position:0% like a ghost. That is until now. For the 00:01:23.759 --> 00:01:25.910 align:start position:0% like a ghost. That is until now. For the first<00:01:24.000> time<00:01:24.159> in<00:01:24.479> history,<00:01:25.040> we<00:01:25.360> may<00:01:25.680> have 00:01:25.910 --> 00:01:25.920 align:start position:0% first time in history, we may have 00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:28.870 align:start position:0% first time in history, we may have finally<00:01:26.400> found<00:01:27.040> where<00:01:27.600> the<00:01:27.840> missing<00:01:28.159> mass<00:01:28.479> of 00:01:28.870 --> 00:01:28.880 align:start position:0% finally found where the missing mass of 00:01:28.880 --> 00:01:32.069 align:start position:0% finally found where the missing mass of all<00:01:29.200> the<00:01:29.520> universe<00:01:29.920> has<00:01:30.159> been<00:01:30.320> hiding.<00:01:31.360> And 00:01:32.069 --> 00:01:32.079 align:start position:0% all the universe has been hiding. And 00:01:32.079 --> 00:01:35.030 align:start position:0% all the universe has been hiding. And it's<00:01:32.320> in<00:01:32.560> plain<00:01:32.880> sight.<00:01:34.079> Astronomers<00:01:34.799> have 00:01:35.030 --> 00:01:35.040 align:start position:0% it's in plain sight. Astronomers have 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:38.230 align:start position:0% it's in plain sight. Astronomers have captured<00:01:35.600> images<00:01:36.400> of<00:01:36.720> vast<00:01:37.600> gaseous 00:01:38.230 --> 00:01:38.240 align:start position:0% captured images of vast gaseous 00:01:38.240 --> 00:01:41.109 align:start position:0% captured images of vast gaseous filaments<00:01:38.720> that<00:01:38.960> stretch<00:01:39.680> 23<00:01:40.720> million 00:01:41.109 --> 00:01:41.119 align:start position:0% filaments that stretch 23 million 00:01:41.119 --> 00:01:44.630 align:start position:0% filaments that stretch 23 million lightyear<00:01:41.840> between<00:01:42.560> galaxy<00:01:43.040> clusters.<00:01:44.320> It 00:01:44.630 --> 00:01:44.640 align:start position:0% lightyear between galaxy clusters. It 00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:48.149 align:start position:0% lightyear between galaxy clusters. It may<00:01:44.880> just<00:01:45.119> be<00:01:45.520> one<00:01:45.920> filament,<00:01:46.880> but<00:01:47.200> finding<00:01:47.600> it 00:01:48.149 --> 00:01:48.159 align:start position:0% may just be one filament, but finding it 00:01:48.159 --> 00:01:50.789 align:start position:0% may just be one filament, but finding it has<00:01:48.640> huge<00:01:49.119> ramifications. 00:01:50.789 --> 00:01:50.799 align:start position:0% has huge ramifications. 00:01:50.799 --> 00:01:54.550 align:start position:0% has huge ramifications. Is<00:01:51.119> this<00:01:51.600> the<00:01:52.000> very<00:01:52.320> first<00:01:52.960> detailed<00:01:53.520> image<00:01:54.240> of 00:01:54.550 --> 00:01:54.560 align:start position:0% Is this the very first detailed image of 00:01:54.560 --> 00:01:58.149 align:start position:0% Is this the very first detailed image of the<00:01:54.960> cosmic<00:01:55.600> web?<00:01:56.720> As<00:01:57.040> scientists<00:01:57.680> now<00:01:57.920> hunt 00:01:58.149 --> 00:01:58.159 align:start position:0% the cosmic web? As scientists now hunt 00:01:58.159 --> 00:02:00.709 align:start position:0% the cosmic web? As scientists now hunt for<00:01:58.320> more,<00:01:59.040> this<00:01:59.360> discovery<00:01:59.920> has<00:02:00.240> the<00:02:00.479> power 00:02:00.709 --> 00:02:00.719 align:start position:0% for more, this discovery has the power 00:02:00.719 --> 00:02:03.510 align:start position:0% for more, this discovery has the power to<00:02:01.040> determine<00:02:01.840> whether<00:02:02.320> our<00:02:02.640> cosmological 00:02:03.510 --> 00:02:03.520 align:start position:0% to determine whether our cosmological 00:02:03.520 --> 00:02:06.950 align:start position:0% to determine whether our cosmological models<00:02:04.479> are<00:02:04.799> correct. 00:02:06.950 --> 00:02:06.960 align:start position:0% models are correct. 00:02:06.960 --> 00:02:09.029 align:start position:0% models are correct. I'm<00:02:07.280> Alex<00:02:07.600> Mccoan<00:02:08.319> and<00:02:08.560> you're<00:02:08.800> watching 00:02:09.029 --> 00:02:09.039 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:02:09.039 --> 00:02:11.990 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:02:10.000> Join<00:02:10.319> me<00:02:10.560> as<00:02:10.800> we<00:02:11.120> reveal<00:02:11.680> how 00:02:11.990 --> 00:02:12.000 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me as we reveal how 00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:14.309 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me as we reveal how astronomers<00:02:12.640> have<00:02:12.879> snatched<00:02:13.360> a<00:02:13.599> glimpse<00:02:14.160> of 00:02:14.309 --> 00:02:14.319 align:start position:0% astronomers have snatched a glimpse of 00:02:14.319 --> 00:02:16.550 align:start position:0% astronomers have snatched a glimpse of the<00:02:14.560> near<00:02:14.959> invisible<00:02:15.599> network<00:02:16.239> that 00:02:16.550 --> 00:02:16.560 align:start position:0% the near invisible network that 00:02:16.560 --> 00:02:19.430 align:start position:0% the near invisible network that underpins<00:02:17.200> the<00:02:17.440> cosmos.<00:02:18.480> finally<00:02:18.959> revealing 00:02:19.430 --> 00:02:19.440 align:start position:0% underpins the cosmos. finally revealing 00:02:19.440 --> 00:02:22.150 align:start position:0% underpins the cosmos. finally revealing the<00:02:19.760> hiding<00:02:20.160> place<00:02:20.560> for<00:02:20.879> our<00:02:21.200> universe's 00:02:22.150 --> 00:02:22.160 align:start position:0% the hiding place for our universe's 00:02:22.160 --> 00:02:24.949 align:start position:0% the hiding place for our universe's missing<00:02:22.720> visible<00:02:23.200> matter.<00:02:24.000> And<00:02:24.160> with<00:02:24.400> it, 00:02:24.949 --> 00:02:24.959 align:start position:0% missing visible matter. And with it, 00:02:24.959 --> 00:02:27.510 align:start position:0% missing visible matter. And with it, let's<00:02:25.280> start<00:02:25.520> unraveling<00:02:26.160> the<00:02:26.400> truth<00:02:26.879> behind 00:02:27.510 --> 00:02:27.520 align:start position:0% let's start unraveling the truth behind 00:02:27.520 --> 00:02:30.869 align:start position:0% let's start unraveling the truth behind our<00:02:27.920> cosmic<00:02:28.480> evolution. 00:02:30.869 --> 00:02:30.879 align:start position:0% our cosmic evolution. 00:02:30.879 --> 00:02:33.830 align:start position:0% our cosmic evolution. When<00:02:31.120> we<00:02:31.280> measure<00:02:31.680> all<00:02:32.000> of<00:02:32.239> the<00:02:32.480> gas,<00:02:33.120> dust, 00:02:33.830 --> 00:02:33.840 align:start position:0% When we measure all of the gas, dust, 00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:37.270 align:start position:0% When we measure all of the gas, dust, planets,<00:02:34.640> stars,<00:02:35.280> and<00:02:35.599> galaxies,<00:02:36.879> everything 00:02:37.270 --> 00:02:37.280 align:start position:0% planets, stars, and galaxies, everything 00:02:37.280 --> 00:02:39.750 align:start position:0% planets, stars, and galaxies, everything we<00:02:37.599> can<00:02:37.760> see<00:02:37.920> in<00:02:38.239> the<00:02:38.400> whole<00:02:38.560> universe<00:02:39.280> using 00:02:39.750 --> 00:02:39.760 align:start position:0% we can see in the whole universe using 00:02:39.760 --> 00:02:41.910 align:start position:0% we can see in the whole universe using everything<00:02:40.239> from<00:02:40.560> infrared<00:02:41.200> to<00:02:41.519> visible 00:02:41.910 --> 00:02:41.920 align:start position:0% everything from infrared to visible 00:02:41.920 --> 00:02:45.750 align:start position:0% everything from infrared to visible light<00:02:42.400> and<00:02:42.720> beyond<00:02:43.200> to<00:02:43.760> gamma<00:02:44.080> rays,<00:02:45.120> it<00:02:45.440> adds 00:02:45.750 --> 00:02:45.760 align:start position:0% light and beyond to gamma rays, it adds 00:02:45.760 --> 00:02:50.630 align:start position:0% light and beyond to gamma rays, it adds up<00:02:46.160> to<00:02:46.480> a<00:02:46.720> colossal<00:02:47.360> amount,<00:02:48.400> more<00:02:48.640> than<00:02:49.519> 100 00:02:50.630 --> 00:02:50.640 align:start position:0% up to a colossal amount, more than 100 00:02:50.640 --> 00:02:52.150 align:start position:0% up to a colossal amount, more than 100 sexilion 00:02:52.150 --> 00:02:52.160 align:start position:0% sexilion 00:02:52.160 --> 00:02:57.750 align:start position:0% sexilion kg.<00:02:53.360> That's<00:02:53.840> 10<00:02:54.640> with<00:02:55.120> 53<00:02:56.080> zeros<00:02:56.560> after<00:02:56.879> it. 00:02:57.750 --> 00:02:57.760 align:start position:0% kg. That's 10 with 53 zeros after it. 00:02:57.760 --> 00:03:00.070 align:start position:0% kg. That's 10 with 53 zeros after it. But<00:02:58.000> really,<00:02:58.640> this<00:02:58.959> only<00:02:59.280> accounts<00:02:59.680> for<00:02:59.840> a 00:03:00.070 --> 00:03:00.080 align:start position:0% But really, this only accounts for a 00:03:00.080 --> 00:03:01.990 align:start position:0% But really, this only accounts for a small<00:03:00.400> fraction<00:03:00.800> of<00:03:00.959> the<00:03:01.120> total<00:03:01.440> matter<00:03:01.760> that 00:03:01.990 --> 00:03:02.000 align:start position:0% small fraction of the total matter that 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:05.589 align:start position:0% small fraction of the total matter that scientists<00:03:02.640> predict<00:03:03.280> to<00:03:03.599> exist.<00:03:04.720> In<00:03:04.959> fact, 00:03:05.589 --> 00:03:05.599 align:start position:0% scientists predict to exist. In fact, 00:03:05.599 --> 00:03:07.670 align:start position:0% scientists predict to exist. In fact, this<00:03:06.000> visible<00:03:06.480> ordinary<00:03:06.959> matter<00:03:07.280> is<00:03:07.519> thought 00:03:07.670 --> 00:03:07.680 align:start position:0% this visible ordinary matter is thought 00:03:07.680 --> 00:03:10.949 align:start position:0% this visible ordinary matter is thought to<00:03:07.840> make<00:03:08.000> up<00:03:08.159> just<00:03:08.560> 5%<00:03:09.280> of<00:03:09.440> the<00:03:09.680> universe.<00:03:10.720> The 00:03:10.949 --> 00:03:10.959 align:start position:0% to make up just 5% of the universe. The 00:03:10.959 --> 00:03:13.509 align:start position:0% to make up just 5% of the universe. The rest<00:03:11.519> is<00:03:11.840> stuff<00:03:12.159> we<00:03:12.640> don't<00:03:12.959> completely 00:03:13.509 --> 00:03:13.519 align:start position:0% rest is stuff we don't completely 00:03:13.519 --> 00:03:15.910 align:start position:0% rest is stuff we don't completely understand.<00:03:14.560> Dark<00:03:14.879> matter<00:03:15.200> is<00:03:15.440> believed<00:03:15.680> to 00:03:15.910 --> 00:03:15.920 align:start position:0% understand. Dark matter is believed to 00:03:15.920 --> 00:03:20.869 align:start position:0% understand. Dark matter is believed to account<00:03:16.159> for<00:03:16.400> 27%.<00:03:17.760> And<00:03:17.920> dark<00:03:18.239> energy<00:03:19.120> 68%. 00:03:20.869 --> 00:03:20.879 align:start position:0% account for 27%. And dark energy 68%. 00:03:20.879 --> 00:03:23.750 align:start position:0% account for 27%. And dark energy 68%. Despite<00:03:21.280> their<00:03:21.519> names,<00:03:22.159> dark<00:03:22.560> energy<00:03:23.120> isn't 00:03:23.750 --> 00:03:23.760 align:start position:0% Despite their names, dark energy isn't 00:03:23.760 --> 00:03:26.229 align:start position:0% Despite their names, dark energy isn't related<00:03:24.239> to<00:03:24.480> dark<00:03:24.800> matter.<00:03:25.680> What<00:03:25.920> they<00:03:26.080> have 00:03:26.229 --> 00:03:26.239 align:start position:0% related to dark matter. What they have 00:03:26.239 --> 00:03:29.670 align:start position:0% related to dark matter. What they have in<00:03:26.480> common<00:03:27.120> is<00:03:27.360> that<00:03:27.519> we<00:03:27.760> can't<00:03:28.000> detect<00:03:28.800> or<00:03:29.360> see 00:03:29.670 --> 00:03:29.680 align:start position:0% in common is that we can't detect or see 00:03:29.680 --> 00:03:32.309 align:start position:0% in common is that we can't detect or see them.<00:03:30.640> Dark<00:03:30.959> energy<00:03:31.280> is<00:03:31.519> thought<00:03:31.760> to<00:03:31.920> be<00:03:32.080> a 00:03:32.309 --> 00:03:32.319 align:start position:0% them. Dark energy is thought to be a 00:03:32.319 --> 00:03:34.869 align:start position:0% them. Dark energy is thought to be a seemingly<00:03:32.959> invisible<00:03:33.599> type<00:03:33.840> of<00:03:34.080> energy 00:03:34.869 --> 00:03:34.879 align:start position:0% seemingly invisible type of energy 00:03:34.879 --> 00:03:36.869 align:start position:0% seemingly invisible type of energy causing<00:03:35.280> the<00:03:35.519> universe's<00:03:36.159> expansion<00:03:36.640> to 00:03:36.869 --> 00:03:36.879 align:start position:0% causing the universe's expansion to 00:03:36.879 --> 00:03:39.910 align:start position:0% causing the universe's expansion to accelerate<00:03:37.440> over<00:03:37.760> time.<00:03:38.560> And<00:03:38.799> dark<00:03:39.040> matter<00:03:39.680> is 00:03:39.910 --> 00:03:39.920 align:start position:0% accelerate over time. And dark matter is 00:03:39.920 --> 00:03:42.309 align:start position:0% accelerate over time. And dark matter is a<00:03:40.159> type<00:03:40.319> of<00:03:40.480> matter<00:03:40.799> that<00:03:41.120> has<00:03:41.280> mass<00:03:41.920> but<00:03:42.159> is 00:03:42.309 --> 00:03:42.319 align:start position:0% a type of matter that has mass but is 00:03:42.319 --> 00:03:44.789 align:start position:0% a type of matter that has mass but is invisible<00:03:42.799> to<00:03:42.959> us<00:03:43.440> as<00:03:43.680> it<00:03:43.840> doesn't<00:03:44.080> absorb, 00:03:44.789 --> 00:03:44.799 align:start position:0% invisible to us as it doesn't absorb, 00:03:44.799 --> 00:03:48.550 align:start position:0% invisible to us as it doesn't absorb, reflect,<00:03:45.680> or<00:03:46.080> emit<00:03:46.560> any<00:03:46.879> light.<00:03:48.080> I've<00:03:48.319> talked 00:03:48.550 --> 00:03:48.560 align:start position:0% reflect, or emit any light. I've talked 00:03:48.560 --> 00:03:50.869 align:start position:0% reflect, or emit any light. I've talked about<00:03:48.879> dark<00:03:49.200> energy<00:03:49.519> in<00:03:49.760> previous<00:03:50.080> videos, 00:03:50.869 --> 00:03:50.879 align:start position:0% about dark energy in previous videos, 00:03:50.879 --> 00:03:53.750 align:start position:0% about dark energy in previous videos, and<00:03:51.280> that<00:03:51.599> is<00:03:51.840> truly<00:03:52.239> its<00:03:52.480> own<00:03:52.640> mystery.<00:03:53.519> You 00:03:53.750 --> 00:03:53.760 align:start position:0% and that is truly its own mystery. You 00:03:53.760 --> 00:03:55.270 align:start position:0% and that is truly its own mystery. You can<00:03:53.920> explore<00:03:54.239> those<00:03:54.480> if<00:03:54.720> you're<00:03:54.879> interested 00:03:55.270 --> 00:03:55.280 align:start position:0% can explore those if you're interested 00:03:55.280 --> 00:03:57.509 align:start position:0% can explore those if you're interested to<00:03:55.440> find<00:03:55.599> out<00:03:55.760> more<00:03:56.000> about<00:03:56.159> the<00:03:56.400> topic,<00:03:57.280> but 00:03:57.509 --> 00:03:57.519 align:start position:0% to find out more about the topic, but 00:03:57.519 --> 00:03:59.910 align:start position:0% to find out more about the topic, but for<00:03:57.680> this<00:03:57.920> video,<00:03:58.560> I'll<00:03:58.799> just<00:03:59.040> focus<00:03:59.280> on<00:03:59.519> the 00:03:59.910 --> 00:03:59.920 align:start position:0% for this video, I'll just focus on the 00:03:59.920 --> 00:04:03.990 align:start position:0% for this video, I'll just focus on the matter<00:04:00.319> at<00:04:00.560> hand.<00:04:01.840> So,<00:04:02.400> 95%<00:04:03.120> of<00:04:03.360> our<00:04:03.599> universe 00:04:03.990 --> 00:04:04.000 align:start position:0% matter at hand. So, 95% of our universe 00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:07.429 align:start position:0% matter at hand. So, 95% of our universe is<00:04:04.319> likely<00:04:04.959> not<00:04:05.439> made<00:04:05.760> of<00:04:06.000> visible<00:04:06.879> ordinary 00:04:07.429 --> 00:04:07.439 align:start position:0% is likely not made of visible ordinary 00:04:07.439 --> 00:04:10.869 align:start position:0% is likely not made of visible ordinary matter.<00:04:08.480> And<00:04:08.879> of<00:04:09.200> the<00:04:09.439> 5%<00:04:10.080> that<00:04:10.480> is 00:04:10.869 --> 00:04:10.879 align:start position:0% matter. And of the 5% that is 00:04:10.879 --> 00:04:12.869 align:start position:0% matter. And of the 5% that is technically<00:04:11.439> visible<00:04:11.760> matter,<00:04:12.400> also<00:04:12.720> known 00:04:12.869 --> 00:04:12.879 align:start position:0% technically visible matter, also known 00:04:12.879 --> 00:04:16.310 align:start position:0% technically visible matter, also known as<00:04:13.120> barionic<00:04:13.760> matter,<00:04:14.640> about<00:04:15.120> 40%<00:04:15.840> has<00:04:16.079> been 00:04:16.310 --> 00:04:16.320 align:start position:0% as barionic matter, about 40% has been 00:04:16.320 --> 00:04:19.189 align:start position:0% as barionic matter, about 40% has been missing<00:04:16.720> since<00:04:17.040> the<00:04:17.280> Big<00:04:17.440> Bang<00:04:17.919> 13.8<00:04:18.799> billion 00:04:19.189 --> 00:04:19.199 align:start position:0% missing since the Big Bang 13.8 billion 00:04:19.199 --> 00:04:21.670 align:start position:0% missing since the Big Bang 13.8 billion years<00:04:19.359> ago.<00:04:20.400> Now,<00:04:20.880> I<00:04:21.120> know<00:04:21.199> what<00:04:21.440> you're 00:04:21.670 --> 00:04:21.680 align:start position:0% years ago. Now, I know what you're 00:04:21.680 --> 00:04:24.469 align:start position:0% years ago. Now, I know what you're thinking.<00:04:22.639> How<00:04:22.880> do<00:04:23.040> we<00:04:23.199> know<00:04:23.440> it's<00:04:23.759> missing<00:04:24.160> if 00:04:24.469 --> 00:04:24.479 align:start position:0% thinking. How do we know it's missing if 00:04:24.479 --> 00:04:26.870 align:start position:0% thinking. How do we know it's missing if we've<00:04:24.800> never<00:04:25.120> seen<00:04:25.360> it?<00:04:26.080> We<00:04:26.320> certainly 00:04:26.870 --> 00:04:26.880 align:start position:0% we've never seen it? We certainly 00:04:26.880 --> 00:04:29.030 align:start position:0% we've never seen it? We certainly weren't<00:04:27.199> around<00:04:27.520> back<00:04:27.759> then.<00:04:28.560> Thankfully, 00:04:29.030 --> 00:04:29.040 align:start position:0% weren't around back then. Thankfully, 00:04:29.040 --> 00:04:31.590 align:start position:0% weren't around back then. Thankfully, the<00:04:29.280> early<00:04:29.520> universe<00:04:30.000> itself<00:04:30.880> left<00:04:31.199> us<00:04:31.360> the 00:04:31.590 --> 00:04:31.600 align:start position:0% the early universe itself left us the 00:04:31.600 --> 00:04:33.830 align:start position:0% the early universe itself left us the answer.<00:04:32.479> Measurements<00:04:32.960> of<00:04:33.120> the<00:04:33.360> cosmic 00:04:33.830 --> 00:04:33.840 align:start position:0% answer. Measurements of the cosmic 00:04:33.840 --> 00:04:35.430 align:start position:0% answer. Measurements of the cosmic microwave<00:04:34.479> background<00:04:34.960> have<00:04:35.199> allowed 00:04:35.430 --> 00:04:35.440 align:start position:0% microwave background have allowed 00:04:35.440 --> 00:04:37.590 align:start position:0% microwave background have allowed cosmologists<00:04:36.160> to<00:04:36.400> calculate<00:04:36.880> exactly<00:04:37.360> how 00:04:37.590 --> 00:04:37.600 align:start position:0% cosmologists to calculate exactly how 00:04:37.600 --> 00:04:39.909 align:start position:0% cosmologists to calculate exactly how much<00:04:37.840> barionic<00:04:38.400> and<00:04:38.720> non-barionic<00:04:39.600> matter 00:04:39.909 --> 00:04:39.919 align:start position:0% much barionic and non-barionic matter 00:04:39.919 --> 00:04:42.070 align:start position:0% much barionic and non-barionic matter was<00:04:40.160> created<00:04:40.479> as<00:04:40.639> a<00:04:40.800> result<00:04:40.960> of<00:04:41.120> the<00:04:41.280> Big<00:04:41.520> Bang 00:04:42.070 --> 00:04:42.080 align:start position:0% was created as a result of the Big Bang 00:04:42.080 --> 00:04:44.629 align:start position:0% was created as a result of the Big Bang to<00:04:42.320> an<00:04:42.560> accuracy<00:04:43.040> level<00:04:43.360> of<00:04:43.759> better<00:04:44.160> than<00:04:44.400> a 00:04:44.629 --> 00:04:44.639 align:start position:0% to an accuracy level of better than a 00:04:44.639 --> 00:04:48.390 align:start position:0% to an accuracy level of better than a few%.<00:04:45.840> That<00:04:46.080> gives<00:04:46.320> us<00:04:46.479> a<00:04:46.960> precise<00:04:47.520> budget<00:04:48.080> for 00:04:48.390 --> 00:04:48.400 align:start position:0% few%. That gives us a precise budget for 00:04:48.400 --> 00:04:50.870 align:start position:0% few%. That gives us a precise budget for how<00:04:48.560> many<00:04:48.800> atoms<00:04:49.440> should<00:04:49.840> be<00:04:50.000> in<00:04:50.240> the<00:04:50.400> universe 00:04:50.870 --> 00:04:50.880 align:start position:0% how many atoms should be in the universe 00:04:50.880 --> 00:04:53.510 align:start position:0% how many atoms should be in the universe today.<00:04:52.080> But<00:04:52.320> just<00:04:52.560> because<00:04:52.800> it's<00:04:53.120> made<00:04:53.280> of 00:04:53.510 --> 00:04:53.520 align:start position:0% today. But just because it's made of 00:04:53.520 --> 00:04:56.070 align:start position:0% today. But just because it's made of stuff<00:04:53.759> that's<00:04:54.160> visible<00:04:54.479> to<00:04:54.720> us<00:04:55.360> doesn't<00:04:55.759> mean 00:04:56.070 --> 00:04:56.080 align:start position:0% stuff that's visible to us doesn't mean 00:04:56.080 --> 00:04:59.590 align:start position:0% stuff that's visible to us doesn't mean it's<00:04:56.560> easy<00:04:56.960> to<00:04:57.199> see.<00:04:58.479> When<00:04:58.720> astronomers<00:04:59.440> go 00:04:59.590 --> 00:04:59.600 align:start position:0% it's easy to see. When astronomers go 00:04:59.600 --> 00:05:02.310 align:start position:0% it's easy to see. When astronomers go out<00:04:59.919> and<00:05:00.240> count<00:05:00.479> up<00:05:00.720> all<00:05:00.880> the<00:05:01.120> stars,<00:05:01.840> gas, 00:05:02.310 --> 00:05:02.320 align:start position:0% out and count up all the stars, gas, 00:05:02.320 --> 00:05:04.629 align:start position:0% out and count up all the stars, gas, dust,<00:05:02.639> and<00:05:02.880> plasma<00:05:03.280> we<00:05:03.520> can<00:05:03.680> see<00:05:04.240> with<00:05:04.400> the 00:05:04.629 --> 00:05:04.639 align:start position:0% dust, and plasma we can see with the 00:05:04.639 --> 00:05:07.590 align:start position:0% dust, and plasma we can see with the help<00:05:04.800> of<00:05:05.040> models<00:05:05.440> and<00:05:05.680> simulations,<00:05:06.960> we<00:05:07.360> only 00:05:07.590 --> 00:05:07.600 align:start position:0% help of models and simulations, we only 00:05:07.600 --> 00:05:10.870 align:start position:0% help of models and simulations, we only find<00:05:08.000> about<00:05:08.479> 60%<00:05:09.199> of<00:05:09.440> what<00:05:09.759> should<00:05:10.000> be<00:05:10.160> there. 00:05:10.870 --> 00:05:10.880 align:start position:0% find about 60% of what should be there. 00:05:10.880 --> 00:05:13.670 align:start position:0% find about 60% of what should be there. The<00:05:11.120> rest<00:05:11.680> has<00:05:12.000> to<00:05:12.240> exist<00:05:12.560> for<00:05:12.800> early<00:05:13.199> universe 00:05:13.670 --> 00:05:13.680 align:start position:0% The rest has to exist for early universe 00:05:13.680 --> 00:05:16.230 align:start position:0% The rest has to exist for early universe physics<00:05:14.000> to<00:05:14.240> make<00:05:14.400> sense.<00:05:15.360> But<00:05:15.520> unless<00:05:15.840> we<00:05:16.080> can 00:05:16.230 --> 00:05:16.240 align:start position:0% physics to make sense. But unless we can 00:05:16.240 --> 00:05:18.710 align:start position:0% physics to make sense. But unless we can find<00:05:16.479> it,<00:05:16.960> we<00:05:17.360> can't<00:05:17.680> prove<00:05:17.919> that<00:05:18.160> our<00:05:18.400> models 00:05:18.710 --> 00:05:18.720 align:start position:0% find it, we can't prove that our models 00:05:18.720 --> 00:05:21.990 align:start position:0% find it, we can't prove that our models are<00:05:18.880> right.<00:05:19.759> Maybe<00:05:20.000> we've<00:05:20.320> got<00:05:20.479> it<00:05:20.639> all<00:05:20.880> wrong. 00:05:21.990 --> 00:05:22.000 align:start position:0% are right. Maybe we've got it all wrong. 00:05:22.000 --> 00:05:24.070 align:start position:0% are right. Maybe we've got it all wrong. Thankfully,<00:05:22.639> scientists<00:05:23.199> haven't<00:05:23.600> been<00:05:23.759> that 00:05:24.070 --> 00:05:24.080 align:start position:0% Thankfully, scientists haven't been that 00:05:24.080 --> 00:05:26.310 align:start position:0% Thankfully, scientists haven't been that quick<00:05:24.240> to<00:05:24.400> give<00:05:24.639> up<00:05:25.120> and<00:05:25.360> instead<00:05:26.080> turned 00:05:26.310 --> 00:05:26.320 align:start position:0% quick to give up and instead turned 00:05:26.320 --> 00:05:28.310 align:start position:0% quick to give up and instead turned their<00:05:26.560> attention<00:05:26.880> to<00:05:27.120> working<00:05:27.440> out<00:05:27.680> where<00:05:28.080> the 00:05:28.310 --> 00:05:28.320 align:start position:0% their attention to working out where the 00:05:28.320 --> 00:05:31.110 align:start position:0% their attention to working out where the missing<00:05:28.639> mass<00:05:29.199> may<00:05:29.520> be<00:05:29.680> lurking.<00:05:30.720> And<00:05:30.880> they 00:05:31.110 --> 00:05:31.120 align:start position:0% missing mass may be lurking. And they 00:05:31.120 --> 00:05:34.710 align:start position:0% missing mass may be lurking. And they came<00:05:31.360> up<00:05:31.600> with<00:05:32.080> an<00:05:32.320> intriguing<00:05:33.120> hypothesis. 00:05:34.710 --> 00:05:34.720 align:start position:0% came up with an intriguing hypothesis. 00:05:34.720 --> 00:05:37.590 align:start position:0% came up with an intriguing hypothesis. Missing<00:05:35.280> barionic<00:05:35.840> matter<00:05:36.400> is<00:05:36.720> not<00:05:36.960> the<00:05:37.199> only 00:05:37.590 --> 00:05:37.600 align:start position:0% Missing barionic matter is not the only 00:05:37.600 --> 00:05:40.629 align:start position:0% Missing barionic matter is not the only missing<00:05:38.000> mass.<00:05:38.880> And<00:05:39.120> perhaps<00:05:39.840> they're<00:05:40.160> hiding 00:05:40.629 --> 00:05:40.639 align:start position:0% missing mass. And perhaps they're hiding 00:05:40.639 --> 00:05:42.550 align:start position:0% missing mass. And perhaps they're hiding together. 00:05:42.550 --> 00:05:42.560 align:start position:0% together. 00:05:42.560 --> 00:05:44.950 align:start position:0% together. Nearly<00:05:42.960> a<00:05:43.120> century<00:05:43.440> ago,<00:05:44.160> Swissborn 00:05:44.950 --> 00:05:44.960 align:start position:0% Nearly a century ago, Swissborn 00:05:44.960 --> 00:05:47.909 align:start position:0% Nearly a century ago, Swissborn astronomer<00:05:45.680> Fritz<00:05:46.240> Zviki<00:05:47.199> noticed<00:05:47.600> that 00:05:47.909 --> 00:05:47.919 align:start position:0% astronomer Fritz Zviki noticed that 00:05:47.919 --> 00:05:50.550 align:start position:0% astronomer Fritz Zviki noticed that galaxies<00:05:48.479> in<00:05:48.639> the<00:05:48.880> Coma<00:05:49.280> cluster<00:05:50.000> moved<00:05:50.320> too 00:05:50.550 --> 00:05:50.560 align:start position:0% galaxies in the Coma cluster moved too 00:05:50.560 --> 00:05:52.150 align:start position:0% galaxies in the Coma cluster moved too quickly<00:05:50.800> for<00:05:51.039> the<00:05:51.199> amount<00:05:51.360> of<00:05:51.520> gravity<00:05:51.919> that 00:05:52.150 --> 00:05:52.160 align:start position:0% quickly for the amount of gravity that 00:05:52.160 --> 00:05:54.310 align:start position:0% quickly for the amount of gravity that would<00:05:52.400> be<00:05:52.560> created<00:05:52.960> by<00:05:53.199> their<00:05:53.520> visible<00:05:54.000> matter 00:05:54.310 --> 00:05:54.320 align:start position:0% would be created by their visible matter 00:05:54.320 --> 00:05:57.749 align:start position:0% would be created by their visible matter alone.<00:05:55.120> Yes,<00:05:55.759> including<00:05:56.240> the<00:05:56.479> missing<00:05:56.800> stuff. 00:05:57.749 --> 00:05:57.759 align:start position:0% alone. Yes, including the missing stuff. 00:05:57.759 --> 00:06:00.150 align:start position:0% alone. Yes, including the missing stuff. Instead,<00:05:58.400> he<00:05:58.720> thought<00:05:58.960> another<00:05:59.360> form<00:05:59.600> of<00:05:59.759> mass 00:06:00.150 --> 00:06:00.160 align:start position:0% Instead, he thought another form of mass 00:06:00.160 --> 00:06:03.189 align:start position:0% Instead, he thought another form of mass must<00:06:00.400> be<00:06:00.639> there.<00:06:01.199> And<00:06:01.360> in<00:06:01.680> 1933, 00:06:03.189 --> 00:06:03.199 align:start position:0% must be there. And in 1933, 00:06:03.199 --> 00:06:06.390 align:start position:0% must be there. And in 1933, Siki<00:06:03.840> dubbed<00:06:04.240> this<00:06:04.479> missing<00:06:04.880> substance<00:06:05.680> dunul 00:06:06.390 --> 00:06:06.400 align:start position:0% Siki dubbed this missing substance dunul 00:06:06.400 --> 00:06:10.469 align:start position:0% Siki dubbed this missing substance dunul materi,<00:06:07.600> the<00:06:07.840> German<00:06:08.319> for<00:06:08.560> dark<00:06:08.880> matter. 00:06:10.469 --> 00:06:10.479 align:start position:0% materi, the German for dark matter. 00:06:10.479 --> 00:06:13.590 align:start position:0% materi, the German for dark matter. In<00:06:10.720> the<00:06:10.880> 1970s,<00:06:12.000> American<00:06:12.400> astronomer<00:06:13.039> Vera 00:06:13.590 --> 00:06:13.600 align:start position:0% In the 1970s, American astronomer Vera 00:06:13.600 --> 00:06:16.710 align:start position:0% In the 1970s, American astronomer Vera Rubin<00:06:14.080> had<00:06:14.400> a<00:06:14.639> similar<00:06:15.039> experience.<00:06:16.240> She<00:06:16.560> was 00:06:16.710 --> 00:06:16.720 align:start position:0% Rubin had a similar experience. She was 00:06:16.720 --> 00:06:19.270 align:start position:0% Rubin had a similar experience. She was observing<00:06:17.280> spiral<00:06:17.759> galaxies<00:06:18.560> and<00:06:18.880> wondered 00:06:19.270 --> 00:06:19.280 align:start position:0% observing spiral galaxies and wondered 00:06:19.280 --> 00:06:21.350 align:start position:0% observing spiral galaxies and wondered how<00:06:19.600> stars<00:06:20.000> on<00:06:20.240> the<00:06:20.400> outer<00:06:20.800> edge<00:06:21.039> of<00:06:21.199> the 00:06:21.350 --> 00:06:21.360 align:start position:0% how stars on the outer edge of the 00:06:21.360 --> 00:06:23.830 align:start position:0% how stars on the outer edge of the spiral<00:06:21.759> galaxies<00:06:22.479> were<00:06:22.800> able<00:06:23.039> to<00:06:23.199> move<00:06:23.520> so 00:06:23.830 --> 00:06:23.840 align:start position:0% spiral galaxies were able to move so 00:06:23.840 --> 00:06:27.029 align:start position:0% spiral galaxies were able to move so quickly<00:06:24.560> without<00:06:24.960> flying<00:06:25.360> off<00:06:25.600> into<00:06:25.919> space 00:06:27.029 --> 00:06:27.039 align:start position:0% quickly without flying off into space 00:06:27.039 --> 00:06:30.469 align:start position:0% quickly without flying off into space again.<00:06:27.919> Some<00:06:28.400> unknown<00:06:29.039> mass<00:06:29.759> must<00:06:30.080> have<00:06:30.240> been 00:06:30.469 --> 00:06:30.479 align:start position:0% again. Some unknown mass must have been 00:06:30.479 --> 00:06:32.870 align:start position:0% again. Some unknown mass must have been pulling<00:06:30.800> them<00:06:31.120> back<00:06:31.360> in.<00:06:32.000> And<00:06:32.160> she<00:06:32.400> concluded 00:06:32.870 --> 00:06:32.880 align:start position:0% pulling them back in. And she concluded 00:06:32.880 --> 00:06:36.390 align:start position:0% pulling them back in. And she concluded the<00:06:33.039> same<00:06:33.199> as<00:06:34.479> there<00:06:34.720> must<00:06:34.960> be<00:06:35.280> dark<00:06:35.680> matter 00:06:36.390 --> 00:06:36.400 align:start position:0% the same as there must be dark matter 00:06:36.400 --> 00:06:39.670 align:start position:0% the same as there must be dark matter holding<00:06:36.880> them<00:06:37.120> together.<00:06:38.479> This<00:06:38.800> new<00:06:39.039> type<00:06:39.360> of 00:06:39.670 --> 00:06:39.680 align:start position:0% holding them together. This new type of 00:06:39.680 --> 00:06:41.909 align:start position:0% holding them together. This new type of stuff<00:06:40.479> interacts<00:06:40.960> with<00:06:41.120> its<00:06:41.440> ordinary 00:06:41.909 --> 00:06:41.919 align:start position:0% stuff interacts with its ordinary 00:06:41.919 --> 00:06:44.710 align:start position:0% stuff interacts with its ordinary barionic<00:06:42.560> counterpart<00:06:43.280> through<00:06:43.759> gravity, 00:06:44.710 --> 00:06:44.720 align:start position:0% barionic counterpart through gravity, 00:06:44.720 --> 00:06:46.070 align:start position:0% barionic counterpart through gravity, but<00:06:44.960> it<00:06:45.199> doesn't<00:06:45.440> interact<00:06:45.759> with<00:06:45.919> the 00:06:46.070 --> 00:06:46.080 align:start position:0% but it doesn't interact with the 00:06:46.080 --> 00:06:48.309 align:start position:0% but it doesn't interact with the electromagnetic<00:06:46.960> spectrum,<00:06:47.840> meaning<00:06:48.080> that 00:06:48.309 --> 00:06:48.319 align:start position:0% electromagnetic spectrum, meaning that 00:06:48.319 --> 00:06:51.670 align:start position:0% electromagnetic spectrum, meaning that it<00:06:48.560> doesn't<00:06:48.720> absorb,<00:06:49.600> reflect,<00:06:50.319> or<00:06:50.639> emit<00:06:51.280> any 00:06:51.670 --> 00:06:51.680 align:start position:0% it doesn't absorb, reflect, or emit any 00:06:51.680 --> 00:06:55.189 align:start position:0% it doesn't absorb, reflect, or emit any light.<00:06:53.039> This<00:06:53.360> makes<00:06:53.680> dark<00:06:53.919> matter<00:06:54.560> extremely 00:06:55.189 --> 00:06:55.199 align:start position:0% light. This makes dark matter extremely 00:06:55.199 --> 00:06:57.430 align:start position:0% light. This makes dark matter extremely difficult<00:06:55.520> to<00:06:55.759> find<00:06:56.400> and<00:06:56.800> seemingly 00:06:57.430 --> 00:06:57.440 align:start position:0% difficult to find and seemingly 00:06:57.440 --> 00:06:59.749 align:start position:0% difficult to find and seemingly impossible<00:06:58.080> to<00:06:58.319> observe,<00:06:59.360> at<00:06:59.440> least 00:06:59.749 --> 00:06:59.759 align:start position:0% impossible to observe, at least 00:06:59.759 --> 00:07:02.950 align:start position:0% impossible to observe, at least directly.<00:07:00.880> Yet,<00:07:01.440> it<00:07:01.680> influences<00:07:02.319> the<00:07:02.479> cosmos 00:07:02.950 --> 00:07:02.960 align:start position:0% directly. Yet, it influences the cosmos 00:07:02.960 --> 00:07:07.029 align:start position:0% directly. Yet, it influences the cosmos on<00:07:03.199> a<00:07:03.440> galactic<00:07:04.160> scale.<00:07:05.440> It<00:07:05.840> may<00:07:06.400> even<00:07:06.800> be 00:07:07.029 --> 00:07:07.039 align:start position:0% on a galactic scale. It may even be 00:07:07.039 --> 00:07:09.830 align:start position:0% on a galactic scale. It may even be helping<00:07:07.360> to<00:07:07.599> conceal<00:07:08.080> our<00:07:08.479> missing<00:07:09.120> barionic 00:07:09.830 --> 00:07:09.840 align:start position:0% helping to conceal our missing barionic 00:07:09.840 --> 00:07:12.309 align:start position:0% helping to conceal our missing barionic matter. 00:07:12.309 --> 00:07:12.319 align:start position:0% matter. 00:07:12.319 --> 00:07:14.870 align:start position:0% matter. Since<00:07:12.639> the<00:07:12.880> 1980s,<00:07:13.759> early<00:07:14.080> observations<00:07:14.639> of 00:07:14.870 --> 00:07:14.880 align:start position:0% Since the 1980s, early observations of 00:07:14.880 --> 00:07:17.110 align:start position:0% Since the 1980s, early observations of galaxy<00:07:15.440> distribution<00:07:16.000> have<00:07:16.319> revealed<00:07:16.800> a 00:07:17.110 --> 00:07:17.120 align:start position:0% galaxy distribution have revealed a 00:07:17.120 --> 00:07:20.950 align:start position:0% galaxy distribution have revealed a cosmic<00:07:17.680> pattern,<00:07:18.639> a<00:07:18.880> web<00:07:19.840> like<00:07:20.080> a<00:07:20.319> backbone 00:07:20.950 --> 00:07:20.960 align:start position:0% cosmic pattern, a web like a backbone 00:07:20.960 --> 00:07:24.469 align:start position:0% cosmic pattern, a web like a backbone across<00:07:21.440> the<00:07:21.680> universe.<00:07:22.960> This<00:07:23.440> skeletonlike 00:07:24.469 --> 00:07:24.479 align:start position:0% across the universe. This skeletonlike 00:07:24.479 --> 00:07:27.270 align:start position:0% across the universe. This skeletonlike structure<00:07:25.120> has<00:07:25.360> become<00:07:25.759> known<00:07:26.160> as<00:07:26.400> the<00:07:26.639> cosmic 00:07:27.270 --> 00:07:27.280 align:start position:0% structure has become known as the cosmic 00:07:27.280 --> 00:07:30.230 align:start position:0% structure has become known as the cosmic web.<00:07:28.639> It's<00:07:28.960> thought<00:07:29.199> to<00:07:29.360> have<00:07:29.520> formed<00:07:29.840> as<00:07:30.080> a 00:07:30.230 --> 00:07:30.240 align:start position:0% web. It's thought to have formed as a 00:07:30.240 --> 00:07:33.270 align:start position:0% web. It's thought to have formed as a result<00:07:30.400> of<00:07:30.880> slight<00:07:31.599> density<00:07:32.080> fluctuations<00:07:32.960> in 00:07:33.270 --> 00:07:33.280 align:start position:0% result of slight density fluctuations in 00:07:33.280 --> 00:07:35.510 align:start position:0% result of slight density fluctuations in the<00:07:33.520> early<00:07:33.840> universe,<00:07:34.560> which<00:07:34.800> can<00:07:35.039> be<00:07:35.120> seen<00:07:35.360> in 00:07:35.510 --> 00:07:35.520 align:start position:0% the early universe, which can be seen in 00:07:35.520 --> 00:07:37.909 align:start position:0% the early universe, which can be seen in the<00:07:35.680> cosmic<00:07:36.160> microwave<00:07:36.800> background,<00:07:37.360> or 00:07:37.909 --> 00:07:37.919 align:start position:0% the cosmic microwave background, or 00:07:37.919 --> 00:07:40.870 align:start position:0% the cosmic microwave background, or CMBB,<00:07:38.880> a<00:07:39.120> fingerprint<00:07:39.599> of<00:07:39.840> our<00:07:40.160> universe's 00:07:40.870 --> 00:07:40.880 align:start position:0% CMBB, a fingerprint of our universe's 00:07:40.880 --> 00:07:43.110 align:start position:0% CMBB, a fingerprint of our universe's ancient<00:07:41.280> microwave<00:07:41.840> radiation<00:07:42.319> from<00:07:42.639> about 00:07:43.110 --> 00:07:43.120 align:start position:0% ancient microwave radiation from about 00:07:43.120 --> 00:07:44.629 align:start position:0% ancient microwave radiation from about 380,000 00:07:44.629 --> 00:07:44.639 align:start position:0% 380,000 00:07:44.639 --> 00:07:47.589 align:start position:0% 380,000 years<00:07:45.039> after<00:07:45.360> the<00:07:45.599> Big<00:07:45.759> Bang.<00:07:46.800> These<00:07:47.199> tiny 00:07:47.589 --> 00:07:47.599 align:start position:0% years after the Big Bang. These tiny 00:07:47.599 --> 00:07:49.830 align:start position:0% years after the Big Bang. These tiny fluctuations<00:07:48.240> in<00:07:48.479> density<00:07:49.199> laid<00:07:49.520> out<00:07:49.680> a 00:07:49.830 --> 00:07:49.840 align:start position:0% fluctuations in density laid out a 00:07:49.840 --> 00:07:51.990 align:start position:0% fluctuations in density laid out a blueprint<00:07:50.319> for<00:07:50.560> where<00:07:50.880> matter<00:07:51.280> would<00:07:51.520> collect 00:07:51.990 --> 00:07:52.000 align:start position:0% blueprint for where matter would collect 00:07:52.000 --> 00:07:55.029 align:start position:0% blueprint for where matter would collect over<00:07:52.319> space<00:07:52.720> and<00:07:53.039> time.<00:07:54.080> where<00:07:54.479> there<00:07:54.720> were 00:07:55.029 --> 00:07:55.039 align:start position:0% over space and time. where there were 00:07:55.039 --> 00:07:57.270 align:start position:0% over space and time. where there were higher<00:07:55.360> densities,<00:07:56.400> more<00:07:56.639> mass<00:07:57.039> would<00:07:57.199> be 00:07:57.270 --> 00:07:57.280 align:start position:0% higher densities, more mass would be 00:07:57.280 --> 00:08:00.710 align:start position:0% higher densities, more mass would be drawn<00:07:57.599> in<00:07:58.240> until<00:07:58.720> this<00:07:59.199> great<00:07:59.840> structure<00:08:00.479> was 00:08:00.710 --> 00:08:00.720 align:start position:0% drawn in until this great structure was 00:08:00.720 --> 00:08:04.070 align:start position:0% drawn in until this great structure was formed.<00:08:02.160> We<00:08:02.479> already<00:08:02.879> know<00:08:03.120> that<00:08:03.520> CNB 00:08:04.070 --> 00:08:04.080 align:start position:0% formed. We already know that CNB 00:08:04.080 --> 00:08:06.390 align:start position:0% formed. We already know that CNB simulations<00:08:04.720> using<00:08:05.199> supercomputers 00:08:06.390 --> 00:08:06.400 align:start position:0% simulations using supercomputers 00:08:06.400 --> 00:08:08.469 align:start position:0% simulations using supercomputers estimate<00:08:06.879> that<00:08:07.199> dark<00:08:07.520> matter<00:08:07.919> accounts<00:08:08.240> for 00:08:08.469 --> 00:08:08.479 align:start position:0% estimate that dark matter accounts for 00:08:08.479 --> 00:08:10.150 align:start position:0% estimate that dark matter accounts for five<00:08:08.720> times<00:08:09.120> more<00:08:09.280> of<00:08:09.440> the<00:08:09.599> universe<00:08:09.919> than 00:08:10.150 --> 00:08:10.160 align:start position:0% five times more of the universe than 00:08:10.160 --> 00:08:12.629 align:start position:0% five times more of the universe than ordinary<00:08:10.639> matter.<00:08:11.360> So,<00:08:11.599> it's<00:08:11.840> perhaps<00:08:12.319> no 00:08:12.629 --> 00:08:12.639 align:start position:0% ordinary matter. So, it's perhaps no 00:08:12.639 --> 00:08:14.869 align:start position:0% ordinary matter. So, it's perhaps no surprise<00:08:13.120> that<00:08:13.280> the<00:08:13.520> cosmic<00:08:13.919> web<00:08:14.400> is<00:08:14.639> thought 00:08:14.869 --> 00:08:14.879 align:start position:0% surprise that the cosmic web is thought 00:08:14.879 --> 00:08:18.150 align:start position:0% surprise that the cosmic web is thought to<00:08:15.039> contain<00:08:15.599> primarily<00:08:16.479> dark<00:08:16.800> matter. 00:08:18.150 --> 00:08:18.160 align:start position:0% to contain primarily dark matter. 00:08:18.160 --> 00:08:21.110 align:start position:0% to contain primarily dark matter. permeating<00:08:19.039> every<00:08:19.440> corner<00:08:19.759> of<00:08:20.000> our<00:08:20.240> universe. 00:08:21.110 --> 00:08:21.120 align:start position:0% permeating every corner of our universe. 00:08:21.120 --> 00:08:23.990 align:start position:0% permeating every corner of our universe. It's<00:08:21.440> made<00:08:21.599> of<00:08:21.759> filaments<00:08:22.560> stretching<00:08:23.199> tens 00:08:23.990 --> 00:08:24.000 align:start position:0% It's made of filaments stretching tens 00:08:24.000 --> 00:08:26.150 align:start position:0% It's made of filaments stretching tens to<00:08:24.479> hundreds<00:08:24.960> of<00:08:25.199> millions<00:08:25.520> of<00:08:25.680> light<00:08:25.919> years 00:08:26.150 --> 00:08:26.160 align:start position:0% to hundreds of millions of light years 00:08:26.160 --> 00:08:28.469 align:start position:0% to hundreds of millions of light years across<00:08:26.479> the<00:08:26.720> universe.<00:08:27.759> Where<00:08:28.000> filaments 00:08:28.469 --> 00:08:28.479 align:start position:0% across the universe. Where filaments 00:08:28.479 --> 00:08:30.869 align:start position:0% across the universe. Where filaments intersect,<00:08:29.440> the<00:08:29.680> concentration<00:08:30.160> of<00:08:30.400> mass<00:08:30.639> is 00:08:30.869 --> 00:08:30.879 align:start position:0% intersect, the concentration of mass is 00:08:30.879 --> 00:08:33.350 align:start position:0% intersect, the concentration of mass is so<00:08:31.120> great<00:08:31.599> that<00:08:31.919> high<00:08:32.240> density<00:08:32.719> nodes<00:08:33.200> are 00:08:33.350 --> 00:08:33.360 align:start position:0% so great that high density nodes are 00:08:33.360 --> 00:08:36.310 align:start position:0% so great that high density nodes are able<00:08:33.599> to<00:08:33.839> form,<00:08:34.560> containing<00:08:35.200> hundreds<00:08:36.000> or 00:08:36.310 --> 00:08:36.320 align:start position:0% able to form, containing hundreds or 00:08:36.320 --> 00:08:39.670 align:start position:0% able to form, containing hundreds or even<00:08:36.719> thousands<00:08:37.279> of<00:08:37.519> galaxies.<00:08:38.959> The<00:08:39.200> cosmic 00:08:39.670 --> 00:08:39.680 align:start position:0% even thousands of galaxies. The cosmic 00:08:39.680 --> 00:08:43.350 align:start position:0% even thousands of galaxies. The cosmic web<00:08:40.240> is<00:08:40.640> real.<00:08:41.440> We've<00:08:41.760> mapped<00:08:42.240> large<00:08:42.800> swaths 00:08:43.350 --> 00:08:43.360 align:start position:0% web is real. We've mapped large swaths 00:08:43.360 --> 00:08:46.230 align:start position:0% web is real. We've mapped large swaths of<00:08:43.519> it.<00:08:44.080> Our<00:08:44.959> galaxy<00:08:45.360> is<00:08:45.600> part<00:08:45.760> of<00:08:45.920> what's 00:08:46.230 --> 00:08:46.240 align:start position:0% of it. Our galaxy is part of what's 00:08:46.240 --> 00:08:48.710 align:start position:0% of it. Our galaxy is part of what's known<00:08:46.480> as<00:08:46.720> the<00:08:46.959> local<00:08:47.360> group,<00:08:48.160> a<00:08:48.399> collection 00:08:48.710 --> 00:08:48.720 align:start position:0% known as the local group, a collection 00:08:48.720 --> 00:08:50.790 align:start position:0% known as the local group, a collection of<00:08:48.880> a<00:08:49.120> few<00:08:49.200> dozen<00:08:49.600> neighboring<00:08:50.000> galaxies<00:08:50.480> near 00:08:50.790 --> 00:08:50.800 align:start position:0% of a few dozen neighboring galaxies near 00:08:50.800 --> 00:08:53.829 align:start position:0% of a few dozen neighboring galaxies near to<00:08:50.959> our<00:08:51.200> own.<00:08:52.080> Our<00:08:52.399> local<00:08:52.720> group<00:08:53.040> belongs<00:08:53.360> to<00:08:53.600> a 00:08:53.829 --> 00:08:53.839 align:start position:0% to our own. Our local group belongs to a 00:08:53.839 --> 00:08:56.070 align:start position:0% to our own. Our local group belongs to a larger<00:08:54.320> collection<00:08:54.640> called<00:08:54.880> the<00:08:55.200> Lania 00:08:56.070 --> 00:08:56.080 align:start position:0% larger collection called the Lania 00:08:56.080 --> 00:08:58.710 align:start position:0% larger collection called the Lania supercluster,<00:08:57.200> which<00:08:57.519> contains<00:08:58.080> some 00:08:58.710 --> 00:08:58.720 align:start position:0% supercluster, which contains some 00:08:58.720 --> 00:09:02.389 align:start position:0% supercluster, which contains some 100,000<00:08:59.760> galaxies<00:09:00.640> and<00:09:00.880> measures<00:09:01.600> 500 00:09:02.389 --> 00:09:02.399 align:start position:0% 100,000 galaxies and measures 500 00:09:02.399 --> 00:09:05.190 align:start position:0% 100,000 galaxies and measures 500 million<00:09:02.880> lightyears<00:09:03.360> across.<00:09:04.640> As<00:09:04.880> you<00:09:05.040> might 00:09:05.190 --> 00:09:05.200 align:start position:0% million lightyears across. As you might 00:09:05.200 --> 00:09:07.430 align:start position:0% million lightyears across. As you might have<00:09:05.360> guessed,<00:09:06.080> all<00:09:06.240> these<00:09:06.560> galaxies<00:09:07.120> are 00:09:07.430 --> 00:09:07.440 align:start position:0% have guessed, all these galaxies are 00:09:07.440 --> 00:09:10.310 align:start position:0% have guessed, all these galaxies are strung<00:09:07.839> along<00:09:08.240> the<00:09:08.480> cosmic<00:09:08.880> web<00:09:09.519> like<00:09:09.839> beads 00:09:10.310 --> 00:09:10.320 align:start position:0% strung along the cosmic web like beads 00:09:10.320 --> 00:09:13.350 align:start position:0% strung along the cosmic web like beads on<00:09:10.560> strings<00:09:11.360> perched<00:09:11.760> along<00:09:12.080> the<00:09:12.399> edge<00:09:12.800> of 00:09:13.350 --> 00:09:13.360 align:start position:0% on strings perched along the edge of 00:09:13.360 --> 00:09:15.269 align:start position:0% on strings perched along the edge of great<00:09:13.680> voids. 00:09:15.269 --> 00:09:15.279 align:start position:0% great voids. 00:09:15.279 --> 00:09:17.269 align:start position:0% great voids. But<00:09:15.519> even<00:09:15.839> though<00:09:16.160> we've<00:09:16.480> been<00:09:16.640> mapping<00:09:17.040> this 00:09:17.269 --> 00:09:17.279 align:start position:0% But even though we've been mapping this 00:09:17.279 --> 00:09:20.070 align:start position:0% But even though we've been mapping this cosmic<00:09:17.680> web<00:09:17.920> for<00:09:18.160> decades,<00:09:19.279> most<00:09:19.519> of<00:09:19.680> what<00:09:19.920> we 00:09:20.070 --> 00:09:20.080 align:start position:0% cosmic web for decades, most of what we 00:09:20.080 --> 00:09:23.030 align:start position:0% cosmic web for decades, most of what we can<00:09:20.240> see<00:09:20.800> is<00:09:21.120> the<00:09:21.440> beads,<00:09:22.320> the<00:09:22.560> distribution 00:09:23.030 --> 00:09:23.040 align:start position:0% can see is the beads, the distribution 00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:26.310 align:start position:0% can see is the beads, the distribution of<00:09:23.200> galaxy<00:09:23.680> clusters<00:09:24.480> along<00:09:24.880> the<00:09:25.120> web,<00:09:26.000> not 00:09:26.310 --> 00:09:26.320 align:start position:0% of galaxy clusters along the web, not 00:09:26.320 --> 00:09:28.230 align:start position:0% of galaxy clusters along the web, not the<00:09:26.560> strings<00:09:26.880> that<00:09:27.120> hold<00:09:27.279> them<00:09:27.519> together<00:09:28.000> or 00:09:28.230 --> 00:09:28.240 align:start position:0% the strings that hold them together or 00:09:28.240 --> 00:09:30.470 align:start position:0% the strings that hold them together or the<00:09:28.399> filaments<00:09:28.880> themselves. 