WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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Scientists<00:00:00.960><c> have</c><00:00:01.199><c> a</c><00:00:01.520><c> problem</c><00:00:01.920><c> with</c><00:00:02.320><c> Polaris.</c>

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Scientists have a problem with Polaris.
 

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Scientists have a problem with Polaris.
From<00:00:04.080><c> afar,</c><00:00:04.799><c> the</c><00:00:05.040><c> North</c><00:00:05.279><c> Star's</c><00:00:05.759><c> permanent</c>

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From afar, the North Star's permanent
 

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From afar, the North Star's permanent
position<00:00:06.480><c> in</c><00:00:06.640><c> the</c><00:00:06.720><c> night</c><00:00:07.040><c> sky</c><00:00:07.359><c> has</c><00:00:07.600><c> guided</c><00:00:07.919><c> us</c>

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position in the night sky has guided us
 

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position in the night sky has guided us
for<00:00:08.480><c> centuries.</c><00:00:09.840><c> But</c><00:00:10.000><c> from</c><00:00:10.240><c> up</c><00:00:10.559><c> close,</c><00:00:11.440><c> it</c>

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for centuries. But from up close, it
 

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for centuries. But from up close, it
seems<00:00:11.920><c> to</c><00:00:12.080><c> behave</c><00:00:12.639><c> in</c><00:00:12.960><c> confusing</c><00:00:13.679><c> and</c><00:00:14.000><c> bizarre</c>

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seems to behave in confusing and bizarre
 

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seems to behave in confusing and bizarre
ways.<00:00:15.519><c> And</c><00:00:15.679><c> the</c><00:00:15.839><c> closer</c><00:00:16.240><c> we</c><00:00:16.480><c> look,</c><00:00:17.199><c> the</c><00:00:17.440><c> less</c>

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ways. And the closer we look, the less
 

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ways. And the closer we look, the less
it<00:00:18.080><c> makes</c><00:00:18.320><c> sense.</c><00:00:19.520><c> Polaris</c><00:00:20.080><c> doesn't</c><00:00:20.320><c> act</c><00:00:20.560><c> as</c>

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it makes sense. Polaris doesn't act as
 

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it makes sense. Polaris doesn't act as
our<00:00:21.039><c> stellar</c><00:00:21.439><c> models</c><00:00:21.760><c> predict,</c><00:00:22.560><c> and</c><00:00:22.800><c> it</c><00:00:23.039><c> is</c>

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our stellar models predict, and it is
 

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our stellar models predict, and it is
surprisingly<00:00:24.080><c> hard</c><00:00:24.400><c> to</c><00:00:24.640><c> get</c><00:00:24.960><c> basic</c>

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surprisingly hard to get basic
 

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surprisingly hard to get basic
measurements<00:00:26.000><c> for</c><00:00:26.240><c> it.</c><00:00:27.279><c> How</c><00:00:27.599><c> can</c><00:00:27.920><c> a</c><00:00:28.160><c> star</c><00:00:28.480><c> be</c>

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measurements for it. How can a star be
 

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measurements for it. How can a star be
so<00:00:28.960><c> clearly</c><00:00:29.439><c> visible</c><00:00:29.760><c> to</c><00:00:30.000><c> our</c><00:00:30.240><c> eyes</c><00:00:31.119><c> but</c>

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so clearly visible to our eyes but
 

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so clearly visible to our eyes but
evasive<00:00:32.079><c> to</c><00:00:32.239><c> our</c><00:00:32.480><c> scientific</c><00:00:32.960><c> instruments?</c>

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evasive to our scientific instruments?
 

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evasive to our scientific instruments?
Sounds<00:00:34.719><c> pretty</c><00:00:35.040><c> ironic.</c><00:00:36.399><c> So,</c><00:00:36.880><c> let's</c><00:00:37.280><c> dive</c>

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Sounds pretty ironic. So, let's dive
 

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Sounds pretty ironic. So, let's dive
into<00:00:38.000><c> everything</c><00:00:38.399><c> we</c><00:00:38.640><c> know</c><00:00:39.200><c> and</c><00:00:39.520><c> don't</c><00:00:39.760><c> know</c>

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into everything we know and don't know
 

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into everything we know and don't know
about<00:00:40.640><c> this</c><00:00:40.960><c> enigmatic</c><00:00:41.840><c> star.</c>

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I'm<00:00:45.520><c> Alex</c><00:00:45.840><c> Mccoan</c><00:00:46.480><c> and</c><00:00:46.719><c> you're</c><00:00:46.960><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:00:48.079><c> Join</c><00:00:48.399><c> me</c><00:00:48.559><c> today</c><00:00:48.719><c> as</c><00:00:48.960><c> we</c><00:00:49.200><c> unravel</c>

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Astramm. Join me today as we unravel
 

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Astramm. Join me today as we unravel
Polaris's<00:00:50.559><c> hidden</c><00:00:50.960><c> companions,</c><00:00:52.320><c> explore</c><00:00:52.960><c> its</c>

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Polaris's hidden companions, explore its
 

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Polaris's hidden companions, explore its
peculiar<00:00:54.079><c> behavior,</c><00:00:55.120><c> and</c><00:00:55.360><c> reveal</c><00:00:55.680><c> why</c><00:00:56.000><c> this</c>

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peculiar behavior, and reveal why this
 

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peculiar behavior, and reveal why this
star<00:00:56.719><c> could</c><00:00:57.120><c> reshape</c><00:00:57.840><c> our</c><00:00:58.239><c> map</c><00:00:58.559><c> of</c><00:00:58.800><c> the</c>

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star could reshape our map of the
 

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star could reshape our map of the
universe.<00:01:00.160><c> No,</c><00:01:00.800><c> really.</c><00:01:01.840><c> Wait</c><00:01:02.160><c> and</c><00:01:02.480><c> see.</c>

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It's<00:01:07.680><c> a</c><00:01:08.159><c> moonless</c><00:01:08.640><c> summer</c><00:01:08.960><c> night,</c><00:01:09.520><c> and</c><00:01:09.760><c> you've</c>

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It's a moonless summer night, and you've
 

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It's a moonless summer night, and you've
wandered<00:01:10.560><c> to</c><00:01:10.799><c> your</c><00:01:11.119><c> favorite</c><00:01:11.680><c> stargazing</c>

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wandered to your favorite stargazing
 

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wandered to your favorite stargazing
spot.<00:01:13.520><c> Looking</c><00:01:13.840><c> up,</c><00:01:14.159><c> you</c><00:01:14.400><c> recognize</c><00:01:14.960><c> Öza</c>

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spot. Looking up, you recognize Öza
 

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spot. Looking up, you recognize Öza
Major,<00:01:16.159><c> which</c><00:01:16.479><c> contains</c><00:01:16.960><c> the</c><00:01:17.200><c> Big</c><00:01:17.439><c> Dipper,</c><00:01:18.080><c> a</c>

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Major, which contains the Big Dipper, a
 

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Major, which contains the Big Dipper, a
constellation<00:01:18.880><c> of</c><00:01:19.200><c> seven</c><00:01:19.600><c> stars</c><00:01:19.920><c> in</c><00:01:20.159><c> the</c>

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constellation of seven stars in the
 

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constellation of seven stars in the
shape<00:01:20.479><c> of</c><00:01:20.640><c> a</c><00:01:20.799><c> ladle.</c><00:01:22.000><c> You</c><00:01:22.240><c> follow</c><00:01:22.560><c> the</c><00:01:22.880><c> two</c>

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shape of a ladle. You follow the two
 

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shape of a ladle. You follow the two
pointer<00:01:23.680><c> stars</c><00:01:24.000><c> up</c><00:01:24.240><c> and</c><00:01:24.560><c> up</c><00:01:24.960><c> until</c><00:01:25.439><c> you</c><00:01:25.759><c> hit</c><00:01:26.159><c> a</c>

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pointer stars up and up until you hit a
 

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pointer stars up and up until you hit a
noticeably<00:01:27.119><c> bright</c><00:01:27.439><c> star</c><00:01:27.759><c> in</c><00:01:27.920><c> the</c><00:01:28.080><c> sky.</c><00:01:29.280><c> This</c>

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noticeably bright star in the sky. This
 

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noticeably bright star in the sky. This
is<00:01:30.240><c> Polaris.</c>

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is Polaris.
 

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is Polaris.
It<00:01:32.159><c> sits</c><00:01:32.640><c> almost</c><00:01:33.200><c> exactly</c><00:01:33.840><c> above</c><00:01:34.320><c> Earth's</c>

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It sits almost exactly above Earth's
 

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It sits almost exactly above Earth's
rotational<00:01:35.200><c> axis.</c><00:01:36.240><c> So</c><00:01:36.640><c> while</c><00:01:37.040><c> all</c><00:01:37.360><c> other</c>

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rotational axis. So while all other
 

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rotational axis. So while all other
stars<00:01:38.079><c> appear</c><00:01:38.479><c> to</c><00:01:38.720><c> wheel</c><00:01:39.200><c> around</c><00:01:39.520><c> the</c><00:01:39.759><c> sky,</c>

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stars appear to wheel around the sky,
 

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stars appear to wheel around the sky,
this<00:01:41.040><c> one</c><00:01:41.439><c> stays</c><00:01:41.840><c> put.</c><00:01:42.880><c> At</c><00:01:43.119><c> the</c><00:01:43.280><c> north</c><00:01:43.520><c> pole,</c>

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this one stays put. At the north pole,
 

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this one stays put. At the north pole,
Polaris<00:01:44.560><c> appears</c><00:01:44.960><c> nearly</c><00:01:45.520><c> directly</c>

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Polaris appears nearly directly
 

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Polaris appears nearly directly
overhead.<00:01:47.200><c> As</c><00:01:47.439><c> you</c><00:01:47.600><c> move</c><00:01:48.000><c> south,</c><00:01:48.640><c> it</c><00:01:48.880><c> appears</c>

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overhead. As you move south, it appears
 

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overhead. As you move south, it appears
lower<00:01:49.920><c> and</c><00:01:50.159><c> lower</c><00:01:50.479><c> in</c><00:01:50.720><c> the</c><00:01:50.880><c> sky</c><00:01:51.600><c> until</c><00:01:52.000><c> you</c>

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lower and lower in the sky until you
 

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lower and lower in the sky until you
reach<00:01:52.399><c> the</c><00:01:52.640><c> southern</c><00:01:52.880><c> hemisphere</c><00:01:53.600><c> and</c><00:01:53.759><c> it</c>

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reach the southern hemisphere and it
 

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reach the southern hemisphere and it
disappears<00:01:54.560><c> behind</c><00:01:54.880><c> the</c><00:01:55.119><c> horizon.</c>

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disappears behind the horizon.
 

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disappears behind the horizon.
But<00:01:57.119><c> while</c><00:01:57.439><c> we've</c><00:01:57.759><c> relied</c><00:01:58.000><c> on</c><00:01:58.159><c> Polaris</c><00:01:58.719><c> to</c>

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But while we've relied on Polaris to
 

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But while we've relied on Polaris to
navigate<00:01:59.200><c> the</c><00:01:59.439><c> world,</c><00:02:00.159><c> it</c><00:02:00.320><c> turns</c><00:02:00.560><c> out</c><00:02:00.640><c> that</c>

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navigate the world, it turns out that
 

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navigate the world, it turns out that
Polaris<00:02:01.520><c> itself</c><00:02:02.320><c> is</c><00:02:02.719><c> far</c><00:02:03.119><c> more</c><00:02:03.520><c> mysterious</c>

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Polaris itself is far more mysterious
 

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Polaris itself is far more mysterious
and<00:02:04.640><c> far</c><00:02:04.880><c> more</c><00:02:05.119><c> complicated</c><00:02:05.840><c> than</c><00:02:06.240><c> anyone</c>

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and far more complicated than anyone
 

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and far more complicated than anyone
once<00:02:07.119><c> believed.</c><00:02:08.560><c> To</c><00:02:08.800><c> us</c><00:02:09.039><c> down</c><00:02:09.280><c> on</c><00:02:09.520><c> Earth,</c>

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once believed. To us down on Earth,
 

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once believed. To us down on Earth,
Polaris<00:02:10.319><c> appears</c><00:02:10.720><c> as</c><00:02:10.959><c> a</c><00:02:11.200><c> solitary,</c>

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Polaris appears as a solitary,
 

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Polaris appears as a solitary,
unchanging<00:02:12.879><c> point</c><00:02:13.120><c> of</c><00:02:13.280><c> light.</c><00:02:14.239><c> That</c><00:02:14.480><c> is</c>

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unchanging point of light. That is
 

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unchanging point of light. That is
unless<00:02:15.360><c> you</c><00:02:15.599><c> use</c><00:02:15.760><c> a</c><00:02:16.000><c> telescope.</c><00:02:17.200><c> In</c><00:02:17.520><c> 1779,</c>

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unless you use a telescope. In 1779,
 

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unless you use a telescope. In 1779,
William<00:02:19.280><c> Herschel</c><00:02:19.920><c> did,</c><00:02:20.480><c> and</c><00:02:20.720><c> he</c><00:02:20.959><c> discovered</c>

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William Herschel did, and he discovered
 

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William Herschel did, and he discovered
Polaris<00:02:22.000><c> had</c><00:02:22.319><c> a</c><00:02:22.640><c> second</c><00:02:23.040><c> star,</c><00:02:23.680><c> Polaris</c><00:02:24.319><c> B,</c><00:02:24.959><c> in</c>

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Polaris had a second star, Polaris B, in
 

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Polaris had a second star, Polaris B, in
a<00:02:25.360><c> wide</c><00:02:25.760><c> orbit.</c>

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a wide orbit.
 

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a wide orbit.
120<00:02:27.680><c> years</c><00:02:27.920><c> later,</c><00:02:28.640><c> in</c><00:02:28.959><c> 1899,</c>

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120 years later, in 1899,
 

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120 years later, in 1899,
astronomer<00:02:31.360><c> William</c><00:02:31.920><c> Wallace</c><00:02:32.480><c> Campbell</c>

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astronomer William Wallace Campbell
 

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astronomer William Wallace Campbell
noticed<00:02:33.760><c> Polaris</c><00:02:34.319><c> A</c><00:02:34.640><c> had</c><00:02:35.200><c> variable</c><00:02:36.000><c> radial</c>

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noticed Polaris A had variable radial
 

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noticed Polaris A had variable radial
velocity,<00:02:37.680><c> suggesting</c><00:02:38.400><c> it</c><00:02:38.720><c> might</c><00:02:38.959><c> have</c>

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velocity, suggesting it might have
 

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velocity, suggesting it might have
another<00:02:40.080><c> companion</c><00:02:40.640><c> star,</c><00:02:41.280><c> one</c><00:02:41.680><c> not</c><00:02:42.000><c> visible</c>

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another companion star, one not visible
 

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another companion star, one not visible
through<00:02:42.640><c> a</c><00:02:42.800><c> telescope.</c><00:02:44.000><c> In</c><00:02:44.319><c> 1929,</c><00:02:45.360><c> a</c>

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through a telescope. In 1929, a
 

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through a telescope. In 1929, a
spectroscopic<00:02:46.480><c> study</c><00:02:47.120><c> confirmed</c><00:02:47.599><c> this,</c><00:02:48.239><c> and</c>

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spectroscopic study confirmed this, and
 

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spectroscopic study confirmed this, and
we<00:02:48.720><c> only</c><00:02:49.120><c> got</c><00:02:49.360><c> our</c><00:02:49.760><c> first</c><00:02:50.080><c> images</c><00:02:50.480><c> of</c><00:02:50.640><c> the</c>

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we only got our first images of the
 

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we only got our first images of the
third<00:02:51.120><c> Polaris</c><00:02:51.680><c> star,</c><00:02:52.239><c> Polaris</c><00:02:52.959><c> AB,</c><00:02:53.920><c> in</c><00:02:54.480><c> 2006,</c>

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third Polaris star, Polaris AB, in 2006,
 

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third Polaris star, Polaris AB, in 2006,
thanks<00:02:56.480><c> to</c><00:02:56.720><c> the</c><00:02:56.879><c> Hubble</c><00:02:57.280><c> telescope.</c>

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thanks to the Hubble telescope.
 

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thanks to the Hubble telescope.
These<00:02:59.280><c> three</c><00:02:59.599><c> stars</c><00:02:59.920><c> are</c><00:03:00.080><c> bound</c><00:03:00.400><c> together</c><00:03:00.640><c> by</c>

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These three stars are bound together by
 

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These three stars are bound together by
gravity<00:03:01.360><c> in</c><00:03:01.599><c> a</c><00:03:02.000><c> triple</c><00:03:02.560><c> star</c><00:03:02.879><c> system.</c><00:03:03.840><c> The</c>

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gravity in a triple star system. The
 

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gravity in a triple star system. The
brightest<00:03:04.560><c> component,</c><00:03:05.120><c> Polaris</c><00:03:05.840><c> AA,</c><00:03:06.800><c> is</c><00:03:06.959><c> what</c>

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brightest component, Polaris AA, is what
 

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brightest component, Polaris AA, is what
we<00:03:07.360><c> think</c><00:03:07.519><c> of</c><00:03:07.760><c> as</c><00:03:08.159><c> the</c><00:03:08.480><c> North</c><00:03:08.879><c> Star.</c><00:03:09.840><c> It</c><00:03:10.080><c> is</c><00:03:10.400><c> an</c>

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we think of as the North Star. It is an
 

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we think of as the North Star. It is an
evolved<00:03:11.440><c> yellow</c><00:03:11.920><c> super</c><00:03:12.239><c> giant</c><00:03:13.120><c> 5.13</c><00:03:14.080><c> times</c>

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evolved yellow super giant 5.13 times
 

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evolved yellow super giant 5.13 times
the<00:03:14.640><c> mass</c><00:03:14.879><c> of</c><00:03:15.040><c> our</c><00:03:15.360><c> sun</c><00:03:16.080><c> and</c><00:03:16.640><c> 46</c><00:03:17.440><c> times</c><00:03:17.840><c> wider.</c>

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the mass of our sun and 46 times wider.
 

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the mass of our sun and 46 times wider.
If<00:03:19.200><c> you</c><00:03:19.440><c> placed</c><00:03:19.680><c> it</c><00:03:19.840><c> in</c><00:03:20.000><c> our</c><00:03:20.239><c> solar</c><00:03:20.640><c> system,</c><00:03:21.280><c> it</c>

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If you placed it in our solar system, it
 

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If you placed it in our solar system, it
would<00:03:21.680><c> reach</c><00:03:22.000><c> over</c><00:03:22.480><c> halfway</c><00:03:23.120><c> to</c><00:03:23.360><c> Mercury.</c>

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would reach over halfway to Mercury.
 

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would reach over halfway to Mercury.
2.8<00:03:26.239><c> billion</c><00:03:26.560><c> km</c><00:03:27.040><c> away</c><00:03:27.599><c> is</c><00:03:27.920><c> its</c><00:03:28.239><c> close</c>

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2.8 billion km away is its close
 

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2.8 billion km away is its close
companion,<00:03:29.519><c> Polaris</c><00:03:30.239><c> AB.</c><00:03:31.440><c> Together,</c><00:03:31.920><c> these</c>

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companion, Polaris AB. Together, these
 

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companion, Polaris AB. Together, these
two<00:03:32.560><c> stars</c><00:03:32.879><c> form</c><00:03:33.200><c> a</c><00:03:33.440><c> binary</c><00:03:33.920><c> system</c><00:03:34.239><c> that</c>

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two stars form a binary system that
 

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two stars form a binary system that
completes<00:03:34.879><c> an</c><00:03:35.120><c> orbit</c><00:03:35.519><c> every</c><00:03:35.920><c> 29.6</c><00:03:37.040><c> years.</c><00:03:38.080><c> The</c>

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completes an orbit every 29.6 years. The
 

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completes an orbit every 29.6 years. The
third<00:03:38.560><c> star,</c><00:03:39.120><c> Polaris</c><00:03:39.840><c> B,</c><00:03:40.480><c> circles</c><00:03:40.959><c> this</c>

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third star, Polaris B, circles this
 

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third star, Polaris B, circles this
inner<00:03:41.440><c> duo</c><00:03:42.000><c> every</c><00:03:42.640><c> 40,000</c><00:03:43.440><c> years</c><00:03:43.920><c> at</c><00:03:44.159><c> a</c>

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inner duo every 40,000 years at a
 

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inner duo every 40,000 years at a
distance<00:03:44.720><c> of</c><00:03:45.280><c> 386</c><00:03:46.640><c> billion</c><00:03:47.040><c> km.</c><00:03:48.080><c> That's</c><00:03:48.400><c> about</c>

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distance of 386 billion km. That's about
 

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distance of 386 billion km. That's about
24<00:03:49.519><c> times</c><00:03:49.920><c> further</c><00:03:50.640><c> than</c><00:03:50.959><c> Voyager</c><00:03:51.519><c> 1</c><00:03:51.760><c> is</c><00:03:52.000><c> from</c>

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24 times further than Voyager 1 is from
 

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24 times further than Voyager 1 is from
us<00:03:52.560><c> after</c><00:03:53.040><c> 48</c><00:03:53.599><c> years</c><00:03:53.840><c> of</c><00:03:54.000><c> travel.</c>

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us after 48 years of travel.
 

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us after 48 years of travel.
Both<00:03:55.840><c> Polaris</c><00:03:56.400><c> B</c><00:03:56.640><c> and</c><00:03:56.959><c> A</c><00:03:57.519><c> are</c><00:03:57.840><c> yellow</c><00:03:58.319><c> white</c>

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Both Polaris B and A are yellow white
 

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Both Polaris B and A are yellow white
dwarf<00:03:59.280><c> stars</c><00:04:00.000><c> about</c><00:04:00.560><c> 500</c><00:04:01.280><c> times</c><00:04:01.599><c> fainter</c><00:04:02.239><c> than</c>

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dwarf stars about 500 times fainter than
 

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dwarf stars about 500 times fainter than
their<00:04:02.879><c> primary</c><00:04:03.360><c> star.</c><00:04:04.400><c> Polaris</c><00:04:05.040><c> B</c><00:04:05.360><c> is</c><00:04:05.840><c> 1.39</c>

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their primary star. Polaris B is 1.39
 

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their primary star. Polaris B is 1.39
times<00:04:07.439><c> the</c><00:04:07.599><c> mass</c><00:04:07.840><c> of</c><00:04:07.920><c> our</c><00:04:08.159><c> sun,</c><00:04:08.879><c> while</c><00:04:09.280><c> Polaris</c>

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times the mass of our sun, while Polaris
 

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times the mass of our sun, while Polaris
AB<00:04:10.640><c> is</c><00:04:10.879><c> slightly</c><00:04:11.360><c> smaller</c><00:04:11.840><c> at</c><00:04:12.159><c> 1.26</c><00:04:13.200><c> solar</c>

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AB is slightly smaller at 1.26 solar
 

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AB is slightly smaller at 1.26 solar
masses.

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masses.
 

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masses.
But<00:04:16.160><c> Polaris's</c><00:04:16.799><c> triple</c><00:04:17.120><c> star</c><00:04:17.440><c> system</c><00:04:17.840><c> is</c><00:04:18.479><c> the</c>

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But Polaris's triple star system is the
 

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But Polaris's triple star system is the
least<00:04:19.280><c> interesting</c><00:04:19.759><c> thing</c><00:04:19.919><c> about</c><00:04:20.239><c> it.</c><00:04:21.199><c> Its</c>

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least interesting thing about it. Its
 

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least interesting thing about it. Its
primary<00:04:22.000><c> star,</c><00:04:22.400><c> Polaris</c><00:04:23.120><c> AA,</c><00:04:24.000><c> belongs</c><00:04:24.400><c> to</c><00:04:24.560><c> a</c>

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primary star, Polaris AA, belongs to a
 

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primary star, Polaris AA, belongs to a
rare<00:04:25.360><c> class</c><00:04:25.680><c> of</c><00:04:25.919><c> stars</c><00:04:26.479><c> known</c><00:04:27.199><c> as</c><00:04:27.680><c> seafared</c>

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rare class of stars known as seafared
 

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rare class of stars known as seafared
variables,<00:04:29.520><c> which</c><00:04:30.080><c> as</c><00:04:30.320><c> it</c><00:04:30.479><c> turns</c><00:04:30.720><c> out</c><00:04:31.440><c> are</c><00:04:31.680><c> one</c>

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variables, which as it turns out are one
 

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variables, which as it turns out are one
of<00:04:32.160><c> the</c><00:04:32.400><c> keys</c><00:04:32.720><c> to</c><00:04:33.120><c> mapping</c><00:04:33.680><c> the</c><00:04:34.000><c> cosmos.</c>

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In<00:04:39.840><c> 1908,</c><00:04:40.720><c> an</c><00:04:40.960><c> astronomer</c><00:04:41.440><c> named</c><00:04:41.919><c> Henrieta</c>

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In 1908, an astronomer named Henrieta
 

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In 1908, an astronomer named Henrieta
Levit<00:04:43.520><c> was</c><00:04:43.759><c> working</c><00:04:44.080><c> at</c><00:04:44.479><c> Harvard</c><00:04:45.120><c> College</c>

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Levit was working at Harvard College
 

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Levit was working at Harvard College
Observatory<00:04:46.720><c> studying</c><00:04:47.199><c> the</c><00:04:47.520><c> small</c><00:04:47.840><c> Magelanic</c>

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Observatory studying the small Magelanic
 

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Observatory studying the small Magelanic
cloud.<00:04:49.440><c> She</c><00:04:49.680><c> was</c><00:04:49.840><c> looking</c><00:04:50.080><c> at</c><00:04:50.320><c> seafared</c>

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cloud. She was looking at seafared
 

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cloud. She was looking at seafared
variable<00:04:51.440><c> stars,</c><00:04:52.240><c> stars</c><00:04:52.720><c> in</c><00:04:52.960><c> a</c><00:04:53.280><c> specific</c>

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variable stars, stars in a specific
 

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variable stars, stars in a specific
phase<00:04:54.240><c> of</c><00:04:54.400><c> stellar</c><00:04:54.800><c> evolution</c><00:04:55.759><c> which</c><00:04:56.080><c> pulsate</c>

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phase of stellar evolution which pulsate
 

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phase of stellar evolution which pulsate
regularly<00:04:57.919><c> growing</c><00:04:58.320><c> brighter</c><00:04:58.960><c> and</c><00:04:59.280><c> dimmer</c><00:05:00.000><c> in</c>

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regularly growing brighter and dimmer in
 

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regularly growing brighter and dimmer in
predictable<00:05:00.800><c> cycles.</c><00:05:02.160><c> She</c><00:05:02.479><c> discovered</c><00:05:03.040><c> that</c>

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predictable cycles. She discovered that
 

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predictable cycles. She discovered that
there<00:05:03.680><c> was</c><00:05:03.919><c> a</c><00:05:04.240><c> direct</c><00:05:04.720><c> relationship</c><00:05:05.360><c> between</c>

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there was a direct relationship between
 

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there was a direct relationship between
how<00:05:06.080><c> bright</c><00:05:06.400><c> a</c><00:05:06.639><c> seafood</c><00:05:07.280><c> appears</c><00:05:08.080><c> and</c><00:05:08.400><c> how</c>

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how bright a seafood appears and how
 

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how bright a seafood appears and how
long<00:05:08.960><c> its</c><00:05:09.280><c> pulsation</c><00:05:09.840><c> period</c><00:05:10.240><c> lasts.</c><00:05:11.120><c> The</c>

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long its pulsation period lasts. The
 

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long its pulsation period lasts. The
brighter<00:05:11.680><c> the</c><00:05:11.840><c> star,</c><00:05:12.479><c> the</c><00:05:12.720><c> longer</c><00:05:12.960><c> it</c><00:05:13.199><c> takes</c>

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brighter the star, the longer it takes
 

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brighter the star, the longer it takes
to<00:05:13.680><c> complete</c><00:05:14.160><c> one</c><00:05:14.639><c> cycle</c><00:05:14.960><c> of</c><00:05:15.199><c> pulsation.</c>

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to complete one cycle of pulsation.
 

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to complete one cycle of pulsation.
This<00:05:17.120><c> turned</c><00:05:17.440><c> seafoods</c><00:05:18.240><c> into</c><00:05:18.880><c> standard</c>

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This turned seafoods into standard
 

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This turned seafoods into standard
candles,<00:05:20.560><c> objects</c><00:05:21.120><c> whose</c><00:05:21.600><c> true</c><00:05:21.919><c> brightness</c>

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candles, objects whose true brightness
 

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candles, objects whose true brightness
we<00:05:22.720><c> can</c><00:05:22.880><c> determine</c><00:05:23.919><c> just</c><00:05:24.240><c> by</c><00:05:24.479><c> measuring</c><00:05:24.960><c> their</c>

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we can determine just by measuring their
 

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we can determine just by measuring their
pulsation<00:05:25.840><c> period.</c><00:05:26.960><c> Since</c><00:05:27.280><c> we</c><00:05:27.440><c> know</c><00:05:27.680><c> how</c>

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pulsation period. Since we know how
 

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pulsation period. Since we know how
bright<00:05:28.320><c> they</c><00:05:28.720><c> actually</c><00:05:29.199><c> are,</c><00:05:29.919><c> we</c><00:05:30.160><c> can</c>

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bright they actually are, we can
 

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bright they actually are, we can
calculate<00:05:30.800><c> how</c><00:05:31.120><c> far</c><00:05:31.280><c> away</c><00:05:31.600><c> they</c><00:05:31.919><c> must</c><00:05:32.240><c> be</c>

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calculate how far away they must be
 

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calculate how far away they must be
based<00:05:33.120><c> on</c><00:05:33.360><c> how</c><00:05:33.680><c> bright</c><00:05:34.080><c> they</c><00:05:34.400><c> appear</c><00:05:34.720><c> to</c><00:05:34.960><c> us.</c>

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based on how bright they appear to us.
 

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based on how bright they appear to us.
It's<00:05:36.160><c> like</c><00:05:36.400><c> knowing</c><00:05:36.720><c> the</c><00:05:37.039><c> true</c><00:05:37.280><c> wattage</c><00:05:37.680><c> of</c><00:05:37.840><c> a</c>

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It's like knowing the true wattage of a
 

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It's like knowing the true wattage of a
light<00:05:38.160><c> bulb.</c><00:05:38.800><c> The</c><00:05:39.039><c> dimmer</c><00:05:39.360><c> it</c><00:05:39.600><c> looks,</c><00:05:40.240><c> the</c>

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light bulb. The dimmer it looks, the
 

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light bulb. The dimmer it looks, the
further<00:05:40.720><c> away</c><00:05:41.120><c> it</c><00:05:41.440><c> must</c><00:05:41.600><c> be.</c><00:05:42.800><c> Sephiids</c><00:05:43.520><c> became</c>

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further away it must be. Sephiids became
 

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further away it must be. Sephiids became
a<00:05:44.400><c> crucial</c><00:05:44.880><c> rung</c><00:05:45.280><c> in</c><00:05:45.520><c> what</c><00:05:45.680><c> astronomers</c><00:05:46.400><c> call</c>

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a crucial rung in what astronomers call
 

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a crucial rung in what astronomers call
the<00:05:46.960><c> cosmic</c><00:05:47.600><c> distance</c><00:05:48.080><c> ladder.</c><00:05:49.039><c> Our</c><00:05:49.360><c> method</c>

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the cosmic distance ladder. Our method
 

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the cosmic distance ladder. Our method
for<00:05:50.000><c> measuring</c><00:05:50.400><c> distances</c><00:05:51.120><c> throughout</c><00:05:51.680><c> the</c>

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for measuring distances throughout the
 

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for measuring distances throughout the
universe.<00:05:53.039><c> Before</c><00:05:53.360><c> the</c><00:05:53.600><c> period</c><00:05:54.080><c> luminosity</c>

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universe. Before the period luminosity
 

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universe. Before the period luminosity
relationship<00:05:55.360><c> breakthrough,</c><00:05:56.400><c> we</c><00:05:56.720><c> could</c><00:05:56.880><c> only</c>

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relationship breakthrough, we could only
 

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relationship breakthrough, we could only
measure<00:05:57.520><c> objects</c><00:05:58.080><c> a</c><00:05:58.400><c> few</c><00:05:58.639><c> hundred</c><00:05:59.039><c> lighty</c>

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measure objects a few hundred lighty
 

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measure objects a few hundred lighty
years<00:05:59.520><c> away</c><00:06:00.080><c> using</c><00:06:00.720><c> stellar</c><00:06:01.280><c> parallax,</c><00:06:02.320><c> a</c>

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years away using stellar parallax, a
 

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years away using stellar parallax, a
measurement<00:06:02.880><c> of</c><00:06:03.199><c> how</c><00:06:03.520><c> far</c><00:06:03.840><c> a</c><00:06:04.080><c> star</c><00:06:04.400><c> shifts</c><00:06:04.800><c> in</c>

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measurement of how far a star shifts in
 

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measurement of how far a star shifts in
the<00:06:05.280><c> sky</c><00:06:05.840><c> as</c><00:06:06.160><c> visible</c><00:06:06.560><c> from</c><00:06:06.880><c> Earth.</c>

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the sky as visible from Earth.
 

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the sky as visible from Earth.
But<00:06:09.039><c> with</c><00:06:09.360><c> this</c><00:06:09.680><c> new</c><00:06:10.000><c> discovery,</c><00:06:11.039><c> suddenly</c>

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But with this new discovery, suddenly
 

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But with this new discovery, suddenly
scientists<00:06:12.080><c> could</c><00:06:12.319><c> measure</c><00:06:12.880><c> intergalactic</c>

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scientists could measure intergalactic
 

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scientists could measure intergalactic
distances<00:06:14.479><c> of</c><00:06:15.199><c> millions</c><00:06:15.759><c> of</c><00:06:15.919><c> light</c><00:06:16.240><c> years.</c>

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distances of millions of light years.
 

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distances of millions of light years.
Now<00:06:18.000><c> we</c><00:06:18.240><c> could</c><00:06:18.400><c> use</c><00:06:18.800><c> nearby</c><00:06:19.360><c> methods</c><00:06:19.840><c> like</c>

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Now we could use nearby methods like
 

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Now we could use nearby methods like
parallax<00:06:20.720><c> to</c><00:06:20.960><c> calibrate</c><00:06:21.440><c> seafoods.</c><00:06:22.639><c> Then</c><00:06:22.960><c> use</c>

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parallax to calibrate seafoods. Then use
 

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parallax to calibrate seafoods. Then use
sephiids<00:06:24.000><c> to</c><00:06:24.240><c> measure</c><00:06:24.639><c> distances</c><00:06:25.280><c> to</c><00:06:25.520><c> other</c>

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sephiids to measure distances to other
 

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sephiids to measure distances to other
galaxies,<00:06:26.960><c> which</c><00:06:27.199><c> in</c><00:06:27.440><c> turn</c><00:06:27.919><c> helps</c><00:06:28.240><c> us</c>

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galaxies, which in turn helps us
 

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galaxies, which in turn helps us
calibrate<00:06:29.199><c> even</c><00:06:29.600><c> more</c><00:06:29.919><c> distant</c><00:06:30.400><c> markers</c><00:06:31.199><c> like</c>

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calibrate even more distant markers like
 

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calibrate even more distant markers like
type<00:06:32.080><c> 1A</c><00:06:32.720><c> supernova.</c>

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type 1A supernova.
 

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type 1A supernova.
As<00:06:35.120><c> the</c><00:06:35.280><c> closest</c><00:06:35.600><c> seafood</c><00:06:36.160><c> to</c><00:06:36.319><c> Earth,</c><00:06:36.800><c> you'd</c>

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As the closest seafood to Earth, you'd
 

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As the closest seafood to Earth, you'd
think<00:06:37.360><c> that</c><00:06:37.600><c> would</c><00:06:37.759><c> make</c><00:06:37.919><c> Polaris</c><00:06:38.560><c> a</c><00:06:38.800><c> gold</c>

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think that would make Polaris a gold
 

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think that would make Polaris a gold
mine<00:06:39.360><c> for</c><00:06:39.520><c> astronomical</c><00:06:40.240><c> research.</c><00:06:41.360><c> It</c><00:06:41.520><c> could</c>

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mine for astronomical research. It could
 

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mine for astronomical research. It could
help<00:06:41.919><c> us</c><00:06:42.160><c> calibrate</c><00:06:42.639><c> the</c><00:06:42.880><c> size,</c><00:06:43.759><c> age,</c><00:06:44.479><c> and</c>

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help us calibrate the size, age, and
 

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help us calibrate the size, age, and
fate<00:06:45.039><c> of</c><00:06:45.199><c> the</c><00:06:45.360><c> universe.</c><00:06:46.319><c> Everything</c><00:06:46.720><c> from</c>

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fate of the universe. Everything from
 

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fate of the universe. Everything from
the<00:06:47.199><c> distance</c><00:06:47.520><c> to</c><00:06:47.680><c> Andromeda</c><00:06:48.560><c> to</c><00:06:48.800><c> the</c><00:06:49.039><c> rate</c><00:06:49.280><c> of</c>

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the distance to Andromeda to the rate of
 

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the distance to Andromeda to the rate of
the<00:06:49.680><c> universe's</c><00:06:50.319><c> expansion.</c>

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the universe's expansion.
 

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the universe's expansion.
But<00:06:52.479><c> here's</c><00:06:52.720><c> where</c><00:06:53.039><c> things</c><00:06:53.360><c> get</c><00:06:53.680><c> complicated.</c>

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Turns<00:06:58.560><c> out</c><00:06:59.199><c> Polaris</c><00:06:59.919><c> AA</c><00:07:00.720><c> is</c><00:07:01.039><c> quite</c><00:07:01.440><c> a</c><00:07:01.680><c> weird</c>

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Turns out Polaris AA is quite a weird
 

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Turns out Polaris AA is quite a weird
seafard<00:07:03.039><c> for</c><00:07:03.360><c> a</c><00:07:03.680><c> number</c><00:07:03.840><c> of</c><00:07:04.080><c> reasons.</c>

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seafard for a number of reasons.
 

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seafard for a number of reasons.
First<00:07:06.400><c> off,</c><00:07:06.960><c> its</c><00:07:07.599><c> amplitude</c><00:07:08.560><c> is</c><00:07:09.039><c> erratic.</c>

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First off, its amplitude is erratic.
 

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First off, its amplitude is erratic.
Scientists<00:07:11.120><c> noticed</c><00:07:11.840><c> the</c><00:07:12.160><c> difference</c>

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Scientists noticed the difference
 

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Scientists noticed the difference
between<00:07:12.960><c> its</c><00:07:13.280><c> brightest</c><00:07:13.840><c> and</c><00:07:14.080><c> dimst</c><00:07:14.560><c> points</c>

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between its brightest and dimst points
 

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between its brightest and dimst points
declined<00:07:16.080><c> through</c><00:07:16.319><c> the</c><00:07:16.560><c> 1960s</c><00:07:17.360><c> to</c><00:07:17.680><c> 1990s</c><00:07:18.960><c> down</c>

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declined through the 1960s to 1990s down
 

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declined through the 1960s to 1990s down
from<00:07:19.759><c> above</c><00:07:20.400><c> 0.1</c><00:07:21.680><c> to</c><00:07:22.000><c> below</c><00:07:22.639><c> 0.05</c>

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from above 0.1 to below 0.05
 

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from above 0.1 to below 0.05
magnitude.

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magnitude.
 

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magnitude.
It<00:07:26.080><c> leveled</c><00:07:26.479><c> off</c><00:07:26.720><c> and</c><00:07:26.960><c> remained</c><00:07:27.360><c> stable</c><00:07:27.759><c> for</c><00:07:28.000><c> a</c>

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It leveled off and remained stable for a
 

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It leveled off and remained stable for a
while<00:07:28.960><c> before</c><00:07:29.599><c> starting</c><00:07:30.000><c> to</c><00:07:30.319><c> creep</c><00:07:30.800><c> up</c><00:07:31.120><c> again</c>

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while before starting to creep up again
 

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while before starting to creep up again
in<00:07:31.599><c> the</c><00:07:31.759><c> year</c><00:07:32.080><c> 2000.</c><00:07:33.199><c> A</c><00:07:33.440><c> pattern</c><00:07:34.240><c> never</c><00:07:34.639><c> seen</c>

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in the year 2000. A pattern never seen
 

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in the year 2000. A pattern never seen
in<00:07:35.520><c> any</c><00:07:35.919><c> other</c><00:07:36.319><c> seafood.</c>

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in any other seafood.
 

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in any other seafood.
But<00:07:38.080><c> it's</c><00:07:38.319><c> not</c><00:07:38.560><c> just</c><00:07:38.800><c> his</c><00:07:39.120><c> amplitude</c><00:07:39.759><c> that's</c>

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But it's not just his amplitude that's
 

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But it's not just his amplitude that's
raised<00:07:40.319><c> eyebrows.</c><00:07:41.440><c> For</c><00:07:41.680><c> the</c><00:07:42.639><c> 150</c><00:07:43.120><c> years</c><00:07:43.520><c> we've</c>

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raised eyebrows. For the 150 years we've
 

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raised eyebrows. For the 150 years we've
been<00:07:44.000><c> observing</c><00:07:44.400><c> it,</c><00:07:45.039><c> Polaris'</c><00:07:45.759><c> period</c><00:07:46.160><c> of</c>

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been observing it, Polaris' period of
 

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been observing it, Polaris' period of
around<00:07:46.960><c> 4</c><00:07:47.360><c> days</c><00:07:48.240><c> has</c><00:07:48.560><c> been</c><00:07:48.880><c> increasing</c><00:07:49.759><c> by</c><00:07:50.240><c> 4.5</c>

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around 4 days has been increasing by 4.5
 

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around 4 days has been increasing by 4.5
seconds<00:07:51.840><c> per</c><00:07:52.240><c> year.</c>

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seconds per year.
 

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seconds per year.
That's<00:07:54.080><c> an</c><00:07:54.400><c> incredibly</c><00:07:55.120><c> fast</c><00:07:55.360><c> rate</c><00:07:55.599><c> of</c><00:07:55.840><c> period</c>

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That's an incredibly fast rate of period
 

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That's an incredibly fast rate of period
change<00:07:56.400><c> for</c><00:07:56.639><c> a</c><00:07:56.800><c> seafood,</c><00:07:57.759><c> which</c><00:07:58.160><c> suggests</c>

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change for a seafood, which suggests
 

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change for a seafood, which suggests
Polaris<00:07:59.759><c> is</c><00:08:00.000><c> evolving</c><00:08:00.639><c> quickly.</c>

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Polaris is evolving quickly.
 