00:09:30.470 --> 00:09:30.480 align:start position:0% the filaments themselves. 00:09:30.480 --> 00:09:33.910 align:start position:0% the filaments themselves. Or<00:09:31.040> is<00:09:31.279> it? 00:09:33.910 --> 00:09:33.920 align:start position:0% Or is it? 00:09:33.920 --> 00:09:35.910 align:start position:0% Or is it? Whilst<00:09:34.320> most<00:09:34.480> of<00:09:34.640> the<00:09:34.800> visible<00:09:35.200> matter<00:09:35.519> in<00:09:35.760> the 00:09:35.910 --> 00:09:35.920 align:start position:0% Whilst most of the visible matter in the 00:09:35.920 --> 00:09:39.350 align:start position:0% Whilst most of the visible matter in the universe<00:09:36.240> is<00:09:36.480> tied<00:09:36.800> up<00:09:36.959> in<00:09:37.200> galaxies,<00:09:38.560> not<00:09:39.040> all 00:09:39.350 --> 00:09:39.360 align:start position:0% universe is tied up in galaxies, not all 00:09:39.360 --> 00:09:42.230 align:start position:0% universe is tied up in galaxies, not all of<00:09:39.519> it<00:09:39.680> is.<00:09:40.640> The<00:09:40.880> dark<00:09:41.120> matter<00:09:41.440> in<00:09:41.680> the<00:09:41.760> cosmic 00:09:42.230 --> 00:09:42.240 align:start position:0% of it is. The dark matter in the cosmic 00:09:42.240 --> 00:09:46.470 align:start position:0% of it is. The dark matter in the cosmic web<00:09:42.640> has<00:09:42.959> a<00:09:43.279> pretty<00:09:43.839> strong<00:09:44.320> pole<00:09:44.880> itself. 00:09:46.470 --> 00:09:46.480 align:start position:0% web has a pretty strong pole itself. 00:09:46.480 --> 00:09:50.310 align:start position:0% web has a pretty strong pole itself. There,<00:09:47.040> bound<00:09:47.440> up<00:09:47.680> as<00:09:48.080> vast<00:09:48.800> diffused<00:09:49.440> gas<00:09:50.000> in 00:09:50.310 --> 00:09:50.320 align:start position:0% There, bound up as vast diffused gas in 00:09:50.320 --> 00:09:53.590 align:start position:0% There, bound up as vast diffused gas in those<00:09:50.720> long<00:09:51.200> strings<00:09:51.680> or<00:09:52.000> filaments<00:09:52.959> is<00:09:53.200> where 00:09:53.590 --> 00:09:53.600 align:start position:0% those long strings or filaments is where 00:09:53.600 --> 00:09:55.670 align:start position:0% those long strings or filaments is where large<00:09:54.000> scale<00:09:54.399> cosmological<00:09:55.120> simulations 00:09:55.670 --> 00:09:55.680 align:start position:0% large scale cosmological simulations 00:09:55.680 --> 00:09:57.990 align:start position:0% large scale cosmological simulations have<00:09:55.920> predicted<00:09:56.640> we<00:09:56.959> might<00:09:57.279> not<00:09:57.519> only<00:09:57.760> find 00:09:57.990 --> 00:09:58.000 align:start position:0% have predicted we might not only find 00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:00.710 align:start position:0% have predicted we might not only find dark<00:09:58.320> matter<00:09:58.959> but<00:09:59.279> our<00:09:59.600> missing<00:10:00.160> invisible 00:10:00.710 --> 00:10:00.720 align:start position:0% dark matter but our missing invisible 00:10:00.720 --> 00:10:04.389 align:start position:0% dark matter but our missing invisible matter<00:10:01.200> too.<00:10:02.240> This<00:10:02.720> low<00:10:03.040> density<00:10:03.839> diffused 00:10:04.389 --> 00:10:04.399 align:start position:0% matter too. This low density diffused 00:10:04.399 --> 00:10:07.190 align:start position:0% matter too. This low density diffused gas<00:10:04.800> is<00:10:05.120> known<00:10:05.440> as<00:10:05.760> the<00:10:06.080> warm<00:10:06.640> hot 00:10:07.190 --> 00:10:07.200 align:start position:0% gas is known as the warm hot 00:10:07.200 --> 00:10:09.670 align:start position:0% gas is known as the warm hot intergalactic<00:10:08.160> medium. 00:10:09.670 --> 00:10:09.680 align:start position:0% intergalactic medium. 00:10:09.680 --> 00:10:12.470 align:start position:0% intergalactic medium. But<00:10:10.000> simulations<00:10:10.640> are<00:10:10.800> one<00:10:11.040> thing.<00:10:11.839> Detecting 00:10:12.470 --> 00:10:12.480 align:start position:0% But simulations are one thing. Detecting 00:10:12.480 --> 00:10:15.509 align:start position:0% But simulations are one thing. Detecting these<00:10:12.880> diffused<00:10:13.279> filaments<00:10:13.920> is<00:10:14.240> another.<00:10:15.279> And 00:10:15.509 --> 00:10:15.519 align:start position:0% these diffused filaments is another. And 00:10:15.519 --> 00:10:18.310 align:start position:0% these diffused filaments is another. And this<00:10:15.680> is<00:10:15.839> where<00:10:16.160> historically<00:10:17.200> we've<00:10:17.760> not<00:10:18.079> had 00:10:18.310 --> 00:10:18.320 align:start position:0% this is where historically we've not had 00:10:18.320 --> 00:10:20.949 align:start position:0% this is where historically we've not had much<00:10:18.640> luck.<00:10:19.600> Although<00:10:20.160> that<00:10:20.480> started<00:10:20.800> to 00:10:20.949 --> 00:10:20.959 align:start position:0% much luck. Although that started to 00:10:20.959 --> 00:10:25.030 align:start position:0% much luck. Although that started to change<00:10:21.360> about<00:10:22.000> 20<00:10:22.320> years<00:10:22.560> ago.<00:10:23.760> In<00:10:24.079> 2005, 00:10:25.030 --> 00:10:25.040 align:start position:0% change about 20 years ago. In 2005, 00:10:25.040 --> 00:10:28.310 align:start position:0% change about 20 years ago. In 2005, NASA's<00:10:25.600> Shandra<00:10:26.160> X-ray<00:10:26.640> Observatory<00:10:27.519> imaged 00:10:28.310 --> 00:10:28.320 align:start position:0% NASA's Shandra X-ray Observatory imaged 00:10:28.320 --> 00:10:31.350 align:start position:0% NASA's Shandra X-ray Observatory imaged two<00:10:28.959> huge<00:10:29.680> intergalactic<00:10:30.560> clouds<00:10:31.040> of 00:10:31.350 --> 00:10:31.360 align:start position:0% two huge intergalactic clouds of 00:10:31.360 --> 00:10:34.790 align:start position:0% two huge intergalactic clouds of diffused<00:10:31.920> gas.<00:10:33.120> We'd<00:10:33.519> seen<00:10:33.839> clouds<00:10:34.240> like<00:10:34.399> this 00:10:34.790 --> 00:10:34.800 align:start position:0% diffused gas. We'd seen clouds like this 00:10:34.800 --> 00:10:37.190 align:start position:0% diffused gas. We'd seen clouds like this around<00:10:35.200> our<00:10:35.519> own<00:10:35.680> galaxy<00:10:36.240> and<00:10:36.640> in<00:10:36.880> others 00:10:37.190 --> 00:10:37.200 align:start position:0% around our own galaxy and in others 00:10:37.200 --> 00:10:40.550 align:start position:0% around our own galaxy and in others local<00:10:37.600> to<00:10:37.760> us,<00:10:38.480> but<00:10:38.720> not<00:10:39.120> between<00:10:40.000> distant 00:10:40.550 --> 00:10:40.560 align:start position:0% local to us, but not between distant 00:10:40.560 --> 00:10:42.150 align:start position:0% local to us, but not between distant galaxies. 00:10:42.150 --> 00:10:42.160 align:start position:0% galaxies. 00:10:42.160 --> 00:10:46.150 align:start position:0% galaxies. Could<00:10:42.399> it<00:10:42.640> be<00:10:42.880> gas<00:10:43.519> on<00:10:43.839> the<00:10:44.000> cosmic<00:10:44.560> web?<00:10:45.839> This 00:10:46.150 --> 00:10:46.160 align:start position:0% Could it be gas on the cosmic web? This 00:10:46.160 --> 00:10:48.470 align:start position:0% Could it be gas on the cosmic web? This was<00:10:46.480> some<00:10:46.800> of<00:10:47.040> the<00:10:47.360> first<00:10:47.760> evidence<00:10:48.079> that<00:10:48.320> the 00:10:48.470 --> 00:10:48.480 align:start position:0% was some of the first evidence that the 00:10:48.480 --> 00:10:51.670 align:start position:0% was some of the first evidence that the cosmic<00:10:48.880> web<00:10:49.200> was<00:10:49.519> hiding<00:10:50.000> our<00:10:50.399> missing<00:10:50.720> mass. 00:10:51.670 --> 00:10:51.680 align:start position:0% cosmic web was hiding our missing mass. 00:10:51.680 --> 00:10:53.430 align:start position:0% cosmic web was hiding our missing mass. But<00:10:51.760> the<00:10:52.000> light<00:10:52.240> was<00:10:52.480> too<00:10:52.800> faint<00:10:53.200> to 00:10:53.430 --> 00:10:53.440 align:start position:0% But the light was too faint to 00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:55.670 align:start position:0% But the light was too faint to completely<00:10:53.920> isolate<00:10:54.320> it.<00:10:54.880> So<00:10:55.120> scientists 00:10:55.670 --> 00:10:55.680 align:start position:0% completely isolate it. So scientists 00:10:55.680 --> 00:10:59.670 align:start position:0% completely isolate it. So scientists couldn't<00:10:56.000> quite<00:10:56.399> be<00:10:56.640> sure.<00:10:58.079> Then<00:10:58.399> in<00:10:58.720> 2012,<00:10:59.440> a 00:10:59.670 --> 00:10:59.680 align:start position:0% couldn't quite be sure. Then in 2012, a 00:10:59.680 --> 00:11:02.150 align:start position:0% couldn't quite be sure. Then in 2012, a combination<00:11:00.079> of<00:11:00.480> 18<00:11:00.880> Hubble<00:11:01.360> images<00:11:01.680> was<00:11:01.920> used 00:11:02.150 --> 00:11:02.160 align:start position:0% combination of 18 Hubble images was used 00:11:02.160 --> 00:11:04.470 align:start position:0% combination of 18 Hubble images was used to<00:11:02.320> infer<00:11:02.800> the<00:11:03.040> presence<00:11:03.360> of<00:11:03.519> a<00:11:03.760> filament 00:11:04.470 --> 00:11:04.480 align:start position:0% to infer the presence of a filament 00:11:04.480 --> 00:11:07.350 align:start position:0% to infer the presence of a filament funneling<00:11:05.040> matter<00:11:05.680> into<00:11:06.000> the<00:11:06.160> galaxy<00:11:06.560> cluster 00:11:07.350 --> 00:11:07.360 align:start position:0% funneling matter into the galaxy cluster 00:11:07.360 --> 00:11:10.790 align:start position:0% funneling matter into the galaxy cluster MAX<00:11:08.079> J0717. 00:11:10.790 --> 00:11:10.800 align:start position:0% MAX J0717. 00:11:10.800 --> 00:11:12.550 align:start position:0% MAX J0717. Scientists<00:11:11.279> found<00:11:11.519> it<00:11:11.760> by<00:11:12.000> studying<00:11:12.320> the 00:11:12.550 --> 00:11:12.560 align:start position:0% Scientists found it by studying the 00:11:12.560 --> 00:11:14.230 align:start position:0% Scientists found it by studying the distortion<00:11:13.040> of<00:11:13.200> light<00:11:13.440> from<00:11:13.760> background 00:11:14.230 --> 00:11:14.240 align:start position:0% distortion of light from background 00:11:14.240 --> 00:11:16.230 align:start position:0% distortion of light from background galaxies<00:11:14.880> due<00:11:15.120> to<00:11:15.279> the<00:11:15.519> gravity<00:11:15.839> of<00:11:16.000> the 00:11:16.230 --> 00:11:16.240 align:start position:0% galaxies due to the gravity of the 00:11:16.240 --> 00:11:18.710 align:start position:0% galaxies due to the gravity of the filament's<00:11:16.720> dark<00:11:16.959> matter.<00:11:17.920> But<00:11:18.079> again,<00:11:18.480> it 00:11:18.710 --> 00:11:18.720 align:start position:0% filament's dark matter. But again, it 00:11:18.720 --> 00:11:21.430 align:start position:0% filament's dark matter. But again, it wasn't<00:11:19.040> a<00:11:19.279> direct<00:11:19.920> detection.<00:11:20.959> We<00:11:21.200> still 00:11:21.430 --> 00:11:21.440 align:start position:0% wasn't a direct detection. We still 00:11:21.440 --> 00:11:24.550 align:start position:0% wasn't a direct detection. We still couldn't<00:11:21.760> say<00:11:22.000> we've<00:11:22.560> actually<00:11:23.040> seen<00:11:23.440> them, 00:11:24.550 --> 00:11:24.560 align:start position:0% couldn't say we've actually seen them, 00:11:24.560 --> 00:11:27.509 align:start position:0% couldn't say we've actually seen them, inching<00:11:25.200> ever<00:11:25.519> closer<00:11:25.839> to<00:11:26.079> a<00:11:26.240> discovery.<00:11:27.279> It 00:11:27.509 --> 00:11:27.519 align:start position:0% inching ever closer to a discovery. It 00:11:27.519 --> 00:11:30.230 align:start position:0% inching ever closer to a discovery. It was<00:11:27.680> just<00:11:28.079> 2<00:11:28.480> years<00:11:28.800> later<00:11:29.279> that<00:11:29.519> astronomers 00:11:30.230 --> 00:11:30.240 align:start position:0% was just 2 years later that astronomers 00:11:30.240 --> 00:11:32.790 align:start position:0% was just 2 years later that astronomers moved<00:11:30.640> beyond<00:11:31.120> indirect<00:11:31.760> detection<00:11:32.480> and 00:11:32.790 --> 00:11:32.800 align:start position:0% moved beyond indirect detection and 00:11:32.800 --> 00:11:35.670 align:start position:0% moved beyond indirect detection and statistical<00:11:33.519> evidence<00:11:34.640> into<00:11:34.959> the<00:11:35.200> realm<00:11:35.519> of 00:11:35.670 --> 00:11:35.680 align:start position:0% statistical evidence into the realm of 00:11:35.680 --> 00:11:39.509 align:start position:0% statistical evidence into the realm of the<00:11:35.920> visible.<00:11:37.360> A<00:11:37.600> team<00:11:37.839> led<00:11:38.160> by<00:11:38.480> Sebastiano 00:11:39.509 --> 00:11:39.519 align:start position:0% the visible. A team led by Sebastiano 00:11:39.519 --> 00:11:41.590 align:start position:0% the visible. A team led by Sebastiano Canalupo<00:11:40.480> from<00:11:40.720> the<00:11:40.880> University<00:11:41.279> of 00:11:41.590 --> 00:11:41.600 align:start position:0% Canalupo from the University of 00:11:41.600 --> 00:11:44.790 align:start position:0% Canalupo from the University of California<00:11:42.720> observed<00:11:43.279> an<00:11:43.600> enormous<00:11:44.320> filament 00:11:44.790 --> 00:11:44.800 align:start position:0% California observed an enormous filament 00:11:44.800 --> 00:11:48.150 align:start position:0% California observed an enormous filament of<00:11:45.120> hydrogen<00:11:45.680> gas<00:11:46.640> at<00:11:46.880> nearly<00:11:47.440> 2<00:11:47.839> million 00:11:48.150 --> 00:11:48.160 align:start position:0% of hydrogen gas at nearly 2 million 00:11:48.160 --> 00:11:50.389 align:start position:0% of hydrogen gas at nearly 2 million lighty<00:11:48.399> years<00:11:48.560> across.<00:11:49.440> They<00:11:49.760> spotted<00:11:50.160> it 00:11:50.389 --> 00:11:50.399 align:start position:0% lighty years across. They spotted it 00:11:50.399 --> 00:11:52.790 align:start position:0% lighty years across. They spotted it after<00:11:50.720> it<00:11:50.959> was<00:11:51.200> illuminated<00:11:51.760> by<00:11:52.000> a<00:11:52.240> giant 00:11:52.790 --> 00:11:52.800 align:start position:0% after it was illuminated by a giant 00:11:52.800 --> 00:11:55.990 align:start position:0% after it was illuminated by a giant cosmic<00:11:53.440> flashlight,<00:11:54.640> a<00:11:54.880> bright<00:11:55.200> quazar 00:11:55.990 --> 00:11:56.000 align:start position:0% cosmic flashlight, a bright quazar 00:11:56.000 --> 00:11:58.710 align:start position:0% cosmic flashlight, a bright quazar shining<00:11:56.480> at<00:11:56.720> it<00:11:56.959> from<00:11:57.680> 10<00:11:58.079> billion<00:11:58.480> lighty 00:11:58.710 --> 00:11:58.720 align:start position:0% shining at it from 10 billion lighty 00:11:58.720 --> 00:12:02.310 align:start position:0% shining at it from 10 billion lighty years<00:11:58.959> away.<00:12:00.160> This<00:12:00.480> was<00:12:00.720> the<00:12:01.040> first<00:12:01.519> time<00:12:02.000> part 00:12:02.310 --> 00:12:02.320 align:start position:0% years away. This was the first time part 00:12:02.320 --> 00:12:04.710 align:start position:0% years away. This was the first time part of<00:12:02.399> the<00:12:02.560> cosmic<00:12:03.040> web<00:12:03.600> had<00:12:03.839> been<00:12:04.079> seen 00:12:04.710 --> 00:12:04.720 align:start position:0% of the cosmic web had been seen 00:12:04.720 --> 00:12:06.230 align:start position:0% of the cosmic web had been seen directly. 00:12:06.230 --> 00:12:06.240 align:start position:0% directly. 00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:08.949 align:start position:0% directly. Using<00:12:06.639> the<00:12:06.880> same<00:12:07.519> illumination<00:12:08.079> principle, 00:12:08.949 --> 00:12:08.959 align:start position:0% Using the same illumination principle, 00:12:08.959 --> 00:12:11.990 align:start position:0% Using the same illumination principle, in<00:12:09.279> 2019,<00:12:10.079> astronomers<00:12:10.720> revealed<00:12:11.519> whole 00:12:11.990 --> 00:12:12.000 align:start position:0% in 2019, astronomers revealed whole 00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:14.069 align:start position:0% in 2019, astronomers revealed whole networks<00:12:12.560> of<00:12:12.800> hydrogen<00:12:13.360> filaments 00:12:14.069 --> 00:12:14.079 align:start position:0% networks of hydrogen filaments 00:12:14.079 --> 00:12:17.110 align:start position:0% networks of hydrogen filaments surrounding<00:12:14.639> a<00:12:15.120> massive<00:12:15.760> protocluster 00:12:17.110 --> 00:12:17.120 align:start position:0% surrounding a massive protocluster 00:12:17.120 --> 00:12:20.629 align:start position:0% surrounding a massive protocluster directly<00:12:17.760> imaging<00:12:18.240> the<00:12:18.560> web<00:12:19.040> on<00:12:19.440> mega<00:12:20.000> parex 00:12:20.629 --> 00:12:20.639 align:start position:0% directly imaging the web on mega parex 00:12:20.639 --> 00:12:23.590 align:start position:0% directly imaging the web on mega parex scales.<00:12:21.839> But<00:12:22.079> these<00:12:22.320> detections<00:12:22.959> were<00:12:23.279> only 00:12:23.590 --> 00:12:23.600 align:start position:0% scales. But these detections were only 00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:25.430 align:start position:0% scales. But these detections were only possible<00:12:24.079> thanks<00:12:24.399> to<00:12:24.560> our<00:12:24.959> cosmic 00:12:25.430 --> 00:12:25.440 align:start position:0% possible thanks to our cosmic 00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:27.910 align:start position:0% possible thanks to our cosmic flashlights.<00:12:26.639> To<00:12:26.959> understand<00:12:27.440> cosmic 00:12:27.910 --> 00:12:27.920 align:start position:0% flashlights. To understand cosmic 00:12:27.920 --> 00:12:30.629 align:start position:0% flashlights. To understand cosmic filaments<00:12:28.399> as<00:12:28.639> they<00:12:29.040> typically<00:12:29.519> exist<00:12:30.320> in 00:12:30.629 --> 00:12:30.639 align:start position:0% filaments as they typically exist in 00:12:30.639 --> 00:12:33.430 align:start position:0% filaments as they typically exist in darkness,<00:12:31.760> we<00:12:32.000> needed<00:12:32.320> a<00:12:32.639> new<00:12:32.880> imaging 00:12:33.430 --> 00:12:33.440 align:start position:0% darkness, we needed a new imaging 00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:37.350 align:start position:0% darkness, we needed a new imaging technique.<00:12:34.399> And<00:12:34.639> in<00:12:34.959> 2023,<00:12:36.399> scientists<00:12:37.040> made 00:12:37.350 --> 00:12:37.360 align:start position:0% technique. And in 2023, scientists made 00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:40.310 align:start position:0% technique. And in 2023, scientists made a<00:12:37.680> breakthrough. 00:12:40.310 --> 00:12:40.320 align:start position:0% a breakthrough. 00:12:40.320 --> 00:12:43.590 align:start position:0% a breakthrough. At<00:12:40.560> the<00:12:40.800> WMEK<00:12:41.600> Observatory<00:12:42.240> in<00:12:42.560> Hawaii,<00:12:43.360> a 00:12:43.590 --> 00:12:43.600 align:start position:0% At the WMEK Observatory in Hawaii, a 00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:45.590 align:start position:0% At the WMEK Observatory in Hawaii, a team<00:12:43.760> of<00:12:43.920> astronomers<00:12:44.560> had<00:12:44.800> designed<00:12:45.279> a 00:12:45.590 --> 00:12:45.600 align:start position:0% team of astronomers had designed a 00:12:45.600 --> 00:12:47.670 align:start position:0% team of astronomers had designed a dedicated<00:12:46.320> instrument<00:12:46.880> to<00:12:47.120> search<00:12:47.440> for 00:12:47.670 --> 00:12:47.680 align:start position:0% dedicated instrument to search for 00:12:47.680 --> 00:12:50.790 align:start position:0% dedicated instrument to search for filaments<00:12:48.160> of<00:12:48.399> hydrogen,<00:12:49.440> more<00:12:49.680> specifically 00:12:50.790 --> 00:12:50.800 align:start position:0% filaments of hydrogen, more specifically 00:12:50.800 --> 00:12:53.829 align:start position:0% filaments of hydrogen, more specifically dim<00:12:51.519> lyman<00:12:52.079> alpha<00:12:52.480> emission,<00:12:53.200> the<00:12:53.440> spectral 00:12:53.829 --> 00:12:53.839 align:start position:0% dim lyman alpha emission, the spectral 00:12:53.839 --> 00:12:56.310 align:start position:0% dim lyman alpha emission, the spectral fingerprint<00:12:54.320> of<00:12:54.560> hydrogen<00:12:55.200> as<00:12:55.440> it<00:12:55.680> absorbs 00:12:56.310 --> 00:12:56.320 align:start position:0% fingerprint of hydrogen as it absorbs 00:12:56.320 --> 00:12:59.990 align:start position:0% fingerprint of hydrogen as it absorbs and<00:12:56.560> remits<00:12:57.200> radiation.<00:12:58.560> And<00:12:58.720> it<00:12:58.959> worked.<00:12:59.680> In 00:12:59.990 --> 00:13:00.000 align:start position:0% and remits radiation. And it worked. In 00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:03.829 align:start position:0% and remits radiation. And it worked. In fact,<00:13:00.399> they've<00:13:00.720> made<00:13:01.519> entire<00:13:02.320> 3D<00:13:03.040> maps<00:13:03.600> of 00:13:03.829 --> 00:13:03.839 align:start position:0% fact, they've made entire 3D maps of 00:13:03.839 --> 00:13:06.790 align:start position:0% fact, they've made entire 3D maps of these<00:13:04.160> filaments.<00:13:05.600> This<00:13:05.839> was<00:13:06.079> just<00:13:06.240> the<00:13:06.560> start 00:13:06.790 --> 00:13:06.800 align:start position:0% these filaments. This was just the start 00:13:06.800 --> 00:13:10.470 align:start position:0% these filaments. This was just the start of<00:13:06.959> the<00:13:07.200> discoveries.<00:13:08.320> In<00:13:08.560> January<00:13:09.040> 2025,<00:13:10.240> the 00:13:10.470 --> 00:13:10.480 align:start position:0% of the discoveries. In January 2025, the 00:13:10.480 --> 00:13:13.110 align:start position:0% of the discoveries. In January 2025, the picture<00:13:10.800> sharpened<00:13:11.519> dramatically. 00:13:13.110 --> 00:13:13.120 align:start position:0% picture sharpened dramatically. 00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:15.030 align:start position:0% picture sharpened dramatically. A<00:13:13.360> team<00:13:13.519> of<00:13:13.760> international<00:13:14.399> astronomers 00:13:15.030 --> 00:13:15.040 align:start position:0% A team of international astronomers 00:13:15.040 --> 00:13:16.629 align:start position:0% A team of international astronomers captured<00:13:15.440> one<00:13:15.600> of<00:13:15.680> the<00:13:15.839> clearest<00:13:16.240> direct 00:13:16.629 --> 00:13:16.639 align:start position:0% captured one of the clearest direct 00:13:16.639 --> 00:13:19.350 align:start position:0% captured one of the clearest direct images<00:13:17.200> yet.<00:13:18.240> Using<00:13:18.560> the<00:13:18.720> multi-unit 00:13:19.350 --> 00:13:19.360 align:start position:0% images yet. Using the multi-unit 00:13:19.360 --> 00:13:22.470 align:start position:0% images yet. Using the multi-unit spectroscopic<00:13:20.160> explorer<00:13:21.040> or<00:13:21.360> MUSE<00:13:22.079> mounted 00:13:22.470 --> 00:13:22.480 align:start position:0% spectroscopic explorer or MUSE mounted 00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:24.069 align:start position:0% spectroscopic explorer or MUSE mounted on<00:13:22.639> the<00:13:22.800> very<00:13:23.040> large<00:13:23.279> telescope<00:13:23.760> at<00:13:23.920> the 00:13:24.069 --> 00:13:24.079 align:start position:0% on the very large telescope at the 00:13:24.079 --> 00:13:26.310 align:start position:0% on the very large telescope at the European<00:13:24.560> Southern<00:13:24.959> Observatory,<00:13:26.000> they 00:13:26.310 --> 00:13:26.320 align:start position:0% European Southern Observatory, they 00:13:26.320 --> 00:13:28.870 align:start position:0% European Southern Observatory, they imaged<00:13:26.639> a<00:13:26.800> pair<00:13:27.040> of<00:13:27.279> quazar<00:13:27.920> host<00:13:28.240> galaxies 00:13:28.870 --> 00:13:28.880 align:start position:0% imaged a pair of quazar host galaxies 00:13:28.880 --> 00:13:31.670 align:start position:0% imaged a pair of quazar host galaxies with<00:13:29.040> a<00:13:29.279> cosmic<00:13:29.680> filament<00:13:30.399> about<00:13:30.880> 3<00:13:31.360> million 00:13:31.670 --> 00:13:31.680 align:start position:0% with a cosmic filament about 3 million 00:13:31.680 --> 00:13:34.470 align:start position:0% with a cosmic filament about 3 million lightyears<00:13:32.240> long.<00:13:33.120> And<00:13:33.360> using<00:13:33.760> supercomputer 00:13:34.470 --> 00:13:34.480 align:start position:0% lightyears long. And using supercomputer 00:13:34.480 --> 00:13:36.470 align:start position:0% lightyears long. And using supercomputer models<00:13:34.880> built<00:13:35.120> on<00:13:35.200> the<00:13:35.360> Muse<00:13:35.760> data, 00:13:36.470 --> 00:13:36.480 align:start position:0% models built on the Muse data, 00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:38.470 align:start position:0% models built on the Muse data, researchers<00:13:37.040> were<00:13:37.279> able<00:13:37.519> to<00:13:37.680> simulate<00:13:38.160> a 00:13:38.470 --> 00:13:38.480 align:start position:0% researchers were able to simulate a 00:13:38.480 --> 00:13:40.550 align:start position:0% researchers were able to simulate a filament<00:13:38.880> that<00:13:39.200> matches<00:13:39.600> the<00:13:39.920> one<00:13:40.240> they 00:13:40.550 --> 00:13:40.560 align:start position:0% filament that matches the one they 00:13:40.560 --> 00:13:43.430 align:start position:0% filament that matches the one they observed<00:13:40.959> in<00:13:41.200> real<00:13:41.440> life.<00:13:42.399> This<00:13:42.639> was<00:13:43.120> a 00:13:43.430 --> 00:13:43.440 align:start position:0% observed in real life. This was a 00:13:43.440 --> 00:13:46.310 align:start position:0% observed in real life. This was a spectacular<00:13:44.240> achievement.<00:13:45.600> But<00:13:45.839> there<00:13:46.000> was<00:13:46.160> a 00:13:46.310 --> 00:13:46.320 align:start position:0% spectacular achievement. But there was a 00:13:46.320 --> 00:13:49.829 align:start position:0% spectacular achievement. But there was a catch.<00:13:47.680> These<00:13:48.000> observations<00:13:48.720> were<00:13:48.959> from<00:13:49.440> the 00:13:49.829 --> 00:13:49.839 align:start position:0% catch. These observations were from the 00:13:49.839 --> 00:13:52.629 align:start position:0% catch. These observations were from the early<00:13:50.240> universe.<00:13:51.279> They<00:13:51.519> traced<00:13:52.079> cooler 00:13:52.629 --> 00:13:52.639 align:start position:0% early universe. They traced cooler 00:13:52.639 --> 00:13:54.870 align:start position:0% early universe. They traced cooler hydrogen<00:13:53.200> gas<00:13:53.760> billions<00:13:54.160> of<00:13:54.320> years<00:13:54.560> in<00:13:54.720> the 00:13:54.870 --> 00:13:54.880 align:start position:0% hydrogen gas billions of years in the 00:13:54.880 --> 00:13:58.150 align:start position:0% hydrogen gas billions of years in the past,<00:13:55.760> not<00:13:56.160> hot<00:13:56.800> diffused<00:13:57.279> material<00:13:57.839> thought 00:13:58.150 --> 00:13:58.160 align:start position:0% past, not hot diffused material thought 00:13:58.160 --> 00:13:59.910 align:start position:0% past, not hot diffused material thought to<00:13:58.320> contain<00:13:58.720> most<00:13:59.040> of<00:13:59.199> the<00:13:59.360> universe's 00:13:59.910 --> 00:13:59.920 align:start position:0% to contain most of the universe's 00:13:59.920 --> 00:14:03.030 align:start position:0% to contain most of the universe's missing<00:14:00.320> bionic<00:14:00.880> matter.<00:14:01.199> Today,<00:14:02.240> our<00:14:02.560> models 00:14:03.030 --> 00:14:03.040 align:start position:0% missing bionic matter. Today, our models 00:14:03.040 --> 00:14:05.269 align:start position:0% missing bionic matter. Today, our models predict<00:14:03.760> it<00:14:04.000> stretched<00:14:04.480> along<00:14:04.880> thin 00:14:05.269 --> 00:14:05.279 align:start position:0% predict it stretched along thin 00:14:05.279 --> 00:14:07.430 align:start position:0% predict it stretched along thin filaments<00:14:05.839> of<00:14:06.000> the<00:14:06.240> cosmic<00:14:06.639> web<00:14:06.800> in<00:14:07.040> the<00:14:07.120> local 00:14:07.430 --> 00:14:07.440 align:start position:0% filaments of the cosmic web in the local 00:14:07.440 --> 00:14:10.389 align:start position:0% filaments of the cosmic web in the local universe.<00:14:08.560> But<00:14:08.720> here,<00:14:09.040> the<00:14:09.360> signal<00:14:09.760> is<00:14:10.079> far 00:14:10.389 --> 00:14:10.399 align:start position:0% universe. But here, the signal is far 00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:14.069 align:start position:0% universe. But here, the signal is far fainter<00:14:11.120> and<00:14:11.440> harder<00:14:11.760> to<00:14:12.000> isolate.<00:14:13.199> We<00:14:13.839> were 00:14:14.069 --> 00:14:14.079 align:start position:0% fainter and harder to isolate. We were 00:14:14.079 --> 00:14:17.269 align:start position:0% fainter and harder to isolate. We were stuck. 00:14:17.269 --> 00:14:17.279 align:start position:0% 00:14:17.279 --> 00:14:20.069 align:start position:0% In<00:14:17.760> June<00:14:18.560> 2025, 00:14:20.069 --> 00:14:20.079 align:start position:0% In June 2025, 00:14:20.079 --> 00:14:22.710 align:start position:0% In June 2025, astronomers<00:14:21.040> finally<00:14:21.600> found<00:14:22.079> what<00:14:22.320> they<00:14:22.560> were 00:14:22.710 --> 00:14:22.720 align:start position:0% astronomers finally found what they were 00:14:22.720 --> 00:14:25.509 align:start position:0% astronomers finally found what they were looking<00:14:22.880> for.<00:14:23.920> They<00:14:24.240> were<00:14:24.399> able<00:14:24.639> to<00:14:24.880> isolate 00:14:25.509 --> 00:14:25.519 align:start position:0% looking for. They were able to isolate 00:14:25.519 --> 00:14:28.710 align:start position:0% looking for. They were able to isolate and<00:14:26.079> spectroscopically<00:14:27.279> measure<00:14:27.760> the<00:14:28.079> hot 00:14:28.710 --> 00:14:28.720 align:start position:0% and spectroscopically measure the hot 00:14:28.720 --> 00:14:31.509 align:start position:0% and spectroscopically measure the hot lowdensity<00:14:29.519> gas<00:14:29.839> of<00:14:30.079> an<00:14:30.399> individual<00:14:31.040> cosmic 00:14:31.509 --> 00:14:31.519 align:start position:0% lowdensity gas of an individual cosmic 00:14:31.519 --> 00:14:34.550 align:start position:0% lowdensity gas of an individual cosmic web<00:14:31.760> filament<00:14:32.560> in<00:14:32.880> the<00:14:33.120> local<00:14:33.519> universe, 00:14:34.550 --> 00:14:34.560 align:start position:0% web filament in the local universe, 00:14:34.560 --> 00:14:36.710 align:start position:0% web filament in the local universe, marking<00:14:34.959> a<00:14:35.279> breakthrough<00:14:35.760> moment<00:14:36.160> in<00:14:36.480> our 00:14:36.710 --> 00:14:36.720 align:start position:0% marking a breakthrough moment in our 00:14:36.720 --> 00:14:39.110 align:start position:0% marking a breakthrough moment in our quest<00:14:37.040> to<00:14:37.199> locate<00:14:37.680> the<00:14:38.000> missing<00:14:38.560> barionic 00:14:39.110 --> 00:14:39.120 align:start position:0% quest to locate the missing barionic 00:14:39.120 --> 00:14:40.949 align:start position:0% quest to locate the missing barionic matter. 00:14:40.949 --> 00:14:40.959 align:start position:0% matter. 00:14:40.959 --> 00:14:43.430 align:start position:0% matter. A<00:14:41.199> team<00:14:41.360> of<00:14:41.600> European<00:14:42.160> researchers<00:14:42.720> headed<00:14:43.040> by 00:14:43.430 --> 00:14:43.440 align:start position:0% A team of European researchers headed by 00:14:43.440 --> 00:14:47.430 align:start position:0% A team of European researchers headed by lead<00:14:43.920> author<00:14:44.720> Constantinos<00:14:45.760> Migas<00:14:46.639> at<00:14:46.880> Leiden 00:14:47.430 --> 00:14:47.440 align:start position:0% lead author Constantinos Migas at Leiden 00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:50.310 align:start position:0% lead author Constantinos Migas at Leiden University<00:14:47.920> in<00:14:48.160> the<00:14:48.320> Netherlands<00:14:49.199> used<00:14:49.600> Jax's 00:14:50.310 --> 00:14:50.320 align:start position:0% University in the Netherlands used Jax's 00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:53.030 align:start position:0% University in the Netherlands used Jax's Suzaku<00:14:50.880> X-ray<00:14:51.279> Space<00:14:51.600> Telescope<00:14:52.240> to<00:14:52.480> map<00:14:52.720> a 00:14:53.030 --> 00:14:53.040 align:start position:0% Suzaku X-ray Space Telescope to map a 00:14:53.040 --> 00:14:56.230 align:start position:0% Suzaku X-ray Space Telescope to map a single<00:14:53.519> filament<00:14:54.079> in<00:14:54.560> faint<00:14:55.040> X-ray<00:14:55.519> emissions 00:14:56.230 --> 00:14:56.240 align:start position:0% single filament in faint X-ray emissions 00:14:56.240 --> 00:14:59.509 align:start position:0% single filament in faint X-ray emissions over<00:14:56.480> a<00:14:56.800> wide<00:14:57.279> area<00:14:57.600> of<00:14:57.839> space.<00:14:58.880> They<00:14:59.199> then 00:14:59.509 --> 00:14:59.519 align:start position:0% over a wide area of space. They then 00:14:59.519 --> 00:15:02.629 align:start position:0% over a wide area of space. They then used<00:14:59.839> the<00:15:00.320> XMM<00:15:00.959> Newton<00:15:01.440> to<00:15:01.680> pinpoint<00:15:02.240> sources 00:15:02.629 --> 00:15:02.639 align:start position:0% used the XMM Newton to pinpoint sources 00:15:02.639 --> 00:15:05.430 align:start position:0% used the XMM Newton to pinpoint sources of<00:15:02.880> X-ray<00:15:03.360> contamination.<00:15:04.560> In<00:15:04.720> this<00:15:04.959> case, 00:15:05.430 --> 00:15:05.440 align:start position:0% of X-ray contamination. In this case, 00:15:05.440 --> 00:15:07.670 align:start position:0% of X-ray contamination. In this case, super<00:15:05.760> massive<00:15:06.160> black<00:15:06.399> holes,<00:15:07.040> which<00:15:07.279> had<00:15:07.519> to 00:15:07.670 --> 00:15:07.680 align:start position:0% super massive black holes, which had to 00:15:07.680 --> 00:15:10.230 align:start position:0% super massive black holes, which had to be<00:15:07.760> removed<00:15:08.079> from<00:15:08.320> the<00:15:08.480> data<00:15:09.120> in<00:15:09.440> order<00:15:09.680> to<00:15:09.920> map 00:15:10.230 --> 00:15:10.240 align:start position:0% be removed from the data in order to map 00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:14.230 align:start position:0% be removed from the data in order to map the<00:15:10.399> filament.<00:15:11.839> In<00:15:12.160> this<00:15:12.320> image,<00:15:13.279> you<00:15:13.519> can<00:15:13.760> see 00:15:14.230 --> 00:15:14.240 align:start position:0% the filament. In this image, you can see 00:15:14.240 --> 00:15:17.189 align:start position:0% the filament. In this image, you can see what<00:15:14.480> they<00:15:14.720> found.<00:15:16.000> A<00:15:16.240> filament<00:15:16.720> of<00:15:16.959> the 00:15:17.189 --> 00:15:17.199 align:start position:0% what they found. A filament of the 00:15:17.199 --> 00:15:19.829 align:start position:0% what they found. A filament of the cosmic<00:15:17.680> web<00:15:18.240> connecting<00:15:18.880> four<00:15:19.360> galaxy 00:15:19.829 --> 00:15:19.839 align:start position:0% cosmic web connecting four galaxy 00:15:19.839 --> 00:15:23.189 align:start position:0% cosmic web connecting four galaxy clusters,<00:15:20.560> two<00:15:20.800> on<00:15:20.959> each<00:15:21.199> end,<00:15:21.920> each<00:15:22.160> one<00:15:22.639> as<00:15:22.959> a 00:15:23.189 --> 00:15:23.199 align:start position:0% clusters, two on each end, each one as a 00:15:23.199 --> 00:15:26.949 align:start position:0% clusters, two on each end, each one as a white<00:15:23.600> spot<00:15:24.240> surrounded<00:15:24.800> by<00:15:25.040> color.<00:15:26.320> The<00:15:26.560> band 00:15:26.949 --> 00:15:26.959 align:start position:0% white spot surrounded by color. The band 00:15:26.959 --> 00:15:29.030 align:start position:0% white spot surrounded by color. The band of<00:15:27.279> purple<00:15:27.760> stretched<00:15:28.240> between<00:15:28.560> them 00:15:29.030 --> 00:15:29.040 align:start position:0% of purple stretched between them 00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:31.670 align:start position:0% of purple stretched between them resembling<00:15:29.600> a<00:15:29.760> honeycomb<00:15:30.800> or<00:15:31.279> bone 00:15:31.670 --> 00:15:31.680 align:start position:0% resembling a honeycomb or bone 00:15:31.680 --> 00:15:34.629 align:start position:0% resembling a honeycomb or bone marrow-like<00:15:32.399> texture<00:15:33.199> is<00:15:33.440> the<00:15:33.680> filament<00:15:34.240> of 00:15:34.629 --> 00:15:34.639 align:start position:0% marrow-like texture is the filament of 00:15:34.639 --> 00:15:38.150 align:start position:0% marrow-like texture is the filament of X-ray<00:15:35.360> emitting<00:15:36.079> hot<00:15:36.480> gas 00:15:38.150 --> 00:15:38.160 align:start position:0% X-ray emitting hot gas 00:15:38.160 --> 00:15:40.550 align:start position:0% X-ray emitting hot gas located<00:15:38.639> in<00:15:38.800> the<00:15:38.880> Sharply<00:15:39.440> supercluster<00:15:40.320> at 00:15:40.550 --> 00:15:40.560 align:start position:0% located in the Sharply supercluster at 00:15:40.560 --> 00:15:42.629 align:start position:0% located in the Sharply supercluster at supercluster<00:15:41.199> of<00:15:41.360> more<00:15:41.600> than<00:15:41.839> 8,000 00:15:42.629 --> 00:15:42.639 align:start position:0% supercluster of more than 8,000 00:15:42.639 --> 00:15:45.110 align:start position:0% supercluster of more than 8,000 galaxies.<00:15:43.680> The<00:15:43.839> filament<00:15:44.320> stretches<00:15:44.800> across 00:15:45.110 --> 00:15:45.120 align:start position:0% galaxies. The filament stretches across 00:15:45.120 --> 00:15:48.629 align:start position:0% galaxies. The filament stretches across a<00:15:45.440> distance<00:15:45.760> of<00:15:46.240> 23<00:15:47.040> million<00:15:47.440> lightyear<00:15:48.399> which 00:15:48.629 --> 00:15:48.639 align:start position:0% a distance of 23 million lightyear which 00:15:48.639 --> 00:15:52.310 align:start position:0% a distance of 23 million lightyear which is<00:15:48.800> the<00:15:49.120> equivalent<00:15:49.680> of<00:15:49.920> about<00:15:50.800> 230<00:15:51.920> Milky 00:15:52.310 --> 00:15:52.320 align:start position:0% is the equivalent of about 230 Milky 00:15:52.320 --> 00:15:55.990 align:start position:0% is the equivalent of about 230 Milky Ways<00:15:52.959> end<00:15:53.199> to<00:15:53.360> end.<00:15:54.560> Its<00:15:54.880> mass<00:15:55.199> comes<00:15:55.519> in<00:15:55.759> at 00:15:55.990 --> 00:15:56.000 align:start position:0% Ways end to end. Its mass comes in at 00:15:56.000 --> 00:15:58.550 align:start position:0% Ways end to end. Its mass comes in at roughly<00:15:56.560> 10<00:15:56.880> times<00:15:57.360> that<00:15:57.680> of<00:15:57.839> the<00:15:58.079> entire 00:15:58.550 --> 00:15:58.560 align:start position:0% roughly 10 times that of the entire 00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:01.189 align:start position:0% roughly 10 times that of the entire Milky<00:15:58.959> Way<00:15:59.199> galaxy.<00:16:00.320> And<00:16:00.480> the<00:16:00.720> temperature<00:16:01.040> of 00:16:01.189 --> 00:16:01.199 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy. And the temperature of 00:16:01.199 --> 00:16:04.230 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy. And the temperature of the<00:16:01.360> filament's<00:16:01.839> hot<00:16:02.079> gas<00:16:02.560> is<00:16:02.800> a<00:16:03.040> scorching<00:16:03.759> 10 00:16:04.230 --> 00:16:04.240 align:start position:0% the filament's hot gas is a scorching 10 00:16:04.240 --> 00:16:08.150 align:start position:0% the filament's hot gas is a scorching 10 million°<00:16:05.040> C.<00:16:06.240> It<00:16:06.480> reveals<00:16:07.040> in<00:16:07.279> detail<00:16:07.759> for<00:16:07.920> the 00:16:08.150 --> 00:16:08.160 align:start position:0% million° C. It reveals in detail for the 00:16:08.160 --> 00:16:10.790 align:start position:0% million° C. It reveals in detail for the first<00:16:08.480> time<00:16:09.199> how<00:16:09.519> galaxy<00:16:10.000> clusters<00:16:10.480> are 00:16:10.790 --> 00:16:10.800 align:start position:0% first time how galaxy clusters are 00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:13.829 align:start position:0% first time how galaxy clusters are connected<00:16:11.360> over<00:16:11.920> colossal<00:16:12.560> distances<00:16:13.600> and 00:16:13.829 --> 00:16:13.839 align:start position:0% connected over colossal distances and 00:16:13.839 --> 00:16:16.230 align:start position:0% connected over colossal distances and uncovers<00:16:14.320> the<00:16:14.560> vast<00:16:15.040> cosmic<00:16:15.519> web<00:16:15.920> that 00:16:16.230 --> 00:16:16.240 align:start position:0% uncovers the vast cosmic web that 00:16:16.240 --> 00:16:18.629 align:start position:0% uncovers the vast cosmic web that underpins<00:16:16.800> the<00:16:17.040> structure<00:16:17.440> of<00:16:17.680> our<00:16:18.079> entire 00:16:18.629 --> 00:16:18.639 align:start position:0% underpins the structure of our entire 00:16:18.639 --> 00:16:21.670 align:start position:0% underpins the structure of our entire universe<00:16:19.600> like<00:16:19.839> the<00:16:20.000> very<00:16:20.320> bones<00:16:20.800> of<00:16:21.040> a<00:16:21.199> cosmic 00:16:21.670 --> 00:16:21.680 align:start position:0% universe like the very bones of a cosmic 00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:24.150 align:start position:0% universe like the very bones of a cosmic skeleton<00:16:22.399> upon<00:16:22.800> which<00:16:23.279> everything<00:16:23.839> else 00:16:24.150 --> 00:16:24.160 align:start position:0% skeleton upon which everything else 00:16:24.160 --> 00:16:26.629 align:start position:0% skeleton upon which everything else forms.<00:16:25.279> And<00:16:25.519> according<00:16:25.920> to<00:16:26.000> the<00:16:26.240> paper's 00:16:26.629 --> 00:16:26.639 align:start position:0% forms. And according to the paper's 00:16:26.639 --> 00:16:29.189 align:start position:0% forms. And according to the paper's co-author,<00:16:27.519> the<00:16:27.759> filament<00:16:28.240> is<00:16:28.480> exactly<00:16:28.959> what 00:16:29.189 --> 00:16:29.199 align:start position:0% co-author, the filament is exactly what 00:16:29.199 --> 00:16:31.509 align:start position:0% co-author, the filament is exactly what we<00:16:29.519> expected<00:16:30.000> from<00:16:30.240> the<00:16:30.480> best<00:16:30.959> large<00:16:31.199> scale 00:16:31.509 --> 00:16:31.519 align:start position:0% we expected from the best large scale 00:16:31.519 --> 00:16:33.110 align:start position:0% we expected from the best large scale cosmological<00:16:32.240> simulations<00:16:32.800> of<00:16:32.959> the 00:16:33.110 --> 00:16:33.120 align:start position:0% cosmological simulations of the 00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:37.110 align:start position:0% cosmological simulations of the universe.<00:16:34.240> We<00:16:35.040> got<00:16:35.199> it<00:16:35.440> right. 00:16:37.110 --> 00:16:37.120 align:start position:0% universe. We got it right. 00:16:37.120 --> 00:16:38.949 align:start position:0% universe. We got it right. The<00:16:37.360> latest<00:16:37.680> breakthroughs<00:16:38.240> in<00:16:38.399> observing 00:16:38.949 --> 00:16:38.959 align:start position:0% The latest breakthroughs in observing 00:16:38.959 --> 00:16:41.350 align:start position:0% The latest breakthroughs in observing filaments<00:16:39.519> lend<00:16:39.920> important<00:16:40.560> evidence<00:16:41.040> and 00:16:41.350 --> 00:16:41.360 align:start position:0% filaments lend important evidence and 00:16:41.360 --> 00:16:43.670 align:start position:0% filaments lend important evidence and support<00:16:41.839> for<00:16:42.079> our<00:16:42.399> current<00:16:42.800> standard<00:16:43.279> model 00:16:43.670 --> 00:16:43.680 align:start position:0% support for our current standard model 00:16:43.680 --> 00:16:46.550 align:start position:0% support for our current standard model of<00:16:43.920> cosmic<00:16:44.399> evolution<00:16:45.279> known<00:16:45.519> as<00:16:45.680> the<00:16:45.920> lambda 00:16:46.550 --> 00:16:46.560 align:start position:0% of cosmic evolution known as the lambda 00:16:46.560 --> 00:16:49.990 align:start position:0% of cosmic evolution known as the lambda cold<00:16:47.040> dark<00:16:47.360> matter<00:16:47.680> model.<00:16:48.880> The<00:16:49.120> model<00:16:49.600> is 00:16:49.990 --> 00:16:50.000 align:start position:0% cold dark matter model. The model is 00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:51.990 align:start position:0% cold dark matter model. The model is underpinned<00:16:50.639> by<00:16:50.800> dark<00:16:51.040> matter<00:16:51.600> which<00:16:51.839> has 00:16:51.990 --> 00:16:52.000 align:start position:0% underpinned by dark matter which has 00:16:52.000 --> 00:16:53.990 align:start position:0% underpinned by dark matter which has been<00:16:52.160> too<00:16:52.480> complicated<00:16:52.959> for<00:16:53.120> us<00:16:53.360> to<00:16:53.519> catch<00:16:53.759> a 00:16:53.990 --> 00:16:54.000 align:start position:0% been too complicated for us to catch a 00:16:54.000 --> 00:16:56.949 align:start position:0% been too complicated for us to catch a glimpse<00:16:54.240> of<00:16:54.480> thus<00:16:54.800> far.<00:16:55.600> So<00:16:55.759> observing<00:16:56.399> this 00:16:56.949 --> 00:16:56.959 align:start position:0% glimpse of thus far. So observing this 00:16:56.959 --> 00:16:59.509 align:start position:0% glimpse of thus far. So observing this once<00:16:57.360> thought<00:16:57.839> missing<00:16:58.240> visible<00:16:58.639> matter<00:16:59.279> on 00:16:59.509 --> 00:16:59.519 align:start position:0% once thought missing visible matter on 00:16:59.519 --> 00:17:02.310 align:start position:0% once thought missing visible matter on the<00:16:59.759> cosmic<00:17:00.160> web<00:17:00.720> is<00:17:01.040> a<00:17:01.279> big<00:17:01.600> step<00:17:01.920> in<00:17:02.160> the 00:17:02.310 --> 00:17:02.320 align:start position:0% the cosmic web is a big step in the 00:17:02.320 --> 00:17:05.029 align:start position:0% the cosmic web is a big step in the right<00:17:02.560> direction.<00:17:03.759> But<00:17:04.000> to<00:17:04.319> truly<00:17:04.799> know 00:17:05.029 --> 00:17:05.039 align:start position:0% right direction. But to truly know 00:17:05.039 --> 00:17:07.510 align:start position:0% right direction. But to truly know whether<00:17:05.439> our<00:17:05.679> models<00:17:06.079> match<00:17:06.319> reality,<00:17:07.280> we 00:17:07.510 --> 00:17:07.520 align:start position:0% whether our models match reality, we 00:17:07.520 --> 00:17:10.789 align:start position:0% whether our models match reality, we need<00:17:07.679> more<00:17:08.079> than<00:17:08.400> one<00:17:08.720> or<00:17:08.959> two<00:17:09.280> filaments.<00:17:10.480> We 00:17:10.789 --> 00:17:10.799 align:start position:0% need more than one or two filaments. We 00:17:10.799 --> 00:17:13.429 align:start position:0% need more than one or two filaments. We need<00:17:10.959> to<00:17:11.120> map<00:17:11.520> the<00:17:11.839> entire<00:17:12.319> skeleton,<00:17:13.199> or<00:17:13.439> at 00:17:13.429 --> 00:17:13.439 align:start position:0% need to map the entire skeleton, or at 00:17:13.439 --> 00:17:16.710 align:start position:0% need to map the entire skeleton, or at least<00:17:14.079> much<00:17:14.400> more<00:17:14.559> of<00:17:14.720> it.<00:17:15.839> And<00:17:16.000> that<00:17:16.240> is<00:17:16.400> where 00:17:16.710 --> 00:17:16.720 align:start position:0% least much more of it. And that is where 00:17:16.720 --> 00:17:19.829 align:start position:0% least much more of it. And that is where another<00:17:17.039> mission,<00:17:17.760> Uklid,<00:17:18.480> comes<00:17:18.720> in. 00:17:19.829 --> 00:17:19.839 align:start position:0% another mission, Uklid, comes in. 00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:22.789 align:start position:0% another mission, Uklid, comes in. Launched<00:17:20.160> in<00:17:20.400> 2023,<00:17:21.600> Issa's<00:17:22.000> Uklid<00:17:22.559> mission 00:17:22.789 --> 00:17:22.799 align:start position:0% Launched in 2023, Issa's Uklid mission 00:17:22.799 --> 00:17:24.630 align:start position:0% Launched in 2023, Issa's Uklid mission is<00:17:23.039> designed<00:17:23.360> to<00:17:23.520> piece<00:17:23.839> together<00:17:24.160> a<00:17:24.400> more 00:17:24.630 --> 00:17:24.640 align:start position:0% is designed to piece together a more 00:17:24.640 --> 00:17:26.710 align:start position:0% is designed to piece together a more accurate<00:17:25.199> picture<00:17:25.520> of<00:17:25.679> the<00:17:25.839> cosmic<00:17:26.319> web 00:17:26.710 --> 00:17:26.720 align:start position:0% accurate picture of the cosmic web 00:17:26.720 --> 00:17:29.110 align:start position:0% accurate picture of the cosmic web structure<00:17:27.120> and<00:17:27.360> history<00:17:28.079> and<00:17:28.319> dig<00:17:28.640> into<00:17:28.880> the 00:17:29.110 --> 00:17:29.120 align:start position:0% structure and history and dig into the 00:17:29.120 --> 00:17:31.990 align:start position:0% structure and history and dig into the nature<00:17:29.360> of<00:17:29.520> dark<00:17:29.840> matter<00:17:30.240> and<00:17:30.559> dark<00:17:30.799> energy. 00:17:31.990 --> 00:17:32.000 align:start position:0% nature of dark matter and dark energy. 