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Polaris is evolving quickly.
One<00:08:02.639><c> theory</c><00:08:03.039><c> astronomers</c><00:08:03.680><c> have</c><00:08:03.919><c> for</c><00:08:04.160><c> this</c>

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One theory astronomers have for this
 

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One theory astronomers have for this
unusual<00:08:05.120><c> behavior</c><00:08:05.840><c> is</c><00:08:06.000><c> that</c><00:08:06.240><c> Polaris</c><00:08:06.800><c> AA</c>

00:08:07.670 --> 00:08:07.680 align:start position:0%
unusual behavior is that Polaris AA
 

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unusual behavior is that Polaris AA
might<00:08:08.000><c> be</c><00:08:08.240><c> entering</c><00:08:08.800><c> an</c><00:08:09.039><c> unstable</c><00:08:09.759><c> phase</c><00:08:10.080><c> of</c>

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might be entering an unstable phase of
 

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might be entering an unstable phase of
its<00:08:10.560><c> life.</c><00:08:11.680><c> All</c><00:08:11.919><c> stars</c><00:08:12.319><c> go</c><00:08:12.560><c> through</c><00:08:12.879><c> an</c>

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its life. All stars go through an
 

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its life. All stars go through an
unstable<00:08:13.680><c> phase</c><00:08:14.000><c> when</c><00:08:14.240><c> they</c><00:08:14.400><c> leave</c><00:08:14.560><c> the</c><00:08:14.720><c> main</c>

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unstable phase when they leave the main
 

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unstable phase when they leave the main
sequence,<00:08:15.840><c> but</c><00:08:16.080><c> they</c><00:08:16.319><c> don't</c><00:08:16.560><c> necessarily</c><00:08:17.360><c> all</c>

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sequence, but they don't necessarily all
 

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sequence, but they don't necessarily all
become<00:08:18.080><c> seafoods.</c><00:08:19.440><c> What</c><00:08:19.759><c> kind</c><00:08:19.919><c> of</c><00:08:20.160><c> pulsating</c>

00:08:20.790 --> 00:08:20.800 align:start position:0%
become seafoods. What kind of pulsating
 

00:08:20.800 --> 00:08:23.350 align:start position:0%
become seafoods. What kind of pulsating
star<00:08:21.039><c> they</c><00:08:21.280><c> become</c><00:08:22.080><c> depends</c><00:08:22.479><c> on</c><00:08:22.800><c> several</c>

00:08:23.350 --> 00:08:23.360 align:start position:0%
star they become depends on several
 

00:08:23.360 --> 00:08:25.670 align:start position:0%
star they become depends on several
characteristics<00:08:24.240><c> including</c><00:08:24.720><c> its</c><00:08:25.039><c> mass,</c>

00:08:25.670 --> 00:08:25.680 align:start position:0%
characteristics including its mass,
 

00:08:25.680 --> 00:08:28.629 align:start position:0%
characteristics including its mass,
luminosity<00:08:26.639><c> and</c><00:08:26.879><c> pulsation</c><00:08:27.520><c> period</c><00:08:28.240><c> among</c>

00:08:28.629 --> 00:08:28.639 align:start position:0%
luminosity and pulsation period among
 

00:08:28.639 --> 00:08:31.510 align:start position:0%
luminosity and pulsation period among
other<00:08:28.960><c> things.</c><00:08:30.000><c> Most</c><00:08:30.319><c> seafoods</c><00:08:30.879><c> go</c><00:08:31.120><c> through</c>

00:08:31.510 --> 00:08:31.520 align:start position:0%
other things. Most seafoods go through
 

00:08:31.520 --> 00:08:33.589 align:start position:0%
other things. Most seafoods go through
three<00:08:31.919><c> big</c><00:08:32.159><c> instability</c><00:08:32.800><c> events</c><00:08:33.120><c> in</c><00:08:33.360><c> their</c>

00:08:33.589 --> 00:08:33.599 align:start position:0%
three big instability events in their
 

00:08:33.599 --> 00:08:36.550 align:start position:0%
three big instability events in their
lives.<00:08:34.479><c> The</c><00:08:34.719><c> first</c><00:08:35.039><c> happens</c><00:08:35.360><c> very</c><00:08:35.680><c> fast</c>

00:08:36.550 --> 00:08:36.560 align:start position:0%
lives. The first happens very fast
 

00:08:36.560 --> 00:08:40.310 align:start position:0%
lives. The first happens very fast
lasting<00:08:37.039><c> from</c><00:08:37.519><c> 10</c><00:08:38.000><c> to</c><00:08:38.399><c> 100,000</c><00:08:39.200><c> years.</c><00:08:40.080><c> It</c>

00:08:40.310 --> 00:08:40.320 align:start position:0%
lasting from 10 to 100,000 years. It
 

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lasting from 10 to 100,000 years. It
occurs<00:08:40.640><c> when</c><00:08:40.959><c> hydrogen</c><00:08:41.519><c> fusion</c><00:08:41.919><c> in</c><00:08:42.159><c> the</c>

00:08:42.310 --> 00:08:42.320 align:start position:0%
occurs when hydrogen fusion in the
 

00:08:42.320 --> 00:08:45.030 align:start position:0%
occurs when hydrogen fusion in the
center<00:08:42.800><c> has</c><00:08:43.120><c> stopped</c><00:08:43.760><c> and</c><00:08:44.000><c> the</c><00:08:44.320><c> star</c><00:08:44.720><c> leaves</c>

00:08:45.030 --> 00:08:45.040 align:start position:0%
center has stopped and the star leaves
 

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center has stopped and the star leaves
the<00:08:45.279><c> main</c><00:08:45.519><c> sequence</c><00:08:46.320><c> moving</c><00:08:46.640><c> towards</c>

00:08:47.190 --> 00:08:47.200 align:start position:0%
the main sequence moving towards
 

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the main sequence moving towards
becoming<00:08:47.519><c> a</c><00:08:47.760><c> red</c><00:08:48.000><c> giant</c><00:08:48.560><c> or</c><00:08:49.120><c> super</c><00:08:49.440><c> giant.</c>

00:08:50.710 --> 00:08:50.720 align:start position:0%
becoming a red giant or super giant.
 

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becoming a red giant or super giant.
It's<00:08:51.120><c> the</c><00:08:51.360><c> least</c><00:08:51.920><c> studied</c><00:08:52.320><c> of</c><00:08:52.560><c> the</c>

00:08:52.710 --> 00:08:52.720 align:start position:0%
It's the least studied of the
 

00:08:52.720 --> 00:08:56.150 align:start position:0%
It's the least studied of the
instability<00:08:53.360><c> phases</c><00:08:54.320><c> because</c><00:08:54.720><c> it's</c><00:08:55.040><c> so</c><00:08:55.440><c> brief</c>

00:08:56.150 --> 00:08:56.160 align:start position:0%
instability phases because it's so brief
 

00:08:56.160 --> 00:08:58.710 align:start position:0%
instability phases because it's so brief
relatively<00:08:56.800><c> speaking.</c><00:08:58.240><c> The</c><00:08:58.480><c> second</c>

00:08:58.710 --> 00:08:58.720 align:start position:0%
relatively speaking. The second
 

00:08:58.720 --> 00:09:00.949 align:start position:0%
relatively speaking. The second
instability<00:08:59.440><c> occurs</c><00:08:59.760><c> when</c><00:09:00.000><c> the</c><00:09:00.160><c> star</c><00:09:00.480><c> begins</c>

00:09:00.949 --> 00:09:00.959 align:start position:0%
instability occurs when the star begins
 

00:09:00.959 --> 00:09:03.590 align:start position:0%
instability occurs when the star begins
burning<00:09:01.360><c> helium</c><00:09:01.839><c> in</c><00:09:02.080><c> its</c><00:09:02.240><c> core,</c><00:09:02.880><c> stabilizing</c>

00:09:03.590 --> 00:09:03.600 align:start position:0%
burning helium in its core, stabilizing
 

00:09:03.600 --> 00:09:06.070 align:start position:0%
burning helium in its core, stabilizing
the<00:09:03.839><c> star</c><00:09:04.080><c> and</c><00:09:04.399><c> making</c><00:09:04.640><c> it</c><00:09:04.880><c> burn</c><00:09:05.200><c> hotter</c><00:09:05.760><c> and</c>

00:09:06.070 --> 00:09:06.080 align:start position:0%
the star and making it burn hotter and
 

00:09:06.080 --> 00:09:09.030 align:start position:0%
the star and making it burn hotter and
bluer<00:09:06.480><c> in</c><00:09:06.720><c> color.</c><00:09:07.760><c> This</c><00:09:08.000><c> transition</c><00:09:08.560><c> can</c><00:09:08.800><c> take</c>

00:09:09.030 --> 00:09:09.040 align:start position:0%
bluer in color. This transition can take
 

00:09:09.040 --> 00:09:12.389 align:start position:0%
bluer in color. This transition can take
anywhere<00:09:09.440><c> from</c><00:09:10.000><c> 100,000</c><00:09:10.959><c> to</c><00:09:11.600><c> 10</c><00:09:12.080><c> million</c>

00:09:12.389 --> 00:09:12.399 align:start position:0%
anywhere from 100,000 to 10 million
 

00:09:12.399 --> 00:09:15.350 align:start position:0%
anywhere from 100,000 to 10 million
years.<00:09:13.600><c> When</c><00:09:13.839><c> the</c><00:09:14.000><c> star</c><00:09:14.399><c> finally</c><00:09:14.800><c> runs</c><00:09:15.120><c> out</c><00:09:15.279><c> of</c>

00:09:15.350 --> 00:09:15.360 align:start position:0%
years. When the star finally runs out of
 

00:09:15.360 --> 00:09:18.070 align:start position:0%
years. When the star finally runs out of
helium,<00:09:16.240><c> expands</c><00:09:16.720><c> again</c><00:09:17.279><c> and</c><00:09:17.600><c> becomes</c>

00:09:18.070 --> 00:09:18.080 align:start position:0%
helium, expands again and becomes
 

00:09:18.080 --> 00:09:20.710 align:start position:0%
helium, expands again and becomes
unstable<00:09:18.720><c> for</c><00:09:19.040><c> the</c><00:09:19.279><c> third</c><00:09:19.600><c> time</c><00:09:20.240><c> with</c><00:09:20.480><c> a</c>

00:09:20.710 --> 00:09:20.720 align:start position:0%
unstable for the third time with a
 

00:09:20.720 --> 00:09:23.990 align:start position:0%
unstable for the third time with a
similar<00:09:21.120><c> timeline</c><00:09:21.680><c> as</c><00:09:21.920><c> the</c><00:09:22.160><c> second</c><00:09:22.399><c> phase.</c>

00:09:23.990 --> 00:09:24.000 align:start position:0%
similar timeline as the second phase.
 

00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:26.230 align:start position:0%
similar timeline as the second phase.
Nearly<00:09:24.399><c> all</c><00:09:24.560><c> the</c><00:09:24.720><c> seafoods</c><00:09:25.360><c> we've</c><00:09:25.680><c> seen</c><00:09:26.000><c> in</c>

00:09:26.230 --> 00:09:26.240 align:start position:0%
Nearly all the seafoods we've seen in
 

00:09:26.240 --> 00:09:28.470 align:start position:0%
Nearly all the seafoods we've seen in
these<00:09:26.480><c> unstable</c><00:09:27.040><c> phases</c><00:09:27.519><c> have</c><00:09:27.839><c> been</c><00:09:28.080><c> in</c><00:09:28.320><c> the</c>

00:09:28.470 --> 00:09:28.480 align:start position:0%
these unstable phases have been in the
 

00:09:28.480 --> 00:09:31.030 align:start position:0%
these unstable phases have been in the
second<00:09:28.959><c> or</c><00:09:29.279><c> third</c><00:09:29.600><c> phase,</c><00:09:30.480><c> making</c><00:09:30.800><c> their</c>

00:09:31.030 --> 00:09:31.040 align:start position:0%
second or third phase, making their
 

00:09:31.040 --> 00:09:33.990 align:start position:0%
second or third phase, making their
behavior<00:09:31.839><c> relatively</c><00:09:32.560><c> predictable.</c><00:09:33.839><c> But</c>

00:09:33.990 --> 00:09:34.000 align:start position:0%
behavior relatively predictable. But
 

00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:36.150 align:start position:0%
behavior relatively predictable. But
catching<00:09:34.320><c> a</c><00:09:34.480><c> seafood</c><00:09:35.120><c> on</c><00:09:35.360><c> their</c><00:09:35.680><c> first</c>

00:09:36.150 --> 00:09:36.160 align:start position:0%
catching a seafood on their first
 

00:09:36.160 --> 00:09:39.670 align:start position:0%
catching a seafood on their first
instability<00:09:37.200><c> is</c><00:09:37.600><c> extremely</c><00:09:38.399><c> rare</c><00:09:39.200><c> and</c><00:09:39.440><c> their</c>

00:09:39.670 --> 00:09:39.680 align:start position:0%
instability is extremely rare and their
 

00:09:39.680 --> 00:09:42.150 align:start position:0%
instability is extremely rare and their
behavior<00:09:40.160><c> in</c><00:09:40.399><c> this</c><00:09:40.560><c> state</c><00:09:41.040><c> is</c><00:09:41.440><c> much</c><00:09:41.760><c> less</c>

00:09:42.150 --> 00:09:42.160 align:start position:0%
behavior in this state is much less
 

00:09:42.160 --> 00:09:44.949 align:start position:0%
behavior in this state is much less
understood.<00:09:43.360><c> There</c><00:09:43.600><c> isn't</c><00:09:43.920><c> a</c><00:09:44.080><c> consensus</c><00:09:44.640><c> on</c>

00:09:44.949 --> 00:09:44.959 align:start position:0%
understood. There isn't a consensus on
 

00:09:44.959 --> 00:09:48.070 align:start position:0%
understood. There isn't a consensus on
which<00:09:45.279><c> instability</c><00:09:46.000><c> stage</c><00:09:46.399><c> Polaris</c><00:09:46.959><c> is</c><00:09:47.120><c> in.</c>

00:09:48.070 --> 00:09:48.080 align:start position:0%
which instability stage Polaris is in.
 

00:09:48.080 --> 00:09:50.230 align:start position:0%
which instability stage Polaris is in.
Some<00:09:48.320><c> claim</c><00:09:48.640><c> it's</c><00:09:48.959><c> in</c><00:09:49.120><c> the</c><00:09:49.279><c> first</c><00:09:50.000><c> while</c>

00:09:50.230 --> 00:09:50.240 align:start position:0%
Some claim it's in the first while
 

00:09:50.240 --> 00:09:53.269 align:start position:0%
Some claim it's in the first while
others<00:09:50.560><c> say</c><00:09:50.880><c> it</c><00:09:51.120><c> must</c><00:09:51.360><c> be</c><00:09:51.519><c> in</c><00:09:51.760><c> the</c><00:09:51.920><c> third.</c><00:09:53.040><c> And</c>

00:09:53.269 --> 00:09:53.279 align:start position:0%
others say it must be in the third. And
 

00:09:53.279 --> 00:09:55.430 align:start position:0%
others say it must be in the third. And
just<00:09:53.600><c> as</c><00:09:53.839><c> these</c><00:09:54.160><c> theories</c><00:09:54.640><c> emerged</c><00:09:55.120><c> to</c>

00:09:55.430 --> 00:09:55.440 align:start position:0%
just as these theories emerged to
 

00:09:55.440 --> 00:09:58.470 align:start position:0%
just as these theories emerged to
explain<00:09:55.839><c> the</c><00:09:56.080><c> changing</c><00:09:56.560><c> period,</c><00:09:57.760><c> Polaris</c>

00:09:58.470 --> 00:09:58.480 align:start position:0%
explain the changing period, Polaris
 

00:09:58.480 --> 00:10:02.389 align:start position:0%
explain the changing period, Polaris
suddenly<00:09:59.040><c> reversed</c><00:09:59.440><c> the</c><00:09:59.760><c> trend.</c><00:10:00.880><c> Since</c><00:10:01.440><c> 2010,</c>

00:10:02.389 --> 00:10:02.399 align:start position:0%
suddenly reversed the trend. Since 2010,
 

00:10:02.399 --> 00:10:05.430 align:start position:0%
suddenly reversed the trend. Since 2010,
its<00:10:02.720><c> period</c><00:10:03.120><c> has</c><00:10:03.360><c> been</c><00:10:03.600><c> getting</c><00:10:04.240><c> shorter</c><00:10:05.040><c> year</c>

00:10:05.430 --> 00:10:05.440 align:start position:0%
its period has been getting shorter year
 

00:10:05.440 --> 00:10:09.829 align:start position:0%
its period has been getting shorter year
after<00:10:05.920><c> year,</c><00:10:06.720><c> and</c><00:10:07.200><c> no</c><00:10:07.519><c> one</c><00:10:07.839><c> knows</c><00:10:08.320><c> why.</c><00:10:09.600><c> We</c>

00:10:09.829 --> 00:10:09.839 align:start position:0%
after year, and no one knows why. We
 

00:10:09.839 --> 00:10:12.550 align:start position:0%
after year, and no one knows why. We
think<00:10:10.000><c> it</c><00:10:10.320><c> might</c><00:10:10.560><c> be</c><00:10:10.800><c> due</c><00:10:11.040><c> to</c><00:10:11.279><c> Polaris</c><00:10:11.839><c> AB</c>

00:10:12.550 --> 00:10:12.560 align:start position:0%
think it might be due to Polaris AB
 

00:10:12.560 --> 00:10:14.550 align:start position:0%
think it might be due to Polaris AB
disturbing<00:10:13.120><c> it</c><00:10:13.360><c> whenever</c><00:10:13.760><c> they</c><00:10:14.000><c> pass</c><00:10:14.320><c> each</c>

00:10:14.550 --> 00:10:14.560 align:start position:0%
disturbing it whenever they pass each
 

00:10:14.560 --> 00:10:17.590 align:start position:0%
disturbing it whenever they pass each
other<00:10:14.720><c> at</c><00:10:14.959><c> their</c><00:10:15.200><c> closest</c><00:10:15.680><c> point,</c><00:10:16.640><c> but</c><00:10:17.120><c> no</c><00:10:17.360><c> one</c>

00:10:17.590 --> 00:10:17.600 align:start position:0%
other at their closest point, but no one
 

00:10:17.600 --> 00:10:20.150 align:start position:0%
other at their closest point, but no one
knows<00:10:17.839><c> for</c><00:10:18.079><c> sure.</c><00:10:19.360><c> But</c><00:10:19.600><c> even</c><00:10:19.839><c> more</c>

00:10:20.150 --> 00:10:20.160 align:start position:0%
knows for sure. But even more
 

00:10:20.160 --> 00:10:22.630 align:start position:0%
knows for sure. But even more
fundamental<00:10:20.800><c> than</c><00:10:20.959><c> that,</c><00:10:21.760><c> there's</c><00:10:22.079><c> still</c><00:10:22.320><c> a</c>

00:10:22.630 --> 00:10:22.640 align:start position:0%
fundamental than that, there's still a
 

00:10:22.640 --> 00:10:25.350 align:start position:0%
fundamental than that, there's still a
key<00:10:23.040><c> piece</c><00:10:23.279><c> of</c><00:10:23.440><c> the</c><00:10:23.600><c> puzzle</c><00:10:23.920><c> missing</c><00:10:24.640><c> to</c><00:10:24.959><c> fully</c>

00:10:25.350 --> 00:10:25.360 align:start position:0%
key piece of the puzzle missing to fully
 

00:10:25.360 --> 00:10:28.069 align:start position:0%
key piece of the puzzle missing to fully
understanding<00:10:26.079><c> Polaris'</c><00:10:26.959><c> properties.</c>

00:10:28.069 --> 00:10:28.079 align:start position:0%
understanding Polaris' properties.
 

00:10:28.079 --> 00:10:30.949 align:start position:0%
understanding Polaris' properties.
something<00:10:28.880><c> embarrassingly</c><00:10:29.839><c> simple</c><00:10:30.560><c> that's</c>

00:10:30.949 --> 00:10:30.959 align:start position:0%
something embarrassingly simple that's
 

00:10:30.959 --> 00:10:38.550 align:start position:0%
something embarrassingly simple that's
proven<00:10:31.600><c> brutally</c><00:10:32.240><c> challenging</c><00:10:32.720><c> to</c><00:10:32.959><c> solve.</c>

00:10:38.550 --> 00:10:38.560 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:10:38.560 --> 00:10:40.630 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:10:38.800><c> might</c><00:10:39.120><c> expect</c><00:10:39.519><c> that</c><00:10:39.760><c> with</c><00:10:40.240><c> modern</c>

00:10:40.630 --> 00:10:40.640 align:start position:0%
You might expect that with modern
 

00:10:40.640 --> 00:10:42.790 align:start position:0%
You might expect that with modern
technology,<00:10:41.519><c> measuring</c><00:10:41.920><c> the</c><00:10:42.160><c> distance</c><00:10:42.480><c> to</c>

00:10:42.790 --> 00:10:42.800 align:start position:0%
technology, measuring the distance to
 

00:10:42.800 --> 00:10:45.829 align:start position:0%
technology, measuring the distance to
our<00:10:43.279><c> north</c><00:10:43.600><c> star</c><00:10:44.240><c> would</c><00:10:44.560><c> be</c><00:10:44.720><c> straightforward,</c>

00:10:45.829 --> 00:10:45.839 align:start position:0%
our north star would be straightforward,
 

00:10:45.839 --> 00:10:47.829 align:start position:0%
our north star would be straightforward,
but<00:10:46.079><c> it's</c><00:10:46.399><c> actually</c><00:10:46.880><c> trickier</c><00:10:47.440><c> than</c><00:10:47.680><c> you</c>

00:10:47.829 --> 00:10:47.839 align:start position:0%
but it's actually trickier than you
 

00:10:47.839 --> 00:10:50.630 align:start position:0%
but it's actually trickier than you
might<00:10:48.079><c> imagine</c><00:10:48.640><c> for</c><00:10:48.880><c> a</c><00:10:49.120><c> few</c><00:10:49.360><c> reasons.</c>

00:10:50.630 --> 00:10:50.640 align:start position:0%
might imagine for a few reasons.
 

00:10:50.640 --> 00:10:53.350 align:start position:0%
might imagine for a few reasons.
Firstly,<00:10:51.360><c> Polaris</c><00:10:52.000><c> is</c><00:10:52.480><c> hundreds</c><00:10:52.959><c> of</c><00:10:53.120><c> light</c>

00:10:53.350 --> 00:10:53.360 align:start position:0%
Firstly, Polaris is hundreds of light
 

00:10:53.360 --> 00:10:56.790 align:start position:0%
Firstly, Polaris is hundreds of light
years<00:10:53.519><c> away.</c><00:10:54.720><c> The</c><00:10:54.959><c> further</c><00:10:55.279><c> a</c><00:10:55.440><c> star</c><00:10:55.760><c> is,</c><00:10:56.560><c> the</c>

00:10:56.790 --> 00:10:56.800 align:start position:0%
years away. The further a star is, the
 

00:10:56.800 --> 00:10:59.670 align:start position:0%
years away. The further a star is, the
smaller<00:10:57.279><c> its</c><00:10:57.600><c> parallax</c><00:10:58.240><c> shift</c><00:10:58.560><c> is.</c><00:10:59.440><c> For</c>

00:10:59.670 --> 00:10:59.680 align:start position:0%
smaller its parallax shift is. For
 

00:10:59.680 --> 00:11:01.990 align:start position:0%
smaller its parallax shift is. For
context,<00:11:00.480><c> the</c><00:11:00.640><c> Hypocus</c><00:11:01.360><c> mission</c><00:11:01.680><c> from</c><00:11:01.920><c> the</c>

00:11:01.990 --> 00:11:02.000 align:start position:0%
context, the Hypocus mission from the
 

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:05.269 align:start position:0%
context, the Hypocus mission from the
'90s<00:11:02.720><c> measured</c><00:11:03.279><c> Polaris'</c><00:11:04.000><c> parallax</c><00:11:04.720><c> as</c>

00:11:05.269 --> 00:11:05.279 align:start position:0%
'90s measured Polaris' parallax as
 

00:11:05.279 --> 00:11:07.990 align:start position:0%
'90s measured Polaris' parallax as
0.00754

00:11:07.990 --> 00:11:08.000 align:start position:0%
0.00754
 

00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:11.750 align:start position:0%
0.00754
arcsec<00:11:09.360><c> or</c><00:11:10.000><c> 2.094</c>

00:11:11.750 --> 00:11:11.760 align:start position:0%
arcsec or 2.094
 

00:11:11.760 --> 00:11:14.630 align:start position:0%
arcsec or 2.094
*<00:11:11.920><c> 10</c><00:11:12.480><c> -6°.</c>

00:11:14.630 --> 00:11:14.640 align:start position:0%
* 10 -6°.
 

00:11:14.640 --> 00:11:18.389 align:start position:0%
* 10 -6°.
An<00:11:15.120><c> unimaginably</c><00:11:16.320><c> small</c><00:11:16.720><c> movement.</c><00:11:18.000><c> On</c><00:11:18.240><c> top</c>

00:11:18.389 --> 00:11:18.399 align:start position:0%
An unimaginably small movement. On top
 

00:11:18.399 --> 00:11:21.190 align:start position:0%
An unimaginably small movement. On top
of<00:11:18.560><c> that,</c><00:11:19.040><c> Polaris</c><00:11:19.680><c> is</c><00:11:19.920><c> so</c><00:11:20.240><c> bright</c><00:11:20.800><c> it</c><00:11:21.040><c> can</c>

00:11:21.190 --> 00:11:21.200 align:start position:0%
of that, Polaris is so bright it can
 

00:11:21.200 --> 00:11:23.990 align:start position:0%
of that, Polaris is so bright it can
saturate<00:11:21.839><c> our</c><00:11:22.240><c> detectors,</c><00:11:23.279><c> making</c><00:11:23.680><c> our</c>

00:11:23.990 --> 00:11:24.000 align:start position:0%
saturate our detectors, making our
 

00:11:24.000 --> 00:11:26.069 align:start position:0%
saturate our detectors, making our
readings<00:11:24.560><c> unreliable.</c>

00:11:26.069 --> 00:11:26.079 align:start position:0%
readings unreliable.
 

00:11:26.079 --> 00:11:28.310 align:start position:0%
readings unreliable.
Couple<00:11:26.480><c> that</c><00:11:26.880><c> with</c><00:11:27.120><c> the</c><00:11:27.360><c> fact</c><00:11:27.600><c> it</c><00:11:27.839><c> is</c><00:11:28.079><c> a</c>

00:11:28.310 --> 00:11:28.320 align:start position:0%
Couple that with the fact it is a
 

00:11:28.320 --> 00:11:31.509 align:start position:0%
Couple that with the fact it is a
pulsating<00:11:29.200><c> seafared</c><00:11:29.920><c> star</c><00:11:30.480><c> with</c><00:11:30.800><c> a</c><00:11:31.120><c> close</c>

00:11:31.509 --> 00:11:31.519 align:start position:0%
pulsating seafared star with a close
 

00:11:31.519 --> 00:11:34.150 align:start position:0%
pulsating seafared star with a close
companion,<00:11:32.480><c> and</c><00:11:32.800><c> brightness-based</c><00:11:33.760><c> distance</c>

00:11:34.150 --> 00:11:34.160 align:start position:0%
companion, and brightness-based distance
 

00:11:34.160 --> 00:11:37.990 align:start position:0%
companion, and brightness-based distance
readings<00:11:34.640><c> get</c><00:11:35.040><c> even</c><00:11:35.440><c> more</c><00:11:35.839><c> complicated.</c>

00:11:37.990 --> 00:11:38.000 align:start position:0%
readings get even more complicated.
 

00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:40.389 align:start position:0%
readings get even more complicated.
All<00:11:38.320><c> this</c><00:11:38.720><c> makes</c><00:11:39.040><c> Polaris'</c><00:11:39.760><c> distance</c><00:11:40.160><c> from</c>

00:11:40.389 --> 00:11:40.399 align:start position:0%
All this makes Polaris' distance from
 

00:11:40.399 --> 00:11:43.990 align:start position:0%
All this makes Polaris' distance from
Earth<00:11:41.040><c> surprisingly</c><00:11:42.000><c> hard</c><00:11:42.320><c> to</c><00:11:42.560><c> pin</c><00:11:42.880><c> down.</c>

00:11:43.990 --> 00:11:44.000 align:start position:0%
Earth surprisingly hard to pin down.
 

00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:48.550 align:start position:0%
Earth surprisingly hard to pin down.
Estimates<00:11:44.560><c> range</c><00:11:44.959><c> from</c><00:11:45.440><c> 323</c><00:11:46.880><c> to</c><00:11:47.279><c> 520</c><00:11:48.320><c> lighty</c>

00:11:48.550 --> 00:11:48.560 align:start position:0%
Estimates range from 323 to 520 lighty
 

00:11:48.560 --> 00:11:51.190 align:start position:0%
Estimates range from 323 to 520 lighty
years<00:11:48.880><c> away</c><00:11:49.600><c> and</c><00:11:49.920><c> there's</c><00:11:50.320><c> still</c><00:11:50.800><c> no</c>

00:11:51.190 --> 00:11:51.200 align:start position:0%
years away and there's still no
 

00:11:51.200 --> 00:11:53.110 align:start position:0%
years away and there's still no
universal<00:11:51.839><c> agreement</c><00:11:52.240><c> in</c><00:11:52.480><c> the</c><00:11:52.560><c> scientific</c>

00:11:53.110 --> 00:11:53.120 align:start position:0%
universal agreement in the scientific
 

00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:56.470 align:start position:0%
universal agreement in the scientific
community.<00:11:54.320><c> For</c><00:11:54.399><c> example,</c><00:11:55.279><c> Hippacos</c><00:11:56.000><c> mission</c>

00:11:56.470 --> 00:11:56.480 align:start position:0%
community. For example, Hippacos mission
 

00:11:56.480 --> 00:12:00.470 align:start position:0%
community. For example, Hippacos mission
placed<00:11:56.800><c> Polaris</c><00:11:57.440><c> at</c><00:11:57.839><c> 434</c><00:11:59.200><c> lightyear</c><00:12:00.240><c> while</c>

00:12:00.470 --> 00:12:00.480 align:start position:0%
placed Polaris at 434 lightyear while
 

00:12:00.480 --> 00:12:03.190 align:start position:0%
placed Polaris at 434 lightyear while
the<00:12:00.720><c> more</c><00:12:00.959><c> recent</c><00:12:01.279><c> Gaia</c><00:12:01.760><c> data</c><00:12:02.079><c> from</c><00:12:02.399><c> issa</c><00:12:02.880><c> puts</c>

00:12:03.190 --> 00:12:03.200 align:start position:0%
the more recent Gaia data from issa puts
 

00:12:03.200 --> 00:12:07.509 align:start position:0%
the more recent Gaia data from issa puts
it<00:12:03.279><c> at</c><00:12:03.680><c> 447</c><00:12:05.040><c> lighty</c><00:12:05.279><c> years</c><00:12:05.519><c> away.</c><00:12:06.880><c> Without</c><00:12:07.279><c> a</c>

00:12:07.509 --> 00:12:07.519 align:start position:0%
it at 447 lighty years away. Without a
 

00:12:07.519 --> 00:12:10.550 align:start position:0%
it at 447 lighty years away. Without a
clear<00:12:07.920><c> idea</c><00:12:08.320><c> of</c><00:12:08.560><c> how</c><00:12:08.800><c> far</c><00:12:09.200><c> Polaris</c><00:12:09.839><c> is,</c>

00:12:10.550 --> 00:12:10.560 align:start position:0%
clear idea of how far Polaris is,
 

00:12:10.560 --> 00:12:13.430 align:start position:0%
clear idea of how far Polaris is,
estimating<00:12:11.200><c> other</c><00:12:11.519><c> properties</c><00:12:12.079><c> like</c><00:12:12.560><c> mass,</c>

00:12:13.430 --> 00:12:13.440 align:start position:0%
estimating other properties like mass,
 

00:12:13.440 --> 00:12:17.350 align:start position:0%
estimating other properties like mass,
radius,<00:12:14.079><c> and</c><00:12:14.399><c> luminosity</c><00:12:15.600><c> is</c><00:12:16.079><c> complicated.</c>

00:12:17.350 --> 00:12:17.360 align:start position:0%
radius, and luminosity is complicated.
 

00:12:17.360 --> 00:12:19.269 align:start position:0%
radius, and luminosity is complicated.
The<00:12:17.600><c> mass</c><00:12:17.839><c> and</c><00:12:18.000><c> radius</c><00:12:18.399><c> estimates</c><00:12:18.800><c> I</c><00:12:19.040><c> shared</c>

00:12:19.269 --> 00:12:19.279 align:start position:0%
The mass and radius estimates I shared
 

00:12:19.279 --> 00:12:22.310 align:start position:0%
The mass and radius estimates I shared
earlier<00:12:19.680><c> are</c><00:12:19.920><c> based</c><00:12:20.160><c> on</c><00:12:20.399><c> the</c><00:12:20.639><c> Gaia</c><00:12:21.040><c> data.</c><00:12:22.079><c> But</c>

00:12:22.310 --> 00:12:22.320 align:start position:0%
earlier are based on the Gaia data. But
 

00:12:22.320 --> 00:12:24.870 align:start position:0%
earlier are based on the Gaia data. But
if<00:12:22.560><c> we</c><00:12:22.800><c> were</c><00:12:22.959><c> to</c><00:12:23.120><c> use</c><00:12:23.360><c> different</c><00:12:23.680><c> inputs,</c><00:12:24.480><c> we'd</c>

00:12:24.870 --> 00:12:24.880 align:start position:0%
if we were to use different inputs, we'd
 

00:12:24.880 --> 00:12:27.829 align:start position:0%
if we were to use different inputs, we'd
get<00:12:25.200><c> pretty</c><00:12:25.600><c> different</c><00:12:26.000><c> predictions.</c>

00:12:27.829 --> 00:12:27.839 align:start position:0%
get pretty different predictions.
 

00:12:27.839 --> 00:12:29.990 align:start position:0%
get pretty different predictions.
To<00:12:28.079><c> make</c><00:12:28.320><c> matters</c><00:12:28.720><c> worse,</c><00:12:29.120><c> the</c><00:12:29.279><c> estimates</c><00:12:29.680><c> we</c>

00:12:29.990 --> 00:12:30.000 align:start position:0%
To make matters worse, the estimates we
 

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:32.310 align:start position:0%
To make matters worse, the estimates we
do<00:12:30.320><c> have</c><00:12:30.480><c> of</c><00:12:30.720><c> Plarus'</c><00:12:31.360><c> age,</c><00:12:31.839><c> mass,</c><00:12:32.240><c> and</c>

00:12:32.310 --> 00:12:32.320 align:start position:0%
do have of Plarus' age, mass, and
 

00:12:32.320 --> 00:12:35.190 align:start position:0%
do have of Plarus' age, mass, and
pulsation<00:12:32.880><c> period</c><00:12:33.839><c> don't</c><00:12:34.079><c> seem</c><00:12:34.320><c> to</c><00:12:34.560><c> match</c><00:12:34.880><c> our</c>

00:12:35.190 --> 00:12:35.200 align:start position:0%
pulsation period don't seem to match our
 

00:12:35.200 --> 00:12:38.470 align:start position:0%
pulsation period don't seem to match our
stellar<00:12:35.600><c> evolution</c><00:12:36.240><c> models</c><00:12:36.959><c> whatsoever.</c><00:12:38.240><c> And</c>

00:12:38.470 --> 00:12:38.480 align:start position:0%
stellar evolution models whatsoever. And
 

00:12:38.480 --> 00:12:41.829 align:start position:0%
stellar evolution models whatsoever. And
again,<00:12:39.120><c> we</c><00:12:39.440><c> don't</c><00:12:39.839><c> really</c><00:12:40.320><c> know</c><00:12:40.560><c> why.</c><00:12:41.760><c> For</c>

00:12:41.829 --> 00:12:41.839 align:start position:0%
again, we don't really know why. For
 

00:12:41.839 --> 00:12:44.710 align:start position:0%
again, we don't really know why. For
example,<00:12:42.399><c> Polaris</c><00:12:42.959><c> AA</c><00:12:43.440><c> appears</c><00:12:43.839><c> to</c><00:12:44.079><c> be</c><00:12:44.320><c> much</c>

00:12:44.710 --> 00:12:44.720 align:start position:0%
example, Polaris AA appears to be much
 

00:12:44.720 --> 00:12:47.590 align:start position:0%
example, Polaris AA appears to be much
less<00:12:45.120><c> massive</c><00:12:45.600><c> than</c><00:12:45.839><c> we</c><00:12:46.079><c> expected</c><00:12:46.880><c> and</c><00:12:47.200><c> much</c>

00:12:47.590 --> 00:12:47.600 align:start position:0%
less massive than we expected and much
 

00:12:47.600 --> 00:12:50.870 align:start position:0%
less massive than we expected and much
younger<00:12:48.079><c> than</c><00:12:48.320><c> its</c><00:12:48.639><c> companion,</c><00:12:49.360><c> Polaris</c><00:12:49.920><c> B.</c>

00:12:50.870 --> 00:12:50.880 align:start position:0%
younger than its companion, Polaris B.
 

00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:52.629 align:start position:0%
younger than its companion, Polaris B.
We'll<00:12:51.120><c> come</c><00:12:51.279><c> back</c><00:12:51.440><c> to</c><00:12:51.519><c> this</c><00:12:51.760><c> age</c><00:12:52.079><c> discrepancy</c>

00:12:52.629 --> 00:12:52.639 align:start position:0%
We'll come back to this age discrepancy
 

00:12:52.639 --> 00:12:54.470 align:start position:0%
We'll come back to this age discrepancy
in<00:12:52.880><c> a</c><00:12:53.040><c> moment.</c>

00:12:54.470 --> 00:12:54.480 align:start position:0%
in a moment.
 

00:12:54.480 --> 00:12:56.870 align:start position:0%
in a moment.
One<00:12:54.959><c> possible</c><00:12:55.440><c> explanation</c><00:12:56.399><c> is</c><00:12:56.639><c> the</c>

00:12:56.870 --> 00:12:56.880 align:start position:0%
One possible explanation is the
 

00:12:56.880 --> 00:12:58.870 align:start position:0%
One possible explanation is the
limitations<00:12:57.440><c> of</c><00:12:57.680><c> the</c><00:12:57.839><c> stellar</c><00:12:58.320><c> evolution</c>

00:12:58.870 --> 00:12:58.880 align:start position:0%
limitations of the stellar evolution
 

00:12:58.880 --> 00:13:02.069 align:start position:0%
limitations of the stellar evolution
models<00:12:59.200><c> themselves.</c><00:13:00.560><c> Firstly,</c><00:13:01.360><c> all</c><00:13:01.600><c> stars</c>

00:13:02.069 --> 00:13:02.079 align:start position:0%
models themselves. Firstly, all stars
 

00:13:02.079 --> 00:13:04.870 align:start position:0%
models themselves. Firstly, all stars
rotate.<00:13:03.040><c> This</c><00:13:03.279><c> rotation</c><00:13:03.760><c> can</c><00:13:04.000><c> have</c><00:13:04.320><c> profound</c>

00:13:04.870 --> 00:13:04.880 align:start position:0%
rotate. This rotation can have profound
 

00:13:04.880 --> 00:13:07.670 align:start position:0%
rotate. This rotation can have profound
effects<00:13:05.279><c> on</c><00:13:05.519><c> stars</c><00:13:06.000><c> structure,</c><00:13:06.800><c> evolution,</c>

00:13:07.670 --> 00:13:07.680 align:start position:0%
effects on stars structure, evolution,
 

00:13:07.680 --> 00:13:10.069 align:start position:0%
effects on stars structure, evolution,
and<00:13:07.920><c> pulsation</c><00:13:08.560><c> behavior.</c>

00:13:10.069 --> 00:13:10.079 align:start position:0%
and pulsation behavior.
 

00:13:10.079 --> 00:13:12.949 align:start position:0%
and pulsation behavior.
However,<00:13:10.720><c> modeling</c><00:13:11.279><c> rotation</c><00:13:11.920><c> is</c><00:13:12.320><c> incredibly</c>

00:13:12.949 --> 00:13:12.959 align:start position:0%
However, modeling rotation is incredibly
 

00:13:12.959 --> 00:13:16.389 align:start position:0%
However, modeling rotation is incredibly
complex<00:13:13.600><c> and</c><00:13:13.920><c> involves</c><00:13:14.560><c> many</c><00:13:14.959><c> unknowns.</c><00:13:16.079><c> So,</c>

00:13:16.389 --> 00:13:16.399 align:start position:0%
complex and involves many unknowns. So,
 

00:13:16.399 --> 00:13:18.550 align:start position:0%
complex and involves many unknowns. So,
many<00:13:16.720><c> researchers</c><00:13:17.519><c> don't</c><00:13:17.839><c> include</c><00:13:18.240><c> this</c>

00:13:18.550 --> 00:13:18.560 align:start position:0%
many researchers don't include this
 

00:13:18.560 --> 00:13:20.389 align:start position:0%
many researchers don't include this
crucial<00:13:19.040><c> factor</c><00:13:19.519><c> in</c><00:13:19.760><c> their</c><00:13:19.920><c> stellar</c>

00:13:20.389 --> 00:13:20.399 align:start position:0%
crucial factor in their stellar
 

00:13:20.399 --> 00:13:22.949 align:start position:0%
crucial factor in their stellar
evolution<00:13:20.880><c> models.</c><00:13:22.000><c> For</c><00:13:22.160><c> a</c><00:13:22.399><c> star</c><00:13:22.639><c> like</c>

00:13:22.949 --> 00:13:22.959 align:start position:0%
evolution models. For a star like
 

00:13:22.959 --> 00:13:26.150 align:start position:0%
evolution models. For a star like
Polaris<00:13:23.519><c> AA,</c><00:13:24.480><c> this</c><00:13:24.720><c> emission</c><00:13:25.440><c> could</c><00:13:25.760><c> be</c>

00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:26.160 align:start position:0%
Polaris AA, this emission could be
 

00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:28.470 align:start position:0%
Polaris AA, this emission could be
leading<00:13:26.560><c> to</c><00:13:26.959><c> significant</c><00:13:27.760><c> errors</c><00:13:28.000><c> in</c><00:13:28.240><c> our</c>

00:13:28.470 --> 00:13:28.480 align:start position:0%
leading to significant errors in our
 

00:13:28.480 --> 00:13:30.790 align:start position:0%
leading to significant errors in our
evolutionary<00:13:29.120><c> predictions.</c>

00:13:30.790 --> 00:13:30.800 align:start position:0%
evolutionary predictions.
 

00:13:30.800 --> 00:13:33.750 align:start position:0%
evolutionary predictions.
Another<00:13:31.200><c> possibility</c><00:13:31.920><c> is</c><00:13:32.160><c> that</c><00:13:32.480><c> Polaris</c><00:13:33.040><c> AA</c>

00:13:33.750 --> 00:13:33.760 align:start position:0%
Another possibility is that Polaris AA
 

00:13:33.760 --> 00:13:36.710 align:start position:0%
Another possibility is that Polaris AA
has<00:13:34.160><c> lost</c><00:13:34.639><c> mass</c><00:13:35.120><c> during</c><00:13:35.440><c> its</c><00:13:35.760><c> evolution,</c>

00:13:36.710 --> 00:13:36.720 align:start position:0%
has lost mass during its evolution,
 

00:13:36.720 --> 00:13:38.710 align:start position:0%
has lost mass during its evolution,
perhaps<00:13:37.120><c> through</c><00:13:37.519><c> solar</c><00:13:37.920><c> winds</c><00:13:38.320><c> or</c>

00:13:38.710 --> 00:13:38.720 align:start position:0%
perhaps through solar winds or
 

00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:41.350 align:start position:0%
perhaps through solar winds or
interactions<00:13:39.360><c> with</c><00:13:39.519><c> its</c><00:13:39.839><c> companions.</c><00:13:40.959><c> Mass</c>

00:13:41.350 --> 00:13:41.360 align:start position:0%
interactions with its companions. Mass
 

00:13:41.360 --> 00:13:43.509 align:start position:0%
interactions with its companions. Mass
loss<00:13:41.680><c> would</c><00:13:41.920><c> explain</c><00:13:42.320><c> the</c><00:13:42.560><c> stars</c><00:13:43.040><c> rapid</c>

00:13:43.509 --> 00:13:43.519 align:start position:0%
loss would explain the stars rapid
 

00:13:43.519 --> 00:13:46.069 align:start position:0%
loss would explain the stars rapid
period<00:13:44.000><c> change</c><00:13:44.720><c> and</c><00:13:45.040><c> could</c><00:13:45.279><c> account</c><00:13:45.600><c> for</c><00:13:45.839><c> some</c>

00:13:46.069 --> 00:13:46.079 align:start position:0%
period change and could account for some
 

00:13:46.079 --> 00:13:48.230 align:start position:0%
period change and could account for some
of<00:13:46.160><c> the</c><00:13:46.320><c> discrepancies</c><00:13:47.120><c> with</c><00:13:47.440><c> evolutionary</c>

00:13:48.230 --> 00:13:48.240 align:start position:0%
of the discrepancies with evolutionary
 

00:13:48.240 --> 00:13:50.710 align:start position:0%
of the discrepancies with evolutionary
models.<00:13:49.360><c> Researchers</c><00:13:49.920><c> have</c><00:13:50.160><c> tried</c><00:13:50.480><c> to</c>

00:13:50.710 --> 00:13:50.720 align:start position:0%
models. Researchers have tried to
 

00:13:50.720 --> 00:13:53.430 align:start position:0%
models. Researchers have tried to
estimate<00:13:51.200><c> mass</c><00:13:51.519><c> loss</c><00:13:52.160><c> with</c><00:13:52.560><c> some</c><00:13:52.959><c> studies</c>

00:13:53.430 --> 00:13:53.440 align:start position:0%
estimate mass loss with some studies
 

00:13:53.440 --> 00:13:57.509 align:start position:0%
estimate mass loss with some studies
placing<00:13:53.760><c> it</c><00:13:54.000><c> at</c><00:13:54.560><c> 2</c><00:13:55.040><c> septillion</c><00:13:55.839><c> kg</c><00:13:56.399><c> per</c><00:13:56.720><c> year.</c>

00:13:57.509 --> 00:13:57.519 align:start position:0%
placing it at 2 septillion kg per year.
 

00:13:57.519 --> 00:14:01.269 align:start position:0%
placing it at 2 septillion kg per year.
That's<00:13:58.000><c> a</c><00:13:58.240><c> two</c><00:13:58.639><c> with</c><00:13:59.120><c> 24</c><00:13:59.680><c> zeros</c><00:14:00.079><c> behind</c><00:14:00.399><c> it.</c>

00:14:01.269 --> 00:14:01.279 align:start position:0%
That's a two with 24 zeros behind it.
 

00:14:01.279 --> 00:14:03.829 align:start position:0%
That's a two with 24 zeros behind it.
But<00:14:01.519><c> so</c><00:14:01.760><c> far</c><00:14:02.160><c> there</c><00:14:02.480><c> hasn't</c><00:14:02.880><c> been</c><00:14:03.360><c> much</c>

00:14:03.829 --> 00:14:03.839 align:start position:0%
But so far there hasn't been much
 

00:14:03.839 --> 00:14:05.750 align:start position:0%
But so far there hasn't been much
convincing<00:14:04.480><c> evidence</c><00:14:04.880><c> to</c><00:14:05.199><c> support</c><00:14:05.519><c> this</c>

00:14:05.750 --> 00:14:05.760 align:start position:0%
convincing evidence to support this
 

00:14:05.760 --> 00:14:10.230 align:start position:0%
convincing evidence to support this
theory.<00:14:07.120><c> And</c><00:14:07.519><c> finally,</c><00:14:08.720><c> 2024</c><00:14:09.519><c> observations</c>

00:14:10.230 --> 00:14:10.240 align:start position:0%
theory. And finally, 2024 observations
 

00:14:10.240 --> 00:14:13.910 align:start position:0%
theory. And finally, 2024 observations
using<00:14:10.639><c> the</c><00:14:10.959><c> Charara</c><00:14:11.519><c> array</c><00:14:12.320><c> detected</c><00:14:13.199><c> giant</c>

00:14:13.910 --> 00:14:13.920 align:start position:0%
using the Charara array detected giant
 

00:14:13.920 --> 00:14:18.230 align:start position:0%
using the Charara array detected giant
star<00:14:14.240><c> spots</c><00:14:14.880><c> on</c><00:14:15.120><c> Polaris</c><00:14:15.760><c> AA</c><00:14:16.399><c> surface.</c><00:14:17.760><c> These</c>

00:14:18.230 --> 00:14:18.240 align:start position:0%
star spots on Polaris AA surface. These
 

00:14:18.240 --> 00:14:19.990 align:start position:0%
star spots on Polaris AA surface. These
spots<00:14:18.720><c> are</c><00:14:19.040><c> consistent</c><00:14:19.440><c> with</c><00:14:19.600><c> the</c><00:14:19.760><c> presence</c>

00:14:19.990 --> 00:14:20.000 align:start position:0%
spots are consistent with the presence
 

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:22.949 align:start position:0%
spots are consistent with the presence
of<00:14:20.160><c> a</c><00:14:20.320><c> magnetic</c><00:14:20.800><c> field,</c><00:14:21.680><c> which</c><00:14:22.240><c> might</c><00:14:22.560><c> also</c>

00:14:22.949 --> 00:14:22.959 align:start position:0%
of a magnetic field, which might also
 

00:14:22.959 --> 00:14:25.829 align:start position:0%
of a magnetic field, which might also
affect<00:14:23.360><c> the</c><00:14:23.680><c> stars</c><00:14:24.079><c> pulsations.</c>

00:14:25.829 --> 00:14:25.839 align:start position:0%
affect the stars pulsations.
 

00:14:25.839 --> 00:14:28.230 align:start position:0%
affect the stars pulsations.
If<00:14:26.160><c> we're</c><00:14:26.480><c> missing</c><00:14:26.880><c> crucial</c><00:14:27.360><c> physics</c><00:14:27.680><c> in</c><00:14:27.920><c> our</c>

00:14:28.230 --> 00:14:28.240 align:start position:0%
If we're missing crucial physics in our
 

00:14:28.240 --> 00:14:30.629 align:start position:0%
If we're missing crucial physics in our
understanding<00:14:28.720><c> of</c><00:14:28.880><c> how</c><00:14:29.120><c> these</c><00:14:29.440><c> stars</c><00:14:30.079><c> evolve</c>

00:14:30.629 --> 00:14:30.639 align:start position:0%
understanding of how these stars evolve
 

00:14:30.639 --> 00:14:34.389 align:start position:0%
understanding of how these stars evolve
and<00:14:30.959><c> behave,</c><00:14:32.079><c> it</c><00:14:32.480><c> could</c><00:14:32.959><c> affect</c><00:14:33.360><c> the</c><00:14:33.600><c> accuracy</c>

00:14:34.389 --> 00:14:34.399 align:start position:0%
and behave, it could affect the accuracy
 

00:14:34.399 --> 00:14:38.790 align:start position:0%
and behave, it could affect the accuracy
of<00:14:34.800><c> seafoods</c><00:14:35.760><c> as</c><00:14:36.240><c> standard</c><00:14:36.800><c> candles.</c><00:14:38.160><c> And</c><00:14:38.480><c> if</c>

00:14:38.790 --> 00:14:38.800 align:start position:0%
of seafoods as standard candles. And if
 

00:14:38.800 --> 00:14:42.710 align:start position:0%
of seafoods as standard candles. And if
our<00:14:39.199><c> model</c><00:14:39.519><c> of</c><00:14:39.839><c> seafoods</c><00:14:40.560><c> is</c><00:14:40.880><c> wrong,</c><00:14:41.920><c> so</c><00:14:42.399><c> is</c>

00:14:42.710 --> 00:14:42.720 align:start position:0%
our model of seafoods is wrong, so is
 

00:14:42.720 --> 00:14:49.670 align:start position:0%
our model of seafoods is wrong, so is
our<00:14:43.120><c> map</c><00:14:43.519><c> of</c><00:14:43.760><c> the</c><00:14:44.000><c> universe.</c>

00:14:49.670 --> 00:14:49.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:52.389 align:start position:0%
 
All<00:14:49.760><c> right,</c><00:14:50.560><c> Polaris</c><00:14:51.279><c> is</c><00:14:51.680><c> mysteriously</c>

00:14:52.389 --> 00:14:52.399 align:start position:0%
All right, Polaris is mysteriously
 

00:14:52.399 --> 00:14:55.350 align:start position:0%
All right, Polaris is mysteriously
pulsing<00:14:53.040><c> faster</c><00:14:53.519><c> and</c><00:14:53.760><c> faster.</c><00:14:54.720><c> We're</c><00:14:55.040><c> not</c>

00:14:55.350 --> 00:14:55.360 align:start position:0%
pulsing faster and faster. We're not
 

00:14:55.360 --> 00:14:58.310 align:start position:0%
pulsing faster and faster. We're not
sure<00:14:55.680><c> how</c><00:14:56.000><c> far</c><00:14:56.240><c> away</c><00:14:56.480><c> it</c><00:14:56.720><c> is,</c><00:14:57.440><c> and</c><00:14:57.760><c> it's</c><00:14:58.079><c> making</c>

00:14:58.310 --> 00:14:58.320 align:start position:0%
sure how far away it is, and it's making
 

00:14:58.320 --> 00:15:01.509 align:start position:0%
sure how far away it is, and it's making
us<00:14:58.639><c> rethink</c><00:14:59.120><c> our</c><00:14:59.440><c> stellar</c><00:14:59.839><c> evolution</c><00:15:00.480><c> models.</c>

00:15:01.509 --> 00:15:01.519 align:start position:0%
us rethink our stellar evolution models.
 

00:15:01.519 --> 00:15:04.310 align:start position:0%
us rethink our stellar evolution models.
As<00:15:01.760><c> if</c><00:15:01.920><c> that</c><00:15:02.160><c> wasn't</c><00:15:02.399><c> enough,</c><00:15:03.199><c> Polaris</c><00:15:03.839><c> has</c>

00:15:04.310 --> 00:15:04.320 align:start position:0%
As if that wasn't enough, Polaris has
 

00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:07.350 align:start position:0%
As if that wasn't enough, Polaris has
another<00:15:04.800><c> ace</c><00:15:05.120><c> up</c><00:15:05.279><c> its</c><00:15:05.440><c> sleeve.</c><00:15:06.560><c> Remember</c><00:15:06.959><c> that</c>

00:15:07.350 --> 00:15:07.360 align:start position:0%
another ace up its sleeve. Remember that
 

00:15:07.360 --> 00:15:09.350 align:start position:0%
another ace up its sleeve. Remember that
age<00:15:07.680><c> discrepancy?</c>

00:15:09.350 --> 00:15:09.360 align:start position:0%
age discrepancy?
 

00:15:09.360 --> 00:15:12.470 align:start position:0%
age discrepancy?
If<00:15:09.600><c> Polaris</c><00:15:10.160><c> A</c><00:15:10.480><c> a</c><00:15:10.480><c> A</c><00:15:10.880><c> and</c><00:15:11.120><c> Polaris</c><00:15:11.680><c> B</c><00:15:12.240><c> are</c>

00:15:12.470 --> 00:15:12.480 align:start position:0%
If Polaris A a A and Polaris B are
 

00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.710 align:start position:0%
If Polaris A a A and Polaris B are
gravitationally<00:15:13.360><c> bound</c><00:15:13.839><c> as</c><00:15:14.079><c> they</c><00:15:14.320><c> seem</c><00:15:14.560><c> to</c>

00:15:14.710 --> 00:15:14.720 align:start position:0%
gravitationally bound as they seem to
 

00:15:14.720 --> 00:15:18.470 align:start position:0%
gravitationally bound as they seem to
be,<00:15:15.600><c> they</c><00:15:15.920><c> most</c><00:15:16.240><c> likely</c><00:15:16.720><c> form</c><00:15:17.120><c> together.</c><00:15:18.240><c> This</c>

00:15:18.470 --> 00:15:18.480 align:start position:0%
be, they most likely form together. This
 

00:15:18.480 --> 00:15:20.870 align:start position:0%
be, they most likely form together. This
means<00:15:18.800><c> we'd</c><00:15:19.199><c> expect</c><00:15:19.519><c> them</c><00:15:19.760><c> to</c><00:15:19.920><c> be</c><00:15:20.240><c> the</c><00:15:20.560><c> same</c>

00:15:20.870 --> 00:15:20.880 align:start position:0%
means we'd expect them to be the same
 

00:15:20.880 --> 00:15:24.389 align:start position:0%
means we'd expect them to be the same
age.<00:15:22.079><c> However,</c><00:15:22.560><c> our</c><00:15:22.880><c> observations</c><00:15:23.680><c> indicate</c>

00:15:24.389 --> 00:15:24.399 align:start position:0%
age. However, our observations indicate
 

00:15:24.399 --> 00:15:26.389 align:start position:0%
age. However, our observations indicate
the<00:15:24.720><c> opposite.</c>

00:15:26.389 --> 00:15:26.399 align:start position:0%
the opposite.
 

00:15:26.399 --> 00:15:29.670 align:start position:0%
the opposite.
Assuming<00:15:26.800><c> a</c><00:15:27.040><c> distance</c><00:15:27.279><c> of</c><00:15:27.600><c> 447</c><00:15:28.800><c> lighty</c><00:15:29.120><c> years,</c>

00:15:29.670 --> 00:15:29.680 align:start position:0%
Assuming a distance of 447 lighty years,
 

00:15:29.680 --> 00:15:32.949 align:start position:0%
Assuming a distance of 447 lighty years,
Polaris<00:15:30.240><c> AA</c><00:15:30.880><c> appears</c><00:15:31.279><c> to</c><00:15:31.519><c> be</c><00:15:31.760><c> about</c><00:15:32.399><c> 50</c>

00:15:32.949 --> 00:15:32.959 align:start position:0%
Polaris AA appears to be about 50
 

00:15:32.959 --> 00:15:35.509 align:start position:0%
Polaris AA appears to be about 50
million<00:15:33.360><c> years</c><00:15:33.600><c> old.</c><00:15:34.560><c> But</c><00:15:34.800><c> estimates</c><00:15:35.279><c> put</c>

00:15:35.509 --> 00:15:35.519 align:start position:0%
million years old. But estimates put
 

00:15:35.519 --> 00:15:40.150 align:start position:0%
million years old. But estimates put
Polaris<00:15:36.240><c> B</c><00:15:36.959><c> at</c><00:15:37.519><c> 2</c><00:15:38.079><c> billion</c><00:15:38.560><c> years</c><00:15:38.880><c> old.</c><00:15:39.839><c> So</c>

00:15:40.150 --> 00:15:40.160 align:start position:0%
Polaris B at 2 billion years old. So
 

00:15:40.160 --> 00:15:43.110 align:start position:0%
Polaris B at 2 billion years old. So
what<00:15:40.480><c> happened</c><00:15:40.800><c> here?</c><00:15:42.079><c> A</c><00:15:42.399><c> couple</c><00:15:42.480><c> of</c><00:15:42.639><c> theories</c>

00:15:43.110 --> 00:15:43.120 align:start position:0%
what happened here? A couple of theories
 

00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:45.990 align:start position:0%
what happened here? A couple of theories
have<00:15:43.360><c> attempted</c><00:15:43.760><c> to</c><00:15:43.920><c> untangle</c><00:15:44.560><c> this</c><00:15:44.800><c> knot.</c>

00:15:45.990 --> 00:15:46.000 align:start position:0%
have attempted to untangle this knot.
 

00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:48.629 align:start position:0%
have attempted to untangle this knot.
One<00:15:46.240><c> is</c><00:15:46.480><c> simply</c><00:15:46.720><c> that</c><00:15:46.959><c> Polaris</c><00:15:47.519><c> B</c><00:15:47.839><c> is</c><00:15:48.240><c> not</c><00:15:48.399><c> a</c>

00:15:48.629 --> 00:15:48.639 align:start position:0%
One is simply that Polaris B is not a
 

00:15:48.639 --> 00:15:51.110 align:start position:0%
One is simply that Polaris B is not a
companion<00:15:49.040><c> of</c><00:15:49.199><c> Polaris</c><00:15:49.759><c> A</c><00:15:50.160><c> after</c><00:15:50.480><c> all,</c>

00:15:51.110 --> 00:15:51.120 align:start position:0%
companion of Polaris A after all,
 

00:15:51.120 --> 00:15:53.910 align:start position:0%
companion of Polaris A after all,
despite<00:15:51.680><c> strong</c><00:15:52.079><c> evidence</c><00:15:52.480><c> to</c><00:15:52.639><c> the</c><00:15:52.800><c> contrary.</c>

00:15:53.910 --> 00:15:53.920 align:start position:0%
despite strong evidence to the contrary.
 

00:15:53.920 --> 00:15:56.629 align:start position:0%
despite strong evidence to the contrary.
But<00:15:54.160><c> another</c><00:15:54.560><c> more</c><00:15:54.959><c> enticing</c><00:15:55.600><c> idea</c><00:15:56.000><c> hinges</c><00:15:56.480><c> on</c>

00:15:56.629 --> 00:15:56.639 align:start position:0%
But another more enticing idea hinges on
 

00:15:56.639 --> 00:15:58.550 align:start position:0%
But another more enticing idea hinges on
a<00:15:56.800><c> phenomenon</c><00:15:57.279><c> we've</c><00:15:57.600><c> known</c><00:15:57.839><c> about</c><00:15:58.079><c> since</c><00:15:58.320><c> the</c>

00:15:58.550 --> 00:15:58.560 align:start position:0%
a phenomenon we've known about since the
 

00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:00.150 align:start position:0%
a phenomenon we've known about since the
1950s.

00:16:00.150 --> 00:16:00.160 align:start position:0%
1950s.
 

00:16:00.160 --> 00:16:02.550 align:start position:0%
1950s.
Globular<00:16:00.800><c> clusters</c><00:16:01.279><c> are</c><00:16:01.600><c> dense</c><00:16:02.000><c> environments</c>

00:16:02.550 --> 00:16:02.560 align:start position:0%
Globular clusters are dense environments
 

00:16:02.560 --> 00:16:05.110 align:start position:0%
Globular clusters are dense environments
of<00:16:02.800><c> stars</c><00:16:03.120><c> that</c><00:16:03.519><c> all</c><00:16:03.759><c> formed</c><00:16:04.240><c> around</c><00:16:04.639><c> the</c><00:16:04.880><c> same</c>

00:16:05.110 --> 00:16:05.120 align:start position:0%
of stars that all formed around the same
 

00:16:05.120 --> 00:16:09.269 align:start position:0%
of stars that all formed around the same
time.<00:16:06.160><c> And</c><00:16:06.320><c> yet</c><00:16:06.639><c> in</c><00:16:07.040><c> 1953,</c><00:16:08.320><c> Alan</c><00:16:08.720><c> Sandage</c>

00:16:09.269 --> 00:16:09.279 align:start position:0%
time. And yet in 1953, Alan Sandage
 

00:16:09.279 --> 00:16:12.310 align:start position:0%
time. And yet in 1953, Alan Sandage
noticed<00:16:09.759><c> some</c><00:16:10.079><c> stars</c><00:16:10.480><c> appeared</c><00:16:11.360><c> much,</c><00:16:11.839><c> much</c>

00:16:12.310 --> 00:16:12.320 align:start position:0%
noticed some stars appeared much, much
 

00:16:12.320 --> 00:16:15.749 align:start position:0%
noticed some stars appeared much, much
younger<00:16:12.720><c> than</c><00:16:12.880><c> others,</c><00:16:14.079><c> bluer,</c><00:16:14.880><c> hotter,</c><00:16:15.440><c> and</c>

00:16:15.749 --> 00:16:15.759 align:start position:0%
younger than others, bluer, hotter, and
 

00:16:15.759 --> 00:16:17.910 align:start position:0%
younger than others, bluer, hotter, and
more<00:16:15.920><c> massive.</c><00:16:16.639><c> He</c><00:16:16.800><c> named</c><00:16:17.120><c> them</c><00:16:17.519><c> blue</c>

00:16:17.910 --> 00:16:17.920 align:start position:0%
more massive. He named them blue
 

00:16:17.920 --> 00:16:20.790 align:start position:0%
more massive. He named them blue
stragglers.<00:16:19.279><c> We</c><00:16:19.519><c> think</c><00:16:19.680><c> they</c><00:16:20.000><c> form</c><00:16:20.320><c> as</c><00:16:20.560><c> the</c>

00:16:20.790 --> 00:16:20.800 align:start position:0%
stragglers. We think they form as the
 

00:16:20.800 --> 00:16:22.790 align:start position:0%
stragglers. We think they form as the
result<00:16:20.959><c> of</c><00:16:21.199><c> star</c><00:16:21.440><c> collisions</c><00:16:21.920><c> when</c><00:16:22.240><c> binary</c>

00:16:22.790 --> 00:16:22.800 align:start position:0%
result of star collisions when binary
 

00:16:22.800 --> 00:16:25.670 align:start position:0%
result of star collisions when binary
stars<00:16:23.120><c> merge.</c><00:16:24.160><c> The</c><00:16:24.399><c> result</c><00:16:24.639><c> is</c><00:16:24.880><c> a</c><00:16:25.120><c> star</c><00:16:25.440><c> that</c>

00:16:25.670 --> 00:16:25.680 align:start position:0%
stars merge. The result is a star that
 

00:16:25.680 --> 00:16:28.629 align:start position:0%
stars merge. The result is a star that
appears<00:16:26.240><c> much</c><00:16:26.560><c> younger</c><00:16:26.959><c> than</c><00:16:27.199><c> its</c><00:16:27.440><c> true</c><00:16:27.680><c> age.</c>

00:16:28.629 --> 00:16:28.639 align:start position:0%
appears much younger than its true age.
 

00:16:28.639 --> 00:16:30.310 align:start position:0%
appears much younger than its true age.
It's<00:16:28.959><c> possible</c><00:16:29.279><c> that</c><00:16:29.519><c> this</c><00:16:29.680><c> is</c><00:16:29.839><c> what</c><00:16:30.079><c> happened</c>

00:16:30.310 --> 00:16:30.320 align:start position:0%
It's possible that this is what happened
 

00:16:30.320 --> 00:16:33.030 align:start position:0%
It's possible that this is what happened
to<00:16:30.480><c> Polaris</c><00:16:31.040><c> AA.</c><00:16:32.000><c> It</c><00:16:32.240><c> could</c><00:16:32.399><c> have</c><00:16:32.560><c> been</c>

00:16:33.030 --> 00:16:33.040 align:start position:0%
to Polaris AA. It could have been
 

00:16:33.040 --> 00:16:35.590 align:start position:0%
to Polaris AA. It could have been
rejuvenated<00:16:34.000><c> by</c><00:16:34.320><c> a</c><00:16:34.560><c> collision</c><00:16:34.959><c> with</c><00:16:35.199><c> another</c>

00:16:35.590 --> 00:16:35.600 align:start position:0%
rejuvenated by a collision with another
 

00:16:35.600 --> 00:16:37.990 align:start position:0%
rejuvenated by a collision with another
star<00:16:36.160><c> originally</c><00:16:36.720><c> in</c><00:16:36.959><c> close</c><00:16:37.279><c> proximity</c><00:16:37.759><c> to</c>

00:16:37.990 --> 00:16:38.000 align:start position:0%
star originally in close proximity to
 

00:16:38.000 --> 00:16:41.269 align:start position:0%
star originally in close proximity to
it.<00:16:39.040><c> While</c><00:16:39.360><c> this</c><00:16:39.680><c> merger</c><00:16:40.160><c> hypothesis</c><00:16:40.880><c> is</c>

00:16:41.269 --> 00:16:41.279 align:start position:0%
it. While this merger hypothesis is
 

00:16:41.279 --> 00:16:43.670 align:start position:0%
it. While this merger hypothesis is
speculative,<00:16:42.399><c> it</c><00:16:42.720><c> demonstrates</c><00:16:43.199><c> how</c><00:16:43.519><c> the</c>

00:16:43.670 --> 00:16:43.680 align:start position:0%
speculative, it demonstrates how the
 

00:16:43.680 --> 00:16:45.670 align:start position:0%
speculative, it demonstrates how the
Polaris<00:16:44.240><c> system</c><00:16:44.720><c> challenges</c><00:16:45.279><c> our</c>

00:16:45.670 --> 00:16:45.680 align:start position:0%
Polaris system challenges our
 

00:16:45.680 --> 00:16:48.310 align:start position:0%
Polaris system challenges our
understanding<00:16:46.240><c> of</c><00:16:46.560><c> stellar</c><00:16:47.040><c> evolution</c><00:16:47.920><c> and</c>

00:16:48.310 --> 00:16:48.320 align:start position:0%
understanding of stellar evolution and
 

00:16:48.320 --> 00:16:50.949 align:start position:0%
understanding of stellar evolution and
binary<00:16:48.800><c> star</c><00:16:49.040><c> formation.</c><00:16:50.240><c> At</c><00:16:50.480><c> the</c><00:16:50.560><c> end</c><00:16:50.720><c> of</c><00:16:50.800><c> the</c>

00:16:50.949 --> 00:16:50.959 align:start position:0%
binary star formation. At the end of the
 

00:16:50.959 --> 00:16:54.150 align:start position:0%
binary star formation. At the end of the
day,<00:16:51.680><c> this</c><00:16:52.000><c> age</c><00:16:52.320><c> gap</c><00:16:52.720><c> remains</c><00:16:53.199><c> one</c><00:16:53.360><c> of</c><00:16:53.519><c> the</c><00:16:53.759><c> big</c>

00:16:54.150 --> 00:16:54.160 align:start position:0%
day, this age gap remains one of the big
 

00:16:54.160 --> 00:17:01.350 align:start position:0%
day, this age gap remains one of the big
enigmas<00:16:54.880><c> surrounding</c><00:16:55.360><c> the</c><00:16:55.600><c> Polaris</c><00:16:56.160><c> system.</c>

00:17:01.350 --> 00:17:01.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:17:01.360 --> 00:17:03.749 align:start position:0%
 
While<00:17:01.600><c> the</c><00:17:01.759><c> Polaris</c><00:17:02.320><c> star</c><00:17:02.720><c> is</c><00:17:02.959><c> our</c><00:17:03.279><c> north</c><00:17:03.519><c> star</c>

00:17:03.749 --> 00:17:03.759 align:start position:0%
While the Polaris star is our north star
 

00:17:03.759 --> 00:17:06.549 align:start position:0%
While the Polaris star is our north star
today,<00:17:04.559><c> it</c><00:17:04.799><c> won't</c><00:17:04.959><c> stay</c><00:17:05.199><c> that</c><00:17:05.360><c> way</c><00:17:05.520><c> forever.</c>

00:17:06.549 --> 00:17:06.559 align:start position:0%
today, it won't stay that way forever.
 

00:17:06.559 --> 00:17:09.350 align:start position:0%
today, it won't stay that way forever.
Earth's<00:17:07.039><c> rotational</c><00:17:07.600><c> axis</c><00:17:08.240><c> wobbles</c><00:17:09.039><c> much</c>

00:17:09.350 --> 00:17:09.360 align:start position:0%
Earth's rotational axis wobbles much
 

00:17:09.360 --> 00:17:11.909 align:start position:0%
Earth's rotational axis wobbles much
like<00:17:09.520><c> a</c><00:17:09.679><c> spinning</c><00:17:10.079><c> top.</c><00:17:10.799><c> As</c><00:17:11.039><c> a</c><00:17:11.199><c> result,</c><00:17:11.600><c> our</c>

00:17:11.909 --> 00:17:11.919 align:start position:0%
like a spinning top. As a result, our
 

00:17:11.919 --> 00:17:14.470 align:start position:0%
like a spinning top. As a result, our
celestial<00:17:12.480><c> pole</c><00:17:13.039><c> wanders</c><00:17:13.600><c> in</c><00:17:13.839><c> a</c><00:17:14.079><c> closed</c>

00:17:14.470 --> 00:17:14.480 align:start position:0%
celestial pole wanders in a closed
 

00:17:14.480 --> 00:17:17.990 align:start position:0%
celestial pole wanders in a closed
circle,<00:17:15.439><c> sweeping</c><00:17:16.000><c> past</c><00:17:16.480><c> different</c><00:17:16.799><c> stars.</c>

00:17:17.990 --> 00:17:18.000 align:start position:0%
circle, sweeping past different stars.
 

00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:20.949 align:start position:0%
circle, sweeping past different stars.
About<00:17:18.559><c> 14,000</c><00:17:19.439><c> years</c><00:17:19.679><c> ago,</c><00:17:20.160><c> the</c><00:17:20.400><c> celestial</c>

00:17:20.949 --> 00:17:20.959 align:start position:0%
About 14,000 years ago, the celestial
 

00:17:20.959 --> 00:17:22.949 align:start position:0%
About 14,000 years ago, the celestial
pole<00:17:21.439><c> pointed</c><00:17:21.839><c> towards</c><00:17:22.160><c> the</c><00:17:22.400><c> bright</c><00:17:22.720><c> star</c>

00:17:22.949 --> 00:17:22.959 align:start position:0%
pole pointed towards the bright star
 

00:17:22.959 --> 00:17:25.909 align:start position:0%
pole pointed towards the bright star
Vega,<00:17:24.000><c> and</c><00:17:24.240><c> it</c><00:17:24.480><c> will</c><00:17:24.720><c> once</c><00:17:25.039><c> again</c><00:17:25.439><c> return</c><00:17:25.760><c> to</c>

00:17:25.909 --> 00:17:25.919 align:start position:0%
Vega, and it will once again return to
 

00:17:25.919 --> 00:17:29.750 align:start position:0%
Vega, and it will once again return to
that<00:17:26.160><c> position</c><00:17:26.720><c> in</c><00:17:26.959><c> about</c><00:17:27.439><c> 12,000</c><00:17:28.319><c> years.</c><00:17:29.520><c> For</c>

00:17:29.750 --> 00:17:29.760 align:start position:0%
that position in about 12,000 years. For
 

00:17:29.760 --> 00:17:32.549 align:start position:0%
that position in about 12,000 years. For
millennia,<00:17:30.640><c> Polaris</c><00:17:31.280><c> has</c><00:17:31.520><c> guided</c><00:17:32.000><c> humanity</c>

00:17:32.549 --> 00:17:32.559 align:start position:0%
millennia, Polaris has guided humanity
 

00:17:32.559 --> 00:17:35.990 align:start position:0%
millennia, Polaris has guided humanity
across<00:17:33.120><c> oceans</c><00:17:33.679><c> and</c><00:17:34.000><c> deserts.</c><00:17:35.120><c> But</c><00:17:35.360><c> today,</c><00:17:35.760><c> it</c>

00:17:35.990 --> 00:17:36.000 align:start position:0%
across oceans and deserts. But today, it
 

00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:38.310 align:start position:0%
across oceans and deserts. But today, it
guides<00:17:36.320><c> us</c><00:17:36.480><c> in</c><00:17:36.720><c> a</c><00:17:36.880><c> different</c><00:17:37.120><c> way,</c><00:17:37.760><c> forcing</c><00:17:38.160><c> us</c>

00:17:38.310 --> 00:17:38.320 align:start position:0%
guides us in a different way, forcing us
 

00:17:38.320 --> 00:17:40.150 align:start position:0%
guides us in a different way, forcing us
to<00:17:38.480><c> confront</c><00:17:38.960><c> what</c><00:17:39.200><c> we</c><00:17:39.440><c> still</c><00:17:39.679><c> don't</c><00:17:39.919><c> know</c>

00:17:40.150 --> 00:17:40.160 align:start position:0%
to confront what we still don't know
 

00:17:40.160 --> 00:17:43.110 align:start position:0%
to confront what we still don't know
about<00:17:40.400><c> the</c><00:17:40.640><c> stars,</c><00:17:41.360><c> the</c><00:17:41.600><c> universe,</c><00:17:42.480><c> and</c><00:17:42.720><c> even</c>

00:17:43.110 --> 00:17:43.120 align:start position:0%
about the stars, the universe, and even
 

00:17:43.120 --> 00:17:46.789 align:start position:0%
about the stars, the universe, and even
our<00:17:43.440><c> own</c><00:17:44.000><c> scientific</c><00:17:44.640><c> limits.</c><00:17:46.080><c> And</c><00:17:46.320><c> as</c><00:17:46.640><c> the</c>

00:17:46.789 --> 00:17:46.799 align:start position:0%
our own scientific limits. And as the
 

00:17:46.799 --> 00:17:49.270 align:start position:0%
our own scientific limits. And as the
next<00:17:46.960><c> round</c><00:17:47.200><c> of</c><00:17:47.360><c> Gaia</c><00:17:47.760><c> data</c><00:17:48.160><c> approaches,</c><00:17:49.039><c> set</c>

00:17:49.270 --> 00:17:49.280 align:start position:0%
next round of Gaia data approaches, set
 

00:17:49.280 --> 00:17:51.909 align:start position:0%
next round of Gaia data approaches, set
to<00:17:49.440><c> release</c><00:17:49.760><c> in</c><00:17:50.000><c> mid</c><00:17:50.400><c> 2026,</c>

00:17:51.909 --> 00:17:51.919 align:start position:0%
to release in mid 2026,
 

00:17:51.919 --> 00:17:54.310 align:start position:0%
to release in mid 2026,
we<00:17:52.160><c> may</c><00:17:52.400><c> finally</c><00:17:52.799><c> get</c><00:17:52.960><c> some</c><00:17:53.200><c> more</c><00:17:53.600><c> conclusive</c>

00:17:54.310 --> 00:17:54.320 align:start position:0%
we may finally get some more conclusive
 

00:17:54.320 --> 00:17:56.789 align:start position:0%
we may finally get some more conclusive
insight<00:17:55.039><c> into</c><00:17:55.360><c> this</c><00:17:55.679><c> perplexing</c><00:17:56.480><c> star</c>

00:17:56.789 --> 00:17:56.799 align:start position:0%
insight into this perplexing star
 

00:17:56.799 --> 00:18:00.950 align:start position:0%
insight into this perplexing star
system.

00:18:00.950 --> 00:18:00.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:18:00.960 --> 00:18:05.270 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:18:01.280><c> us</c><00:18:01.600><c> mere</c><00:18:02.000><c> humans,</c><00:18:02.880><c> Earth</c><00:18:03.360><c> is</c><00:18:03.840><c> vast.</c><00:18:05.039><c> It</c>

00:18:05.270 --> 00:18:05.280 align:start position:0%
To us mere humans, Earth is vast. It
 

00:18:05.280 --> 00:18:08.150 align:start position:0%
To us mere humans, Earth is vast. It
takes<00:18:05.760><c> days</c><00:18:06.480><c> to</c><00:18:06.720><c> travel</c><00:18:07.120><c> from</c><00:18:07.360><c> one</c><00:18:07.679><c> side</c><00:18:07.919><c> to</c>

00:18:08.150 --> 00:18:08.160 align:start position:0%
takes days to travel from one side to
 

00:18:08.160 --> 00:18:11.350 align:start position:0%
takes days to travel from one side to
the<00:18:08.320><c> other.</c><00:18:09.360><c> But</c><00:18:09.840><c> leave</c><00:18:10.080><c> the</c><00:18:10.320><c> surface</c><00:18:10.880><c> and</c><00:18:11.120><c> it</c>

00:18:11.350 --> 00:18:11.360 align:start position:0%
the other. But leave the surface and it
 

00:18:11.360 --> 00:18:13.830 align:start position:0%
the other. But leave the surface and it
quickly<00:18:11.760><c> becomes</c><00:18:12.160><c> clear</c><00:18:12.400><c> that</c><00:18:12.640><c> we</c><00:18:12.960><c> live</c><00:18:13.280><c> on</c><00:18:13.600><c> a</c>

00:18:13.830 --> 00:18:13.840 align:start position:0%
quickly becomes clear that we live on a
 

00:18:13.840 --> 00:18:17.350 align:start position:0%
quickly becomes clear that we live on a
tiny<00:18:14.320><c> speck</c><00:18:14.880><c> in</c><00:18:15.120><c> a</c><00:18:15.360><c> colossal</c><00:18:16.000><c> universe</c><00:18:16.960><c> filled</c>

00:18:17.350 --> 00:18:17.360 align:start position:0%
tiny speck in a colossal universe filled
 

00:18:17.360 --> 00:18:19.909 align:start position:0%
tiny speck in a colossal universe filled
with<00:18:17.760><c> innumerable</c><00:18:18.559><c> planets</c><00:18:18.960><c> and</c><00:18:19.280><c> countless</c>

00:18:19.909 --> 00:18:19.919 align:start position:0%
with innumerable planets and countless
 

00:18:19.919 --> 00:18:23.110 align:start position:0%
with innumerable planets and countless
stars<00:18:20.799><c> residing</c><00:18:21.520><c> within</c><00:18:22.160><c> trillions</c><00:18:22.799><c> of</c>

00:18:23.110 --> 00:18:23.120 align:start position:0%
stars residing within trillions of
 

00:18:23.120 --> 00:18:24.630 align:start position:0%
stars residing within trillions of
galaxies.

00:18:24.630 --> 00:18:24.640 align:start position:0%
galaxies.
 

00:18:24.640 --> 00:18:27.510 align:start position:0%
galaxies.
The<00:18:24.960><c> universe</c><00:18:25.440><c> operates</c><00:18:25.840><c> on</c><00:18:26.080><c> a</c><00:18:26.240><c> scale</c><00:18:26.799><c> that</c><00:18:27.120><c> we</c>

00:18:27.510 --> 00:18:27.520 align:start position:0%
The universe operates on a scale that we
 

00:18:27.520 --> 00:18:30.470 align:start position:0%
The universe operates on a scale that we
simply<00:18:28.080><c> cannot</c><00:18:28.559><c> comprehend,</c><00:18:29.760><c> let</c><00:18:30.000><c> alone</c>

00:18:30.470 --> 00:18:30.480 align:start position:0%
simply cannot comprehend, let alone
 

00:18:30.480 --> 00:18:33.510 align:start position:0%
simply cannot comprehend, let alone
exhaustively<00:18:31.280><c> explore.</c><00:18:32.559><c> But</c><00:18:32.880><c> within</c><00:18:33.280><c> this</c>

00:18:33.510 --> 00:18:33.520 align:start position:0%
exhaustively explore. But within this
 

00:18:33.520 --> 00:18:36.789 align:start position:0%
exhaustively explore. But within this
grand<00:18:33.919><c> structure</c><00:18:34.720><c> lie</c><00:18:35.280><c> individual</c><00:18:36.080><c> beasts</c>

00:18:36.789 --> 00:18:36.799 align:start position:0%
grand structure lie individual beasts
 

00:18:36.799 --> 00:18:40.549 align:start position:0%
grand structure lie individual beasts
that<00:18:37.520><c> on</c><00:18:37.840><c> their</c><00:18:38.080><c> own</c><00:18:38.960><c> defy</c><00:18:39.600><c> our</c><00:18:40.000><c> understanding</c>

00:18:40.549 --> 00:18:40.559 align:start position:0%
that on their own defy our understanding
 

00:18:40.559 --> 00:18:44.390 align:start position:0%
that on their own defy our understanding
of<00:18:40.799><c> scale.</c><00:18:41.919><c> Stars</c><00:18:42.320><c> so</c><00:18:42.640><c> large</c><00:18:43.440><c> they</c><00:18:43.679><c> make</c><00:18:43.919><c> our</c>

00:18:44.390 --> 00:18:44.400 align:start position:0%
of scale. Stars so large they make our
 

00:18:44.400 --> 00:18:47.830 align:start position:0%
of scale. Stars so large they make our
sun<00:18:44.960><c> pale</c><00:18:45.840><c> and</c><00:18:46.000><c> insignificance.</c>

00:18:47.830 --> 00:18:47.840 align:start position:0%
sun pale and insignificance.
 