00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:33.909 align:start position:0% nature of dark matter and dark energy. Ukalid<00:17:32.559> will<00:17:32.720> help<00:17:32.880> us<00:17:33.120> measure<00:17:33.440> galactic 00:17:33.909 --> 00:17:33.919 align:start position:0% Ukalid will help us measure galactic 00:17:33.919 --> 00:17:36.390 align:start position:0% Ukalid will help us measure galactic shapes<00:17:34.240> with<00:17:34.559> precision,<00:17:35.520> revealing<00:17:36.080> how 00:17:36.390 --> 00:17:36.400 align:start position:0% shapes with precision, revealing how 00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:38.390 align:start position:0% shapes with precision, revealing how dark<00:17:36.720> matter<00:17:37.200> distorts<00:17:37.760> space<00:17:38.080> through 00:17:38.390 --> 00:17:38.400 align:start position:0% dark matter distorts space through 00:17:38.400 --> 00:17:40.789 align:start position:0% dark matter distorts space through gravitational<00:17:38.960> lensing<00:17:39.840> and<00:17:40.160> measure<00:17:40.559> red 00:17:40.789 --> 00:17:40.799 align:start position:0% gravitational lensing and measure red 00:17:40.799 --> 00:17:43.750 align:start position:0% gravitational lensing and measure red shifts,<00:17:41.440> giving<00:17:41.760> us<00:17:41.919> a<00:17:42.080> 3D<00:17:42.559> position<00:17:43.039> for<00:17:43.360> each 00:17:43.750 --> 00:17:43.760 align:start position:0% shifts, giving us a 3D position for each 00:17:43.760 --> 00:17:46.390 align:start position:0% shifts, giving us a 3D position for each galaxy.<00:17:45.039> This<00:17:45.280> combination<00:17:45.840> will<00:17:46.080> allow 00:17:46.390 --> 00:17:46.400 align:start position:0% galaxy. This combination will allow 00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:49.029 align:start position:0% galaxy. This combination will allow Uklid<00:17:46.960> to<00:17:47.039> infer<00:17:47.440> the<00:17:47.679> locations<00:17:48.080> of<00:17:48.400> the<00:17:48.640> dark 00:17:49.029 --> 00:17:49.039 align:start position:0% Uklid to infer the locations of the dark 00:17:49.039 --> 00:17:51.669 align:start position:0% Uklid to infer the locations of the dark matter<00:17:49.600> filaments,<00:17:50.640> not<00:17:50.880> just<00:17:51.039> the<00:17:51.200> galaxies 00:17:51.669 --> 00:17:51.679 align:start position:0% matter filaments, not just the galaxies 00:17:51.679 --> 00:17:54.549 align:start position:0% matter filaments, not just the galaxies on<00:17:51.840> them,<00:17:52.480> and<00:17:52.799> give<00:17:52.960> us<00:17:53.200> precise<00:17:53.679> locations 00:17:54.549 --> 00:17:54.559 align:start position:0% on them, and give us precise locations 00:17:54.559 --> 00:17:58.710 align:start position:0% on them, and give us precise locations to<00:17:54.880> look<00:17:55.120> for<00:17:55.440> more<00:17:55.760> gas.<00:17:57.039> By<00:17:57.440> 2030,<00:17:58.080> Uklid 00:17:58.710 --> 00:17:58.720 align:start position:0% to look for more gas. By 2030, Uklid 00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:00.390 align:start position:0% to look for more gas. By 2030, Uklid will<00:17:58.880> likely<00:17:59.200> be<00:17:59.360> able<00:17:59.520> to<00:17:59.679> confirm<00:18:00.000> if<00:18:00.240> the 00:18:00.390 --> 00:18:00.400 align:start position:0% will likely be able to confirm if the 00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:03.750 align:start position:0% will likely be able to confirm if the cosmic<00:18:00.960> web<00:18:01.280> matches<00:18:01.840> results<00:18:02.480> from<00:18:02.720> the<00:18:02.960> XMM 00:18:03.750 --> 00:18:03.760 align:start position:0% cosmic web matches results from the XMM 00:18:03.760 --> 00:18:06.070 align:start position:0% cosmic web matches results from the XMM Newton<00:18:04.240> filament<00:18:04.640> discovery<00:18:05.679> and<00:18:05.919> the 00:18:06.070 --> 00:18:06.080 align:start position:0% Newton filament discovery and the 00:18:06.080 --> 00:18:08.390 align:start position:0% Newton filament discovery and the pattern<00:18:06.559> seen<00:18:06.880> in<00:18:07.120> the<00:18:07.360> cosmic<00:18:07.840> microwave 00:18:08.390 --> 00:18:08.400 align:start position:0% pattern seen in the cosmic microwave 00:18:08.400 --> 00:18:11.669 align:start position:0% pattern seen in the cosmic microwave background.<00:18:09.760> If<00:18:10.080> it's<00:18:10.320> a<00:18:10.559> perfect<00:18:10.880> match, 00:18:11.669 --> 00:18:11.679 align:start position:0% background. If it's a perfect match, 00:18:11.679 --> 00:18:13.909 align:start position:0% background. If it's a perfect match, that<00:18:11.919> would<00:18:12.160> be<00:18:12.400> one<00:18:12.799> of<00:18:12.960> the<00:18:13.280> strongest 00:18:13.909 --> 00:18:13.919 align:start position:0% that would be one of the strongest 00:18:13.919 --> 00:18:17.029 align:start position:0% that would be one of the strongest confirmations<00:18:14.720> of<00:18:15.039> the<00:18:15.280> big<00:18:15.600> bang<00:18:16.000> model<00:18:16.720> in 00:18:17.029 --> 00:18:17.039 align:start position:0% confirmations of the big bang model in 00:18:17.039 --> 00:18:19.909 align:start position:0% confirmations of the big bang model in the<00:18:17.360> history<00:18:18.080> of<00:18:18.400> science. 00:18:19.909 --> 00:18:19.919 align:start position:0% the history of science. 00:18:19.919 --> 00:18:22.710 align:start position:0% the history of science. If<00:18:20.240> not,<00:18:21.120> then<00:18:21.440> something<00:18:21.840> is<00:18:22.080> fundamentally 00:18:22.710 --> 00:18:22.720 align:start position:0% If not, then something is fundamentally 00:18:22.720 --> 00:18:24.789 align:start position:0% If not, then something is fundamentally missing<00:18:22.960> in<00:18:23.200> our<00:18:23.360> standard<00:18:23.760> model.<00:18:24.559> Whether 00:18:24.789 --> 00:18:24.799 align:start position:0% missing in our standard model. Whether 00:18:24.799 --> 00:18:27.190 align:start position:0% missing in our standard model. Whether it's<00:18:25.039> our<00:18:25.360> understanding<00:18:25.840> of<00:18:26.080> dark<00:18:26.320> matter, 00:18:27.190 --> 00:18:27.200 align:start position:0% it's our understanding of dark matter, 00:18:27.200 --> 00:18:30.789 align:start position:0% it's our understanding of dark matter, gravity,<00:18:28.160> or<00:18:28.400> the<00:18:28.640> early<00:18:28.960> universe.<00:18:30.400> Either 00:18:30.789 --> 00:18:30.799 align:start position:0% gravity, or the early universe. Either 00:18:30.799 --> 00:18:32.870 align:start position:0% gravity, or the early universe. Either way,<00:18:31.280> with<00:18:31.520> the<00:18:31.679> help<00:18:31.840> of<00:18:32.000> Uklid<00:18:32.559> and<00:18:32.720> the 00:18:32.870 --> 00:18:32.880 align:start position:0% way, with the help of Uklid and the 00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:34.950 align:start position:0% way, with the help of Uklid and the latest<00:18:33.200> observations<00:18:33.840> of<00:18:34.160> these<00:18:34.480> cosmic 00:18:34.950 --> 00:18:34.960 align:start position:0% latest observations of these cosmic 00:18:34.960 --> 00:18:37.990 align:start position:0% latest observations of these cosmic filaments,<00:18:35.840> cosmology<00:18:36.480> is<00:18:36.720> poised<00:18:37.440> to<00:18:37.760> be 00:18:37.990 --> 00:18:38.000 align:start position:0% filaments, cosmology is poised to be 00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:41.590 align:start position:0% filaments, cosmology is poised to be changed<00:18:38.640> forever. 00:18:41.590 --> 00:18:41.600 align:start position:0% changed forever. 00:18:41.600 --> 00:18:44.549 align:start position:0% changed forever. One<00:18:41.919> day,<00:18:42.559> the<00:18:42.799> universe,<00:18:43.600> as<00:18:43.919> we<00:18:44.160> know<00:18:44.320> it,<00:18:44.559> at 00:18:44.549 --> 00:18:44.559 align:start position:0% One day, the universe, as we know it, at 00:18:44.559 --> 00:18:48.470 align:start position:0% One day, the universe, as we know it, at least<00:18:45.440> is<00:18:45.760> going<00:18:46.080> to<00:18:46.400> end.<00:18:47.440> And<00:18:47.760> nearly<00:18:48.160> 30 00:18:48.470 --> 00:18:48.480 align:start position:0% least is going to end. And nearly 30 00:18:48.480 --> 00:18:51.029 align:start position:0% least is going to end. And nearly 30 years<00:18:48.720> ago,<00:18:49.360> scientists<00:18:49.840> reached<00:18:50.240> a<00:18:50.559> general 00:18:51.029 --> 00:18:51.039 align:start position:0% years ago, scientists reached a general 00:18:51.039 --> 00:18:54.070 align:start position:0% years ago, scientists reached a general consensus<00:18:51.760> on<00:18:52.080> our<00:18:52.400> universe's<00:18:53.200> most<00:18:53.600> likely 00:18:54.070 --> 00:18:54.080 align:start position:0% consensus on our universe's most likely 00:18:54.080 --> 00:18:57.750 align:start position:0% consensus on our universe's most likely fate.<00:18:55.360> It<00:18:55.600> is<00:18:55.919> that<00:18:56.640> over<00:18:57.120> trillions<00:18:57.600> of 00:18:57.750 --> 00:18:57.760 align:start position:0% fate. It is that over trillions of 00:18:57.760 --> 00:19:01.029 align:start position:0% fate. It is that over trillions of years,<00:18:58.480> its<00:18:58.880> galaxies<00:18:59.520> will<00:18:59.840> drift<00:19:00.400> farther 00:19:01.029 --> 00:19:01.039 align:start position:0% years, its galaxies will drift farther 00:19:01.039 --> 00:19:04.070 align:start position:0% years, its galaxies will drift farther and<00:19:01.440> farther<00:19:01.919> apart.<00:19:03.039> Stars<00:19:03.360> will<00:19:03.600> cool<00:19:03.840> off 00:19:04.070 --> 00:19:04.080 align:start position:0% and farther apart. Stars will cool off 00:19:04.080 --> 00:19:07.029 align:start position:0% and farther apart. Stars will cool off and<00:19:04.400> die<00:19:04.720> out.<00:19:05.520> Black<00:19:05.840> holes<00:19:06.240> will<00:19:06.559> slowly 00:19:07.029 --> 00:19:07.039 align:start position:0% and die out. Black holes will slowly 00:19:07.039 --> 00:19:09.909 align:start position:0% and die out. Black holes will slowly evaporate<00:19:08.080> until<00:19:08.480> all<00:19:08.720> that's<00:19:09.039> left<00:19:09.280> is<00:19:09.600> an 00:19:09.909 --> 00:19:09.919 align:start position:0% evaporate until all that's left is an 00:19:09.919 --> 00:19:15.750 align:start position:0% evaporate until all that's left is an infinite<00:19:10.480> expanse<00:19:11.039> of<00:19:11.360> cold,<00:19:12.240> dark<00:19:12.720> space. 00:19:15.750 --> 00:19:15.760 align:start position:0% 00:19:15.760 --> 00:19:19.909 align:start position:0% This<00:19:16.080> is<00:19:16.400> the<00:19:16.640> so-called<00:19:17.520> big<00:19:18.080> freeze<00:19:19.520> powered 00:19:19.909 --> 00:19:19.919 align:start position:0% This is the so-called big freeze powered 00:19:19.919 --> 00:19:22.150 align:start position:0% This is the so-called big freeze powered by<00:19:20.080> dark<00:19:20.400> energy.<00:19:21.120> It's<00:19:21.280> a<00:19:21.520> consequence<00:19:22.000> of 00:19:22.150 --> 00:19:22.160 align:start position:0% by dark energy. It's a consequence of 00:19:22.160 --> 00:19:24.310 align:start position:0% by dark energy. It's a consequence of the<00:19:22.400> accelerating<00:19:23.120> expansion<00:19:23.679> of<00:19:24.000> our 00:19:24.310 --> 00:19:24.320 align:start position:0% the accelerating expansion of our 00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:27.669 align:start position:0% the accelerating expansion of our universe.<00:19:25.440> By<00:19:25.679> far<00:19:26.000> the<00:19:26.320> most<00:19:26.720> likely<00:19:27.200> outcome 00:19:27.669 --> 00:19:27.679 align:start position:0% universe. By far the most likely outcome 00:19:27.679 --> 00:19:31.110 align:start position:0% universe. By far the most likely outcome for<00:19:27.919> the<00:19:28.160> end<00:19:28.400> of<00:19:28.640> everything.<00:19:29.840> Or<00:19:30.640> so<00:19:30.880> we 00:19:31.110 --> 00:19:31.120 align:start position:0% for the end of everything. Or so we 00:19:31.120 --> 00:19:33.350 align:start position:0% for the end of everything. Or so we thought. 00:19:33.350 --> 00:19:33.360 align:start position:0% thought. 00:19:33.360 --> 00:19:35.750 align:start position:0% thought. New<00:19:34.240> groundbreaking<00:19:35.039> findings<00:19:35.440> from<00:19:35.600> the 00:19:35.750 --> 00:19:35.760 align:start position:0% New groundbreaking findings from the 00:19:35.760 --> 00:19:38.549 align:start position:0% New groundbreaking findings from the dark<00:19:36.160> energy<00:19:36.640> spectroscopy<00:19:37.520> instrument<00:19:38.080> or 00:19:38.549 --> 00:19:38.559 align:start position:0% dark energy spectroscopy instrument or 00:19:38.559 --> 00:19:41.430 align:start position:0% dark energy spectroscopy instrument or desi<00:19:39.440> may<00:19:39.760> be<00:19:40.080> uncovering<00:19:40.799> a<00:19:41.120> different 00:19:41.430 --> 00:19:41.440 align:start position:0% desi may be uncovering a different 00:19:41.440 --> 00:19:44.630 align:start position:0% desi may be uncovering a different story.<00:19:42.720> It's<00:19:43.120> found<00:19:43.360> that<00:19:43.679> dark<00:19:44.080> energy's 00:19:44.630 --> 00:19:44.640 align:start position:0% story. It's found that dark energy's 00:19:44.640 --> 00:19:47.510 align:start position:0% story. It's found that dark energy's grip<00:19:44.960> on<00:19:45.200> our<00:19:45.520> universe<00:19:46.160> could<00:19:46.480> be<00:19:46.799> in<00:19:47.039> fact 00:19:47.510 --> 00:19:47.520 align:start position:0% grip on our universe could be in fact 00:19:47.520 --> 00:19:51.830 align:start position:0% grip on our universe could be in fact weakening.<00:19:48.880> But<00:19:49.360> what<00:19:49.679> does<00:19:49.919> this<00:19:50.320> mean? 00:19:51.830 --> 00:19:51.840 align:start position:0% weakening. But what does this mean? 00:19:51.840 --> 00:19:54.150 align:start position:0% weakening. But what does this mean? If<00:19:52.160> true,<00:19:52.799> and<00:19:52.960> the<00:19:53.200> cosmic<00:19:53.600> engine<00:19:53.919> that 00:19:54.150 --> 00:19:54.160 align:start position:0% If true, and the cosmic engine that 00:19:54.160 --> 00:19:56.390 align:start position:0% If true, and the cosmic engine that powers<00:19:54.559> our<00:19:54.880> universe<00:19:55.280> is<00:19:55.679> running<00:19:56.080> out<00:19:56.240> of 00:19:56.390 --> 00:19:56.400 align:start position:0% powers our universe is running out of 00:19:56.400 --> 00:19:58.710 align:start position:0% powers our universe is running out of steam,<00:19:57.520> then<00:19:57.760> the<00:19:57.919> very<00:19:58.160> fate<00:19:58.400> of<00:19:58.559> the 00:19:58.710 --> 00:19:58.720 align:start position:0% steam, then the very fate of the 00:19:58.720 --> 00:20:02.230 align:start position:0% steam, then the very fate of the universe<00:19:59.360> hangs<00:19:59.760> in<00:20:00.080> the<00:20:00.240> balance.<00:20:01.679> I'm<00:20:01.919> Alex 00:20:02.230 --> 00:20:02.240 align:start position:0% universe hangs in the balance. I'm Alex 00:20:02.240 --> 00:20:04.470 align:start position:0% universe hangs in the balance. I'm Alex Mccoan,<00:20:02.880> and<00:20:03.120> you're<00:20:03.280> watching<00:20:03.520> Astramm. 00:20:04.470 --> 00:20:04.480 align:start position:0% Mccoan, and you're watching Astramm. 00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:07.270 align:start position:0% Mccoan, and you're watching Astramm. Join<00:20:04.799> me<00:20:05.039> as<00:20:05.360> we<00:20:05.600> investigate<00:20:06.320> this<00:20:06.720> profound 00:20:07.270 --> 00:20:07.280 align:start position:0% Join me as we investigate this profound 00:20:07.280 --> 00:20:08.789 align:start position:0% Join me as we investigate this profound shift<00:20:07.600> in<00:20:07.840> our<00:20:08.080> understanding<00:20:08.480> of<00:20:08.640> the 00:20:08.789 --> 00:20:08.799 align:start position:0% shift in our understanding of the 00:20:08.799 --> 00:20:11.990 align:start position:0% shift in our understanding of the universe<00:20:09.520> and<00:20:09.840> explore<00:20:10.320> why<00:20:10.640> dark<00:20:11.120> energy<00:20:11.760> may 00:20:11.990 --> 00:20:12.000 align:start position:0% universe and explore why dark energy may 00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:14.710 align:start position:0% universe and explore why dark energy may be<00:20:12.240> running<00:20:12.480> out<00:20:12.720> of<00:20:12.880> power.<00:20:14.000> Could<00:20:14.240> it<00:20:14.480> be 00:20:14.710 --> 00:20:14.720 align:start position:0% be running out of power. Could it be 00:20:14.720 --> 00:20:17.350 align:start position:0% be running out of power. Could it be that<00:20:15.120> all<00:20:15.520> our<00:20:15.840> cosmological<00:20:16.640> models<00:20:17.039> are 00:20:17.350 --> 00:20:17.360 align:start position:0% that all our cosmological models are 00:20:17.360 --> 00:20:25.270 align:start position:0% that all our cosmological models are wrong?<00:20:18.480> Or<00:20:19.200> is<00:20:19.440> there<00:20:19.919> another<00:20:20.480> explanation? 00:20:25.270 --> 00:20:25.280 align:start position:0% 00:20:25.280 --> 00:20:28.950 align:start position:0% Let's<00:20:25.679> travel<00:20:26.000> back<00:20:26.480> to<00:20:27.200> 1998. 00:20:28.950 --> 00:20:28.960 align:start position:0% Let's travel back to 1998. 00:20:28.960 --> 00:20:31.270 align:start position:0% Let's travel back to 1998. At<00:20:29.200> that<00:20:29.360> point,<00:20:29.840> we<00:20:30.159> already<00:20:30.559> knew<00:20:30.799> that<00:20:31.039> the 00:20:31.270 --> 00:20:31.280 align:start position:0% At that point, we already knew that the 00:20:31.280 --> 00:20:33.669 align:start position:0% At that point, we already knew that the universe<00:20:31.679> was<00:20:32.000> expanding<00:20:32.880> thanks<00:20:33.120> to<00:20:33.280> Edwin 00:20:33.669 --> 00:20:33.679 align:start position:0% universe was expanding thanks to Edwin 00:20:33.679 --> 00:20:36.070 align:start position:0% universe was expanding thanks to Edwin Hubble's<00:20:34.080> observations<00:20:34.799> almost<00:20:35.280> 70<00:20:35.760> years 00:20:36.070 --> 00:20:36.080 align:start position:0% Hubble's observations almost 70 years 00:20:36.080 --> 00:20:38.230 align:start position:0% Hubble's observations almost 70 years earlier,<00:20:37.039> but<00:20:37.280> scientists<00:20:37.760> were<00:20:38.000> still 00:20:38.230 --> 00:20:38.240 align:start position:0% earlier, but scientists were still 00:20:38.240 --> 00:20:42.070 align:start position:0% earlier, but scientists were still attempting<00:20:38.640> to<00:20:38.799> pin<00:20:39.120> down<00:20:39.600> exactly<00:20:40.320> how<00:20:40.720> fast. 00:20:42.070 --> 00:20:42.080 align:start position:0% attempting to pin down exactly how fast. 00:20:42.080 --> 00:20:43.990 align:start position:0% attempting to pin down exactly how fast. In<00:20:42.240> fact,<00:20:42.640> many<00:20:42.880> were<00:20:43.120> wondering<00:20:43.520> if<00:20:43.760> the 00:20:43.990 --> 00:20:44.000 align:start position:0% In fact, many were wondering if the 00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:46.789 align:start position:0% In fact, many were wondering if the expansion<00:20:44.559> would<00:20:44.960> eventually<00:20:45.520> slow<00:20:45.840> down. 00:20:46.789 --> 00:20:46.799 align:start position:0% expansion would eventually slow down. 00:20:46.799 --> 00:20:48.950 align:start position:0% expansion would eventually slow down. Logically,<00:20:47.440> this<00:20:47.679> seemed<00:20:47.919> to<00:20:48.080> make<00:20:48.320> sense. 00:20:48.950 --> 00:20:48.960 align:start position:0% Logically, this seemed to make sense. 00:20:48.960 --> 00:20:50.950 align:start position:0% Logically, this seemed to make sense. The<00:20:49.200> tug<00:20:49.600> of<00:20:49.760> gravity<00:20:50.320> should<00:20:50.640> bring 00:20:50.950 --> 00:20:50.960 align:start position:0% The tug of gravity should bring 00:20:50.960 --> 00:20:52.789 align:start position:0% The tug of gravity should bring everything<00:20:51.440> closer<00:20:51.840> and<00:20:52.080> closer<00:20:52.400> together 00:20:52.789 --> 00:20:52.799 align:start position:0% everything closer and closer together 00:20:52.799 --> 00:20:56.710 align:start position:0% everything closer and closer together over<00:20:53.120> time.<00:20:53.760> Right<00:20:54.960> now,<00:20:55.600> all<00:20:55.919> of<00:20:56.080> this<00:20:56.400> could 00:20:56.710 --> 00:20:56.720 align:start position:0% over time. Right now, all of this could 00:20:56.720 --> 00:20:58.710 align:start position:0% over time. Right now, all of this could be<00:20:56.880> solved<00:20:57.200> by<00:20:57.440> working<00:20:57.760> out<00:20:58.000> the<00:20:58.240> Hubble 00:20:58.710 --> 00:20:58.720 align:start position:0% be solved by working out the Hubble 00:20:58.720 --> 00:21:01.190 align:start position:0% be solved by working out the Hubble constant,<00:20:59.679> a<00:20:59.919> value<00:21:00.159> that<00:21:00.480> represents<00:21:00.960> the 00:21:01.190 --> 00:21:01.200 align:start position:0% constant, a value that represents the 00:21:01.200 --> 00:21:03.270 align:start position:0% constant, a value that represents the speed<00:21:01.360> at<00:21:01.600> which<00:21:01.760> the<00:21:02.000> universe<00:21:02.400> is<00:21:02.640> expanding 00:21:03.270 --> 00:21:03.280 align:start position:0% speed at which the universe is expanding 00:21:03.280 --> 00:21:05.909 align:start position:0% speed at which the universe is expanding right<00:21:03.600> now.<00:21:04.559> It<00:21:04.720> can<00:21:04.880> be<00:21:04.960> measured<00:21:05.360> in<00:21:05.679> two 00:21:05.909 --> 00:21:05.919 align:start position:0% right now. It can be measured in two 00:21:05.919 --> 00:21:08.470 align:start position:0% right now. It can be measured in two ways.<00:21:06.640> By<00:21:06.880> studying<00:21:07.280> patterns<00:21:07.679> in<00:21:07.919> the<00:21:08.080> cosmic 00:21:08.470 --> 00:21:08.480 align:start position:0% ways. By studying patterns in the cosmic 00:21:08.480 --> 00:21:10.950 align:start position:0% ways. By studying patterns in the cosmic microwave<00:21:09.039> background<00:21:10.000> or<00:21:10.320> by<00:21:10.559> looking<00:21:10.799> at 00:21:10.950 --> 00:21:10.960 align:start position:0% microwave background or by looking at 00:21:10.960 --> 00:21:13.270 align:start position:0% microwave background or by looking at distant<00:21:11.440> red<00:21:11.760> shifts. 00:21:13.270 --> 00:21:13.280 align:start position:0% distant red shifts. 00:21:13.280 --> 00:21:15.110 align:start position:0% distant red shifts. By<00:21:13.520> the<00:21:13.600> way,<00:21:14.080> scientists<00:21:14.559> have<00:21:14.799> found<00:21:14.960> that 00:21:15.110 --> 00:21:15.120 align:start position:0% By the way, scientists have found that 00:21:15.120 --> 00:21:17.110 align:start position:0% By the way, scientists have found that these<00:21:15.440> two<00:21:15.600> methods<00:21:16.080> don't<00:21:16.320> produce<00:21:16.720> the<00:21:16.960> same 00:21:17.110 --> 00:21:17.120 align:start position:0% these two methods don't produce the same 00:21:17.120 --> 00:21:19.270 align:start position:0% these two methods don't produce the same results.<00:21:17.919> But<00:21:18.080> I've<00:21:18.240> got<00:21:18.400> another<00:21:18.799> video<00:21:19.039> on 00:21:19.270 --> 00:21:19.280 align:start position:0% results. But I've got another video on 00:21:19.280 --> 00:21:21.110 align:start position:0% results. But I've got another video on that<00:21:19.600> particular<00:21:20.159> crisis<00:21:20.559> that<00:21:20.799> you<00:21:20.960> can 00:21:21.110 --> 00:21:21.120 align:start position:0% that particular crisis that you can 00:21:21.120 --> 00:21:23.669 align:start position:0% that particular crisis that you can watch<00:21:21.360> here<00:21:21.679> to<00:21:22.000> find<00:21:22.159> out<00:21:22.400> more.<00:21:23.200> In<00:21:23.440> this 00:21:23.669 --> 00:21:23.679 align:start position:0% watch here to find out more. In this 00:21:23.679 --> 00:21:25.430 align:start position:0% watch here to find out more. In this video,<00:21:24.159> however,<00:21:24.880> we're<00:21:25.200> going<00:21:25.280> to 00:21:25.430 --> 00:21:25.440 align:start position:0% video, however, we're going to 00:21:25.440 --> 00:21:28.390 align:start position:0% video, however, we're going to concentrate<00:21:26.000> on<00:21:26.400> the<00:21:26.640> red<00:21:26.960> shift<00:21:27.360> method. 00:21:28.390 --> 00:21:28.400 align:start position:0% concentrate on the red shift method. 00:21:28.400 --> 00:21:30.630 align:start position:0% concentrate on the red shift method. Historically,<00:21:29.039> the<00:21:29.280> red<00:21:29.520> shift<00:21:29.840> of<00:21:30.080> seafared 00:21:30.630 --> 00:21:30.640 align:start position:0% Historically, the red shift of seafared 00:21:30.640 --> 00:21:33.350 align:start position:0% Historically, the red shift of seafared variable<00:21:31.039> stars<00:21:31.679> has<00:21:32.080> been<00:21:32.240> used<00:21:32.480> for<00:21:32.720> this, 00:21:33.350 --> 00:21:33.360 align:start position:0% variable stars has been used for this, 00:21:33.360 --> 00:21:37.590 align:start position:0% variable stars has been used for this, but<00:21:33.840> type<00:21:34.320> 1A<00:21:34.880> supernova<00:21:36.000> also<00:21:36.400> work<00:21:36.720> well. 00:21:37.590 --> 00:21:37.600 align:start position:0% but type 1A supernova also work well. 00:21:37.600 --> 00:21:39.270 align:start position:0% but type 1A supernova also work well. And<00:21:37.760> without<00:21:38.080> knowing<00:21:38.320> it,<00:21:38.559> the<00:21:38.799> astronomers 00:21:39.270 --> 00:21:39.280 align:start position:0% And without knowing it, the astronomers 00:21:39.280 --> 00:21:41.190 align:start position:0% And without knowing it, the astronomers studying<00:21:39.679> these<00:21:39.919> immense<00:21:40.320> explosions<00:21:40.960> were 00:21:41.190 --> 00:21:41.200 align:start position:0% studying these immense explosions were 00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:46.789 align:start position:0% studying these immense explosions were on<00:21:41.440> the<00:21:41.600> brink<00:21:41.840> of<00:21:42.080> a<00:21:42.400> jawdropping<00:21:43.440> discovery. 00:21:46.789 --> 00:21:46.799 align:start position:0% 00:21:46.799 --> 00:21:49.350 align:start position:0% We<00:21:47.120> know<00:21:47.280> how<00:21:47.600> bright<00:21:48.000> type<00:21:48.320> 1A<00:21:48.720> supernova 00:21:49.350 --> 00:21:49.360 align:start position:0% We know how bright type 1A supernova 00:21:49.360 --> 00:21:51.590 align:start position:0% We know how bright type 1A supernova should<00:21:49.600> be<00:21:50.080> because<00:21:50.320> they<00:21:50.640> all<00:21:50.880> explode<00:21:51.360> in 00:21:51.590 --> 00:21:51.600 align:start position:0% should be because they all explode in 00:21:51.600 --> 00:21:53.909 align:start position:0% should be because they all explode in pretty<00:21:51.840> much<00:21:52.000> the<00:21:52.240> same<00:21:52.480> way.<00:21:53.360> Thermon 00:21:53.909 --> 00:21:53.919 align:start position:0% pretty much the same way. Thermon 00:21:53.919 --> 00:21:56.390 align:start position:0% pretty much the same way. Thermon nuclear<00:21:54.400> detonations<00:21:55.120> of<00:21:55.360> white<00:21:55.600> dwarfs<00:21:56.159> in 00:21:56.390 --> 00:21:56.400 align:start position:0% nuclear detonations of white dwarfs in 00:21:56.400 --> 00:21:59.510 align:start position:0% nuclear detonations of white dwarfs in binary<00:21:56.960> systems<00:21:58.080> by<00:21:58.400> comparing<00:21:58.880> their<00:21:59.200> true 00:21:59.510 --> 00:21:59.520 align:start position:0% binary systems by comparing their true 00:21:59.520 --> 00:22:01.590 align:start position:0% binary systems by comparing their true brightness<00:22:00.000> to<00:22:00.320> how<00:22:00.640> dim<00:22:00.960> they<00:22:01.200> look<00:22:01.360> from 00:22:01.590 --> 00:22:01.600 align:start position:0% brightness to how dim they look from 00:22:01.600 --> 00:22:03.830 align:start position:0% brightness to how dim they look from here<00:22:01.760> on<00:22:02.080> Earth.<00:22:02.799> We<00:22:02.960> can<00:22:03.120> measure<00:22:03.600> their 00:22:03.830 --> 00:22:03.840 align:start position:0% here on Earth. We can measure their 00:22:03.840 --> 00:22:07.350 align:start position:0% here on Earth. We can measure their distances.<00:22:05.280> Then<00:22:05.840> by<00:22:06.080> using<00:22:06.320> the<00:22:06.559> supernova's 00:22:07.350 --> 00:22:07.360 align:start position:0% distances. Then by using the supernova's 00:22:07.360 --> 00:22:09.430 align:start position:0% distances. Then by using the supernova's red<00:22:07.679> shift,<00:22:08.320> the<00:22:08.559> amount<00:22:08.720> of<00:22:08.880> light<00:22:09.039> that<00:22:09.280> has 00:22:09.430 --> 00:22:09.440 align:start position:0% red shift, the amount of light that has 00:22:09.440 --> 00:22:11.990 align:start position:0% red shift, the amount of light that has been<00:22:09.679> stretched<00:22:10.080> along<00:22:10.480> its<00:22:10.880> journey,<00:22:11.679> we<00:22:11.919> can 00:22:11.990 --> 00:22:12.000 align:start position:0% been stretched along its journey, we can 00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:13.990 align:start position:0% been stretched along its journey, we can determine<00:22:12.480> how<00:22:12.799> fast<00:22:13.120> they're<00:22:13.440> moving<00:22:13.760> away 00:22:13.990 --> 00:22:14.000 align:start position:0% determine how fast they're moving away 00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:16.470 align:start position:0% determine how fast they're moving away from<00:22:14.240> us.<00:22:14.720> and<00:22:14.960> therefore<00:22:15.679> how<00:22:15.919> fast<00:22:16.240> the 00:22:16.470 --> 00:22:16.480 align:start position:0% from us. and therefore how fast the 00:22:16.480 --> 00:22:18.789 align:start position:0% from us. and therefore how fast the universe<00:22:16.960> was<00:22:17.200> expanding<00:22:17.840> when<00:22:18.240> their<00:22:18.480> light 00:22:18.789 --> 00:22:18.799 align:start position:0% universe was expanding when their light 00:22:18.799 --> 00:22:23.029 align:start position:0% universe was expanding when their light was<00:22:18.960> emitted.<00:22:20.000> Easy<00:22:20.400> enough,<00:22:20.960> right?<00:22:22.400> Well, 00:22:23.029 --> 00:22:23.039 align:start position:0% was emitted. Easy enough, right? Well, 00:22:23.039 --> 00:22:24.710 align:start position:0% was emitted. Easy enough, right? Well, when<00:22:23.360> two<00:22:23.760> independent<00:22:24.240> teams<00:22:24.559> of 00:22:24.710 --> 00:22:24.720 align:start position:0% when two independent teams of 00:22:24.720 --> 00:22:27.270 align:start position:0% when two independent teams of astronomers<00:22:25.280> observed<00:22:25.840> more<00:22:26.080> than<00:22:26.320> 50<00:22:26.960> type 00:22:27.270 --> 00:22:27.280 align:start position:0% astronomers observed more than 50 type 00:22:27.280 --> 00:22:30.310 align:start position:0% astronomers observed more than 50 type 1A<00:22:27.760> supernova,<00:22:28.960> they<00:22:29.280> found<00:22:29.520> that<00:22:29.760> the<00:22:30.000> light 00:22:30.310 --> 00:22:30.320 align:start position:0% 1A supernova, they found that the light 00:22:30.320 --> 00:22:33.270 align:start position:0% 1A supernova, they found that the light appeared<00:22:30.960> fainter<00:22:31.520> than<00:22:31.840> expected,<00:22:32.880> which 00:22:33.270 --> 00:22:33.280 align:start position:0% appeared fainter than expected, which 00:22:33.280 --> 00:22:35.750 align:start position:0% appeared fainter than expected, which although<00:22:33.679> perhaps<00:22:34.080> sounds<00:22:34.400> trivial,<00:22:35.440> turned 00:22:35.750 --> 00:22:35.760 align:start position:0% although perhaps sounds trivial, turned 00:22:35.760 --> 00:22:39.029 align:start position:0% although perhaps sounds trivial, turned out<00:22:36.000> to<00:22:36.240> be<00:22:36.400> a<00:22:36.799> pretty<00:22:37.280> big<00:22:37.600> deal. 00:22:39.029 --> 00:22:39.039 align:start position:0% out to be a pretty big deal. 00:22:39.039 --> 00:22:42.630 align:start position:0% out to be a pretty big deal. Teams<00:22:39.440> led<00:22:39.760> by<00:22:40.159> Sal<00:22:40.559> Pelmuta,<00:22:41.520> Brian<00:22:42.000> Schmidt, 00:22:42.630 --> 00:22:42.640 align:start position:0% Teams led by Sal Pelmuta, Brian Schmidt, 00:22:42.640 --> 00:22:45.510 align:start position:0% Teams led by Sal Pelmuta, Brian Schmidt, and<00:22:42.880> Adam<00:22:43.280> Ree<00:22:44.000> discovered<00:22:44.640> that<00:22:45.120> distant 00:22:45.510 --> 00:22:45.520 align:start position:0% and Adam Ree discovered that distant 00:22:45.520 --> 00:22:48.390 align:start position:0% and Adam Ree discovered that distant supernova<00:22:46.320> were<00:22:46.559> dimmer<00:22:47.440> because<00:22:47.760> they<00:22:48.080> were 00:22:48.390 --> 00:22:48.400 align:start position:0% supernova were dimmer because they were 00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:51.669 align:start position:0% supernova were dimmer because they were farther<00:22:48.880> away<00:22:49.280> than<00:22:49.520> we<00:22:49.840> expected.<00:22:51.039> This<00:22:51.360> was 00:22:51.669 --> 00:22:51.679 align:start position:0% farther away than we expected. This was 00:22:51.679 --> 00:22:54.549 align:start position:0% farther away than we expected. This was a<00:22:52.000> huge<00:22:52.400> revelation<00:22:53.280> as<00:22:53.520> it<00:22:53.760> came<00:22:53.919> with<00:22:54.240> a 00:22:54.549 --> 00:22:54.559 align:start position:0% a huge revelation as it came with a 00:22:54.559 --> 00:22:57.190 align:start position:0% a huge revelation as it came with a rather<00:22:55.039> shocking<00:22:55.679> consequence.<00:22:56.720> It<00:22:56.960> meant 00:22:57.190 --> 00:22:57.200 align:start position:0% rather shocking consequence. It meant 00:22:57.200 --> 00:22:59.669 align:start position:0% rather shocking consequence. It meant that<00:22:57.440> the<00:22:57.760> expansion<00:22:58.400> of<00:22:58.559> the<00:22:58.799> universe<00:22:59.360> was 00:22:59.669 --> 00:22:59.679 align:start position:0% that the expansion of the universe was 00:22:59.679 --> 00:23:03.190 align:start position:0% that the expansion of the universe was not<00:23:00.080> slowing<00:23:01.039> but<00:23:01.440> actually<00:23:02.000> speeding<00:23:02.480> up. 00:23:03.190 --> 00:23:03.200 align:start position:0% not slowing but actually speeding up. 00:23:03.200 --> 00:23:06.149 align:start position:0% not slowing but actually speeding up. some<00:23:03.600> unforeseen<00:23:04.480> force<00:23:05.280> was<00:23:05.520> seemingly 00:23:06.149 --> 00:23:06.159 align:start position:0% some unforeseen force was seemingly 00:23:06.159 --> 00:23:09.830 align:start position:0% some unforeseen force was seemingly pushing<00:23:06.720> entire<00:23:07.360> galaxies<00:23:08.000> apart. 00:23:09.830 --> 00:23:09.840 align:start position:0% pushing entire galaxies apart. 00:23:09.840 --> 00:23:13.110 align:start position:0% pushing entire galaxies apart. To<00:23:10.080> visualize<00:23:10.640> this,<00:23:11.520> imagine<00:23:12.159> if<00:23:12.400> you<00:23:12.559> took<00:23:12.880> a 00:23:13.110 --> 00:23:13.120 align:start position:0% To visualize this, imagine if you took a 00:23:13.120 --> 00:23:15.350 align:start position:0% To visualize this, imagine if you took a marker<00:23:13.520> pen<00:23:13.840> and<00:23:14.080> drew<00:23:14.320> dots<00:23:14.720> on<00:23:14.880> the<00:23:15.039> outside 00:23:15.350 --> 00:23:15.360 align:start position:0% marker pen and drew dots on the outside 00:23:15.360 --> 00:23:18.230 align:start position:0% marker pen and drew dots on the outside of<00:23:15.520> an<00:23:15.760> uninflated<00:23:16.640> balloon.<00:23:17.520> As<00:23:17.760> you<00:23:17.840> blow<00:23:18.080> it 00:23:18.230 --> 00:23:18.240 align:start position:0% of an uninflated balloon. As you blow it 00:23:18.240 --> 00:23:20.070 align:start position:0% of an uninflated balloon. As you blow it up<00:23:18.400> with<00:23:18.559> air,<00:23:18.880> the<00:23:19.039> dots<00:23:19.440> get<00:23:19.600> farther<00:23:19.919> and 00:23:20.070 --> 00:23:20.080 align:start position:0% up with air, the dots get farther and 00:23:20.080 --> 00:23:21.990 align:start position:0% up with air, the dots get farther and farther<00:23:20.400> away<00:23:20.640> from<00:23:20.799> each<00:23:21.039> other<00:23:21.360> because<00:23:21.760> the 00:23:21.990 --> 00:23:22.000 align:start position:0% farther away from each other because the 00:23:22.000 --> 00:23:23.990 align:start position:0% farther away from each other because the balloon<00:23:22.320> itself,<00:23:22.960> the<00:23:23.200> space<00:23:23.440> the<00:23:23.679> dots 00:23:23.990 --> 00:23:24.000 align:start position:0% balloon itself, the space the dots 00:23:24.000 --> 00:23:26.630 align:start position:0% balloon itself, the space the dots reside<00:23:24.320> in,<00:23:24.960> is<00:23:25.360> expanding<00:23:26.000> in<00:23:26.320> all 00:23:26.630 --> 00:23:26.640 align:start position:0% reside in, is expanding in all 00:23:26.640 --> 00:23:29.669 align:start position:0% reside in, is expanding in all directions.<00:23:28.080> This<00:23:28.400> unexpected<00:23:29.280> result 00:23:29.669 --> 00:23:29.679 align:start position:0% directions. This unexpected result 00:23:29.679 --> 00:23:31.990 align:start position:0% directions. This unexpected result created<00:23:30.159> more<00:23:30.400> questions<00:23:30.720> than<00:23:30.880> it<00:23:31.120> answered. 00:23:31.990 --> 00:23:32.000 align:start position:0% created more questions than it answered. 00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:35.270 align:start position:0% created more questions than it answered. A<00:23:32.320> big<00:23:32.559> one<00:23:32.799> being<00:23:33.760> what<00:23:34.080> is<00:23:34.400> the<00:23:34.720> force 00:23:35.270 --> 00:23:35.280 align:start position:0% A big one being what is the force 00:23:35.280 --> 00:23:37.990 align:start position:0% A big one being what is the force driving<00:23:35.760> this<00:23:36.080> acceleration? 00:23:37.990 --> 00:23:38.000 align:start position:0% driving this acceleration? 00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:41.430 align:start position:0% driving this acceleration? Unfortunately,<00:23:38.960> the<00:23:39.280> answer<00:23:39.520> is<00:23:40.080> still<00:23:41.200> we 00:23:41.430 --> 00:23:41.440 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, the answer is still we 00:23:41.440 --> 00:23:44.230 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, the answer is still we don't<00:23:41.600> know.<00:23:42.640> But<00:23:42.799> it's<00:23:43.039> been<00:23:43.280> given<00:23:43.600> the<00:23:43.840> name 00:23:44.230 --> 00:23:44.240 align:start position:0% don't know. But it's been given the name 00:23:44.240 --> 00:23:46.630 align:start position:0% don't know. But it's been given the name dark<00:23:44.640> energy<00:23:45.360> and<00:23:45.600> most<00:23:45.919> scientists<00:23:46.400> think 00:23:46.630 --> 00:23:46.640 align:start position:0% dark energy and most scientists think 00:23:46.640 --> 00:23:48.950 align:start position:0% dark energy and most scientists think it's<00:23:46.960> a<00:23:47.120> property<00:23:47.520> of<00:23:47.760> the<00:23:47.919> vacuum<00:23:48.320> of<00:23:48.559> space 00:23:48.950 --> 00:23:48.960 align:start position:0% it's a property of the vacuum of space 00:23:48.960 --> 00:23:53.110 align:start position:0% it's a property of the vacuum of space itself,<00:23:49.840> the<00:23:50.159> energy<00:23:50.799> of<00:23:51.120> empty<00:23:51.520> space.<00:23:52.799> Other 00:23:53.110 --> 00:23:53.120 align:start position:0% itself, the energy of empty space. Other 00:23:53.120 --> 00:23:55.190 align:start position:0% itself, the energy of empty space. Other scientists<00:23:53.600> think<00:23:53.840> it<00:23:54.080> may<00:23:54.320> be<00:23:54.480> a<00:23:54.720> type<00:23:54.960> of 00:23:55.190 --> 00:23:55.200 align:start position:0% scientists think it may be a type of 00:23:55.200 --> 00:23:58.710 align:start position:0% scientists think it may be a type of energy<00:23:55.679> fluid<00:23:56.480> or<00:23:56.880> field<00:23:57.360> that<00:23:57.600> fills<00:23:58.000> space 00:23:58.710 --> 00:23:58.720 align:start position:0% energy fluid or field that fills space 00:23:58.720 --> 00:24:00.870 align:start position:0% energy fluid or field that fills space or<00:23:58.960> even<00:23:59.280> some<00:23:59.520> kind<00:23:59.679> of<00:23:59.919> defect<00:24:00.480> in<00:24:00.720> the 00:24:00.870 --> 00:24:00.880 align:start position:0% or even some kind of defect in the 00:24:00.880 --> 00:24:03.590 align:start position:0% or even some kind of defect in the fabric<00:24:01.200> of<00:24:01.440> spaceime<00:24:02.240> like<00:24:02.799> one-dimensional 00:24:03.590 --> 00:24:03.600 align:start position:0% fabric of spaceime like one-dimensional 00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:07.430 align:start position:0% fabric of spaceime like one-dimensional wrinkles<00:24:04.559> socalled<00:24:05.440> cosmic<00:24:06.000> strings.<00:24:07.280> And 00:24:07.430 --> 00:24:07.440 align:start position:0% wrinkles socalled cosmic strings. And 00:24:07.440 --> 00:24:09.350 align:start position:0% wrinkles socalled cosmic strings. And others<00:24:07.760> think<00:24:07.919> it<00:24:08.159> may<00:24:08.400> just<00:24:08.640> be<00:24:08.720> a<00:24:08.960> flaw<00:24:09.200> in 00:24:09.350 --> 00:24:09.360 align:start position:0% others think it may just be a flaw in 00:24:09.360 --> 00:24:11.750 align:start position:0% others think it may just be a flaw in our<00:24:09.679> understanding<00:24:10.240> of<00:24:10.480> general<00:24:10.880> relativity 00:24:11.750 --> 00:24:11.760 align:start position:0% our understanding of general relativity 00:24:11.760 --> 00:24:14.310 align:start position:0% our understanding of general relativity on<00:24:12.000> the<00:24:12.240> scale<00:24:12.559> of<00:24:12.720> the<00:24:12.960> observable<00:24:13.520> universe 00:24:14.310 --> 00:24:14.320 align:start position:0% on the scale of the observable universe 00:24:14.320 --> 00:24:16.390 align:start position:0% on the scale of the observable universe and<00:24:14.480> that<00:24:14.720> the<00:24:14.880> matter<00:24:15.360> could<00:24:15.679> be<00:24:15.840> resolved 00:24:16.390 --> 00:24:16.400 align:start position:0% and that the matter could be resolved 00:24:16.400 --> 00:24:19.350 align:start position:0% and that the matter could be resolved without<00:24:16.720> the<00:24:16.960> need<00:24:17.039> for<00:24:17.200> dark<00:24:17.520> energy<00:24:17.919> at<00:24:18.159> all. 00:24:19.350 --> 00:24:19.360 align:start position:0% without the need for dark energy at all. 00:24:19.360 --> 00:24:22.870 align:start position:0% without the need for dark energy at all. But<00:24:19.600> whatever<00:24:20.080> it<00:24:20.400> is<00:24:20.799> or<00:24:21.200> isn't,<00:24:22.080> dark<00:24:22.400> energy 00:24:22.870 --> 00:24:22.880 align:start position:0% But whatever it is or isn't, dark energy 00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:24.950 align:start position:0% But whatever it is or isn't, dark energy presents<00:24:23.200> a<00:24:23.520> mystery<00:24:23.919> that<00:24:24.159> is<00:24:24.400> intertwined 00:24:24.950 --> 00:24:24.960 align:start position:0% presents a mystery that is intertwined 00:24:24.960 --> 00:24:27.350 align:start position:0% presents a mystery that is intertwined with<00:24:25.120> the<00:24:25.360> accelerating<00:24:26.240> expansion<00:24:26.880> of<00:24:27.120> the 00:24:27.350 --> 00:24:27.360 align:start position:0% with the accelerating expansion of the 00:24:27.360 --> 00:24:29.909 align:start position:0% with the accelerating expansion of the universe.<00:24:28.559> This<00:24:28.720> was<00:24:28.960> such<00:24:29.120> a<00:24:29.360> monumental 00:24:29.909 --> 00:24:29.919 align:start position:0% universe. This was such a monumental 00:24:29.919 --> 00:24:32.549 align:start position:0% universe. This was such a monumental discovery<00:24:30.400> that<00:24:30.960> following<00:24:31.360> the<00:24:31.679> 1998 00:24:32.549 --> 00:24:32.559 align:start position:0% discovery that following the 1998 00:24:32.559 --> 00:24:35.830 align:start position:0% discovery that following the 1998 finding,<00:24:33.360> Ree,<00:24:33.840> Hulm,<00:24:34.640> and<00:24:34.880> Schmidt,<00:24:35.600> the 00:24:35.830 --> 00:24:35.840 align:start position:0% finding, Ree, Hulm, and Schmidt, the 00:24:35.840 --> 00:24:37.190 align:start position:0% finding, Ree, Hulm, and Schmidt, the three<00:24:36.000> astronomers<00:24:36.559> who<00:24:36.799> led<00:24:37.039> the 00:24:37.190 --> 00:24:37.200 align:start position:0% three astronomers who led the 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:39.750 align:start position:0% three astronomers who led the investigations<00:24:38.320> were<00:24:38.559> awarded<00:24:39.039> the<00:24:39.279> Nobel 00:24:39.750 --> 00:24:39.760 align:start position:0% investigations were awarded the Nobel 00:24:39.760 --> 00:24:43.909 align:start position:0% investigations were awarded the Nobel Prize<00:24:40.159> in<00:24:40.480> physics<00:24:40.960> for<00:24:41.200> their<00:24:41.440> work. 00:24:43.909 --> 00:24:43.919 align:start position:0% Prize in physics for their work. 00:24:43.919 --> 00:24:46.230 align:start position:0% Prize in physics for their work. This<00:24:44.159> discovery<00:24:44.640> of<00:24:44.880> dark<00:24:45.200> energy<00:24:45.679> gave<00:24:46.000> rise 00:24:46.230 --> 00:24:46.240 align:start position:0% This discovery of dark energy gave rise 00:24:46.240 --> 00:24:49.510 align:start position:0% This discovery of dark energy gave rise to<00:24:46.480> a<00:24:46.720> new<00:24:46.960> model<00:24:47.200> of<00:24:47.360> cosmology.<00:24:48.720> The<00:24:48.960> lambda 00:24:49.510 --> 00:24:49.520 align:start position:0% to a new model of cosmology. The lambda 00:24:49.520 --> 00:24:54.310 align:start position:0% to a new model of cosmology. The lambda cold<00:24:50.000> dark<00:24:50.480> matter<00:24:51.279> or<00:24:51.760> lambda<00:24:52.320> CDM<00:24:53.360> model. 00:24:54.310 --> 00:24:54.320 align:start position:0% cold dark matter or lambda CDM model. 00:24:54.320 --> 00:24:56.390 align:start position:0% cold dark matter or lambda CDM model. Lambda<00:24:54.799> is<00:24:54.960> a<00:24:55.120> Greek<00:24:55.360> letter<00:24:55.679> that<00:24:55.919> represents 00:24:56.390 --> 00:24:56.400 align:start position:0% Lambda is a Greek letter that represents 00:24:56.400 --> 00:24:58.789 align:start position:0% Lambda is a Greek letter that represents the<00:24:56.640> cosmological<00:24:57.440> constant.<00:24:58.400> First 00:24:58.789 --> 00:24:58.799 align:start position:0% the cosmological constant. First 00:24:58.799 --> 00:25:01.350 align:start position:0% the cosmological constant. First postulated<00:24:59.440> by<00:24:59.679> Einstein.<00:25:00.720> Today<00:25:01.120> it 00:25:01.350 --> 00:25:01.360 align:start position:0% postulated by Einstein. Today it 00:25:01.360 --> 00:25:03.110 align:start position:0% postulated by Einstein. Today it represents<00:25:01.760> the<00:25:01.919> mathematical<00:25:02.640> parameters 00:25:03.110 --> 00:25:03.120 align:start position:0% represents the mathematical parameters 00:25:03.120 --> 00:25:06.230 align:start position:0% represents the mathematical parameters of<00:25:03.360> dark<00:25:03.679> energy.<00:25:04.720> The<00:25:04.960> other<00:25:05.279> three<00:25:05.679> letters 00:25:06.230 --> 00:25:06.240 align:start position:0% of dark energy. The other three letters 00:25:06.240 --> 00:25:09.830 align:start position:0% of dark energy. The other three letters CDM<00:25:07.120> stand<00:25:07.360> for<00:25:07.840> cold<00:25:08.240> dark<00:25:08.640> matter.<00:25:09.520> It's 00:25:09.830 --> 00:25:09.840 align:start position:0% CDM stand for cold dark matter. It's 00:25:09.840 --> 00:25:12.310 align:start position:0% CDM stand for cold dark matter. It's become<00:25:10.159> what<00:25:10.400> we<00:25:10.720> today<00:25:11.120> refer<00:25:11.440> to<00:25:11.760> as<00:25:12.080> the 00:25:12.310 --> 00:25:12.320 align:start position:0% become what we today refer to as the 00:25:12.320 --> 00:25:14.870 align:start position:0% become what we today refer to as the standard<00:25:12.720> model<00:25:13.039> of<00:25:13.200> cosmology<00:25:14.080> and<00:25:14.320> it<00:25:14.559> gives 00:25:14.870 --> 00:25:14.880 align:start position:0% standard model of cosmology and it gives 00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:17.029 align:start position:0% standard model of cosmology and it gives mathematical<00:25:15.679> context<00:25:16.159> to<00:25:16.400> everything<00:25:16.799> from 00:25:17.029 --> 00:25:17.039 align:start position:0% mathematical context to everything from 00:25:17.039 --> 00:25:19.350 align:start position:0% mathematical context to everything from the<00:25:17.200> big<00:25:17.440> bang<00:25:17.919> to<00:25:18.159> the<00:25:18.400> future<00:25:18.640> fate<00:25:18.960> of<00:25:19.120> our 00:25:19.350 --> 00:25:19.360 align:start position:0% the big bang to the future fate of our 00:25:19.360 --> 00:25:22.390 align:start position:0% the big bang to the future fate of our universe<00:25:20.240> and<00:25:20.559> of<00:25:20.799> course<00:25:21.440> all<00:25:21.760> that<00:25:22.000> happens 00:25:22.390 --> 00:25:22.400 align:start position:0% universe and of course all that happens 00:25:22.400 --> 00:25:24.230 align:start position:0% universe and of course all that happens in<00:25:22.720> between. 00:25:24.230 --> 00:25:24.240 align:start position:0% in between. 00:25:24.240 --> 00:25:26.710 align:start position:0% in between. For<00:25:24.559> decades,<00:25:25.039> it's<00:25:25.360> been<00:25:25.600> the<00:25:25.919> most<00:25:26.240> widely 00:25:26.710 --> 00:25:26.720 align:start position:0% For decades, it's been the most widely 00:25:26.720 --> 00:25:29.350 align:start position:0% For decades, it's been the most widely accepted<00:25:27.520> and<00:25:27.840> most<00:25:28.240> accurate<00:25:28.720> model<00:25:28.960> we<00:25:29.200> have 00:25:29.350 --> 00:25:29.360 align:start position:0% accepted and most accurate model we have 00:25:29.360 --> 00:25:31.909 align:start position:0% accepted and most accurate model we have for<00:25:29.520> the<00:25:29.760> evolution<00:25:30.159> of<00:25:30.320> our<00:25:30.640> cosmos. 00:25:31.909 --> 00:25:31.919 align:start position:0% for the evolution of our cosmos. 00:25:31.919 --> 00:25:34.310 align:start position:0% for the evolution of our cosmos. Confusingly,<00:25:33.120> dark<00:25:33.440> matter<00:25:33.840> doesn't<00:25:34.159> have 00:25:34.310 --> 00:25:34.320 align:start position:0% Confusingly, dark matter doesn't have 00:25:34.320 --> 00:25:36.549 align:start position:0% Confusingly, dark matter doesn't have anything<00:25:34.559> to<00:25:34.720> do<00:25:34.799> with<00:25:35.039> dark<00:25:35.279> energy.<00:25:36.080> We<00:25:36.320> just 00:25:36.549 --> 00:25:36.559 align:start position:0% anything to do with dark energy. We just 00:25:36.559 --> 00:25:38.789 align:start position:0% anything to do with dark energy. We just use<00:25:36.799> the<00:25:37.039> word<00:25:37.360> dark<00:25:37.760> to<00:25:38.080> describe<00:25:38.480> two 00:25:38.789 --> 00:25:38.799 align:start position:0% use the word dark to describe two 00:25:38.799 --> 00:25:40.230 align:start position:0% use the word dark to describe two different<00:25:39.039> things<00:25:39.440> that<00:25:39.760> we<00:25:39.919> don't 00:25:40.230 --> 00:25:40.240 align:start position:0% different things that we don't 00:25:40.240 --> 00:25:42.870 align:start position:0% different things that we don't understand.<00:25:40.720> Well,<00:25:41.760> while<00:25:42.080> dark<00:25:42.400> energy<00:25:42.720> is 00:25:42.870 --> 00:25:42.880 align:start position:0% understand. Well, while dark energy is 00:25:42.880 --> 00:25:44.710 align:start position:0% understand. Well, while dark energy is the<00:25:43.039> force<00:25:43.279> that's<00:25:43.520> causing<00:25:43.840> the<00:25:44.080> universe<00:25:44.480> to 00:25:44.710 --> 00:25:44.720 align:start position:0% the force that's causing the universe to 00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:47.269 align:start position:0% the force that's causing the universe to expand<00:25:45.120> at<00:25:45.360> an<00:25:45.520> accelerating<00:25:46.080> rate,<00:25:46.880> dark 00:25:47.269 --> 00:25:47.279 align:start position:0% expand at an accelerating rate, dark 00:25:47.279 --> 00:25:49.750 align:start position:0% expand at an accelerating rate, dark matter<00:25:47.840> is<00:25:48.159> what<00:25:48.320> we<00:25:48.480> call<00:25:48.720> the<00:25:48.960> stuff<00:25:49.279> in<00:25:49.520> our 00:25:49.750 --> 00:25:49.760 align:start position:0% matter is what we call the stuff in our 00:25:49.760 --> 00:25:51.510 align:start position:0% matter is what we call the stuff in our universe<00:25:50.240> that<00:25:50.480> doesn't<00:25:50.799> interact<00:25:51.200> with<00:25:51.360> the 00:25:51.510 --> 00:25:51.520 align:start position:0% universe that doesn't interact with the 00:25:51.520 --> 00:25:54.310 align:start position:0% universe that doesn't interact with the electromagnetic<00:25:52.400> field.<00:25:53.200> As<00:25:53.360> in,<00:25:53.840> it<00:25:54.080> doesn't 00:25:54.310 --> 00:25:54.320 align:start position:0% electromagnetic field. As in, it doesn't 00:25:54.320 --> 00:25:57.830 align:start position:0% electromagnetic field. As in, it doesn't absorb<00:25:54.960> or<00:25:55.200> emit<00:25:55.760> or<00:25:56.080> interact<00:25:56.480> at<00:25:56.799> all<00:25:57.520> with 00:25:57.830 --> 00:25:57.840 align:start position:0% absorb or emit or interact at all with 00:25:57.840 --> 00:26:00.950 align:start position:0% absorb or emit or interact at all with light.<00:25:59.200> However,<00:25:59.679> we<00:25:59.919> believe<00:26:00.159> it<00:26:00.400> exists 00:26:00.950 --> 00:26:00.960 align:start position:0% light. However, we believe it exists 00:26:00.960 --> 00:26:03.269 align:start position:0% light. However, we believe it exists because<00:26:01.360> we<00:26:01.600> can<00:26:01.760> observe<00:26:02.159> its<00:26:02.480> gravitational 00:26:03.269 --> 00:26:03.279 align:start position:0% because we can observe its gravitational 00:26:03.279 --> 00:26:06.149 align:start position:0% because we can observe its gravitational interaction<00:26:04.080> within<00:26:04.480> the<00:26:04.720> universe.<00:26:05.760> And<00:26:05.919> the 00:26:06.149 --> 00:26:06.159 align:start position:0% interaction within the universe. And the 00:26:06.159 --> 00:26:08.549 align:start position:0% interaction within the universe. And the word<00:26:06.640> cold<00:26:07.039> in<00:26:07.200> the<00:26:07.360> model's<00:26:07.760> name<00:26:08.320> just 00:26:08.549 --> 00:26:08.559 align:start position:0% word cold in the model's name just 00:26:08.559 --> 00:26:10.950 align:start position:0% word cold in the model's name just refers<00:26:08.880> to<00:26:09.039> this<00:26:09.279> dark<00:26:09.600> matter<00:26:10.320> having<00:26:10.640> very 00:26:10.950 --> 00:26:10.960 align:start position:0% refers to this dark matter having very 00:26:10.960 --> 00:26:13.190 align:start position:0% refers to this dark matter having very little<00:26:11.279> energy<00:26:12.000> since<00:26:12.320> temperature<00:26:12.799> can<00:26:13.039> be 00:26:13.190 --> 00:26:13.200 align:start position:0% little energy since temperature can be 00:26:13.200 --> 00:26:14.870 align:start position:0% little energy since temperature can be thought<00:26:13.360> of<00:26:13.600> as<00:26:13.760> a<00:26:13.919> way<00:26:14.080> to<00:26:14.320> measure<00:26:14.640> the 00:26:14.870 --> 00:26:14.880 align:start position:0% thought of as a way to measure the 00:26:14.880 --> 00:26:17.830 align:start position:0% thought of as a way to measure the energy<00:26:15.120> of<00:26:15.360> atoms.<00:26:16.400> But<00:26:16.640> if<00:26:16.960> those<00:26:17.200> two<00:26:17.440> things 00:26:17.830 --> 00:26:17.840 align:start position:0% energy of atoms. But if those two things 00:26:17.840 --> 00:26:20.070 align:start position:0% energy of atoms. But if those two things make<00:26:18.080> up<00:26:18.240> the<00:26:18.480> entire<00:26:18.880> name<00:26:19.120> of<00:26:19.279> the<00:26:19.440> model, 00:26:20.070 --> 00:26:20.080 align:start position:0% make up the entire name of the model, 00:26:20.080 --> 00:26:23.269 align:start position:0% make up the entire name of the model, the<00:26:20.320> lambda<00:26:20.960> cold<00:26:21.440> dark<00:26:21.840> matter<00:26:22.159> model,<00:26:23.039> what 00:26:23.269 --> 00:26:23.279 align:start position:0% the lambda cold dark matter model, what 00:26:23.279 --> 00:26:26.630 align:start position:0% the lambda cold dark matter model, what about<00:26:23.840> everything<00:26:24.320> we<00:26:24.720> can<00:26:24.960> see<00:26:25.679> and<00:26:26.080> do<00:26:26.400> know 00:26:26.630 --> 00:26:26.640 align:start position:0% about everything we can see and do know 00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:29.510 align:start position:0% about everything we can see and do know about?<00:26:27.760> It<00:26:28.080> may<00:26:28.240> not<00:26:28.559> be<00:26:28.720> reflected<00:26:29.200> in<00:26:29.360> the 00:26:29.510 --> 00:26:29.520 align:start position:0% about? It may not be reflected in the 00:26:29.520 --> 00:26:32.070 align:start position:0% about? It may not be reflected in the name<00:26:30.159> but<00:26:30.400> it<00:26:30.640> is<00:26:30.880> captured<00:26:31.279> within<00:26:31.600> the<00:26:31.760> model 00:26:32.070 --> 00:26:32.080 align:start position:0% name but it is captured within the model 00:26:32.080 --> 00:26:35.029 align:start position:0% name but it is captured within the model itself.<00:26:33.120> Visible<00:26:33.600> matter<00:26:33.919> and<00:26:34.240> radiation 00:26:35.029 --> 00:26:35.039 align:start position:0% itself. Visible matter and radiation 00:26:35.039 --> 00:26:37.029 align:start position:0% itself. Visible matter and radiation including<00:26:35.440> light<00:26:36.080> all<00:26:36.400> belong<00:26:36.720> to<00:26:36.880> the 00:26:37.029 --> 00:26:37.039 align:start position:0% including light all belong to the 00:26:37.039 --> 00:26:40.950 align:start position:0% including light all belong to the category<00:26:37.520> known<00:26:37.919> as<00:26:38.480> barionic<00:26:39.120> matter.<00:26:40.559> Using 00:26:40.950 --> 00:26:40.960 align:start position:0% category known as barionic matter. Using 00:26:40.960 --> 00:26:42.390 align:start position:0% category known as barionic matter. Using independent<00:26:41.600> measurements<00:26:42.080> and 00:26:42.390 --> 00:26:42.400 align:start position:0% independent measurements and 00:26:42.400 --> 00:26:44.549 align:start position:0% independent measurements and observations,<00:26:43.440> the<00:26:43.679> scientific<00:26:44.159> community 00:26:44.549 --> 00:26:44.559 align:start position:0% observations, the scientific community 00:26:44.559 --> 00:26:47.029 align:start position:0% observations, the scientific community has<00:26:44.880> come<00:26:45.039> to<00:26:45.200> a<00:26:45.360> consensus<00:26:46.240> that<00:26:46.480> under<00:26:46.799> this 00:26:47.029 --> 00:26:47.039 align:start position:0% has come to a consensus that under this 00:26:47.039 --> 00:26:50.870 align:start position:0% has come to a consensus that under this standard<00:26:47.440> model,<00:26:48.240> about<00:26:49.120> 68%<00:26:50.400> of<00:26:50.640> our 00:26:50.870 --> 00:26:50.880 align:start position:0% standard model, about 68% of our 00:26:50.880 --> 00:26:54.070 align:start position:0% standard model, about 68% of our universe<00:26:51.440> is<00:26:51.760> made<00:26:52.000> up<00:26:52.159> of<00:26:52.640> dark<00:26:53.039> energy,<00:26:53.840> or 00:26:54.070 --> 00:26:54.080 align:start position:0% universe is made up of dark energy, or 00:26:54.080 --> 00:26:55.990 align:start position:0% universe is made up of dark energy, or this<00:26:54.400> fundamental<00:26:54.960> property<00:26:55.360> of<00:26:55.520> spaceime 00:26:55.990 --> 00:26:56.000 align:start position:0% this fundamental property of spaceime 00:26:56.000 --> 00:26:58.549 align:start position:0% this fundamental property of spaceime that<00:26:56.159> we<00:26:56.320> know<00:26:56.480> very<00:26:56.799> little<00:26:57.039> about.<00:26:58.000> with 00:26:58.549 --> 00:26:58.559 align:start position:0% that we know very little about. with 00:26:58.559 --> 00:27:02.470 align:start position:0% that we know very little about. with visible<00:26:59.120> matter<00:26:59.760> making<00:27:00.080> up<00:27:00.320> only<00:27:00.720> about<00:27:01.440> 5% 00:27:02.470 --> 00:27:02.480 align:start position:0% visible matter making up only about 5% 00:27:02.480 --> 00:27:07.110 align:start position:0% visible matter making up only about 5% and<00:27:02.880> dark<00:27:03.279> matter<00:27:04.159> accounting<00:27:04.799> for<00:27:05.360> 27%<00:27:06.799> of 00:27:07.110 --> 00:27:07.120 align:start position:0% and dark matter accounting for 27% of 00:27:07.120 --> 00:27:12.549 align:start position:0% and dark matter accounting for 27% of our<00:27:07.440> universe.<00:27:08.720> Let<00:27:09.039> that<00:27:09.520> sink<00:27:09.840> in.<00:27:11.279> 68%<00:27:12.400> of 00:27:12.549 --> 00:27:12.559 align:start position:0% our universe. Let that sink in. 68% of 00:27:12.559 --> 00:27:14.710 align:start position:0% our universe. Let that sink in. 68% of our<00:27:12.799> universe<00:27:13.279> is<00:27:13.520> made<00:27:13.679> up<00:27:13.840> of<00:27:14.000> something<00:27:14.400> we 00:27:14.710 --> 00:27:14.720 align:start position:0% our universe is made up of something we 00:27:14.720 --> 00:27:17.350 align:start position:0% our universe is made up of something we don't<00:27:15.120> understand<00:27:16.000> and<00:27:16.480> can't<00:27:16.880> measure 00:27:17.350 --> 00:27:17.360 align:start position:0% don't understand and can't measure 00:27:17.360 --> 00:27:19.029 align:start position:0% don't understand and can't measure directly. 00:27:19.029 --> 00:27:19.039 align:start position:0% directly. 00:27:19.039 --> 00:27:21.190 align:start position:0% directly. However,<00:27:19.760> a<00:27:20.000> crucial<00:27:20.400> aspect<00:27:20.799> of<00:27:20.960> our 00:27:21.190 --> 00:27:21.200 align:start position:0% However, a crucial aspect of our 00:27:21.200 --> 00:27:24.230 align:start position:0% However, a crucial aspect of our standard<00:27:21.600> model<00:27:21.919> is<00:27:22.159> that<00:27:22.640> lambda<00:27:23.520> or<00:27:23.919> dark 00:27:24.230 --> 00:27:24.240 align:start position:0% standard model is that lambda or dark 00:27:24.240 --> 00:27:28.149 align:start position:0% standard model is that lambda or dark energy<00:27:25.120> is<00:27:25.440> assumed<00:27:25.919> to<00:27:26.159> be<00:27:26.480> a<00:27:26.799> constant. 00:27:28.149 --> 00:27:28.159 align:start position:0% energy is assumed to be a constant. 00:27:28.159 --> 00:27:31.510 align:start position:0% energy is assumed to be a constant. Almost<00:27:28.799> every<00:27:29.360> cosmological<00:27:30.400> calculation 00:27:31.510 --> 00:27:31.520 align:start position:0% Almost every cosmological calculation 00:27:31.520 --> 00:27:35.110 align:start position:0% Almost every cosmological calculation relies<00:27:32.080> on<00:27:32.400> this<00:27:32.799> being<00:27:33.279> fact.<00:27:34.400> It<00:27:34.640> tells<00:27:34.880> us 00:27:35.110 --> 00:27:35.120 align:start position:0% relies on this being fact. It tells us 00:27:35.120 --> 00:27:37.190 align:start position:0% relies on this being fact. It tells us that<00:27:35.440> our<00:27:35.760> universe<00:27:36.240> has<00:27:36.480> an<00:27:36.799> ever 00:27:37.190 --> 00:27:37.200 align:start position:0% that our universe has an ever 00:27:37.200 --> 00:27:39.830 align:start position:0% that our universe has an ever accelerating<00:27:38.000> rate<00:27:38.320> of<00:27:38.480> expansion<00:27:39.440> and<00:27:39.679> that 00:27:39.830 --> 00:27:39.840 align:start position:0% accelerating rate of expansion and that 00:27:39.840 --> 00:27:43.190 align:start position:0% accelerating rate of expansion and that it<00:27:40.080> will<00:27:40.400> therefore<00:27:41.200> face<00:27:41.600> a<00:27:41.840> cold<00:27:42.640> lonely 00:27:43.190 --> 00:27:43.200 align:start position:0% it will therefore face a cold lonely 00:27:43.200 --> 00:27:45.750 align:start position:0% it will therefore face a cold lonely fate.<00:27:44.159> Galaxies<00:27:44.640> will<00:27:44.960> continue<00:27:45.200> to<00:27:45.440> drift 00:27:45.750 --> 00:27:45.760 align:start position:0% fate. Galaxies will continue to drift 00:27:45.760 --> 00:27:47.830 align:start position:0% fate. Galaxies will continue to drift further<00:27:46.159> apart<00:27:46.480> as<00:27:46.720> the<00:27:46.960> space<00:27:47.360> between 00:27:47.830 --> 00:27:47.840 align:start position:0% further apart as the space between 00:27:47.840 --> 00:27:51.350 align:start position:0% further apart as the space between everything<00:27:48.400> expands.<00:27:49.520> Stars<00:27:50.000> will<00:27:50.320> burn<00:27:50.640> out, 00:27:51.350 --> 00:27:51.360 align:start position:0% everything expands. Stars will burn out, 00:27:51.360 --> 00:27:55.029 align:start position:0% everything expands. Stars will burn out, die,<00:27:52.080> and<00:27:52.400> cool<00:27:52.640> off.<00:27:53.679> All<00:27:54.000> of<00:27:54.159> the<00:27:54.320> heat<00:27:54.720> and 00:27:55.029 --> 00:27:55.039 align:start position:0% die, and cool off. All of the heat and 00:27:55.039 --> 00:27:57.590 align:start position:0% die, and cool off. All of the heat and energy<00:27:55.440> in<00:27:55.679> our<00:27:55.919> universe<00:27:56.720> will<00:27:56.960> be<00:27:57.120> spread 00:27:57.590 --> 00:27:57.600 align:start position:0% energy in our universe will be spread 00:27:57.600 --> 00:28:00.630 align:start position:0% energy in our universe will be spread impossibly<00:27:58.399> thin<00:27:58.880> over<00:27:59.360> incomprehensible 00:28:00.630 --> 00:28:00.640 align:start position:0% impossibly thin over incomprehensible 00:28:00.640 --> 00:28:03.029 align:start position:0% impossibly thin over incomprehensible distances<00:28:01.520> until<00:28:01.840> the<00:28:02.080> universe's<00:28:02.720> final 00:28:03.029 --> 00:28:03.039 align:start position:0% distances until the universe's final 00:28:03.039 --> 00:28:05.510 align:start position:0% distances until the universe's final temperature<00:28:03.520> hovers<00:28:04.240> somewhere<00:28:05.039> barely 00:28:05.510 --> 00:28:05.520 align:start position:0% temperature hovers somewhere barely 00:28:05.520 --> 00:28:08.710 align:start position:0% temperature hovers somewhere barely above<00:28:06.080> absolute<00:28:06.559> zero,<00:28:07.520> ending<00:28:08.159> in<00:28:08.480> what 00:28:08.710 --> 00:28:08.720 align:start position:0% above absolute zero, ending in what 00:28:08.720 --> 00:28:12.710 align:start position:0% above absolute zero, ending in what astronomers<00:28:09.360> call<00:28:09.840> the<00:28:10.159> big<00:28:10.480> freeze. 00:28:12.710 --> 00:28:12.720 align:start position:0% astronomers call the big freeze. 00:28:12.720 --> 00:28:16.789 align:start position:0% astronomers call the big freeze. But<00:28:13.520> what<00:28:13.760> if<00:28:14.000> we're<00:28:14.240> wrong?<00:28:15.679> For<00:28:16.000> the<00:28:16.320> first 00:28:16.789 --> 00:28:16.799 align:start position:0% But what if we're wrong? For the first 00:28:16.799 --> 00:28:19.590 align:start position:0% But what if we're wrong? For the first time<00:28:17.279> since<00:28:17.600> the<00:28:17.840> discovery<00:28:18.159> of<00:28:18.320> dark<00:28:18.640> energy, 00:28:19.590 --> 00:28:19.600 align:start position:0% time since the discovery of dark energy, 00:28:19.600 --> 00:28:22.389 align:start position:0% time since the discovery of dark energy, we<00:28:19.919> may<00:28:20.159> have<00:28:20.320> uncovered<00:28:21.120> one<00:28:21.520> of<00:28:21.679> its<00:28:22.000> key 00:28:22.389 --> 00:28:22.399 align:start position:0% we may have uncovered one of its key 00:28:22.399 --> 00:28:24.230 align:start position:0% we may have uncovered one of its key properties,<00:28:23.279> and<00:28:23.520> it's<00:28:23.760> not<00:28:24.000> what 00:28:24.230 --> 00:28:24.240 align:start position:0% properties, and it's not what 00:28:24.240 --> 00:28:28.549 align:start position:0% properties, and it's not what astronomers<00:28:24.960> expected. 00:28:28.549 --> 00:28:28.559 align:start position:0% 00:28:28.559 --> 00:28:32.549 align:start position:0% In<00:28:29.039> 2024,<00:28:30.080> the<00:28:30.320> Dark<00:28:30.720> Energy<00:28:31.279> Survey<00:28:32.080> released 00:28:32.549 --> 00:28:32.559 align:start position:0% In 2024, the Dark Energy Survey released 00:28:32.559 --> 00:28:35.190 align:start position:0% In 2024, the Dark Energy Survey released the<00:28:32.960> largest<00:28:33.440> ever<00:28:33.840> sample<00:28:34.240> of<00:28:34.480> supernova 00:28:35.190 --> 00:28:35.200 align:start position:0% the largest ever sample of supernova 00:28:35.200 --> 00:28:37.750 align:start position:0% the largest ever sample of supernova results<00:28:35.600> from<00:28:35.919> a<00:28:36.240> single<00:28:36.559> survey,<00:28:37.440> having 00:28:37.750 --> 00:28:37.760 align:start position:0% results from a single survey, having 00:28:37.760 --> 00:28:40.710 align:start position:0% results from a single survey, having studied<00:28:38.159> the<00:28:38.320> deaths<00:28:38.640> of<00:28:38.880> more<00:28:39.120> than<00:28:39.360> 1,500 00:28:40.710 --> 00:28:40.720 align:start position:0% studied the deaths of more than 1,500 00:28:40.720 --> 00:28:41.909 align:start position:0% studied the deaths of more than 1,500 stars. 00:28:41.909 --> 00:28:41.919 align:start position:0% stars. 00:28:41.919 --> 00:28:43.909 align:start position:0% stars. Initially,<00:28:42.480> the<00:28:42.720> data<00:28:43.039> seemed<00:28:43.360> in<00:28:43.600> line<00:28:43.760> with 00:28:43.909 --> 00:28:43.919 align:start position:0% Initially, the data seemed in line with 00:28:43.919 --> 00:28:46.630 align:start position:0% Initially, the data seemed in line with the<00:28:44.080> idea<00:28:44.320> that<00:28:44.559> dark<00:28:44.880> energy<00:28:45.279> is<00:28:45.520> constant. 00:28:46.630 --> 00:28:46.640 align:start position:0% the idea that dark energy is constant. 00:28:46.640 --> 00:28:49.110 align:start position:0% the idea that dark energy is constant. But<00:28:47.200> when<00:28:47.440> they<00:28:47.679> combined<00:28:48.080> the<00:28:48.320> data<00:28:48.720> with 00:28:49.110 --> 00:28:49.120 align:start position:0% But when they combined the data with 00:28:49.120 --> 00:28:51.510 align:start position:0% But when they combined the data with other<00:28:49.440> results,<00:28:50.159> like<00:28:50.720> measurements<00:28:51.279> from 00:28:51.510 --> 00:28:51.520 align:start position:0% other results, like measurements from 00:28:51.520 --> 00:28:54.070 align:start position:0% other results, like measurements from the<00:28:51.679> cosmic<00:28:52.159> microwave<00:28:52.720> background<00:28:53.679> and 00:28:54.070 --> 00:28:54.080 align:start position:0% the cosmic microwave background and 00:28:54.080 --> 00:28:57.430 align:start position:0% the cosmic microwave background and earlier<00:28:54.559> galaxy<00:28:55.120> surveys,<00:28:56.399> something<00:28:57.039> didn't 00:28:57.430 --> 00:28:57.440 align:start position:0% earlier galaxy surveys, something didn't 00:28:57.440 --> 00:29:00.389 align:start position:0% earlier galaxy surveys, something didn't quite<00:28:57.760> add<00:28:58.000> up.<00:28:59.120> It<00:28:59.440> was<00:28:59.679> starting<00:29:00.000> to<00:29:00.159> look 00:29:00.389 --> 00:29:00.399 align:start position:0% quite add up. It was starting to look 00:29:00.399 --> 00:29:03.350 align:start position:0% quite add up. It was starting to look like<00:29:00.640> dark<00:29:00.960> energy<00:29:01.679> might<00:29:02.320> in<00:29:02.559> fact<00:29:02.960> change 00:29:03.350 --> 00:29:03.360 align:start position:0% like dark energy might in fact change 00:29:03.360 --> 00:29:07.510 align:start position:0% like dark energy might in fact change over<00:29:03.679> time.<00:29:05.120> Now,<00:29:05.600> a<00:29:05.919> changing<00:29:06.480> dark<00:29:06.799> energy 00:29:07.510 --> 00:29:07.520 align:start position:0% over time. Now, a changing dark energy 00:29:07.520 --> 00:29:10.549 align:start position:0% over time. Now, a changing dark energy is<00:29:07.919> not<00:29:08.320> what<00:29:08.559> scientists<00:29:09.120> expected<00:29:09.600> to<00:29:09.760> find. 00:29:10.549 --> 00:29:10.559 align:start position:0% is not what scientists expected to find. 00:29:10.559 --> 00:29:13.590 align:start position:0% is not what scientists expected to find. and<00:29:10.799> it<00:29:11.039> caused<00:29:11.360> them<00:29:11.679> a<00:29:12.080> big<00:29:12.480> problem. 00:29:13.590 --> 00:29:13.600 align:start position:0% and it caused them a big problem. 00:29:13.600 --> 00:29:15.830 align:start position:0% and it caused them a big problem. Although<00:29:14.000> it<00:29:14.240> was<00:29:14.320> a<00:29:14.640> promising<00:29:15.120> result, 00:29:15.830 --> 00:29:15.840 align:start position:0% Although it was a promising result, 00:29:15.840 --> 00:29:18.149 align:start position:0% Although it was a promising result, there<00:29:16.080> were<00:29:16.399> uncertainties<00:29:17.200> involved.<00:29:17.840> So, 00:29:18.149 --> 00:29:18.159 align:start position:0% there were uncertainties involved. So, 00:29:18.159 --> 00:29:20.230 align:start position:0% there were uncertainties involved. So, it<00:29:18.399> was<00:29:18.640> nowhere<00:29:19.039> near<00:29:19.360> being<00:29:19.679> decisive 00:29:20.230 --> 00:29:20.240 align:start position:0% it was nowhere near being decisive 00:29:20.240 --> 00:29:22.630 align:start position:0% it was nowhere near being decisive proof.<00:29:21.279> To<00:29:21.520> find<00:29:21.679> out<00:29:21.919> the<00:29:22.159> truth, 00:29:22.630 --> 00:29:22.640 align:start position:0% proof. To find out the truth, 00:29:22.640 --> 00:29:25.350 align:start position:0% proof. To find out the truth, astronomers<00:29:23.360> needed<00:29:23.679> a<00:29:23.919> far<00:29:24.240> bigger,<00:29:25.039> more 00:29:25.350 --> 00:29:25.360 align:start position:0% astronomers needed a far bigger, more 00:29:25.360 --> 00:29:27.269 align:start position:0% astronomers needed a far bigger, more detailed<00:29:25.840> map<00:29:26.080> of<00:29:26.240> the<00:29:26.399> universe<00:29:26.799> to<00:29:26.960> test 00:29:27.269 --> 00:29:27.279 align:start position:0% detailed map of the universe to test 00:29:27.279 --> 00:29:29.750 align:start position:0% detailed map of the universe to test whether<00:29:27.679> this<00:29:27.919> hint<00:29:28.240> was<00:29:28.480> real.<00:29:29.360> And<00:29:29.600> for 00:29:29.750 --> 00:29:29.760 align:start position:0% whether this hint was real. And for 00:29:29.760 --> 00:29:32.950 align:start position:0% whether this hint was real. And for that,<00:29:30.399> they<00:29:30.720> turned<00:29:31.039> to<00:29:31.360> Desi. 00:29:32.950 --> 00:29:32.960 align:start position:0% that, they turned to Desi. 00:29:32.960 --> 00:29:35.830 align:start position:0% that, they turned to Desi. Installed<00:29:33.440> on<00:29:33.679> the<00:29:33.919> 4meter<00:29:34.799> male<00:29:35.279> telescope 00:29:35.830 --> 00:29:35.840 align:start position:0% Installed on the 4meter male telescope 00:29:35.840 --> 00:29:38.070 align:start position:0% Installed on the 4meter male telescope in<00:29:36.159> Arizona,<00:29:37.120> the<00:29:37.360> dark<00:29:37.679> energy 00:29:38.070 --> 00:29:38.080 align:start position:0% in Arizona, the dark energy 00:29:38.080 --> 00:29:40.630 align:start position:0% in Arizona, the dark energy spectroscopic<00:29:38.880> instrument<00:29:39.600> is<00:29:39.919> charting<00:29:40.399> the 00:29:40.630 --> 00:29:40.640 align:start position:0% spectroscopic instrument is charting the 00:29:40.640 --> 00:29:43.269 align:start position:0% spectroscopic instrument is charting the optical<00:29:41.120> spectra<00:29:41.600> of<00:29:41.919> tens<00:29:42.320> of<00:29:42.640> millions<00:29:43.039> of 00:29:43.269 --> 00:29:43.279 align:start position:0% optical spectra of tens of millions of 00:29:43.279 --> 00:29:45.750 align:start position:0% optical spectra of tens of millions of galaxies<00:29:43.679> and<00:29:43.919> quazars<00:29:44.480> across<00:29:45.120> billions<00:29:45.600> of 00:29:45.750 --> 00:29:45.760 align:start position:0% galaxies and quazars across billions of 00:29:45.760 --> 00:29:48.789 align:start position:0% galaxies and quazars across billions of years<00:29:46.000> of<00:29:46.240> cosmic<00:29:46.640> history<00:29:47.279> with<00:29:47.679> one<00:29:48.000> mission 00:29:48.789 --> 00:29:48.799 align:start position:0% years of cosmic history with one mission 00:29:48.799 --> 00:29:52.070 align:start position:0% years of cosmic history with one mission to<00:29:49.120> test<00:29:49.520> whether<00:29:50.000> or<00:29:50.240> not<00:29:50.480> dark<00:29:50.880> energy<00:29:51.520> is 00:29:52.070 --> 00:29:52.080 align:start position:0% to test whether or not dark energy is 00:29:52.080 --> 00:29:54.950 align:start position:0% to test whether or not dark energy is constant.<00:29:53.520> Able<00:29:53.840> to<00:29:54.000> capture<00:29:54.320> light<00:29:54.640> from 00:29:54.950 --> 00:29:54.960 align:start position:0% constant. Able to capture light from 00:29:54.960 --> 00:29:57.990 align:start position:0% constant. Able to capture light from 5,000<00:29:55.520> galaxies<00:29:56.000> simultaneously.<00:29:57.279> Desi<00:29:57.760> is 00:29:57.990 --> 00:29:58.000 align:start position:0% 5,000 galaxies simultaneously. Desi is 00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:00.149 align:start position:0% 5,000 galaxies simultaneously. Desi is measuring<00:29:58.399> the<00:29:58.640> position<00:29:59.279> and<00:29:59.600> receding 00:30:00.149 --> 00:30:00.159 align:start position:0% measuring the position and receding 00:30:00.159 --> 00:30:03.350 align:start position:0% measuring the position and receding velocity<00:30:00.640> of<00:30:00.960> some<00:30:01.360> 40<00:30:01.840> million<00:30:02.159> galaxies<00:30:03.039> in 00:30:03.350 --> 00:30:03.360 align:start position:0% velocity of some 40 million galaxies in 00:30:03.360 --> 00:30:04.950 align:start position:0% velocity of some 40 million galaxies in order<00:30:03.600> to<00:30:03.840> accurately<00:30:04.399> measure<00:30:04.799> the 00:30:04.950 --> 00:30:04.960 align:start position:0% order to accurately measure the 00:30:04.960 --> 00:30:07.029 align:start position:0% order to accurately measure the expansion<00:30:05.440> history<00:30:05.840> of<00:30:06.000> the<00:30:06.240> universe<00:30:06.799> over 00:30:07.029 --> 00:30:07.039 align:start position:0% expansion history of the universe over 00:30:07.039 --> 00:30:10.630 align:start position:0% expansion history of the universe over the<00:30:07.279> past<00:30:07.760> 11<00:30:08.240> billion<00:30:08.640> years.<00:30:09.760> This<00:30:10.000> is<00:30:10.240> a 00:30:10.630 --> 00:30:10.640 align:start position:0% the past 11 billion years. This is a 00:30:10.640 --> 00:30:13.350 align:start position:0% the past 11 billion years. This is a truly<00:30:11.279> international<00:30:12.000> effort<00:30:12.799> involving 00:30:13.350 --> 00:30:13.360 align:start position:0% truly international effort involving 00:30:13.360 --> 00:30:16.389 align:start position:0% truly international effort involving more<00:30:13.679> than<00:30:14.000> 900<00:30:14.720> researchers<00:30:15.440> from<00:30:15.840> more<00:30:16.080> than 00:30:16.389 --> 00:30:16.399 align:start position:0% more than 900 researchers from more than 00:30:16.399 --> 00:30:19.830 align:start position:0% more than 900 researchers from more than 70<00:30:16.960> institutions<00:30:17.919> around<00:30:18.320> the<00:30:18.559> world.<00:30:19.279> And<00:30:19.520> in 00:30:19.830 --> 00:30:19.840 align:start position:0% 70 institutions around the world. And in 00:30:19.840 --> 00:30:21.430 align:start position:0% 70 institutions around the world. And in 2025, 00:30:21.430 --> 00:30:21.440 align:start position:0% 2025, 00:30:21.440 --> 00:30:24.630 align:start position:0% 2025, the<00:30:21.760> first<00:30:22.240> major<00:30:22.720> data<00:30:23.039> sets<00:30:23.360> were<00:30:23.600> released. 00:30:24.630 --> 00:30:24.640 align:start position:0% the first major data sets were released. 00:30:24.640 --> 00:30:26.870 align:start position:0% the first major data sets were released. They<00:30:24.880> included<00:30:25.440> results<00:30:25.919> from<00:30:26.159> the<00:30:26.399> first 00:30:26.870 --> 00:30:26.880 align:start position:0% They included results from the first 00:30:26.880 --> 00:30:29.669 align:start position:0% They included results from the first three<00:30:27.200> years<00:30:27.520> of<00:30:27.679> the<00:30:27.840> survey<00:30:28.720> with<00:30:29.200> two<00:30:29.520> more 00:30:29.669 --> 00:30:29.679 align:start position:0% three years of the survey with two more 00:30:29.679 --> 00:30:33.110 align:start position:0% three years of the survey with two more to<00:30:29.919> go.<00:30:30.960> And<00:30:31.120> what<00:30:31.360> they<00:30:31.679> show<00:30:32.080> is<00:30:32.559> nothing 00:30:33.110 --> 00:30:33.120 align:start position:0% to go. And what they show is nothing 00:30:33.120 --> 00:30:36.070 align:start position:0% to go. And what they show is nothing short<00:30:33.520> of<00:30:34.000> extraordinary. 00:30:36.070 --> 00:30:36.080 align:start position:0% short of extraordinary. 00:30:36.080 --> 00:30:38.950 align:start position:0% short of extraordinary. Desi<00:30:36.640> used<00:30:36.960> data<00:30:37.360> from<00:30:37.760> nearly<00:30:38.240> 15<00:30:38.640> million 00:30:38.950 --> 00:30:38.960 align:start position:0% Desi used data from nearly 15 million 00:30:38.960 --> 00:30:41.190 align:start position:0% Desi used data from nearly 15 million galaxies<00:30:39.440> to<00:30:39.679> build<00:30:39.919> the<00:30:40.240> largest 00:30:41.190 --> 00:30:41.200 align:start position:0% galaxies to build the largest 00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:43.350 align:start position:0% galaxies to build the largest three-dimensional<00:30:42.000> map<00:30:42.320> of<00:30:42.559> the<00:30:42.720> universe 00:30:43.350 --> 00:30:43.360 align:start position:0% three-dimensional map of the universe 00:30:43.360 --> 00:30:47.430 align:start position:0% three-dimensional map of the universe ever<00:30:43.919> created.<00:30:45.279> This<00:30:45.679> 3D<00:30:46.080> map<00:30:46.399> lets<00:30:46.720> us<00:30:47.039> fly 00:30:47.430 --> 00:30:47.440 align:start position:0% ever created. This 3D map lets us fly 00:30:47.440 --> 00:30:50.149 align:start position:0% ever created. This 3D map lets us fly through<00:30:48.159> millions<00:30:48.640> of<00:30:48.880> galaxies,<00:30:49.840> each 00:30:50.149 --> 00:30:50.159 align:start position:0% through millions of galaxies, each 00:30:50.159 --> 00:30:54.870 align:start position:0% through millions of galaxies, each containing<00:30:50.880> 200<00:30:51.520> to<00:30:51.919> 300<00:30:52.799> billion<00:30:53.360> stars. 00:30:54.870 --> 00:30:54.880 align:start position:0% containing 200 to 300 billion stars. 00:30:54.880 --> 00:30:56.549 align:start position:0% containing 200 to 300 billion stars. Earth<00:30:55.279> is<00:30:55.600> at<00:30:55.840> the<00:30:56.080> center<00:30:56.240> of<00:30:56.399> this 00:30:56.549 --> 00:30:56.559 align:start position:0% Earth is at the center of this 00:30:56.559 --> 00:31:00.630 align:start position:0% Earth is at the center of this animation,<00:30:57.760> and<00:30:58.240> every<00:30:58.640> dot<00:30:59.200> is<00:30:59.520> an<00:30:59.840> entire 00:31:00.630 --> 00:31:00.640 align:start position:0% animation, and every dot is an entire 00:31:00.640 --> 00:31:04.070 align:start position:0% animation, and every dot is an entire galaxy.<00:31:02.080> The<00:31:02.320> blue<00:31:02.799> represents<00:31:03.679> farther 00:31:04.070 --> 00:31:04.080 align:start position:0% galaxy. The blue represents farther 00:31:04.080 --> 00:31:06.710 align:start position:0% galaxy. The blue represents farther galaxies<00:31:04.480> from<00:31:04.720> us,<00:31:05.279> while<00:31:05.520> the<00:31:05.679> white<00:31:06.080> shows 00:31:06.710 --> 00:31:06.720 align:start position:0% galaxies from us, while the white shows 00:31:06.720 --> 00:31:09.909 align:start position:0% galaxies from us, while the white shows closer<00:31:07.120> objects.<00:31:08.240> In<00:31:08.480> other<00:31:08.640> words,<00:31:09.279> this<00:31:09.520> map 00:31:09.909 --> 00:31:09.919 align:start position:0% closer objects. In other words, this map 00:31:09.919 --> 00:31:13.269 align:start position:0% closer objects. In other words, this map is<00:31:10.320> almost<00:31:11.039> unfathomably<00:31:12.320> dense<00:31:12.960> with 00:31:13.269 --> 00:31:13.279 align:start position:0% is almost unfathomably dense with 00:31:13.279 --> 00:31:15.350 align:start position:0% is almost unfathomably dense with galaxies. 00:31:15.350 --> 00:31:15.360 align:start position:0% galaxies. 00:31:15.360 --> 00:31:17.669 align:start position:0% galaxies. Using<00:31:15.760> this<00:31:16.000> data,<00:31:16.399> a<00:31:16.720> team<00:31:16.880> of<00:31:17.039> astronomers 00:31:17.669 --> 00:31:17.679 align:start position:0% Using this data, a team of astronomers 00:31:17.679 --> 00:31:19.510 align:start position:0% Using this data, a team of astronomers have<00:31:17.919> measured<00:31:18.480> barrier<00:31:19.039> acoustic 00:31:19.510 --> 00:31:19.520 align:start position:0% have measured barrier acoustic 00:31:19.520 --> 00:31:24.070 align:start position:0% have measured barrier acoustic oscillations<00:31:20.559> or<00:31:21.200> BAOs<00:31:22.480> from<00:31:22.720> more<00:31:22.960> than<00:31:23.279> 14 00:31:24.070 --> 00:31:24.080 align:start position:0% oscillations or BAOs from more than 14 00:31:24.080 --> 00:31:27.350 align:start position:0% oscillations or BAOs from more than 14 million<00:31:24.559> galaxies<00:31:25.039> and<00:31:25.200> quazars.<00:31:26.320> BAOs<00:31:27.120> are 00:31:27.350 --> 00:31:27.360 align:start position:0% million galaxies and quazars. BAOs are 00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:29.590 align:start position:0% million galaxies and quazars. BAOs are basically<00:31:27.840> the<00:31:28.000> fossilized<00:31:28.640> echoes<00:31:29.039> of<00:31:29.360> sound 00:31:29.590 --> 00:31:29.600 align:start position:0% basically the fossilized echoes of sound 00:31:29.600 --> 00:31:31.909 align:start position:0% basically the fossilized echoes of sound waves<00:31:29.919> from<00:31:30.159> the<00:31:30.320> early<00:31:30.559> universe.<00:31:31.520> By 00:31:31.909 --> 00:31:31.919 align:start position:0% waves from the early universe. By 00:31:31.919 --> 00:31:34.230 align:start position:0% waves from the early universe. By tracking<00:31:32.320> how<00:31:32.559> they<00:31:32.799> change<00:31:33.039> in<00:31:33.279> size<00:31:33.679> across 00:31:34.230 --> 00:31:34.240 align:start position:0% tracking how they change in size across 00:31:34.240 --> 00:31:36.549 align:start position:0% tracking how they change in size across cosmic<00:31:34.720> time,<00:31:35.440> researchers<00:31:36.000> can<00:31:36.159> work<00:31:36.399> out 00:31:36.549 --> 00:31:36.559 align:start position:0% cosmic time, researchers can work out 00:31:36.559 --> 00:31:38.470 align:start position:0% cosmic time, researchers can work out exactly<00:31:37.039> how<00:31:37.279> fast<00:31:37.600> the<00:31:37.840> universe<00:31:38.159> was 00:31:38.470 --> 00:31:38.480 align:start position:0% exactly how fast the universe was 00:31:38.480 --> 00:31:42.070 align:start position:0% exactly how fast the universe was expanding<00:31:39.120> at<00:31:39.440> any<00:31:39.679> given<00:31:40.000> moment.<00:31:40.799> Here,<00:31:41.840> the 00:31:42.070 --> 00:31:42.080 align:start position:0% expanding at any given moment. Here, the 00:31:42.080 --> 00:31:44.230 align:start position:0% expanding at any given moment. Here, the lighter<00:31:42.480> blue<00:31:42.799> color<00:31:43.360> represents<00:31:44.000> sound 00:31:44.230 --> 00:31:44.240 align:start position:0% lighter blue color represents sound 00:31:44.240 --> 00:31:46.549 align:start position:0% lighter blue color represents sound waves<00:31:44.720> rippling<00:31:45.279> through<00:31:45.600> the<00:31:45.840> primordial 00:31:46.549 --> 00:31:46.559 align:start position:0% waves rippling through the primordial 00:31:46.559 --> 00:31:49.669 align:start position:0% waves rippling through the primordial cosmic<00:31:47.039> sea<00:31:47.360> of<00:31:47.519> our<00:31:47.840> early<00:31:48.159> universe.<00:31:49.360> Over 00:31:49.669 --> 00:31:49.679 align:start position:0% cosmic sea of our early universe. Over 00:31:49.679 --> 00:31:52.789 align:start position:0% cosmic sea of our early universe. Over time,<00:31:50.320> those<00:31:50.880> slight<00:31:51.360> variations<00:31:52.159> froze<00:31:52.559> in 00:31:52.789 --> 00:31:52.799 align:start position:0% time, those slight variations froze in 00:31:52.799 --> 00:31:55.029 align:start position:0% time, those slight variations froze in place,<00:31:53.519> carrying<00:31:53.919> with<00:31:54.159> them<00:31:54.399> a<00:31:54.640> slightly 00:31:55.029 --> 00:31:55.039 align:start position:0% place, carrying with them a slightly 00:31:55.039 --> 00:31:57.990 align:start position:0% place, carrying with them a slightly more<00:31:55.279> dense<00:31:55.760> collection<00:31:56.159> of<00:31:56.399> matter.<00:31:57.600> Over 00:31:57.990 --> 00:31:58.000 align:start position:0% more dense collection of matter. Over 00:31:58.000 --> 00:32:00.470 align:start position:0% more dense collection of matter. Over hundreds<00:31:58.480> of<00:31:58.799> millions<00:31:59.279> of<00:31:59.440> years,<00:32:00.240> those 00:32:00.470 --> 00:32:00.480 align:start position:0% hundreds of millions of years, those 00:32:00.480 --> 00:32:02.389 align:start position:0% hundreds of millions of years, those waves<00:32:00.880> would<00:32:01.120> gather<00:32:01.519> more<00:32:01.840> and<00:32:02.080> more 00:32:02.389 --> 00:32:02.399 align:start position:0% waves would gather more and more 00:32:02.399 --> 00:32:05.350 align:start position:0% waves would gather more and more material,<00:32:03.440> eventually<00:32:04.000> becoming<00:32:04.640> stars<00:32:05.039> and 00:32:05.350 --> 00:32:05.360 align:start position:0% material, eventually becoming stars and 00:32:05.360 --> 00:32:08.070 align:start position:0% material, eventually becoming stars and galaxies.<00:32:06.559> These<00:32:06.880> waves<00:32:07.279> are<00:32:07.440> still<00:32:07.679> visible 00:32:08.070 --> 00:32:08.080 align:start position:0% galaxies. These waves are still visible 00:32:08.080 --> 00:32:12.470 align:start position:0% galaxies. These waves are still visible today<00:32:08.399> in<00:32:08.640> the<00:32:08.799> form<00:32:09.039> of<00:32:09.279> the<00:32:09.919> cosmic<00:32:10.480> web. 00:32:12.470 --> 00:32:12.480 align:start position:0% today in the form of the cosmic web. 00:32:12.480 --> 00:32:14.870 align:start position:0% today in the form of the cosmic web. The<00:32:12.720> researchers<00:32:13.279> then<00:32:13.600> combined<00:32:14.000> this<00:32:14.399> desi 00:32:14.870 --> 00:32:14.880 align:start position:0% The researchers then combined this desi 00:32:14.880 --> 00:32:17.029 align:start position:0% The researchers then combined this desi data<00:32:15.200> with<00:32:15.519> other<00:32:15.840> measurements<00:32:16.640> like<00:32:16.799> the 00:32:17.029 --> 00:32:17.039 align:start position:0% data with other measurements like the 00:32:17.039 --> 00:32:18.950 align:start position:0% data with other measurements like the microwave<00:32:17.679> radiation<00:32:18.159> left<00:32:18.480> over<00:32:18.640> from<00:32:18.799> the 00:32:18.950 --> 00:32:18.960 align:start position:0% microwave radiation left over from the 00:32:18.960 --> 00:32:21.269 align:start position:0% microwave radiation left over from the dawn<00:32:19.279> of<00:32:19.440> the<00:32:19.519> universe<00:32:20.159> known<00:32:20.399> as<00:32:20.559> the<00:32:20.799> cosmic 00:32:21.269 --> 00:32:21.279 align:start position:0% dawn of the universe known as the cosmic 00:32:21.279 --> 00:32:23.509 align:start position:0% dawn of the universe known as the cosmic microwave<00:32:21.919> background,<00:32:22.559> supernova<00:32:23.200> red 00:32:23.509 --> 00:32:23.519 align:start position:0% microwave background, supernova red 00:32:23.519 --> 00:32:26.710 align:start position:0% microwave background, supernova red shifts,<00:32:24.320> and<00:32:24.640> weak<00:32:25.039> gravitational<00:32:25.760> lensing 00:32:26.710 --> 00:32:26.720 align:start position:0% shifts, and weak gravitational lensing 00:32:26.720 --> 00:32:28.870 align:start position:0% shifts, and weak gravitational lensing or<00:32:27.039> how<00:32:27.279> the<00:32:27.519> light<00:32:27.760> from<00:32:28.000> distant<00:32:28.320> galaxies 00:32:28.870 --> 00:32:28.880 align:start position:0% or how the light from distant galaxies 00:32:28.880 --> 00:32:31.269 align:start position:0% or how the light from distant galaxies warps<00:32:29.360> due<00:32:29.600> to<00:32:29.760> gravity.<00:32:30.640> And<00:32:30.799> what<00:32:31.039> they 00:32:31.269 --> 00:32:31.279 align:start position:0% warps due to gravity. And what they 00:32:31.279 --> 00:32:34.070 align:start position:0% warps due to gravity. And what they found<00:32:31.600> added<00:32:32.080> more<00:32:32.399> weight<00:32:32.799> to<00:32:32.960> the<00:32:33.279> 2024 00:32:34.070 --> 00:32:34.080 align:start position:0% found added more weight to the 2024 00:32:34.080 --> 00:32:36.549 align:start position:0% found added more weight to the 2024 discovery.<00:32:35.279> Not<00:32:35.600> only<00:32:35.760> does<00:32:35.919> it<00:32:36.080> look<00:32:36.240> like 00:32:36.549 --> 00:32:36.559 align:start position:0% discovery. Not only does it look like 00:32:36.559 --> 00:32:39.190 align:start position:0% discovery. Not only does it look like dark<00:32:36.880> energy's<00:32:37.360> influence<00:32:37.760> is<00:32:38.000> changing,<00:32:39.039> but 00:32:39.190 --> 00:32:39.200 align:start position:0% dark energy's influence is changing, but 00:32:39.200 --> 00:32:42.310 align:start position:0% dark energy's influence is changing, but it's<00:32:39.519> potentially<00:32:40.240> decreasing<00:32:41.039> over<00:32:41.360> time. 00:32:42.310 --> 00:32:42.320 align:start position:0% it's potentially decreasing over time. 00:32:42.320 --> 00:32:44.870 align:start position:0% it's potentially decreasing over time. In<00:32:42.559> fact,<00:32:43.120> they<00:32:43.440> found<00:32:43.679> that<00:32:43.919> dark<00:32:44.320> energy's 00:32:44.870 --> 00:32:44.880 align:start position:0% In fact, they found that dark energy's 00:32:44.880 --> 00:32:48.310 align:start position:0% In fact, they found that dark energy's push<00:32:45.519> may<00:32:45.760> have<00:32:46.000> weakened<00:32:46.399> by<00:32:46.640> roughly<00:32:47.039> 10%<00:32:48.080> in 00:32:48.310 --> 00:32:48.320 align:start position:0% push may have weakened by roughly 10% in 00:32:48.320 --> 00:32:51.590 align:start position:0% push may have weakened by roughly 10% in the<00:32:48.480> last<00:32:48.799> 4.5<00:32:49.760> billion<00:32:50.240> years.<00:32:51.200> You<00:32:51.440> can 00:32:51.590 --> 00:32:51.600 align:start position:0% the last 4.5 billion years. You can 00:32:51.600 --> 00:32:53.909 align:start position:0% the last 4.5 billion years. You can think<00:32:51.679> of<00:32:51.840> it<00:32:52.159> kind<00:32:52.399> of<00:32:52.480> like<00:32:52.720> a<00:32:53.039> foot<00:32:53.440> still<00:32:53.679> on 00:32:53.909 --> 00:32:53.919 align:start position:0% think of it kind of like a foot still on 00:32:53.919 --> 00:32:56.789 align:start position:0% think of it kind of like a foot still on the<00:32:54.080> gas<00:32:54.320> pedal,<00:32:54.799> but<00:32:55.120> gently<00:32:55.600> lifting,<00:32:56.480> which 00:32:56.789 --> 00:32:56.799 align:start position:0% the gas pedal, but gently lifting, which 00:32:56.799 --> 00:32:57.990 align:start position:0% the gas pedal, but gently lifting, which means<00:32:56.960> that<00:32:57.120> the<00:32:57.360> car<00:32:57.519> is<00:32:57.760> still 00:32:57.990 --> 00:32:58.000 align:start position:0% means that the car is still 00:32:58.000 --> 00:33:00.470 align:start position:0% means that the car is still accelerating,<00:32:58.880> but<00:32:59.120> at<00:32:59.360> a<00:32:59.519> slower<00:32:59.919> rate<00:33:00.240> than 00:33:00.470 --> 00:33:00.480 align:start position:0% accelerating, but at a slower rate than 00:33:00.480 --> 00:33:01.990 align:start position:0% accelerating, but at a slower rate than before. 00:33:01.990 --> 00:33:02.000 align:start position:0% before. 00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:04.389 align:start position:0% before. Likewise,<00:33:02.720> the<00:33:02.960> expansion<00:33:03.440> of<00:33:03.600> our<00:33:03.840> universe 00:33:04.389 --> 00:33:04.399 align:start position:0% Likewise, the expansion of our universe 00:33:04.399 --> 00:33:07.269 align:start position:0% Likewise, the expansion of our universe is<00:33:04.880> still<00:33:05.279> accelerating,<00:33:06.240> but<00:33:06.559> not<00:33:06.799> quite<00:33:07.039> as 00:33:07.269 --> 00:33:07.279 align:start position:0% is still accelerating, but not quite as 00:33:07.279 --> 00:33:09.269 align:start position:0% is still accelerating, but not quite as rapidly<00:33:07.679> as<00:33:07.919> it<00:33:08.159> was<00:33:08.320> a<00:33:08.559> few<00:33:08.720> billion<00:33:09.039> years 00:33:09.269 --> 00:33:09.279 align:start position:0% rapidly as it was a few billion years 00:33:09.279 --> 00:33:13.110 align:start position:0% rapidly as it was a few billion years ago.<00:33:10.240> And<00:33:10.480> if<00:33:10.799> dark<00:33:11.200> energy<00:33:11.679> is<00:33:12.080> evolving 00:33:13.110 --> 00:33:13.120 align:start position:0% ago. And if dark energy is evolving 00:33:13.120 --> 00:33:16.070 align:start position:0% ago. And if dark energy is evolving rather<00:33:13.519> than<00:33:13.840> remaining<00:33:14.399> constant,<00:33:15.440> then<00:33:15.760> our 00:33:16.070 --> 00:33:16.080 align:start position:0% rather than remaining constant, then our 00:33:16.080 --> 00:33:18.789 align:start position:0% rather than remaining constant, then our standard<00:33:16.480> model<00:33:16.799> of<00:33:17.039> cosmology<00:33:18.000> is<00:33:18.399> missing 00:33:18.789 --> 00:33:18.799 align:start position:0% standard model of cosmology is missing 00:33:18.799 --> 00:33:23.590 align:start position:0% standard model of cosmology is missing something<00:33:19.600> and<00:33:20.080> something<00:33:20.799> big. 00:33:23.590 --> 00:33:23.600 align:start position:0% something and something big. 00:33:23.600 --> 00:33:26.310 align:start position:0% something and something big. Assuming<00:33:24.159> this<00:33:24.640> model<00:33:25.200> shattering<00:33:25.679> discovery 00:33:26.310 --> 00:33:26.320 align:start position:0% Assuming this model shattering discovery 00:33:26.320 --> 00:33:29.190 align:start position:0% Assuming this model shattering discovery is<00:33:26.640> correct,<00:33:27.519> it<00:33:27.840> could<00:33:28.080> mean<00:33:28.480> a<00:33:28.880> very 00:33:29.190 --> 00:33:29.200 align:start position:0% is correct, it could mean a very 00:33:29.200 --> 00:33:31.909 align:start position:0% is correct, it could mean a very different<00:33:29.440> future<00:33:29.760> for<00:33:30.080> our<00:33:30.320> cosmos.