00:18:47.840 --> 00:18:49.510 align:start position:0%
sun pale and insignificance.
And<00:18:48.080><c> in</c><00:18:48.320><c> the</c><00:18:48.480><c> depths</c><00:18:48.799><c> of</c><00:18:48.960><c> the</c><00:18:49.120><c> southern</c>

00:18:49.510 --> 00:18:49.520 align:start position:0%
And in the depths of the southern
 

00:18:49.520 --> 00:18:52.470 align:start position:0%
And in the depths of the southern
constellation<00:18:50.320><c> Scootum,</c><00:18:51.360><c> we</c><00:18:51.679><c> think</c><00:18:51.840><c> that</c><00:18:52.160><c> we</c>

00:18:52.470 --> 00:18:52.480 align:start position:0%
constellation Scootum, we think that we
 

00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:55.909 align:start position:0%
constellation Scootum, we think that we
found<00:18:52.880><c> the</c><00:18:53.280><c> largest</c><00:18:53.919><c> one</c><00:18:54.400><c> yet.</c>

00:18:55.909 --> 00:18:55.919 align:start position:0%
found the largest one yet.
 

00:18:55.919 --> 00:18:59.830 align:start position:0%
found the largest one yet.
But<00:18:56.320><c> just</c><00:18:56.640><c> how</c><00:18:56.960><c> big</c><00:18:57.520><c> can</c><00:18:57.919><c> a</c><00:18:58.160><c> star</c><00:18:58.480><c> get?</c><00:18:59.360><c> And</c><00:18:59.600><c> are</c>

00:18:59.830 --> 00:18:59.840 align:start position:0%
But just how big can a star get? And are
 

00:18:59.840 --> 00:19:02.150 align:start position:0%
But just how big can a star get? And are
there<00:19:00.080><c> even</c><00:19:00.400><c> bigger</c><00:19:00.799><c> beasts</c><00:19:01.360><c> waiting</c><00:19:01.760><c> to</c><00:19:02.000><c> be</c>

00:19:02.150 --> 00:19:02.160 align:start position:0%
there even bigger beasts waiting to be
 

00:19:02.160 --> 00:19:05.270 align:start position:0%
there even bigger beasts waiting to be
found?<00:19:03.600><c> I'm</c><00:19:03.840><c> Alex</c><00:19:04.240><c> Mccoan</c><00:19:04.880><c> and</c><00:19:05.039><c> you're</c>

00:19:05.270 --> 00:19:05.280 align:start position:0%
found? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're
 

00:19:05.280 --> 00:19:07.750 align:start position:0%
found? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're
watching<00:19:05.520><c> Astramm.</c><00:19:06.400><c> Join</c><00:19:06.720><c> me</c><00:19:06.960><c> as</c><00:19:07.280><c> we</c><00:19:07.440><c> climb</c>

00:19:07.750 --> 00:19:07.760 align:start position:0%
watching Astramm. Join me as we climb
 

00:19:07.760 --> 00:19:10.549 align:start position:0%
watching Astramm. Join me as we climb
the<00:19:08.080><c> cosmic</c><00:19:08.480><c> bean</c><00:19:08.799><c> stalk</c><00:19:09.440><c> into</c><00:19:09.760><c> the</c><00:19:09.919><c> kingdom</c>

00:19:10.549 --> 00:19:10.559 align:start position:0%
the cosmic bean stalk into the kingdom
 

00:19:10.559 --> 00:19:14.710 align:start position:0%
the cosmic bean stalk into the kingdom
of<00:19:10.799><c> the</c><00:19:11.039><c> universe's</c><00:19:11.679><c> giants.</c>

00:19:14.710 --> 00:19:14.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:19:14.720 --> 00:19:17.590 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:19:14.960><c> might</c><00:19:15.200><c> think</c><00:19:15.440><c> our</c><00:19:15.760><c> sun</c><00:19:16.080><c> is</c><00:19:16.480><c> pretty</c><00:19:16.799><c> big,</c>

00:19:17.590 --> 00:19:17.600 align:start position:0%
You might think our sun is pretty big,
 

00:19:17.600 --> 00:19:21.909 align:start position:0%
You might think our sun is pretty big,
and<00:19:17.840><c> it</c><00:19:18.080><c> is.</c><00:19:18.960><c> With</c><00:19:19.120><c> a</c><00:19:19.360><c> radius</c><00:19:19.760><c> of</c><00:19:20.240><c> 700,000</c><00:19:21.440><c> km</c>

00:19:21.909 --> 00:19:21.919 align:start position:0%
and it is. With a radius of 700,000 km
 

00:19:21.919 --> 00:19:24.789 align:start position:0%
and it is. With a radius of 700,000 km
across,<00:19:22.720><c> if</c><00:19:22.960><c> the</c><00:19:23.120><c> sun</c><00:19:23.440><c> were</c><00:19:23.600><c> a</c><00:19:23.760><c> football</c><00:19:24.400><c> or</c><00:19:24.640><c> a</c>

00:19:24.789 --> 00:19:24.799 align:start position:0%
across, if the sun were a football or a
 

00:19:24.799 --> 00:19:26.870 align:start position:0%
across, if the sun were a football or a
soccer<00:19:25.120><c> ball</c><00:19:25.280><c> for</c><00:19:25.440><c> you</c><00:19:25.679><c> Americans</c><00:19:26.160><c> out</c><00:19:26.400><c> there,</c>

00:19:26.870 --> 00:19:26.880 align:start position:0%
soccer ball for you Americans out there,
 

00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:30.789 align:start position:0%
soccer ball for you Americans out there,
the<00:19:27.039><c> Earth</c><00:19:27.440><c> would</c><00:19:27.679><c> be</c><00:19:28.400><c> 109</c><00:19:29.440><c> times</c><00:19:29.919><c> smaller,</c>

00:19:30.789 --> 00:19:30.799 align:start position:0%
the Earth would be 109 times smaller,
 

00:19:30.799 --> 00:19:35.750 align:start position:0%
the Earth would be 109 times smaller,
the<00:19:31.039><c> size</c><00:19:31.600><c> of</c><00:19:31.840><c> a</c><00:19:32.160><c> 2</c><00:19:32.559><c> mm</c><00:19:33.200><c> wide</c><00:19:33.760><c> peppercorn.</c>

00:19:35.750 --> 00:19:35.760 align:start position:0%
the size of a 2 mm wide peppercorn.
 

00:19:35.760 --> 00:19:38.470 align:start position:0%
the size of a 2 mm wide peppercorn.
Even<00:19:36.000><c> if</c><00:19:36.160><c> you</c><00:19:36.320><c> added</c><00:19:36.640><c> up</c><00:19:36.960><c> all</c><00:19:37.280><c> the</c><00:19:37.520><c> mass</c><00:19:37.840><c> of</c><00:19:38.160><c> all</c>

00:19:38.470 --> 00:19:38.480 align:start position:0%
Even if you added up all the mass of all
 

00:19:38.480 --> 00:19:41.190 align:start position:0%
Even if you added up all the mass of all
the<00:19:38.720><c> solar</c><00:19:39.120><c> systems</c><00:19:39.520><c> planets,</c><00:19:40.400><c> the</c><00:19:40.640><c> sun</c><00:19:40.880><c> would</c>

00:19:41.190 --> 00:19:41.200 align:start position:0%
the solar systems planets, the sun would
 

00:19:41.200 --> 00:19:43.669 align:start position:0%
the solar systems planets, the sun would
still<00:19:41.440><c> be</c><00:19:42.000><c> 743</c>

00:19:43.669 --> 00:19:43.679 align:start position:0%
still be 743
 

00:19:43.679 --> 00:19:45.990 align:start position:0%
still be 743
times<00:19:44.000><c> more</c><00:19:44.240><c> massive</c><00:19:44.720><c> than</c><00:19:45.039><c> all</c><00:19:45.280><c> of</c><00:19:45.440><c> them</c>

00:19:45.990 --> 00:19:46.000 align:start position:0%
times more massive than all of them
 

00:19:46.000 --> 00:19:48.390 align:start position:0%
times more massive than all of them
combined.<00:19:47.280><c> But</c><00:19:47.440><c> when</c><00:19:47.679><c> it</c><00:19:47.760><c> comes</c><00:19:47.919><c> to</c><00:19:48.080><c> other</c>

00:19:48.390 --> 00:19:48.400 align:start position:0%
combined. But when it comes to other
 

00:19:48.400 --> 00:19:51.909 align:start position:0%
combined. But when it comes to other
stars,<00:19:49.120><c> our</c><00:19:49.440><c> sun</c><00:19:49.760><c> is</c><00:19:50.320><c> nothing</c><00:19:50.799><c> special.</c><00:19:51.760><c> Some</c>

00:19:51.909 --> 00:19:51.919 align:start position:0%
stars, our sun is nothing special. Some
 

00:19:51.919 --> 00:19:54.150 align:start position:0%
stars, our sun is nothing special. Some
of<00:19:52.080><c> our</c><00:19:52.480><c> closest</c><00:19:52.880><c> neighbors,</c><00:19:53.600><c> the</c><00:19:53.760><c> Alpha</c>

00:19:54.150 --> 00:19:54.160 align:start position:0%
of our closest neighbors, the Alpha
 

00:19:54.160 --> 00:19:56.710 align:start position:0%
of our closest neighbors, the Alpha
Centuri<00:19:54.799><c> binary</c><00:19:55.280><c> stars,</c><00:19:55.919><c> are</c><00:19:56.160><c> a</c><00:19:56.400><c> similar</c>

00:19:56.710 --> 00:19:56.720 align:start position:0%
Centuri binary stars, are a similar
 

00:19:56.720 --> 00:20:01.510 align:start position:0%
Centuri binary stars, are a similar
size,<00:19:57.440><c> and</c><00:19:57.760><c> Sirius</c><00:19:58.480><c> A</c><00:19:59.200><c> is</c><00:19:59.600><c> twice</c><00:19:59.919><c> as</c><00:20:00.160><c> big.</c><00:20:01.280><c> But</c>

00:20:01.510 --> 00:20:01.520 align:start position:0%
size, and Sirius A is twice as big. But
 

00:20:01.520 --> 00:20:05.510 align:start position:0%
size, and Sirius A is twice as big. But
how<00:20:01.840><c> big</c><00:20:02.320><c> can</c><00:20:02.720><c> a</c><00:20:03.039><c> star</c><00:20:03.679><c> actually</c><00:20:04.240><c> grow?</c><00:20:05.200><c> To</c>

00:20:05.510 --> 00:20:05.520 align:start position:0%
how big can a star actually grow? To
 

00:20:05.520 --> 00:20:08.070 align:start position:0%
how big can a star actually grow? To
understand<00:20:05.840><c> that,</c><00:20:06.480><c> we</c><00:20:06.799><c> need</c><00:20:06.880><c> to</c><00:20:07.120><c> look</c><00:20:07.600><c> at</c>

00:20:08.070 --> 00:20:08.080 align:start position:0%
understand that, we need to look at
 

00:20:08.080 --> 00:20:10.470 align:start position:0%
understand that, we need to look at
stellar<00:20:08.640><c> evolution.</c>

00:20:10.470 --> 00:20:10.480 align:start position:0%
stellar evolution.
 

00:20:10.480 --> 00:20:13.110 align:start position:0%
stellar evolution.
So<00:20:10.799><c> our</c><00:20:11.120><c> journey</c><00:20:11.520><c> begins</c><00:20:11.919><c> here</c><00:20:12.480><c> in</c><00:20:12.720><c> the</c><00:20:12.880><c> heart</c>

00:20:13.110 --> 00:20:13.120 align:start position:0%
So our journey begins here in the heart
 

00:20:13.120 --> 00:20:15.350 align:start position:0%
So our journey begins here in the heart
of<00:20:13.360><c> something</c><00:20:13.679><c> known</c><00:20:14.080><c> as</c><00:20:14.320><c> the</c><00:20:14.559><c> Herzbrung</c>

00:20:15.350 --> 00:20:15.360 align:start position:0%
of something known as the Herzbrung
 

00:20:15.360 --> 00:20:18.549 align:start position:0%
of something known as the Herzbrung
Russell<00:20:16.000><c> diagram.</c><00:20:17.360><c> Independently</c><00:20:18.080><c> invented</c>

00:20:18.549 --> 00:20:18.559 align:start position:0%
Russell diagram. Independently invented
 

00:20:18.559 --> 00:20:21.029 align:start position:0%
Russell diagram. Independently invented
in<00:20:18.720><c> the</c><00:20:18.960><c> early</c><00:20:19.360><c> 1910s</c><00:20:20.080><c> by</c><00:20:20.320><c> both</c><00:20:20.559><c> Danish</c>

00:20:21.029 --> 00:20:21.039 align:start position:0%
in the early 1910s by both Danish
 

00:20:21.039 --> 00:20:24.150 align:start position:0%
in the early 1910s by both Danish
astronomer<00:20:21.840><c> Ana</c><00:20:22.240><c> Herzbrung</c><00:20:23.280><c> and</c><00:20:23.440><c> American</c>

00:20:24.150 --> 00:20:24.160 align:start position:0%
astronomer Ana Herzbrung and American
 

00:20:24.160 --> 00:20:27.270 align:start position:0%
astronomer Ana Herzbrung and American
Henry<00:20:24.640><c> Norris</c><00:20:25.039><c> Russell.</c><00:20:26.160><c> It</c><00:20:26.400><c> plots</c><00:20:26.880><c> stars</c>

00:20:27.270 --> 00:20:27.280 align:start position:0%
Henry Norris Russell. It plots stars
 

00:20:27.280 --> 00:20:29.669 align:start position:0%
Henry Norris Russell. It plots stars
temperatures<00:20:28.000><c> against</c><00:20:28.480><c> how</c><00:20:28.799><c> bright</c><00:20:29.280><c> or</c>

00:20:29.669 --> 00:20:29.679 align:start position:0%
temperatures against how bright or
 

00:20:29.679 --> 00:20:32.390 align:start position:0%
temperatures against how bright or
luminous<00:20:30.240><c> they</c><00:20:30.480><c> are.</c><00:20:31.280><c> And</c><00:20:31.520><c> running</c><00:20:31.919><c> down</c><00:20:32.159><c> the</c>

00:20:32.390 --> 00:20:32.400 align:start position:0%
luminous they are. And running down the
 

00:20:32.400 --> 00:20:35.669 align:start position:0%
luminous they are. And running down the
center<00:20:32.640><c> of</c><00:20:32.799><c> this</c><00:20:33.039><c> diagram</c><00:20:33.840><c> lie</c><00:20:34.559><c> what's</c><00:20:34.960><c> called</c>

00:20:35.669 --> 00:20:35.679 align:start position:0%
center of this diagram lie what's called
 

00:20:35.679 --> 00:20:39.190 align:start position:0%
center of this diagram lie what's called
main<00:20:36.159><c> sequence</c><00:20:36.640><c> stars.</c><00:20:37.840><c> This</c><00:20:38.159><c> spine</c><00:20:38.559><c> is</c><00:20:38.799><c> where</c>

00:20:39.190 --> 00:20:39.200 align:start position:0%
main sequence stars. This spine is where
 

00:20:39.200 --> 00:20:41.510 align:start position:0%
main sequence stars. This spine is where
most<00:20:39.760><c> stars</c><00:20:40.159><c> spend</c><00:20:40.480><c> the</c><00:20:40.720><c> majority</c><00:20:41.120><c> of</c><00:20:41.280><c> their</c>

00:20:41.510 --> 00:20:41.520 align:start position:0%
most stars spend the majority of their
 

00:20:41.520 --> 00:20:43.909 align:start position:0%
most stars spend the majority of their
lives.<00:20:42.159><c> If</c><00:20:42.400><c> they're</c><00:20:42.640><c> here,</c><00:20:43.280><c> it</c><00:20:43.520><c> means</c><00:20:43.679><c> they're</c>

00:20:43.909 --> 00:20:43.919 align:start position:0%
lives. If they're here, it means they're
 

00:20:43.919 --> 00:20:46.789 align:start position:0%
lives. If they're here, it means they're
in<00:20:44.159><c> a</c><00:20:44.320><c> stable</c><00:20:44.720><c> phase</c><00:20:45.039><c> of</c><00:20:45.280><c> existence.</c>

00:20:46.789 --> 00:20:46.799 align:start position:0%
in a stable phase of existence.
 

00:20:46.799 --> 00:20:48.310 align:start position:0%
in a stable phase of existence.
Having<00:20:47.120><c> gone</c><00:20:47.360><c> through</c><00:20:47.600><c> the</c><00:20:47.840><c> chaotic</c>

00:20:48.310 --> 00:20:48.320 align:start position:0%
Having gone through the chaotic
 

00:20:48.320 --> 00:20:50.710 align:start position:0%
Having gone through the chaotic
molecular<00:20:48.960><c> cloud</c><00:20:49.360><c> collapse</c><00:20:49.679><c> of</c><00:20:49.919><c> birth,</c><00:20:50.559><c> a</c>

00:20:50.710 --> 00:20:50.720 align:start position:0%
molecular cloud collapse of birth, a
 

00:20:50.720 --> 00:20:53.110 align:start position:0%
molecular cloud collapse of birth, a
main<00:20:50.960><c> sequence</c><00:20:51.360><c> star</c><00:20:51.679><c> is</c><00:20:51.840><c> now</c><00:20:52.240><c> continuously</c>

00:20:53.110 --> 00:20:53.120 align:start position:0%
main sequence star is now continuously
 

00:20:53.120 --> 00:20:55.669 align:start position:0%
main sequence star is now continuously
fusing<00:20:53.600><c> hydrogen</c><00:20:54.080><c> in</c><00:20:54.240><c> its</c><00:20:54.480><c> core,</c><00:20:55.039><c> generating</c>

00:20:55.669 --> 00:20:55.679 align:start position:0%
fusing hydrogen in its core, generating
 

00:20:55.679 --> 00:20:58.070 align:start position:0%
fusing hydrogen in its core, generating
energy<00:20:56.320><c> that</c><00:20:56.559><c> pushes</c><00:20:56.960><c> outward</c><00:20:57.440><c> against</c><00:20:57.760><c> the</c>

00:20:58.070 --> 00:20:58.080 align:start position:0%
energy that pushes outward against the
 

00:20:58.080 --> 00:21:00.789 align:start position:0%
energy that pushes outward against the
brutal<00:20:58.559><c> inward</c><00:20:58.960><c> force</c><00:20:59.200><c> of</c><00:20:59.360><c> its</c><00:20:59.600><c> own</c><00:20:59.760><c> gravity.</c>

00:21:00.789 --> 00:21:00.799 align:start position:0%
brutal inward force of its own gravity.
 

00:21:00.799 --> 00:21:03.190 align:start position:0%
brutal inward force of its own gravity.
It's<00:21:01.120><c> a</c><00:21:01.360><c> balancing</c><00:21:01.919><c> act,</c><00:21:02.480><c> and</c><00:21:02.640><c> once</c><00:21:02.880><c> it's</c>

00:21:03.190 --> 00:21:03.200 align:start position:0%
It's a balancing act, and once it's
 

00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:05.430 align:start position:0%
It's a balancing act, and once it's
reached,<00:21:03.760><c> a</c><00:21:04.000><c> star</c><00:21:04.320><c> is</c><00:21:04.480><c> said</c><00:21:04.720><c> to</c><00:21:04.880><c> be</c><00:21:05.120><c> in</c>

00:21:05.430 --> 00:21:05.440 align:start position:0%
reached, a star is said to be in
 

00:21:05.440 --> 00:21:08.310 align:start position:0%
reached, a star is said to be in
hydrostatic<00:21:06.480><c> equilibrium.</c>

00:21:08.310 --> 00:21:08.320 align:start position:0%
hydrostatic equilibrium.
 

00:21:08.320 --> 00:21:09.990 align:start position:0%
hydrostatic equilibrium.
Almost<00:21:08.720><c> all</c><00:21:08.960><c> of</c><00:21:09.039><c> the</c><00:21:09.200><c> stars</c><00:21:09.520><c> on</c><00:21:09.679><c> the</c><00:21:09.760><c> main</c>

00:21:09.990 --> 00:21:10.000 align:start position:0%
Almost all of the stars on the main
 

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:12.149 align:start position:0%
Almost all of the stars on the main
sequence<00:21:10.400><c> are</c><00:21:10.559><c> in</c><00:21:10.799><c> this</c><00:21:10.960><c> state</c><00:21:11.280><c> of</c><00:21:11.520><c> so-called</c>

00:21:12.149 --> 00:21:12.159 align:start position:0%
sequence are in this state of so-called
 

00:21:12.159 --> 00:21:14.470 align:start position:0%
sequence are in this state of so-called
rest,<00:21:12.880><c> but</c><00:21:13.120><c> that</c><00:21:13.280><c> doesn't</c><00:21:13.520><c> mean</c><00:21:13.760><c> they</c><00:21:14.080><c> are</c><00:21:14.240><c> all</c>

00:21:14.470 --> 00:21:14.480 align:start position:0%
rest, but that doesn't mean they are all
 

00:21:14.480 --> 00:21:17.350 align:start position:0%
rest, but that doesn't mean they are all
the<00:21:14.720><c> same.</c><00:21:15.520><c> Our</c><00:21:16.000><c> sun</c><00:21:16.320><c> sits</c><00:21:16.720><c> comfortably</c><00:21:17.200><c> in</c>

00:21:17.350 --> 00:21:17.360 align:start position:0%
the same. Our sun sits comfortably in
 

00:21:17.360 --> 00:21:18.870 align:start position:0%
the same. Our sun sits comfortably in
the<00:21:17.520><c> middle</c><00:21:17.600><c> of</c><00:21:17.760><c> the</c><00:21:17.919><c> Herzbrung</c><00:21:18.480><c> Russell</c>

00:21:18.870 --> 00:21:18.880 align:start position:0%
the middle of the Herzbrung Russell
 

00:21:18.880 --> 00:21:22.149 align:start position:0%
the middle of the Herzbrung Russell
diagram.<00:21:19.679><c> It's</c><00:21:20.000><c> a</c><00:21:20.240><c> fairly</c><00:21:20.720><c> average</c><00:21:21.360><c> G-type</c>

00:21:22.149 --> 00:21:22.159 align:start position:0%
diagram. It's a fairly average G-type
 

00:21:22.159 --> 00:21:25.669 align:start position:0%
diagram. It's a fairly average G-type
main<00:21:22.559><c> sequence</c><00:21:22.960><c> star.</c><00:21:24.080><c> The</c><00:21:24.400><c> G</c><00:21:24.960><c> is</c><00:21:25.280><c> what's</c>

00:21:25.669 --> 00:21:25.679 align:start position:0%
main sequence star. The G is what's
 

00:21:25.679 --> 00:21:27.990 align:start position:0%
main sequence star. The G is what's
called<00:21:25.919><c> the</c><00:21:26.240><c> spectral</c><00:21:26.799><c> class</c><00:21:27.600><c> which</c>

00:21:27.990 --> 00:21:28.000 align:start position:0%
called the spectral class which
 

00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:29.830 align:start position:0%
called the spectral class which
essentially<00:21:28.400><c> classify</c><00:21:28.960><c> stars</c><00:21:29.360><c> by</c><00:21:29.600><c> their</c>

00:21:29.830 --> 00:21:29.840 align:start position:0%
essentially classify stars by their
 

00:21:29.840 --> 00:21:32.549 align:start position:0%
essentially classify stars by their
temperature<00:21:30.320><c> and</c><00:21:30.559><c> therefore</c><00:21:31.039><c> color</c><00:21:31.600><c> into</c><00:21:32.000><c> a</c>

00:21:32.549 --> 00:21:32.559 align:start position:0%
temperature and therefore color into a
 

00:21:32.559 --> 00:21:35.990 align:start position:0%
temperature and therefore color into a
seemingly<00:21:33.200><c> arbitrary</c><00:21:33.919><c> naming</c><00:21:34.400><c> system</c><00:21:34.799><c> of</c><00:21:35.360><c> OB</c>

00:21:35.990 --> 00:21:36.000 align:start position:0%
seemingly arbitrary naming system of OB
 

00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:41.270 align:start position:0%
seemingly arbitrary naming system of OB
AFG<00:21:37.360><c> KM</c><00:21:38.559><c> where</c><00:21:39.039><c> O</c><00:21:39.280><c> is</c><00:21:39.440><c> the</c><00:21:39.600><c> hottest</c><00:21:40.400><c> and</c><00:21:40.799><c> M</c><00:21:41.120><c> is</c>

00:21:41.270 --> 00:21:41.280 align:start position:0%
AFG KM where O is the hottest and M is
 

00:21:41.280 --> 00:21:44.149 align:start position:0%
AFG KM where O is the hottest and M is
the<00:21:41.520><c> coldest.</c><00:21:42.799><c> I</c><00:21:43.120><c> remember</c><00:21:43.440><c> it</c><00:21:43.679><c> using</c><00:21:43.919><c> the</c>

00:21:44.149 --> 00:21:44.159 align:start position:0%
the coldest. I remember it using the
 

00:21:44.159 --> 00:21:46.950 align:start position:0%
the coldest. I remember it using the
pneummonic,<00:21:44.880><c> "Oh,</c><00:21:45.440><c> be</c><00:21:45.600><c> a</c><00:21:45.760><c> fine</c><00:21:46.080><c> girl.</c><00:21:46.640><c> Kiss</c>

00:21:46.950 --> 00:21:46.960 align:start position:0%
pneummonic, "Oh, be a fine girl. Kiss
 

00:21:46.960 --> 00:21:49.990 align:start position:0%
pneummonic, "Oh, be a fine girl. Kiss
me.<00:21:47.520><c> Do</c><00:21:47.760><c> with</c><00:21:47.919><c> that</c><00:21:48.159><c> what</c><00:21:48.480><c> you</c><00:21:48.640><c> will."</c><00:21:49.600><c> The</c><00:21:49.760><c> sun</c>

00:21:49.990 --> 00:21:50.000 align:start position:0%
me. Do with that what you will." The sun
 

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:52.070 align:start position:0%
me. Do with that what you will." The sun
and<00:21:50.240><c> other</c><00:21:50.480><c> G-type</c><00:21:50.960><c> stars</c><00:21:51.360><c> have</c><00:21:51.679><c> surface</c>

00:21:52.070 --> 00:21:52.080 align:start position:0%
and other G-type stars have surface
 

00:21:52.080 --> 00:21:56.149 align:start position:0%
and other G-type stars have surface
temperatures<00:21:52.720><c> around</c><00:21:53.360><c> 5,778</c>

00:21:56.149 --> 00:21:56.159 align:start position:0%
temperatures around 5,778
 

00:21:56.159 --> 00:21:58.870 align:start position:0%
temperatures around 5,778
Kelvin,<00:21:57.039><c> giving</c><00:21:57.360><c> them</c><00:21:57.520><c> the</c><00:21:57.840><c> yellow</c><00:21:58.159><c> white</c><00:21:58.480><c> hue</c>

00:21:58.870 --> 00:21:58.880 align:start position:0%
Kelvin, giving them the yellow white hue
 

00:21:58.880 --> 00:22:01.350 align:start position:0%
Kelvin, giving them the yellow white hue
that<00:21:59.120><c> we're</c><00:21:59.520><c> all</c><00:21:59.760><c> familiar</c><00:22:00.159><c> with.</c><00:22:00.799><c> Their</c>

00:22:01.350 --> 00:22:01.360 align:start position:0%
that we're all familiar with. Their
 

00:22:01.360 --> 00:22:03.590 align:start position:0%
that we're all familiar with. Their
cores<00:22:02.080><c> steadily</c><00:22:02.480><c> fuse</c><00:22:02.799><c> hydrogen</c><00:22:03.280><c> into</c>

00:22:03.590 --> 00:22:03.600 align:start position:0%
cores steadily fuse hydrogen into
 

00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:06.789 align:start position:0%
cores steadily fuse hydrogen into
helium,<00:22:04.480><c> converting</c><00:22:04.960><c> about</c><00:22:05.440><c> 600</c><00:22:06.320><c> million</c>

00:22:06.789 --> 00:22:06.799 align:start position:0%
helium, converting about 600 million
 

00:22:06.799 --> 00:22:09.990 align:start position:0%
helium, converting about 600 million
tons<00:22:07.039><c> of</c><00:22:07.280><c> hydrogen</c><00:22:07.840><c> per</c><00:22:08.320><c> second</c><00:22:09.120><c> and</c><00:22:09.440><c> emitting</c>

00:22:09.990 --> 00:22:10.000 align:start position:0%
tons of hydrogen per second and emitting
 

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:13.350 align:start position:0%
tons of hydrogen per second and emitting
energy<00:22:10.640><c> that,</c><00:22:11.280><c> in</c><00:22:11.440><c> the</c><00:22:11.600><c> case</c><00:22:11.760><c> of</c><00:22:11.919><c> our</c><00:22:12.320><c> sun,</c><00:22:13.039><c> has</c>

00:22:13.350 --> 00:22:13.360 align:start position:0%
energy that, in the case of our sun, has
 

00:22:13.360 --> 00:22:15.990 align:start position:0%
energy that, in the case of our sun, has
powered<00:22:13.760><c> life</c><00:22:14.080><c> on</c><00:22:14.320><c> Earth</c><00:22:14.720><c> for</c><00:22:15.200><c> billions</c><00:22:15.760><c> of</c>

00:22:15.990 --> 00:22:16.000 align:start position:0%
powered life on Earth for billions of
 

00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:19.029 align:start position:0%
powered life on Earth for billions of
years.<00:22:17.440><c> But</c><00:22:17.679><c> if</c><00:22:17.840><c> you</c><00:22:18.000><c> move</c><00:22:18.240><c> up</c><00:22:18.480><c> or</c><00:22:18.720><c> down</c><00:22:18.880><c> the</c>

00:22:19.029 --> 00:22:19.039 align:start position:0%
years. But if you move up or down the
 

00:22:19.039 --> 00:22:21.750 align:start position:0%
years. But if you move up or down the
main<00:22:19.280><c> sequence,</c><00:22:20.000><c> the</c><00:22:20.240><c> stars</c><00:22:20.640><c> change</c><00:22:21.280><c> and</c><00:22:21.600><c> a</c>

00:22:21.750 --> 00:22:21.760 align:start position:0%
main sequence, the stars change and a
 

00:22:21.760 --> 00:22:24.950 align:start position:0%
main sequence, the stars change and a
pattern<00:22:22.320><c> begins</c><00:22:22.640><c> to</c><00:22:22.880><c> emerge.</c><00:22:24.240><c> It's</c><00:22:24.640><c> probably</c>

00:22:24.950 --> 00:22:24.960 align:start position:0%
pattern begins to emerge. It's probably
 

00:22:24.960 --> 00:22:26.789 align:start position:0%
pattern begins to emerge. It's probably
not<00:22:25.280><c> surprising</c><00:22:25.679><c> that</c><00:22:25.840><c> dim</c><00:22:26.240><c> stars</c><00:22:26.559><c> are</c>

00:22:26.789 --> 00:22:26.799 align:start position:0%
not surprising that dim stars are
 

00:22:26.799 --> 00:22:29.110 align:start position:0%
not surprising that dim stars are
usually<00:22:27.280><c> cool</c><00:22:27.760><c> and</c><00:22:28.000><c> that</c><00:22:28.240><c> the</c><00:22:28.400><c> hotter</c><00:22:28.720><c> a</c><00:22:28.880><c> star</c>

00:22:29.110 --> 00:22:29.120 align:start position:0%
usually cool and that the hotter a star
 

00:22:29.120 --> 00:22:31.350 align:start position:0%
usually cool and that the hotter a star
gets,<00:22:29.600><c> the</c><00:22:29.840><c> brighter</c><00:22:30.159><c> it</c><00:22:30.400><c> gets,</c><00:22:30.640><c> too,</c><00:22:31.360><c> at</c>

00:22:31.350 --> 00:22:31.360 align:start position:0%
gets, the brighter it gets, too, at
 

00:22:31.360 --> 00:22:34.230 align:start position:0%
gets, the brighter it gets, too, at
least<00:22:31.760><c> on</c><00:22:32.000><c> the</c><00:22:32.159><c> main</c><00:22:32.480><c> sequence.</c><00:22:33.679><c> But</c><00:22:33.840><c> what</c>

00:22:34.230 --> 00:22:34.240 align:start position:0%
least on the main sequence. But what
 

00:22:34.240 --> 00:22:37.110 align:start position:0%
least on the main sequence. But what
might<00:22:34.559><c> be</c><00:22:34.799><c> less</c><00:22:35.120><c> intuitive</c><00:22:36.000><c> is</c><00:22:36.320><c> how</c><00:22:36.480><c> a</c><00:22:36.720><c> star's</c>

00:22:37.110 --> 00:22:37.120 align:start position:0%
might be less intuitive is how a star's
 

00:22:37.120 --> 00:22:39.909 align:start position:0%
might be less intuitive is how a star's
mass<00:22:37.600><c> relates</c><00:22:38.000><c> to</c><00:22:38.159><c> this.</c><00:22:39.039><c> And</c><00:22:39.200><c> there</c><00:22:39.440><c> is</c><00:22:39.679><c> a</c>

00:22:39.909 --> 00:22:39.919 align:start position:0%
mass relates to this. And there is a
 

00:22:39.919 --> 00:22:42.710 align:start position:0%
mass relates to this. And there is a
clear<00:22:40.159><c> correlation.</c><00:22:41.360><c> The</c><00:22:41.600><c> brightest</c><00:22:42.000><c> star</c>

00:22:42.710 --> 00:22:42.720 align:start position:0%
clear correlation. The brightest star
 

00:22:42.720 --> 00:22:46.070 align:start position:0%
clear correlation. The brightest star
also<00:22:43.360><c> tends</c><00:22:43.679><c> to</c><00:22:43.760><c> be</c><00:22:43.919><c> the</c><00:22:44.080><c> most</c><00:22:44.320><c> massive</c><00:22:44.640><c> ones.</c>

00:22:46.070 --> 00:22:46.080 align:start position:0%
also tends to be the most massive ones.
 

00:22:46.080 --> 00:22:49.909 align:start position:0%
also tends to be the most massive ones.
Take<00:22:46.559><c> for</c><00:22:46.720><c> example</c><00:22:47.520><c> Bellatrix,</c><00:22:48.640><c> the</c><00:22:48.960><c> 26th</c>

00:22:49.909 --> 00:22:49.919 align:start position:0%
Take for example Bellatrix, the 26th
 

00:22:49.919 --> 00:22:52.149 align:start position:0%
Take for example Bellatrix, the 26th
brightest<00:22:50.320><c> star</c><00:22:50.559><c> in</c><00:22:50.720><c> the</c><00:22:50.880><c> sky</c><00:22:51.440><c> and</c><00:22:51.679><c> the</c><00:22:51.919><c> left</c>

00:22:52.149 --> 00:22:52.159 align:start position:0%
brightest star in the sky and the left
 

00:22:52.159 --> 00:22:54.710 align:start position:0%
brightest star in the sky and the left
shoulder<00:22:52.559><c> of</c><00:22:52.720><c> the</c><00:22:52.880><c> Orion</c><00:22:53.360><c> constellation.</c>

00:22:54.710 --> 00:22:54.720 align:start position:0%
shoulder of the Orion constellation.
 

00:22:54.720 --> 00:22:57.669 align:start position:0%
shoulder of the Orion constellation.
It's<00:22:54.960><c> a</c><00:22:55.280><c> Btype</c><00:22:55.919><c> star,</c><00:22:56.640><c> one</c><00:22:56.880><c> of</c><00:22:56.960><c> the</c><00:22:57.120><c> brightest</c>

00:22:57.669 --> 00:22:57.679 align:start position:0%
It's a Btype star, one of the brightest
 

00:22:57.679 --> 00:22:59.909 align:start position:0%
It's a Btype star, one of the brightest
classifications,<00:22:58.880><c> and</c><00:22:59.120><c> has</c><00:22:59.280><c> a</c><00:22:59.520><c> surface</c>

00:22:59.909 --> 00:22:59.919 align:start position:0%
classifications, and has a surface
 

00:22:59.919 --> 00:23:03.909 align:start position:0%
classifications, and has a surface
temperature<00:23:00.640><c> around</c><00:23:01.280><c> 22,000</c><00:23:02.480><c> Kelvin,</c><00:23:03.280><c> almost</c>

00:23:03.909 --> 00:23:03.919 align:start position:0%
temperature around 22,000 Kelvin, almost
 

00:23:03.919 --> 00:23:06.549 align:start position:0%
temperature around 22,000 Kelvin, almost
four<00:23:04.159><c> times</c><00:23:04.559><c> hotter</c><00:23:04.960><c> than</c><00:23:05.120><c> our</c><00:23:05.440><c> sun.</c><00:23:06.320><c> It's</c>

00:23:06.549 --> 00:23:06.559 align:start position:0%
four times hotter than our sun. It's
 

00:23:06.559 --> 00:23:10.470 align:start position:0%
four times hotter than our sun. It's
also<00:23:07.440><c> 8.6</c><00:23:08.400><c> times</c><00:23:08.720><c> more</c><00:23:08.960><c> massive.</c><00:23:10.000><c> The</c><00:23:10.240><c> effect</c>

00:23:10.470 --> 00:23:10.480 align:start position:0%
also 8.6 times more massive. The effect
 

00:23:10.480 --> 00:23:12.710 align:start position:0%
also 8.6 times more massive. The effect
of<00:23:10.640><c> this</c><00:23:11.039><c> greater</c><00:23:11.440><c> mass</c><00:23:11.679><c> is</c><00:23:11.919><c> to</c><00:23:12.159><c> crush</c><00:23:12.480><c> the</c>

00:23:12.710 --> 00:23:12.720 align:start position:0%
of this greater mass is to crush the
 

00:23:12.720 --> 00:23:15.190 align:start position:0%
of this greater mass is to crush the
hydrogen<00:23:13.200><c> in</c><00:23:13.440><c> Bellatrix's</c><00:23:14.080><c> core</c><00:23:14.559><c> far</c><00:23:14.880><c> more</c>

00:23:15.190 --> 00:23:15.200 align:start position:0%
hydrogen in Bellatrix's core far more
 

00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:17.830 align:start position:0%
hydrogen in Bellatrix's core far more
than<00:23:15.440><c> in</c><00:23:15.679><c> other</c><00:23:15.919><c> stars.</c><00:23:16.880><c> Greater</c><00:23:17.360><c> pressure</c>

00:23:17.830 --> 00:23:17.840 align:start position:0%
than in other stars. Greater pressure
 

00:23:17.840 --> 00:23:20.230 align:start position:0%
than in other stars. Greater pressure
increases<00:23:18.320><c> the</c><00:23:18.559><c> rate</c><00:23:18.799><c> of</c><00:23:18.960><c> fusion</c><00:23:19.360><c> reactions</c>

00:23:20.230 --> 00:23:20.240 align:start position:0%
increases the rate of fusion reactions
 

00:23:20.240 --> 00:23:22.710 align:start position:0%
increases the rate of fusion reactions
and<00:23:20.559><c> therefore</c><00:23:21.520><c> far</c><00:23:21.840><c> more</c><00:23:22.080><c> energy</c><00:23:22.480><c> is</c>

00:23:22.710 --> 00:23:22.720 align:start position:0%
and therefore far more energy is
 

00:23:22.720 --> 00:23:25.510 align:start position:0%
and therefore far more energy is
released.<00:23:23.840><c> This</c><00:23:24.080><c> fusion</c><00:23:24.480><c> is</c><00:23:24.720><c> so</c><00:23:25.120><c> powerful</c>

00:23:25.510 --> 00:23:25.520 align:start position:0%
released. This fusion is so powerful
 

00:23:25.520 --> 00:23:28.310 align:start position:0%
released. This fusion is so powerful
that<00:23:25.840><c> it</c><00:23:26.000><c> forces</c><00:23:26.400><c> the</c><00:23:26.720><c> star</c><00:23:26.960><c> to</c><00:23:27.280><c> swell.</c><00:23:28.080><c> It's</c>

00:23:28.310 --> 00:23:28.320 align:start position:0%
that it forces the star to swell. It's
 

00:23:28.320 --> 00:23:31.350 align:start position:0%
that it forces the star to swell. It's
as<00:23:28.480><c> if</c><00:23:28.880><c> gravity</c><00:23:29.440><c> almost</c><00:23:29.840><c> can't</c><00:23:30.159><c> contain</c><00:23:30.559><c> it.</c>

00:23:31.350 --> 00:23:31.360 align:start position:0%
as if gravity almost can't contain it.
 

00:23:31.360 --> 00:23:35.590 align:start position:0%
as if gravity almost can't contain it.
So<00:23:31.760><c> Bellatrix's</c><00:23:32.559><c> volume</c><00:23:33.200><c> is</c><00:23:33.440><c> a</c><00:23:33.600><c> whopping</c><00:23:34.559><c> 200</c>

00:23:35.590 --> 00:23:35.600 align:start position:0%
So Bellatrix's volume is a whopping 200
 

00:23:35.600 --> 00:23:38.710 align:start position:0%
So Bellatrix's volume is a whopping 200
times<00:23:36.159><c> greater</c><00:23:36.559><c> than</c><00:23:36.720><c> our</c><00:23:37.039><c> son's.</c><00:23:38.159><c> This</c><00:23:38.400><c> comes</c>

00:23:38.710 --> 00:23:38.720 align:start position:0%
times greater than our son's. This comes
 

00:23:38.720 --> 00:23:42.390 align:start position:0%
times greater than our son's. This comes
at<00:23:39.039><c> a</c><00:23:39.200><c> price.</c><00:23:40.400><c> Massive</c><00:23:41.120><c> main</c><00:23:41.440><c> sequence</c><00:23:41.840><c> stars</c>

00:23:42.390 --> 00:23:42.400 align:start position:0%
at a price. Massive main sequence stars
 

00:23:42.400 --> 00:23:45.669 align:start position:0%
at a price. Massive main sequence stars
burn<00:23:42.880><c> hot</c><00:23:43.520><c> and</c><00:23:43.840><c> fast.</c><00:23:44.799><c> While</c><00:23:45.039><c> the</c><00:23:45.200><c> sun</c><00:23:45.440><c> will</c>

00:23:45.669 --> 00:23:45.679 align:start position:0%
burn hot and fast. While the sun will
 

00:23:45.679 --> 00:23:47.669 align:start position:0%
burn hot and fast. While the sun will
likely<00:23:46.080><c> have</c><00:23:46.159><c> a</c><00:23:46.400><c> total</c><00:23:46.720><c> lifespan</c><00:23:47.200><c> of</c><00:23:47.360><c> 10</c>

00:23:47.669 --> 00:23:47.679 align:start position:0%
likely have a total lifespan of 10
 

00:23:47.679 --> 00:23:50.070 align:start position:0%
likely have a total lifespan of 10
billion<00:23:48.159><c> years,</c><00:23:48.880><c> Bellatrix</c><00:23:49.679><c> has</c><00:23:49.919><c> been</c>

00:23:50.070 --> 00:23:50.080 align:start position:0%
billion years, Bellatrix has been
 

00:23:50.080 --> 00:23:53.669 align:start position:0%
billion years, Bellatrix has been
burning<00:23:50.480><c> for</c><00:23:50.880><c> 25</c><00:23:51.440><c> million</c><00:23:52.240><c> and</c><00:23:52.559><c> is</c><00:23:52.799><c> only</c><00:23:53.200><c> 7</c>

00:23:53.669 --> 00:23:53.679 align:start position:0%
burning for 25 million and is only 7
 

00:23:53.679 --> 00:23:56.070 align:start position:0%
burning for 25 million and is only 7
million<00:23:54.159><c> years</c><00:23:54.559><c> left.</c>

00:23:56.070 --> 00:23:56.080 align:start position:0%
million years left.
 