<00:33:31.600> Instead 00:33:31.909 --> 00:33:31.919 align:start position:0% different future for our cosmos. Instead 00:33:31.919 --> 00:33:33.830 align:start position:0% different future for our cosmos. Instead of<00:33:32.000> a<00:33:32.240> big<00:33:32.399> freeze<00:33:32.799> where<00:33:33.120> our<00:33:33.440> universe 00:33:33.830 --> 00:33:33.840 align:start position:0% of a big freeze where our universe 00:33:33.840 --> 00:33:36.710 align:start position:0% of a big freeze where our universe expands<00:33:34.399> forever,<00:33:35.279> leaving<00:33:35.600> us<00:33:35.760> with<00:33:35.919> a<00:33:36.159> cold, 00:33:36.710 --> 00:33:36.720 align:start position:0% expands forever, leaving us with a cold, 00:33:36.720 --> 00:33:39.509 align:start position:0% expands forever, leaving us with a cold, dark,<00:33:37.200> lonely<00:33:37.679> end,<00:33:38.480> we<00:33:38.720> may<00:33:38.960> end<00:33:39.200> up 00:33:39.509 --> 00:33:39.519 align:start position:0% dark, lonely end, we may end up 00:33:39.519 --> 00:33:42.470 align:start position:0% dark, lonely end, we may end up experiencing<00:33:40.320> an<00:33:40.640> alternative<00:33:41.200> reality.<00:33:42.240> If 00:33:42.470 --> 00:33:42.480 align:start position:0% experiencing an alternative reality. If 00:33:42.480 --> 00:33:44.470 align:start position:0% experiencing an alternative reality. If dark<00:33:42.799> energy's<00:33:43.360> influence<00:33:43.840> continues<00:33:44.320> to 00:33:44.470 --> 00:33:44.480 align:start position:0% dark energy's influence continues to 00:33:44.480 --> 00:33:47.029 align:start position:0% dark energy's influence continues to weaken<00:33:44.880> over<00:33:45.120> time,<00:33:45.919> decreasing<00:33:46.559> until<00:33:46.880> it 00:33:47.029 --> 00:33:47.039 align:start position:0% weaken over time, decreasing until it 00:33:47.039 --> 00:33:49.830 align:start position:0% weaken over time, decreasing until it becomes<00:33:47.519> negative,<00:33:48.640> then<00:33:48.880> eventually 00:33:49.830 --> 00:33:49.840 align:start position:0% becomes negative, then eventually 00:33:49.840 --> 00:33:52.070 align:start position:0% becomes negative, then eventually expansion<00:33:50.320> of<00:33:50.480> our<00:33:50.720> universe<00:33:51.279> could<00:33:51.679> stop 00:33:52.070 --> 00:33:52.080 align:start position:0% expansion of our universe could stop 00:33:52.080 --> 00:33:53.590 align:start position:0% expansion of our universe could stop altogether. 00:33:53.590 --> 00:33:53.600 align:start position:0% altogether. 00:33:53.600 --> 00:33:55.830 align:start position:0% altogether. Instead<00:33:53.919> of<00:33:54.000> a<00:33:54.240> big<00:33:54.399> freeze,<00:33:54.880> it<00:33:55.120> would<00:33:55.360> end<00:33:55.600> in 00:33:55.830 --> 00:33:55.840 align:start position:0% Instead of a big freeze, it would end in 00:33:55.840 --> 00:33:59.830 align:start position:0% Instead of a big freeze, it would end in a<00:33:56.080> much<00:33:56.480> more<00:33:56.880> violent<00:33:57.600> cataclysm. 00:33:59.830 --> 00:33:59.840 align:start position:0% a much more violent cataclysm. 00:33:59.840 --> 00:34:02.789 align:start position:0% a much more violent cataclysm. Imagine<00:34:00.399> the<00:34:00.640> raw<00:34:01.039> power<00:34:01.360> of<00:34:01.600> the<00:34:01.760> Big<00:34:02.000> Bang 00:34:02.789 --> 00:34:02.799 align:start position:0% Imagine the raw power of the Big Bang 00:34:02.799 --> 00:34:05.509 align:start position:0% Imagine the raw power of the Big Bang exploding<00:34:03.600> and<00:34:03.919> expanding<00:34:04.480> out<00:34:04.799> with<00:34:05.039> enough 00:34:05.509 --> 00:34:05.519 align:start position:0% exploding and expanding out with enough 00:34:05.519 --> 00:34:08.550 align:start position:0% exploding and expanding out with enough energy,<00:34:06.240> heat,<00:34:06.720> and<00:34:07.039> matter<00:34:07.440> to<00:34:07.679> form<00:34:08.000> all<00:34:08.320> the 00:34:08.550 --> 00:34:08.560 align:start position:0% energy, heat, and matter to form all the 00:34:08.560 --> 00:34:11.190 align:start position:0% energy, heat, and matter to form all the galaxies<00:34:09.040> and<00:34:09.200> stars<00:34:09.599> across<00:34:09.919> our<00:34:10.240> universe. 00:34:11.190 --> 00:34:11.200 align:start position:0% galaxies and stars across our universe. 00:34:11.200 --> 00:34:14.149 align:start position:0% galaxies and stars across our universe. And<00:34:11.440> now<00:34:12.240> imagine<00:34:12.720> the<00:34:13.040> exact<00:34:13.599> opposite<00:34:13.919> of 00:34:14.149 --> 00:34:14.159 align:start position:0% And now imagine the exact opposite of 00:34:14.159 --> 00:34:17.510 align:start position:0% And now imagine the exact opposite of that.<00:34:14.879> A<00:34:15.119> reverse<00:34:16.000> big<00:34:16.399> bang<00:34:17.200> where 00:34:17.510 --> 00:34:17.520 align:start position:0% that. A reverse big bang where 00:34:17.520 --> 00:34:20.389 align:start position:0% that. A reverse big bang where everything<00:34:18.079> changes<00:34:18.560> direction<00:34:19.440> and<00:34:19.839> rushes 00:34:20.389 --> 00:34:20.399 align:start position:0% everything changes direction and rushes 00:34:20.399 --> 00:34:23.430 align:start position:0% everything changes direction and rushes in<00:34:20.800> toward<00:34:21.280> a<00:34:21.679> single<00:34:22.000> point<00:34:22.720> with<00:34:22.960> enough 00:34:23.430 --> 00:34:23.440 align:start position:0% in toward a single point with enough 00:34:23.440 --> 00:34:26.950 align:start position:0% in toward a single point with enough intensity<00:34:24.560> to<00:34:24.800> undo<00:34:25.520> everything<00:34:26.079> that<00:34:26.560> ever 00:34:26.950 --> 00:34:26.960 align:start position:0% intensity to undo everything that ever 00:34:26.960 --> 00:34:31.510 align:start position:0% intensity to undo everything that ever existed<00:34:27.919> in<00:34:28.240> one<00:34:28.879> cosmically<00:34:30.079> colossal<00:34:31.119> big 00:34:31.510 --> 00:34:31.520 align:start position:0% existed in one cosmically colossal big 00:34:31.520 --> 00:34:34.310 align:start position:0% existed in one cosmically colossal big crunch. 00:34:34.310 --> 00:34:34.320 align:start position:0% crunch. 00:34:34.320 --> 00:34:36.230 align:start position:0% crunch. I've<00:34:34.639> spoken<00:34:34.960> before<00:34:35.280> about<00:34:35.520> the<00:34:35.760> possibility 00:34:36.230 --> 00:34:36.240 align:start position:0% I've spoken before about the possibility 00:34:36.240 --> 00:34:37.909 align:start position:0% I've spoken before about the possibility of<00:34:36.320> a<00:34:36.480> big<00:34:36.720> crunch<00:34:37.119> as<00:34:37.280> well<00:34:37.359> as<00:34:37.599> other 00:34:37.909 --> 00:34:37.919 align:start position:0% of a big crunch as well as other 00:34:37.919 --> 00:34:39.909 align:start position:0% of a big crunch as well as other theories<00:34:38.320> about<00:34:38.560> how<00:34:38.879> physics<00:34:39.280> gets<00:34:39.520> weird<00:34:39.760> at 00:34:39.909 --> 00:34:39.919 align:start position:0% theories about how physics gets weird at 00:34:39.919 --> 00:34:42.149 align:start position:0% theories about how physics gets weird at the<00:34:40.079> end<00:34:40.159> of<00:34:40.320> the<00:34:40.480> universe.<00:34:41.440> If<00:34:41.679> you<00:34:41.839> want<00:34:42.000> to 00:34:42.149 --> 00:34:42.159 align:start position:0% the end of the universe. If you want to 00:34:42.159 --> 00:34:43.909 align:start position:0% the end of the universe. If you want to know<00:34:42.320> more,<00:34:42.720> I<00:34:42.960> recommend<00:34:43.359> watching<00:34:43.679> the 00:34:43.909 --> 00:34:43.919 align:start position:0% know more, I recommend watching the 00:34:43.919 --> 00:34:47.510 align:start position:0% know more, I recommend watching the video<00:34:44.240> linked<00:34:44.639> here.<00:34:45.919> Now,<00:34:46.480> if<00:34:46.800> dark<00:34:47.119> energy 00:34:47.510 --> 00:34:47.520 align:start position:0% video linked here. Now, if dark energy 00:34:47.520 --> 00:34:50.310 align:start position:0% video linked here. Now, if dark energy is<00:34:47.760> an<00:34:48.000> evolving<00:34:48.560> variable,<00:34:49.520> there<00:34:49.760> is<00:34:50.079> one 00:34:50.310 --> 00:34:50.320 align:start position:0% is an evolving variable, there is one 00:34:50.320 --> 00:34:53.829 align:start position:0% is an evolving variable, there is one other<00:34:50.879> perhaps<00:34:51.359> even<00:34:51.679> more<00:34:52.079> important<00:34:52.480> to<00:34:52.720> us. 00:34:53.829 --> 00:34:53.839 align:start position:0% other perhaps even more important to us. 00:34:53.839 --> 00:34:57.430 align:start position:0% other perhaps even more important to us. Impact.<00:34:55.200> It<00:34:55.520> means<00:34:55.919> our<00:34:56.480> current<00:34:56.800> model<00:34:57.200> of 00:34:57.430 --> 00:34:57.440 align:start position:0% Impact. It means our current model of 00:34:57.440 --> 00:35:00.710 align:start position:0% Impact. It means our current model of cosmology<00:34:58.240> is<00:34:58.640> incomplete.<00:35:00.079> It<00:35:00.320> could<00:35:00.480> mean 00:35:00.710 --> 00:35:00.720 align:start position:0% cosmology is incomplete. It could mean 00:35:00.720 --> 00:35:03.109 align:start position:0% cosmology is incomplete. It could mean that<00:35:00.880> the<00:35:01.040> theory<00:35:01.440> of<00:35:01.680> general<00:35:02.160> relativity 00:35:03.109 --> 00:35:03.119 align:start position:0% that the theory of general relativity 00:35:03.119 --> 00:35:05.829 align:start position:0% that the theory of general relativity needs<00:35:03.599> modification,<00:35:04.400> too,<00:35:05.200> and<00:35:05.520> that 00:35:05.829 --> 00:35:05.839 align:start position:0% needs modification, too, and that 00:35:05.839 --> 00:35:07.910 align:start position:0% needs modification, too, and that there's<00:35:06.240> more<00:35:06.400> to<00:35:06.720> learn<00:35:06.960> about<00:35:07.440> particle 00:35:07.910 --> 00:35:07.920 align:start position:0% there's more to learn about particle 00:35:07.920 --> 00:35:10.630 align:start position:0% there's more to learn about particle physics,<00:35:08.720> possibly<00:35:09.359> involving<00:35:09.920> new<00:35:10.240> fields 00:35:10.630 --> 00:35:10.640 align:start position:0% physics, possibly involving new fields 00:35:10.640 --> 00:35:12.630 align:start position:0% physics, possibly involving new fields or<00:35:10.960> forces. 00:35:12.630 --> 00:35:12.640 align:start position:0% or forces. 00:35:12.640 --> 00:35:15.829 align:start position:0% or forces. But<00:35:12.960> before<00:35:13.280> we<00:35:13.760> rewrite<00:35:14.240> any<00:35:14.560> textbooks,<00:35:15.520> we 00:35:15.829 --> 00:35:15.839 align:start position:0% But before we rewrite any textbooks, we 00:35:15.839 --> 00:35:18.310 align:start position:0% But before we rewrite any textbooks, we have<00:35:15.920> to<00:35:16.079> be<00:35:16.240> sure.<00:35:17.119> And<00:35:17.440> right<00:35:17.680> now,<00:35:17.920> we're 00:35:18.310 --> 00:35:18.320 align:start position:0% have to be sure. And right now, we're 00:35:18.320 --> 00:35:22.470 align:start position:0% have to be sure. And right now, we're close,<00:35:19.119> but<00:35:19.359> we're<00:35:19.680> not<00:35:19.839> quite<00:35:20.160> there.<00:35:21.599> Sigma, 00:35:22.470 --> 00:35:22.480 align:start position:0% close, but we're not quite there. Sigma, 00:35:22.480 --> 00:35:24.870 align:start position:0% close, but we're not quite there. Sigma, or<00:35:22.880> standard<00:35:23.440> deviation,<00:35:24.240> is<00:35:24.480> the<00:35:24.640> way 00:35:24.870 --> 00:35:24.880 align:start position:0% or standard deviation, is the way 00:35:24.880 --> 00:35:26.870 align:start position:0% or standard deviation, is the way scientists<00:35:25.359> measure<00:35:25.760> confidence.<00:35:26.640> The 00:35:26.870 --> 00:35:26.880 align:start position:0% scientists measure confidence. The 00:35:26.880 --> 00:35:29.270 align:start position:0% scientists measure confidence. The higher<00:35:27.119> the<00:35:27.280> sigma,<00:35:28.079> the<00:35:28.320> less<00:35:28.640> likely<00:35:28.960> a 00:35:29.270 --> 00:35:29.280 align:start position:0% higher the sigma, the less likely a 00:35:29.280 --> 00:35:31.910 align:start position:0% higher the sigma, the less likely a result<00:35:29.599> is<00:35:29.839> due<00:35:30.079> to<00:35:30.240> random<00:35:30.640> chance.<00:35:31.520> And<00:35:31.680> in 00:35:31.910 --> 00:35:31.920 align:start position:0% result is due to random chance. And in 00:35:31.920 --> 00:35:34.550 align:start position:0% result is due to random chance. And in the<00:35:32.079> chase<00:35:32.480> for<00:35:32.720> evolving<00:35:33.359> dark<00:35:33.680> energy, 00:35:34.550 --> 00:35:34.560 align:start position:0% the chase for evolving dark energy, 00:35:34.560 --> 00:35:37.109 align:start position:0% the chase for evolving dark energy, those<00:35:34.800> sigma<00:35:35.200> levels<00:35:35.599> have<00:35:35.839> been<00:35:36.079> climbing. 00:35:37.109 --> 00:35:37.119 align:start position:0% those sigma levels have been climbing. 00:35:37.119 --> 00:35:39.589 align:start position:0% those sigma levels have been climbing. On<00:35:37.359> its<00:35:37.599> own,<00:35:38.000> desi<00:35:38.400> data<00:35:38.720> lands<00:35:39.040> us<00:35:39.280> just 00:35:39.589 --> 00:35:39.599 align:start position:0% On its own, desi data lands us just 00:35:39.599 --> 00:35:42.790 align:start position:0% On its own, desi data lands us just above<00:35:40.079> two<00:35:40.320> sigma,<00:35:40.800> which<00:35:41.040> is<00:35:41.200> about<00:35:41.680> 95% 00:35:42.790 --> 00:35:42.800 align:start position:0% above two sigma, which is about 95% 00:35:42.800 --> 00:35:45.829 align:start position:0% above two sigma, which is about 95% confidence.<00:35:44.160> Interesting,<00:35:45.119> but<00:35:45.520> nothing 00:35:45.829 --> 00:35:45.839 align:start position:0% confidence. Interesting, but nothing 00:35:45.839 --> 00:35:49.190 align:start position:0% confidence. Interesting, but nothing you'd<00:35:46.160> bet<00:35:46.480> your<00:35:46.800> career<00:35:47.200> on.<00:35:48.240> Combine<00:35:48.640> Desi 00:35:49.190 --> 00:35:49.200 align:start position:0% you'd bet your career on. Combine Desi 00:35:49.200 --> 00:35:51.030 align:start position:0% you'd bet your career on. Combine Desi with<00:35:49.440> other<00:35:49.760> instruments,<00:35:50.320> and<00:35:50.560> the<00:35:50.800> number 00:35:51.030 --> 00:35:51.040 align:start position:0% with other instruments, and the number 00:35:51.040 --> 00:35:54.550 align:start position:0% with other instruments, and the number rises<00:35:51.599> past<00:35:52.160> 3<00:35:52.480> sigma,<00:35:53.440> even<00:35:53.839> brushing<00:35:54.240> the 00:35:54.550 --> 00:35:54.560 align:start position:0% rises past 3 sigma, even brushing the 00:35:54.560 --> 00:35:57.510 align:start position:0% rises past 3 sigma, even brushing the 4.2<00:35:55.040> two<00:35:55.280> sigma<00:35:55.680> mark<00:35:55.920> in<00:35:56.160> some<00:35:56.320> combinations. 00:35:57.510 --> 00:35:57.520 align:start position:0% 4.2 two sigma mark in some combinations. 00:35:57.520 --> 00:36:01.750 align:start position:0% 4.2 two sigma mark in some combinations. Roughly<00:35:58.400> 99.997% 00:36:01.750 --> 00:36:01.760 align:start position:0% 00:36:01.760 --> 00:36:03.430 align:start position:0% confidence. 00:36:03.430 --> 00:36:03.440 align:start position:0% confidence. 00:36:03.440 --> 00:36:05.829 align:start position:0% confidence. While<00:36:03.839> this<00:36:04.079> is<00:36:04.400> considered<00:36:04.880> to<00:36:05.040> be<00:36:05.440> strong 00:36:05.829 --> 00:36:05.839 align:start position:0% While this is considered to be strong 00:36:05.839 --> 00:36:08.150 align:start position:0% While this is considered to be strong evidence,<00:36:06.880> meaning<00:36:07.119> that<00:36:07.280> the<00:36:07.520> result<00:36:07.839> was 00:36:08.150 --> 00:36:08.160 align:start position:0% evidence, meaning that the result was 00:36:08.160 --> 00:36:10.790 align:start position:0% evidence, meaning that the result was unlikely<00:36:08.720> due<00:36:08.960> to<00:36:09.119> random<00:36:09.520> chance,<00:36:10.400> it's 00:36:10.790 --> 00:36:10.800 align:start position:0% unlikely due to random chance, it's 00:36:10.800 --> 00:36:12.950 align:start position:0% unlikely due to random chance, it's still<00:36:11.119> not<00:36:11.359> quite<00:36:11.680> at<00:36:11.839> the<00:36:12.079> level<00:36:12.320> physicists 00:36:12.950 --> 00:36:12.960 align:start position:0% still not quite at the level physicists 00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:15.349 align:start position:0% still not quite at the level physicists require<00:36:13.440> for<00:36:13.599> it<00:36:13.760> to<00:36:13.920> be<00:36:14.000> considered<00:36:14.480> a<00:36:14.800> solid 00:36:15.349 --> 00:36:15.359 align:start position:0% require for it to be considered a solid 00:36:15.359 --> 00:36:18.630 align:start position:0% require for it to be considered a solid discovery.<00:36:16.720> For<00:36:16.880> example,<00:36:17.680> other<00:36:18.000> evidence 00:36:18.630 --> 00:36:18.640 align:start position:0% discovery. For example, other evidence 00:36:18.640 --> 00:36:20.870 align:start position:0% discovery. For example, other evidence with<00:36:19.119> this<00:36:19.520> confidence<00:36:20.000> level<00:36:20.400> has<00:36:20.720> turned 00:36:20.870 --> 00:36:20.880 align:start position:0% with this confidence level has turned 00:36:20.880 --> 00:36:23.829 align:start position:0% with this confidence level has turned out<00:36:21.040> to<00:36:21.200> be<00:36:21.280> false<00:36:21.680> before.<00:36:22.800> So<00:36:23.200> physicists 00:36:23.829 --> 00:36:23.839 align:start position:0% out to be false before. So physicists 00:36:23.839 --> 00:36:26.630 align:start position:0% out to be false before. So physicists typically<00:36:24.320> wait<00:36:24.640> for<00:36:24.960> even<00:36:25.359> clearer<00:36:25.920> results 00:36:26.630 --> 00:36:26.640 align:start position:0% typically wait for even clearer results 00:36:26.640 --> 00:36:29.030 align:start position:0% typically wait for even clearer results before<00:36:26.960> claiming<00:36:27.359> a<00:36:27.599> new<00:36:27.760> discovery.<00:36:28.880> The 00:36:29.030 --> 00:36:29.040 align:start position:0% before claiming a new discovery. The 00:36:29.040 --> 00:36:31.109 align:start position:0% before claiming a new discovery. The gold<00:36:29.359> standard<00:36:29.680> in<00:36:30.000> physics<00:36:30.480> comes<00:36:30.800> when 00:36:31.109 --> 00:36:31.119 align:start position:0% gold standard in physics comes when 00:36:31.119 --> 00:36:37.589 align:start position:0% gold standard in physics comes when confidence<00:36:31.760> reaches<00:36:32.560> 99.99994% 00:36:37.589 --> 00:36:37.599 align:start position:0% 00:36:37.599 --> 00:36:40.790 align:start position:0% which<00:36:37.839> is<00:36:38.240> sigma<00:36:38.720> 5<00:36:39.599> and<00:36:39.839> even<00:36:40.079> then<00:36:40.480> things 00:36:40.790 --> 00:36:40.800 align:start position:0% which is sigma 5 and even then things 00:36:40.800 --> 00:36:44.630 align:start position:0% which is sigma 5 and even then things can<00:36:41.040> still<00:36:41.280> be<00:36:41.520> wrong.<00:36:42.400> For<00:36:42.480> example<00:36:43.440> in<00:36:43.680> 2011 00:36:44.630 --> 00:36:44.640 align:start position:0% can still be wrong. For example in 2011 00:36:44.640 --> 00:36:47.430 align:start position:0% can still be wrong. For example in 2011 physicists<00:36:45.280> at<00:36:45.599> the<00:36:45.920> Grand<00:36:46.320> Saso<00:36:46.880> laboratory 00:36:47.430 --> 00:36:47.440 align:start position:0% physicists at the Grand Saso laboratory 00:36:47.440 --> 00:36:50.390 align:start position:0% physicists at the Grand Saso laboratory in<00:36:47.760> Italy<00:36:48.480> measured<00:36:48.880> some<00:36:49.119> nutrinos<00:36:49.839> arriving 00:36:50.390 --> 00:36:50.400 align:start position:0% in Italy measured some nutrinos arriving 00:36:50.400 --> 00:36:53.349 align:start position:0% in Italy measured some nutrinos arriving a<00:36:50.720> few<00:36:50.880> nanconds<00:36:51.680> early.<00:36:52.240> a<00:36:52.480> feat<00:36:52.720> that<00:36:52.960> would 00:36:53.349 --> 00:36:53.359 align:start position:0% a few nanconds early. a feat that would 00:36:53.359 --> 00:36:55.430 align:start position:0% a few nanconds early. a feat that would require<00:36:53.680> the<00:36:53.920> particles<00:36:54.400> to<00:36:54.640> have<00:36:54.960> traveled 00:36:55.430 --> 00:36:55.440 align:start position:0% require the particles to have traveled 00:36:55.440 --> 00:36:57.670 align:start position:0% require the particles to have traveled faster<00:36:55.839> than<00:36:56.000> the<00:36:56.160> speed<00:36:56.400> of<00:36:56.560> light,<00:36:57.200> breaking 00:36:57.670 --> 00:36:57.680 align:start position:0% faster than the speed of light, breaking 00:36:57.680 --> 00:37:00.790 align:start position:0% faster than the speed of light, breaking the<00:36:57.920> cosmic<00:36:58.400> speed<00:36:58.720> limit.<00:36:59.680> They<00:37:00.000> reported<00:37:00.560> a 00:37:00.790 --> 00:37:00.800 align:start position:0% the cosmic speed limit. They reported a 00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:03.589 align:start position:0% the cosmic speed limit. They reported a confidence<00:37:01.280> level<00:37:01.520> of<00:37:01.920> six<00:37:02.240> sigma,<00:37:03.040> even<00:37:03.359> more 00:37:03.589 --> 00:37:03.599 align:start position:0% confidence level of six sigma, even more 00:37:03.599 --> 00:37:05.270 align:start position:0% confidence level of six sigma, even more impressive<00:37:04.079> than<00:37:04.320> the<00:37:04.480> gold<00:37:04.800> standard<00:37:05.119> for 00:37:05.270 --> 00:37:05.280 align:start position:0% impressive than the gold standard for 00:37:05.280 --> 00:37:07.670 align:start position:0% impressive than the gold standard for new<00:37:05.520> discoveries.<00:37:06.640> To<00:37:06.880> put<00:37:07.040> that<00:37:07.280> into 00:37:07.670 --> 00:37:07.680 align:start position:0% new discoveries. To put that into 00:37:07.680 --> 00:37:10.310 align:start position:0% new discoveries. To put that into perspective,<00:37:08.720> barring<00:37:09.280> any<00:37:09.680> unexpected 00:37:10.310 --> 00:37:10.320 align:start position:0% perspective, barring any unexpected 00:37:10.320 --> 00:37:12.870 align:start position:0% perspective, barring any unexpected mistakes<00:37:10.720> in<00:37:10.960> the<00:37:11.119> experiment,<00:37:12.079> 5<00:37:12.320> sigma 00:37:12.870 --> 00:37:12.880 align:start position:0% mistakes in the experiment, 5 sigma 00:37:12.880 --> 00:37:15.829 align:start position:0% mistakes in the experiment, 5 sigma represents<00:37:13.359> about<00:37:13.599> a<00:37:13.920> 1<00:37:14.240> in<00:37:14.640> 1.7<00:37:15.440> million 00:37:15.829 --> 00:37:15.839 align:start position:0% represents about a 1 in 1.7 million 00:37:15.839 --> 00:37:18.470 align:start position:0% represents about a 1 in 1.7 million chance<00:37:16.079> of<00:37:16.320> the<00:37:16.480> result<00:37:16.720> being<00:37:17.040> a<00:37:17.200> fluke.<00:37:18.160> and 00:37:18.470 --> 00:37:18.480 align:start position:0% chance of the result being a fluke. and 00:37:18.480 --> 00:37:21.430 align:start position:0% chance of the result being a fluke. and six<00:37:18.720> sigma<00:37:19.200> is<00:37:19.520> more<00:37:19.760> like<00:37:20.000> a<00:37:20.240> one<00:37:20.400> in<00:37:20.880> 500 00:37:21.430 --> 00:37:21.440 align:start position:0% six sigma is more like a one in 500 00:37:21.440 --> 00:37:22.950 align:start position:0% six sigma is more like a one in 500 million<00:37:21.839> chance<00:37:22.079> of<00:37:22.240> the<00:37:22.400> result<00:37:22.640> being 00:37:22.950 --> 00:37:22.960 align:start position:0% million chance of the result being 00:37:22.960 --> 00:37:26.310 align:start position:0% million chance of the result being wrong.<00:37:23.920> So<00:37:24.160> this<00:37:24.480> was<00:37:25.040> quite<00:37:25.359> an<00:37:25.680> astonishing 00:37:26.310 --> 00:37:26.320 align:start position:0% wrong. So this was quite an astonishing 00:37:26.320 --> 00:37:28.790 align:start position:0% wrong. So this was quite an astonishing observation<00:37:27.280> and<00:37:27.520> it<00:37:27.680> made<00:37:27.920> headlines<00:37:28.560> around 00:37:28.790 --> 00:37:28.800 align:start position:0% observation and it made headlines around 00:37:28.800 --> 00:37:32.150 align:start position:0% observation and it made headlines around the<00:37:29.040> globe.<00:37:30.160> Unfortunately,<00:37:31.520> it<00:37:31.760> was<00:37:31.920> later 00:37:32.150 --> 00:37:32.160 align:start position:0% the globe. Unfortunately, it was later 00:37:32.160 --> 00:37:33.750 align:start position:0% the globe. Unfortunately, it was later revealed<00:37:32.480> that<00:37:32.720> the<00:37:32.880> physics<00:37:33.359> breaking 00:37:33.750 --> 00:37:33.760 align:start position:0% revealed that the physics breaking 00:37:33.760 --> 00:37:35.910 align:start position:0% revealed that the physics breaking observation<00:37:34.400> had<00:37:34.720> actually<00:37:35.119> been<00:37:35.359> due<00:37:35.599> to<00:37:35.680> a 00:37:35.910 --> 00:37:35.920 align:start position:0% observation had actually been due to a 00:37:35.920 --> 00:37:38.470 align:start position:0% observation had actually been due to a faulty<00:37:36.400> fiber<00:37:36.720> optic<00:37:37.200> cable<00:37:37.839> and<00:37:38.079> clock 00:37:38.470 --> 00:37:38.480 align:start position:0% faulty fiber optic cable and clock 00:37:38.480 --> 00:37:40.550 align:start position:0% faulty fiber optic cable and clock synchronization<00:37:39.359> error<00:37:39.920> rather<00:37:40.320> than 00:37:40.550 --> 00:37:40.560 align:start position:0% synchronization error rather than 00:37:40.560 --> 00:37:43.109 align:start position:0% synchronization error rather than nutrinos<00:37:41.280> breaking<00:37:41.520> the<00:37:41.760> laws<00:37:42.000> of<00:37:42.160> physics. 00:37:43.109 --> 00:37:43.119 align:start position:0% nutrinos breaking the laws of physics. 00:37:43.119 --> 00:37:45.430 align:start position:0% nutrinos breaking the laws of physics. Needless<00:37:43.599> to<00:37:43.760> say,<00:37:44.400> there's<00:37:44.720> still<00:37:44.960> a<00:37:45.200> little 00:37:45.430 --> 00:37:45.440 align:start position:0% Needless to say, there's still a little 00:37:45.440 --> 00:37:47.670 align:start position:0% Needless to say, there's still a little way<00:37:45.680> to<00:37:45.839> go<00:37:46.160> with<00:37:46.400> the<00:37:46.640> concept<00:37:46.960> of<00:37:47.119> evolving 00:37:47.670 --> 00:37:47.680 align:start position:0% way to go with the concept of evolving 00:37:47.680 --> 00:37:50.710 align:start position:0% way to go with the concept of evolving dark<00:37:48.000> energy. 00:37:50.710 --> 00:37:50.720 align:start position:0% dark energy. 00:37:50.720 --> 00:37:52.950 align:start position:0% dark energy. Now<00:37:50.960> in<00:37:51.200> its<00:37:51.359> fourth<00:37:51.680> year<00:37:51.920> of<00:37:52.160> the<00:37:52.400> 5-year 00:37:52.950 --> 00:37:52.960 align:start position:0% Now in its fourth year of the 5-year 00:37:52.960 --> 00:37:55.349 align:start position:0% Now in its fourth year of the 5-year survey,<00:37:53.839> Desi<00:37:54.320> is<00:37:54.480> well<00:37:54.640> on<00:37:54.800> its<00:37:55.040> way<00:37:55.119> to 00:37:55.349 --> 00:37:55.359 align:start position:0% survey, Desi is well on its way to 00:37:55.359 --> 00:37:57.430 align:start position:0% survey, Desi is well on its way to having<00:37:55.599> measured<00:37:56.160> 50<00:37:56.480> million<00:37:56.880> galaxies<00:37:57.280> and 00:37:57.430 --> 00:37:57.440 align:start position:0% having measured 50 million galaxies and 00:37:57.440 --> 00:38:00.310 align:start position:0% having measured 50 million galaxies and quazars,<00:37:58.480> continuing<00:37:59.119> to<00:37:59.359> offer<00:37:59.839> valuable 00:38:00.310 --> 00:38:00.320 align:start position:0% quazars, continuing to offer valuable 00:38:00.320 --> 00:38:02.230 align:start position:0% quazars, continuing to offer valuable data<00:38:00.560> in<00:38:00.800> the<00:38:00.960> quest<00:38:01.200> to<00:38:01.440> understand<00:38:01.920> dark 00:38:02.230 --> 00:38:02.240 align:start position:0% data in the quest to understand dark 00:38:02.240 --> 00:38:06.470 align:start position:0% data in the quest to understand dark energy.<00:38:03.359> But<00:38:03.839> it's<00:38:04.079> not<00:38:04.320> our<00:38:04.640> only<00:38:04.960> tool.<00:38:06.240> Over 00:38:06.470 --> 00:38:06.480 align:start position:0% energy. But it's not our only tool. Over 00:38:06.480 --> 00:38:08.630 align:start position:0% energy. But it's not our only tool. Over the<00:38:06.640> next<00:38:06.880> few<00:38:07.040> years,<00:38:07.599> new<00:38:07.839> experiments<00:38:08.400> will 00:38:08.630 --> 00:38:08.640 align:start position:0% the next few years, new experiments will 00:38:08.640 --> 00:38:10.870 align:start position:0% the next few years, new experiments will be<00:38:08.800> conducted.<00:38:09.760> Other<00:38:10.000> missions<00:38:10.480> will 00:38:10.870 --> 00:38:10.880 align:start position:0% be conducted. Other missions will 00:38:10.880 --> 00:38:12.870 align:start position:0% be conducted. Other missions will further<00:38:11.280> the<00:38:11.520> exploration<00:38:12.000> of<00:38:12.160> the<00:38:12.400> nature<00:38:12.720> of 00:38:12.870 --> 00:38:12.880 align:start position:0% further the exploration of the nature of 00:38:12.880 --> 00:38:15.750 align:start position:0% further the exploration of the nature of dark<00:38:13.200> energy<00:38:14.000> and<00:38:14.480> complimentary<00:38:15.200> data<00:38:15.520> sets 00:38:15.750 --> 00:38:15.760 align:start position:0% dark energy and complimentary data sets 00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:18.790 align:start position:0% dark energy and complimentary data sets will<00:38:16.079> come<00:38:16.400> out<00:38:16.640> for<00:38:16.960> analysis.<00:38:18.320> European 00:38:18.790 --> 00:38:18.800 align:start position:0% will come out for analysis. European 00:38:18.800 --> 00:38:21.990 align:start position:0% will come out for analysis. European space<00:38:19.359> ay's<00:38:19.680> Uklid<00:38:20.480> and<00:38:20.720> NASA's<00:38:21.280> Nancy<00:38:21.680> Grace 00:38:21.990 --> 00:38:22.000 align:start position:0% space ay's Uklid and NASA's Nancy Grace 00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:23.990 align:start position:0% space ay's Uklid and NASA's Nancy Grace Roman<00:38:22.320> Space<00:38:22.560> Telescope<00:38:23.119> will<00:38:23.440> extend 00:38:23.990 --> 00:38:24.000 align:start position:0% Roman Space Telescope will extend 00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:26.230 align:start position:0% Roman Space Telescope will extend measurements<00:38:24.560> across<00:38:25.040> even<00:38:25.359> larger<00:38:25.839> volumes 00:38:26.230 --> 00:38:26.240 align:start position:0% measurements across even larger volumes 00:38:26.240 --> 00:38:29.030 align:start position:0% measurements across even larger volumes of<00:38:26.400> space<00:38:27.040> and<00:38:27.280> at<00:38:27.520> higher<00:38:27.920> red<00:38:28.160> shifts.<00:38:28.880> And 00:38:29.030 --> 00:38:29.040 align:start position:0% of space and at higher red shifts. And 00:38:29.040 --> 00:38:31.430 align:start position:0% of space and at higher red shifts. And the<00:38:29.200> Very<00:38:29.760> Rubin<00:38:30.079> Observatory<00:38:30.720> will<00:38:30.960> scan<00:38:31.280> the 00:38:31.430 --> 00:38:31.440 align:start position:0% the Very Rubin Observatory will scan the 00:38:31.440 --> 00:38:33.990 align:start position:0% the Very Rubin Observatory will scan the sky<00:38:31.680> for<00:38:32.000> millions<00:38:32.320> of<00:38:32.480> supernova,<00:38:33.599> providing 00:38:33.990 --> 00:38:34.000 align:start position:0% sky for millions of supernova, providing 00:38:34.000 --> 00:38:36.230 align:start position:0% sky for millions of supernova, providing the<00:38:34.320> enormous<00:38:34.800> data<00:38:35.119> set<00:38:35.359> needed<00:38:36.000> to 00:38:36.230 --> 00:38:36.240 align:start position:0% the enormous data set needed to 00:38:36.240 --> 00:38:38.470 align:start position:0% the enormous data set needed to hopefully<00:38:36.720> bring<00:38:36.880> us<00:38:37.119> to<00:38:37.280> the<00:38:37.520> five<00:38:37.920> sigma 00:38:38.470 --> 00:38:38.480 align:start position:0% hopefully bring us to the five sigma 00:38:38.480 --> 00:38:41.109 align:start position:0% hopefully bring us to the five sigma mark.<00:38:39.520> I<00:38:39.760> personally<00:38:40.400> can't<00:38:40.640> wait<00:38:40.800> to<00:38:41.040> see 00:38:41.109 --> 00:38:41.119 align:start position:0% mark. I personally can't wait to see 00:38:41.119 --> 00:38:43.589 align:start position:0% mark. I personally can't wait to see what<00:38:41.280> they<00:38:41.520> find.<00:38:42.240> But<00:38:42.400> in<00:38:42.560> the<00:38:42.720> meantime,<00:38:43.359> the 00:38:43.589 --> 00:38:43.599 align:start position:0% what they find. But in the meantime, the 00:38:43.599 --> 00:38:46.550 align:start position:0% what they find. But in the meantime, the new<00:38:43.839> Desi<00:38:44.320> findings<00:38:44.880> are<00:38:45.200> tantalizing<00:38:46.240> and 00:38:46.550 --> 00:38:46.560 align:start position:0% new Desi findings are tantalizing and 00:38:46.560 --> 00:38:49.589 align:start position:0% new Desi findings are tantalizing and bring<00:38:46.720> us<00:38:46.880> to<00:38:47.040> the<00:38:47.200> precipice<00:38:48.079> of<00:38:48.400> a<00:38:48.720> whole<00:38:49.200> new 00:38:49.589 --> 00:38:49.599 align:start position:0% bring us to the precipice of a whole new 00:38:49.599 --> 00:38:51.910 align:start position:0% bring us to the precipice of a whole new view<00:38:50.240> of<00:38:50.560> both<00:38:50.800> our<00:38:51.119> standard<00:38:51.520> model<00:38:51.760> of 00:38:51.910 --> 00:38:51.920 align:start position:0% view of both our standard model of 00:38:51.920 --> 00:38:54.630 align:start position:0% view of both our standard model of cosmic<00:38:52.400> evolution<00:38:53.280> and<00:38:53.599> the<00:38:53.920> ultimate<00:38:54.240> fate 00:38:54.630 --> 00:38:54.640 align:start position:0% cosmic evolution and the ultimate fate 00:38:54.640 --> 00:38:56.710 align:start position:0% cosmic evolution and the ultimate fate of<00:38:54.960> our<00:38:55.280> universe. 00:38:56.710 --> 00:38:56.720 align:start position:0% of our universe. 00:38:56.720 --> 00:38:58.710 align:start position:0% of our universe. Let<00:38:57.040> me<00:38:57.200> know<00:38:57.520> in<00:38:57.760> the<00:38:58.000> comments<00:38:58.320> what<00:38:58.560> you 00:38:58.710 --> 00:38:58.720 align:start position:0% Let me know in the comments what you 00:38:58.720 --> 00:39:01.190 align:start position:0% Let me know in the comments what you think.<00:38:59.359> Will<00:38:59.680> the<00:38:59.920> universe<00:39:00.320> end<00:39:00.560> in<00:39:00.800> a<00:39:00.960> big 00:39:01.190 --> 00:39:01.200 align:start position:0% think. Will the universe end in a big 00:39:01.200 --> 00:39:05.030 align:start position:0% think. Will the universe end in a big freeze<00:39:02.000> or<00:39:02.560> is<00:39:02.880> a<00:39:03.119> big<00:39:03.359> crunch<00:39:03.760> on<00:39:03.920> its<00:39:04.160> way? 00:39:05.030 --> 00:39:05.040 align:start position:0% freeze or is a big crunch on its way? 00:39:05.040 --> 00:39:08.390 align:start position:0% freeze or is a big crunch on its way? What<00:39:05.359> ending<00:39:06.160> or<00:39:06.480> rebirth<00:39:07.280> do<00:39:07.599> you<00:39:07.920> imagine 00:39:08.390 --> 00:39:08.400 align:start position:0% What ending or rebirth do you imagine 00:39:08.400 --> 00:39:11.109 align:start position:0% What ending or rebirth do you imagine for<00:39:08.720> our<00:39:09.040> universe? 00:39:11.109 --> 00:39:11.119 align:start position:0% for our universe? 00:39:11.119 --> 00:39:14.069 align:start position:0% for our universe? There's<00:39:11.359> a<00:39:11.599> crisis<00:39:12.240> in<00:39:12.480> the<00:39:12.640> cosmos<00:39:13.599> and<00:39:13.920> the 00:39:14.069 --> 00:39:14.079 align:start position:0% There's a crisis in the cosmos and the 00:39:14.079 --> 00:39:17.109 align:start position:0% There's a crisis in the cosmos and the fate<00:39:14.400> of<00:39:14.640> the<00:39:14.960> entire<00:39:15.760> universe<00:39:16.480> depends<00:39:16.960> on 00:39:17.109 --> 00:39:17.119 align:start position:0% fate of the entire universe depends on 00:39:17.119 --> 00:39:20.069 align:start position:0% fate of the entire universe depends on it.<00:39:18.320> We've<00:39:18.800> known<00:39:19.119> that<00:39:19.359> we<00:39:19.599> live<00:39:19.680> in<00:39:19.920> an 00:39:20.069 --> 00:39:20.079 align:start position:0% it. We've known that we live in an 00:39:20.079 --> 00:39:23.430 align:start position:0% it. We've known that we live in an expanding<00:39:20.560> universe<00:39:21.040> since<00:39:21.440> 1929<00:39:22.720> when<00:39:23.040> Edwin 00:39:23.430 --> 00:39:23.440 align:start position:0% expanding universe since 1929 when Edwin 00:39:23.440 --> 00:39:25.910 align:start position:0% expanding universe since 1929 when Edwin Hubble<00:39:23.920> first<00:39:24.240> proved<00:39:24.640> galaxies<00:39:25.200> are<00:39:25.440> moving 00:39:25.910 --> 00:39:25.920 align:start position:0% Hubble first proved galaxies are moving 00:39:25.920 --> 00:39:28.630 align:start position:0% Hubble first proved galaxies are moving farther<00:39:26.480> and<00:39:26.880> farther<00:39:27.280> apart<00:39:27.839> as<00:39:28.160> time<00:39:28.400> goes 00:39:28.630 --> 00:39:28.640 align:start position:0% farther and farther apart as time goes 00:39:28.640 --> 00:39:31.910 align:start position:0% farther and farther apart as time goes on.<00:39:29.440> This<00:39:29.680> expansion<00:39:30.240> has<00:39:30.480> come<00:39:30.720> to<00:39:31.119> underpin 00:39:31.910 --> 00:39:31.920 align:start position:0% on. This expansion has come to underpin 00:39:31.920 --> 00:39:35.190 align:start position:0% on. This expansion has come to underpin our<00:39:32.480> entire<00:39:33.040> theory<00:39:33.520> of<00:39:33.760> cosmic<00:39:34.240> evolution 00:39:35.190 --> 00:39:35.200 align:start position:0% our entire theory of cosmic evolution 00:39:35.200 --> 00:39:37.589 align:start position:0% our entire theory of cosmic evolution from<00:39:35.440> the<00:39:35.599> big<00:39:35.839> bang<00:39:36.480> to<00:39:36.720> the<00:39:36.880> formation<00:39:37.359> of 00:39:37.589 --> 00:39:37.599 align:start position:0% from the big bang to the formation of 00:39:37.599 --> 00:39:41.510 align:start position:0% from the big bang to the formation of galaxies.<00:39:39.040> The<00:39:39.280> key<00:39:39.520> factor<00:39:40.160> is<00:39:40.480> the<00:39:40.800> rate<00:39:41.280> of 00:39:41.510 --> 00:39:41.520 align:start position:0% galaxies. The key factor is the rate of 00:39:41.520 --> 00:39:43.910 align:start position:0% galaxies. The key factor is the rate of the<00:39:41.760> expansion<00:39:42.160> of<00:39:42.320> the<00:39:42.480> universe,<00:39:43.359> a<00:39:43.599> value 00:39:43.910 --> 00:39:43.920 align:start position:0% the expansion of the universe, a value 00:39:43.920 --> 00:39:46.470 align:start position:0% the expansion of the universe, a value that<00:39:44.240> has<00:39:44.480> become<00:39:44.800> known<00:39:45.280> as<00:39:45.520> the<00:39:45.839> Hubble 00:39:46.470 --> 00:39:46.480 align:start position:0% that has become known as the Hubble 00:39:46.480 --> 00:39:49.349 align:start position:0% that has become known as the Hubble constant.<00:39:47.680> We<00:39:48.000> thought<00:39:48.320> this<00:39:48.640> value<00:39:48.960> was 00:39:49.349 --> 00:39:49.359 align:start position:0% constant. We thought this value was 00:39:49.359 --> 00:39:52.710 align:start position:0% constant. We thought this value was pretty<00:39:49.760> set,<00:39:50.400> but<00:39:50.800> now<00:39:51.520> astronomers<00:39:52.320> aren't 00:39:52.710 --> 00:39:52.720 align:start position:0% pretty set, but now astronomers aren't 00:39:52.720 --> 00:39:55.990 align:start position:0% pretty set, but now astronomers aren't so<00:39:53.119> sure.<00:39:54.000> Do<00:39:54.240> we<00:39:54.480> stand<00:39:54.800> on<00:39:55.040> the<00:39:55.200> brink<00:39:55.520> of<00:39:55.680> a 00:39:55.990 --> 00:39:56.000 align:start position:0% so sure. Do we stand on the brink of a 00:39:56.000 --> 00:39:59.030 align:start position:0% so sure. Do we stand on the brink of a cosmic<00:39:56.480> revolution?<00:39:57.599> Or<00:39:57.760> could<00:39:58.000> it<00:39:58.240> be<00:39:58.720> that 00:39:59.030 --> 00:39:59.040 align:start position:0% cosmic revolution? Or could it be that 00:39:59.040 --> 00:40:02.069 align:start position:0% cosmic revolution? Or could it be that our<00:39:59.440> entire<00:40:00.079> model<00:40:00.480> of<00:40:00.720> the<00:40:00.880> universe<00:40:01.760> is 00:40:02.069 --> 00:40:02.079 align:start position:0% our entire model of the universe is 00:40:02.079 --> 00:40:04.230 align:start position:0% our entire model of the universe is wrong? 00:40:04.230 --> 00:40:04.240 align:start position:0% wrong? 00:40:04.240 --> 00:40:06.550 align:start position:0% wrong? I'm<00:40:04.640> Alex<00:40:04.960> Mccoan<00:40:05.760> and<00:40:06.000> you're<00:40:06.240> watching 00:40:06.550 --> 00:40:06.560 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:40:06.560 --> 00:40:09.589 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:40:07.520> Join<00:40:07.920> me<00:40:08.160> as<00:40:08.400> we<00:40:08.800> explore<00:40:09.359> the 00:40:09.589 --> 00:40:09.599 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me as we explore the 00:40:09.599 --> 00:40:12.710 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me as we explore the crisis<00:40:10.320> gripping<00:40:10.800> cosmology,<00:40:11.920> revealing<00:40:12.400> how 00:40:12.710 --> 00:40:12.720 align:start position:0% crisis gripping cosmology, revealing how 00:40:12.720 --> 00:40:15.190 align:start position:0% crisis gripping cosmology, revealing how Hubble's<00:40:13.359> greatest<00:40:13.839> discovery<00:40:14.560> has<00:40:14.880> become 00:40:15.190 --> 00:40:15.200 align:start position:0% Hubble's greatest discovery has become 00:40:15.200 --> 00:40:17.349 align:start position:0% Hubble's greatest discovery has become one<00:40:15.359> of<00:40:15.520> today's<00:40:16.240> most<00:40:16.720> troublesome 00:40:17.349 --> 00:40:17.359 align:start position:0% one of today's most troublesome 00:40:17.359 --> 00:40:19.910 align:start position:0% one of today's most troublesome questions. 00:40:19.910 --> 00:40:19.920 align:start position:0% questions. 00:40:19.920 --> 00:40:22.550 align:start position:0% questions. For<00:40:20.240> most<00:40:20.480> of<00:40:20.800> human<00:40:21.119> history,<00:40:21.760> the<00:40:22.000> universe 00:40:22.550 --> 00:40:22.560 align:start position:0% For most of human history, the universe 00:40:22.560 --> 00:40:25.589 align:start position:0% For most of human history, the universe was<00:40:23.119> small,<00:40:24.000> or<00:40:24.320> at<00:40:24.320> least<00:40:24.880> we<00:40:25.200> thought<00:40:25.359> it 00:40:25.589 --> 00:40:25.599 align:start position:0% was small, or at least we thought it 00:40:25.599 --> 00:40:29.190 align:start position:0% was small, or at least we thought it was.<00:40:26.720> Some<00:40:27.119> ancient<00:40:27.520> civilizations<00:40:28.560> imagined 00:40:29.190 --> 00:40:29.200 align:start position:0% was. Some ancient civilizations imagined 00:40:29.200 --> 00:40:31.750 align:start position:0% was. Some ancient civilizations imagined Earth<00:40:29.440> to<00:40:29.680> be<00:40:29.839> flat<00:40:30.400> and<00:40:30.720> covered<00:40:31.040> by<00:40:31.200> a<00:40:31.440> dome 00:40:31.750 --> 00:40:31.760 align:start position:0% Earth to be flat and covered by a dome 00:40:31.760 --> 00:40:35.430 align:start position:0% Earth to be flat and covered by a dome of<00:40:32.000> stars.<00:40:32.800> The<00:40:33.040> sun<00:40:33.440> and<00:40:33.760> moon<00:40:34.160> rose<00:40:34.560> and<00:40:34.880> set 00:40:35.430 --> 00:40:35.440 align:start position:0% of stars. The sun and moon rose and set 00:40:35.440 --> 00:40:38.470 align:start position:0% of stars. The sun and moon rose and set and<00:40:35.680> the<00:40:35.920> constellations<00:40:36.880> turned<00:40:37.200> overhead. 00:40:38.470 --> 00:40:38.480 align:start position:0% and the constellations turned overhead. 00:40:38.480 --> 00:40:40.710 align:start position:0% and the constellations turned overhead. By<00:40:38.720> the<00:40:38.960> second<00:40:39.200> century,<00:40:39.839> astronomers<00:40:40.560> such 00:40:40.710 --> 00:40:40.720 align:start position:0% By the second century, astronomers such 00:40:40.720 --> 00:40:43.750 align:start position:0% By the second century, astronomers such as<00:40:41.040> Claudius<00:40:41.760> Tommy<00:40:42.560> had<00:40:42.800> envisioned<00:40:43.440> a 00:40:43.750 --> 00:40:43.760 align:start position:0% as Claudius Tommy had envisioned a 00:40:43.760 --> 00:40:46.470 align:start position:0% as Claudius Tommy had envisioned a geocentric<00:40:44.640> universe<00:40:45.119> with<00:40:45.520> Earth<00:40:45.920> fixed<00:40:46.240> at 00:40:46.470 --> 00:40:46.480 align:start position:0% geocentric universe with Earth fixed at 00:40:46.480 --> 00:40:49.109 align:start position:0% geocentric universe with Earth fixed at the<00:40:46.640> center<00:40:47.200> and<00:40:47.440> the<00:40:47.680> sun,<00:40:48.160> moon,<00:40:48.720> planets, 00:40:49.109 --> 00:40:49.119 align:start position:0% the center and the sun, moon, planets, 00:40:49.119 --> 00:40:52.710 align:start position:0% the center and the sun, moon, planets, and<00:40:49.359> stars<00:40:49.760> all<00:40:50.079> revolving<00:40:50.720> around<00:40:51.200> us.<00:40:52.400> This 00:40:52.710 --> 00:40:52.720 align:start position:0% and stars all revolving around us. This 00:40:52.720 --> 00:40:54.630 align:start position:0% and stars all revolving around us. This would<00:40:52.960> be<00:40:53.119> the<00:40:53.359> reigning<00:40:53.839> model<00:40:54.160> for<00:40:54.400> more 00:40:54.630 --> 00:40:54.640 align:start position:0% would be the reigning model for more 00:40:54.640 --> 00:40:58.150 align:start position:0% would be the reigning model for more than<00:40:54.880> a<00:40:54.960> thousand<00:40:55.440> years<00:40:56.319> until<00:40:56.880> the<00:40:57.280> 1500s 00:40:58.150 --> 00:40:58.160 align:start position:0% than a thousand years until the 1500s 00:40:58.160 --> 00:41:00.950 align:start position:0% than a thousand years until the 1500s when<00:40:58.480> Nicolas<00:40:59.040> Capernicus<00:41:00.079> proposed<00:41:00.640> a 00:41:00.950 --> 00:41:00.960 align:start position:0% when Nicolas Capernicus proposed a 00:41:00.960 --> 00:41:04.069 align:start position:0% when Nicolas Capernicus proposed a heliocentric<00:41:02.000> model<00:41:02.720> where<00:41:03.040> our<00:41:03.359> Earth<00:41:03.760> was 00:41:04.069 --> 00:41:04.079 align:start position:0% heliocentric model where our Earth was 00:41:04.079 --> 00:41:07.349 align:start position:0% heliocentric model where our Earth was one<00:41:04.319> of<00:41:04.640> several<00:41:05.119> planets<00:41:05.680> circling<00:41:06.240> the<00:41:06.560> sun. 00:41:07.349 --> 00:41:07.359 align:start position:0% one of several planets circling the sun. 00:41:07.359 --> 00:41:10.470 align:start position:0% one of several planets circling the sun. A<00:41:07.680> revolutionary<00:41:08.480> idea.<00:41:09.680> Fast<00:41:10.079> forward<00:41:10.319> to 00:41:10.470 --> 00:41:10.480 align:start position:0% A revolutionary idea. Fast forward to 00:41:10.480 --> 00:41:13.270 align:start position:0% A revolutionary idea. Fast forward to the<00:41:10.640> 18th<00:41:11.040> century<00:41:11.760> and<00:41:12.240> William<00:41:12.640> Hershel 00:41:13.270 --> 00:41:13.280 align:start position:0% the 18th century and William Hershel 00:41:13.280 --> 00:41:15.270 align:start position:0% the 18th century and William Hershel mapped<00:41:13.680> some<00:41:13.839> of<00:41:13.920> the<00:41:14.079> stars<00:41:14.319> in<00:41:14.560> our<00:41:14.800> galaxy, 00:41:15.270 --> 00:41:15.280 align:start position:0% mapped some of the stars in our galaxy, 00:41:15.280 --> 00:41:17.990 align:start position:0% mapped some of the stars in our galaxy, the<00:41:15.520> Milky<00:41:15.839> Way,<00:41:16.480> proving<00:41:16.880> that<00:41:17.200> it<00:41:17.440> was<00:41:17.680> a 00:41:17.990 --> 00:41:18.000 align:start position:0% the Milky Way, proving that it was a 00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:21.990 align:start position:0% the Milky Way, proving that it was a vast<00:41:18.720> discshaped<00:41:19.520> system.<00:41:20.560> As<00:41:20.880> antiquated<00:41:21.680> as 00:41:21.990 --> 00:41:22.000 align:start position:0% vast discshaped system. As antiquated as 00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:24.790 align:start position:0% vast discshaped system. As antiquated as it<00:41:22.160> may<00:41:22.400> sound<00:41:22.720> now,<00:41:23.520> astronomers<00:41:24.240> debated 00:41:24.790 --> 00:41:24.800 align:start position:0% it may sound now, astronomers debated 00:41:24.800 --> 00:41:27.430 align:start position:0% it may sound now, astronomers debated for<00:41:25.119> some<00:41:25.440> time<00:41:25.839> whether<00:41:26.160> the<00:41:26.400> Milky<00:41:26.800> Way<00:41:27.119> was 00:41:27.430 --> 00:41:27.440 align:start position:0% for some time whether the Milky Way was 00:41:27.440 --> 00:41:30.710 align:start position:0% for some time whether the Milky Way was the<00:41:27.680> entire<00:41:28.079> universe<00:41:28.960> or<00:41:29.280> if<00:41:29.520> it<00:41:29.760> was<00:41:30.000> in<00:41:30.240> fact 00:41:30.710 --> 00:41:30.720 align:start position:0% the entire universe or if it was in fact 00:41:30.720 --> 00:41:34.230 align:start position:0% the entire universe or if it was in fact one<00:41:31.040> of<00:41:31.440> several<00:41:32.240> island<00:41:32.640> galaxies<00:41:33.359> in<00:41:33.680> a<00:41:33.920> much 00:41:34.230 --> 00:41:34.240 align:start position:0% one of several island galaxies in a much 00:41:34.240 --> 00:41:39.270 align:start position:0% one of several island galaxies in a much larger<00:41:34.640> cosmos.