00:23:56.080 --> 00:23:58.789 align:start position:0%
million years left.
This<00:23:56.400><c> actually</c><00:23:56.799><c> makes</c><00:23:57.360><c> large</c><00:23:57.760><c> stars</c><00:23:58.400><c> quite</c>

00:23:58.789 --> 00:23:58.799 align:start position:0%
This actually makes large stars quite
 

00:23:58.799 --> 00:24:01.669 align:start position:0%
This actually makes large stars quite
rare.<00:23:59.440><c> Their</c><00:24:00.080><c> instability</c><00:24:00.799><c> and</c><00:24:01.200><c> rapid</c>

00:24:01.669 --> 00:24:01.679 align:start position:0%
rare. Their instability and rapid
 

00:24:01.679 --> 00:24:04.310 align:start position:0%
rare. Their instability and rapid
existences<00:24:02.559><c> mean</c><00:24:02.880><c> we're</c><00:24:03.200><c> simply</c><00:24:03.679><c> less</c><00:24:04.000><c> likely</c>

00:24:04.310 --> 00:24:04.320 align:start position:0%
existences mean we're simply less likely
 

00:24:04.320 --> 00:24:07.029 align:start position:0%
existences mean we're simply less likely
to<00:24:04.559><c> see</c><00:24:04.720><c> them</c><00:24:05.039><c> than</c><00:24:05.280><c> their</c><00:24:05.600><c> longerlived,</c><00:24:06.640><c> less</c>

00:24:07.029 --> 00:24:07.039 align:start position:0%
to see them than their longerlived, less
 

00:24:07.039 --> 00:24:10.310 align:start position:0%
to see them than their longerlived, less
massive<00:24:07.520><c> cousins.</c><00:24:08.880><c> So,</c><00:24:09.440><c> is</c><00:24:09.600><c> that</c><00:24:09.840><c> the</c><00:24:10.000><c> answer?</c>

00:24:10.310 --> 00:24:10.320 align:start position:0%
massive cousins. So, is that the answer?
 

00:24:10.320 --> 00:24:12.470 align:start position:0%
massive cousins. So, is that the answer?
Then,<00:24:10.880><c> if</c><00:24:11.120><c> we</c><00:24:11.360><c> want</c><00:24:11.440><c> to</c><00:24:11.600><c> find</c><00:24:11.840><c> the</c><00:24:12.080><c> largest</c>

00:24:12.470 --> 00:24:12.480 align:start position:0%
Then, if we want to find the largest
 

00:24:12.480 --> 00:24:14.950 align:start position:0%
Then, if we want to find the largest
star,<00:24:13.039><c> should</c><00:24:13.360><c> we</c><00:24:13.679><c> simply</c><00:24:14.159><c> seek</c><00:24:14.400><c> out</c><00:24:14.720><c> the</c>

00:24:14.950 --> 00:24:14.960 align:start position:0%
star, should we simply seek out the
 

00:24:14.960 --> 00:24:17.990 align:start position:0%
star, should we simply seek out the
heaviest?<00:24:16.240><c> It's</c><00:24:16.559><c> thought</c><00:24:16.799><c> that</c><00:24:17.200><c> stars</c><00:24:17.679><c> can't</c>

00:24:17.990 --> 00:24:18.000 align:start position:0%
heaviest? It's thought that stars can't
 

00:24:18.000 --> 00:24:20.470 align:start position:0%
heaviest? It's thought that stars can't
grow<00:24:18.240><c> much</c><00:24:18.480><c> bigger</c><00:24:18.799><c> than</c><00:24:19.520><c> 150</c><00:24:19.840><c> times</c><00:24:20.080><c> the</c><00:24:20.320><c> mass</c>

00:24:20.470 --> 00:24:20.480 align:start position:0%
grow much bigger than 150 times the mass
 

00:24:20.480 --> 00:24:22.549 align:start position:0%
grow much bigger than 150 times the mass
of<00:24:20.640><c> the</c><00:24:20.720><c> sun</c><00:24:20.960><c> without</c><00:24:21.279><c> becoming</c><00:24:21.760><c> so</c><00:24:22.000><c> unstable</c>

00:24:22.549 --> 00:24:22.559 align:start position:0%
of the sun without becoming so unstable
 

00:24:22.559 --> 00:24:24.710 align:start position:0%
of the sun without becoming so unstable
that<00:24:22.799><c> they</c><00:24:23.039><c> blow</c><00:24:23.360><c> themselves</c><00:24:23.840><c> apart.</c>

00:24:24.710 --> 00:24:24.720 align:start position:0%
that they blow themselves apart.
 

00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:27.029 align:start position:0%
that they blow themselves apart.
However,<00:24:25.279><c> the</c><00:24:25.520><c> universe</c><00:24:25.919><c> has</c><00:24:26.159><c> found</c><00:24:26.480><c> ways</c><00:24:26.799><c> to</c>

00:24:27.029 --> 00:24:27.039 align:start position:0%
However, the universe has found ways to
 

00:24:27.039 --> 00:24:30.230 align:start position:0%
However, the universe has found ways to
cheat<00:24:27.600><c> when</c><00:24:27.840><c> it</c><00:24:28.000><c> comes</c><00:24:28.159><c> to</c><00:24:28.320><c> this</c><00:24:28.559><c> limitation.</c>

00:24:30.230 --> 00:24:30.240 align:start position:0%
cheat when it comes to this limitation.
 

00:24:30.240 --> 00:24:32.950 align:start position:0%
cheat when it comes to this limitation.
When<00:24:30.559><c> two</c><00:24:31.120><c> massive</c><00:24:31.600><c> stars</c><00:24:32.159><c> collide</c><00:24:32.640><c> and</c>

00:24:32.950 --> 00:24:32.960 align:start position:0%
When two massive stars collide and
 

00:24:32.960 --> 00:24:35.669 align:start position:0%
When two massive stars collide and
merge,<00:24:33.520><c> the</c><00:24:33.760><c> resulting</c><00:24:34.240><c> star</c><00:24:34.640><c> is</c><00:24:34.880><c> a</c><00:24:35.120><c> true</c>

00:24:35.669 --> 00:24:35.679 align:start position:0%
merge, the resulting star is a true
 

00:24:35.679 --> 00:24:38.789 align:start position:0%
merge, the resulting star is a true
beer,<00:24:36.640><c> much</c><00:24:36.960><c> larger</c><00:24:37.440><c> than</c><00:24:37.760><c> anything</c><00:24:38.240><c> possible</c>

00:24:38.789 --> 00:24:38.799 align:start position:0%
beer, much larger than anything possible
 

00:24:38.799 --> 00:24:40.470 align:start position:0%
beer, much larger than anything possible
through<00:24:39.039><c> the</c><00:24:39.279><c> slow</c><00:24:39.600><c> devouring</c><00:24:40.240><c> of</c><00:24:40.400><c> an</c>

00:24:40.470 --> 00:24:40.480 align:start position:0%
through the slow devouring of an
 

00:24:40.480 --> 00:24:43.350 align:start position:0%
through the slow devouring of an
accretion<00:24:41.039><c> disc.</c><00:24:41.760><c> Perhaps</c><00:24:42.400><c> this</c><00:24:42.880><c> is</c><00:24:43.039><c> the</c>

00:24:43.350 --> 00:24:43.360 align:start position:0%
accretion disc. Perhaps this is the
 

00:24:43.360 --> 00:24:46.630 align:start position:0%
accretion disc. Perhaps this is the
explanation<00:24:44.080><c> for</c><00:24:44.400><c> the</c><00:24:44.640><c> truly</c><00:24:45.520><c> staggering</c><00:24:46.240><c> and</c>

00:24:46.630 --> 00:24:46.640 align:start position:0%
explanation for the truly staggering and
 

00:24:46.640 --> 00:24:51.269 align:start position:0%
explanation for the truly staggering and
excitingly<00:24:47.360><c> named</c><00:24:48.240><c> R136A1.</c>

00:24:51.269 --> 00:24:51.279 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:24:51.279 --> 00:24:54.149 align:start position:0%
 
potentially<00:24:52.159><c> the</c><00:24:52.480><c> most</c><00:24:52.880><c> massive</c><00:24:53.440><c> and</c><00:24:53.840><c> most</c>

00:24:54.149 --> 00:24:54.159 align:start position:0%
potentially the most massive and most
 

00:24:54.159 --> 00:24:57.430 align:start position:0%
potentially the most massive and most
luminous<00:24:54.720><c> star</c><00:24:55.200><c> in</c><00:24:55.520><c> the</c><00:24:55.760><c> universe.</c>

00:24:57.430 --> 00:24:57.440 align:start position:0%
luminous star in the universe.
 

00:24:57.440 --> 00:25:00.070 align:start position:0%
luminous star in the universe.
At<00:24:57.679><c> the</c><00:24:57.919><c> furthest</c><00:24:58.640><c> top</c><00:24:59.039><c> left</c><00:24:59.279><c> point</c><00:24:59.600><c> on</c><00:24:59.840><c> our</c>

00:25:00.070 --> 00:25:00.080 align:start position:0%
At the furthest top left point on our
 

00:25:00.080 --> 00:25:04.070 align:start position:0%
At the furthest top left point on our
Headsprung<00:25:00.799><c> Russell</c><00:25:01.200><c> diagram,</c><00:25:02.080><c> R136A1</c>

00:25:04.070 --> 00:25:04.080 align:start position:0%
Headsprung Russell diagram, R136A1
 

00:25:04.080 --> 00:25:08.149 align:start position:0%
Headsprung Russell diagram, R136A1
is<00:25:04.400><c> a</c><00:25:04.640><c> monster.</c><00:25:05.840><c> Forget</c><00:25:06.240><c> the</c><00:25:07.200><c> 150</c><00:25:07.520><c> times</c><00:25:07.840><c> mass</c>

00:25:08.149 --> 00:25:08.159 align:start position:0%
is a monster. Forget the 150 times mass
 

00:25:08.159 --> 00:25:11.269 align:start position:0%
is a monster. Forget the 150 times mass
limit.<00:25:09.120><c> This</c><00:25:09.440><c> beast</c><00:25:09.919><c> has</c><00:25:10.240><c> been</c><00:25:10.480><c> estimated</c><00:25:11.039><c> to</c>

00:25:11.269 --> 00:25:11.279 align:start position:0%
limit. This beast has been estimated to
 

00:25:11.279 --> 00:25:15.909 align:start position:0%
limit. This beast has been estimated to
be<00:25:12.159><c> 265</c><00:25:13.520><c> times</c><00:25:13.840><c> the</c><00:25:14.080><c> mass</c><00:25:14.320><c> of</c><00:25:14.480><c> our</c><00:25:14.720><c> sun</c><00:25:15.520><c> and</c><00:25:15.760><c> has</c>

00:25:15.909 --> 00:25:15.919 align:start position:0%
be 265 times the mass of our sun and has
 

00:25:15.919 --> 00:25:20.310 align:start position:0%
be 265 times the mass of our sun and has
a<00:25:16.159><c> radius</c><00:25:16.880><c> 40</c><00:25:17.440><c> times</c><00:25:17.760><c> larger.</c><00:25:19.120><c> It's</c><00:25:19.520><c> part</c><00:25:19.760><c> of</c><00:25:19.919><c> a</c>

00:25:20.310 --> 00:25:20.320 align:start position:0%
a radius 40 times larger. It's part of a
 

00:25:20.320 --> 00:25:23.350 align:start position:0%
a radius 40 times larger. It's part of a
particularly<00:25:21.120><c> rare</c><00:25:21.600><c> group</c><00:25:22.159><c> known</c><00:25:22.559><c> as</c><00:25:22.880><c> Wolf</c>

00:25:23.350 --> 00:25:23.360 align:start position:0%
particularly rare group known as Wolf
 

00:25:23.360 --> 00:25:28.070 align:start position:0%
particularly rare group known as Wolf
Ray<00:25:23.840><c> stars.</c><00:25:24.880><c> We</c><00:25:25.200><c> found</c><00:25:25.679><c> just</c><00:25:26.559><c> 220</c><00:25:27.600><c> in</c><00:25:27.840><c> our</c>

00:25:28.070 --> 00:25:28.080 align:start position:0%
Ray stars. We found just 220 in our
 

00:25:28.080 --> 00:25:30.470 align:start position:0%
Ray stars. We found just 220 in our
galaxy,<00:25:28.799><c> although</c><00:25:29.200><c> scientists</c><00:25:29.840><c> expect</c><00:25:30.159><c> there</c>

00:25:30.470 --> 00:25:30.480 align:start position:0%
galaxy, although scientists expect there
 

00:25:30.480 --> 00:25:33.350 align:start position:0%
galaxy, although scientists expect there
could<00:25:30.720><c> be</c><00:25:30.880><c> as</c><00:25:31.120><c> many</c><00:25:31.279><c> as</c><00:25:31.520><c> 2,000.</c><00:25:32.799><c> They</c><00:25:33.039><c> are</c>

00:25:33.350 --> 00:25:33.360 align:start position:0%
could be as many as 2,000. They are
 

00:25:33.360 --> 00:25:36.870 align:start position:0%
could be as many as 2,000. They are
massive<00:25:34.400><c> and</c><00:25:34.880><c> in</c><00:25:35.200><c> an</c><00:25:35.440><c> advanced</c><00:25:36.080><c> but</c><00:25:36.559><c> short</c>

00:25:36.870 --> 00:25:36.880 align:start position:0%
massive and in an advanced but short
 

00:25:36.880 --> 00:25:39.190 align:start position:0%
massive and in an advanced but short
phase<00:25:37.200><c> of</c><00:25:37.360><c> life,</c><00:25:38.000><c> one</c><00:25:38.159><c> that</c><00:25:38.480><c> comes</c><00:25:38.880><c> just</c>

00:25:39.190 --> 00:25:39.200 align:start position:0%
phase of life, one that comes just
 

00:25:39.200 --> 00:25:41.269 align:start position:0%
phase of life, one that comes just
before<00:25:39.520><c> they</c><00:25:39.760><c> collapse</c><00:25:40.240><c> into</c><00:25:40.559><c> supernova</c>

00:25:41.269 --> 00:25:41.279 align:start position:0%
before they collapse into supernova
 

00:25:41.279 --> 00:25:43.750 align:start position:0%
before they collapse into supernova
explosions.

00:25:43.750 --> 00:25:43.760 align:start position:0%
explosions.
 

00:25:43.760 --> 00:25:46.549 align:start position:0%
explosions.
Because<00:25:44.240><c> they</c><00:25:44.480><c> are</c><00:25:44.720><c> so</c><00:25:45.039><c> unstable,</c><00:25:46.000><c> they</c><00:25:46.320><c> throw</c>

00:25:46.549 --> 00:25:46.559 align:start position:0%
Because they are so unstable, they throw
 

00:25:46.559 --> 00:25:49.510 align:start position:0%
Because they are so unstable, they throw
off<00:25:47.039><c> vast</c><00:25:47.600><c> amounts</c><00:25:47.919><c> of</c><00:25:48.080><c> plasma</c><00:25:48.640><c> in</c><00:25:49.120><c> great</c>

00:25:49.510 --> 00:25:49.520 align:start position:0%
off vast amounts of plasma in great
 

00:25:49.520 --> 00:25:53.190 align:start position:0%
off vast amounts of plasma in great
winds,<00:25:50.240><c> ejecting</c><00:25:50.799><c> as</c><00:25:51.120><c> much</c><00:25:51.360><c> as</c><00:25:52.080><c> 10</c><00:25:52.720><c> solar</c>

00:25:53.190 --> 00:25:53.200 align:start position:0%
winds, ejecting as much as 10 solar
 

00:25:53.200 --> 00:25:56.149 align:start position:0%
winds, ejecting as much as 10 solar
masses<00:25:53.840><c> every</c><00:25:54.240><c> million</c><00:25:54.640><c> years</c><00:25:55.200><c> at</c><00:25:55.600><c> speeds</c><00:25:56.000><c> of</c>

00:25:56.149 --> 00:25:56.159 align:start position:0%
masses every million years at speeds of
 

00:25:56.159 --> 00:26:00.630 align:start position:0%
masses every million years at speeds of
up<00:25:56.400><c> to</c><00:25:56.720><c> 3,000</c><00:25:57.600><c> km/</c><00:25:58.720><c> second.</c><00:25:59.760><c> But</c><00:25:59.919><c> they</c><00:26:00.159><c> are</c>

00:26:00.630 --> 00:26:00.640 align:start position:0%
up to 3,000 km/ second. But they are
 

00:26:00.640 --> 00:26:05.190 align:start position:0%
up to 3,000 km/ second. But they are
also<00:26:01.360><c> incredibly</c><00:26:02.159><c> luminous</c><00:26:02.960><c> with</c><00:26:03.279><c> R136A1</c>

00:26:05.190 --> 00:26:05.200 align:start position:0%
also incredibly luminous with R136A1
 

00:26:05.200 --> 00:26:07.669 align:start position:0%
also incredibly luminous with R136A1
releasing<00:26:05.679><c> as</c><00:26:06.000><c> much</c><00:26:06.159><c> light</c><00:26:06.480><c> in</c><00:26:06.720><c> just</c><00:26:07.200><c> 4</c>

00:26:07.669 --> 00:26:07.679 align:start position:0%
releasing as much light in just 4
 

00:26:07.679 --> 00:26:11.750 align:start position:0%
releasing as much light in just 4
seconds<00:26:08.400><c> as</c><00:26:08.720><c> the</c><00:26:08.960><c> sun</c><00:26:09.279><c> produces</c><00:26:10.000><c> in</c><00:26:10.320><c> a</c><00:26:10.559><c> year.</c>

00:26:11.750 --> 00:26:11.760 align:start position:0%
seconds as the sun produces in a year.
 

00:26:11.760 --> 00:26:16.149 align:start position:0%
seconds as the sun produces in a year.
Although<00:26:12.559><c> to</c><00:26:12.960><c> our</c><00:26:13.279><c> eyes,</c><00:26:13.919><c> it's</c><00:26:14.320><c> actually</c><00:26:14.799><c> only</c>

00:26:16.149 --> 00:26:16.159 align:start position:0%
Although to our eyes, it's actually only
 

00:26:16.159 --> 00:26:19.110 align:start position:0%
Although to our eyes, it's actually only
164,000<00:26:17.279><c> times</c><00:26:17.679><c> brighter</c><00:26:18.000><c> than</c><00:26:18.159><c> our</c><00:26:18.480><c> star</c>

00:26:19.110 --> 00:26:19.120 align:start position:0%
164,000 times brighter than our star
 

00:26:19.120 --> 00:26:22.230 align:start position:0%
164,000 times brighter than our star
because<00:26:19.600><c> most</c><00:26:20.000><c> of</c><00:26:20.159><c> its</c><00:26:20.480><c> radiation</c><00:26:21.279><c> is</c><00:26:21.679><c> UV</c>

00:26:22.230 --> 00:26:22.240 align:start position:0%
because most of its radiation is UV
 

00:26:22.240 --> 00:26:23.750 align:start position:0%
because most of its radiation is UV
light.

00:26:23.750 --> 00:26:23.760 align:start position:0%
light.
 

00:26:23.760 --> 00:26:26.070 align:start position:0%
light.
To<00:26:24.000><c> be</c><00:26:24.159><c> honest,</c><00:26:24.799><c> we're</c><00:26:25.200><c> lucky</c><00:26:25.440><c> to</c><00:26:25.679><c> have</c><00:26:25.840><c> seen</c>

00:26:26.070 --> 00:26:26.080 align:start position:0%
To be honest, we're lucky to have seen
 

00:26:26.080 --> 00:26:28.549 align:start position:0%
To be honest, we're lucky to have seen
this<00:26:26.240><c> star</c><00:26:26.559><c> at</c><00:26:26.720><c> all.</c><00:26:27.440><c> It</c><00:26:27.679><c> will</c><00:26:27.840><c> likely</c><00:26:28.240><c> only</c>

00:26:28.549 --> 00:26:28.559 align:start position:0%
this star at all. It will likely only
 

00:26:28.559 --> 00:26:31.510 align:start position:0%
this star at all. It will likely only
exist<00:26:28.960><c> for</c><00:26:29.200><c> 3</c><00:26:29.600><c> million</c><00:26:30.000><c> years,</c><00:26:30.720><c> the</c><00:26:31.039><c> blink</c><00:26:31.360><c> of</c>

00:26:31.510 --> 00:26:31.520 align:start position:0%
exist for 3 million years, the blink of
 

00:26:31.520 --> 00:26:34.630 align:start position:0%
exist for 3 million years, the blink of
a<00:26:31.679><c> cosmic</c><00:26:32.159><c> eye.</c><00:26:33.120><c> But</c><00:26:33.279><c> this</c><00:26:33.600><c> still</c><00:26:34.000><c> isn't</c><00:26:34.400><c> the</c>

00:26:34.630 --> 00:26:34.640 align:start position:0%
a cosmic eye. But this still isn't the
 

00:26:34.640 --> 00:26:37.430 align:start position:0%
a cosmic eye. But this still isn't the
universe's<00:26:35.279><c> largest</c><00:26:35.679><c> star.</c><00:26:36.400><c> Not</c><00:26:36.559><c> by</c><00:26:36.880><c> radius,</c>

00:26:37.430 --> 00:26:37.440 align:start position:0%
universe's largest star. Not by radius,
 

00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:39.590 align:start position:0%
universe's largest star. Not by radius,
at least.<00:26:38.400><c> Because</c><00:26:38.720><c> although</c><00:26:39.120><c> it</c><00:26:39.440><c> is</c>

00:26:39.590 --> 00:26:39.600 align:start position:0%
at least. Because although it is
 

00:26:39.600 --> 00:26:42.149 align:start position:0%
at least. Because although it is
certainly<00:26:40.000><c> one</c><00:26:40.159><c> of</c><00:26:40.240><c> the</c><00:26:40.480><c> most</c><00:26:40.799><c> massive,</c><00:26:41.919><c> there</c>

00:26:42.149 --> 00:26:42.159 align:start position:0%
certainly one of the most massive, there
 

00:26:42.159 --> 00:26:45.350 align:start position:0%
certainly one of the most massive, there
are<00:26:42.559><c> far</c><00:26:42.960><c> less</c><00:26:43.360><c> massive</c><00:26:43.760><c> stars</c><00:26:44.559><c> that</c><00:26:44.799><c> grow</c>

00:26:45.350 --> 00:26:45.360 align:start position:0%
are far less massive stars that grow
 

00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:47.430 align:start position:0%
are far less massive stars that grow
much<00:26:45.760><c> larger.</c>

00:26:47.430 --> 00:26:47.440 align:start position:0%
much larger.
 

00:26:47.440 --> 00:26:51.350 align:start position:0%
much larger.
How?<00:26:48.480><c> It</c><00:26:48.799><c> turns</c><00:26:49.039><c> out</c><00:26:49.600><c> the</c><00:26:49.919><c> very</c><00:26:50.320><c> largest</c><00:26:50.720><c> stars</c>

00:26:51.350 --> 00:26:51.360 align:start position:0%
How? It turns out the very largest stars
 

00:26:51.360 --> 00:26:54.549 align:start position:0%
How? It turns out the very largest stars
have<00:26:51.600><c> a</c><00:26:51.919><c> trick</c><00:26:52.240><c> up</c><00:26:52.480><c> their</c><00:26:52.640><c> sleeves</c><00:26:53.600><c> or</c><00:26:53.840><c> rather</c>

00:26:54.549 --> 00:26:54.559 align:start position:0%
have a trick up their sleeves or rather
 

00:26:54.559 --> 00:26:57.350 align:start position:0%
have a trick up their sleeves or rather
in<00:26:54.799><c> their</c><00:26:55.039><c> shells.</c>

00:26:57.350 --> 00:26:57.360 align:start position:0%
in their shells.
 

00:26:57.360 --> 00:26:59.669 align:start position:0%
in their shells.
So<00:26:57.679><c> far</c><00:26:58.000><c> we</c><00:26:58.240><c> have</c><00:26:58.400><c> focused</c><00:26:58.720><c> on</c><00:26:58.960><c> main</c><00:26:59.279><c> sequence</c>

00:26:59.669 --> 00:26:59.679 align:start position:0%
So far we have focused on main sequence
 

00:26:59.679 --> 00:27:02.070 align:start position:0%
So far we have focused on main sequence
stars,<00:27:00.400><c> those</c><00:27:00.720><c> burning</c><00:27:01.120><c> hydrogen</c><00:27:01.679><c> in</c><00:27:01.919><c> their</c>

00:27:02.070 --> 00:27:02.080 align:start position:0%
stars, those burning hydrogen in their
 

00:27:02.080 --> 00:27:05.430 align:start position:0%
stars, those burning hydrogen in their
core.<00:27:03.120><c> However,</c><00:27:03.840><c> as</c><00:27:04.159><c> a</c><00:27:04.320><c> star</c><00:27:04.640><c> dies,</c>

00:27:05.430 --> 00:27:05.440 align:start position:0%
core. However, as a star dies,
 

00:27:05.440 --> 00:27:08.549 align:start position:0%
core. However, as a star dies,
eventually<00:27:06.240><c> that</c><00:27:06.559><c> hydrogen</c><00:27:07.120><c> will</c><00:27:07.440><c> run</c><00:27:07.679><c> out.</c>

00:27:08.549 --> 00:27:08.559 align:start position:0%
eventually that hydrogen will run out.
 

00:27:08.559 --> 00:27:10.470 align:start position:0%
eventually that hydrogen will run out.
And<00:27:08.720><c> without</c><00:27:09.039><c> the</c><00:27:09.279><c> explosive</c><00:27:09.919><c> energy</c><00:27:10.240><c> of</c>

00:27:10.470 --> 00:27:10.480 align:start position:0%
And without the explosive energy of
 

00:27:10.480 --> 00:27:13.190 align:start position:0%
And without the explosive energy of
fusion<00:27:10.880><c> to</c><00:27:11.120><c> keep</c><00:27:11.279><c> it</c><00:27:11.520><c> stable,</c><00:27:12.400><c> a</c><00:27:12.720><c> star's</c>

00:27:13.190 --> 00:27:13.200 align:start position:0%
fusion to keep it stable, a star's
 

00:27:13.200 --> 00:27:16.230 align:start position:0%
fusion to keep it stable, a star's
intense<00:27:13.760><c> gravity</c><00:27:14.480><c> causes</c><00:27:14.960><c> its</c><00:27:15.279><c> core</c><00:27:15.679><c> to</c><00:27:15.919><c> start</c>

00:27:16.230 --> 00:27:16.240 align:start position:0%
intense gravity causes its core to start
 

00:27:16.240 --> 00:27:19.669 align:start position:0%
intense gravity causes its core to start
collapsing.<00:27:17.679><c> With</c><00:27:18.000><c> this</c><00:27:18.400><c> comes</c><00:27:18.880><c> even</c><00:27:19.200><c> greater</c>

00:27:19.669 --> 00:27:19.679 align:start position:0%
collapsing. With this comes even greater
 

00:27:19.679 --> 00:27:22.630 align:start position:0%
collapsing. With this comes even greater
pressure,<00:27:20.480><c> which</c><00:27:20.880><c> once</c><00:27:21.200><c> again</c><00:27:22.000><c> turns</c><00:27:22.240><c> up</c><00:27:22.400><c> the</c>

00:27:22.630 --> 00:27:22.640 align:start position:0%
pressure, which once again turns up the
 

00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:25.669 align:start position:0%
pressure, which once again turns up the
heat<00:27:22.799><c> in</c><00:27:22.960><c> the</c><00:27:23.120><c> core.</c><00:27:24.559><c> Eventually,</c><00:27:25.120><c> the</c><00:27:25.279><c> core</c>

00:27:25.669 --> 00:27:25.679 align:start position:0%
heat in the core. Eventually, the core
 

00:27:25.679 --> 00:27:28.149 align:start position:0%
heat in the core. Eventually, the core
becomes<00:27:26.000><c> hot</c><00:27:26.240><c> enough</c><00:27:26.480><c> to</c><00:27:26.720><c> kickstart</c><00:27:27.520><c> helium</c>

00:27:28.149 --> 00:27:28.159 align:start position:0%
becomes hot enough to kickstart helium
 

00:27:28.159 --> 00:27:30.630 align:start position:0%
becomes hot enough to kickstart helium
fusion,<00:27:28.960><c> causing</c><00:27:29.360><c> the</c><00:27:29.520><c> star</c><00:27:29.760><c> to</c><00:27:30.000><c> enter</c><00:27:30.320><c> an</c>

00:27:30.630 --> 00:27:30.640 align:start position:0%
fusion, causing the star to enter an
 

00:27:30.640 --> 00:27:33.990 align:start position:0%
fusion, causing the star to enter an
entirely<00:27:31.279><c> new</c><00:27:31.600><c> phase</c><00:27:31.919><c> of</c><00:27:32.159><c> life.</c><00:27:33.600><c> But</c><00:27:33.760><c> this</c>

00:27:33.990 --> 00:27:34.000 align:start position:0%
entirely new phase of life. But this
 

00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:36.070 align:start position:0%
entirely new phase of life. But this
heat<00:27:34.240><c> is</c><00:27:34.480><c> also</c><00:27:34.720><c> enough</c><00:27:35.039><c> to</c><00:27:35.200><c> warm</c><00:27:35.520><c> the</c><00:27:35.760><c> outer</c>

00:27:36.070 --> 00:27:36.080 align:start position:0%
heat is also enough to warm the outer
 

00:27:36.080 --> 00:27:38.710 align:start position:0%
heat is also enough to warm the outer
shells<00:27:36.400><c> of</c><00:27:36.559><c> a</c><00:27:36.799><c> star.</c><00:27:38.000><c> They</c><00:27:38.240><c> can</c><00:27:38.400><c> reach</c>

00:27:38.710 --> 00:27:38.720 align:start position:0%
shells of a star. They can reach
 

00:27:38.720 --> 00:27:40.870 align:start position:0%
shells of a star. They can reach
temperatures<00:27:39.200><c> that</c><00:27:39.520><c> used</c><00:27:39.760><c> to</c><00:27:40.000><c> only</c><00:27:40.320><c> exist</c><00:27:40.640><c> at</c>

00:27:40.870 --> 00:27:40.880 align:start position:0%
temperatures that used to only exist at
 

00:27:40.880 --> 00:27:44.149 align:start position:0%
temperatures that used to only exist at
the<00:27:41.120><c> center.</c><00:27:42.000><c> And</c><00:27:42.240><c> suddenly,</c><00:27:43.200><c> hydrogen</c><00:27:43.760><c> atoms</c>

00:27:44.149 --> 00:27:44.159 align:start position:0%
the center. And suddenly, hydrogen atoms
 

00:27:44.159 --> 00:27:46.950 align:start position:0%
the center. And suddenly, hydrogen atoms
in<00:27:44.400><c> the</c><00:27:44.559><c> outer</c><00:27:45.039><c> layers</c><00:27:45.520><c> are</c><00:27:45.840><c> also</c><00:27:46.320><c> able</c><00:27:46.720><c> to</c>

00:27:46.950 --> 00:27:46.960 align:start position:0%
in the outer layers are also able to
 

00:27:46.960 --> 00:27:50.149 align:start position:0%
in the outer layers are also able to
start<00:27:47.279><c> fusing.</c><00:27:48.640><c> This</c><00:27:48.960><c> causes</c><00:27:49.360><c> the</c><00:27:49.600><c> star</c><00:27:49.919><c> to</c>

00:27:50.149 --> 00:27:50.159 align:start position:0%
start fusing. This causes the star to
 

00:27:50.159 --> 00:27:53.830 align:start position:0%
start fusing. This causes the star to
expand<00:27:50.720><c> dramatically</c><00:27:51.840><c> as</c><00:27:52.080><c> it</c><00:27:52.320><c> becomes</c><00:27:52.799><c> a</c><00:27:53.200><c> red</c>

00:27:53.830 --> 00:27:53.840 align:start position:0%
expand dramatically as it becomes a red
 

00:27:53.840 --> 00:27:55.510 align:start position:0%
expand dramatically as it becomes a red
giant.

00:27:55.510 --> 00:27:55.520 align:start position:0%
giant.
 

00:27:55.520 --> 00:27:58.310 align:start position:0%
giant.
Our<00:27:55.840><c> sun's</c><00:27:56.159><c> radius</c><00:27:56.559><c> is</c><00:27:56.880><c> currently</c><00:27:57.440><c> 700,000</c>

00:27:58.310 --> 00:27:58.320 align:start position:0%
Our sun's radius is currently 700,000
 

00:27:58.320 --> 00:28:01.669 align:start position:0%
Our sun's radius is currently 700,000
km.<00:27:59.520><c> But</c><00:27:59.679><c> when</c><00:27:59.919><c> this</c><00:28:00.159><c> process</c><00:28:00.720><c> begins,</c><00:28:01.440><c> the</c>

00:28:01.669 --> 00:28:01.679 align:start position:0%
km. But when this process begins, the
 

00:28:01.679 --> 00:28:05.190 align:start position:0%
km. But when this process begins, the
sun<00:28:02.000><c> will</c><00:28:02.240><c> expand</c><00:28:02.640><c> to</c><00:28:02.880><c> a</c><00:28:03.120><c> diameter</c><00:28:03.600><c> of</c><00:28:04.159><c> 300</c>

00:28:05.190 --> 00:28:05.200 align:start position:0%
sun will expand to a diameter of 300
 

00:28:05.200 --> 00:28:07.750 align:start position:0%
sun will expand to a diameter of 300
million<00:28:05.760><c> km,</c><00:28:06.720><c> which</c><00:28:06.960><c> will</c><00:28:07.200><c> make</c><00:28:07.279><c> it</c><00:28:07.520><c> big</c>

00:28:07.750 --> 00:28:07.760 align:start position:0%
million km, which will make it big
 

00:28:07.760 --> 00:28:11.269 align:start position:0%
million km, which will make it big
enough<00:28:08.000><c> to</c><00:28:08.240><c> consume</c><00:28:09.120><c> Mercury,</c><00:28:10.080><c> Venus,</c><00:28:10.960><c> and</c>

00:28:11.269 --> 00:28:11.279 align:start position:0%
enough to consume Mercury, Venus, and
 

00:28:11.279 --> 00:28:14.389 align:start position:0%
enough to consume Mercury, Venus, and
possibly<00:28:11.919><c> even</c><00:28:12.240><c> the</c><00:28:12.480><c> Earth.</c><00:28:13.760><c> This</c><00:28:14.080><c> process</c>

00:28:14.389 --> 00:28:14.399 align:start position:0%
possibly even the Earth. This process
 

00:28:14.399 --> 00:28:18.070 align:start position:0%
possibly even the Earth. This process
can<00:28:14.640><c> take</c><00:28:14.880><c> place</c><00:28:15.039><c> in</c><00:28:15.360><c> stars</c><00:28:16.080><c> 0.8</c><00:28:16.720><c> 8</c><00:28:17.120><c> to</c><00:28:17.440><c> 8</c><00:28:17.760><c> times</c>

00:28:18.070 --> 00:28:18.080 align:start position:0%
can take place in stars 0.8 8 to 8 times
 

00:28:18.080 --> 00:28:20.870 align:start position:0%
can take place in stars 0.8 8 to 8 times
the<00:28:18.320><c> mass</c><00:28:18.480><c> of</c><00:28:18.640><c> the</c><00:28:18.799><c> sun.</c><00:28:20.080><c> A</c><00:28:20.320><c> current</c><00:28:20.559><c> example</c>

00:28:20.870 --> 00:28:20.880 align:start position:0%
the mass of the sun. A current example
 

00:28:20.880 --> 00:28:23.510 align:start position:0%
the mass of the sun. A current example
of<00:28:21.039><c> a</c><00:28:21.200><c> red</c><00:28:21.440><c> giant</c><00:28:21.760><c> is</c><00:28:22.000><c> the</c><00:28:22.240><c> fascinating</c><00:28:23.039><c> mirror</c>

00:28:23.510 --> 00:28:23.520 align:start position:0%
of a red giant is the fascinating mirror
 

00:28:23.520 --> 00:28:25.750 align:start position:0%
of a red giant is the fascinating mirror
A,<00:28:24.159><c> which</c><00:28:24.480><c> is</c><00:28:24.640><c> part</c><00:28:24.880><c> of</c><00:28:25.039><c> the</c><00:28:25.200><c> Sus</c>

00:28:25.750 --> 00:28:25.760 align:start position:0%
A, which is part of the Sus
 

00:28:25.760 --> 00:28:27.430 align:start position:0%
A, which is part of the Sus
constellation.

00:28:27.430 --> 00:28:27.440 align:start position:0%
constellation.
 

00:28:27.440 --> 00:28:30.710 align:start position:0%
constellation.
It's<00:28:27.760><c> only</c><00:28:28.000><c> between</c><00:28:28.640><c> 1</c><00:28:29.039><c> and</c><00:28:29.360><c> 1.2</c><00:28:30.159><c> times</c><00:28:30.480><c> as</c>

00:28:30.710 --> 00:28:30.720 align:start position:0%
It's only between 1 and 1.2 times as
 

00:28:30.720 --> 00:28:33.750 align:start position:0%
It's only between 1 and 1.2 times as
massive<00:28:30.960><c> as</c><00:28:31.200><c> our</c><00:28:31.520><c> star,</c><00:28:32.320><c> and</c><00:28:32.559><c> yet</c><00:28:32.880><c> its</c><00:28:33.200><c> radius</c>

00:28:33.750 --> 00:28:33.760 align:start position:0%
massive as our star, and yet its radius
 

00:28:33.760 --> 00:28:38.070 align:start position:0%
massive as our star, and yet its radius
is<00:28:34.000><c> at</c><00:28:34.159><c> least</c><00:28:34.799><c> 332</c><00:28:36.159><c> times</c><00:28:36.559><c> bigger.</c><00:28:37.679><c> And</c><00:28:37.919><c> this</c>

00:28:38.070 --> 00:28:38.080 align:start position:0%
is at least 332 times bigger. And this
 

00:28:38.080 --> 00:28:41.590 align:start position:0%
is at least 332 times bigger. And this
is<00:28:38.240><c> just</c><00:28:38.480><c> the</c><00:28:38.720><c> baseline.</c><00:28:40.159><c> Mirror</c><00:28:40.640><c> A</c><00:28:41.039><c> pulses</c>

00:28:41.590 --> 00:28:41.600 align:start position:0%
is just the baseline. Mirror A pulses
 

00:28:41.600 --> 00:28:45.029 align:start position:0%
is just the baseline. Mirror A pulses
over<00:28:41.840><c> the</c><00:28:42.080><c> course</c><00:28:42.320><c> of</c><00:28:42.559><c> various</c><00:28:43.279><c> 80</c><00:28:43.760><c> to</c><00:28:44.399><c> 1,000</c>

00:28:45.029 --> 00:28:45.039 align:start position:0%
over the course of various 80 to 1,000
 

00:28:45.039 --> 00:28:47.990 align:start position:0%
over the course of various 80 to 1,000
day<00:28:45.279><c> cycles.</c><00:28:46.159><c> When</c><00:28:46.399><c> those</c><00:28:46.640><c> cycles</c><00:28:47.039><c> align,</c>

00:28:47.990 --> 00:28:48.000 align:start position:0%
day cycles. When those cycles align,
 

00:28:48.000 --> 00:28:50.789 align:start position:0%
day cycles. When those cycles align,
mirror<00:28:48.559><c> physically</c><00:28:49.279><c> puffs</c><00:28:49.760><c> up.</c><00:28:50.399><c> So,</c><00:28:50.559><c> its</c>

00:28:50.789 --> 00:28:50.799 align:start position:0%
mirror physically puffs up. So, its
 

00:28:50.799 --> 00:28:53.830 align:start position:0%
mirror physically puffs up. So, its
maximum<00:28:51.279><c> radius</c><00:28:51.840><c> is</c><00:28:52.159><c> actually</c><00:28:52.640><c> much</c><00:28:53.039><c> larger.</c>

00:28:53.830 --> 00:28:53.840 align:start position:0%
maximum radius is actually much larger.
 

00:28:53.840 --> 00:28:57.110 align:start position:0%
maximum radius is actually much larger.
It<00:28:54.000><c> can</c><00:28:54.159><c> reach</c><00:28:54.559><c> around</c><00:28:55.279><c> 402</c><00:28:56.399><c> times</c><00:28:56.720><c> that</c><00:28:56.960><c> of</c>

00:28:57.110 --> 00:28:57.120 align:start position:0%
It can reach around 402 times that of
 

00:28:57.120 --> 00:29:00.870 align:start position:0%
It can reach around 402 times that of
our<00:28:57.440><c> sun.</c><00:28:58.640><c> But</c><00:28:58.799><c> even</c><00:28:59.120><c> a</c><00:28:59.279><c> red</c><00:28:59.520><c> giant</c><00:29:00.240><c> isn't</c><00:29:00.640><c> the</c>

00:29:00.870 --> 00:29:00.880 align:start position:0%
our sun. But even a red giant isn't the
 

00:29:00.880 --> 00:29:03.909 align:start position:0%
our sun. But even a red giant isn't the
biggest<00:29:01.279><c> type</c><00:29:01.520><c> of</c><00:29:01.760><c> star.</c><00:29:02.880><c> When</c><00:29:03.120><c> you</c><00:29:03.360><c> get</c><00:29:03.600><c> to</c>

00:29:03.909 --> 00:29:03.919 align:start position:0%
biggest type of star. When you get to
 

00:29:03.919 --> 00:29:06.230 align:start position:0%
biggest type of star. When you get to
eight<00:29:04.320><c> solar</c><00:29:04.720><c> masses,</c><00:29:05.760><c> another</c>

00:29:06.230 --> 00:29:06.240 align:start position:0%
eight solar masses, another
 

00:29:06.240 --> 00:29:09.669 align:start position:0%
eight solar masses, another
classification<00:29:06.960><c> appears.</c><00:29:08.159><c> One</c><00:29:08.640><c> that's</c><00:29:09.200><c> even</c>

00:29:09.669 --> 00:29:09.679 align:start position:0%
classification appears. One that's even
 

00:29:09.679 --> 00:29:14.310 align:start position:0%
classification appears. One that's even
bigger.<00:29:11.120><c> The</c><00:29:11.360><c> red</c><00:29:12.080><c> super</c><00:29:12.480><c> giant.</c>

00:29:14.310 --> 00:29:14.320 align:start position:0%
bigger. The red super giant.
 

00:29:14.320 --> 00:29:17.669 align:start position:0%
bigger. The red super giant.
Towering,<00:29:15.520><c> mighty,</c><00:29:16.480><c> vastly</c><00:29:17.120><c> larger</c><00:29:17.440><c> than</c>

00:29:17.669 --> 00:29:17.679 align:start position:0%
Towering, mighty, vastly larger than
 

00:29:17.679 --> 00:29:20.149 align:start position:0%
Towering, mighty, vastly larger than
their<00:29:17.919><c> smaller</c><00:29:18.320><c> cousins,</c><00:29:18.960><c> but</c><00:29:19.279><c> also</c><00:29:19.679><c> doomed</c>

00:29:20.149 --> 00:29:20.159 align:start position:0%
their smaller cousins, but also doomed
 

00:29:20.159 --> 00:29:23.110 align:start position:0%
their smaller cousins, but also doomed
to<00:29:20.399><c> a</c><00:29:20.559><c> tragic</c><00:29:21.039><c> end.</c><00:29:22.000><c> These</c><00:29:22.320><c> monsters</c><00:29:22.799><c> of</c><00:29:22.960><c> the</c>

00:29:23.110 --> 00:29:23.120 align:start position:0%
to a tragic end. These monsters of the
 

00:29:23.120 --> 00:29:25.430 align:start position:0%
to a tragic end. These monsters of the
universe<00:29:23.520><c> will</c><00:29:23.840><c> end</c><00:29:24.159><c> their</c><00:29:24.399><c> lives</c><00:29:24.880><c> in</c><00:29:25.120><c> an</c>

00:29:25.430 --> 00:29:25.440 align:start position:0%
universe will end their lives in an
 

00:29:25.440 --> 00:29:27.990 align:start position:0%
universe will end their lives in an
explosive<00:29:26.240><c> supernova.</c>

00:29:27.990 --> 00:29:28.000 align:start position:0%
explosive supernova.
 

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:29.990 align:start position:0%
explosive supernova.
But<00:29:28.320><c> we're</c><00:29:28.720><c> interested</c><00:29:29.120><c> in</c><00:29:29.360><c> the</c><00:29:29.600><c> moments</c>

00:29:29.990 --> 00:29:30.000 align:start position:0%
But we're interested in the moments
 

00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:32.630 align:start position:0%
But we're interested in the moments
before<00:29:30.320><c> that</c><00:29:30.960><c> when</c><00:29:31.279><c> they</c><00:29:31.520><c> swell</c><00:29:31.919><c> to</c><00:29:32.080><c> become</c>

00:29:32.630 --> 00:29:32.640 align:start position:0%
before that when they swell to become
 

00:29:32.640 --> 00:29:34.950 align:start position:0%
before that when they swell to become
the<00:29:32.960><c> largest</c><00:29:33.360><c> stars</c><00:29:33.919><c> we</c><00:29:34.240><c> see</c><00:29:34.559><c> in</c><00:29:34.799><c> the</c>

00:29:34.950 --> 00:29:34.960 align:start position:0%
the largest stars we see in the
 

00:29:34.960 --> 00:29:38.310 align:start position:0%
the largest stars we see in the
universe.<00:29:36.240><c> Beetlejuice</c><00:29:37.200><c> is</c><00:29:37.520><c> one</c><00:29:37.679><c> of</c><00:29:37.840><c> them</c>

00:29:38.310 --> 00:29:38.320 align:start position:0%
universe. Beetlejuice is one of them
 

00:29:38.320 --> 00:29:42.470 align:start position:0%
universe. Beetlejuice is one of them
with<00:29:38.480><c> a</c><00:29:38.720><c> diameter</c><00:29:39.279><c> of</c><00:29:39.679><c> 1.2</c><00:29:40.240><c> 2</c><00:29:40.880><c> billion</c><00:29:41.440><c> km,</c>

00:29:42.470 --> 00:29:42.480 align:start position:0%
with a diameter of 1.2 2 billion km,
 

00:29:42.480 --> 00:29:45.430 align:start position:0%
with a diameter of 1.2 2 billion km,
making<00:29:42.799><c> it</c><00:29:43.120><c> more</c><00:29:43.360><c> than</c><00:29:43.840><c> 700</c><00:29:44.480><c> times</c><00:29:44.880><c> the</c><00:29:45.200><c> size</c>

00:29:45.430 --> 00:29:45.440 align:start position:0%
making it more than 700 times the size
 

00:29:45.440 --> 00:29:48.070 align:start position:0%
making it more than 700 times the size
of<00:29:45.600><c> the</c><00:29:45.760><c> sun.</c><00:29:46.799><c> If</c><00:29:47.039><c> it</c><00:29:47.200><c> was</c><00:29:47.440><c> at</c><00:29:47.600><c> the</c><00:29:47.760><c> center</c><00:29:47.919><c> of</c>

00:29:48.070 --> 00:29:48.080 align:start position:0%
of the sun. If it was at the center of
 

00:29:48.080 --> 00:29:51.029 align:start position:0%
of the sun. If it was at the center of
our<00:29:48.399><c> solar</c><00:29:48.720><c> system,</c><00:29:49.679><c> all</c><00:29:50.080><c> the</c><00:29:50.320><c> rocky</c><00:29:50.720><c> inner</c>

00:29:51.029 --> 00:29:51.039 align:start position:0%
our solar system, all the rocky inner
 

00:29:51.039 --> 00:29:53.750 align:start position:0%
our solar system, all the rocky inner
planets<00:29:51.440><c> would</c><00:29:51.600><c> be</c><00:29:51.679><c> engulfed.</c><00:29:52.799><c> Even</c><00:29:53.200><c> Jupiter</c>

00:29:53.750 --> 00:29:53.760 align:start position:0%
planets would be engulfed. Even Jupiter
 

00:29:53.760 --> 00:29:56.710 align:start position:0%
planets would be engulfed. Even Jupiter
wouldn't<00:29:54.080><c> escape.</c><00:29:55.200><c> Now,</c><00:29:55.600><c> these</c><00:29:55.919><c> super</c><00:29:56.240><c> giants</c>

00:29:56.710 --> 00:29:56.720 align:start position:0%
wouldn't escape. Now, these super giants
 

00:29:56.720 --> 00:29:59.909 align:start position:0%
wouldn't escape. Now, these super giants
are<00:29:57.039><c> violent</c><00:29:57.600><c> beasts.</c><00:29:58.640><c> In</c><00:29:58.880><c> the</c><00:29:59.120><c> last</c><00:29:59.520><c> throws</c>

00:29:59.909 --> 00:29:59.919 align:start position:0%
are violent beasts. In the last throws
 

00:29:59.919 --> 00:30:02.710 align:start position:0%
are violent beasts. In the last throws
of<00:30:00.080><c> their</c><00:30:00.320><c> life,</c><00:30:00.880><c> they</c><00:30:01.200><c> pulse</c><00:30:01.760><c> and</c><00:30:02.080><c> throw</c><00:30:02.399><c> out</c>

00:30:02.710 --> 00:30:02.720 align:start position:0%
of their life, they pulse and throw out
 

00:30:02.720 --> 00:30:05.110 align:start position:0%
of their life, they pulse and throw out
huge<00:30:03.200><c> amounts</c><00:30:03.520><c> of</c><00:30:03.679><c> material,</c><00:30:04.399><c> which</c><00:30:04.720><c> makes</c><00:30:04.880><c> it</c>

00:30:05.110 --> 00:30:05.120 align:start position:0%
huge amounts of material, which makes it
 

00:30:05.120 --> 00:30:07.110 align:start position:0%
huge amounts of material, which makes it
difficult<00:30:05.440><c> to</c><00:30:05.600><c> determine</c><00:30:06.159><c> where</c><00:30:06.480><c> the</c><00:30:06.720><c> edge</c><00:30:06.960><c> of</c>

00:30:07.110 --> 00:30:07.120 align:start position:0%
difficult to determine where the edge of
 

00:30:07.120 --> 00:30:10.630 align:start position:0%
difficult to determine where the edge of
the<00:30:07.279><c> star</c><00:30:07.600><c> ends,</c><00:30:08.320><c> and</c><00:30:08.720><c> space</c><00:30:09.120><c> begins.</c><00:30:10.320><c> But</c>

00:30:10.630 --> 00:30:10.640 align:start position:0%
the star ends, and space begins. But
 

00:30:10.640 --> 00:30:13.430 align:start position:0%
the star ends, and space begins. But
despite<00:30:11.120><c> its</c><00:30:11.360><c> enormous</c><00:30:11.919><c> size,</c><00:30:12.559><c> we</c><00:30:12.799><c> know</c><00:30:13.039><c> even</c>

00:30:13.430 --> 00:30:13.440 align:start position:0%
despite its enormous size, we know even
 

00:30:13.440 --> 00:30:15.830 align:start position:0%
despite its enormous size, we know even
Beetlejuice<00:30:14.159><c> isn't</c><00:30:14.559><c> the</c><00:30:14.799><c> largest</c><00:30:15.200><c> star</c><00:30:15.600><c> out</c>

00:30:15.830 --> 00:30:15.840 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice isn't the largest star out
 

00:30:15.840 --> 00:30:19.590 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice isn't the largest star out
there.<00:30:17.200><c> There</c><00:30:17.360><c> is</c><00:30:17.600><c> one</c><00:30:17.919><c> other</c><00:30:18.320><c> candidate,</c><00:30:19.279><c> and</c>

00:30:19.590 --> 00:30:19.600 align:start position:0%
there. There is one other candidate, and
 

00:30:19.600 --> 00:30:21.669 align:start position:0%
there. There is one other candidate, and
as<00:30:19.840><c> I</c><00:30:20.000><c> hinted</c><00:30:20.399><c> at</c><00:30:20.640><c> at</c><00:30:20.880><c> the</c><00:30:21.039><c> beginning</c><00:30:21.200><c> of</c><00:30:21.440><c> this</c>

00:30:21.669 --> 00:30:21.679 align:start position:0%
as I hinted at at the beginning of this
 

00:30:21.679 --> 00:30:24.710 align:start position:0%
as I hinted at at the beginning of this
video,<00:30:22.480><c> it</c><00:30:22.799><c> lurks</c><00:30:23.360><c> in</c><00:30:23.679><c> the</c><00:30:23.840><c> constellation</c>

00:30:24.710 --> 00:30:24.720 align:start position:0%
video, it lurks in the constellation
 

00:30:24.720 --> 00:30:26.549 align:start position:0%
video, it lurks in the constellation
Scutum.

00:30:26.549 --> 00:30:26.559 align:start position:0%
Scutum.
 

00:30:26.559 --> 00:30:33.430 align:start position:0%
Scutum.
This<00:30:27.200><c> is</c><00:30:27.919><c> Uy</c><00:30:28.880><c> Scooty</c><00:30:30.159><c> and</c><00:30:30.399><c> it</c><00:30:30.720><c> is</c><00:30:31.520><c> colossal.</c>

00:30:33.430 --> 00:30:33.440 align:start position:0%
This is Uy Scooty and it is colossal.
 

00:30:33.440 --> 00:30:37.830 align:start position:0%
This is Uy Scooty and it is colossal.
So<00:30:33.760><c> vast</c><00:30:34.559><c> that</c><00:30:35.039><c> 5</c><00:30:35.600><c> billion</c><00:30:36.399><c> suns</c><00:30:37.279><c> could</c><00:30:37.520><c> fit</c>

00:30:37.830 --> 00:30:37.840 align:start position:0%
So vast that 5 billion suns could fit
 

00:30:37.840 --> 00:30:41.590 align:start position:0%
So vast that 5 billion suns could fit
within<00:30:38.159><c> it.</c><00:30:39.520><c> Surprisingly,</c><00:30:40.399><c> it's</c><00:30:41.039><c> not</c><00:30:41.279><c> very</c>

00:30:41.590 --> 00:30:41.600 align:start position:0%
within it. Surprisingly, it's not very
 

00:30:41.600 --> 00:30:44.950 align:start position:0%
within it. Surprisingly, it's not very
hot.<00:30:42.399><c> In</c><00:30:42.559><c> fact,</c><00:30:42.880><c> it's</c><00:30:43.360><c> 40%</c><00:30:44.159><c> cooler</c><00:30:44.640><c> than</c><00:30:44.799><c> the</c>

00:30:44.950 --> 00:30:44.960 align:start position:0%
hot. In fact, it's 40% cooler than the
 

00:30:44.960 --> 00:30:49.830 align:start position:0%
hot. In fact, it's 40% cooler than the
sun<00:30:45.600><c> and</c><00:30:45.919><c> glows</c><00:30:46.399><c> a</c><00:30:46.720><c> somber</c><00:30:47.279><c> red.</c><00:30:48.399><c> Another</c><00:30:49.200><c> red</c>

00:30:49.830 --> 00:30:49.840 align:start position:0%
sun and glows a somber red. Another red
 

00:30:49.840 --> 00:30:52.149 align:start position:0%
sun and glows a somber red. Another red
super<00:30:50.240><c> giant.</c>

00:30:52.149 --> 00:30:52.159 align:start position:0%
super giant.
 

00:30:52.159 --> 00:30:54.389 align:start position:0%
super giant.
Because<00:30:52.480><c> of</c><00:30:52.640><c> its</c><00:30:52.880><c> vast</c><00:30:53.279><c> distance</c><00:30:53.760><c> and</c><00:30:54.080><c> low</c>

00:30:54.389 --> 00:30:54.399 align:start position:0%
Because of its vast distance and low
 

00:30:54.399 --> 00:30:58.070 align:start position:0%
Because of its vast distance and low
temperature,<00:30:55.520><c> UI</c><00:30:56.159><c> Scooty</c><00:30:56.960><c> is</c><00:30:57.279><c> not</c><00:30:57.679><c> actually</c>

00:30:58.070 --> 00:30:58.080 align:start position:0%
temperature, UI Scooty is not actually
 

00:30:58.080 --> 00:31:00.470 align:start position:0%
temperature, UI Scooty is not actually
visible<00:30:58.480><c> to</c><00:30:58.640><c> the</c><00:30:58.799><c> naked</c><00:30:59.120><c> eye.</c><00:30:59.919><c> You</c><00:31:00.159><c> need</c>

00:31:00.470 --> 00:31:00.480 align:start position:0%
visible to the naked eye. You need
 

00:31:00.480 --> 00:31:02.870 align:start position:0%
visible to the naked eye. You need
powerful<00:31:01.039><c> binoculars</c><00:31:01.600><c> or</c><00:31:01.840><c> a</c><00:31:02.080><c> small</c><00:31:02.320><c> telescope</c>

00:31:02.870 --> 00:31:02.880 align:start position:0%
powerful binoculars or a small telescope
 

00:31:02.880 --> 00:31:04.870 align:start position:0%
powerful binoculars or a small telescope
to<00:31:03.039><c> spot</c><00:31:03.360><c> it.</c>

00:31:04.870 --> 00:31:04.880 align:start position:0%
to spot it.
 

00:31:04.880 --> 00:31:07.590 align:start position:0%
to spot it.
At<00:31:05.120><c> a</c><00:31:05.279><c> distance</c><00:31:05.679><c> of</c><00:31:06.080><c> 5</c><00:31:06.480><c> to</c><00:31:06.720><c> 10,000</c><00:31:07.360><c> lighty</c>

00:31:07.590 --> 00:31:07.600 align:start position:0%
At a distance of 5 to 10,000 lighty
 

00:31:07.600 --> 00:31:09.990 align:start position:0%
At a distance of 5 to 10,000 lighty
years,<00:31:08.240><c> there</c><00:31:08.399><c> is</c><00:31:08.640><c> some</c><00:31:08.880><c> uncertainty</c><00:31:09.600><c> about</c>

00:31:09.990 --> 00:31:10.000 align:start position:0%
years, there is some uncertainty about
 

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:13.269 align:start position:0%
years, there is some uncertainty about
UY<00:31:10.640><c> Scooty's</c><00:31:11.200><c> true</c><00:31:11.600><c> size</c><00:31:12.399><c> with</c><00:31:12.640><c> many</c><00:31:13.039><c> other</c>

00:31:13.269 --> 00:31:13.279 align:start position:0%
UY Scooty's true size with many other
 

00:31:13.279 --> 00:31:15.669 align:start position:0%
UY Scooty's true size with many other
candidates<00:31:13.840><c> vying</c><00:31:14.320><c> for</c><00:31:14.559><c> the</c><00:31:14.720><c> title</c><00:31:15.120><c> of</c>

00:31:15.669 --> 00:31:15.679 align:start position:0%
candidates vying for the title of
 

00:31:15.679 --> 00:31:18.070 align:start position:0%
candidates vying for the title of
largest<00:31:16.080><c> known</c><00:31:16.480><c> star.</c>

00:31:18.070 --> 00:31:18.080 align:start position:0%
largest known star.
 

00:31:18.080 --> 00:31:20.470 align:start position:0%
largest known star.
But<00:31:18.320><c> UI</c><00:31:18.880><c> Scooty</c><00:31:19.360><c> won't</c><00:31:19.600><c> be</c><00:31:19.760><c> around</c><00:31:20.000><c> for</c><00:31:20.240><c> much</c>

00:31:20.470 --> 00:31:20.480 align:start position:0%
But UI Scooty won't be around for much
 

00:31:20.480 --> 00:31:23.510 align:start position:0%
But UI Scooty won't be around for much
longer.<00:31:21.360><c> It's</c><00:31:21.679><c> already</c><00:31:22.159><c> 10</c><00:31:22.480><c> to</c><00:31:22.799><c> 20</c><00:31:23.120><c> million</c>

00:31:23.510 --> 00:31:23.520 align:start position:0%
longer. It's already 10 to 20 million
 

00:31:23.520 --> 00:31:26.470 align:start position:0%
longer. It's already 10 to 20 million
years<00:31:23.760><c> old</c><00:31:24.240><c> and</c><00:31:24.559><c> may</c><00:31:24.880><c> now</c><00:31:25.360><c> only</c><00:31:25.760><c> have</c><00:31:26.000><c> a</c><00:31:26.240><c> few</c>

00:31:26.470 --> 00:31:26.480 align:start position:0%
years old and may now only have a few
 

00:31:26.480 --> 00:31:29.350 align:start position:0%
years old and may now only have a few
million<00:31:26.880><c> years</c><00:31:27.200><c> left</c><00:31:27.440><c> on</c><00:31:27.679><c> the</c><00:31:27.840><c> clock.</c><00:31:29.039><c> Within</c>

00:31:29.350 --> 00:31:29.360 align:start position:0%
million years left on the clock. Within
 

00:31:29.360 --> 00:31:32.070 align:start position:0%
million years left on the clock. Within
that<00:31:29.679><c> time,</c><00:31:30.000><c> it</c><00:31:30.240><c> may</c><00:31:30.480><c> even</c><00:31:30.799><c> get</c><00:31:31.120><c> smaller,</c>

00:31:32.070 --> 00:31:32.080 align:start position:0%
that time, it may even get smaller,
 

00:31:32.080 --> 00:31:35.430 align:start position:0%
that time, it may even get smaller,
transforming<00:31:32.720><c> into</c><00:31:33.120><c> a</c><00:31:33.440><c> yellow</c><00:31:33.919><c> hyper</c><00:31:34.399><c> giant.</c>

00:31:35.430 --> 00:31:35.440 align:start position:0%
transforming into a yellow hyper giant.
 

00:31:35.440 --> 00:31:38.310 align:start position:0%
transforming into a yellow hyper giant.
This<00:31:35.679><c> class</c><00:31:36.000><c> of</c><00:31:36.159><c> star</c><00:31:36.480><c> is</c><00:31:36.880><c> incredibly</c><00:31:37.600><c> bright.</c>

00:31:38.310 --> 00:31:38.320 align:start position:0%
This class of star is incredibly bright.
 

00:31:38.320 --> 00:31:40.310 align:start position:0%
This class of star is incredibly bright.
But<00:31:38.480><c> in</c><00:31:38.720><c> order</c><00:31:38.960><c> to</c><00:31:39.120><c> achieve</c><00:31:39.519><c> this,</c><00:31:39.919><c> it</c><00:31:40.080><c> would</c>

00:31:40.310 --> 00:31:40.320 align:start position:0%
But in order to achieve this, it would
 

00:31:40.320 --> 00:31:42.549 align:start position:0%
But in order to achieve this, it would
first<00:31:40.559><c> have</c><00:31:40.799><c> to</c><00:31:40.960><c> shed</c><00:31:41.200><c> its</c><00:31:41.440><c> outer</c><00:31:41.919><c> layers,</c>

00:31:42.549 --> 00:31:42.559 align:start position:0%
first have to shed its outer layers,
 

00:31:42.559 --> 00:31:45.509 align:start position:0%
first have to shed its outer layers,
becoming<00:31:43.039><c> even</c><00:31:43.360><c> hotter</c><00:31:44.000><c> to</c><00:31:44.240><c> sustain</c><00:31:44.640><c> the</c><00:31:44.960><c> last</c>

00:31:45.509 --> 00:31:45.519 align:start position:0%
becoming even hotter to sustain the last
 

00:31:45.519 --> 00:31:48.070 align:start position:0%
becoming even hotter to sustain the last
possible<00:31:46.000><c> fusion</c><00:31:46.480><c> reactions.</c>

00:31:48.070 --> 00:31:48.080 align:start position:0%
possible fusion reactions.
 

00:31:48.080 --> 00:31:50.310 align:start position:0%
possible fusion reactions.
Hyper<00:31:48.480><c> giants</c><00:31:48.880><c> are</c><00:31:49.039><c> capable</c><00:31:49.440><c> of</c><00:31:49.679><c> blowing</c><00:31:50.080><c> off</c>

00:31:50.310 --> 00:31:50.320 align:start position:0%
Hyper giants are capable of blowing off
 

00:31:50.320 --> 00:31:52.630 align:start position:0%
Hyper giants are capable of blowing off
the<00:31:50.480><c> mass</c><00:31:50.720><c> of</c><00:31:50.880><c> Jupiter</c><00:31:51.360><c> in</c><00:31:51.679><c> just</c><00:31:52.080><c> one</c>

00:31:52.630 --> 00:31:52.640 align:start position:0%
the mass of Jupiter in just one
 

00:31:52.640 --> 00:31:55.509 align:start position:0%
the mass of Jupiter in just one
explosive<00:31:53.279><c> burp,</c><00:31:54.159><c> and</c><00:31:54.399><c> they</c><00:31:54.720><c> have</c><00:31:55.120><c> lots</c><00:31:55.360><c> of</c>

00:31:55.509 --> 00:31:55.519 align:start position:0%
explosive burp, and they have lots of
 

00:31:55.519 --> 00:31:58.230 align:start position:0%
explosive burp, and they have lots of
them.<00:31:56.399><c> Filled</c><00:31:56.720><c> with</c><00:31:57.039><c> heavy</c><00:31:57.440><c> elements</c><00:31:57.919><c> like</c>

00:31:58.230 --> 00:31:58.240 align:start position:0%
them. Filled with heavy elements like
 

00:31:58.240 --> 00:32:00.870 align:start position:0%
them. Filled with heavy elements like
oxygen,<00:31:59.120><c> carbon,</c><00:31:59.519><c> and</c><00:31:59.760><c> nitrogen,</c><00:32:00.559><c> these</c>

00:32:00.870 --> 00:32:00.880 align:start position:0%
oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, these
 

00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:03.909 align:start position:0%
oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, these
ejected<00:32:01.360><c> materials</c><00:32:02.000><c> can</c><00:32:02.159><c> form</c><00:32:02.559><c> vast</c><00:32:03.120><c> clouds</c>

00:32:03.909 --> 00:32:03.919 align:start position:0%
ejected materials can form vast clouds
 

00:32:03.919 --> 00:32:07.110 align:start position:0%
ejected materials can form vast clouds
10,000<00:32:04.960><c> astronomical</c><00:32:05.760><c> units</c><00:32:06.080><c> in</c><00:32:06.320><c> length.</c>

00:32:07.110 --> 00:32:07.120 align:start position:0%
10,000 astronomical units in length.
 

00:32:07.120 --> 00:32:09.990 align:start position:0%
10,000 astronomical units in length.
That's<00:32:07.840><c> 300</c><00:32:08.559><c> times</c><00:32:08.960><c> the</c><00:32:09.279><c> distance</c><00:32:09.600><c> from</c><00:32:09.760><c> the</c>

00:32:09.990 --> 00:32:10.000 align:start position:0%
That's 300 times the distance from the
 

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:12.149 align:start position:0%
That's 300 times the distance from the
sun<00:32:10.240><c> to</c><00:32:10.559><c> Neptune.</c>

00:32:12.149 --> 00:32:12.159 align:start position:0%
sun to Neptune.
 

00:32:12.159 --> 00:32:14.389 align:start position:0%
sun to Neptune.
And<00:32:12.480><c> they</c><00:32:12.720><c> are</c><00:32:12.960><c> vital</c><00:32:13.440><c> to</c><00:32:13.600><c> the</c><00:32:13.840><c> universe's</c>

00:32:14.389 --> 00:32:14.399 align:start position:0%
And they are vital to the universe's
 

00:32:14.399 --> 00:32:17.750 align:start position:0%
And they are vital to the universe's
development.<00:32:15.600><c> These</c><00:32:16.000><c> swirling</c><00:32:16.720><c> expulsions</c>

00:32:17.750 --> 00:32:17.760 align:start position:0%
development. These swirling expulsions
 

00:32:17.760 --> 00:32:19.830 align:start position:0%
development. These swirling expulsions
mix<00:32:18.000><c> with</c><00:32:18.240><c> dust</c><00:32:18.559><c> clouds</c><00:32:18.960><c> and</c><00:32:19.200><c> material</c><00:32:19.600><c> from</c>

00:32:19.830 --> 00:32:19.840 align:start position:0%
mix with dust clouds and material from
 

00:32:19.840 --> 00:32:22.549 align:start position:0%
mix with dust clouds and material from
other<00:32:20.080><c> stars,</c><00:32:20.880><c> combining</c><00:32:21.440><c> to</c><00:32:21.679><c> create</c><00:32:22.080><c> stellar</c>

00:32:22.549 --> 00:32:22.559 align:start position:0%
other stars, combining to create stellar
 

00:32:22.559 --> 00:32:24.630 align:start position:0%
other stars, combining to create stellar
nurseries<00:32:23.360><c> filled</c><00:32:23.760><c> with</c><00:32:24.000><c> the</c><00:32:24.159><c> ingredients</c>

00:32:24.630 --> 00:32:24.640 align:start position:0%
nurseries filled with the ingredients
 

00:32:24.640 --> 00:32:27.269 align:start position:0%
nurseries filled with the ingredients
for<00:32:24.880><c> life.</c><00:32:26.000><c> This</c><00:32:26.240><c> is</c><00:32:26.399><c> still</c><00:32:26.799><c> several</c>

00:32:27.269 --> 00:32:27.279 align:start position:0%
for life. This is still several
 

00:32:27.279 --> 00:32:29.830 align:start position:0%
for life. This is still several
hundred,000,<00:32:28.240><c> if</c><00:32:28.480><c> not</c><00:32:28.720><c> a</c><00:32:28.960><c> few</c><00:32:29.200><c> million</c><00:32:29.600><c> years</c>

00:32:29.830 --> 00:32:29.840 align:start position:0%
hundred,000, if not a few million years
 

00:32:29.840 --> 00:32:32.789 align:start position:0%
hundred,000, if not a few million years
away<00:32:30.159><c> for</c><00:32:30.399><c> UI</c><00:32:30.960><c> Scooti.</c>

00:32:32.789 --> 00:32:32.799 align:start position:0%
away for UI Scooti.
 

00:32:32.799 --> 00:32:36.230 align:start position:0%
away for UI Scooti.
But<00:32:33.120><c> there</c><00:32:33.440><c> is</c><00:32:33.679><c> a</c><00:32:34.159><c> giant</c><00:32:34.640><c> star</c><00:32:35.039><c> that's</c><00:32:35.679><c> even</c>

00:32:36.230 --> 00:32:36.240 align:start position:0%
But there is a giant star that's even
 

00:32:36.240 --> 00:32:39.590 align:start position:0%
But there is a giant star that's even
closer<00:32:36.640><c> to</c><00:32:36.880><c> this</c><00:32:37.120><c> final</c><00:32:37.600><c> destruction.</c>

00:32:39.590 --> 00:32:39.600 align:start position:0%
closer to this final destruction.
 

00:32:39.600 --> 00:32:43.029 align:start position:0%
closer to this final destruction.
We've<00:32:40.000><c> only</c><00:32:40.320><c> ever</c><00:32:41.039><c> properly</c><00:32:41.600><c> imaged</c><00:32:42.240><c> one</c><00:32:42.559><c> star</c>

00:32:43.029 --> 00:32:43.039 align:start position:0%
We've only ever properly imaged one star
 

00:32:43.039 --> 00:32:49.509 align:start position:0%
We've only ever properly imaged one star
outside<00:32:43.600><c> the</c><00:32:43.840><c> Milky</c><00:32:44.159><c> Way.</c><00:32:44.880><c> And</c><00:32:45.120><c> it</c><00:32:45.519><c> was</c><00:32:46.399><c> WHG64,</c>

00:32:49.509 --> 00:32:49.519 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:32:49.519 --> 00:32:52.950 align:start position:0%
 
a<00:32:49.679><c> red</c><00:32:49.919><c> super</c><00:32:50.240><c> giant,</c><00:32:50.880><c> a</c><00:32:51.039><c> bit</c><00:32:51.200><c> like</c><00:32:51.440><c> UI</c><00:32:51.919><c> Scooty,</c>

00:32:52.950 --> 00:32:52.960 align:start position:0%
a red super giant, a bit like UI Scooty,
 

00:32:52.960 --> 00:32:55.750 align:start position:0%
a red super giant, a bit like UI Scooty,
160,000<00:32:54.159><c> lighty</c><00:32:54.399><c> years</c><00:32:54.640><c> away</c><00:32:54.960><c> in</c><00:32:55.200><c> the</c><00:32:55.360><c> large</c>

00:32:55.750 --> 00:32:55.760 align:start position:0%
160,000 lighty years away in the large
 

00:32:55.760 --> 00:32:59.190 align:start position:0%
160,000 lighty years away in the large
melanic<00:32:56.399><c> cloud.</c><00:32:57.679><c> Recent</c><00:32:58.080><c> studies</c><00:32:58.480><c> suggest</c><00:32:58.960><c> it</c>

00:32:59.190 --> 00:32:59.200 align:start position:0%
melanic cloud. Recent studies suggest it
 

00:32:59.200 --> 00:33:01.750 align:start position:0%
melanic cloud. Recent studies suggest it
may<00:32:59.519><c> have</c><00:32:59.760><c> already</c><00:33:00.240><c> turned</c><00:33:00.559><c> into</c><00:33:00.880><c> a</c><00:33:01.120><c> yellow</c>

00:33:01.750 --> 00:33:01.760 align:start position:0%
may have already turned into a yellow
 

00:33:01.760 --> 00:33:05.110 align:start position:0%
may have already turned into a yellow
hyper<00:33:02.240><c> giant.</c><00:33:03.519><c> In</c><00:33:03.760><c> the</c><00:33:03.919><c> last</c><00:33:04.080><c> 10</c><00:33:04.399><c> years,</c><00:33:04.880><c> it</c>

00:33:05.110 --> 00:33:05.120 align:start position:0%
hyper giant. In the last 10 years, it
 

00:33:05.120 --> 00:33:07.430 align:start position:0%
hyper giant. In the last 10 years, it
has<00:33:05.279><c> become</c><00:33:05.600><c> dimmer</c><00:33:06.240><c> as</c><00:33:06.480><c> it's</c><00:33:06.799><c> thrown</c><00:33:07.200><c> off</c>

00:33:07.430 --> 00:33:07.440 align:start position:0%
has become dimmer as it's thrown off
 

00:33:07.440 --> 00:33:11.590 align:start position:0%
has become dimmer as it's thrown off
material<00:33:08.640><c> and</c><00:33:08.880><c> become</c><00:33:09.279><c> shrouded</c><00:33:09.760><c> in</c><00:33:10.080><c> dust.</c>

00:33:11.590 --> 00:33:11.600 align:start position:0%
material and become shrouded in dust.
 

00:33:11.600 --> 00:33:14.230 align:start position:0%
material and become shrouded in dust.
The<00:33:11.840><c> problem</c><00:33:12.159><c> is</c><00:33:12.880><c> once</c><00:33:13.200><c> you</c><00:33:13.360><c> get</c><00:33:13.519><c> to</c><00:33:13.840><c> these</c>

00:33:14.230 --> 00:33:14.240 align:start position:0%
The problem is once you get to these
 

00:33:14.240 --> 00:33:16.630 align:start position:0%
The problem is once you get to these
distances,<00:33:15.279><c> it's</c><00:33:15.600><c> hard</c><00:33:15.760><c> to</c><00:33:16.000><c> measure</c><00:33:16.320><c> things</c>

00:33:16.630 --> 00:33:16.640 align:start position:0%
distances, it's hard to measure things
 

00:33:16.640 --> 00:33:20.470 align:start position:0%
distances, it's hard to measure things
precisely.<00:33:18.080><c> Maybe</c><00:33:18.720><c> WHG64</c>

00:33:20.470 --> 00:33:20.480 align:start position:0%
precisely. Maybe WHG64
 

00:33:20.480 --> 00:33:23.990 align:start position:0%
precisely. Maybe WHG64
is<00:33:20.799><c> actually</c><00:33:21.120><c> bigger</c><00:33:21.440><c> than</c><00:33:21.600><c> UI</c><00:33:22.080><c> Scooty.</c>

00:33:23.990 --> 00:33:24.000 align:start position:0%
is actually bigger than UI Scooty.
 

00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:26.630 align:start position:0%
is actually bigger than UI Scooty.
We<00:33:24.240><c> don't</c><00:33:24.480><c> know</c><00:33:24.720><c> if</c><00:33:25.039><c> stars</c><00:33:25.600><c> can</c><00:33:26.080><c> get</c><00:33:26.320><c> bigger</c>

00:33:26.630 --> 00:33:26.640 align:start position:0%
We don't know if stars can get bigger
 

00:33:26.640 --> 00:33:30.070 align:start position:0%
We don't know if stars can get bigger
than<00:33:26.799><c> this.</c><00:33:27.600><c> It's</c><00:33:28.000><c> unlikely</c><00:33:28.960><c> as</c><00:33:29.279><c> giants</c><00:33:29.760><c> like</c>

00:33:30.070 --> 00:33:30.080 align:start position:0%
than this. It's unlikely as giants like
 

00:33:30.080 --> 00:33:32.950 align:start position:0%
than this. It's unlikely as giants like
UI<00:33:30.640><c> Scooti</c><00:33:31.120><c> are</c><00:33:31.440><c> scraping</c><00:33:32.000><c> the</c><00:33:32.320><c> edge</c><00:33:32.640><c> of</c>

00:33:32.950 --> 00:33:32.960 align:start position:0%
UI Scooti are scraping the edge of
 

00:33:32.960 --> 00:33:35.830 align:start position:0%
UI Scooti are scraping the edge of
what's<00:33:33.360><c> called</c><00:33:33.760><c> the</c><00:33:33.919><c> Hayashi</c><00:33:34.480><c> limit.</c><00:33:35.440><c> This</c><00:33:35.679><c> is</c>

00:33:35.830 --> 00:33:35.840 align:start position:0%
what's called the Hayashi limit. This is
 

00:33:35.840 --> 00:33:38.389 align:start position:0%
what's called the Hayashi limit. This is
the<00:33:36.080><c> maximum</c><00:33:36.640><c> size</c><00:33:36.880><c> a</c><00:33:37.200><c> star</c><00:33:37.440><c> can</c><00:33:37.679><c> reach</c><00:33:38.080><c> given</c>

00:33:38.389 --> 00:33:38.399 align:start position:0%
the maximum size a star can reach given
 

00:33:38.399 --> 00:33:40.710 align:start position:0%
the maximum size a star can reach given
its<00:33:38.640><c> mass.</c><00:33:39.360><c> And</c><00:33:39.519><c> you</c><00:33:39.679><c> can</c><00:33:39.840><c> see</c><00:33:39.919><c> it</c><00:33:40.080><c> as</c><00:33:40.320><c> a</c><00:33:40.480><c> line</c>

00:33:40.710 --> 00:33:40.720 align:start position:0%
its mass. And you can see it as a line
 

00:33:40.720 --> 00:33:43.509 align:start position:0%
its mass. And you can see it as a line
on<00:33:40.880><c> the</c><00:33:40.960><c> Herz</c><00:33:41.360><c> Rung</c><00:33:41.679><c> Russell</c><00:33:42.080><c> diagram.</c><00:33:43.120><c> If</c><00:33:43.279><c> a</c>

00:33:43.509 --> 00:33:43.519 align:start position:0%
on the Herz Rung Russell diagram. If a
 

00:33:43.519 --> 00:33:46.149 align:start position:0%
on the Herz Rung Russell diagram. If a
star<00:33:43.840><c> crosses</c><00:33:44.320><c> this</c><00:33:44.640><c> line,</c><00:33:45.200><c> then</c><00:33:45.600><c> convection</c>

00:33:46.149 --> 00:33:46.159 align:start position:0%
star crosses this line, then convection
 

00:33:46.159 --> 00:33:48.950 align:start position:0%
star crosses this line, then convection
inside<00:33:46.880><c> takes</c><00:33:47.200><c> over</c><00:33:47.600><c> and</c><00:33:47.919><c> gravity</c><00:33:48.399><c> starts</c><00:33:48.720><c> to</c>

00:33:48.950 --> 00:33:48.960 align:start position:0%
inside takes over and gravity starts to
 

00:33:48.960 --> 00:33:53.110 align:start position:0%
inside takes over and gravity starts to
win,<00:33:49.600><c> making</c><00:33:49.840><c> it</c><00:33:50.159><c> smaller.</c><00:33:51.600><c> So</c><00:33:52.000><c> one</c><00:33:52.240><c> day</c><00:33:52.720><c> we</c>

00:33:53.110 --> 00:33:53.120 align:start position:0%
win, making it smaller. So one day we
 

00:33:53.120 --> 00:33:55.269 align:start position:0%
win, making it smaller. So one day we
might<00:33:53.440><c> find</c><00:33:53.600><c> a</c><00:33:53.840><c> star</c><00:33:54.320><c> slightly</c><00:33:54.880><c> bigger</c><00:33:55.200><c> than</c>

00:33:55.269 --> 00:33:55.279 align:start position:0%
might find a star slightly bigger than
 

00:33:55.279 --> 00:33:58.070 align:start position:0%
might find a star slightly bigger than
UI<00:33:55.840><c> Scooty,</c><00:33:56.399><c> but</c><00:33:56.640><c> it</c><00:33:56.799><c> won't</c><00:33:56.960><c> be</c><00:33:57.200><c> by</c><00:33:57.440><c> much</c>

00:33:58.070 --> 00:33:58.080 align:start position:0%
UI Scooty, but it won't be by much
 

00:33:58.080 --> 00:34:00.789 align:start position:0%
UI Scooty, but it won't be by much
unless<00:33:58.559><c> we're</c><00:33:58.960><c> missing</c><00:33:59.360><c> something.</c><00:34:00.399><c> Perhaps</c>

00:34:00.789 --> 00:34:00.799 align:start position:0%
unless we're missing something. Perhaps
 

00:34:00.799 --> 00:34:03.269 align:start position:0%
unless we're missing something. Perhaps
there's<00:34:01.039><c> a</c><00:34:01.200><c> type</c><00:34:01.440><c> of</c><00:34:01.679><c> giant</c><00:34:02.080><c> star</c><00:34:02.480><c> we</c><00:34:02.799><c> simply</c>

00:34:03.269 --> 00:34:03.279 align:start position:0%
there's a type of giant star we simply
 

00:34:03.279 --> 00:34:07.110 align:start position:0%
there's a type of giant star we simply
don't<00:34:03.679><c> have</c><00:34:03.919><c> in</c><00:34:04.159><c> our</c><00:34:04.399><c> galaxy.</c><00:34:05.840><c> We</c><00:34:06.080><c> don't</c><00:34:06.320><c> know.</c>

00:34:07.110 --> 00:34:07.120 align:start position:0%
don't have in our galaxy. We don't know.
 