<00:41:36.079> That<00:41:36.400> is<00:41:36.720> until<00:41:37.760> 1923 00:41:39.270 --> 00:41:39.280 align:start position:0% larger cosmos. That is until 1923 00:41:39.280 --> 00:41:41.750 align:start position:0% larger cosmos. That is until 1923 when<00:41:39.520> Edwin<00:41:40.000> Hubble<00:41:40.480> resolved<00:41:40.880> the<00:41:41.200> question 00:41:41.750 --> 00:41:41.760 align:start position:0% when Edwin Hubble resolved the question 00:41:41.760 --> 00:41:44.630 align:start position:0% when Edwin Hubble resolved the question once<00:41:42.240> and<00:41:42.480> for<00:41:42.640> all.<00:41:43.760> Peering<00:41:44.240> through<00:41:44.400> the 00:41:44.630 --> 00:41:44.640 align:start position:0% once and for all. Peering through the 00:41:44.640 --> 00:41:46.790 align:start position:0% once and for all. Peering through the 100inch<00:41:45.359> Hooker<00:41:45.760> telescope<00:41:46.240> at<00:41:46.400> the<00:41:46.560> Mount 00:41:46.790 --> 00:41:46.800 align:start position:0% 100inch Hooker telescope at the Mount 00:41:46.800 --> 00:41:49.109 align:start position:0% 100inch Hooker telescope at the Mount Wilson<00:41:47.200> Observatory<00:41:47.760> in<00:41:48.000> California,<00:41:48.960> the 00:41:49.109 --> 00:41:49.119 align:start position:0% Wilson Observatory in California, the 00:41:49.119 --> 00:41:51.270 align:start position:0% Wilson Observatory in California, the world's<00:41:49.520> largest<00:41:49.920> telescope<00:41:50.400> at<00:41:50.560> the<00:41:50.720> time, 00:41:51.270 --> 00:41:51.280 align:start position:0% world's largest telescope at the time, 00:41:51.280 --> 00:41:53.910 align:start position:0% world's largest telescope at the time, Hubble<00:41:51.680> was<00:41:51.920> able<00:41:52.160> to<00:41:52.319> resolve<00:41:53.119> individual 00:41:53.910 --> 00:41:53.920 align:start position:0% Hubble was able to resolve individual 00:41:53.920 --> 00:41:57.030 align:start position:0% Hubble was able to resolve individual stars<00:41:54.240> in<00:41:54.480> Andromeda<00:41:55.520> and<00:41:55.760> within<00:41:56.160> them<00:41:56.640> found 00:41:57.030 --> 00:41:57.040 align:start position:0% stars in Andromeda and within them found 00:41:57.040 --> 00:42:00.870 align:start position:0% stars in Andromeda and within them found his<00:41:57.359> first<00:41:57.920> sephiid<00:41:58.560> variable<00:41:59.839> using<00:42:00.319> Levit's 00:42:00.870 --> 00:42:00.880 align:start position:0% his first sephiid variable using Levit's 00:42:00.880 --> 00:42:03.670 align:start position:0% his first sephiid variable using Levit's law<00:42:01.359> named<00:42:01.680> after<00:42:02.000> Henrieta<00:42:02.640> Levit<00:42:03.200> who<00:42:03.440> found 00:42:03.670 --> 00:42:03.680 align:start position:0% law named after Henrieta Levit who found 00:42:03.680 --> 00:42:07.030 align:start position:0% law named after Henrieta Levit who found more<00:42:03.839> than<00:42:04.160> 2,400<00:42:05.440> variable<00:42:05.920> stars<00:42:06.720> and 00:42:07.030 --> 00:42:07.040 align:start position:0% more than 2,400 variable stars and 00:42:07.040 --> 00:42:08.710 align:start position:0% more than 2,400 variable stars and discovered<00:42:07.520> that<00:42:07.760> they<00:42:08.000> could<00:42:08.160> be<00:42:08.319> used<00:42:08.560> to 00:42:08.710 --> 00:42:08.720 align:start position:0% discovered that they could be used to 00:42:08.720 --> 00:42:11.270 align:start position:0% discovered that they could be used to measure<00:42:09.119> distances<00:42:09.599> across<00:42:10.000> the<00:42:10.240> universe. 00:42:11.270 --> 00:42:11.280 align:start position:0% measure distances across the universe. 00:42:11.280 --> 00:42:13.670 align:start position:0% measure distances across the universe. Hubble<00:42:11.760> determined<00:42:12.400> that<00:42:12.720> Andromeda<00:42:13.440> was 00:42:13.670 --> 00:42:13.680 align:start position:0% Hubble determined that Andromeda was 00:42:13.680 --> 00:42:17.430 align:start position:0% Hubble determined that Andromeda was some<00:42:14.319> 900,000<00:42:15.599> light-years<00:42:16.160> from<00:42:16.319> Earth,<00:42:17.040> an 00:42:17.430 --> 00:42:17.440 align:start position:0% some 900,000 light-years from Earth, an 00:42:17.440 --> 00:42:20.630 align:start position:0% some 900,000 light-years from Earth, an astonishing<00:42:18.240> distance,<00:42:19.359> too<00:42:19.760> far<00:42:20.000> away<00:42:20.319> to<00:42:20.480> be 00:42:20.630 --> 00:42:20.640 align:start position:0% astonishing distance, too far away to be 00:42:20.640 --> 00:42:23.190 align:start position:0% astonishing distance, too far away to be part<00:42:20.880> of<00:42:20.960> the<00:42:21.119> Milky<00:42:21.440> Way.<00:42:22.240> This<00:42:22.480> proved<00:42:22.880> that 00:42:23.190 --> 00:42:23.200 align:start position:0% part of the Milky Way. This proved that 00:42:23.200 --> 00:42:25.670 align:start position:0% part of the Milky Way. This proved that another<00:42:23.599> galaxy<00:42:24.160> with<00:42:24.400> its<00:42:24.720> own<00:42:25.040> stars 00:42:25.670 --> 00:42:25.680 align:start position:0% another galaxy with its own stars 00:42:25.680 --> 00:42:29.670 align:start position:0% another galaxy with its own stars existed<00:42:26.720> outside<00:42:27.200> of<00:42:27.440> our<00:42:27.760> own.<00:42:28.720> Overnight, 00:42:29.670 --> 00:42:29.680 align:start position:0% existed outside of our own. Overnight, 00:42:29.680 --> 00:42:32.470 align:start position:0% existed outside of our own. Overnight, Hubble<00:42:30.240> widened<00:42:30.880> our<00:42:31.200> view<00:42:31.440> of<00:42:31.680> the<00:42:31.920> universe 00:42:32.470 --> 00:42:32.480 align:start position:0% Hubble widened our view of the universe 00:42:32.480 --> 00:42:34.230 align:start position:0% Hubble widened our view of the universe immeasurably. 00:42:34.230 --> 00:42:34.240 align:start position:0% immeasurably. 00:42:34.240 --> 00:42:37.270 align:start position:0% immeasurably. But<00:42:35.040> he<00:42:35.280> didn't<00:42:35.599> stop<00:42:35.839> there. 00:42:37.270 --> 00:42:37.280 align:start position:0% But he didn't stop there. 00:42:37.280 --> 00:42:39.430 align:start position:0% But he didn't stop there. He<00:42:37.520> would<00:42:37.680> go<00:42:37.839> on<00:42:38.000> to<00:42:38.160> use<00:42:38.400> Levit's<00:42:38.880> law<00:42:39.119> to 00:42:39.430 --> 00:42:39.440 align:start position:0% He would go on to use Levit's law to 00:42:39.440 --> 00:42:42.470 align:start position:0% He would go on to use Levit's law to identify<00:42:40.000> 23<00:42:40.720> other<00:42:41.119> galaxies<00:42:41.839> and<00:42:42.160> measure 00:42:42.470 --> 00:42:42.480 align:start position:0% identify 23 other galaxies and measure 00:42:42.480 --> 00:42:45.750 align:start position:0% identify 23 other galaxies and measure their<00:42:42.800> distances,<00:42:43.839> some<00:42:44.079> as<00:42:44.400> far<00:42:44.560> away<00:42:44.880> as<00:42:45.359> 20 00:42:45.750 --> 00:42:45.760 align:start position:0% their distances, some as far away as 20 00:42:45.760 --> 00:42:47.990 align:start position:0% their distances, some as far away as 20 million<00:42:46.079> lightyears<00:42:46.560> from<00:42:46.800> our<00:42:47.040> planet. 00:42:47.990 --> 00:42:48.000 align:start position:0% million lightyears from our planet. 00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:50.309 align:start position:0% million lightyears from our planet. Ultimately,<00:42:48.800> Hubble<00:42:49.280> concluded<00:42:49.839> that 00:42:50.309 --> 00:42:50.319 align:start position:0% Ultimately, Hubble concluded that 00:42:50.319 --> 00:42:52.950 align:start position:0% Ultimately, Hubble concluded that millions<00:42:50.720> of<00:42:50.960> other<00:42:51.200> galaxies<00:42:52.079> must<00:42:52.480> exist 00:42:52.950 --> 00:42:52.960 align:start position:0% millions of other galaxies must exist 00:42:52.960 --> 00:42:55.829 align:start position:0% millions of other galaxies must exist outside<00:42:53.440> of<00:42:53.680> our<00:42:54.000> own<00:42:54.720> forever<00:42:55.359> changing 00:42:55.829 --> 00:42:55.839 align:start position:0% outside of our own forever changing 00:42:55.839 --> 00:42:58.710 align:start position:0% outside of our own forever changing astronomy.<00:42:57.200> But<00:42:57.359> Hubble's<00:42:58.079> next 00:42:58.710 --> 00:42:58.720 align:start position:0% astronomy. But Hubble's next 00:42:58.720 --> 00:43:01.670 align:start position:0% astronomy. But Hubble's next revolutionary<00:42:59.680> discovery<00:43:00.640> also<00:43:01.040> needed<00:43:01.440> the 00:43:01.670 --> 00:43:01.680 align:start position:0% revolutionary discovery also needed the 00:43:01.680 --> 00:43:05.190 align:start position:0% revolutionary discovery also needed the work<00:43:01.920> of<00:43:02.480> Vesto<00:43:03.119> Slifer,<00:43:04.079> an<00:43:04.319> astronomer<00:43:04.880> born 00:43:05.190 --> 00:43:05.200 align:start position:0% work of Vesto Slifer, an astronomer born 00:43:05.200 --> 00:43:08.710 align:start position:0% work of Vesto Slifer, an astronomer born on<00:43:05.440> a<00:43:05.599> farm<00:43:05.839> in<00:43:06.160> Indiana<00:43:06.800> in<00:43:07.119> 1875. 00:43:08.710 --> 00:43:08.720 align:start position:0% on a farm in Indiana in 1875. 00:43:08.720 --> 00:43:10.870 align:start position:0% on a farm in Indiana in 1875. He<00:43:09.040> joined<00:43:09.359> the<00:43:09.599> Lowel<00:43:10.000> Observatory<00:43:10.640> in 00:43:10.870 --> 00:43:10.880 align:start position:0% He joined the Lowel Observatory in 00:43:10.880 --> 00:43:14.470 align:start position:0% He joined the Lowel Observatory in Flagstaff,<00:43:11.680> Arizona<00:43:12.240> in<00:43:12.560> 1901.<00:43:13.680> And<00:43:13.920> between 00:43:14.470 --> 00:43:14.480 align:start position:0% Flagstaff, Arizona in 1901. And between 00:43:14.480 --> 00:43:18.309 align:start position:0% Flagstaff, Arizona in 1901. And between 1912<00:43:15.280> and<00:43:15.520> 1925,<00:43:16.960> he<00:43:17.200> made<00:43:17.599> systematic 00:43:18.309 --> 00:43:18.319 align:start position:0% 1912 and 1925, he made systematic 00:43:18.319 --> 00:43:20.790 align:start position:0% 1912 and 1925, he made systematic observations<00:43:18.960> of<00:43:19.280> more<00:43:19.520> than<00:43:19.839> 40<00:43:20.319> spiral 00:43:20.790 --> 00:43:20.800 align:start position:0% observations of more than 40 spiral 00:43:20.800 --> 00:43:23.910 align:start position:0% observations of more than 40 spiral galaxies.<00:43:22.160> At<00:43:22.400> the<00:43:22.640> time<00:43:23.040> it<00:43:23.280> was<00:43:23.440> known<00:43:23.680> that 00:43:23.910 --> 00:43:23.920 align:start position:0% galaxies. At the time it was known that 00:43:23.920 --> 00:43:25.829 align:start position:0% galaxies. At the time it was known that the<00:43:24.079> light<00:43:24.400> observed<00:43:24.960> from<00:43:25.200> these<00:43:25.440> distant 00:43:25.829 --> 00:43:25.839 align:start position:0% the light observed from these distant 00:43:25.839 --> 00:43:28.150 align:start position:0% the light observed from these distant galaxies<00:43:26.319> could<00:43:26.560> be<00:43:26.720> split<00:43:27.119> into<00:43:27.680> spectral 00:43:28.150 --> 00:43:28.160 align:start position:0% galaxies could be split into spectral 00:43:28.160 --> 00:43:30.150 align:start position:0% galaxies could be split into spectral components<00:43:29.040> and<00:43:29.280> depending<00:43:29.680> on<00:43:29.839> what 00:43:30.150 --> 00:43:30.160 align:start position:0% components and depending on what 00:43:30.160 --> 00:43:31.670 align:start position:0% components and depending on what elements<00:43:30.640> were<00:43:30.880> present<00:43:31.119> in<00:43:31.280> the<00:43:31.440> light 00:43:31.670 --> 00:43:31.680 align:start position:0% elements were present in the light 00:43:31.680 --> 00:43:34.550 align:start position:0% elements were present in the light source<00:43:32.480> different<00:43:32.880> patterns<00:43:33.280> would<00:43:33.599> appear. 00:43:34.550 --> 00:43:34.560 align:start position:0% source different patterns would appear. 00:43:34.560 --> 00:43:36.790 align:start position:0% source different patterns would appear. If<00:43:34.800> the<00:43:34.960> object<00:43:35.359> being<00:43:35.680> observed<00:43:36.079> was<00:43:36.400> moving 00:43:36.790 --> 00:43:36.800 align:start position:0% If the object being observed was moving 00:43:36.800 --> 00:43:39.109 align:start position:0% If the object being observed was moving away<00:43:37.440> then<00:43:37.680> those<00:43:38.000> same<00:43:38.240> patterns<00:43:38.720> would<00:43:38.960> be 00:43:39.109 --> 00:43:39.119 align:start position:0% away then those same patterns would be 00:43:39.119 --> 00:43:41.190 align:start position:0% away then those same patterns would be present<00:43:39.920> only<00:43:40.240> they<00:43:40.480> would<00:43:40.640> be<00:43:40.800> shifted 00:43:41.190 --> 00:43:41.200 align:start position:0% present only they would be shifted 00:43:41.200 --> 00:43:43.750 align:start position:0% present only they would be shifted towards<00:43:41.520> the<00:43:41.760> red<00:43:42.079> end<00:43:42.240> of<00:43:42.400> the<00:43:42.560> spectrum<00:43:43.599> what 00:43:43.750 --> 00:43:43.760 align:start position:0% towards the red end of the spectrum what 00:43:43.760 --> 00:43:47.030 align:start position:0% towards the red end of the spectrum what we<00:43:44.000> call<00:43:44.480> red<00:43:44.800> shift.<00:43:46.000> Through<00:43:46.480> years<00:43:46.800> of 00:43:47.030 --> 00:43:47.040 align:start position:0% we call red shift. Through years of 00:43:47.040 --> 00:43:50.230 align:start position:0% we call red shift. Through years of observation,<00:43:48.000> Sifer<00:43:48.640> found<00:43:49.040> that<00:43:49.440> nearly<00:43:49.920> all 00:43:50.230 --> 00:43:50.240 align:start position:0% observation, Sifer found that nearly all 00:43:50.240 --> 00:43:52.390 align:start position:0% observation, Sifer found that nearly all galaxies<00:43:50.800> appear<00:43:51.200> to<00:43:51.359> be<00:43:51.520> moving<00:43:51.839> away<00:43:52.160> from 00:43:52.390 --> 00:43:52.400 align:start position:0% galaxies appear to be moving away from 00:43:52.400 --> 00:43:55.109 align:start position:0% galaxies appear to be moving away from us.<00:43:53.119> But<00:43:53.280> at<00:43:53.520> the<00:43:53.680> time,<00:43:54.240> he<00:43:54.480> didn't<00:43:54.720> have<00:43:54.880> a 00:43:55.109 --> 00:43:55.119 align:start position:0% us. But at the time, he didn't have a 00:43:55.119 --> 00:43:57.190 align:start position:0% us. But at the time, he didn't have a way<00:43:55.280> to<00:43:55.599> measure<00:43:55.920> the<00:43:56.240> distances<00:43:56.640> to<00:43:56.880> these 00:43:57.190 --> 00:43:57.200 align:start position:0% way to measure the distances to these 00:43:57.200 --> 00:43:59.430 align:start position:0% way to measure the distances to these far<00:43:57.520> away<00:43:57.760> bodies,<00:43:58.640> let<00:43:58.800> alone<00:43:59.200> their 00:43:59.430 --> 00:43:59.440 align:start position:0% far away bodies, let alone their 00:43:59.440 --> 00:44:01.030 align:start position:0% far away bodies, let alone their velocity. 00:44:01.030 --> 00:44:01.040 align:start position:0% velocity. 00:44:01.040 --> 00:44:04.550 align:start position:0% velocity. In<00:44:01.520> 1927,<00:44:02.880> Belgian<00:44:03.359> scientist<00:44:04.160> George 00:44:04.550 --> 00:44:04.560 align:start position:0% In 1927, Belgian scientist George 00:44:04.560 --> 00:44:07.270 align:start position:0% In 1927, Belgian scientist George Lamemetra<00:44:05.680> proposed<00:44:06.160> a<00:44:06.400> theory<00:44:06.800> that<00:44:07.040> the 00:44:07.270 --> 00:44:07.280 align:start position:0% Lamemetra proposed a theory that the 00:44:07.280 --> 00:44:10.550 align:start position:0% Lamemetra proposed a theory that the universe<00:44:07.839> was<00:44:08.079> the<00:44:08.319> same<00:44:08.640> in<00:44:09.040> all<00:44:09.440> directions 00:44:10.550 --> 00:44:10.560 align:start position:0% universe was the same in all directions 00:44:10.560 --> 00:44:12.630 align:start position:0% universe was the same in all directions and<00:44:10.800> that<00:44:11.119> if<00:44:11.440> Einstein's<00:44:12.079> theory<00:44:12.400> of 00:44:12.630 --> 00:44:12.640 align:start position:0% and that if Einstein's theory of 00:44:12.640 --> 00:44:15.670 align:start position:0% and that if Einstein's theory of relativity<00:44:13.280> was<00:44:13.599> right,<00:44:14.400> it<00:44:14.720> must<00:44:14.960> also<00:44:15.440> be 00:44:15.670 --> 00:44:15.680 align:start position:0% relativity was right, it must also be 00:44:15.680 --> 00:44:18.470 align:start position:0% relativity was right, it must also be expanding.<00:44:17.040> But<00:44:17.200> he<00:44:17.440> had<00:44:17.680> no<00:44:17.920> evidence<00:44:18.240> to 00:44:18.470 --> 00:44:18.480 align:start position:0% expanding. But he had no evidence to 00:44:18.480 --> 00:44:21.030 align:start position:0% expanding. But he had no evidence to support<00:44:18.800> this<00:44:19.040> theory.<00:44:19.760> So<00:44:20.160> it<00:44:20.400> was<00:44:20.640> ignored 00:44:21.030 --> 00:44:21.040 align:start position:0% support this theory. So it was ignored 00:44:21.040 --> 00:44:24.230 align:start position:0% support this theory. So it was ignored for<00:44:21.280> the<00:44:21.440> most<00:44:21.599> part.<00:44:22.640> That<00:44:22.960> is<00:44:23.599> until<00:44:24.000> we 00:44:24.230 --> 00:44:24.240 align:start position:0% for the most part. That is until we 00:44:24.240 --> 00:44:27.109 align:start position:0% for the most part. That is until we bring<00:44:24.560> Hubble<00:44:25.040> back<00:44:25.280> into<00:44:25.520> the<00:44:25.760> picture.<00:44:26.880> Like 00:44:27.109 --> 00:44:27.119 align:start position:0% bring Hubble back into the picture. Like 00:44:27.119 --> 00:44:29.270 align:start position:0% bring Hubble back into the picture. Like most<00:44:27.440> scientists<00:44:27.839> at<00:44:28.079> the<00:44:28.240> time,<00:44:28.640> Hubble<00:44:29.119> was 00:44:29.270 --> 00:44:29.280 align:start position:0% most scientists at the time, Hubble was 00:44:29.280 --> 00:44:32.390 align:start position:0% most scientists at the time, Hubble was unaware<00:44:29.839> of<00:44:30.079> Lmetra's<00:44:30.720> theory<00:44:31.359> or<00:44:31.680> of<00:44:32.000> another 00:44:32.390 --> 00:44:32.400 align:start position:0% unaware of Lmetra's theory or of another 00:44:32.400 --> 00:44:34.550 align:start position:0% unaware of Lmetra's theory or of another similar<00:44:32.720> one<00:44:33.040> proposed<00:44:33.520> a<00:44:33.760> few<00:44:33.920> years<00:44:34.160> earlier 00:44:34.550 --> 00:44:34.560 align:start position:0% similar one proposed a few years earlier 00:44:34.560 --> 00:44:36.630 align:start position:0% similar one proposed a few years earlier by<00:44:34.800> Soviet<00:44:35.280> scientist<00:44:35.920> Alexander 00:44:36.630 --> 00:44:36.640 align:start position:0% by Soviet scientist Alexander 00:44:36.640 --> 00:44:39.030 align:start position:0% by Soviet scientist Alexander Freriedman.<00:44:37.760> Instead,<00:44:38.560> from<00:44:38.800> the 00:44:39.030 --> 00:44:39.040 align:start position:0% Freriedman. Instead, from the 00:44:39.040 --> 00:44:41.589 align:start position:0% Freriedman. Instead, from the observatory<00:44:39.599> on<00:44:39.920> Mount<00:44:40.160> Wilson,<00:44:40.880> Hubble<00:44:41.280> made 00:44:41.589 --> 00:44:41.599 align:start position:0% observatory on Mount Wilson, Hubble made 00:44:41.599 --> 00:44:43.990 align:start position:0% observatory on Mount Wilson, Hubble made the<00:44:41.920> same<00:44:42.240> observation<00:44:42.800> as<00:44:42.960> Lifer<00:44:43.760> that 00:44:43.990 --> 00:44:44.000 align:start position:0% the same observation as Lifer that 00:44:44.000 --> 00:44:47.430 align:start position:0% the same observation as Lifer that galaxies<00:44:44.800> seem<00:44:45.200> to<00:44:45.359> be<00:44:45.680> moving<00:44:46.079> away<00:44:46.319> from<00:44:46.480> us. 00:44:47.430 --> 00:44:47.440 align:start position:0% galaxies seem to be moving away from us. 00:44:47.440 --> 00:44:49.670 align:start position:0% galaxies seem to be moving away from us. But<00:44:47.599> he<00:44:47.920> noticed<00:44:48.319> something<00:44:48.800> that<00:44:49.119> nobody 00:44:49.670 --> 00:44:49.680 align:start position:0% But he noticed something that nobody 00:44:49.680 --> 00:44:52.470 align:start position:0% But he noticed something that nobody else<00:44:49.920> had<00:44:50.240> spotted<00:44:50.640> before.<00:44:51.839> The<00:44:52.079> farther 00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:52.480 align:start position:0% else had spotted before. The farther 00:44:52.480 --> 00:44:55.750 align:start position:0% else had spotted before. The farther away<00:44:52.800> a<00:44:53.119> galaxy<00:44:53.599> was,<00:44:54.480> the<00:44:54.640> more<00:44:54.960> red<00:44:55.200> shift<00:44:55.520> it 00:44:55.750 --> 00:44:55.760 align:start position:0% away a galaxy was, the more red shift it 00:44:55.760 --> 00:44:59.109 align:start position:0% away a galaxy was, the more red shift it appeared<00:44:56.079> to<00:44:56.240> have,<00:44:57.280> meaning<00:44:58.000> the<00:44:58.400> faster<00:44:58.880> it 00:44:59.109 --> 00:44:59.119 align:start position:0% appeared to have, meaning the faster it 00:44:59.119 --> 00:45:01.750 align:start position:0% appeared to have, meaning the faster it was<00:44:59.280> racing<00:44:59.680> away<00:44:59.920> from<00:45:00.160> us.<00:45:00.800> And<00:45:01.040> this<00:45:01.440> was 00:45:01.750 --> 00:45:01.760 align:start position:0% was racing away from us. And this was 00:45:01.760 --> 00:45:05.589 align:start position:0% was racing away from us. And this was happening<00:45:02.480> in<00:45:03.040> every<00:45:03.760> direction. 00:45:05.589 --> 00:45:05.599 align:start position:0% happening in every direction. 00:45:05.599 --> 00:45:07.910 align:start position:0% happening in every direction. More<00:45:05.920> observations<00:45:06.640> revealed<00:45:07.119> that<00:45:07.440> almost 00:45:07.910 --> 00:45:07.920 align:start position:0% More observations revealed that almost 00:45:07.920 --> 00:45:10.230 align:start position:0% More observations revealed that almost all<00:45:08.240> galaxies<00:45:08.800> appeared<00:45:09.200> to<00:45:09.359> be<00:45:09.520> moving<00:45:09.920> away 00:45:10.230 --> 00:45:10.240 align:start position:0% all galaxies appeared to be moving away 00:45:10.240 --> 00:45:12.710 align:start position:0% all galaxies appeared to be moving away from<00:45:10.480> each<00:45:10.720> other<00:45:11.440> and<00:45:11.680> that<00:45:11.839> the<00:45:12.160> red<00:45:12.480> shift 00:45:12.710 --> 00:45:12.720 align:start position:0% from each other and that the red shift 00:45:12.720 --> 00:45:15.430 align:start position:0% from each other and that the red shift of<00:45:12.880> a<00:45:13.040> galaxy<00:45:13.599> was<00:45:14.000> directly<00:45:14.640> proportional<00:45:15.200> to 00:45:15.430 --> 00:45:15.440 align:start position:0% of a galaxy was directly proportional to 00:45:15.440 --> 00:45:18.790 align:start position:0% of a galaxy was directly proportional to the<00:45:15.760> distance<00:45:16.160> of<00:45:16.480> the<00:45:16.720> galaxy<00:45:17.200> from<00:45:17.599> Earth. 00:45:18.790 --> 00:45:18.800 align:start position:0% the distance of the galaxy from Earth. 00:45:18.800 --> 00:45:21.990 align:start position:0% the distance of the galaxy from Earth. This<00:45:19.200> was<00:45:19.520> a<00:45:20.000> major<00:45:20.560> breakthrough.<00:45:21.520> It<00:45:21.760> meant 00:45:21.990 --> 00:45:22.000 align:start position:0% This was a major breakthrough. It meant 00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:25.109 align:start position:0% This was a major breakthrough. It meant that<00:45:22.240> the<00:45:22.480> universe<00:45:23.280> must<00:45:23.599> be<00:45:23.839> expanding. 00:45:25.109 --> 00:45:25.119 align:start position:0% that the universe must be expanding. 00:45:25.119 --> 00:45:28.630 align:start position:0% that the universe must be expanding. Hubble<00:45:25.680> announced<00:45:26.079> his<00:45:26.319> finding<00:45:26.800> in<00:45:27.119> 1929<00:45:28.319> and 00:45:28.630 --> 00:45:28.640 align:start position:0% Hubble announced his finding in 1929 and 00:45:28.640 --> 00:45:31.190 align:start position:0% Hubble announced his finding in 1929 and following<00:45:29.040> its<00:45:29.359> publication,<00:45:30.319> it<00:45:30.640> became 00:45:31.190 --> 00:45:31.200 align:start position:0% following its publication, it became 00:45:31.200 --> 00:45:33.270 align:start position:0% following its publication, it became supporting<00:45:31.839> evidence<00:45:32.240> for<00:45:32.480> Lmetra's 00:45:33.270 --> 00:45:33.280 align:start position:0% supporting evidence for Lmetra's 00:45:33.280 --> 00:45:35.670 align:start position:0% supporting evidence for Lmetra's expanding<00:45:33.920> universe<00:45:34.400> theory,<00:45:35.200> which<00:45:35.440> would 00:45:35.670 --> 00:45:35.680 align:start position:0% expanding universe theory, which would 00:45:35.680 --> 00:45:39.270 align:start position:0% expanding universe theory, which would become<00:45:36.000> known<00:45:36.560> as<00:45:36.800> the<00:45:37.040> big<00:45:37.280> bang.<00:45:38.640> Hubble's 00:45:39.270 --> 00:45:39.280 align:start position:0% become known as the big bang. Hubble's 00:45:39.280 --> 00:45:41.030 align:start position:0% become known as the big bang. Hubble's initial<00:45:39.680> measurement<00:45:40.079> of<00:45:40.240> the<00:45:40.480> rate<00:45:40.720> of<00:45:40.880> the 00:45:41.030 --> 00:45:41.040 align:start position:0% initial measurement of the rate of the 00:45:41.040 --> 00:45:43.109 align:start position:0% initial measurement of the rate of the expansion<00:45:41.440> of<00:45:41.599> the<00:45:41.760> universe,<00:45:42.480> which<00:45:42.800> would 00:45:43.109 --> 00:45:43.119 align:start position:0% expansion of the universe, which would 00:45:43.119 --> 00:45:45.670 align:start position:0% expansion of the universe, which would become<00:45:43.440> known<00:45:43.760> as<00:45:43.920> the<00:45:44.160> Hubble<00:45:44.640> constant,<00:45:45.359> was 00:45:45.670 --> 00:45:45.680 align:start position:0% become known as the Hubble constant, was 00:45:45.680 --> 00:45:50.950 align:start position:0% become known as the Hubble constant, was roughly<00:45:46.640> 160<00:45:47.520> km/s<00:45:48.960> per<00:45:49.440> million<00:45:49.839> lightyear. 00:45:50.950 --> 00:45:50.960 align:start position:0% roughly 160 km/s per million lightyear. 00:45:50.960 --> 00:45:59.030 align:start position:0% roughly 160 km/s per million lightyear. That's<00:45:51.280> about<00:45:51.839> 500<00:45:52.319> km/s<00:45:53.440> per<00:45:53.760> mega<00:45:54.079> parcel 00:45:59.030 --> 00:45:59.040 align:start position:0% 00:45:59.040 --> 00:46:01.030 align:start position:0% himself<00:45:59.520> worked<00:45:59.839> to<00:46:00.000> refine<00:46:00.319> it<00:46:00.560> over<00:46:00.800> his 00:46:01.030 --> 00:46:01.040 align:start position:0% himself worked to refine it over his 00:46:01.040 --> 00:46:03.670 align:start position:0% himself worked to refine it over his career.<00:46:02.000> Since<00:46:02.319> then,<00:46:02.640> the<00:46:02.880> Hubble<00:46:03.280> constant 00:46:03.670 --> 00:46:03.680 align:start position:0% career. Since then, the Hubble constant 00:46:03.680 --> 00:46:05.990 align:start position:0% career. Since then, the Hubble constant has<00:46:03.920> become<00:46:04.240> a<00:46:04.640> fundamental<00:46:05.440> value<00:46:05.760> in 00:46:05.990 --> 00:46:06.000 align:start position:0% has become a fundamental value in 00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:08.630 align:start position:0% has become a fundamental value in cosmology.<00:46:07.280> We've<00:46:07.599> used<00:46:07.760> it<00:46:08.000> to<00:46:08.160> establish 00:46:08.630 --> 00:46:08.640 align:start position:0% cosmology. We've used it to establish 00:46:08.640 --> 00:46:11.670 align:start position:0% cosmology. We've used it to establish the<00:46:08.960> age<00:46:09.599> and<00:46:09.839> the<00:46:10.079> size<00:46:10.400> of<00:46:10.560> the<00:46:10.800> universe. 00:46:11.670 --> 00:46:11.680 align:start position:0% the age and the size of the universe. 00:46:11.680 --> 00:46:13.829 align:start position:0% the age and the size of the universe. And<00:46:11.920> those<00:46:12.160> numbers<00:46:12.640> are<00:46:12.960> important<00:46:13.520> for 00:46:13.829 --> 00:46:13.839 align:start position:0% And those numbers are important for 00:46:13.839 --> 00:46:17.270 align:start position:0% And those numbers are important for many,<00:46:14.560> if<00:46:14.800> not<00:46:15.200> all,<00:46:15.680> other<00:46:16.319> cosmological 00:46:17.270 --> 00:46:17.280 align:start position:0% many, if not all, other cosmological 00:46:17.280 --> 00:46:19.270 align:start position:0% many, if not all, other cosmological calculations. 00:46:19.270 --> 00:46:19.280 align:start position:0% calculations. 00:46:19.280 --> 00:46:22.069 align:start position:0% calculations. To<00:46:19.599> narrow<00:46:20.079> in<00:46:20.400> on<00:46:20.560> the<00:46:20.800> most<00:46:21.040> precise<00:46:21.760> value 00:46:22.069 --> 00:46:22.079 align:start position:0% To narrow in on the most precise value 00:46:22.079 --> 00:46:24.230 align:start position:0% To narrow in on the most precise value for<00:46:22.319> the<00:46:22.480> Hubble<00:46:22.880> constant,<00:46:23.599> astronomers 00:46:24.230 --> 00:46:24.240 align:start position:0% for the Hubble constant, astronomers 00:46:24.240 --> 00:46:27.109 align:start position:0% for the Hubble constant, astronomers have<00:46:24.480> used<00:46:24.960> two<00:46:25.359> primary<00:46:25.839> methods.<00:46:26.880> But 00:46:27.109 --> 00:46:27.119 align:start position:0% have used two primary methods. But 00:46:27.119 --> 00:46:29.349 align:start position:0% have used two primary methods. But something<00:46:27.440> about<00:46:27.760> this<00:46:28.000> value<00:46:28.480> isn't<00:46:28.960> adding 00:46:29.349 --> 00:46:29.359 align:start position:0% something about this value isn't adding 00:46:29.359 --> 00:46:31.829 align:start position:0% something about this value isn't adding up.<00:46:30.319> One<00:46:30.560> way<00:46:30.800> astronomers<00:46:31.440> measure<00:46:31.680> the 00:46:31.829 --> 00:46:31.839 align:start position:0% up. One way astronomers measure the 00:46:31.839 --> 00:46:34.069 align:start position:0% up. One way astronomers measure the Hubble<00:46:32.240> constant<00:46:32.800> is<00:46:33.119> through<00:46:33.520> additional 00:46:34.069 --> 00:46:34.079 align:start position:0% Hubble constant is through additional 00:46:34.079 --> 00:46:36.309 align:start position:0% Hubble constant is through additional observations<00:46:34.640> of<00:46:34.800> red<00:46:35.119> shift.<00:46:35.920> In<00:46:36.160> other 00:46:36.309 --> 00:46:36.319 align:start position:0% observations of red shift. In other 00:46:36.319 --> 00:46:38.390 align:start position:0% observations of red shift. In other words,<00:46:36.800> the<00:46:37.040> same<00:46:37.200> way<00:46:37.440> Hubble<00:46:37.920> made<00:46:38.160> his 00:46:38.390 --> 00:46:38.400 align:start position:0% words, the same way Hubble made his 00:46:38.400 --> 00:46:41.510 align:start position:0% words, the same way Hubble made his initial<00:46:38.800> discoveries<00:46:40.079> known<00:46:40.400> as<00:46:40.640> the<00:46:40.880> cosmic 00:46:41.510 --> 00:46:41.520 align:start position:0% initial discoveries known as the cosmic 00:46:41.520 --> 00:46:44.950 align:start position:0% initial discoveries known as the cosmic distance<00:46:42.079> ladder<00:46:42.800> or<00:46:43.359> late<00:46:43.760> universe<00:46:44.319> method. 00:46:44.950 --> 00:46:44.960 align:start position:0% distance ladder or late universe method. 00:46:44.960 --> 00:46:46.870 align:start position:0% distance ladder or late universe method. It<00:46:45.119> measures<00:46:45.440> the<00:46:45.599> expansion<00:46:46.079> as<00:46:46.319> we<00:46:46.480> see<00:46:46.640> it 00:46:46.870 --> 00:46:46.880 align:start position:0% It measures the expansion as we see it 00:46:46.880 --> 00:46:49.030 align:start position:0% It measures the expansion as we see it now<00:46:47.359> billions<00:46:47.760> of<00:46:48.000> years<00:46:48.319> after<00:46:48.640> the<00:46:48.800> big 00:46:49.030 --> 00:46:49.040 align:start position:0% now billions of years after the big 00:46:49.040 --> 00:46:51.990 align:start position:0% now billions of years after the big bang.<00:46:50.000> The<00:46:50.240> more<00:46:50.480> examples<00:46:50.960> of<00:46:51.280> distant<00:46:51.760> red 00:46:51.990 --> 00:46:52.000 align:start position:0% bang. The more examples of distant red 00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:54.550 align:start position:0% bang. The more examples of distant red shift<00:46:52.319> that<00:46:52.640> we<00:46:52.880> are<00:46:53.040> able<00:46:53.280> to<00:46:53.520> get,<00:46:54.160> the<00:46:54.400> more 00:46:54.550 --> 00:46:54.560 align:start position:0% shift that we are able to get, the more 00:46:54.560 --> 00:46:56.950 align:start position:0% shift that we are able to get, the more accurate<00:46:54.960> the<00:46:55.119> measurement<00:46:55.599> should<00:46:55.920> become. 00:46:56.950 --> 00:46:56.960 align:start position:0% accurate the measurement should become. 00:46:56.960 --> 00:46:58.710 align:start position:0% accurate the measurement should become. Over<00:46:57.200> the<00:46:57.359> years,<00:46:57.680> this<00:46:57.839> has<00:46:58.079> refined<00:46:58.480> the 00:46:58.710 --> 00:46:58.720 align:start position:0% Over the years, this has refined the 00:46:58.720 --> 00:47:01.990 align:start position:0% Over the years, this has refined the Hubble<00:46:59.040> constant<00:46:59.440> to<00:46:59.680> approximately<00:47:00.640> 73.5 00:47:01.990 --> 00:47:02.000 align:start position:0% Hubble constant to approximately 73.5 00:47:02.000 --> 00:47:03.589 align:start position:0% Hubble constant to approximately 73.5 km/s 00:47:03.589 --> 00:47:03.599 align:start position:0% km/s 00:47:03.599 --> 00:47:06.230 align:start position:0% km/s per<00:47:03.839> mega<00:47:04.240> par.<00:47:05.200> quite<00:47:05.520> a<00:47:05.680> bit<00:47:05.760> less<00:47:06.000> than 00:47:06.230 --> 00:47:06.240 align:start position:0% per mega par. quite a bit less than 00:47:06.240 --> 00:47:09.190 align:start position:0% per mega par. quite a bit less than Hubble's<00:47:06.800> original<00:47:07.280> value.<00:47:08.560> The<00:47:08.800> other<00:47:09.040> way 00:47:09.190 --> 00:47:09.200 align:start position:0% Hubble's original value. The other way 00:47:09.200 --> 00:47:11.109 align:start position:0% Hubble's original value. The other way to<00:47:09.440> measure<00:47:09.680> the<00:47:09.760> Hubble<00:47:10.160> constant<00:47:10.800> is 00:47:11.109 --> 00:47:11.119 align:start position:0% to measure the Hubble constant is 00:47:11.119 --> 00:47:13.829 align:start position:0% to measure the Hubble constant is through<00:47:11.520> the<00:47:11.839> early<00:47:12.240> universe<00:47:12.800> method,<00:47:13.599> a 00:47:13.829 --> 00:47:13.839 align:start position:0% through the early universe method, a 00:47:13.839 --> 00:47:15.670 align:start position:0% through the early universe method, a newer<00:47:14.240> technique<00:47:14.640> that<00:47:14.960> estimates<00:47:15.440> the 00:47:15.670 --> 00:47:15.680 align:start position:0% newer technique that estimates the 00:47:15.680 --> 00:47:18.470 align:start position:0% newer technique that estimates the expansion<00:47:16.480> by<00:47:16.800> rewinding<00:47:17.280> the<00:47:17.520> clock<00:47:18.000> back<00:47:18.319> to 00:47:18.470 --> 00:47:18.480 align:start position:0% expansion by rewinding the clock back to 00:47:18.480 --> 00:47:21.589 align:start position:0% expansion by rewinding the clock back to the<00:47:18.720> start.<00:47:19.680> This<00:47:19.920> relies<00:47:20.319> on<00:47:20.640> images<00:47:21.119> of<00:47:21.359> the 00:47:21.589 --> 00:47:21.599 align:start position:0% the start. This relies on images of the 00:47:21.599 --> 00:47:25.430 align:start position:0% the start. This relies on images of the cosmic<00:47:22.240> microwave<00:47:22.880> background<00:47:23.680> or<00:47:24.000> CMBB,<00:47:25.200> an 00:47:25.430 --> 00:47:25.440 align:start position:0% cosmic microwave background or CMBB, an 00:47:25.440 --> 00:47:28.390 align:start position:0% cosmic microwave background or CMBB, an ancient<00:47:25.920> microwave<00:47:26.560> radiation,<00:47:27.520> which<00:47:27.760> is 00:47:28.390 --> 00:47:28.400 align:start position:0% ancient microwave radiation, which is 00:47:28.400 --> 00:47:30.630 align:start position:0% ancient microwave radiation, which is essentially<00:47:29.119> a<00:47:29.359> snapshot<00:47:29.839> of<00:47:30.000> the<00:47:30.160> universe 00:47:30.630 --> 00:47:30.640 align:start position:0% essentially a snapshot of the universe 00:47:30.640 --> 00:47:33.109 align:start position:0% essentially a snapshot of the universe from<00:47:30.960> about<00:47:31.599> 380,000 00:47:33.109 --> 00:47:33.119 align:start position:0% from about 380,000 00:47:33.119 --> 00:47:36.550 align:start position:0% from about 380,000 years<00:47:33.520> after<00:47:33.839> the<00:47:34.000> Big<00:47:34.240> Bang.<00:47:35.680> This<00:47:36.079> cosmic 00:47:36.550 --> 00:47:36.560 align:start position:0% years after the Big Bang. This cosmic 00:47:36.560 --> 00:47:39.349 align:start position:0% years after the Big Bang. This cosmic microwave<00:47:37.200> remnant<00:47:37.920> had<00:47:38.240> been<00:47:38.480> predicted<00:47:39.040> in 00:47:39.349 --> 00:47:39.359 align:start position:0% microwave remnant had been predicted in 00:47:39.359 --> 00:47:43.349 align:start position:0% microwave remnant had been predicted in 1948<00:47:40.400> by<00:47:40.720> Ralph<00:47:41.119> Alfa<00:47:41.760> and<00:47:42.000> Robert<00:47:42.400> Herman. 00:47:43.349 --> 00:47:43.359 align:start position:0% 1948 by Ralph Alfa and Robert Herman. 00:47:43.359 --> 00:47:45.910 align:start position:0% 1948 by Ralph Alfa and Robert Herman. Arno<00:47:43.839> Pensius<00:47:44.480> and<00:47:44.640> Robert<00:47:44.960> Wilson<00:47:45.440> detected 00:47:45.910 --> 00:47:45.920 align:start position:0% Arno Pensius and Robert Wilson detected 00:47:45.920 --> 00:47:48.550 align:start position:0% Arno Pensius and Robert Wilson detected its<00:47:46.160> presence<00:47:46.480> in<00:47:46.640> the<00:47:46.800> 1960s,<00:47:48.000> winning<00:47:48.319> the 00:47:48.550 --> 00:47:48.560 align:start position:0% its presence in the 1960s, winning the 00:47:48.560 --> 00:47:50.790 align:start position:0% its presence in the 1960s, winning the Nobel<00:47:48.960> Prize<00:47:49.280> for<00:47:49.440> their<00:47:49.680> work.<00:47:50.480> But<00:47:50.560> it 00:47:50.790 --> 00:47:50.800 align:start position:0% Nobel Prize for their work. But it 00:47:50.800 --> 00:47:52.710 align:start position:0% Nobel Prize for their work. But it wasn't<00:47:51.040> until<00:47:51.359> later<00:47:51.680> that<00:47:52.000> we<00:47:52.160> got<00:47:52.400> a 00:47:52.710 --> 00:47:52.720 align:start position:0% wasn't until later that we got a 00:47:52.720 --> 00:47:54.950 align:start position:0% wasn't until later that we got a detailed<00:47:53.280> enough<00:47:53.599> image<00:47:54.000> to<00:47:54.240> predict<00:47:54.480> the<00:47:54.720> age 00:47:54.950 --> 00:47:54.960 align:start position:0% detailed enough image to predict the age 00:47:54.960 --> 00:47:58.710 align:start position:0% detailed enough image to predict the age of<00:47:55.040> the<00:47:55.200> universe<00:47:55.680> with<00:47:56.160> precision.<00:47:57.520> In<00:47:57.920> 2003, 00:47:58.710 --> 00:47:58.720 align:start position:0% of the universe with precision. In 2003, 00:47:58.720 --> 00:48:01.030 align:start position:0% of the universe with precision. In 2003, the<00:47:58.960> Wilkinson<00:47:59.599> Microwave<00:48:00.079> Anisoptropy 00:48:01.030 --> 00:48:01.040 align:start position:0% the Wilkinson Microwave Anisoptropy 00:48:01.040 --> 00:48:04.630 align:start position:0% the Wilkinson Microwave Anisoptropy Probe<00:48:01.520> or<00:48:02.000> WAP<00:48:02.960> released<00:48:03.359> an<00:48:03.599> all<00:48:04.000> sky<00:48:04.319> map 00:48:04.630 --> 00:48:04.640 align:start position:0% Probe or WAP released an all sky map 00:48:04.640 --> 00:48:07.190 align:start position:0% Probe or WAP released an all sky map that<00:48:04.960> showed<00:48:05.200> the<00:48:05.440> early<00:48:05.760> universe,<00:48:06.560> a<00:48:06.880> time 00:48:07.190 --> 00:48:07.200 align:start position:0% that showed the early universe, a time 00:48:07.200 --> 00:48:10.390 align:start position:0% that showed the early universe, a time before<00:48:07.760> there<00:48:08.000> were<00:48:08.240> even<00:48:08.560> any<00:48:08.880> stars.<00:48:10.240> You 00:48:10.390 --> 00:48:10.400 align:start position:0% before there were even any stars. You 00:48:10.400 --> 00:48:12.950 align:start position:0% before there were even any stars. You can<00:48:10.560> think<00:48:10.720> of<00:48:10.880> it<00:48:11.040> like<00:48:11.359> this.<00:48:12.079> Imagine<00:48:12.720> you 00:48:12.950 --> 00:48:12.960 align:start position:0% can think of it like this. Imagine you 00:48:12.960 --> 00:48:14.950 align:start position:0% can think of it like this. Imagine you come<00:48:13.119> from<00:48:13.280> the<00:48:13.520> scene<00:48:13.839> of<00:48:14.000> an<00:48:14.240> explosion<00:48:14.720> that 00:48:14.950 --> 00:48:14.960 align:start position:0% come from the scene of an explosion that 00:48:14.960 --> 00:48:17.510 align:start position:0% come from the scene of an explosion that has<00:48:15.200> already<00:48:15.520> happened.<00:48:16.400> You<00:48:16.640> see<00:48:16.880> fragments 00:48:17.510 --> 00:48:17.520 align:start position:0% has already happened. You see fragments 00:48:17.520 --> 00:48:19.910 align:start position:0% has already happened. You see fragments strewn<00:48:17.920> all<00:48:18.160> over<00:48:18.319> the<00:48:18.560> place<00:48:19.040> and<00:48:19.280> you<00:48:19.520> can't 00:48:19.910 --> 00:48:19.920 align:start position:0% strewn all over the place and you can't 00:48:19.920 --> 00:48:22.230 align:start position:0% strewn all over the place and you can't make<00:48:20.160> out<00:48:20.480> what<00:48:20.720> the<00:48:20.960> original<00:48:21.359> object<00:48:22.000> used 00:48:22.230 --> 00:48:22.240 align:start position:0% make out what the original object used 00:48:22.240 --> 00:48:25.030 align:start position:0% make out what the original object used to<00:48:22.480> look<00:48:22.720> like.<00:48:23.680> But<00:48:23.839> then<00:48:24.240> someone<00:48:24.559> hands<00:48:24.880> you 00:48:25.030 --> 00:48:25.040 align:start position:0% to look like. But then someone hands you 00:48:25.040 --> 00:48:27.910 align:start position:0% to look like. But then someone hands you a<00:48:25.280> snapshot<00:48:26.000> of<00:48:26.319> just<00:48:26.720> after<00:48:27.119> the<00:48:27.359> explosion 00:48:27.910 --> 00:48:27.920 align:start position:0% a snapshot of just after the explosion 00:48:27.920 --> 00:48:31.430 align:start position:0% a snapshot of just after the explosion began.<00:48:28.800> I<00:48:29.040> bet<00:48:29.280> now<00:48:29.760> you<00:48:30.240> could<00:48:30.640> trace<00:48:31.040> each 00:48:31.430 --> 00:48:31.440 align:start position:0% began. I bet now you could trace each 00:48:31.440 --> 00:48:33.349 align:start position:0% began. I bet now you could trace each piece<00:48:31.760> back<00:48:32.079> where<00:48:32.319> it<00:48:32.480> belonged<00:48:32.960> in<00:48:33.119> the 00:48:33.349 --> 00:48:33.359 align:start position:0% piece back where it belonged in the 00:48:33.359 --> 00:48:35.910 align:start position:0% piece back where it belonged in the original<00:48:33.760> image.<00:48:34.720> This<00:48:34.960> is<00:48:35.119> similar<00:48:35.440> to<00:48:35.680> how 00:48:35.910 --> 00:48:35.920 align:start position:0% original image. This is similar to how 00:48:35.920 --> 00:48:38.150 align:start position:0% original image. This is similar to how astronomers<00:48:36.559> use<00:48:36.800> the<00:48:36.960> cosmic<00:48:37.520> microwave 00:48:38.150 --> 00:48:38.160 align:start position:0% astronomers use the cosmic microwave 00:48:38.160 --> 00:48:41.190 align:start position:0% astronomers use the cosmic microwave radiation<00:48:39.119> to<00:48:39.359> trace<00:48:39.760> our<00:48:40.160> present<00:48:40.559> universe 00:48:41.190 --> 00:48:41.200 align:start position:0% radiation to trace our present universe 00:48:41.200 --> 00:48:44.470 align:start position:0% radiation to trace our present universe back<00:48:41.760> to<00:48:42.079> just<00:48:42.400> after<00:48:42.720> the<00:48:42.960> Big<00:48:43.200> Bang.<00:48:44.079> Most 00:48:44.470 --> 00:48:44.480 align:start position:0% back to just after the Big Bang. Most 00:48:44.480 --> 00:48:47.589 align:start position:0% back to just after the Big Bang. Most recently,<00:48:45.119> in<00:48:45.440> 2013,<00:48:46.559> the<00:48:46.720> European<00:48:47.280> Space 00:48:47.589 --> 00:48:47.599 align:start position:0% recently, in 2013, the European Space 00:48:47.599 --> 00:48:50.390 align:start position:0% recently, in 2013, the European Space Ay's<00:48:48.240> Plank<00:48:48.720> Cosmology<00:48:49.359> Probe<00:48:49.839> was<00:48:50.000> able<00:48:50.240> to 00:48:50.390 --> 00:48:50.400 align:start position:0% Ay's Plank Cosmology Probe was able to 00:48:50.400 --> 00:48:52.870 align:start position:0% Ay's Plank Cosmology Probe was able to capture<00:48:50.720> an<00:48:51.040> even<00:48:51.359> more<00:48:51.760> detailed<00:48:52.319> all<00:48:52.640> sky 00:48:52.870 --> 00:48:52.880 align:start position:0% capture an even more detailed all sky 00:48:52.880 --> 00:48:54.870 align:start position:0% capture an even more detailed all sky image<00:48:53.119> of<00:48:53.280> the<00:48:53.440> background<00:48:53.839> radiation, 00:48:54.870 --> 00:48:54.880 align:start position:0% image of the background radiation, 00:48:54.880 --> 00:48:56.790 align:start position:0% image of the background radiation, showing<00:48:55.359> subtle<00:48:55.760> fluctuations<00:48:56.480> in 00:48:56.790 --> 00:48:56.800 align:start position:0% showing subtle fluctuations in 00:48:56.800 --> 00:48:58.870 align:start position:0% showing subtle fluctuations in temperature<00:48:57.359> that<00:48:57.599> would<00:48:57.839> eventually<00:48:58.480> ripple 00:48:58.870 --> 00:48:58.880 align:start position:0% temperature that would eventually ripple 00:48:58.880 --> 00:49:02.549 align:start position:0% temperature that would eventually ripple out<00:48:59.520> to<00:48:59.760> create<00:49:00.319> dark<00:49:00.720> matter<00:49:01.200> webs<00:49:02.079> forming 00:49:02.549 --> 00:49:02.559 align:start position:0% out to create dark matter webs forming 00:49:02.559 --> 00:49:05.030 align:start position:0% out to create dark matter webs forming clusters<00:49:03.040> of<00:49:03.280> galaxies<00:49:03.839> and<00:49:04.079> voids<00:49:04.640> across 00:49:05.030 --> 00:49:05.040 align:start position:0% clusters of galaxies and voids across 00:49:05.040 --> 00:49:06.710 align:start position:0% clusters of galaxies and voids across the<00:49:05.280> universe. 00:49:06.710 --> 00:49:06.720 align:start position:0% the universe. 00:49:06.720 --> 00:49:08.630 align:start position:0% the universe. When<00:49:06.960> astronomers<00:49:07.680> take<00:49:07.920> the<00:49:08.160> image<00:49:08.319> of<00:49:08.480> the 00:49:08.630 --> 00:49:08.640 align:start position:0% When astronomers take the image of the 00:49:08.640 --> 00:49:11.030 align:start position:0% When astronomers take the image of the CNB<00:49:09.359> and<00:49:09.680> fast<00:49:10.000> forward<00:49:10.319> it<00:49:10.480> to<00:49:10.640> the<00:49:10.800> present 00:49:11.030 --> 00:49:11.040 align:start position:0% CNB and fast forward it to the present 00:49:11.040 --> 00:49:13.349 align:start position:0% CNB and fast forward it to the present day,<00:49:11.599> it's<00:49:11.920> like<00:49:12.160> pressing<00:49:12.559> play<00:49:12.880> on<00:49:13.119> the 00:49:13.349 --> 00:49:13.359 align:start position:0% day, it's like pressing play on the 00:49:13.359 --> 00:49:16.069 align:start position:0% day, it's like pressing play on the video<00:49:13.599> of<00:49:13.760> the<00:49:14.000> explosion,<00:49:15.200> they<00:49:15.520> get<00:49:15.839> a 00:49:16.069 --> 00:49:16.079 align:start position:0% video of the explosion, they get a 00:49:16.079 --> 00:49:19.510 align:start position:0% video of the explosion, they get a predicted<00:49:16.559> Hubble<00:49:16.960> constant<00:49:17.440> of<00:49:17.680> about<00:49:18.160> 67.4 00:49:19.510 --> 00:49:19.520 align:start position:0% predicted Hubble constant of about 67.4 00:49:19.520 --> 00:49:23.990 align:start position:0% predicted Hubble constant of about 67.4 km/s<00:49:20.640> per<00:49:20.880> mega<00:49:21.200> par.<00:49:22.319> But<00:49:22.640> you<00:49:22.880> might<00:49:23.119> notice 00:49:23.990 --> 00:49:24.000 align:start position:0% km/s per mega par. But you might notice 00:49:24.000 --> 00:49:26.790 align:start position:0% km/s per mega par. But you might notice this<00:49:24.400> value<00:49:24.880> is<00:49:25.359> considerably<00:49:26.160> smaller<00:49:26.640> than 00:49:26.790 --> 00:49:26.800 align:start position:0% this value is considerably smaller than 00:49:26.800 --> 00:49:28.710 align:start position:0% this value is considerably smaller than the<00:49:27.040> Hubble<00:49:27.440> constant<00:49:27.839> we've<00:49:28.160> observed 00:49:28.710 --> 00:49:28.720 align:start position:0% the Hubble constant we've observed 00:49:28.720 --> 00:49:32.549 align:start position:0% the Hubble constant we've observed through<00:49:29.040> red<00:49:29.359> shift,<00:49:30.240> which<00:49:30.559> is<00:49:30.800> a<00:49:31.119> problem.<00:49:32.160> I 00:49:32.549 --> 00:49:32.559 align:start position:0% through red shift, which is a problem. I 00:49:32.559 --> 00:49:34.470 align:start position:0% through red shift, which is a problem. I really<00:49:32.880> can't<00:49:33.200> stress<00:49:33.599> enough<00:49:34.000> how<00:49:34.240> the 00:49:34.470 --> 00:49:34.480 align:start position:0% really can't stress enough how the 00:49:34.480 --> 00:49:36.390 align:start position:0% really can't stress enough how the expansion<00:49:34.880> of<00:49:35.040> the<00:49:35.200> universe<00:49:35.599> has<00:49:35.839> become<00:49:36.079> a 00:49:36.390 --> 00:49:36.400 align:start position:0% expansion of the universe has become a 00:49:36.400 --> 00:49:38.390 align:start position:0% expansion of the universe has become a pillar<00:49:36.720> of<00:49:37.040> our<00:49:37.359> standard<00:49:37.839> model<00:49:38.160> of 00:49:38.390 --> 00:49:38.400 align:start position:0% pillar of our standard model of 00:49:38.400 --> 00:49:41.349 align:start position:0% pillar of our standard model of cosmology.<00:49:39.599> The<00:49:39.760> Hubble<00:49:40.160> constant<00:49:40.640> ties<00:49:41.040> into 00:49:41.349 --> 00:49:41.359 align:start position:0% cosmology. The Hubble constant ties into 00:49:41.359 --> 00:49:43.750 align:start position:0% cosmology. The Hubble constant ties into our<00:49:41.680> most<00:49:42.000> fundamental<00:49:42.720> physics.<00:49:43.520> From 00:49:43.750 --> 00:49:43.760 align:start position:0% our most fundamental physics. From 00:49:43.760 --> 00:49:46.150 align:start position:0% our most fundamental physics. From Einstein's<00:49:44.319> theory<00:49:44.640> of<00:49:44.800> general<00:49:45.200> relativity 00:49:46.150 --> 00:49:46.160 align:start position:0% Einstein's theory of general relativity 00:49:46.160 --> 00:49:47.990 align:start position:0% Einstein's theory of general relativity to<00:49:46.400> the<00:49:46.559> idea<00:49:46.800> that<00:49:47.040> the<00:49:47.200> universe<00:49:47.599> evolved 00:49:47.990 --> 00:49:48.000 align:start position:0% to the idea that the universe evolved 00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:51.190 align:start position:0% to the idea that the universe evolved from<00:49:48.240> a<00:49:48.480> dense<00:49:49.119> hot<00:49:49.760> early<00:49:50.160> state<00:49:50.800> known<00:49:51.040> as 00:49:51.190 --> 00:49:51.200 align:start position:0% from a dense hot early state known as 00:49:51.200 --> 00:49:53.829 align:start position:0% from a dense hot early state known as the<00:49:51.440> big<00:49:51.599> bang,<00:49:52.559> otherwise<00:49:53.119> known<00:49:53.440> as<00:49:53.680> the 00:49:53.829 --> 00:49:53.839 align:start position:0% the big bang, otherwise known as the 00:49:53.839 --> 00:49:56.309 align:start position:0% the big bang, otherwise known as the lambda<00:49:54.319> cold<00:49:54.720> dark<00:49:55.119> matter<00:49:55.520> model.<00:49:56.079> It 00:49:56.309 --> 00:49:56.319 align:start position:0% lambda cold dark matter model. It 00:49:56.319 --> 00:49:59.589 align:start position:0% lambda cold dark matter model. It emerged<00:49:56.720> in<00:49:56.960> the<00:49:57.119> late<00:49:57.440> 1990s<00:49:58.559> and<00:49:58.880> has<00:49:59.200> seemed 00:49:59.589 --> 00:49:59.599 align:start position:0% emerged in the late 1990s and has seemed 00:49:59.599 --> 00:50:02.549 align:start position:0% emerged in the late 1990s and has seemed to<00:49:59.920> work<00:50:00.400> beautifully<00:50:01.040> ever<00:50:01.359> since.<00:50:02.319> An 00:50:02.549 --> 00:50:02.559 align:start position:0% to work beautifully ever since. An 00:50:02.559 --> 00:50:04.230 align:start position:0% to work beautifully ever since. An important<00:50:02.960> feature<00:50:03.200> of<00:50:03.359> this<00:50:03.520> model<00:50:03.839> is<00:50:04.000> that 00:50:04.230 --> 00:50:04.240 align:start position:0% important feature of this model is that 00:50:04.240 --> 00:50:06.790 align:start position:0% important feature of this model is that scientists<00:50:04.960> expected<00:50:05.520> gravity<00:50:06.000> to<00:50:06.240> slow<00:50:06.480> the 00:50:06.790 --> 00:50:06.800 align:start position:0% scientists expected gravity to slow the 00:50:06.800 --> 00:50:09.910 align:start position:0% scientists expected gravity to slow the expansion<00:50:07.280> over<00:50:07.599> time,<00:50:08.480> but<00:50:08.640> instead<00:50:09.520> they've 00:50:09.910 --> 00:50:09.920 align:start position:0% expansion over time, but instead they've 00:50:09.920 --> 00:50:13.270 align:start position:0% expansion over time, but instead they've actually<00:50:10.240> found<00:50:10.720> it's<00:50:11.040> now<00:50:11.599> speeding<00:50:12.079> up. 00:50:13.270 --> 00:50:13.280 align:start position:0% actually found it's now speeding up. 00:50:13.280 --> 00:50:15.589 align:start position:0% actually found it's now speeding up. Thankfully,<00:50:13.839> this<00:50:14.000> didn't<00:50:14.319> break<00:50:14.640> the<00:50:14.880> model. 00:50:15.589 --> 00:50:15.599 align:start position:0% Thankfully, this didn't break the model. 00:50:15.599 --> 00:50:17.430 align:start position:0% Thankfully, this didn't break the model. Something<00:50:16.000> seems<00:50:16.319> to<00:50:16.480> be<00:50:16.720> pushing<00:50:17.119> space 00:50:17.430 --> 00:50:17.440 align:start position:0% Something seems to be pushing space 00:50:17.440 --> 00:50:20.630 align:start position:0% Something seems to be pushing space apart<00:50:18.079> faster<00:50:18.559> and<00:50:18.880> faster.<00:50:19.920> And<00:50:20.079> we<00:50:20.319> believe 00:50:20.630 --> 00:50:20.640 align:start position:0% apart faster and faster. And we believe 00:50:20.640 --> 00:50:24.309 align:start position:0% apart faster and faster. And we believe that<00:50:20.960> something<00:50:21.760> is<00:50:22.319> dark<00:50:22.640> energy.<00:50:23.839> As<00:50:24.160> the 00:50:24.309 --> 00:50:24.319 align:start position:0% that something is dark energy. As the 00:50:24.319 --> 00:50:26.710 align:start position:0% that something is dark energy. As the universe<00:50:24.720> grows,<00:50:25.440> dark<00:50:25.760> energy's<00:50:26.319> effect 00:50:26.710 --> 00:50:26.720 align:start position:0% universe grows, dark energy's effect 00:50:26.720 --> 00:50:29.030 align:start position:0% universe grows, dark energy's effect becomes<00:50:27.119> stronger,<00:50:28.000> causing<00:50:28.400> galaxies<00:50:28.880> to 00:50:29.030 --> 00:50:29.040 align:start position:0% becomes stronger, causing galaxies to 00:50:29.040 --> 00:50:31.510 align:start position:0% becomes stronger, causing galaxies to move<00:50:29.280> away<00:50:29.680> faster<00:50:30.400> and<00:50:30.640> making<00:50:30.880> the<00:50:31.119> Hubble 00:50:31.510 --> 00:50:31.520 align:start position:0% move away faster and making the Hubble 00:50:31.520 --> 00:50:33.910 align:start position:0% move away faster and making the Hubble constant,<00:50:32.240> the<00:50:32.480> rate<00:50:32.720> of<00:50:32.880> our<00:50:33.280> universe's 00:50:33.910 --> 00:50:33.920 align:start position:0% constant, the rate of our universe's 00:50:33.920 --> 00:50:37.670 align:start position:0% constant, the rate of our universe's expansion,<00:50:35.040> increase<00:50:35.520> over<00:50:35.839> time.<00:50:37.280> Both 00:50:37.670 --> 00:50:37.680 align:start position:0% expansion, increase over time. Both 00:50:37.680 --> 00:50:39.430 align:start position:0% expansion, increase over time. Both methods<00:50:38.079> of<00:50:38.400> calculating<00:50:38.880> the<00:50:39.040> Hubble 00:50:39.430 --> 00:50:39.440 align:start position:0% methods of calculating the Hubble 00:50:39.440 --> 00:50:41.270 align:start position:0% methods of calculating the Hubble constant<00:50:40.000> are<00:50:40.240> meant<00:50:40.480> to<00:50:40.640> give<00:50:40.800> us<00:50:41.040> the 00:50:41.270 --> 00:50:41.280 align:start position:0% constant are meant to give us the 00:50:41.280 --> 00:50:43.829 align:start position:0% constant are meant to give us the current<00:50:41.680> rate<00:50:42.000> of<00:50:42.240> expansion.<00:50:43.200> So,<00:50:43.359> it's<00:50:43.599> not 00:50:43.829 --> 00:50:43.839 align:start position:0% current rate of expansion. So, it's not 00:50:43.839 --> 00:50:46.150 align:start position:0% current rate of expansion. So, it's not this<00:50:44.160> acceleration<00:50:45.280> that's<00:50:45.680> making<00:50:45.839> the 00:50:46.150 --> 00:50:46.160 align:start position:0% this acceleration that's making the 00:50:46.160 --> 00:50:49.589 align:start position:0% this acceleration that's making the results<00:50:46.559> differ.<00:50:47.680> But<00:50:48.000> how<00:50:48.240> can<00:50:48.400> we<00:50:48.640> have<00:50:48.800> one 00:50:49.589 --> 00:50:49.599 align:start position:0% results differ. But how can we have one 00:50:49.599 --> 00:50:52.950 align:start position:0% results differ. But how can we have one unified<00:50:50.319> cosmological<00:50:51.280> model<00:50:52.079> with<00:50:52.480> two 00:50:52.950 --> 00:50:52.960 align:start position:0% unified cosmological model with two 00:50:52.960 --> 00:50:55.510 align:start position:0% unified cosmological model with two different<00:50:53.359> values<00:50:53.839> for<00:50:54.079> such<00:50:54.319> a<00:50:54.559> fundamental 00:50:55.510 --> 00:50:55.520 align:start position:0% different values for such a fundamental 00:50:55.520 --> 00:50:59.109 align:start position:0% different values for such a fundamental rate?<00:50:56.880> This<00:50:57.119> discrepancy<00:50:58.000> has<00:50:58.319> become<00:50:58.640> known 00:50:59.109 --> 00:50:59.119 align:start position:0% rate? This discrepancy has become known 00:50:59.119 --> 00:51:02.069 align:start position:0% rate? This discrepancy has become known as<00:50:59.440> the<00:50:59.680> Hubble<00:51:00.240> tension.<00:51:01.280> Not<00:51:01.520> because<00:51:01.839> it 00:51:02.069 --> 00:51:02.079 align:start position:0% as the Hubble tension. Not because it 00:51:02.079 --> 00:51:04.870 align:start position:0% as the Hubble tension. Not because it represents<00:51:02.559> an<00:51:02.880> actual<00:51:03.280> tension<00:51:03.839> force,<00:51:04.640> but 00:51:04.870 --> 00:51:04.880 align:start position:0% represents an actual tension force, but 00:51:04.880 --> 00:51:07.430 align:start position:0% represents an actual tension force, but instead<00:51:05.920> probably<00:51:06.480> because<00:51:06.800> of<00:51:07.040> all<00:51:07.200> the 00:51:07.430 --> 00:51:07.440 align:start position:0% instead probably because of all the 00:51:07.440 --> 00:51:09.670 align:start position:0% instead probably because of all the atmosphere<00:51:08.000> it<00:51:08.240> creates<00:51:08.559> at<00:51:08.800> cosmologist 00:51:09.670 --> 00:51:09.680 align:start position:0% atmosphere it creates at cosmologist 00:51:09.680 --> 00:51:12.710 align:start position:0% atmosphere it creates at cosmologist dinner<00:51:10.000> parties.<00:51:11.119> And<00:51:11.359> to<00:51:11.520> be<00:51:11.680> honest,<00:51:12.240> I<00:51:12.559> get 00:51:12.710 --> 00:51:12.720 align:start position:0% dinner parties. And to be honest, I get 00:51:12.720 --> 00:51:16.309 align:start position:0% dinner parties. And to be honest, I get it.<00:51:13.680> It<00:51:13.920> could<00:51:14.240> mean<00:51:14.559> we've<00:51:14.880> got<00:51:15.200> our<00:51:15.599> entire 00:51:16.309 --> 00:51:16.319 align:start position:0% it. It could mean we've got our entire 00:51:16.319 --> 00:51:20.309 align:start position:0% it. It could mean we've got our entire cosmological<00:51:17.359> model<00:51:18.240> wrong. 00:51:20.309 --> 00:51:20.319 align:start position:0% cosmological model wrong. 00:51:20.319 --> 00:51:22.630 align:start position:0% cosmological model wrong. It<00:51:20.559> was<00:51:20.800> thought<00:51:21.280> that<00:51:21.599> as<00:51:21.920> more<00:51:22.240> accurate 00:51:22.630 --> 00:51:22.640 align:start position:0% It was thought that as more accurate 00:51:22.640 --> 00:51:25.030 align:start position:0% It was thought that as more accurate data<00:51:22.960> was<00:51:23.200> collected,<00:51:23.839> these<00:51:24.240> two<00:51:24.559> values 00:51:25.030 --> 00:51:25.040 align:start position:0% data was collected, these two values 00:51:25.040 --> 00:51:27.670 align:start position:0% data was collected, these two values would<00:51:25.359> converge<00:51:25.920> on<00:51:26.160> one<00:51:26.559> agreed<00:51:27.359> value 00:51:27.670 --> 00:51:27.680 align:start position:0% would converge on one agreed value 00:51:27.680 --> 00:51:30.470 align:start position:0% would converge on one agreed value Hubble<00:51:28.160> constant.<00:51:29.119> But<00:51:29.359> therein<00:51:29.920> lies<00:51:30.240> the 00:51:30.470 --> 00:51:30.480 align:start position:0% Hubble constant. But therein lies the 00:51:30.480 --> 00:51:33.750 align:start position:0% Hubble constant. But therein lies the problem.<00:51:31.520> As<00:51:31.839> we've<00:51:32.240> gotten<00:51:32.720> more<00:51:33.040> recent 00:51:33.750 --> 00:51:33.760 align:start position:0% problem. As we've gotten more recent 00:51:33.760 --> 00:51:35.589 align:start position:0% problem. As we've gotten more recent independent<00:51:34.400> measurements<00:51:34.880> of<00:51:35.119> the<00:51:35.280> red 00:51:35.589 --> 00:51:35.599 align:start position:0% independent measurements of the red 00:51:35.599 --> 00:51:39.109 align:start position:0% independent measurements of the red shift,<00:51:36.319> the<00:51:36.640> number<00:51:37.119> isn't<00:51:37.760> converging. 00:51:39.109 --> 00:51:39.119 align:start position:0% shift, the number isn't converging. 00:51:39.119 --> 00:51:43.270 align:start position:0% shift, the number isn't converging. Instead,<00:51:39.839> the<00:51:40.160> gap<00:51:40.800> is<00:51:41.119> being<00:51:41.440> reinforced. 00:51:43.270 --> 00:51:43.280 align:start position:0% Instead, the gap is being reinforced. 00:51:43.280 --> 00:51:45.589 align:start position:0% Instead, the gap is being reinforced. One<00:51:43.599> independent<00:51:44.160> measurement<00:51:44.720> came<00:51:44.960> from 00:51:45.589 --> 00:51:45.599 align:start position:0% One independent measurement came from 00:51:45.599 --> 00:51:48.710 align:start position:0% One independent measurement came from Mega<00:51:46.000> Maza<00:51:46.559> hosting<00:51:47.040> galaxies.<00:51:48.160> These<00:51:48.480> have 00:51:48.710 --> 00:51:48.720 align:start position:0% Mega Maza hosting galaxies. These have 00:51:48.720 --> 00:51:51.190 align:start position:0% Mega Maza hosting galaxies. These have certain<00:51:49.119> molecules<00:51:49.680> like<00:51:50.079> water<00:51:50.400> vapor<00:51:50.960> that 00:51:51.190 --> 00:51:51.200 align:start position:0% certain molecules like water vapor that 00:51:51.200 --> 00:51:54.069 align:start position:0% certain molecules like water vapor that can<00:51:51.359> amplify<00:51:52.000> microwave<00:51:52.640> radiation<00:51:53.520> near<00:51:53.839> a 00:51:54.069 --> 00:51:54.079 align:start position:0% can amplify microwave radiation near a 00:51:54.079 --> 00:51:56.549 align:start position:0% can amplify microwave radiation near a black<00:51:54.319> hole<00:51:54.640> at<00:51:54.800> the<00:51:54.960> center<00:51:55.200> of<00:51:55.280> a<00:51:55.520> galaxy. 00:51:56.549 --> 00:51:56.559 align:start position:0% black hole at the center of a galaxy. 00:51:56.559 --> 00:51:59.589 align:start position:0% black hole at the center of a galaxy. This<00:51:56.800> can<00:51:57.040> create<00:51:57.680> a<00:51:57.920> maser<00:51:58.800> which<00:51:59.040> is<00:51:59.200> like<00:51:59.359> a 00:51:59.589 --> 00:51:59.599 align:start position:0% This can create a maser which is like a 00:51:59.599 --> 00:52:02.710 align:start position:0% This can create a maser which is like a laser<00:52:00.240> but<00:52:00.559> with<00:52:01.119> microwave<00:52:01.920> radiation 00:52:02.710 --> 00:52:02.720 align:start position:0% laser but with microwave radiation 00:52:02.720 --> 00:52:06.790 align:start position:0% laser but with microwave radiation instead<00:52:03.280> of<00:52:03.680> visible<00:52:04.160> light.<00:52:05.280> Mega<00:52:05.680> mazes<00:52:06.240> are 00:52:06.790 --> 00:52:06.800 align:start position:0% instead of visible light. Mega mazes are 00:52:06.800 --> 00:52:09.670 align:start position:0% instead of visible light. Mega mazes are extremely<00:52:07.599> powerful<00:52:08.480> and<00:52:08.720> their<00:52:09.040> microwave 00:52:09.670 --> 00:52:09.680 align:start position:0% extremely powerful and their microwave 00:52:09.680 --> 00:52:12.470 align:start position:0% extremely powerful and their microwave emissions<00:52:10.240> can<00:52:10.480> be<00:52:10.720> mapped<00:52:11.280> precisely<00:52:12.079> using 00:52:12.470 --> 00:52:12.480 align:start position:0% emissions can be mapped precisely using 00:52:12.480 --> 00:52:15.030 align:start position:0% emissions can be mapped precisely using telescopes.<00:52:13.760> That<00:52:14.079> means<00:52:14.400> they<00:52:14.640> can<00:52:14.800> be<00:52:14.880> used 00:52:15.030 --> 00:52:15.040 align:start position:0% telescopes. That means they can be used 00:52:15.040 --> 00:52:17.109 align:start position:0% telescopes. That means they can be used to<00:52:15.280> measure<00:52:15.520> the<00:52:15.760> mass<00:52:16.000> of<00:52:16.160> the<00:52:16.319> black<00:52:16.559> hole 00:52:17.109 --> 00:52:17.119 align:start position:0% to measure the mass of the black hole 00:52:17.119 --> 00:52:19.990 align:start position:0% to measure the mass of the black hole and<00:52:17.520> give<00:52:17.839> a<00:52:18.160> very<00:52:18.559> accurate<00:52:19.200> geometric 00:52:19.990 --> 00:52:20.000 align:start position:0% and give a very accurate geometric 00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:22.230 align:start position:0% and give a very accurate geometric distance<00:52:20.319> to<00:52:20.559> their<00:52:20.720> host<00:52:21.040> galaxy,<00:52:21.920> allowing 00:52:22.230 --> 00:52:22.240 align:start position:0% distance to their host galaxy, allowing 00:52:22.240 --> 00:52:24.790 align:start position:0% distance to their host galaxy, allowing us<00:52:22.480> to<00:52:22.640> calculate<00:52:23.119> the<00:52:23.280> Hubble<00:52:23.680> constant<00:52:24.160> with 00:52:24.790 --> 00:52:24.800 align:start position:0% us to calculate the Hubble constant with 00:52:24.800 --> 00:52:28.069 align:start position:0% us to calculate the Hubble constant with presumably<00:52:25.839> a<00:52:26.240> very<00:52:26.800> accurate<00:52:27.520> distance 00:52:28.069 --> 00:52:28.079 align:start position:0% presumably a very accurate distance 00:52:28.079 --> 00:52:29.589 align:start position:0% presumably a very accurate distance measurement. 00:52:29.589 --> 00:52:29.599 align:start position:0% measurement. 00:52:29.599 --> 00:52:34.230 align:start position:0% measurement. In<00:52:29.920> 2020,<00:52:30.880> astronomer<00:52:31.680> DW<00:52:32.720> Pes<00:52:33.440> and<00:52:33.680> others 00:52:34.230 --> 00:52:34.240 align:start position:0% In 2020, astronomer DW Pes and others 00:52:34.240 --> 00:52:36.710 align:start position:0% In 2020, astronomer DW Pes and others used<00:52:34.559> this<00:52:34.800> method<00:52:35.200> to<00:52:35.359> measure<00:52:35.760> a<00:52:36.160> Hubble 00:52:36.710 --> 00:52:36.720 align:start position:0% used this method to measure a Hubble 00:52:36.720 --> 00:52:39.349 align:start position:0% used this method to measure a Hubble constant<00:52:37.200> of<00:52:37.760> 73.9 00:52:39.349 --> 00:52:39.359 align:start position:0% constant of 73.9 00:52:39.359 --> 00:52:45.109 align:start position:0% constant of 73.9 km/s<00:52:40.559> per<00:52:40.880> mega<00:52:41.200> paras<00:52:42.000> with<00:52:42.559> 95<00:52:43.280> to<00:52:43.839> 99% 00:52:45.109 --> 00:52:45.119 align:start position:0% km/s per mega paras with 95 to 99% 00:52:45.119 --> 00:52:47.670 align:start position:0% km/s per mega paras with 95 to 99% confidence.<00:52:46.240> In<00:52:46.480> other<00:52:46.640> words,<00:52:47.200> they<00:52:47.520> were 00:52:47.670 --> 00:52:47.680 align:start position:0% confidence. In other words, they were 00:52:47.680 --> 00:52:51.910 align:start position:0% confidence. In other words, they were very<00:52:48.000> sure.<00:52:48.880> And<00:52:49.440> in<00:52:49.680> late<00:52:50.079> 2024,<00:52:51.520> another 00:52:51.910 --> 00:52:51.920 align:start position:0% very sure. And in late 2024, another 00:52:51.920 --> 00:52:55.430 align:start position:0% very sure. And in late 2024, another investigation<00:52:52.960> by<00:52:53.359> Daniel<00:52:54.000> Skolnick,<00:52:55.040> Adam 00:52:55.430 --> 00:52:55.440 align:start position:0% investigation by Daniel Skolnick, Adam 00:52:55.440 --> 00:52:58.870 align:start position:0% investigation by Daniel Skolnick, Adam G.<00:52:55.760> Reese<00:52:56.480> and<00:52:56.800> others<00:52:57.599> resulted<00:52:58.160> in<00:52:58.480> a 00:52:58.870 --> 00:52:58.880 align:start position:0% G. Reese and others resulted in a 00:52:58.880 --> 00:53:02.150 align:start position:0% G. Reese and others resulted in a similarly<00:52:59.680> shocking<00:53:00.240> value.<00:53:01.280> They<00:53:01.599> used<00:53:01.839> data 00:53:02.150 --> 00:53:02.160 align:start position:0% similarly shocking value. They used data 00:53:02.160 --> 00:53:04.390 align:start position:0% similarly shocking value. They used data from<00:53:02.400> the<00:53:02.559> dark<00:53:03.040> energy<00:53:03.520> spectroscopic 00:53:04.390 --> 00:53:04.400 align:start position:0% from the dark energy spectroscopic 00:53:04.400 --> 00:53:07.750 align:start position:0% from the dark energy spectroscopic instrument<00:53:05.200> to<00:53:05.440> study<00:53:05.920> 12<00:53:06.319> different<00:53:06.720> type<00:53:07.200> 1A 00:53:07.750 --> 00:53:07.760 align:start position:0% instrument to study 12 different type 1A 00:53:07.760 --> 00:53:10.390 align:start position:0% instrument to study 12 different type 1A supernova<00:53:08.720> that<00:53:09.040> were<00:53:09.200> dotted<00:53:09.680> across<00:53:10.079> the 00:53:10.390 --> 00:53:10.400 align:start position:0% supernova that were dotted across the 00:53:10.400 --> 00:53:13.990 align:start position:0% supernova that were dotted across the Koma<00:53:10.800> galaxy<00:53:11.200> cluster<00:53:11.920> around<00:53:12.559> 320<00:53:13.680> million 00:53:13.990 --> 00:53:14.000 align:start position:0% Koma galaxy cluster around 320 million 00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:16.950 align:start position:0% Koma galaxy cluster around 320 million lighty<00:53:14.319> years<00:53:14.480> away.<00:53:15.520> What<00:53:15.760> they<00:53:16.160> found<00:53:16.480> was<00:53:16.720> a 00:53:16.950 --> 00:53:16.960 align:start position:0% lighty years away. What they found was a 00:53:16.960 --> 00:53:19.990 align:start position:0% lighty years away. What they found was a Hubble<00:53:17.280> constant<00:53:17.839> of<00:53:18.319> 76.5 00:53:19.990 --> 00:53:20.000 align:start position:0% Hubble constant of 76.5 00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:23.990 align:start position:0% Hubble constant of 76.5 km/s<00:53:21.119> per<00:53:21.359> mega<00:53:21.760> parc.<00:53:22.880> Most<00:53:23.200> recently<00:53:23.680> in 00:53:23.990 --> 00:53:24.000 align:start position:0% km/s per mega parc. Most recently in 00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:26.870 align:start position:0% km/s per mega parc. Most recently in 2025,<00:53:25.359> researchers<00:53:25.920> from<00:53:26.079> the<00:53:26.319> Interun 00:53:26.870 --> 00:53:26.880 align:start position:0% 2025, researchers from the Interun 00:53:26.880 --> 00:53:28.790 align:start position:0% 2025, researchers from the Interun University<00:53:27.520> Center<00:53:27.760> for<00:53:27.920> Astronomy<00:53:28.480> and 00:53:28.790 --> 00:53:28.800 align:start position:0% University Center for Astronomy and 00:53:28.800 --> 00:53:31.190 align:start position:0% University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics<00:53:29.520> in<00:53:29.680> India<00:53:30.400> used<00:53:30.720> mirror 00:53:31.190 --> 00:53:31.200 align:start position:0% Astrophysics in India used mirror 00:53:31.200 --> 00:53:33.910 align:start position:0% Astrophysics in India used mirror variable<00:53:31.680> stars<00:53:32.000> in<00:53:32.240> our<00:53:32.559> galaxy<00:53:33.200> as<00:53:33.599> anchors 00:53:33.910 --> 00:53:33.920 align:start position:0% variable stars in our galaxy as anchors 00:53:33.920 --> 00:53:35.589 align:start position:0% variable stars in our galaxy as anchors to<00:53:34.079> measure<00:53:34.319> the<00:53:34.559> distance<00:53:34.800> of<00:53:35.119> mirror 00:53:35.589 --> 00:53:35.599 align:start position:0% to measure the distance of mirror 00:53:35.599 --> 00:53:38.710 align:start position:0% to measure the distance of mirror variables<00:53:36.160> in<00:53:36.480> faraway<00:53:37.119> galaxies.<00:53:38.160> A<00:53:38.400> similar 00:53:38.710 --> 00:53:38.720 align:start position:0% variables in faraway galaxies. A similar 00:53:38.720 --> 00:53:40.549 align:start position:0% variables in faraway galaxies. A similar method<00:53:39.040> to<00:53:39.280> the<00:53:39.440> original<00:53:39.839> way<00:53:40.000> of<00:53:40.240> using 00:53:40.549 --> 00:53:40.559 align:start position:0% method to the original way of using 00:53:40.559 --> 00:53:43.349 align:start position:0% method to the original way of using sephiid<00:53:41.119> variables.<00:53:42.240> They<00:53:42.559> found<00:53:42.800> a<00:53:42.960> Hubble 00:53:43.349 --> 00:53:43.359 align:start position:0% sephiid variables. They found a Hubble 00:53:43.359 --> 00:53:48.950 align:start position:0% sephiid variables. They found a Hubble constant<00:53:43.839> value<00:53:44.240> of<00:53:44.960> 73<00:53:46.160> km/s<00:53:47.359> per<00:53:47.520> mega<00:53:47.920> parc. 00:53:48.950 --> 00:53:48.960 align:start position:0% constant value of 73 km/s per mega parc. 00:53:48.960 --> 00:53:51.829 align:start position:0% constant value of 73 km/s per mega parc. All<00:53:49.200> of<00:53:49.359> these<00:53:49.599> measurements<00:53:50.319> roughly<00:53:50.800> agree 00:53:51.829 --> 00:53:51.839 align:start position:0% All of these measurements roughly agree 00:53:51.839 --> 00:53:54.470 align:start position:0% All of these measurements roughly agree but<00:53:52.160> fall<00:53:52.480> far<00:53:52.960> outside<00:53:53.440> of<00:53:53.599> the<00:53:53.920> error<00:53:54.160> range 00:53:54.470 --> 00:53:54.480 align:start position:0% but fall far outside of the error range 00:53:54.480 --> 00:53:56.710 align:start position:0% but fall far outside of the error range of<00:53:54.640> the<00:53:54.880> plank<00:53:55.280> measurements<00:53:55.839> based<00:53:56.160> on<00:53:56.400> the 00:53:56.710 --> 00:53:56.720 align:start position:0% of the plank measurements based on the 00:53:56.720 --> 00:54:00.390 align:start position:0% of the plank measurements based on the CMBB<00:53:57.359> radiation.<00:53:58.720> So<00:53:59.359> something<00:53:59.760> seems<00:54:00.079> to<00:54:00.240> be 00:54:00.390 --> 00:54:00.400 align:start position:0% CMBB radiation. So something seems to be 00:54:00.400 --> 00:54:02.790 align:start position:0% CMBB radiation. So something seems to be missing<00:54:00.960> from<00:54:01.280> our<00:54:01.760> understanding<00:54:02.400> of<00:54:02.640> the 00:54:02.790 --> 00:54:02.800 align:start position:0% missing from our understanding of the 00:54:02.800 --> 00:54:05.829 align:start position:0% missing from our understanding of the universe.<00:54:03.920> Astronomers<00:54:04.880> including<00:54:05.280> two<00:54:05.599> who 00:54:05.829 --> 00:54:05.839 align:start position:0% universe. Astronomers including two who 00:54:05.839 --> 00:54:08.230 align:start position:0% universe. Astronomers including two who worked<00:54:06.079> on<00:54:06.160> the<00:54:06.319> desi<00:54:06.800> investigation<00:54:08.000> have 00:54:08.230 --> 00:54:08.240 align:start position:0% worked on the desi investigation have 00:54:08.240 --> 00:54:10.470 align:start position:0% worked on the desi investigation have been<00:54:08.480> ringing<00:54:08.960> the<00:54:09.200> alarm<00:54:09.520> bells.<00:54:10.240> The 00:54:10.470 --> 00:54:10.480 align:start position:0% been ringing the alarm bells. The 00:54:10.480 --> 00:54:13.109 align:start position:0% been ringing the alarm bells. The paper's<00:54:10.880> lead<00:54:11.200> author,<00:54:11.920> Skolnick,<00:54:12.880> a 00:54:13.109 --> 00:54:13.119 align:start position:0% paper's lead author, Skolnick, a 00:54:13.119 --> 00:54:15.430 align:start position:0% paper's lead author, Skolnick, a professor<00:54:13.520> of<00:54:13.680> physics<00:54:14.000> at<00:54:14.240> Duke<00:54:14.640> University, 00:54:15.430 --> 00:54:15.440 align:start position:0% professor of physics at Duke University, 00:54:15.440 --> 00:54:18.710 align:start position:0% professor of physics at Duke University, said,<00:54:15.839> "Our<00:54:16.319> model<00:54:16.720> of<00:54:16.960> cosmology<00:54:18.240> might<00:54:18.480> be 00:54:18.710 --> 00:54:18.720 align:start position:0% said, "Our model of cosmology might be 00:54:18.720 --> 00:54:21.430 align:start position:0% said, "Our model of cosmology might be broken<00:54:19.599> and<00:54:19.839> noted<00:54:20.240> that<00:54:20.400> the<00:54:20.640> Hubble<00:54:21.040> tension 00:54:21.430 --> 00:54:21.440 align:start position:0% broken and noted that the Hubble tension 00:54:21.440 --> 00:54:24.870 align:start position:0% broken and noted that the Hubble tension is<00:54:21.760> feeling<00:54:22.079> more<00:54:22.640> like<00:54:22.800> a<00:54:23.040> Hubble<00:54:23.520> crisis. 00:54:24.870 --> 00:54:24.880 align:start position:0% is feeling more like a Hubble crisis. 00:54:24.880 --> 00:54:27.430 align:start position:0% is feeling more like a Hubble crisis. Without<00:54:25.280> resolution,<00:54:26.000> the<00:54:26.319> model<00:54:26.640> we<00:54:26.960> use<00:54:27.200> to 00:54:27.430 --> 00:54:27.440 align:start position:0% Without resolution, the model we use to 00:54:27.440 --> 00:54:30.630 align:start position:0% Without resolution, the model we use to interpret<00:54:28.000> the<00:54:28.319> universe<00:54:29.440> rests<00:54:29.839> on<00:54:30.079> shaky 00:54:30.630 --> 00:54:30.640 align:start position:0% interpret the universe rests on shaky 00:54:30.640 --> 00:54:33.430 align:start position:0% interpret the universe rests on shaky grounds.<00:54:31.839> Everything<00:54:32.240> from<00:54:32.480> when<00:54:32.800> galaxies 00:54:33.430 --> 00:54:33.440 align:start position:0% grounds. Everything from when galaxies 00:54:33.440 --> 00:54:36.390 align:start position:0% grounds. Everything from when galaxies formed<00:54:33.920> to<00:54:34.160> how<00:54:34.559> clusters<00:54:35.040> evolve<00:54:35.839> and<00:54:36.160> even 00:54:36.390 --> 00:54:36.400 align:start position:0% formed to how clusters evolve and even 00:54:36.400 --> 00:54:39.109 align:start position:0% formed to how clusters evolve and even predictions<00:54:36.880> of<00:54:37.119> the<00:54:37.280> cosmic<00:54:37.760> future<00:54:38.559> hang<00:54:38.880> in 00:54:39.109 --> 00:54:39.119 align:start position:0% predictions of the cosmic future hang in 00:54:39.119 --> 00:54:41.750 align:start position:0% predictions of the cosmic future hang in the<00:54:39.280> balance.<00:54:40.559> If<00:54:40.800> the<00:54:40.960> Hubble<00:54:41.280> constant 00:54:41.750 --> 00:54:41.760 align:start position:0% the balance. If the Hubble constant 00:54:41.760 --> 00:54:43.829 align:start position:0% the balance. If the Hubble constant turns<00:54:42.000> out<00:54:42.160> to<00:54:42.400> be<00:54:42.800> the<00:54:43.040> lower<00:54:43.440> value 00:54:43.829 --> 00:54:43.839 align:start position:0% turns out to be the lower value 00:54:43.839 --> 00:54:45.910 align:start position:0% turns out to be the lower value calculated<00:54:44.400> from<00:54:44.800> background<00:54:45.359> microwave 00:54:45.910 --> 00:54:45.920 align:start position:0% calculated from background microwave 00:54:45.920 --> 00:54:49.270 align:start position:0% calculated from background microwave radiation,<00:54:46.880> then<00:54:47.119> we<00:54:47.359> live<00:54:47.599> in<00:54:47.839> a<00:54:48.240> 13.8 00:54:49.270 --> 00:54:49.280 align:start position:0% radiation, then we live in a 13.8 00:54:49.280 --> 00:54:51.349 align:start position:0% radiation, then we live in a 13.8 billion-year-old<00:54:50.160> universe<00:54:50.880> that<00:54:51.119> will 00:54:51.349 --> 00:54:51.359 align:start position:0% billion-year-old universe that will 00:54:51.359 --> 00:54:53.750 align:start position:0% billion-year-old universe that will likely<00:54:51.680> go<00:54:51.839> on<00:54:52.079> expanding<00:54:52.640> forever.<00:54:53.520> A 00:54:53.750 --> 00:54:53.760 align:start position:0% likely go on expanding forever. A 00:54:53.760 --> 00:54:56.309 align:start position:0% likely go on expanding forever. A steady,<00:54:54.319> predictable<00:54:54.880> future<00:54:55.520> with<00:54:55.839> constant 00:54:56.309 --> 00:54:56.319 align:start position:0% steady, predictable future with constant 00:54:56.319 --> 00:54:59.190 align:start position:0% steady, predictable future with constant dark<00:54:56.640> energy.<00:54:57.839> But<00:54:58.000> if<00:54:58.160> the<00:54:58.319> Hubble<00:54:58.720> constant 00:54:59.190 --> 00:54:59.200 align:start position:0% dark energy. But if the Hubble constant 00:54:59.200 --> 00:55:01.990 align:start position:0% dark energy. But if the Hubble constant is<00:54:59.440> the<00:54:59.680> higher<00:55:00.160> value<00:55:00.800> observed<00:55:01.359> from<00:55:01.680> red 00:55:01.990 --> 00:55:02.000 align:start position:0% is the higher value observed from red 00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:04.390 align:start position:0% is the higher value observed from red shift,<00:55:02.559> then<00:55:02.800> our<00:55:03.119> universe<00:55:03.839> may<00:55:04.160> be 00:55:04.390 --> 00:55:04.400 align:start position:0% shift, then our universe may be 00:55:04.400 --> 00:55:06.870 align:start position:0% shift, then our universe may be expanding<00:55:05.280> faster<00:55:05.760> than<00:55:06.000> the<00:55:06.240> current<00:55:06.559> model 00:55:06.870 --> 00:55:06.880 align:start position:0% expanding faster than the current model 00:55:06.880 --> 00:55:09.990 align:start position:0% expanding faster than the current model predicts,<00:55:07.920> and<00:55:08.240> things<00:55:08.720> may<00:55:08.960> be<00:55:09.280> weirder<00:55:09.839> than 00:55:09.990 --> 00:55:10.000 align:start position:0% predicts, and things may be weirder than 00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:12.790 align:start position:0% predicts, and things may be weirder than we<00:55:10.240> thought.<00:55:11.200> If<00:55:11.440> that<00:55:11.680> were<00:55:11.839> the<00:55:12.079> case,<00:55:12.559> then 00:55:12.790 --> 00:55:12.800 align:start position:0% we thought. If that were the case, then 00:55:12.800 --> 00:55:15.190 align:start position:0% we thought. If that were the case, then our<00:55:13.200> universe<00:55:13.599> may<00:55:13.839> be<00:55:14.000> younger,<00:55:14.880> something 00:55:15.190 --> 00:55:15.200 align:start position:0% our universe may be younger, something 00:55:15.200 --> 00:55:18.870 align:start position:0% our universe may be younger, something like<00:55:15.680> 12<00:55:16.079> to<00:55:16.480> 13<00:55:17.040> billion<00:55:17.440> years<00:55:17.680> old,<00:55:18.480> and<00:55:18.720> it 00:55:18.870 --> 00:55:18.880 align:start position:0% like 12 to 13 billion years old, and it 00:55:18.880 --> 00:55:20.710 align:start position:0% like 12 to 13 billion years old, and it may<00:55:19.119> mean<00:55:19.280> that<00:55:19.440> we're<00:55:19.760> missing<00:55:20.240> something 00:55:20.710 --> 00:55:20.720 align:start position:0% may mean that we're missing something 00:55:20.720 --> 00:55:23.030 align:start position:0% may mean that we're missing something fundamental<00:55:21.520> in<00:55:21.839> our<00:55:22.079> understanding<00:55:22.640> of<00:55:22.880> the 00:55:23.030 --> 00:55:23.040 align:start position:0% fundamental in our understanding of the 00:55:23.040 --> 00:55:25.990 align:start position:0% fundamental in our understanding of the early<00:55:23.359> universe,<00:55:24.319> dark<00:55:24.640> energy,<00:55:25.520> or 00:55:25.990 --> 00:55:26.000 align:start position:0% early universe, dark energy, or 00:55:26.000 --> 00:55:27.829 align:start position:0% early universe, dark energy, or relativity. 00:55:27.829 --> 00:55:27.839 align:start position:0% relativity. 00:55:27.839 --> 00:55:29.750 align:start position:0% relativity. Some<00:55:28.079> scientists<00:55:28.640> have<00:55:28.960> proposed<00:55:29.359> that 00:55:29.750 --> 00:55:29.760 align:start position:0% Some scientists have proposed that 00:55:29.760 --> 00:55:32.390 align:start position:0% Some scientists have proposed that radical<00:55:30.319> adjustments<00:55:31.119> may<00:55:31.520> be<00:55:31.680> needed<00:55:32.079> to 00:55:32.390 --> 00:55:32.400 align:start position:0% radical adjustments may be needed to 00:55:32.400 --> 00:55:34.870 align:start position:0% radical adjustments may be needed to reconcile<00:55:32.880> the<00:55:33.119> Hubble<00:55:33.520> tension.<00:55:34.559> These 00:55:34.870 --> 00:55:34.880 align:start position:0% reconcile the Hubble tension. These 00:55:34.880 --> 00:55:36.549 align:start position:0% reconcile the Hubble tension. These proposed<00:55:35.440> adjustments<00:55:35.920> have<00:55:36.160> included 00:55:36.549 --> 00:55:36.559 align:start position:0% proposed adjustments have included 00:55:36.559 --> 00:55:39.829 align:start position:0% proposed adjustments have included things<00:55:36.880> like<00:55:37.440> decaying<00:55:38.079> dark<00:55:38.400> matter<00:55:39.040> or<00:55:39.520> dark 00:55:39.829 --> 00:55:39.839 align:start position:0% things like decaying dark matter or dark 00:55:39.839 --> 00:55:42.470 align:start position:0% things like decaying dark matter or dark energy<00:55:40.240> that<00:55:40.559> varies<00:55:41.040> over<00:55:41.359> time.<00:55:42.240> And 00:55:42.470 --> 00:55:42.480 align:start position:0% energy that varies over time. And 00:55:42.480 --> 00:55:45.030 align:start position:0% energy that varies over time. And scientists<00:55:43.119> have<00:55:43.520> even<00:55:43.839> explored<00:55:44.319> the<00:55:44.480> idea 00:55:45.030 --> 00:55:45.040 align:start position:0% scientists have even explored the idea 00:55:45.040 --> 00:55:48.069 align:start position:0% scientists have even explored the idea of<00:55:45.359> modifying<00:55:45.839> the<00:55:46.079> dark<00:55:46.400> energy<00:55:46.960> equation<00:55:47.520> of 00:55:48.069 --> 00:55:48.079 align:start position:0% of modifying the dark energy equation of 00:55:48.079 --> 00:55:50.789 align:start position:0% of modifying the dark energy equation of state,<00:55:48.960> representing<00:55:49.839> what<00:55:50.160> could<00:55:50.400> be<00:55:50.559> a 00:55:50.789 --> 00:55:50.799 align:start position:0% state, representing what could be a 00:55:50.799 --> 00:55:53.829 align:start position:0% state, representing what could be a change<00:55:51.040> to<00:55:51.359> general<00:55:51.760> relativity<00:55:52.480> itself. 00:55:53.829 --> 00:55:53.839 align:start position:0% change to general relativity itself. 00:55:53.839 --> 00:55:55.270 align:start position:0% change to general relativity itself. something<00:55:54.160> that<00:55:54.319> may<00:55:54.559> force<00:55:54.880> us<00:55:55.040> to 00:55:55.270 --> 00:55:55.280 align:start position:0% something that may force us to 00:55:55.280 --> 00:55:57.829 align:start position:0% something that may force us to re-evaluate<00:55:56.079> our<00:55:56.400> entire<00:55:56.960> understanding<00:55:57.520> of 00:55:57.829 --> 00:55:57.839 align:start position:0% re-evaluate our entire understanding of 00:55:57.839 --> 00:56:01.030 align:start position:0% re-evaluate our entire understanding of not<00:55:58.079> just<00:55:58.240> the<00:55:58.559> cosmos<00:55:59.440> but<00:55:59.760> also<00:56:00.160> our<00:56:00.559> very 00:56:01.030 --> 00:56:01.040 align:start position:0% not just the cosmos but also our very 00:56:01.040 --> 00:56:04.630 align:start position:0% not just the cosmos but also our very understanding<00:56:01.839> of<00:56:02.160> physics.<00:56:03.520> But<00:56:04.240> another 00:56:04.630 --> 00:56:04.640 align:start position:0% understanding of physics. But another 00:56:04.640 --> 00:56:07.270 align:start position:0% understanding of physics. But another recent<00:56:04.960> idea<00:56:05.440> has<00:56:05.680> been<00:56:05.839> gaining<00:56:06.240> traction. 00:56:07.270 --> 00:56:07.280 align:start position:0% recent idea has been gaining traction. 00:56:07.280 --> 00:56:09.430 align:start position:0% recent idea has been gaining traction. One<00:56:07.520> that<00:56:07.760> could<00:56:08.079> save<00:56:08.480> our<00:56:08.799> model<00:56:09.200> of 00:56:09.430 --> 00:56:09.440 align:start position:0% One that could save our model of 00:56:09.440 --> 00:56:12.470 align:start position:0% One that could save our model of cosmology<00:56:10.559> without<00:56:11.280> needing<00:56:11.680> to<00:56:11.920> rewrite 00:56:12.470 --> 00:56:12.480 align:start position:0% cosmology without needing to rewrite 00:56:12.480 --> 00:56:15.670 align:start position:0% cosmology without needing to rewrite physics.<00:56:13.599> And<00:56:13.920> all<00:56:14.160> it<00:56:14.400> needs<00:56:14.559> to<00:56:14.799> work<00:56:15.200> is<00:56:15.440> a 00:56:15.670 --> 00:56:15.680 align:start position:0% physics. And all it needs to work is a 00:56:15.680 --> 00:56:20.470 align:start position:0% physics. And all it needs to work is a little<00:56:16.000> spin.<00:56:17.119> No,<00:56:17.680> really.<00:56:18.799> The<00:56:19.119> 2025<00:56:20.000> paper 00:56:20.470 --> 00:56:20.480 align:start position:0% little spin. No, really. The 2025 paper 00:56:20.480 --> 00:56:22.630 align:start position:0% little spin. No, really. The 2025 paper suggests<00:56:20.960> that<00:56:21.200> perhaps<00:56:21.680> we've<00:56:22.000> missed<00:56:22.319> a 00:56:22.630 --> 00:56:22.640 align:start position:0% suggests that perhaps we've missed a 00:56:22.640 --> 00:56:25.349 align:start position:0% suggests that perhaps we've missed a very<00:56:22.960> slow<00:56:23.359> rotation<00:56:24.000> or<00:56:24.319> spin<00:56:24.880> of<00:56:25.119> the 00:56:25.349 --> 00:56:25.359 align:start position:0% very slow rotation or spin of the 00:56:25.359 --> 00:56:28.789 align:start position:0% very slow rotation or spin of the universe<00:56:26.640> published<00:56:27.040> by<00:56:27.520> Balash<00:56:28.319> Andre 00:56:28.789 --> 00:56:28.799 align:start position:0% universe published by Balash Andre 00:56:28.799 --> 00:56:34.390 align:start position:0% universe published by Balash Andre Ziggoti<00:56:29.920> Istvan<00:56:30.720> Zapui<00:56:31.920> Imray<00:56:32.720> Ferrrons<00:56:33.440> Bana 00:56:34.390 --> 00:56:34.400 align:start position:0% Ziggoti Istvan Zapui Imray Ferrrons Bana 00:56:34.400 --> 00:56:38.230 align:start position:0% Ziggoti Istvan Zapui Imray Ferrrons Bana and<00:56:34.640> Gurgi<00:56:35.359> Gabbor<00:56:36.079> Vanafaldi.<00:56:37.359> The<00:56:37.599> idea<00:56:38.000> is 00:56:38.230 --> 00:56:38.240 align:start position:0% and Gurgi Gabbor Vanafaldi. The idea is 00:56:38.240 --> 00:56:41.750 align:start position:0% and Gurgi Gabbor Vanafaldi. The idea is that<00:56:38.480> a<00:56:38.720> very<00:56:39.119> slow<00:56:39.599> universal<00:56:40.480> rotation<00:56:41.359> once 00:56:41.750 --> 00:56:41.760 align:start position:0% that a very slow universal rotation once 00:56:41.760 --> 00:56:45.030 align:start position:0% that a very slow universal rotation once every<00:56:42.240> 500<00:56:43.040> billion<00:56:43.520> years<00:56:44.400> would<00:56:44.640> be<00:56:44.799> slow 00:56:45.030 --> 00:56:45.040 align:start position:0% every 500 billion years would be slow 00:56:45.040 --> 00:56:48.069 align:start position:0% every 500 billion years would be slow enough<00:56:45.280> to<00:56:45.520> go<00:56:45.760> undetected<00:56:47.119> but<00:56:47.440> significant 00:56:48.069 --> 00:56:48.079 align:start position:0% enough to go undetected but significant 00:56:48.079 --> 00:56:50.950 align:start position:0% enough to go undetected but significant enough<00:56:48.400> to<00:56:48.640> affect<00:56:49.119> how<00:56:49.680> space<00:56:50.079> has<00:56:50.319> expanded 00:56:50.950 --> 00:56:50.960 align:start position:0% enough to affect how space has expanded 00:56:50.960 --> 00:56:54.470 align:start position:0% enough to affect how space has expanded over<00:56:51.280> time.<00:56:52.640> In<00:56:52.880> fact,<00:56:53.280> their<00:56:53.680> preliminary 00:56:54.470 --> 00:56:54.480 align:start position:0% over time. In fact, their preliminary 00:56:54.480 --> 00:56:57.030 align:start position:0% over time. In fact, their preliminary calculations<00:56:55.119> showed<00:56:55.440> that<00:56:55.680> this<00:56:55.920> slow<00:56:56.400> spin 00:56:57.030 --> 00:56:57.040 align:start position:0% calculations showed that this slow spin 00:56:57.040 --> 00:56:59.589 align:start position:0% calculations showed that this slow spin could<00:56:57.440> validate<00:56:58.160> both<00:56:58.559> values<00:56:59.040> we<00:56:59.280> have<00:56:59.359> for 00:56:59.589 --> 00:56:59.599 align:start position:0% could validate both values we have for 00:56:59.599 --> 00:57:02.150 align:start position:0% could validate both values we have for the<00:56:59.680> Hubble<00:57:00.079> constant.<00:57:01.200> When<00:57:01.520> spin<00:57:01.920> is 00:57:02.150 --> 00:57:02.160 align:start position:0% the Hubble constant. When spin is 00:57:02.160 --> 00:57:04.309 align:start position:0% the Hubble constant. When spin is introduced<00:57:02.720> into<00:57:02.960> the<00:57:03.200> model,<00:57:03.760> it<00:57:04.000> predicts 00:57:04.309 --> 00:57:04.319 align:start position:0% introduced into the model, it predicts 00:57:04.319 --> 00:57:06.470 align:start position:0% introduced into the model, it predicts an<00:57:04.559> early<00:57:04.799> universe<00:57:05.280> with<00:57:05.520> a<00:57:05.760> lower<00:57:06.079> rate<00:57:06.319> of 00:57:06.470 --> 00:57:06.480 align:start position:0% an early universe with a lower rate of 00:57:06.480 --> 00:57:08.950 align:start position:0% an early universe with a lower rate of expansion<00:57:07.440> like<00:57:07.680> we<00:57:07.839> get<00:57:08.000> from<00:57:08.160> the<00:57:08.319> CNB 00:57:08.950 --> 00:57:08.960 align:start position:0% expansion like we get from the CNB 00:57:08.960 --> 00:57:11.270 align:start position:0% expansion like we get from the CNB calculations<00:57:09.920> and<00:57:10.160> it<00:57:10.400> also<00:57:10.640> predicts<00:57:11.040> a 00:57:11.270 --> 00:57:11.280 align:start position:0% calculations and it also predicts a 00:57:11.280 --> 00:57:13.349 align:start position:0% calculations and it also predicts a present<00:57:11.680> universe<00:57:12.160> with<00:57:12.400> the<00:57:12.640> higher<00:57:12.960> rate<00:57:13.200> of 00:57:13.349 --> 00:57:13.359 align:start position:0% present universe with the higher rate of 00:57:13.359 --> 00:57:16.069 align:start position:0% present universe with the higher rate of expansion<00:57:14.319> like<00:57:14.559> we<00:57:14.799> get<00:57:14.960> from<00:57:15.440> red<00:57:15.760> shift 00:57:16.069 --> 00:57:16.079 align:start position:0% expansion like we get from red shift 00:57:16.079 --> 00:57:19.190 align:start position:0% expansion like we get from red shift measurements.<00:57:17.040> These<00:57:17.520> are<00:57:18.000> exciting<00:57:18.720> initial 00:57:19.190 --> 00:57:19.200 align:start position:0% measurements. These are exciting initial 00:57:19.200 --> 00:57:23.190 align:start position:0% measurements. These are exciting initial results.<00:57:20.559> Zapui,<00:57:21.599> one<00:57:21.839> of<00:57:21.920> the<00:57:22.160> ideas<00:57:22.720> authors 00:57:23.190 --> 00:57:23.200 align:start position:0% results. Zapui, one of the ideas authors 00:57:23.200 --> 00:57:25.510 align:start position:0% results. Zapui, one of the ideas authors from<00:57:23.520> the<00:57:23.680> University<00:57:24.079> of<00:57:24.400> Hawaii, 00:57:25.510 --> 00:57:25.520 align:start position:0% from the University of Hawaii, 00:57:25.520 --> 00:57:27.109 align:start position:0% from the University of Hawaii, paraphrased<00:57:26.160> the<00:57:26.319> Greek<00:57:26.640> philosopher 00:57:27.109 --> 00:57:27.119 align:start position:0% paraphrased the Greek philosopher 00:57:27.119 --> 00:57:29.750 align:start position:0% paraphrased the Greek philosopher Heracitis<00:57:27.920> of<00:57:28.160> Ephesus<00:57:28.799> when<00:57:29.119> explaining<00:57:29.520> the 00:57:29.750 --> 00:57:29.760 align:start position:0% Heracitis of Ephesus when explaining the 00:57:29.760 --> 00:57:33.589 align:start position:0% Heracitis of Ephesus when explaining the hypothesis<00:57:30.799> who<00:57:31.040> said<00:57:31.440> panta<00:57:31.920> ray<00:57:32.880> meaning 00:57:33.589 --> 00:57:33.599 align:start position:0% hypothesis who said panta ray meaning 00:57:33.599 --> 00:57:35.589 align:start position:0% hypothesis who said panta ray meaning everything<00:57:34.079> moves. 00:57:35.589 --> 00:57:35.599 align:start position:0% everything moves. 