00:34:07.120 --> 00:34:08.950 align:start position:0%
don't have in our galaxy. We don't know.
And<00:34:07.279><c> unfortunately,</c><00:34:08.159><c> we</c><00:34:08.399><c> don't</c><00:34:08.560><c> have</c><00:34:08.720><c> the</c>

00:34:08.950 --> 00:34:08.960 align:start position:0%
And unfortunately, we don't have the
 

00:34:08.960 --> 00:34:13.109 align:start position:0%
And unfortunately, we don't have the
technology<00:34:09.440><c> to</c><00:34:09.760><c> find</c><00:34:09.919><c> out</c><00:34:11.040><c> yet.</c>

00:34:13.109 --> 00:34:13.119 align:start position:0%
technology to find out yet.
 

00:34:13.119 --> 00:34:15.909 align:start position:0%
technology to find out yet.
What<00:34:13.359><c> I</c><00:34:13.599><c> do</c><00:34:13.839><c> know</c><00:34:14.320><c> is</c><00:34:14.480><c> that</c><00:34:14.800><c> humans</c><00:34:15.359><c> can't</c>

00:34:15.909 --> 00:34:15.919 align:start position:0%
What I do know is that humans can't
 

00:34:15.919 --> 00:34:18.230 align:start position:0%
What I do know is that humans can't
really<00:34:16.320><c> wrap</c><00:34:16.720><c> our</c><00:34:17.040><c> heads</c><00:34:17.359><c> around</c><00:34:17.760><c> anything</c>

00:34:18.230 --> 00:34:18.240 align:start position:0%
really wrap our heads around anything
 

00:34:18.240 --> 00:34:21.270 align:start position:0%
really wrap our heads around anything
bigger<00:34:18.639><c> than</c><00:34:18.800><c> a</c><00:34:19.040><c> few</c><00:34:19.200><c> thousand</c><00:34:19.679><c> km.</c><00:34:20.720><c> So,</c><00:34:20.960><c> the</c>

00:34:21.270 --> 00:34:21.280 align:start position:0%
bigger than a few thousand km. So, the
 

00:34:21.280 --> 00:34:24.629 align:start position:0%
bigger than a few thousand km. So, the
scale<00:34:21.679><c> of</c><00:34:21.919><c> the</c><00:34:22.240><c> biggest</c><00:34:22.639><c> stars</c><00:34:23.520><c> is</c><00:34:23.919><c> far</c><00:34:24.240><c> beyond</c>

00:34:24.629 --> 00:34:24.639 align:start position:0%
scale of the biggest stars is far beyond
 

00:34:24.639 --> 00:34:28.230 align:start position:0%
scale of the biggest stars is far beyond
our<00:34:24.960><c> comprehension.</c><00:34:26.399><c> They</c><00:34:26.720><c> are</c><00:34:27.280><c> cosmic</c>

00:34:28.230 --> 00:34:28.240 align:start position:0%
our comprehension. They are cosmic
 

00:34:28.240 --> 00:34:29.990 align:start position:0%
our comprehension. They are cosmic
monsters.

00:34:29.990 --> 00:34:30.000 align:start position:0%
monsters.
 

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:31.990 align:start position:0%
monsters.
But<00:34:30.159><c> in</c><00:34:30.399><c> the</c><00:34:30.560><c> grand</c><00:34:30.720><c> scheme</c><00:34:31.040><c> of</c><00:34:31.200><c> things,</c><00:34:31.760><c> even</c>

00:34:31.990 --> 00:34:32.000 align:start position:0%
But in the grand scheme of things, even
 

00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:35.669 align:start position:0%
But in the grand scheme of things, even
these<00:34:32.320><c> stars</c><00:34:32.639><c> are</c><00:34:32.879><c> tiny.</c><00:34:33.919><c> Galaxies</c><00:34:34.800><c> are</c><00:34:35.119><c> tens</c>

00:34:35.669 --> 00:34:35.679 align:start position:0%
these stars are tiny. Galaxies are tens
 

00:34:35.679 --> 00:34:38.149 align:start position:0%
these stars are tiny. Galaxies are tens
of<00:34:35.919><c> thousands</c><00:34:36.480><c> of</c><00:34:36.639><c> light</c><00:34:36.960><c> years</c><00:34:37.119><c> across,</c>

00:34:38.149 --> 00:34:38.159 align:start position:0%
of thousands of light years across,
 

00:34:38.159 --> 00:34:40.310 align:start position:0%
of thousands of light years across,
millions<00:34:38.639><c> of</c><00:34:38.800><c> light</c><00:34:39.040><c> years</c><00:34:39.280><c> apart,</c><00:34:40.000><c> and</c>

00:34:40.310 --> 00:34:40.320 align:start position:0%
millions of light years apart, and
 

00:34:40.320 --> 00:34:42.550 align:start position:0%
millions of light years apart, and
individual<00:34:40.879><c> filaments</c><00:34:41.359><c> of</c><00:34:41.520><c> cosmic</c><00:34:42.000><c> web</c>

00:34:42.550 --> 00:34:42.560 align:start position:0%
individual filaments of cosmic web
 

00:34:42.560 --> 00:34:44.869 align:start position:0%
individual filaments of cosmic web
stretch<00:34:43.200><c> billions</c><00:34:43.760><c> of</c><00:34:44.000><c> light</c><00:34:44.240><c> years</c><00:34:44.560><c> through</c>

00:34:44.869 --> 00:34:44.879 align:start position:0%
stretch billions of light years through
 

00:34:44.879 --> 00:34:48.950 align:start position:0%
stretch billions of light years through
space.<00:34:45.760><c> The</c><00:34:46.079><c> universe</c><00:34:46.800><c> is</c><00:34:47.119><c> so</c><00:34:47.440><c> vast,</c><00:34:48.240><c> we</c><00:34:48.560><c> can't</c>

00:34:48.950 --> 00:34:48.960 align:start position:0%
space. The universe is so vast, we can't
 

00:34:48.960 --> 00:34:51.270 align:start position:0%
space. The universe is so vast, we can't
even<00:34:49.359><c> begin</c><00:34:49.839><c> to</c><00:34:50.079><c> pretend</c><00:34:50.399><c> to</c><00:34:50.639><c> understand</c><00:34:51.040><c> it</c>

00:34:51.270 --> 00:34:51.280 align:start position:0%
even begin to pretend to understand it
 

00:34:51.280 --> 00:34:54.230 align:start position:0%
even begin to pretend to understand it
all.<00:34:52.320><c> That</c><00:34:52.639><c> doesn't</c><00:34:52.879><c> mean</c><00:34:53.119><c> we</c><00:34:53.440><c> can't</c><00:34:53.839><c> try,</c>

00:34:54.230 --> 00:34:54.240 align:start position:0%
all. That doesn't mean we can't try,
 

00:34:54.240 --> 00:34:57.430 align:start position:0%
all. That doesn't mean we can't try,
though.<00:34:55.280><c> And</c><00:34:55.679><c> bigger</c><00:34:56.000><c> isn't</c><00:34:56.320><c> always</c><00:34:56.639><c> better.</c>

00:34:57.430 --> 00:34:57.440 align:start position:0%
though. And bigger isn't always better.
 

00:34:57.440 --> 00:34:59.750 align:start position:0%
though. And bigger isn't always better.
I<00:34:57.760><c> think</c><00:34:58.000><c> living</c><00:34:58.240><c> on</c><00:34:58.480><c> a</c><00:34:58.640><c> tiny</c><00:34:58.960><c> planet</c><00:34:59.440><c> around</c>

00:34:59.750 --> 00:34:59.760 align:start position:0%
I think living on a tiny planet around
 

00:34:59.760 --> 00:35:02.069 align:start position:0%
I think living on a tiny planet around
an<00:35:00.000><c> average</c><00:35:00.320><c> star</c><00:35:00.960><c> is</c><00:35:01.280><c> working</c><00:35:01.520><c> out</c><00:35:01.760><c> pretty</c>

00:35:02.069 --> 00:35:02.079 align:start position:0%
an average star is working out pretty
 

00:35:02.079 --> 00:35:09.030 align:start position:0%
an average star is working out pretty
well<00:35:02.240><c> for</c><00:35:02.400><c> us</c><00:35:02.640><c> so</c><00:35:02.880><c> far.</c>

00:35:09.030 --> 00:35:09.040 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:35:09.040 --> 00:35:12.310 align:start position:0%
 
Beetlejuice<00:35:09.760><c> is</c><00:35:09.920><c> a</c><00:35:10.240><c> super</c><00:35:10.720><c> interesting</c><00:35:11.359><c> star.</c>

00:35:12.310 --> 00:35:12.320 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice is a super interesting star.
 

00:35:12.320 --> 00:35:14.310 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice is a super interesting star.
Not<00:35:12.640><c> only</c><00:35:12.880><c> does</c><00:35:13.119><c> it</c><00:35:13.280><c> have</c><00:35:13.440><c> an</c><00:35:13.680><c> incredible</c>

00:35:14.310 --> 00:35:14.320 align:start position:0%
Not only does it have an incredible
 

00:35:14.320 --> 00:35:16.550 align:start position:0%
Not only does it have an incredible
name,<00:35:14.960><c> but</c><00:35:15.119><c> it's</c><00:35:15.359><c> one</c><00:35:15.520><c> of</c><00:35:15.599><c> the</c><00:35:15.839><c> closest</c><00:35:16.240><c> red</c>

00:35:16.550 --> 00:35:16.560 align:start position:0%
name, but it's one of the closest red
 

00:35:16.560 --> 00:35:19.109 align:start position:0%
name, but it's one of the closest red
super<00:35:16.880><c> giants</c><00:35:17.200><c> to</c><00:35:17.440><c> us.</c><00:35:18.079><c> Meaning</c><00:35:18.400><c> that</c><00:35:18.800><c> while</c>

00:35:19.109 --> 00:35:19.119 align:start position:0%
super giants to us. Meaning that while
 

00:35:19.119 --> 00:35:21.109 align:start position:0%
super giants to us. Meaning that while
it<00:35:19.359><c> is</c><00:35:19.520><c> cooler</c><00:35:19.920><c> than</c><00:35:20.079><c> the</c><00:35:20.240><c> majority</c><00:35:20.640><c> of</c><00:35:20.800><c> star</c>

00:35:21.109 --> 00:35:21.119 align:start position:0%
it is cooler than the majority of star
 

00:35:21.119 --> 00:35:24.870 align:start position:0%
it is cooler than the majority of star
types,<00:35:21.920><c> it</c><00:35:22.240><c> has</c><00:35:22.480><c> an</c><00:35:22.800><c> enormous</c><00:35:23.440><c> diameter.</c><00:35:24.640><c> If</c>

00:35:24.870 --> 00:35:24.880 align:start position:0%
types, it has an enormous diameter. If
 

00:35:24.880 --> 00:35:27.589 align:start position:0%
types, it has an enormous diameter. If
it<00:35:25.040><c> was</c><00:35:25.200><c> the</c><00:35:25.440><c> star</c><00:35:25.760><c> in</c><00:35:26.079><c> our</c><00:35:26.400><c> solar</c><00:35:26.720><c> system,</c>

00:35:27.589 --> 00:35:27.599 align:start position:0%
it was the star in our solar system,
 

00:35:27.599 --> 00:35:29.750 align:start position:0%
it was the star in our solar system,
everything<00:35:28.000><c> up</c><00:35:28.240><c> until</c><00:35:28.560><c> the</c><00:35:28.800><c> asteroid</c><00:35:29.280><c> belt</c>

00:35:29.750 --> 00:35:29.760 align:start position:0%
everything up until the asteroid belt
 

00:35:29.760 --> 00:35:32.790 align:start position:0%
everything up until the asteroid belt
would<00:35:30.000><c> be</c><00:35:30.160><c> contained</c><00:35:30.560><c> within</c><00:35:30.880><c> it.</c><00:35:32.000><c> It's</c><00:35:32.320><c> about</c>

00:35:32.790 --> 00:35:32.800 align:start position:0%
would be contained within it. It's about
 

00:35:32.800 --> 00:35:35.270 align:start position:0%
would be contained within it. It's about
700<00:35:33.280><c> lighty</c><00:35:33.599><c> years</c><00:35:33.839><c> away</c><00:35:34.079><c> from</c><00:35:34.320><c> us,</c><00:35:34.880><c> a</c><00:35:35.119><c> lot</c>

00:35:35.270 --> 00:35:35.280 align:start position:0%
700 lighty years away from us, a lot
 

00:35:35.280 --> 00:35:37.190 align:start position:0%
700 lighty years away from us, a lot
further<00:35:35.680><c> away</c><00:35:35.920><c> than</c><00:35:36.240><c> most</c><00:35:36.480><c> other</c><00:35:36.720><c> visible</c>

00:35:37.190 --> 00:35:37.200 align:start position:0%
further away than most other visible
 

00:35:37.200 --> 00:35:40.550 align:start position:0%
further away than most other visible
stars.<00:35:38.320><c> But</c><00:35:38.480><c> because</c><00:35:38.800><c> it</c><00:35:39.040><c> is</c><00:35:39.280><c> so</c><00:35:39.599><c> large,</c><00:35:40.320><c> it's</c>

00:35:40.550 --> 00:35:40.560 align:start position:0%
stars. But because it is so large, it's
 

00:35:40.560 --> 00:35:43.030 align:start position:0%
stars. But because it is so large, it's
the<00:35:40.800><c> 10th</c><00:35:41.280><c> brightest</c><00:35:41.760><c> star</c><00:35:42.079><c> to</c><00:35:42.240><c> the</c><00:35:42.400><c> naked</c><00:35:42.720><c> eye</c>

00:35:43.030 --> 00:35:43.040 align:start position:0%
the 10th brightest star to the naked eye
 

00:35:43.040 --> 00:35:45.670 align:start position:0%
the 10th brightest star to the naked eye
in<00:35:43.280><c> the</c><00:35:43.440><c> sky</c><00:35:44.400><c> and</c><00:35:44.880><c> brightest</c><00:35:45.359><c> in</c><00:35:45.599><c> the</c>

00:35:45.670 --> 00:35:45.680 align:start position:0%
in the sky and brightest in the
 

00:35:45.680 --> 00:35:48.550 align:start position:0%
in the sky and brightest in the
infrared.

00:35:48.550 --> 00:35:48.560 align:start position:0%
infrared.
 

00:35:48.560 --> 00:35:51.109 align:start position:0%
infrared.
It's<00:35:48.960><c> easily</c><00:35:49.440><c> visible</c><00:35:50.000><c> as</c><00:35:50.240><c> the</c><00:35:50.480><c> left</c><00:35:50.720><c> shoulder</c>

00:35:51.109 --> 00:35:51.119 align:start position:0%
It's easily visible as the left shoulder
 

00:35:51.119 --> 00:35:53.829 align:start position:0%
It's easily visible as the left shoulder
of<00:35:51.280><c> Orion.</c><00:35:52.480><c> If</c><00:35:52.720><c> you</c><00:35:52.880><c> do</c><00:35:53.040><c> look</c><00:35:53.280><c> for</c><00:35:53.440><c> it</c><00:35:53.520><c> in</c><00:35:53.680><c> the</c>

00:35:53.829 --> 00:35:53.839 align:start position:0%
of Orion. If you do look for it in the
 

00:35:53.839 --> 00:35:56.390 align:start position:0%
of Orion. If you do look for it in the
night<00:35:54.079><c> sky,</c><00:35:54.720><c> it</c><00:35:54.960><c> is</c><00:35:55.119><c> also</c><00:35:55.440><c> visibly</c><00:35:56.000><c> redder</c>

00:35:56.390 --> 00:35:56.400 align:start position:0%
night sky, it is also visibly redder
 

00:35:56.400 --> 00:35:58.790 align:start position:0%
night sky, it is also visibly redder
than<00:35:56.640><c> any</c><00:35:56.880><c> of</c><00:35:57.040><c> the</c><00:35:57.200><c> surrounding</c><00:35:57.680><c> stars,</c><00:35:58.560><c> and</c>

00:35:58.790 --> 00:35:58.800 align:start position:0%
than any of the surrounding stars, and
 

00:35:58.800 --> 00:36:01.910 align:start position:0%
than any of the surrounding stars, and
it<00:35:58.960><c> does</c><00:35:59.280><c> a</c><00:35:59.520><c> lot</c><00:35:59.760><c> of</c><00:36:00.000><c> twinkling.</c>

00:36:01.910 --> 00:36:01.920 align:start position:0%
it does a lot of twinkling.
 

00:36:01.920 --> 00:36:03.589 align:start position:0%
it does a lot of twinkling.
There's<00:36:02.240><c> something</c><00:36:02.640><c> else</c><00:36:02.960><c> very</c><00:36:03.359><c> special</c>

00:36:03.589 --> 00:36:03.599 align:start position:0%
There's something else very special
 

00:36:03.599 --> 00:36:06.470 align:start position:0%
There's something else very special
about<00:36:03.920><c> Beetlejuice.</c><00:36:05.359><c> It</c><00:36:05.599><c> is</c><00:36:05.760><c> likely</c><00:36:06.240><c> to</c>

00:36:06.470 --> 00:36:06.480 align:start position:0%
about Beetlejuice. It is likely to
 

00:36:06.480 --> 00:36:09.910 align:start position:0%
about Beetlejuice. It is likely to
explode<00:36:06.960><c> in</c><00:36:07.200><c> a</c><00:36:07.359><c> supernova</c><00:36:08.160><c> at</c><00:36:08.480><c> any</c><00:36:08.880><c> moment.</c>

00:36:09.910 --> 00:36:09.920 align:start position:0%
explode in a supernova at any moment.
 

00:36:09.920 --> 00:36:12.630 align:start position:0%
explode in a supernova at any moment.
Although<00:36:10.560><c> I</c><00:36:10.800><c> say</c><00:36:11.040><c> that</c><00:36:11.280><c> in</c><00:36:11.599><c> astronomical</c><00:36:12.400><c> time</c>

00:36:12.630 --> 00:36:12.640 align:start position:0%
Although I say that in astronomical time
 

00:36:12.640 --> 00:36:14.870 align:start position:0%
Although I say that in astronomical time
scales,<00:36:13.440><c> that</c><00:36:13.599><c> means</c><00:36:13.839><c> it</c><00:36:14.079><c> could</c><00:36:14.240><c> still</c><00:36:14.480><c> take</c><00:36:14.800><c> a</c>

00:36:14.870 --> 00:36:14.880 align:start position:0%
scales, that means it could still take a
 

00:36:14.880 --> 00:36:17.510 align:start position:0%
scales, that means it could still take a
100,000<00:36:15.520><c> years.</c>

00:36:17.510 --> 00:36:17.520 align:start position:0%
100,000 years.
 

00:36:17.520 --> 00:36:20.710 align:start position:0%
100,000 years.
How<00:36:17.760><c> do</c><00:36:17.839><c> we</c><00:36:18.000><c> know</c><00:36:18.160><c> that?</c><00:36:19.119><c> Well,</c><00:36:19.599><c> you</c><00:36:19.839><c> see,</c>

00:36:20.710 --> 00:36:20.720 align:start position:0%
How do we know that? Well, you see,
 

00:36:20.720 --> 00:36:23.750 align:start position:0%
How do we know that? Well, you see,
large<00:36:21.040><c> mass</c><00:36:21.440><c> main</c><00:36:21.760><c> sequence</c><00:36:22.160><c> stars</c><00:36:22.880><c> or</c><00:36:23.359><c> stars</c>

00:36:23.750 --> 00:36:23.760 align:start position:0%
large mass main sequence stars or stars
 

00:36:23.760 --> 00:36:25.349 align:start position:0%
large mass main sequence stars or stars
in<00:36:24.000><c> the</c><00:36:24.160><c> adulthood</c><00:36:24.720><c> phase</c><00:36:25.040><c> of</c><00:36:25.200><c> their</c>

00:36:25.349 --> 00:36:25.359 align:start position:0%
in the adulthood phase of their
 

00:36:25.359 --> 00:36:27.829 align:start position:0%
in the adulthood phase of their
existence<00:36:26.320><c> are</c><00:36:26.560><c> powered</c><00:36:26.880><c> by</c><00:36:27.119><c> the</c><00:36:27.280><c> nuclear</c>

00:36:27.829 --> 00:36:27.839 align:start position:0%
existence are powered by the nuclear
 

00:36:27.839 --> 00:36:30.150 align:start position:0%
existence are powered by the nuclear
fusion<00:36:28.160><c> that</c><00:36:28.400><c> goes</c><00:36:28.640><c> on</c><00:36:28.800><c> within</c><00:36:29.200><c> their</c><00:36:29.440><c> core.</c>

00:36:30.150 --> 00:36:30.160 align:start position:0%
fusion that goes on within their core.
 

00:36:30.160 --> 00:36:32.870 align:start position:0%
fusion that goes on within their core.
converting<00:36:30.720><c> hydrogen</c><00:36:31.280><c> to</c><00:36:31.520><c> helium.</c><00:36:32.640><c> This</c>

00:36:32.870 --> 00:36:32.880 align:start position:0%
converting hydrogen to helium. This
 

00:36:32.880 --> 00:36:35.349 align:start position:0%
converting hydrogen to helium. This
fusion<00:36:33.440><c> creates</c><00:36:33.839><c> an</c><00:36:34.079><c> internal</c><00:36:34.560><c> pressure</c>

00:36:35.349 --> 00:36:35.359 align:start position:0%
fusion creates an internal pressure
 

00:36:35.359 --> 00:36:37.510 align:start position:0%
fusion creates an internal pressure
which<00:36:35.599><c> combats</c><00:36:36.079><c> the</c><00:36:36.320><c> effect</c><00:36:36.640><c> of</c><00:36:36.880><c> gravity</c>

00:36:37.510 --> 00:36:37.520 align:start position:0%
which combats the effect of gravity
 

00:36:37.520 --> 00:36:39.589 align:start position:0%
which combats the effect of gravity
wanting<00:36:37.839><c> to</c><00:36:38.079><c> compress</c><00:36:38.480><c> the</c><00:36:38.720><c> star</c><00:36:39.119><c> into</c><00:36:39.359><c> a</c>

00:36:39.589 --> 00:36:39.599 align:start position:0%
wanting to compress the star into a
 

00:36:39.599 --> 00:36:43.030 align:start position:0%
wanting to compress the star into a
smaller<00:36:40.079><c> volume.</c><00:36:41.280><c> However,</c><00:36:42.000><c> eventually</c><00:36:42.800><c> the</c>

00:36:43.030 --> 00:36:43.040 align:start position:0%
smaller volume. However, eventually the
 

00:36:43.040 --> 00:36:45.349 align:start position:0%
smaller volume. However, eventually the
hydrogen<00:36:43.599><c> fuel</c><00:36:43.839><c> in</c><00:36:44.000><c> the</c><00:36:44.160><c> core</c><00:36:44.480><c> will</c><00:36:44.640><c> run</c><00:36:44.880><c> out,</c>

00:36:45.349 --> 00:36:45.359 align:start position:0%
hydrogen fuel in the core will run out,
 

00:36:45.359 --> 00:36:47.589 align:start position:0%
hydrogen fuel in the core will run out,
having<00:36:45.680><c> been</c><00:36:45.920><c> converted</c><00:36:46.320><c> to</c><00:36:46.560><c> helium,</c><00:36:47.359><c> meaning</c>

00:36:47.589 --> 00:36:47.599 align:start position:0%
having been converted to helium, meaning
 

00:36:47.599 --> 00:36:49.670 align:start position:0%
having been converted to helium, meaning
the<00:36:47.760><c> fusion</c><00:36:48.160><c> process</c><00:36:48.560><c> stops</c><00:36:48.960><c> and</c><00:36:49.200><c> the</c><00:36:49.359><c> stars</c>

00:36:49.670 --> 00:36:49.680 align:start position:0%
the fusion process stops and the stars
 

00:36:49.680 --> 00:36:51.430 align:start position:0%
the fusion process stops and the stars
core<00:36:50.079><c> can't</c><00:36:50.320><c> overcome</c><00:36:50.720><c> the</c><00:36:50.960><c> effects</c><00:36:51.280><c> of</c>

00:36:51.430 --> 00:36:51.440 align:start position:0%
core can't overcome the effects of
 

00:36:51.440 --> 00:36:54.470 align:start position:0%
core can't overcome the effects of
gravity<00:36:51.839><c> anymore.</c><00:36:52.720><c> The</c><00:36:52.960><c> core</c><00:36:53.359><c> compresses.</c>

00:36:54.470 --> 00:36:54.480 align:start position:0%
gravity anymore. The core compresses.
 

00:36:54.480 --> 00:36:56.550 align:start position:0%
gravity anymore. The core compresses.
But<00:36:54.640><c> if</c><00:36:54.800><c> the</c><00:36:54.960><c> star</c><00:36:55.280><c> is</c><00:36:55.440><c> massive</c><00:36:55.760><c> enough,</c><00:36:56.320><c> the</c>

00:36:56.550 --> 00:36:56.560 align:start position:0%
But if the star is massive enough, the
 

00:36:56.560 --> 00:36:58.710 align:start position:0%
But if the star is massive enough, the
compression<00:36:57.040><c> will</c><00:36:57.280><c> trigger</c><00:36:57.599><c> fusion</c><00:36:58.079><c> again.</c>

00:36:58.710 --> 00:36:58.720 align:start position:0%
compression will trigger fusion again.
 

00:36:58.720 --> 00:37:00.790 align:start position:0%
compression will trigger fusion again.
This<00:36:58.960><c> time</c><00:36:59.280><c> with</c><00:36:59.520><c> the</c><00:36:59.680><c> helium</c><00:37:00.079><c> in</c><00:37:00.240><c> the</c><00:37:00.320><c> core</c>

00:37:00.790 --> 00:37:00.800 align:start position:0%
This time with the helium in the core
 

00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:03.270 align:start position:0%
This time with the helium in the core
into<00:37:01.119><c> heavier</c><00:37:01.599><c> elements</c><00:37:02.000><c> like</c><00:37:02.240><c> carbon.</c><00:37:03.119><c> With</c>

00:37:03.270 --> 00:37:03.280 align:start position:0%
into heavier elements like carbon. With
 

00:37:03.280 --> 00:37:05.510 align:start position:0%
into heavier elements like carbon. With
this<00:37:03.520><c> process</c><00:37:04.000><c> repeating</c><00:37:04.480><c> for</c><00:37:04.800><c> oxygen</c><00:37:05.359><c> and</c>

00:37:05.510 --> 00:37:05.520 align:start position:0%
this process repeating for oxygen and
 

00:37:05.520 --> 00:37:07.109 align:start position:0%
this process repeating for oxygen and
neon.

00:37:07.109 --> 00:37:07.119 align:start position:0%
neon.
 

00:37:07.119 --> 00:37:09.750 align:start position:0%
neon.
With<00:37:07.440><c> every</c><00:37:07.760><c> new</c><00:37:08.079><c> fusion</c><00:37:08.560><c> cycle,</c><00:37:09.200><c> the</c><00:37:09.359><c> stars</c>

00:37:09.750 --> 00:37:09.760 align:start position:0%
With every new fusion cycle, the stars
 

00:37:09.760 --> 00:37:11.589 align:start position:0%
With every new fusion cycle, the stars
internal<00:37:10.160><c> pressure</c><00:37:10.560><c> expands</c><00:37:10.960><c> the</c><00:37:11.200><c> diameter</c>

00:37:11.589 --> 00:37:11.599 align:start position:0%
internal pressure expands the diameter
 

00:37:11.599 --> 00:37:13.750 align:start position:0%
internal pressure expands the diameter
of<00:37:11.760><c> the</c><00:37:11.920><c> star</c><00:37:12.400><c> until</c><00:37:12.720><c> it</c><00:37:12.880><c> begins</c><00:37:13.200><c> the</c><00:37:13.440><c> red</c>

00:37:13.750 --> 00:37:13.760 align:start position:0%
of the star until it begins the red
 

00:37:13.760 --> 00:37:15.910 align:start position:0%
of the star until it begins the red
super<00:37:14.079><c> giant</c><00:37:14.400><c> phase</c><00:37:14.640><c> of</c><00:37:14.800><c> its</c><00:37:15.040><c> life.</c><00:37:15.520><c> When</c><00:37:15.760><c> the</c>

00:37:15.910 --> 00:37:15.920 align:start position:0%
super giant phase of its life. When the
 

00:37:15.920 --> 00:37:18.069 align:start position:0%
super giant phase of its life. When the
core<00:37:16.320><c> is</c><00:37:16.480><c> being</c><00:37:16.800><c> converted</c><00:37:17.280><c> predominantly</c>

00:37:18.069 --> 00:37:18.079 align:start position:0%
core is being converted predominantly
 

00:37:18.079 --> 00:37:21.270 align:start position:0%
core is being converted predominantly
into<00:37:18.480><c> iron,</c><00:37:19.599><c> red</c><00:37:19.920><c> super</c><00:37:20.240><c> giants</c><00:37:20.640><c> can't</c><00:37:20.880><c> fuse</c>

00:37:21.270 --> 00:37:21.280 align:start position:0%
into iron, red super giants can't fuse
 

00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:23.750 align:start position:0%
into iron, red super giants can't fuse
anything<00:37:21.599><c> beyond</c><00:37:22.079><c> iron.</c><00:37:22.800><c> So</c><00:37:22.960><c> once</c><00:37:23.200><c> the</c><00:37:23.359><c> fusion</c>

00:37:23.750 --> 00:37:23.760 align:start position:0%
anything beyond iron. So once the fusion
 

00:37:23.760 --> 00:37:26.150 align:start position:0%
anything beyond iron. So once the fusion
stops,<00:37:24.400><c> the</c><00:37:24.640><c> star</c><00:37:24.960><c> collapses</c><00:37:25.599><c> completely</c>

00:37:26.150 --> 00:37:26.160 align:start position:0%
stops, the star collapses completely
 

00:37:26.160 --> 00:37:28.470 align:start position:0%
stops, the star collapses completely
into<00:37:26.400><c> a</c><00:37:26.560><c> supernova.</c>

00:37:28.470 --> 00:37:28.480 align:start position:0%
into a supernova.
 

00:37:28.480 --> 00:37:30.230 align:start position:0%
into a supernova.
And<00:37:28.880><c> that's</c><00:37:29.200><c> where</c><00:37:29.520><c> we</c><00:37:29.680><c> are</c><00:37:29.839><c> at</c><00:37:30.000><c> with</c>

00:37:30.230 --> 00:37:30.240 align:start position:0%
And that's where we are at with
 

00:37:30.240 --> 00:37:32.470 align:start position:0%
And that's where we are at with
Beetlejuice.<00:37:30.960><c> Now</c><00:37:31.359><c> we</c><00:37:31.599><c> are</c><00:37:31.760><c> awaiting</c><00:37:32.240><c> this</c>

00:37:32.470 --> 00:37:32.480 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice. Now we are awaiting this
 

00:37:32.480 --> 00:37:34.950 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice. Now we are awaiting this
final<00:37:32.880><c> collapse.</c><00:37:34.000><c> Whenever</c><00:37:34.480><c> it</c><00:37:34.720><c> does</c>

00:37:34.950 --> 00:37:34.960 align:start position:0%
final collapse. Whenever it does
 

00:37:34.960 --> 00:37:37.270 align:start position:0%
final collapse. Whenever it does
explode,<00:37:35.680><c> it</c><00:37:35.920><c> will</c><00:37:36.000><c> eject</c><00:37:36.400><c> its</c><00:37:36.640><c> atmosphere</c>

00:37:37.270 --> 00:37:37.280 align:start position:0%
explode, it will eject its atmosphere
 

00:37:37.280 --> 00:37:39.910 align:start position:0%
explode, it will eject its atmosphere
far<00:37:37.599><c> into</c><00:37:37.920><c> space,</c><00:37:38.640><c> which</c><00:37:38.880><c> will</c><00:37:39.040><c> be</c><00:37:39.200><c> visible</c><00:37:39.599><c> in</c>

00:37:39.910 --> 00:37:39.920 align:start position:0%
far into space, which will be visible in
 

00:37:39.920 --> 00:37:42.390 align:start position:0%
far into space, which will be visible in
our<00:37:40.240><c> sky</c><00:37:40.640><c> for</c><00:37:40.880><c> a</c><00:37:41.040><c> good</c><00:37:41.200><c> 2</c><00:37:41.440><c> to</c><00:37:41.599><c> 3</c><00:37:41.839><c> months</c><00:37:42.160><c> before</c>

00:37:42.390 --> 00:37:42.400 align:start position:0%
our sky for a good 2 to 3 months before
 

00:37:42.400 --> 00:37:45.270 align:start position:0%
our sky for a good 2 to 3 months before
it<00:37:42.560><c> dims</c><00:37:42.960><c> again.</c><00:37:43.839><c> It</c><00:37:44.079><c> is</c><00:37:44.240><c> far</c><00:37:44.560><c> enough</c><00:37:44.800><c> away</c>

00:37:45.270 --> 00:37:45.280 align:start position:0%
it dims again. It is far enough away
 

00:37:45.280 --> 00:37:47.910 align:start position:0%
it dims again. It is far enough away
that<00:37:45.599><c> no</c><00:37:45.839><c> harm</c><00:37:46.160><c> will</c><00:37:46.320><c> be</c><00:37:46.480><c> fallless</c><00:37:46.880><c> on</c><00:37:47.119><c> Earth,</c>

00:37:47.910 --> 00:37:47.920 align:start position:0%
that no harm will be fallless on Earth,
 

00:37:47.920 --> 00:37:50.390 align:start position:0%
that no harm will be fallless on Earth,
but<00:37:48.160><c> it</c><00:37:48.400><c> will</c><00:37:48.640><c> make</c><00:37:48.880><c> quite</c><00:37:49.200><c> the</c><00:37:49.440><c> spectacle.</c>

00:37:50.390 --> 00:37:50.400 align:start position:0%
but it will make quite the spectacle.
 

00:37:50.400 --> 00:37:52.710 align:start position:0%
but it will make quite the spectacle.
Perhaps<00:37:50.800><c> being</c><00:37:51.040><c> as</c><00:37:51.280><c> bright</c><00:37:51.520><c> as</c><00:37:51.680><c> a</c><00:37:51.839><c> full</c><00:37:52.079><c> moon,</c>

00:37:52.710 --> 00:37:52.720 align:start position:0%
Perhaps being as bright as a full moon,
 

00:37:52.720 --> 00:37:56.069 align:start position:0%
Perhaps being as bright as a full moon,
so<00:37:53.040><c> even</c><00:37:53.359><c> visible</c><00:37:53.760><c> during</c><00:37:54.079><c> the</c><00:37:54.240><c> day.</c><00:37:55.520><c> Now,</c>

00:37:56.069 --> 00:37:56.079 align:start position:0%
so even visible during the day. Now,
 

00:37:56.079 --> 00:37:58.310 align:start position:0%
so even visible during the day. Now,
something<00:37:56.480><c> else</c><00:37:56.960><c> very</c><00:37:57.359><c> interesting</c><00:37:57.920><c> has</c><00:37:58.160><c> been</c>

00:37:58.310 --> 00:37:58.320 align:start position:0%
something else very interesting has been
 

00:37:58.320 --> 00:38:00.630 align:start position:0%
something else very interesting has been
going<00:37:58.480><c> on</c><00:37:58.640><c> with</c><00:37:58.880><c> Beetlejuice.</c><00:38:00.000><c> It's</c><00:38:00.240><c> been</c><00:38:00.400><c> in</c>

00:38:00.630 --> 00:38:00.640 align:start position:0%
going on with Beetlejuice. It's been in
 

00:38:00.640 --> 00:38:03.589 align:start position:0%
going on with Beetlejuice. It's been in
the<00:38:00.800><c> news</c><00:38:00.960><c> a</c><00:38:01.200><c> lot,</c><00:38:01.839><c> like</c><00:38:02.079><c> in</c><00:38:02.400><c> 2009</c><00:38:03.200><c> when</c><00:38:03.440><c> it</c>

00:38:03.589 --> 00:38:03.599 align:start position:0%
the news a lot, like in 2009 when it
 

00:38:03.599 --> 00:38:06.710 align:start position:0%
the news a lot, like in 2009 when it
contracted<00:38:04.160><c> in</c><00:38:04.400><c> size</c><00:38:04.720><c> by</c><00:38:05.040><c> 15%.</c>

00:38:06.710 --> 00:38:06.720 align:start position:0%
contracted in size by 15%.
 

00:38:06.720 --> 00:38:08.550 align:start position:0%
contracted in size by 15%.
You<00:38:06.960><c> may</c><00:38:07.119><c> have</c><00:38:07.280><c> also</c><00:38:07.599><c> heard</c><00:38:07.920><c> this</c><00:38:08.160><c> year</c><00:38:08.320><c> that</c>

00:38:08.550 --> 00:38:08.560 align:start position:0%
You may have also heard this year that
 

00:38:08.560 --> 00:38:10.870 align:start position:0%
You may have also heard this year that
Beetlejuice<00:38:09.280><c> has</c><00:38:09.599><c> been</c><00:38:09.760><c> dimming,</c><00:38:10.560><c> and</c>

00:38:10.870 --> 00:38:10.880 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice has been dimming, and
 

00:38:10.880 --> 00:38:13.510 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice has been dimming, and
scientists<00:38:11.520><c> didn't</c><00:38:11.839><c> really</c><00:38:12.240><c> know</c><00:38:12.400><c> why.</c>

00:38:13.510 --> 00:38:13.520 align:start position:0%
scientists didn't really know why.
 