00:57:35.599 --> 00:57:37.829 align:start position:0% everything moves. And<00:57:35.839> indeed<00:57:36.480> with<00:57:36.799> how<00:57:37.119> promising<00:57:37.599> the 00:57:37.829 --> 00:57:37.839 align:start position:0% And indeed with how promising the 00:57:37.839 --> 00:57:41.109 align:start position:0% And indeed with how promising the initial<00:57:38.240> results<00:57:38.640> are,<00:57:39.359> it<00:57:39.599> may<00:57:39.839> be<00:57:40.079> true 00:57:41.109 --> 00:57:41.119 align:start position:0% initial results are, it may be true 00:57:41.119 --> 00:57:44.470 align:start position:0% initial results are, it may be true entire<00:57:41.839> universe<00:57:42.480> and<00:57:42.799> all. 00:57:44.470 --> 00:57:44.480 align:start position:0% entire universe and all. 00:57:44.480 --> 00:57:46.630 align:start position:0% entire universe and all. Though<00:57:44.960> the<00:57:45.200> authors<00:57:45.599> were<00:57:45.839> clear<00:57:46.160> that<00:57:46.480> this 00:57:46.630 --> 00:57:46.640 align:start position:0% Though the authors were clear that this 00:57:46.640 --> 00:57:49.030 align:start position:0% Though the authors were clear that this is<00:57:46.799> just<00:57:47.040> a<00:57:47.359> preliminary<00:57:48.079> calculation 00:57:49.030 --> 00:57:49.040 align:start position:0% is just a preliminary calculation 00:57:49.040 --> 00:57:52.069 align:start position:0% is just a preliminary calculation focused<00:57:49.520> only<00:57:49.920> on<00:57:50.160> the<00:57:50.319> Hubble<00:57:50.799> constant,<00:57:51.839> the 00:57:52.069 --> 00:57:52.079 align:start position:0% focused only on the Hubble constant, the 00:57:52.079 --> 00:57:54.390 align:start position:0% focused only on the Hubble constant, the next<00:57:52.319> step<00:57:52.559> towards<00:57:53.040> solidifying<00:57:53.760> this<00:57:54.000> idea 00:57:54.390 --> 00:57:54.400 align:start position:0% next step towards solidifying this idea 00:57:54.400 --> 00:57:56.549 align:start position:0% next step towards solidifying this idea will<00:57:54.640> be<00:57:54.799> more<00:57:55.200> complex<00:57:55.680> models<00:57:56.240> and 00:57:56.549 --> 00:57:56.559 align:start position:0% will be more complex models and 00:57:56.559 --> 00:57:59.030 align:start position:0% will be more complex models and simulations<00:57:57.280> to<00:57:57.520> check<00:57:57.760> the<00:57:58.000> hypothesis 00:57:59.030 --> 00:57:59.040 align:start position:0% simulations to check the hypothesis 00:57:59.040 --> 00:58:01.589 align:start position:0% simulations to check the hypothesis against<00:57:59.599> other<00:57:59.839> observations. 00:58:01.589 --> 00:58:01.599 align:start position:0% against other observations. 00:58:01.599 --> 00:58:03.990 align:start position:0% against other observations. I<00:58:01.920> believe<00:58:02.160> this<00:58:02.400> idea<00:58:02.799> is<00:58:03.119> a<00:58:03.359> reminder<00:58:03.680> that 00:58:03.990 --> 00:58:04.000 align:start position:0% I believe this idea is a reminder that 00:58:04.000 --> 00:58:06.549 align:start position:0% I believe this idea is a reminder that there's<00:58:04.319> still<00:58:04.640> a<00:58:04.960> lot<00:58:05.200> to<00:58:05.599> learn<00:58:05.920> about<00:58:06.240> our 00:58:06.549 --> 00:58:06.559 align:start position:0% there's still a lot to learn about our 00:58:06.559 --> 00:58:09.430 align:start position:0% there's still a lot to learn about our universe,<00:58:07.520> but<00:58:07.760> it's<00:58:08.000> far<00:58:08.400> too<00:58:08.640> soon<00:58:08.960> to<00:58:09.200> think 00:58:09.430 --> 00:58:09.440 align:start position:0% universe, but it's far too soon to think 00:58:09.440 --> 00:58:11.589 align:start position:0% universe, but it's far too soon to think about<00:58:09.760> throwing<00:58:10.160> out<00:58:10.400> our<00:58:10.720> entire<00:58:11.119> model<00:58:11.359> of 00:58:11.589 --> 00:58:11.599 align:start position:0% about throwing out our entire model of 00:58:11.599 --> 00:58:14.230 align:start position:0% about throwing out our entire model of cosmic<00:58:12.000> evolution,<00:58:13.119> especially<00:58:13.520> when<00:58:13.760> we<00:58:14.000> may 00:58:14.230 --> 00:58:14.240 align:start position:0% cosmic evolution, especially when we may 00:58:14.240 --> 00:58:16.549 align:start position:0% cosmic evolution, especially when we may be<00:58:14.559> just<00:58:14.880> on<00:58:15.040> the<00:58:15.280> brink<00:58:15.520> of<00:58:15.839> understanding 00:58:16.549 --> 00:58:16.559 align:start position:0% be just on the brink of understanding 00:58:16.559 --> 00:58:20.390 align:start position:0% be just on the brink of understanding the<00:58:16.880> missing<00:58:17.280> piece.<00:58:18.720> And<00:58:19.280> even<00:58:19.520> if<00:58:19.760> we<00:58:20.079> can 00:58:20.390 --> 00:58:20.400 align:start position:0% the missing piece. And even if we can 00:58:20.400 --> 00:58:23.030 align:start position:0% the missing piece. And even if we can keep<00:58:20.720> our<00:58:20.960> cosmological<00:58:21.760> model,<00:58:22.559> it<00:58:22.799> would 00:58:23.030 --> 00:58:23.040 align:start position:0% keep our cosmological model, it would 00:58:23.040 --> 00:58:26.789 align:start position:0% keep our cosmological model, it would still<00:58:23.440> mean<00:58:23.760> a<00:58:24.160> new<00:58:24.799> rotating<00:58:25.599> variant<00:58:26.000> of<00:58:26.160> it. 00:58:26.789 --> 00:58:26.799 align:start position:0% still mean a new rotating variant of it. 00:58:26.799 --> 00:58:30.069 align:start position:0% still mean a new rotating variant of it. one<00:58:27.119> where<00:58:27.440> cosmic<00:58:28.000> parameters<00:58:28.799> and<00:58:29.200> values 00:58:30.069 --> 00:58:30.079 align:start position:0% one where cosmic parameters and values 00:58:30.079 --> 00:58:33.030 align:start position:0% one where cosmic parameters and values shift<00:58:30.480> to<00:58:30.720> accommodate<00:58:31.280> our<00:58:31.680> new<00:58:32.000> reality. 00:58:33.030 --> 00:58:33.040 align:start position:0% shift to accommodate our new reality. 00:58:33.040 --> 00:58:36.390 align:start position:0% shift to accommodate our new reality. And<00:58:33.280> this<00:58:33.440> idea<00:58:33.839> has<00:58:34.160> one<00:58:34.480> other<00:58:34.880> major<00:58:35.359> perk. 00:58:36.390 --> 00:58:36.400 align:start position:0% And this idea has one other major perk. 00:58:36.400 --> 00:58:39.510 align:start position:0% And this idea has one other major perk. It<00:58:36.720> doesn't<00:58:37.119> violate<00:58:37.920> any<00:58:38.400> known<00:58:38.880> laws<00:58:39.280> of 00:58:39.510 --> 00:58:39.520 align:start position:0% It doesn't violate any known laws of 00:58:39.520 --> 00:58:43.190 align:start position:0% It doesn't violate any known laws of physics.<00:58:40.880> Besides,<00:58:41.760> I<00:58:42.000> quite<00:58:42.240> like<00:58:42.400> the<00:58:42.640> idea 00:58:43.190 --> 00:58:43.200 align:start position:0% physics. Besides, I quite like the idea 00:58:43.200 --> 00:58:46.069 align:start position:0% physics. Besides, I quite like the idea that<00:58:43.760> not<00:58:44.079> only<00:58:44.319> is<00:58:44.480> our<00:58:44.799> planet<00:58:45.200> spinning<00:58:45.839> and 00:58:46.069 --> 00:58:46.079 align:start position:0% that not only is our planet spinning and 00:58:46.079 --> 00:58:49.190 align:start position:0% that not only is our planet spinning and our<00:58:46.400> solar<00:58:46.720> system<00:58:47.119> rotating,<00:58:48.400> but<00:58:48.559> so<00:58:48.880> too 00:58:49.190 --> 00:58:49.200 align:start position:0% our solar system rotating, but so too 00:58:49.200 --> 00:58:53.030 align:start position:0% our solar system rotating, but so too are<00:58:49.440> the<00:58:49.599> Milky<00:58:49.839> Way<00:58:50.160> galaxy<00:58:51.200> and<00:58:51.839> our<00:58:52.240> entire 00:58:53.030 --> 00:58:53.040 align:start position:0% are the Milky Way galaxy and our entire 00:58:53.040 --> 00:58:55.750 align:start position:0% are the Milky Way galaxy and our entire universe. 00:58:55.750 --> 00:58:55.760 align:start position:0% universe. 00:58:55.760 --> 00:58:57.430 align:start position:0% universe. If<00:58:56.000> you've<00:58:56.240> been<00:58:56.400> following<00:58:56.720> the<00:58:56.960> Astramm 00:58:57.430 --> 00:58:57.440 align:start position:0% If you've been following the Astramm 00:58:57.440 --> 00:58:59.430 align:start position:0% If you've been following the Astramm Answer<00:58:57.839> series<00:58:58.240> recently,<00:58:58.880> you'll<00:58:59.200> notice 00:58:59.430 --> 00:58:59.440 align:start position:0% Answer series recently, you'll notice 00:58:59.440 --> 00:59:01.270 align:start position:0% Answer series recently, you'll notice that<00:58:59.680> we've<00:58:59.920> talked<00:59:00.160> a<00:59:00.319> lot<00:59:00.559> about<00:59:00.799> how<00:59:01.040> the 00:59:01.270 --> 00:59:01.280 align:start position:0% that we've talked a lot about how the 00:59:01.280 --> 00:59:03.829 align:start position:0% that we've talked a lot about how the universe<00:59:01.680> is<00:59:01.920> structured. 00:59:03.829 --> 00:59:03.839 align:start position:0% universe is structured. 00:59:03.839 --> 00:59:05.750 align:start position:0% universe is structured. Filament<00:59:04.400> structures<00:59:04.720> of<00:59:04.960> galaxies<00:59:05.520> being 00:59:05.750 --> 00:59:05.760 align:start position:0% Filament structures of galaxies being 00:59:05.760 --> 00:59:08.230 align:start position:0% Filament structures of galaxies being pulled<00:59:06.079> apart<00:59:06.400> by<00:59:06.559> the<00:59:06.720> universe's<00:59:07.359> expansion 00:59:08.230 --> 00:59:08.240 align:start position:0% pulled apart by the universe's expansion 00:59:08.240 --> 00:59:10.789 align:start position:0% pulled apart by the universe's expansion with<00:59:08.480> bubbles<00:59:09.040> or<00:59:09.359> voids<00:59:10.000> forming<00:59:10.400> in<00:59:10.640> the 00:59:10.789 --> 00:59:10.799 align:start position:0% with bubbles or voids forming in the 00:59:10.799 --> 00:59:13.030 align:start position:0% with bubbles or voids forming in the gaps. 00:59:13.030 --> 00:59:13.040 align:start position:0% gaps. 00:59:13.040 --> 00:59:15.349 align:start position:0% gaps. Because<00:59:13.359> of<00:59:13.520> the<00:59:13.680> universe's<00:59:14.319> expansion, 00:59:15.349 --> 00:59:15.359 align:start position:0% Because of the universe's expansion, 00:59:15.359 --> 00:59:17.030 align:start position:0% Because of the universe's expansion, everything<00:59:15.839> is<00:59:16.079> moving<00:59:16.480> away<00:59:16.720> from 00:59:17.030 --> 00:59:17.040 align:start position:0% everything is moving away from 00:59:17.040 --> 00:59:19.750 align:start position:0% everything is moving away from everything.<00:59:18.160> But<00:59:18.400> of<00:59:18.640> course,<00:59:19.200> this<00:59:19.440> isn't 00:59:19.750 --> 00:59:19.760 align:start position:0% everything. But of course, this isn't 00:59:19.760 --> 00:59:22.069 align:start position:0% everything. But of course, this isn't totally<00:59:20.160> true<00:59:20.480> in<00:59:20.720> practice<00:59:21.520> due<00:59:21.760> to<00:59:21.920> a 00:59:22.069 --> 00:59:22.079 align:start position:0% totally true in practice due to a 00:59:22.079 --> 00:59:25.109 align:start position:0% totally true in practice due to a mysterious<00:59:22.640> force<00:59:23.200> called<00:59:23.520> gravity. 00:59:25.109 --> 00:59:25.119 align:start position:0% mysterious force called gravity. 00:59:25.119 --> 00:59:27.589 align:start position:0% mysterious force called gravity. Gravity<00:59:25.599> is<00:59:25.839> a<00:59:26.000> pulling<00:59:26.400> force<00:59:27.200> or 00:59:27.589 --> 00:59:27.599 align:start position:0% Gravity is a pulling force or 00:59:27.599 --> 00:59:29.670 align:start position:0% Gravity is a pulling force or technically<00:59:28.400> it<00:59:28.640> is<00:59:28.799> the<00:59:28.960> curvature<00:59:29.440> of 00:59:29.670 --> 00:59:29.680 align:start position:0% technically it is the curvature of 00:59:29.680 --> 00:59:32.630 align:start position:0% technically it is the curvature of spaceime<00:59:30.640> caused<00:59:31.040> by<00:59:31.359> uneven<00:59:32.000> distribution 00:59:32.630 --> 00:59:32.640 align:start position:0% spaceime caused by uneven distribution 00:59:32.640 --> 00:59:34.390 align:start position:0% spaceime caused by uneven distribution of<00:59:32.799> mass. 00:59:34.390 --> 00:59:34.400 align:start position:0% of mass. 00:59:34.400 --> 00:59:37.109 align:start position:0% of mass. On<00:59:34.640> very<00:59:34.960> small<00:59:35.280> scales,<00:59:36.079> gravity<00:59:36.559> is<00:59:36.720> hardly 00:59:37.109 --> 00:59:37.119 align:start position:0% On very small scales, gravity is hardly 00:59:37.119 --> 00:59:39.510 align:start position:0% On very small scales, gravity is hardly relevant<00:59:37.520> at<00:59:37.760> all.<00:59:38.240> I<00:59:38.559> don't<00:59:38.640> feel<00:59:38.960> any<00:59:39.200> pull 00:59:39.510 --> 00:59:39.520 align:start position:0% relevant at all. I don't feel any pull 00:59:39.520 --> 00:59:42.069 align:start position:0% relevant at all. I don't feel any pull towards<00:59:40.000> objects<00:59:40.400> around<00:59:40.720> me,<00:59:41.359> only<00:59:41.680> towards 00:59:42.069 --> 00:59:42.079 align:start position:0% towards objects around me, only towards 00:59:42.079 --> 00:59:45.030 align:start position:0% towards objects around me, only towards the<00:59:42.319> earth<00:59:42.799> because<00:59:43.040> it<00:59:43.280> is<00:59:43.440> so<00:59:43.680> massive. 00:59:45.030 --> 00:59:45.040 align:start position:0% the earth because it is so massive. 00:59:45.040 --> 00:59:47.030 align:start position:0% the earth because it is so massive. Celestial<00:59:45.760> objects<00:59:46.240> close<00:59:46.480> enough<00:59:46.720> to<00:59:46.880> the 00:59:47.030 --> 00:59:47.040 align:start position:0% Celestial objects close enough to the 00:59:47.040 --> 00:59:50.309 align:start position:0% Celestial objects close enough to the sun<00:59:47.359> are<00:59:47.520> most<00:59:47.839> influenced<00:59:48.319> by<00:59:48.559> its<00:59:48.880> gravity. 00:59:50.309 --> 00:59:50.319 align:start position:0% sun are most influenced by its gravity. 00:59:50.319 --> 00:59:52.870 align:start position:0% sun are most influenced by its gravity. And<00:59:50.480> all<00:59:50.799> stars<00:59:51.119> in<00:59:51.280> the<00:59:51.440> galaxy<00:59:52.160> orbit<00:59:52.559> around 00:59:52.870 --> 00:59:52.880 align:start position:0% And all stars in the galaxy orbit around 00:59:52.880 --> 00:59:54.950 align:start position:0% And all stars in the galaxy orbit around a<00:59:53.200> super<00:59:53.520> massive<00:59:53.920> black<00:59:54.160> hole<00:59:54.559> at<00:59:54.799> the 00:59:54.950 --> 00:59:54.960 align:start position:0% a super massive black hole at the 00:59:54.960 --> 00:59:57.510 align:start position:0% a super massive black hole at the galaxy's<00:59:55.440> core.<00:59:56.480> But<00:59:56.720> it<00:59:56.960> doesn't<00:59:57.200> stop 00:59:57.510 --> 00:59:57.520 align:start position:0% galaxy's core. But it doesn't stop 00:59:57.520 --> 00:59:59.510 align:start position:0% galaxy's core. But it doesn't stop there.<00:59:58.160> You've<00:59:58.480> probably<00:59:58.880> heard<00:59:59.200> that<00:59:59.359> the 00:59:59.510 --> 00:59:59.520 align:start position:0% there. You've probably heard that the 00:59:59.520 --> 01:00:02.470 align:start position:0% there. You've probably heard that the Andromeda<01:00:00.160> galaxy<01:00:00.559> is<01:00:00.799> hurtling<01:00:01.359> towards<01:00:01.680> us. 01:00:02.470 --> 01:00:02.480 align:start position:0% Andromeda galaxy is hurtling towards us. 01:00:02.480 --> 01:00:04.230 align:start position:0% Andromeda galaxy is hurtling towards us. How<01:00:02.720> can<01:00:02.880> that<01:00:03.119> be<01:00:03.359> when<01:00:03.680> everything<01:00:04.000> is 01:00:04.230 --> 01:00:04.240 align:start position:0% How can that be when everything is 01:00:04.240 --> 01:00:06.390 align:start position:0% How can that be when everything is moving<01:00:04.559> apart? 01:00:06.390 --> 01:00:06.400 align:start position:0% moving apart? 01:00:06.400 --> 01:00:08.150 align:start position:0% moving apart? Gravity. 01:00:08.150 --> 01:00:08.160 align:start position:0% Gravity. 01:00:08.160 --> 01:00:09.829 align:start position:0% Gravity. Objects<01:00:08.559> that<01:00:08.799> are<01:00:08.960> close<01:00:09.200> enough<01:00:09.440> together 01:00:09.829 --> 01:00:09.839 align:start position:0% Objects that are close enough together 01:00:09.839 --> 01:00:11.990 align:start position:0% Objects that are close enough together with<01:00:10.079> a<01:00:10.319> large<01:00:10.559> enough<01:00:10.799> mass<01:00:11.440> are<01:00:11.680> pulled 01:00:11.990 --> 01:00:12.000 align:start position:0% with a large enough mass are pulled 01:00:12.000 --> 01:00:14.150 align:start position:0% with a large enough mass are pulled towards<01:00:12.319> each<01:00:12.559> other<01:00:12.720> by<01:00:12.960> gravity<01:00:13.680> faster 01:00:14.150 --> 01:00:14.160 align:start position:0% towards each other by gravity faster 01:00:14.160 --> 01:00:16.789 align:start position:0% towards each other by gravity faster than<01:00:14.319> the<01:00:14.559> universe<01:00:14.880> can<01:00:15.119> expand. 01:00:16.789 --> 01:00:16.799 align:start position:0% than the universe can expand. 01:00:16.799 --> 01:00:18.150 align:start position:0% than the universe can expand. This<01:00:16.960> is<01:00:17.119> why<01:00:17.280> we<01:00:17.520> have<01:00:17.680> galaxy 01:00:18.150 --> 01:00:18.160 align:start position:0% This is why we have galaxy 01:00:18.160 --> 01:00:20.789 align:start position:0% This is why we have galaxy superclusters.<01:00:19.520> And<01:00:19.680> in<01:00:19.920> fact,<01:00:20.160> we<01:00:20.400> are<01:00:20.559> part 01:00:20.789 --> 01:00:20.799 align:start position:0% superclusters. And in fact, we are part 01:00:20.799 --> 01:00:23.589 align:start position:0% superclusters. And in fact, we are part of<01:00:20.960> one.<01:00:21.920> Gravity<01:00:22.400> is<01:00:22.640> keeping<01:00:22.880> these<01:00:23.200> galaxy 01:00:23.589 --> 01:00:23.599 align:start position:0% of one. Gravity is keeping these galaxy 01:00:23.599 --> 01:00:26.069 align:start position:0% of one. Gravity is keeping these galaxy clusters<01:00:24.079> bound<01:00:24.400> together,<01:00:25.359> meaning<01:00:25.760> over 01:00:26.069 --> 01:00:26.079 align:start position:0% clusters bound together, meaning over 01:00:26.079 --> 01:00:28.789 align:start position:0% clusters bound together, meaning over extremely<01:00:26.720> large<01:00:27.119> time<01:00:27.359> scales,<01:00:28.240> collisions 01:00:28.789 --> 01:00:28.799 align:start position:0% extremely large time scales, collisions 01:00:28.799 --> 01:00:31.589 align:start position:0% extremely large time scales, collisions aren't<01:00:29.200> totally<01:00:29.680> unusual. 01:00:31.589 --> 01:00:31.599 align:start position:0% aren't totally unusual. 01:00:31.599 --> 01:00:33.990 align:start position:0% aren't totally unusual. In<01:00:31.839> fact,<01:00:32.400> a<01:00:32.640> new<01:00:32.799> theory<01:00:33.119> has<01:00:33.359> recently<01:00:33.760> been 01:00:33.990 --> 01:00:34.000 align:start position:0% In fact, a new theory has recently been 01:00:34.000 --> 01:00:35.990 align:start position:0% In fact, a new theory has recently been proposed<01:00:34.319> that<01:00:34.559> the<01:00:34.720> Milky<01:00:35.040> Way<01:00:35.520> may<01:00:35.839> have 01:00:35.990 --> 01:00:36.000 align:start position:0% proposed that the Milky Way may have 01:00:36.000 --> 01:00:38.150 align:start position:0% proposed that the Milky Way may have recently<01:00:36.640> experienced<01:00:37.200> a<01:00:37.359> collision<01:00:37.760> with<01:00:38.000> a 01:00:38.150 --> 01:00:38.160 align:start position:0% recently experienced a collision with a 01:00:38.160 --> 01:00:40.470 align:start position:0% recently experienced a collision with a large<01:00:38.559> melanic<01:00:39.200> cloud-sized<01:00:39.920> diffused 01:00:40.470 --> 01:00:40.480 align:start position:0% large melanic cloud-sized diffused 01:00:40.480 --> 01:00:44.549 align:start position:0% large melanic cloud-sized diffused galaxy<01:00:41.200> called<01:00:41.599> Antlia<01:00:42.240> 2.<01:00:43.680> Scientists<01:00:44.400> have 01:00:44.549 --> 01:00:44.559 align:start position:0% galaxy called Antlia 2. Scientists have 01:00:44.559 --> 01:00:46.069 align:start position:0% galaxy called Antlia 2. Scientists have discovered<01:00:44.880> that<01:00:45.119> the<01:00:45.280> Milky<01:00:45.520> Way<01:00:45.760> has 01:00:46.069 --> 01:00:46.079 align:start position:0% discovered that the Milky Way has 01:00:46.079 --> 01:00:48.390 align:start position:0% discovered that the Milky Way has ripples<01:00:46.720> consistent<01:00:47.280> with<01:00:47.440> it<01:00:47.680> having<01:00:48.000> had<01:00:48.240> a 01:00:48.390 --> 01:00:48.400 align:start position:0% ripples consistent with it having had a 01:00:48.400 --> 01:00:50.789 align:start position:0% ripples consistent with it having had a collision<01:00:48.799> in<01:00:49.040> the<01:00:49.200> past,<01:00:50.160> but<01:00:50.319> we<01:00:50.559> couldn't 01:00:50.789 --> 01:00:50.799 align:start position:0% collision in the past, but we couldn't 01:00:50.799 --> 01:00:53.990 align:start position:0% collision in the past, but we couldn't pinpoint<01:00:51.359> what<01:00:51.599> it<01:00:51.839> collided<01:00:52.240> with<01:00:52.960> until<01:00:53.359> Gia 01:00:53.990 --> 01:00:54.000 align:start position:0% pinpoint what it collided with until Gia 01:00:54.000 --> 01:00:56.390 align:start position:0% pinpoint what it collided with until Gia discovered<01:00:54.400> the<01:00:54.640> Antelier<01:00:55.280> 2<01:00:55.520> galaxy<01:00:56.000> hidden 01:00:56.390 --> 01:00:56.400 align:start position:0% discovered the Antelier 2 galaxy hidden 01:00:56.400 --> 01:00:59.190 align:start position:0% discovered the Antelier 2 galaxy hidden behind<01:00:56.799> our<01:00:57.040> galactic<01:00:57.520> disc.<01:00:58.559> This<01:00:58.799> makes<01:00:59.040> it 01:00:59.190 --> 01:00:59.200 align:start position:0% behind our galactic disc. This makes it 01:00:59.200 --> 01:01:01.510 align:start position:0% behind our galactic disc. This makes it very<01:00:59.520> hard<01:00:59.760> to<01:00:59.920> spot<01:01:00.640> as<01:01:00.880> although<01:01:01.200> it<01:01:01.359> is 01:01:01.510 --> 01:01:01.520 align:start position:0% very hard to spot as although it is 01:01:01.520 --> 01:01:03.990 align:start position:0% very hard to spot as although it is massive,<01:01:02.319> it<01:01:02.559> is<01:01:02.720> very<01:01:03.040> spread<01:01:03.359> out<01:01:03.680> due<01:01:03.839> to 01:01:03.990 --> 01:01:04.000 align:start position:0% massive, it is very spread out due to 01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:06.390 align:start position:0% massive, it is very spread out due to the<01:01:04.160> collision<01:01:05.040> and<01:01:05.359> being<01:01:05.760> behind<01:01:06.160> our 01:01:06.390 --> 01:01:06.400 align:start position:0% the collision and being behind our 01:01:06.400 --> 01:01:09.190 align:start position:0% the collision and being behind our galactic<01:01:06.960> disc<01:01:07.599> makes<01:01:07.920> it<01:01:08.079> hard<01:01:08.319> to<01:01:08.559> see<01:01:08.960> due 01:01:09.190 --> 01:01:09.200 align:start position:0% galactic disc makes it hard to see due 01:01:09.200 --> 01:01:12.230 align:start position:0% galactic disc makes it hard to see due to<01:01:09.280> the<01:01:09.520> stars<01:01:09.839> and<01:01:10.079> dust<01:01:10.400> in<01:01:10.640> the<01:01:10.799> way.<01:01:12.000> But 01:01:12.230 --> 01:01:12.240 align:start position:0% to the stars and dust in the way. But 01:01:12.240 --> 01:01:14.069 align:start position:0% to the stars and dust in the way. But that<01:01:12.480> brings<01:01:12.720> us<01:01:12.880> onto<01:01:13.200> the<01:01:13.359> main<01:01:13.599> topic<01:01:13.920> of 01:01:14.069 --> 01:01:14.079 align:start position:0% that brings us onto the main topic of 01:01:14.079 --> 01:01:17.190 align:start position:0% that brings us onto the main topic of this<01:01:14.319> episode,<01:01:15.040> the<01:01:15.280> great<01:01:15.680> attractor. 01:01:17.190 --> 01:01:17.200 align:start position:0% this episode, the great attractor. 01:01:17.200 --> 01:01:19.349 align:start position:0% this episode, the great attractor. In<01:01:17.440> an<01:01:17.599> opposite<01:01:17.920> vein<01:01:18.240> from<01:01:18.400> the<01:01:18.640> supervoids 01:01:19.349 --> 01:01:19.359 align:start position:0% In an opposite vein from the supervoids 01:01:19.359 --> 01:01:21.829 align:start position:0% In an opposite vein from the supervoids video,<01:01:20.000> where<01:01:20.240> there<01:01:20.480> are<01:01:20.720> regions<01:01:21.119> of<01:01:21.359> space 01:01:21.829 --> 01:01:21.839 align:start position:0% video, where there are regions of space 01:01:21.839 --> 01:01:23.990 align:start position:0% video, where there are regions of space where<01:01:22.079> there<01:01:22.319> is<01:01:22.400> an<01:01:22.640> almost<01:01:23.040> total<01:01:23.520> absence 01:01:23.990 --> 01:01:24.000 align:start position:0% where there is an almost total absence 01:01:24.000 --> 01:01:25.750 align:start position:0% where there is an almost total absence of<01:01:24.160> mass<01:01:24.480> for<01:01:24.720> hundreds<01:01:25.119> of<01:01:25.280> millions<01:01:25.599> of 01:01:25.750 --> 01:01:25.760 align:start position:0% of mass for hundreds of millions of 01:01:25.760 --> 01:01:28.390 align:start position:0% of mass for hundreds of millions of light<01:01:26.079> years<01:01:26.240> in<01:01:26.480> any<01:01:26.799> direction,<01:01:27.839> the<01:01:28.160> great 01:01:28.390 --> 01:01:28.400 align:start position:0% light years in any direction, the great 01:01:28.400 --> 01:01:30.710 align:start position:0% light years in any direction, the great attractor<01:01:29.119> is<01:01:29.359> the<01:01:29.680> biggest<01:01:30.160> concentration 01:01:30.710 --> 01:01:30.720 align:start position:0% attractor is the biggest concentration 01:01:30.720 --> 01:01:32.470 align:start position:0% attractor is the biggest concentration of<01:01:30.880> mass<01:01:31.200> for<01:01:31.440> hundreds<01:01:31.839> of<01:01:32.000> millions<01:01:32.319> of 01:01:32.470 --> 01:01:32.480 align:start position:0% of mass for hundreds of millions of 01:01:32.480 --> 01:01:35.750 align:start position:0% of mass for hundreds of millions of light<01:01:32.720> years.<01:01:33.599> It<01:01:33.839> is<01:01:34.000> so<01:01:34.319> massive<01:01:35.119> that<01:01:35.440> even 01:01:35.750 --> 01:01:35.760 align:start position:0% light years. It is so massive that even 01:01:35.760 --> 01:01:39.589 align:start position:0% light years. It is so massive that even though<01:01:35.920> our<01:01:36.240> galaxy<01:01:36.640> is<01:01:36.880> between<01:01:37.920> 150<01:01:38.319> to<01:01:38.720> 250 01:01:39.589 --> 01:01:39.599 align:start position:0% though our galaxy is between 150 to 250 01:01:39.599 --> 01:01:42.549 align:start position:0% though our galaxy is between 150 to 250 million<01:01:39.920> lighty<01:01:40.240> years<01:01:40.480> away,<01:01:41.359> we<01:01:42.000> and<01:01:42.319> all 01:01:42.549 --> 01:01:42.559 align:start position:0% million lighty years away, we and all 01:01:42.559 --> 01:01:45.030 align:start position:0% million lighty years away, we and all galaxies<01:01:43.119> around<01:01:43.359> it<01:01:43.839> are<01:01:44.079> currently<01:01:44.640> moving 01:01:45.030 --> 01:01:45.040 align:start position:0% galaxies around it are currently moving 01:01:45.040 --> 01:01:47.910 align:start position:0% galaxies around it are currently moving towards<01:01:45.440> it.<01:01:46.400> Estimates<01:01:46.960> put<01:01:47.119> its<01:01:47.359> mass<01:01:47.680> at 01:01:47.910 --> 01:01:47.920 align:start position:0% towards it. Estimates put its mass at 01:01:47.920 --> 01:01:51.190 align:start position:0% towards it. Estimates put its mass at roughly<01:01:48.400> 1,000<01:01:49.280> trillion<01:01:49.839> suns,<01:01:50.799> which<01:01:50.960> is 01:01:51.190 --> 01:01:51.200 align:start position:0% roughly 1,000 trillion suns, which is 01:01:51.200 --> 01:01:54.069 align:start position:0% roughly 1,000 trillion suns, which is enough<01:01:51.359> for<01:01:51.599> many<01:01:51.920> thousands<01:01:52.400> of<01:01:52.640> galaxies. 01:01:54.069 --> 01:01:54.079 align:start position:0% enough for many thousands of galaxies. 01:01:54.079 --> 01:01:55.990 align:start position:0% enough for many thousands of galaxies. But<01:01:54.240> what<01:01:54.480> could<01:01:54.720> possibly<01:01:55.119> be<01:01:55.359> there<01:01:55.599> that<01:01:55.839> is 01:01:55.990 --> 01:01:56.000 align:start position:0% But what could possibly be there that is 01:01:56.000 --> 01:01:57.829 align:start position:0% But what could possibly be there that is that<01:01:56.319> massive? 01:01:57.829 --> 01:01:57.839 align:start position:0% that massive? 01:01:57.839 --> 01:01:59.910 align:start position:0% that massive? Well,<01:01:58.160> for<01:01:58.400> the<01:01:58.559> longest<01:01:58.960> time<01:01:59.440> it<01:01:59.680> was<01:01:59.760> a 01:01:59.910 --> 01:01:59.920 align:start position:0% Well, for the longest time it was a 01:01:59.920 --> 01:02:03.589 align:start position:0% Well, for the longest time it was a total<01:02:00.319> mystery<01:02:01.119> because<01:02:01.760> like<01:02:02.000> Andla<01:02:02.640> 2,<01:02:03.359> the 01:02:03.589 --> 01:02:03.599 align:start position:0% total mystery because like Andla 2, the 01:02:03.599 --> 01:02:05.190 align:start position:0% total mystery because like Andla 2, the region<01:02:03.839> where<01:02:04.079> the<01:02:04.240> great<01:02:04.480> attractor<01:02:05.040> is 01:02:05.190 --> 01:02:05.200 align:start position:0% region where the great attractor is 01:02:05.200 --> 01:02:07.750 align:start position:0% region where the great attractor is located<01:02:05.839> is<01:02:06.160> hidden<01:02:06.559> behind<01:02:06.960> our<01:02:07.280> galaxy's 01:02:07.750 --> 01:02:07.760 align:start position:0% located is hidden behind our galaxy's 01:02:07.760 --> 01:02:11.589 align:start position:0% located is hidden behind our galaxy's disc.<01:02:08.960> However,<01:02:09.760> X-ray<01:02:10.240> telescopes<01:02:11.040> can<01:02:11.359> see 01:02:11.589 --> 01:02:11.599 align:start position:0% disc. However, X-ray telescopes can see 01:02:11.599 --> 01:02:13.349 align:start position:0% disc. However, X-ray telescopes can see through<01:02:11.760> the<01:02:12.000> disc.<01:02:12.720> And<01:02:12.960> recent 01:02:13.349 --> 01:02:13.359 align:start position:0% through the disc. And recent 01:02:13.359 --> 01:02:15.589 align:start position:0% through the disc. And recent technological<01:02:14.079> improvements<01:02:14.720> and<01:02:15.040> advances 01:02:15.589 --> 01:02:15.599 align:start position:0% technological improvements and advances 01:02:15.599 --> 01:02:18.069 align:start position:0% technological improvements and advances in<01:02:15.920> X-ray<01:02:16.319> telescopes<01:02:17.200> have<01:02:17.520> meant<01:02:17.680> that<01:02:17.920> we 01:02:18.069 --> 01:02:18.079 align:start position:0% in X-ray telescopes have meant that we 01:02:18.079 --> 01:02:19.910 align:start position:0% in X-ray telescopes have meant that we have<01:02:18.240> been<01:02:18.400> able<01:02:18.559> to<01:02:18.720> detect<01:02:19.280> thousands<01:02:19.760> of 01:02:19.910 --> 01:02:19.920 align:start position:0% have been able to detect thousands of 01:02:19.920 --> 01:02:21.750 align:start position:0% have been able to detect thousands of galaxies<01:02:20.400> in<01:02:20.640> the<01:02:20.799> region<01:02:21.119> where<01:02:21.359> the<01:02:21.599> great 01:02:21.750 --> 01:02:21.760 align:start position:0% galaxies in the region where the great 01:02:21.760 --> 01:02:24.230 align:start position:0% galaxies in the region where the great attractor<01:02:22.319> is<01:02:22.559> supposed<01:02:22.799> to<01:02:22.960> be.<01:02:23.920> But<01:02:24.079> the 01:02:24.230 --> 01:02:24.240 align:start position:0% attractor is supposed to be. But the 01:02:24.240 --> 01:02:27.190 align:start position:0% attractor is supposed to be. But the mass<01:02:24.559> detected<01:02:25.280> didn't<01:02:25.680> add<01:02:26.000> up.<01:02:26.960> There 01:02:27.190 --> 01:02:27.200 align:start position:0% mass detected didn't add up. There 01:02:27.200 --> 01:02:29.190 align:start position:0% mass detected didn't add up. There wasn't<01:02:27.520> enough<01:02:27.839> present<01:02:28.240> to<01:02:28.480> create<01:02:28.799> such<01:02:29.040> a 01:02:29.190 --> 01:02:29.200 align:start position:0% wasn't enough present to create such a 01:02:29.200 --> 01:02:31.990 align:start position:0% wasn't enough present to create such a pull.<01:02:30.240> Further<01:02:30.720> analysis<01:02:31.280> has<01:02:31.520> revealed 01:02:31.990 --> 01:02:32.000 align:start position:0% pull. Further analysis has revealed 01:02:32.000 --> 01:02:34.950 align:start position:0% pull. Further analysis has revealed something<01:02:32.319> very<01:02:32.799> interesting<01:02:33.839> that<01:02:34.400> while<01:02:34.720> we 01:02:34.950 --> 01:02:34.960 align:start position:0% something very interesting that while we 01:02:34.960 --> 01:02:36.549 align:start position:0% something very interesting that while we are<01:02:35.119> being<01:02:35.359> pulled<01:02:35.760> towards<01:02:36.160> the<01:02:36.319> great 01:02:36.549 --> 01:02:36.559 align:start position:0% are being pulled towards the great 01:02:36.559 --> 01:02:39.750 align:start position:0% are being pulled towards the great attractor,<01:02:38.000> there<01:02:38.240> is<01:02:38.480> something<01:02:39.119> even<01:02:39.440> more 01:02:39.750 --> 01:02:39.760 align:start position:0% attractor, there is something even more 01:02:39.760 --> 01:02:43.270 align:start position:0% attractor, there is something even more massive<01:02:40.240> behind<01:02:40.559> it.<01:02:41.200> Located<01:02:41.920> 650<01:02:42.960> million 01:02:43.270 --> 01:02:43.280 align:start position:0% massive behind it. Located 650 million 01:02:43.280 --> 01:02:45.109 align:start position:0% massive behind it. Located 650 million lighty<01:02:43.599> years<01:02:43.760> away<01:02:44.240> called<01:02:44.400> the<01:02:44.640> Shappley 01:02:45.109 --> 01:02:45.119 align:start position:0% lighty years away called the Shappley 01:02:45.119 --> 01:02:48.069 align:start position:0% lighty years away called the Shappley attractor<01:02:45.760> or<01:02:45.920> the<01:02:46.079> Shappley<01:02:46.640> supercluster. 01:02:48.069 --> 01:02:48.079 align:start position:0% attractor or the Shappley supercluster. 01:02:48.079 --> 01:02:50.069 align:start position:0% attractor or the Shappley supercluster. Located<01:02:48.559> there<01:02:48.880> are<01:02:49.119> many<01:02:49.440> thousands<01:02:49.839> of 01:02:50.069 --> 01:02:50.079 align:start position:0% Located there are many thousands of 01:02:50.079 --> 01:02:52.309 align:start position:0% Located there are many thousands of galaxies<01:02:50.640> densely<01:02:51.119> packed<01:02:51.359> together<01:02:51.920> with<01:02:52.160> a 01:02:52.309 --> 01:02:52.319 align:start position:0% galaxies densely packed together with a 01:02:52.319 --> 01:02:55.589 align:start position:0% galaxies densely packed together with a mass<01:02:52.640> of<01:02:52.960> 10,000<01:02:53.920> trillion<01:02:54.480> suns<01:02:55.359> and 01:02:55.589 --> 01:02:55.599 align:start position:0% mass of 10,000 trillion suns and 01:02:55.599 --> 01:02:58.150 align:start position:0% mass of 10,000 trillion suns and everything<01:02:55.920> within<01:02:56.480> 1<01:02:56.880> billion<01:02:57.359> light<01:02:57.680> years 01:02:58.150 --> 01:02:58.160 align:start position:0% everything within 1 billion light years 01:02:58.160 --> 01:03:00.950 align:start position:0% everything within 1 billion light years is<01:02:58.480> being<01:02:58.720> pulled<01:02:59.119> towards<01:02:59.520> it.<01:03:00.480> On<01:03:00.640> the<01:03:00.799> other 01:03:00.950 --> 01:03:00.960 align:start position:0% is being pulled towards it. On the other 01:03:00.960 --> 01:03:03.030 align:start position:0% is being pulled towards it. On the other hand,<01:03:01.680> looking<01:03:02.000> the<01:03:02.240> opposite<01:03:02.720> direction 01:03:03.030 --> 01:03:03.040 align:start position:0% hand, looking the opposite direction 01:03:03.040 --> 01:03:05.109 align:start position:0% hand, looking the opposite direction from<01:03:03.280> the<01:03:03.440> Shappley<01:03:03.920> supercluster,<01:03:04.720> we<01:03:04.960> see 01:03:05.109 --> 01:03:05.119 align:start position:0% from the Shappley supercluster, we see 01:03:05.119 --> 01:03:09.510 align:start position:0% from the Shappley supercluster, we see an<01:03:05.359> underd 01:03:09.510 --> 01:03:09.520 align:start position:0% 01:03:09.520 --> 01:03:12.470 align:start position:0% called<01:03:09.680> the<01:03:09.920> dipole<01:03:10.640> repeller. 01:03:12.470 --> 01:03:12.480 align:start position:0% called the dipole repeller. 01:03:12.480 --> 01:03:14.870 align:start position:0% called the dipole repeller. It<01:03:12.720> isn't<01:03:13.040> actually<01:03:13.599> repelling<01:03:14.079> mass,<01:03:14.640> but 01:03:14.870 --> 01:03:14.880 align:start position:0% It isn't actually repelling mass, but 01:03:14.880 --> 01:03:16.630 align:start position:0% It isn't actually repelling mass, but due<01:03:15.039> to<01:03:15.200> all<01:03:15.359> the<01:03:15.520> mass<01:03:15.760> around<01:03:16.000> it<01:03:16.319> being 01:03:16.630 --> 01:03:16.640 align:start position:0% due to all the mass around it being 01:03:16.640 --> 01:03:18.630 align:start position:0% due to all the mass around it being pulled<01:03:16.960> towards<01:03:17.359> more<01:03:17.599> dense<01:03:17.920> regions<01:03:18.319> by 01:03:18.630 --> 01:03:18.640 align:start position:0% pulled towards more dense regions by 01:03:18.640 --> 01:03:21.109 align:start position:0% pulled towards more dense regions by gravity,<01:03:19.599> it<01:03:19.839> creates<01:03:20.160> the<01:03:20.480> illusion<01:03:20.720> that<01:03:20.880> it 01:03:21.109 --> 01:03:21.119 align:start position:0% gravity, it creates the illusion that it 01:03:21.119 --> 01:03:23.670 align:start position:0% gravity, it creates the illusion that it is<01:03:21.280> repelling<01:03:21.680> that<01:03:21.920> mass.<01:03:22.799> Although<01:03:23.359> there 01:03:23.670 --> 01:03:23.680 align:start position:0% is repelling that mass. Although there 01:03:23.680 --> 01:03:26.069 align:start position:0% is repelling that mass. Although there are<01:03:23.839> some<01:03:24.160> scientists<01:03:24.720> that<01:03:25.039> do<01:03:25.280> claim<01:03:25.839> that 01:03:26.069 --> 01:03:26.079 align:start position:0% are some scientists that do claim that 01:03:26.079 --> 01:03:28.230 align:start position:0% are some scientists that do claim that an<01:03:26.319> unknown<01:03:26.720> repelling<01:03:27.200> force<01:03:27.599> is<01:03:27.760> at<01:03:28.000> work 01:03:28.230 --> 01:03:28.240 align:start position:0% an unknown repelling force is at work 01:03:28.240 --> 01:03:32.230 align:start position:0% an unknown repelling force is at work there.<01:03:29.680> Simply<01:03:30.160> put,<01:03:30.880> we<01:03:31.119> are<01:03:31.280> still<01:03:31.599> in<01:03:31.839> very 01:03:32.230 --> 01:03:32.240 align:start position:0% there. Simply put, we are still in very 01:03:32.240 --> 01:03:33.910 align:start position:0% there. Simply put, we are still in very early<01:03:32.559> days<01:03:33.119> when<01:03:33.359> it<01:03:33.520> comes<01:03:33.680> to 01:03:33.910 --> 01:03:33.920 align:start position:0% early days when it comes to 01:03:33.920 --> 01:03:36.390 align:start position:0% early days when it comes to understanding<01:03:34.400> the<01:03:34.720> universe. 01:03:36.390 --> 01:03:36.400 align:start position:0% understanding the universe. 01:03:36.400 --> 01:03:39.029 align:start position:0% understanding the universe. We<01:03:36.720> do<01:03:36.960> observe<01:03:37.520> certain<01:03:37.920> things<01:03:38.559> like<01:03:38.799> the 01:03:39.029 --> 01:03:39.039 align:start position:0% We do observe certain things like the 01:03:39.039 --> 01:03:42.230 align:start position:0% We do observe certain things like the motion<01:03:39.280> of<01:03:39.520> galaxies,<01:03:40.559> dense<01:03:41.039> galaxy<01:03:41.440> groups 01:03:42.230 --> 01:03:42.240 align:start position:0% motion of galaxies, dense galaxy groups 01:03:42.240 --> 01:03:45.029 align:start position:0% motion of galaxies, dense galaxy groups and<01:03:42.480> absences<01:03:43.039> of<01:03:43.280> galaxies<01:03:43.760> in<01:03:44.079> large<01:03:44.400> voids 01:03:45.029 --> 01:03:45.039 align:start position:0% and absences of galaxies in large voids 01:03:45.039 --> 01:03:48.069 align:start position:0% and absences of galaxies in large voids or<01:03:45.440> repelling<01:03:46.000> regions.<01:03:47.200> We<01:03:47.520> observe<01:03:47.839> the 01:03:48.069 --> 01:03:48.079 align:start position:0% or repelling regions. We observe the 01:03:48.079 --> 01:03:50.309 align:start position:0% or repelling regions. We observe the expansion<01:03:48.480> of<01:03:48.640> the<01:03:48.799> universe<01:03:49.599> and<01:03:49.920> observe 01:03:50.309 --> 01:03:50.319 align:start position:0% expansion of the universe and observe 01:03:50.319 --> 01:03:52.870 align:start position:0% expansion of the universe and observe the<01:03:50.559> filamentary<01:03:51.200> structures.<01:03:52.480> But<01:03:52.720> the 01:03:52.870 --> 01:03:52.880 align:start position:0% the filamentary structures. But the 01:03:52.880 --> 01:03:55.829 align:start position:0% the filamentary structures. But the universe<01:03:53.440> is<01:03:53.680> an<01:03:54.000> impossibly<01:03:54.720> large<01:03:55.039> place. 01:03:55.829 --> 01:03:55.839 align:start position:0% universe is an impossibly large place. 01:03:55.839 --> 01:03:58.630 align:start position:0% universe is an impossibly large place. We<01:03:56.079> can<01:03:56.240> only<01:03:56.480> see<01:03:56.799> so<01:03:57.039> far,<01:03:57.680> only<01:03:58.000> live<01:03:58.319> so 01:03:58.630 --> 01:03:58.640 align:start position:0% We can only see so far, only live so 01:03:58.640 --> 01:04:02.150 align:start position:0% We can only see so far, only live so long.<01:03:59.440> Plus,<01:03:59.920> our<01:04:00.240> technology<01:04:00.799> is<01:04:01.039> limited. 01:04:02.150 --> 01:04:02.160 align:start position:0% long. Plus, our technology is limited. 01:04:02.160 --> 01:04:04.309 align:start position:0% long. Plus, our technology is limited. We<01:04:02.480> have<01:04:02.640> theories<01:04:03.119> which<01:04:03.520> try<01:04:03.680> and<01:04:03.920> explain 01:04:04.309 --> 01:04:04.319 align:start position:0% We have theories which try and explain 01:04:04.319 --> 01:04:06.549 align:start position:0% We have theories which try and explain what<01:04:04.559> we<01:04:04.799> see,<01:04:05.440> but<01:04:05.599> I<01:04:05.839> really<01:04:06.079> wouldn't<01:04:06.400> be 01:04:06.549 --> 01:04:06.559 align:start position:0% what we see, but I really wouldn't be 01:04:06.559 --> 01:04:08.470 align:start position:0% what we see, but I really wouldn't be surprised<01:04:06.880> to<01:04:07.119> see<01:04:07.280> these<01:04:07.520> theories<01:04:08.000> change 01:04:08.470 --> 01:04:08.480 align:start position:0% surprised to see these theories change 01:04:08.480 --> 01:04:11.029 align:start position:0% surprised to see these theories change as<01:04:08.720> more<01:04:08.960> data<01:04:09.280> becomes<01:04:09.680> accessible.<01:04:10.799> Some 01:04:11.029 --> 01:04:11.039 align:start position:0% as more data becomes accessible. Some 01:04:11.039 --> 01:04:13.990 align:start position:0% as more data becomes accessible. Some may<01:04:11.280> ask,<01:04:11.920> what's<01:04:12.160> the<01:04:12.400> point<01:04:12.640> then?<01:04:13.599> However, 01:04:13.990 --> 01:04:14.000 align:start position:0% may ask, what's the point then? However, 01:04:14.000 --> 01:04:16.390 align:start position:0% may ask, what's the point then? However, I<01:04:14.240> for<01:04:14.480> one<01:04:14.799> am<01:04:15.039> hugely<01:04:15.599> grateful<01:04:16.000> for<01:04:16.240> the 01:04:16.390 --> 01:04:16.400 align:start position:0% I for one am hugely grateful for the 01:04:16.400 --> 01:04:18.549 align:start position:0% I for one am hugely grateful for the bright<01:04:16.720> minds<01:04:17.200> working<01:04:17.440> on<01:04:17.680> this<01:04:18.240> as 01:04:18.549 --> 01:04:18.559 align:start position:0% bright minds working on this as 01:04:18.559 --> 01:04:20.470 align:start position:0% bright minds working on this as discovering<01:04:19.039> our<01:04:19.359> place<01:04:19.520> in<01:04:19.680> the<01:04:19.839> universe<01:04:20.240> is 01:04:20.470 --> 01:04:20.480 align:start position:0% discovering our place in the universe is 01:04:20.480 --> 01:04:23.270 align:start position:0% discovering our place in the universe is so<01:04:20.799> fascinating.<01:04:22.000> I'm<01:04:22.319> glad<01:04:22.640> humans<01:04:22.960> have<01:04:23.119> an 01:04:23.270 --> 01:04:23.280 align:start position:0% so fascinating. I'm glad humans have an 01:04:23.280 --> 01:04:25.190 align:start position:0% so fascinating. I'm glad humans have an insatiable<01:04:23.920> need<01:04:24.160> to<01:04:24.319> explore<01:04:24.799> and 01:04:25.190 --> 01:04:25.200 align:start position:0% insatiable need to explore and 01:04:25.200 --> 01:04:27.190 align:start position:0% insatiable need to explore and understand<01:04:25.680> everything<01:04:26.000> around<01:04:26.319> them.<01:04:26.960> This 01:04:27.190 --> 01:04:27.200 align:start position:0% understand everything around them. This 01:04:27.200 --> 01:04:29.670 align:start position:0% understand everything around them. This innate<01:04:27.599> sense<01:04:27.839> of<01:04:28.000> wonder<01:04:28.319> and<01:04:28.640> curiosity<01:04:29.440> is 01:04:29.670 --> 01:04:29.680 align:start position:0% innate sense of wonder and curiosity is 01:04:29.680 --> 01:04:31.990 align:start position:0% innate sense of wonder and curiosity is what<01:04:29.920> drives<01:04:30.240> the<01:04:30.400> evolution<01:04:30.799> of<01:04:30.960> mankind, 01:04:31.990 --> 01:04:32.000 align:start position:0% what drives the evolution of mankind, 01:04:32.000 --> 01:04:37.190 align:start position:0% what drives the evolution of mankind, and<01:04:32.240> I<01:04:32.559> am<01:04:32.799> excited<01:04:33.200> to<01:04:33.440> witness<01:04:33.760> it. 01:04:37.190 --> 01:04:37.200 align:start position:0% 01:04:37.200 --> 01:04:39.589 align:start position:0% A<01:04:37.520> massive<01:04:38.000> thank<01:04:38.240> you<01:04:38.400> to<01:04:38.559> our<01:04:38.799> astronauts<01:04:39.359> on 01:04:39.589 --> 01:04:39.599 align:start position:0% A massive thank you to our astronauts on 01:04:39.599 --> 01:04:42.870 align:start position:0% A massive thank you to our astronauts on Patreon.<01:04:40.559> This<01:04:40.799> video<01:04:41.280> had<01:04:41.599> no<01:04:41.920> sponsors,<01:04:42.720> but 01:04:42.870 --> 01:04:42.880 align:start position:0% Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but 01:04:42.880 --> 01:04:44.710 align:start position:0% Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but it<01:04:43.119> was<01:04:43.200> still<01:04:43.440> made<01:04:43.680> possible<01:04:44.000> thanks<01:04:44.319> to<01:04:44.480> the 01:04:44.710 --> 01:04:44.720 align:start position:0% it was still made possible thanks to the 01:04:44.720 --> 01:04:47.349 align:start position:0% it was still made possible thanks to the hundreds<01:04:45.119> of<01:04:45.280> members<01:04:45.680> we<01:04:46.000> have<01:04:46.240> there.<01:04:47.039> Link 01:04:47.349 --> 01:04:47.359 align:start position:0% hundreds of members we have there. Link 01:04:47.359 --> 01:04:49.270 align:start position:0% hundreds of members we have there. Link is<01:04:47.520> in<01:04:47.760> the<01:04:47.920> description<01:04:48.319> to<01:04:48.559> join<01:04:48.880> our 01:04:49.270 --> 01:04:49.280 align:start position:0% is in the description to join our 01:04:49.280 --> 01:04:51.990 align:start position:0% is in the description to join our growing<01:04:49.760> community.<01:04:51.119> Patreon<01:04:51.599> is<01:04:51.760> where 01:04:51.990 --> 01:04:52.000 align:start position:0% growing community. Patreon is where 01:04:52.000 --> 01:04:54.390 align:start position:0% growing community. Patreon is where Astramm<01:04:52.559> truly<01:04:52.960> takes<01:04:53.200> shape.<01:04:53.839> A<01:04:54.079> place<01:04:54.240> for 01:04:54.390 --> 01:04:54.400 align:start position:0% Astramm truly takes shape. A place for 01:04:54.400 --> 01:04:56.390 align:start position:0% Astramm truly takes shape. A place for people<01:04:54.640> who<01:04:54.799> love<01:04:55.119> space,<01:04:55.680> who<01:04:55.920> want<01:04:56.079> to<01:04:56.240> see 01:04:56.390 --> 01:04:56.400 align:start position:0% people who love space, who want to see 01:04:56.400 --> 01:04:59.190 align:start position:0% people who love space, who want to see these<01:04:56.720> videos<01:04:57.200> keep<01:04:57.440> improving<01:04:58.400> and<01:04:58.720> reaching 01:04:59.190 --> 01:04:59.200 align:start position:0% these videos keep improving and reaching 01:04:59.200 --> 01:05:01.990 align:start position:0% these videos keep improving and reaching more<01:04:59.680> curious<01:05:00.079> minds.<01:05:01.119> Every<01:05:01.359> new<01:05:01.680> member 01:05:01.990 --> 01:05:02.000 align:start position:0% more curious minds. Every new member 01:05:02.000 --> 01:05:03.990 align:start position:0% more curious minds. Every new member keeps<01:05:02.240> the<01:05:02.400> channel<01:05:02.640> focused<01:05:03.039> on<01:05:03.280> what<01:05:03.599> really 01:05:03.990 --> 01:05:04.000 align:start position:0% keeps the channel focused on what really 01:05:04.000 --> 01:05:06.630 align:start position:0% keeps the channel focused on what really matters,<01:05:04.799> making<01:05:05.039> the<01:05:05.359> complexity<01:05:05.839> of<01:05:06.079> space 01:05:06.630 --> 01:05:06.640 align:start position:0% matters, making the complexity of space 01:05:06.640 --> 01:05:09.349 align:start position:0% matters, making the complexity of space available<01:05:07.200> to<01:05:07.520> everyone.<01:05:08.400> If<01:05:08.640> you<01:05:08.799> enjoy<01:05:09.119> what 01:05:09.349 --> 01:05:09.359 align:start position:0% available to everyone. If you enjoy what 01:05:09.359 --> 01:05:11.910 align:start position:0% available to everyone. If you enjoy what we<01:05:09.520> do,<01:05:10.160> come<01:05:10.559> join<01:05:10.799> the<01:05:10.960> Astramm<01:05:11.520> community 01:05:11.910 --> 01:05:11.920 align:start position:0% we do, come join the Astramm community 01:05:11.920 --> 01:05:14.480 align:start position:0% we do, come join the Astramm community today.