00:38:13.520 --> 00:38:15.750 align:start position:0%
scientists didn't really know why.
Speculations<00:38:14.240><c> were</c><00:38:14.560><c> running</c><00:38:14.880><c> rampant</c><00:38:15.440><c> that</c>

00:38:15.750 --> 00:38:15.760 align:start position:0%
Speculations were running rampant that
 

00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:17.589 align:start position:0%
Speculations were running rampant that
this<00:38:16.000><c> could</c><00:38:16.160><c> be</c><00:38:16.320><c> a</c><00:38:16.560><c> precursor</c><00:38:17.119><c> to</c><00:38:17.359><c> this</c>

00:38:17.589 --> 00:38:17.599 align:start position:0%
this could be a precursor to this
 

00:38:17.599 --> 00:38:20.550 align:start position:0%
this could be a precursor to this
promised<00:38:18.079><c> supernova.</c><00:38:19.520><c> Although</c><00:38:20.000><c> perhaps</c>

00:38:20.550 --> 00:38:20.560 align:start position:0%
promised supernova. Although perhaps
 

00:38:20.560 --> 00:38:23.910 align:start position:0%
promised supernova. Although perhaps
sadly<00:38:21.359><c> this</c><00:38:21.599><c> is</c><00:38:21.839><c> likely</c><00:38:22.160><c> not</c><00:38:22.400><c> the</c><00:38:22.640><c> case.</c><00:38:23.680><c> New</c>

00:38:23.910 --> 00:38:23.920 align:start position:0%
sadly this is likely not the case. New
 

00:38:23.920 --> 00:38:26.069 align:start position:0%
sadly this is likely not the case. New
data<00:38:24.160><c> from</c><00:38:24.400><c> the</c><00:38:24.560><c> Hubble</c><00:38:24.960><c> Space</c><00:38:25.280><c> Telescope</c><00:38:25.839><c> has</c>

00:38:26.069 --> 00:38:26.079 align:start position:0%
data from the Hubble Space Telescope has
 

00:38:26.079 --> 00:38:28.390 align:start position:0%
data from the Hubble Space Telescope has
shown<00:38:26.320><c> that</c><00:38:26.480><c> the</c><00:38:26.720><c> star</c><00:38:26.960><c> itself</c><00:38:27.760><c> may</c><00:38:28.079><c> not</c>

00:38:28.390 --> 00:38:28.400 align:start position:0%
shown that the star itself may not
 

00:38:28.400 --> 00:38:30.870 align:start position:0%
shown that the star itself may not
really<00:38:28.720><c> be</c><00:38:28.960><c> dimming,</c><00:38:29.680><c> but</c><00:38:30.000><c> rather</c><00:38:30.320><c> that</c><00:38:30.640><c> some</c>

00:38:30.870 --> 00:38:30.880 align:start position:0%
really be dimming, but rather that some
 

00:38:30.880 --> 00:38:33.190 align:start position:0%
really be dimming, but rather that some
dust<00:38:31.280><c> which</c><00:38:31.520><c> was</c><00:38:31.680><c> ejected</c><00:38:32.079><c> by</c><00:38:32.320><c> the</c><00:38:32.480><c> star</c><00:38:32.960><c> may</c>

00:38:33.190 --> 00:38:33.200 align:start position:0%
dust which was ejected by the star may
 

00:38:33.200 --> 00:38:36.069 align:start position:0%
dust which was ejected by the star may
have<00:38:33.440><c> cooled</c><00:38:33.760><c> and</c><00:38:34.079><c> obscured</c><00:38:34.560><c> the</c><00:38:34.720><c> view.</c><00:38:35.839><c> In</c>

00:38:36.069 --> 00:38:36.079 align:start position:0%
have cooled and obscured the view. In
 

00:38:36.079 --> 00:38:39.030 align:start position:0%
have cooled and obscured the view. In
September<00:38:36.640><c> 2019,</c><00:38:37.760><c> Hubble</c><00:38:38.240><c> saw</c><00:38:38.560><c> heated</c>

00:38:39.030 --> 00:38:39.040 align:start position:0%
September 2019, Hubble saw heated
 

00:38:39.040 --> 00:38:40.870 align:start position:0%
September 2019, Hubble saw heated
material<00:38:39.599><c> moving</c><00:38:39.920><c> away</c><00:38:40.160><c> from</c><00:38:40.400><c> the</c><00:38:40.560><c> stars</c>

00:38:40.870 --> 00:38:40.880 align:start position:0%
material moving away from the stars
 

00:38:40.880 --> 00:38:43.190 align:start position:0%
material moving away from the stars
atmosphere.<00:38:42.000><c> Over</c><00:38:42.320><c> the</c><00:38:42.480><c> course</c><00:38:42.720><c> of</c><00:38:42.800><c> the</c><00:38:43.040><c> next</c>

00:38:43.190 --> 00:38:43.200 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Over the course of the next
 

00:38:43.200 --> 00:38:45.670 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Over the course of the next
few<00:38:43.440><c> months,</c><00:38:44.079><c> this</c><00:38:44.320><c> material</c><00:38:44.880><c> was</c><00:38:45.119><c> observed</c>

00:38:45.670 --> 00:38:45.680 align:start position:0%
few months, this material was observed
 

00:38:45.680 --> 00:38:49.030 align:start position:0%
few months, this material was observed
near<00:38:45.920><c> the</c><00:38:46.160><c> star.</c><00:38:47.280><c> By</c><00:38:47.680><c> December,</c><00:38:48.480><c> the</c><00:38:48.720><c> star</c>

00:38:49.030 --> 00:38:49.040 align:start position:0%
near the star. By December, the star
 

00:38:49.040 --> 00:38:50.470 align:start position:0%
near the star. By December, the star
began<00:38:49.359><c> dimming</c><00:38:49.760><c> in</c><00:38:50.000><c> its</c><00:38:50.160><c> southern</c>

00:38:50.470 --> 00:38:50.480 align:start position:0%
began dimming in its southern
 

00:38:50.480 --> 00:38:53.510 align:start position:0%
began dimming in its southern
hemisphere.<00:38:51.680><c> It</c><00:38:51.920><c> is</c><00:38:52.079><c> theorized</c><00:38:52.800><c> that</c><00:38:53.119><c> heated</c>

00:38:53.510 --> 00:38:53.520 align:start position:0%
hemisphere. It is theorized that heated
 

00:38:53.520 --> 00:38:56.069 align:start position:0%
hemisphere. It is theorized that heated
carbon<00:38:53.920><c> was</c><00:38:54.079><c> in</c><00:38:54.240><c> the</c><00:38:54.400><c> outflow,</c><00:38:55.280><c> and</c><00:38:55.599><c> as</c><00:38:55.839><c> it</c>

00:38:56.069 --> 00:38:56.079 align:start position:0%
carbon was in the outflow, and as it
 

00:38:56.079 --> 00:38:58.710 align:start position:0%
carbon was in the outflow, and as it
moved<00:38:56.400><c> around</c><00:38:56.720><c> the</c><00:38:56.960><c> star,</c><00:38:57.520><c> it</c><00:38:57.839><c> expanded,</c>

00:38:58.710 --> 00:38:58.720 align:start position:0%
moved around the star, it expanded,
 

00:38:58.720 --> 00:39:01.349 align:start position:0%
moved around the star, it expanded,
which<00:38:59.040><c> cooled</c><00:38:59.359><c> it</c><00:38:59.520><c> down.</c><00:39:00.480><c> When</c><00:39:00.720><c> we</c><00:39:00.880><c> lost</c><00:39:01.119><c> sight</c>

00:39:01.349 --> 00:39:01.359 align:start position:0%
which cooled it down. When we lost sight
 

00:39:01.359 --> 00:39:03.430 align:start position:0%
which cooled it down. When we lost sight
of<00:39:01.520><c> it,</c><00:39:02.000><c> it</c><00:39:02.240><c> didn't</c><00:39:02.480><c> move</c><00:39:02.720><c> away</c><00:39:03.040><c> from</c><00:39:03.280><c> the</c>

00:39:03.430 --> 00:39:03.440 align:start position:0%
of it, it didn't move away from the
 

00:39:03.440 --> 00:39:06.069 align:start position:0%
of it, it didn't move away from the
star,<00:39:04.079><c> but</c><00:39:04.400><c> rather</c><00:39:04.880><c> crossed</c><00:39:05.280><c> over</c><00:39:05.520><c> our</c><00:39:05.920><c> view</c>

00:39:06.069 --> 00:39:06.079 align:start position:0%
star, but rather crossed over our view
 

00:39:06.079 --> 00:39:09.190 align:start position:0%
star, but rather crossed over our view
of<00:39:06.320><c> Beetlejuice.</c><00:39:07.599><c> At</c><00:39:07.839><c> its</c><00:39:08.079><c> peak,</c><00:39:08.560><c> Beetlejuice</c>

00:39:09.190 --> 00:39:09.200 align:start position:0%
of Beetlejuice. At its peak, Beetlejuice
 

00:39:09.200 --> 00:39:12.069 align:start position:0%
of Beetlejuice. At its peak, Beetlejuice
was<00:39:09.520><c> 2/3</c><00:39:10.160><c> dimmer</c><00:39:10.560><c> than</c><00:39:10.720><c> normal.</c><00:39:11.599><c> However,</c>

00:39:12.069 --> 00:39:12.079 align:start position:0%
was 2/3 dimmer than normal. However,
 

00:39:12.079 --> 00:39:15.109 align:start position:0%
was 2/3 dimmer than normal. However,
since<00:39:12.400><c> April</c><00:39:12.880><c> 2020,</c><00:39:14.000><c> Beetlejuice</c><00:39:14.720><c> has</c>

00:39:15.109 --> 00:39:15.119 align:start position:0%
since April 2020, Beetlejuice has
 

00:39:15.119 --> 00:39:16.550 align:start position:0%
since April 2020, Beetlejuice has
actually<00:39:15.599><c> returned</c><00:39:15.920><c> to</c><00:39:16.079><c> its</c><00:39:16.240><c> normal</c>

00:39:16.550 --> 00:39:16.560 align:start position:0%
actually returned to its normal
 

00:39:16.560 --> 00:39:18.710 align:start position:0%
actually returned to its normal
brightness.<00:39:17.440><c> So,</c><00:39:17.599><c> this</c><00:39:17.839><c> cloud</c><00:39:18.160><c> has</c><00:39:18.400><c> either</c>

00:39:18.710 --> 00:39:18.720 align:start position:0%
brightness. So, this cloud has either
 

00:39:18.720 --> 00:39:20.710 align:start position:0%
brightness. So, this cloud has either
moved<00:39:19.040><c> out</c><00:39:19.200><c> of</c><00:39:19.280><c> the</c><00:39:19.520><c> way</c><00:39:19.920><c> or</c><00:39:20.240><c> totally</c>

00:39:20.710 --> 00:39:20.720 align:start position:0%
moved out of the way or totally
 

00:39:20.720 --> 00:39:22.550 align:start position:0%
moved out of the way or totally
dispersed.

00:39:22.550 --> 00:39:22.560 align:start position:0%
dispersed.
 

00:39:22.560 --> 00:39:24.710 align:start position:0%
dispersed.
So,<00:39:22.960><c> maybe</c><00:39:23.359><c> this</c><00:39:23.680><c> wasn't</c><00:39:24.000><c> the</c><00:39:24.240><c> exciting</c>

00:39:24.710 --> 00:39:24.720 align:start position:0%
So, maybe this wasn't the exciting
 

00:39:24.720 --> 00:39:26.230 align:start position:0%
So, maybe this wasn't the exciting
conclusion<00:39:25.119><c> to</c><00:39:25.359><c> this</c><00:39:25.520><c> story</c><00:39:25.839><c> you</c><00:39:26.079><c> were</c>

00:39:26.230 --> 00:39:26.240 align:start position:0%
conclusion to this story you were
 

00:39:26.240 --> 00:39:29.190 align:start position:0%
conclusion to this story you were
looking<00:39:26.400><c> for.</c><00:39:27.440><c> Probably</c><00:39:28.000><c> no</c><00:39:28.320><c> supernovas</c><00:39:29.040><c> for</c>

00:39:29.190 --> 00:39:29.200 align:start position:0%
looking for. Probably no supernovas for
 

00:39:29.200 --> 00:39:31.670 align:start position:0%
looking for. Probably no supernovas for
a<00:39:29.359><c> while</c><00:39:29.520><c> yet.</c><00:39:30.640><c> But</c><00:39:30.880><c> maybe</c><00:39:31.119><c> that's</c><00:39:31.359><c> a</c><00:39:31.520><c> good</c>

00:39:31.670 --> 00:39:31.680 align:start position:0%
a while yet. But maybe that's a good
 

00:39:31.680 --> 00:39:33.349 align:start position:0%
a while yet. But maybe that's a good
thing<00:39:32.160><c> because</c><00:39:32.480><c> after</c><00:39:32.800><c> the</c><00:39:33.040><c> event,</c>

00:39:33.349 --> 00:39:33.359 align:start position:0%
thing because after the event,
 

00:39:33.359 --> 00:39:36.069 align:start position:0%
thing because after the event,
Beetlejuice<00:39:34.079><c> will</c><00:39:34.400><c> no</c><00:39:34.640><c> longer</c><00:39:34.880><c> be</c><00:39:35.119><c> visible.</c>

00:39:36.069 --> 00:39:36.079 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice will no longer be visible.
 

00:39:36.079 --> 00:39:38.310 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice will no longer be visible.
So<00:39:36.480><c> next</c><00:39:36.720><c> time</c><00:39:36.880><c> you</c><00:39:37.119><c> have</c><00:39:37.280><c> a</c><00:39:37.440><c> clear</c><00:39:37.680><c> night,</c>

00:39:38.310 --> 00:39:38.320 align:start position:0%
So next time you have a clear night,
 

00:39:38.320 --> 00:39:40.710 align:start position:0%
So next time you have a clear night,
find<00:39:38.640><c> Orion</c><00:39:39.119><c> in</c><00:39:39.280><c> the</c><00:39:39.440><c> sky</c><00:39:39.839><c> and</c><00:39:40.160><c> have</c><00:39:40.240><c> a</c><00:39:40.480><c> new</c>

00:39:40.710 --> 00:39:40.720 align:start position:0%
find Orion in the sky and have a new
 

00:39:40.720 --> 00:39:42.950 align:start position:0%
find Orion in the sky and have a new
appreciation<00:39:41.280><c> for</c><00:39:41.440><c> the</c><00:39:41.680><c> red</c><00:39:42.000><c> twinkly</c><00:39:42.480><c> star</c><00:39:42.720><c> of</c>

00:39:42.950 --> 00:39:42.960 align:start position:0%
appreciation for the red twinkly star of
 

00:39:42.960 --> 00:39:45.109 align:start position:0%
appreciation for the red twinkly star of
Beetlejuice.

00:39:45.109 --> 00:39:45.119 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice.
 

00:39:45.119 --> 00:39:48.069 align:start position:0%
Beetlejuice.
When<00:39:45.440><c> we</c><00:39:45.680><c> look</c><00:39:45.920><c> out</c><00:39:46.320><c> into</c><00:39:46.640><c> the</c><00:39:46.880><c> vast,</c>

00:39:48.069 --> 00:39:48.079 align:start position:0%
When we look out into the vast,
 

00:39:48.079 --> 00:39:51.750 align:start position:0%
When we look out into the vast,
expansive,<00:39:49.520><c> or</c><00:39:49.680><c> inspiring</c><00:39:50.400><c> cosmos,</c><00:39:51.520><c> there</c>

00:39:51.750 --> 00:39:51.760 align:start position:0%
expansive, or inspiring cosmos, there
 

00:39:51.760 --> 00:39:55.190 align:start position:0%
expansive, or inspiring cosmos, there
are<00:39:52.079><c> innumerable</c><00:39:52.800><c> stars</c><00:39:53.200><c> out</c><00:39:53.440><c> there.</c><00:39:54.400><c> Yet</c><00:39:55.040><c> one</c>

00:39:55.190 --> 00:39:55.200 align:start position:0%
are innumerable stars out there. Yet one
 

00:39:55.200 --> 00:39:59.030 align:start position:0%
are innumerable stars out there. Yet one
of<00:39:55.359><c> them</c><00:39:55.920><c> dominates</c><00:39:56.560><c> our</c><00:39:56.880><c> sky</c><00:39:57.520><c> and</c><00:39:58.000><c> our</c><00:39:58.320><c> lives,</c>

00:39:59.030 --> 00:39:59.040 align:start position:0%
of them dominates our sky and our lives,
 

00:39:59.040 --> 00:40:01.910 align:start position:0%
of them dominates our sky and our lives,
burning<00:39:59.599><c> brightly</c><00:40:00.240><c> and</c><00:40:00.560><c> ferociously</c><00:40:01.440><c> at</c><00:40:01.680><c> the</c>

00:40:01.910 --> 00:40:01.920 align:start position:0%
burning brightly and ferociously at the
 

00:40:01.920 --> 00:40:06.470 align:start position:0%
burning brightly and ferociously at the
center<00:40:02.240><c> of</c><00:40:02.480><c> our</c><00:40:02.800><c> solar</c><00:40:03.119><c> system,</c><00:40:04.240><c> the</c><00:40:04.560><c> sun.</c>

00:40:06.470 --> 00:40:06.480 align:start position:0%
center of our solar system, the sun.
 

00:40:06.480 --> 00:40:08.870 align:start position:0%
center of our solar system, the sun.
It's<00:40:06.960><c> easy</c><00:40:07.280><c> to</c><00:40:07.440><c> see</c><00:40:07.680><c> how</c><00:40:08.000><c> generations</c><00:40:08.640><c> of</c>

00:40:08.870 --> 00:40:08.880 align:start position:0%
It's easy to see how generations of
 

00:40:08.880 --> 00:40:11.190 align:start position:0%
It's easy to see how generations of
humans<00:40:09.200><c> before</c><00:40:09.520><c> us</c><00:40:09.760><c> were</c><00:40:10.000><c> inspired</c><00:40:10.480><c> to</c><00:40:10.720><c> create</c>

00:40:11.190 --> 00:40:11.200 align:start position:0%
humans before us were inspired to create
 

00:40:11.200 --> 00:40:13.589 align:start position:0%
humans before us were inspired to create
all<00:40:11.520><c> kinds</c><00:40:11.839><c> of</c><00:40:12.079><c> legends</c><00:40:12.560><c> to</c><00:40:12.880><c> explain</c><00:40:13.359><c> its</c>

00:40:13.589 --> 00:40:13.599 align:start position:0%
all kinds of legends to explain its
 

00:40:13.599 --> 00:40:17.349 align:start position:0%
all kinds of legends to explain its
mesmerizing<00:40:14.400><c> glow.</c><00:40:15.599><c> Now,</c><00:40:16.240><c> as</c><00:40:16.560><c> technology</c><00:40:17.119><c> has</c>

00:40:17.349 --> 00:40:17.359 align:start position:0%
mesmerizing glow. Now, as technology has
 

00:40:17.359 --> 00:40:19.430 align:start position:0%
mesmerizing glow. Now, as technology has
advanced<00:40:17.920><c> beyond</c><00:40:18.320><c> the</c><00:40:18.480><c> realms</c><00:40:18.800><c> of</c><00:40:19.040><c> their</c>

00:40:19.430 --> 00:40:19.440 align:start position:0%
advanced beyond the realms of their
 

00:40:19.440 --> 00:40:22.150 align:start position:0%
advanced beyond the realms of their
wildest<00:40:20.000><c> imaginations,</c><00:40:21.119><c> we</c><00:40:21.440><c> can</c><00:40:21.520><c> delve</c><00:40:21.920><c> into</c>

00:40:22.150 --> 00:40:22.160 align:start position:0%
wildest imaginations, we can delve into
 

00:40:22.160 --> 00:40:24.870 align:start position:0%
wildest imaginations, we can delve into
the<00:40:22.400><c> processes</c><00:40:23.040><c> within</c><00:40:23.760><c> and</c><00:40:24.079><c> around</c><00:40:24.560><c> our</c>

00:40:24.870 --> 00:40:24.880 align:start position:0%
the processes within and around our
 

00:40:24.880 --> 00:40:27.270 align:start position:0%
the processes within and around our
neighboring<00:40:25.359><c> yellow</c><00:40:25.680><c> dwarf,</c><00:40:26.560><c> going</c><00:40:26.800><c> deeper</c>

00:40:27.270 --> 00:40:27.280 align:start position:0%
neighboring yellow dwarf, going deeper
 

00:40:27.280 --> 00:40:30.870 align:start position:0%
neighboring yellow dwarf, going deeper
than<00:40:27.599><c> ever</c><00:40:27.920><c> before.</c><00:40:29.280><c> As</c><00:40:29.520><c> we</c><00:40:29.760><c> journey</c><00:40:30.320><c> through</c>

00:40:30.870 --> 00:40:30.880 align:start position:0%
than ever before. As we journey through
 

00:40:30.880 --> 00:40:34.230 align:start position:0%
than ever before. As we journey through
its<00:40:31.200><c> ferocious</c><00:40:31.839><c> atmosphere,</c><00:40:33.119><c> let's</c><00:40:33.520><c> explore</c>

00:40:34.230 --> 00:40:34.240 align:start position:0%
its ferocious atmosphere, let's explore
 

00:40:34.240 --> 00:40:36.710 align:start position:0%
its ferocious atmosphere, let's explore
what<00:40:34.560><c> I'm</c><00:40:34.800><c> sure</c><00:40:35.040><c> you</c><00:40:35.200><c> all</c><00:40:35.440><c> agree</c><00:40:36.160><c> are</c><00:40:36.400><c> the</c>

00:40:36.710 --> 00:40:36.720 align:start position:0%
what I'm sure you all agree are the
 

00:40:36.720 --> 00:40:39.030 align:start position:0%
what I'm sure you all agree are the
fascinating<00:40:37.440><c> phenomena</c><00:40:38.000><c> that</c><00:40:38.320><c> materialize</c>

00:40:39.030 --> 00:40:39.040 align:start position:0%
fascinating phenomena that materialize
 

00:40:39.040 --> 00:40:42.069 align:start position:0%
fascinating phenomena that materialize
there.

00:40:42.069 --> 00:40:42.079 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:40:42.079 --> 00:40:44.069 align:start position:0%
 
I'm<00:40:42.400><c> Alex</c><00:40:42.720><c> Mccoan</c><00:40:43.359><c> and</c><00:40:43.599><c> you're</c><00:40:43.839><c> watching</c>

00:40:44.069 --> 00:40:44.079 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:40:44.079 --> 00:40:46.550 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:40:44.960><c> And</c><00:40:45.119><c> in</c><00:40:45.280><c> this</c><00:40:45.520><c> video,</c><00:40:45.839><c> I</c><00:40:46.160><c> want</c><00:40:46.240><c> to</c>

00:40:46.550 --> 00:40:46.560 align:start position:0%
Astramm. And in this video, I want to
 

00:40:46.560 --> 00:40:49.589 align:start position:0%
Astramm. And in this video, I want to
dive<00:40:47.040><c> into</c><00:40:47.520><c> the</c><00:40:47.760><c> sun,</c><00:40:48.480><c> drawing</c><00:40:48.960><c> on</c><00:40:49.280><c> different</c>

00:40:49.589 --> 00:40:49.599 align:start position:0%
dive into the sun, drawing on different
 

00:40:49.599 --> 00:40:52.150 align:start position:0%
dive into the sun, drawing on different
wavelengths<00:40:50.160><c> of</c><00:40:50.320><c> electromagnetic</c><00:40:51.200><c> energy</c><00:40:51.839><c> to</c>

00:40:52.150 --> 00:40:52.160 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of electromagnetic energy to
 

00:40:52.160 --> 00:40:57.589 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of electromagnetic energy to
showcase<00:40:52.640><c> the</c><00:40:52.880><c> star</c><00:40:53.359><c> in</c><00:40:53.599><c> a</c><00:40:53.839><c> new</c><00:40:54.079><c> light.</c>

00:40:57.589 --> 00:40:57.599 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:40:57.599 --> 00:40:59.990 align:start position:0%
 
Previously,<00:40:58.400><c> we've</c><00:40:58.720><c> explored</c><00:40:59.200><c> Jupiter</c><00:40:59.680><c> and</c>

00:40:59.990 --> 00:41:00.000 align:start position:0%
Previously, we've explored Jupiter and
 

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:01.589 align:start position:0%
Previously, we've explored Jupiter and
some<00:41:00.160><c> of</c><00:41:00.240><c> its</c><00:41:00.480><c> moons</c><00:41:00.800><c> through</c><00:41:01.040><c> the</c><00:41:01.200><c> lens</c><00:41:01.440><c> of</c>

00:41:01.589 --> 00:41:01.599 align:start position:0%
some of its moons through the lens of
 

00:41:01.599 --> 00:41:03.670 align:start position:0%
some of its moons through the lens of
the<00:41:01.760><c> electromagnetic</c><00:41:02.640><c> spectrum,</c><00:41:03.200><c> which</c><00:41:03.440><c> you</c>

00:41:03.670 --> 00:41:03.680 align:start position:0%
the electromagnetic spectrum, which you
 

00:41:03.680 --> 00:41:06.630 align:start position:0%
the electromagnetic spectrum, which you
can<00:41:03.760><c> see</c><00:41:03.920><c> in</c><00:41:04.160><c> this</c><00:41:04.400><c> video</c><00:41:04.640><c> here.</c><00:41:05.839><c> Today,</c><00:41:06.400><c> we</c>

00:41:06.630 --> 00:41:06.640 align:start position:0%
can see in this video here. Today, we
 

00:41:06.640 --> 00:41:08.870 align:start position:0%
can see in this video here. Today, we
will<00:41:06.880><c> be</c><00:41:07.040><c> revisiting</c><00:41:07.599><c> this</c><00:41:07.839><c> approach,</c><00:41:08.560><c> but</c>

00:41:08.870 --> 00:41:08.880 align:start position:0%
will be revisiting this approach, but
 

00:41:08.880 --> 00:41:11.270 align:start position:0%
will be revisiting this approach, but
this<00:41:09.119><c> time,</c><00:41:09.599><c> rather</c><00:41:09.920><c> than</c><00:41:10.160><c> a</c><00:41:10.319><c> planet,</c><00:41:10.960><c> it'll</c>

00:41:11.270 --> 00:41:11.280 align:start position:0%
this time, rather than a planet, it'll
 

00:41:11.280 --> 00:41:13.589 align:start position:0%
this time, rather than a planet, it'll
be<00:41:11.440><c> adapted</c><00:41:11.839><c> to</c><00:41:12.079><c> investigate</c><00:41:12.800><c> a</c><00:41:13.119><c> highly</c>

00:41:13.589 --> 00:41:13.599 align:start position:0%
be adapted to investigate a highly
 

00:41:13.599 --> 00:41:16.630 align:start position:0%
be adapted to investigate a highly
energetic<00:41:14.240><c> ball</c><00:41:14.480><c> of</c><00:41:14.720><c> plasma.</c><00:41:16.000><c> The</c><00:41:16.319><c> light</c>

00:41:16.630 --> 00:41:16.640 align:start position:0%
energetic ball of plasma. The light
 

00:41:16.640 --> 00:41:19.430 align:start position:0%
energetic ball of plasma. The light
we'll<00:41:16.960><c> be</c><00:41:17.119><c> looking</c><00:41:17.359><c> at</c><00:41:17.680><c> is</c><00:41:18.000><c> old.</c>

00:41:19.430 --> 00:41:19.440 align:start position:0%
we'll be looking at is old.
 

00:41:19.440 --> 00:41:21.270 align:start position:0%
we'll be looking at is old.
Although<00:41:19.839><c> light</c><00:41:20.160><c> is</c><00:41:20.319><c> the</c><00:41:20.560><c> fastest</c><00:41:20.880><c> thing</c><00:41:21.040><c> we</c>

00:41:21.270 --> 00:41:21.280 align:start position:0%
Although light is the fastest thing we
 

00:41:21.280 --> 00:41:23.589 align:start position:0%
Although light is the fastest thing we
know,<00:41:21.920><c> the</c><00:41:22.160><c> image</c><00:41:22.400><c> of</c><00:41:22.560><c> the</c><00:41:22.720><c> sun</c><00:41:22.880><c> that</c><00:41:23.119><c> we</c><00:41:23.359><c> see</c>

00:41:23.589 --> 00:41:23.599 align:start position:0%
know, the image of the sun that we see
 

00:41:23.599 --> 00:41:25.990 align:start position:0%
know, the image of the sun that we see
from<00:41:23.839><c> Earth</c><00:41:24.240><c> is</c><00:41:24.480><c> approximately</c><00:41:25.200><c> 8</c><00:41:25.520><c> minutes</c>

00:41:25.990 --> 00:41:26.000 align:start position:0%
from Earth is approximately 8 minutes
 

00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:28.870 align:start position:0%
from Earth is approximately 8 minutes
and<00:41:26.400><c> 20</c><00:41:26.720><c> seconds</c><00:41:27.119><c> old.</c><00:41:28.160><c> Meaning</c><00:41:28.480><c> we</c><00:41:28.720><c> are</c>

00:41:28.870 --> 00:41:28.880 align:start position:0%
and 20 seconds old. Meaning we are
 

00:41:28.880 --> 00:41:30.870 align:start position:0%
and 20 seconds old. Meaning we are
viewing<00:41:29.200><c> what</c><00:41:29.440><c> the</c><00:41:29.599><c> sun</c><00:41:29.839><c> looked</c><00:41:30.079><c> like</c><00:41:30.400><c> a</c><00:41:30.720><c> few</c>

00:41:30.870 --> 00:41:30.880 align:start position:0%
viewing what the sun looked like a few
 

00:41:30.880 --> 00:41:33.670 align:start position:0%
viewing what the sun looked like a few
minutes<00:41:31.200><c> in</c><00:41:31.359><c> the</c><00:41:31.520><c> past.</c><00:41:32.640><c> And</c><00:41:33.040><c> if</c><00:41:33.280><c> you</c><00:41:33.440><c> count</c>

00:41:33.670 --> 00:41:33.680 align:start position:0%
minutes in the past. And if you count
 

00:41:33.680 --> 00:41:35.750 align:start position:0%
minutes in the past. And if you count
how<00:41:33.920><c> long</c><00:41:34.079><c> it</c><00:41:34.240><c> takes</c><00:41:34.480><c> the</c><00:41:34.640><c> photons</c><00:41:35.200><c> generated</c>

00:41:35.750 --> 00:41:35.760 align:start position:0%
how long it takes the photons generated
 

00:41:35.760 --> 00:41:38.390 align:start position:0%
how long it takes the photons generated
within<00:41:36.240><c> the</c><00:41:36.400><c> sun's</c><00:41:36.800><c> core</c><00:41:37.359><c> to</c><00:41:37.599><c> make</c><00:41:37.920><c> their</c><00:41:38.160><c> way</c>

00:41:38.390 --> 00:41:38.400 align:start position:0%
within the sun's core to make their way
 

00:41:38.400 --> 00:41:40.390 align:start position:0%
within the sun's core to make their way
through<00:41:38.800><c> each</c><00:41:39.280><c> layer</c><00:41:39.440><c> of</c><00:41:39.599><c> the</c><00:41:39.760><c> sun</c><00:41:40.079><c> before</c>

00:41:40.390 --> 00:41:40.400 align:start position:0%
through each layer of the sun before
 

00:41:40.400 --> 00:41:42.550 align:start position:0%
through each layer of the sun before
escaping<00:41:40.880><c> into</c><00:41:41.200><c> space,</c><00:41:41.920><c> the</c><00:41:42.160><c> light</c><00:41:42.319><c> that</c>

00:41:42.550 --> 00:41:42.560 align:start position:0%
escaping into space, the light that
 

00:41:42.560 --> 00:41:46.870 align:start position:0%
escaping into space, the light that
reaches<00:41:42.960><c> us</c><00:41:43.200><c> is</c><00:41:43.520><c> anywhere</c><00:41:44.000><c> from</c><00:41:44.400><c> 10,000</c><00:41:45.520><c> to</c>

00:41:46.870 --> 00:41:46.880 align:start position:0%
reaches us is anywhere from 10,000 to
 

00:41:46.880 --> 00:41:51.589 align:start position:0%
reaches us is anywhere from 10,000 to
170,000<00:41:48.000><c> years</c><00:41:48.319><c> old.</c><00:41:49.760><c> Where</c><00:41:50.079><c> to</c><00:41:50.319><c> begin?</c><00:41:51.359><c> Like</c>

00:41:51.589 --> 00:41:51.599 align:start position:0%
170,000 years old. Where to begin? Like
 

00:41:51.599 --> 00:41:53.349 align:start position:0%
170,000 years old. Where to begin? Like
eating<00:41:51.920><c> a</c><00:41:52.079><c> fruit</c><00:41:52.480><c> by</c><00:41:52.720><c> starting</c><00:41:52.960><c> with</c><00:41:53.200><c> the</c>

00:41:53.349 --> 00:41:53.359 align:start position:0%
eating a fruit by starting with the
 

00:41:53.359 --> 00:41:55.829 align:start position:0%
eating a fruit by starting with the
outer<00:41:53.839><c> layers</c><00:41:54.079><c> and</c><00:41:54.400><c> working</c><00:41:54.720><c> your</c><00:41:55.040><c> way</c><00:41:55.200><c> in.</c>

00:41:55.829 --> 00:41:55.839 align:start position:0%
outer layers and working your way in.
 

00:41:55.839 --> 00:41:57.829 align:start position:0%
outer layers and working your way in.
Let's<00:41:56.160><c> start</c><00:41:56.400><c> our</c><00:41:56.640><c> investigation</c><00:41:57.359><c> with</c><00:41:57.599><c> the</c>

00:41:57.829 --> 00:41:57.839 align:start position:0%
Let's start our investigation with the
 

00:41:57.839 --> 00:42:00.550 align:start position:0%
Let's start our investigation with the
outermost<00:41:58.480><c> layer</c><00:41:58.640><c> of</c><00:41:58.800><c> the</c><00:41:58.960><c> sun's</c><00:41:59.280><c> atmosphere,</c>

00:42:00.550 --> 00:42:00.560 align:start position:0%
outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere,
 

00:42:00.560 --> 00:42:03.109 align:start position:0%
outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere,
the<00:42:00.800><c> corona.</c>

00:42:03.109 --> 00:42:03.119 align:start position:0%
the corona.
 

00:42:03.119 --> 00:42:05.109 align:start position:0%
the corona.
The<00:42:03.440><c> following</c><00:42:03.839><c> image</c><00:42:04.160><c> was</c><00:42:04.480><c> taken</c><00:42:04.720><c> by</c><00:42:04.960><c> the</c>

00:42:05.109 --> 00:42:05.119 align:start position:0%
The following image was taken by the
 

00:42:05.119 --> 00:42:08.470 align:start position:0%
The following image was taken by the
Solar<00:42:05.520><c> Dynamics</c><00:42:06.079><c> Observatory</c><00:42:06.880><c> or</c><00:42:07.280><c> SDO,</c><00:42:08.240><c> a</c>

00:42:08.470 --> 00:42:08.480 align:start position:0%
Solar Dynamics Observatory or SDO, a
 

00:42:08.480 --> 00:42:10.470 align:start position:0%
Solar Dynamics Observatory or SDO, a
NASA<00:42:08.880><c> space</c><00:42:09.200><c> mission</c><00:42:09.520><c> launched</c><00:42:09.920><c> back</c><00:42:10.160><c> in</c>

00:42:10.470 --> 00:42:10.480 align:start position:0%
NASA space mission launched back in
 

00:42:10.480 --> 00:42:12.470 align:start position:0%
NASA space mission launched back in
February<00:42:10.960><c> 2010.</c>

00:42:12.470 --> 00:42:12.480 align:start position:0%
February 2010.
 

00:42:12.480 --> 00:42:14.870 align:start position:0%
February 2010.
SDO<00:42:13.040><c> aimed</c><00:42:13.359><c> to</c><00:42:13.599><c> better</c><00:42:13.920><c> understand</c><00:42:14.319><c> the</c><00:42:14.560><c> solar</c>

00:42:14.870 --> 00:42:14.880 align:start position:0%
SDO aimed to better understand the solar
 

00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:17.109 align:start position:0%
SDO aimed to better understand the solar
variations<00:42:15.440><c> that</c><00:42:15.680><c> influence</c><00:42:16.160><c> life</c><00:42:16.400><c> on</c><00:42:16.640><c> Earth</c>

00:42:17.109 --> 00:42:17.119 align:start position:0%
variations that influence life on Earth
 

00:42:17.119 --> 00:42:19.589 align:start position:0%
variations that influence life on Earth
and<00:42:17.520><c> our</c><00:42:17.839><c> technological</c><00:42:18.560><c> systems</c><00:42:19.359><c> by</c>

00:42:19.589 --> 00:42:19.599 align:start position:0%
and our technological systems by
 

00:42:19.599 --> 00:42:21.910 align:start position:0%
and our technological systems by
studying<00:42:20.000><c> the</c><00:42:20.240><c> dynamic</c><00:42:20.880><c> solar</c><00:42:21.359><c> surface</c><00:42:21.680><c> and</c>

00:42:21.910 --> 00:42:21.920 align:start position:0%
studying the dynamic solar surface and
 

00:42:21.920 --> 00:42:24.069 align:start position:0%
studying the dynamic solar surface and
atmosphere<00:42:22.560><c> at</c><00:42:22.800><c> different</c><00:42:23.200><c> electromagnetic</c>

00:42:24.069 --> 00:42:24.079 align:start position:0%
atmosphere at different electromagnetic
 

00:42:24.079 --> 00:42:26.710 align:start position:0%
atmosphere at different electromagnetic
wavelengths.<00:42:25.359><c> By</c><00:42:25.680><c> looking</c><00:42:25.920><c> at</c><00:42:26.079><c> light</c><00:42:26.400><c> beyond</c>

00:42:26.710 --> 00:42:26.720 align:start position:0%
wavelengths. By looking at light beyond
 

00:42:26.720 --> 00:42:29.030 align:start position:0%
wavelengths. By looking at light beyond
the<00:42:26.960><c> visible</c><00:42:27.280><c> range,</c><00:42:27.839><c> NASA</c><00:42:28.240><c> was</c><00:42:28.480><c> able</c><00:42:28.640><c> to</c><00:42:28.800><c> pick</c>

00:42:29.030 --> 00:42:29.040 align:start position:0%
the visible range, NASA was able to pick
 

00:42:29.040 --> 00:42:31.829 align:start position:0%
the visible range, NASA was able to pick
out<00:42:29.440><c> normally</c><00:42:29.920><c> invisible</c><00:42:30.560><c> details</c><00:42:31.359><c> crucial</c>

00:42:31.829 --> 00:42:31.839 align:start position:0%
out normally invisible details crucial
 

00:42:31.839 --> 00:42:34.710 align:start position:0%
out normally invisible details crucial
to<00:42:32.079><c> our</c><00:42:32.400><c> understanding</c><00:42:32.960><c> of</c><00:42:33.119><c> the</c><00:42:33.280><c> sun.</c><00:42:34.480><c> This</c>

00:42:34.710 --> 00:42:34.720 align:start position:0%
to our understanding of the sun. This
 

00:42:34.720 --> 00:42:38.069 align:start position:0%
to our understanding of the sun. This
image<00:42:35.040><c> was</c><00:42:35.280><c> taken</c><00:42:35.680><c> using</c><00:42:36.000><c> a</c><00:42:36.319><c> 19.3</c><00:42:37.359><c> nanometer</c>

00:42:38.069 --> 00:42:38.079 align:start position:0%
image was taken using a 19.3 nanometer
 

00:42:38.079 --> 00:42:40.309 align:start position:0%
image was taken using a 19.3 nanometer
wavelength<00:42:38.880><c> representing</c><00:42:39.440><c> light</c><00:42:39.839><c> found</c><00:42:40.079><c> in</c>

00:42:40.309 --> 00:42:40.319 align:start position:0%
wavelength representing light found in
 

00:42:40.319 --> 00:42:43.430 align:start position:0%
wavelength representing light found in
the<00:42:40.560><c> extreme</c><00:42:41.359><c> ultraviolet</c><00:42:42.079><c> region.</c><00:42:43.040><c> At</c><00:42:43.280><c> a</c>

00:42:43.430 --> 00:42:43.440 align:start position:0%
the extreme ultraviolet region. At a
 

00:42:43.440 --> 00:42:45.109 align:start position:0%
the extreme ultraviolet region. At a
wavelength<00:42:44.000><c> corresponding</c><00:42:44.560><c> to</c><00:42:44.640><c> a</c><00:42:44.880><c> color</c>

00:42:45.109 --> 00:42:45.119 align:start position:0%
wavelength corresponding to a color
 

00:42:45.119 --> 00:42:48.069 align:start position:0%
wavelength corresponding to a color
temperature<00:42:45.760><c> of</c><00:42:46.160><c> 1</c><00:42:46.560><c> million</c><00:42:46.880><c> Kelvin,</c><00:42:47.760><c> we</c><00:42:47.920><c> can</c>

00:42:48.069 --> 00:42:48.079 align:start position:0%
temperature of 1 million Kelvin, we can
 

00:42:48.079 --> 00:42:50.069 align:start position:0%
temperature of 1 million Kelvin, we can
clearly<00:42:48.480><c> see</c><00:42:48.640><c> the</c><00:42:48.960><c> higher</c><00:42:49.359><c> region</c><00:42:49.680><c> of</c><00:42:49.920><c> the</c>

00:42:50.069 --> 00:42:50.079 align:start position:0%
clearly see the higher region of the
 

00:42:50.079 --> 00:42:52.069 align:start position:0%
clearly see the higher region of the
sun's<00:42:50.480><c> corona.</c>

00:42:52.069 --> 00:42:52.079 align:start position:0%
sun's corona.
 

00:42:52.079 --> 00:42:54.550 align:start position:0%
sun's corona.
Interestingly,<00:42:53.040><c> the</c><00:42:53.280><c> sun's</c><00:42:53.599><c> corona</c><00:42:54.079><c> can</c><00:42:54.240><c> also</c>

00:42:54.550 --> 00:42:54.560 align:start position:0%
Interestingly, the sun's corona can also
 

00:42:54.560 --> 00:42:56.390 align:start position:0%
Interestingly, the sun's corona can also
be<00:42:54.720><c> seen</c><00:42:55.040><c> by</c><00:42:55.200><c> the</c><00:42:55.359><c> naked</c><00:42:55.680><c> eye</c><00:42:55.920><c> on</c><00:42:56.160><c> rare</c>

00:42:56.390 --> 00:42:56.400 align:start position:0%
be seen by the naked eye on rare
 

00:42:56.400 --> 00:42:59.589 align:start position:0%
be seen by the naked eye on rare
occasions,<00:42:57.359><c> such</c><00:42:57.599><c> as</c><00:42:58.079><c> during</c><00:42:58.400><c> a</c><00:42:58.640><c> total</c><00:42:59.200><c> solar</c>

00:42:59.589 --> 00:42:59.599 align:start position:0%
occasions, such as during a total solar
 

00:42:59.599 --> 00:43:02.630 align:start position:0%
occasions, such as during a total solar
eclipse.<00:43:01.040><c> When</c><00:43:01.280><c> the</c><00:43:01.520><c> moon</c><00:43:01.839><c> is</c><00:43:02.160><c> perfectly</c>

00:43:02.630 --> 00:43:02.640 align:start position:0%
eclipse. When the moon is perfectly
 

00:43:02.640 --> 00:43:04.550 align:start position:0%
eclipse. When the moon is perfectly
aligned<00:43:03.119><c> between</c><00:43:03.440><c> the</c><00:43:03.599><c> Earth</c><00:43:03.839><c> and</c><00:43:04.079><c> the</c><00:43:04.240><c> Sun</c>

00:43:04.550 --> 00:43:04.560 align:start position:0%
aligned between the Earth and the Sun
 

00:43:04.560 --> 00:43:07.349 align:start position:0%
aligned between the Earth and the Sun
for<00:43:04.800><c> a</c><00:43:05.040><c> fleeting</c><00:43:05.599><c> period</c><00:43:05.920><c> of</c><00:43:06.160><c> time,</c><00:43:06.880><c> the</c><00:43:07.119><c> view</c>

00:43:07.349 --> 00:43:07.359 align:start position:0%
for a fleeting period of time, the view
 

00:43:07.359 --> 00:43:09.990 align:start position:0%
for a fleeting period of time, the view
of<00:43:07.599><c> the</c><00:43:07.839><c> central</c><00:43:08.560><c> brighter</c><00:43:09.040><c> disc</c><00:43:09.520><c> known</c><00:43:09.839><c> as</c>

00:43:09.990 --> 00:43:10.000 align:start position:0%
of the central brighter disc known as
 

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:12.790 align:start position:0%
of the central brighter disc known as
the<00:43:10.240><c> photosphere</c><00:43:11.200><c> is</c><00:43:11.599><c> fully</c><00:43:12.000><c> blocked,</c>

00:43:12.790 --> 00:43:12.800 align:start position:0%
the photosphere is fully blocked,
 

00:43:12.800 --> 00:43:15.910 align:start position:0%
the photosphere is fully blocked,
revealing<00:43:13.440><c> a</c><00:43:13.760><c> radiant</c><00:43:14.319><c> exterior.</c>

00:43:15.910 --> 00:43:15.920 align:start position:0%
revealing a radiant exterior.
 

00:43:15.920 --> 00:43:17.990 align:start position:0%
revealing a radiant exterior.
While<00:43:16.319><c> this</c><00:43:16.560><c> is</c><00:43:16.720><c> a</c><00:43:16.960><c> breathtaking</c><00:43:17.599><c> view</c>

00:43:17.990 --> 00:43:18.000 align:start position:0%
While this is a breathtaking view
 

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:20.390 align:start position:0%
While this is a breathtaking view
already,<00:43:18.720><c> the</c><00:43:18.960><c> corona</c><00:43:19.440><c> is</c><00:43:19.680><c> still</c><00:43:19.920><c> nowhere</c>

00:43:20.390 --> 00:43:20.400 align:start position:0%
already, the corona is still nowhere
 

00:43:20.400 --> 00:43:23.270 align:start position:0%
already, the corona is still nowhere
near<00:43:20.720><c> as</c><00:43:21.040><c> detailed</c><00:43:21.520><c> as</c><00:43:21.839><c> it</c><00:43:22.000><c> is</c><00:43:22.240><c> in</c><00:43:22.560><c> this</c><00:43:22.800><c> image</c>

00:43:23.270 --> 00:43:23.280 align:start position:0%
near as detailed as it is in this image
 

00:43:23.280 --> 00:43:26.790 align:start position:0%
near as detailed as it is in this image
taken<00:43:23.680><c> by</c><00:43:23.839><c> the</c><00:43:24.079><c> SDO.</c><00:43:25.359><c> This</c><00:43:25.599><c> makes</c><00:43:25.839><c> it</c><00:43:26.000><c> a</c><00:43:26.319><c> useful</c>

00:43:26.790 --> 00:43:26.800 align:start position:0%
taken by the SDO. This makes it a useful
 

00:43:26.800 --> 00:43:29.750 align:start position:0%
taken by the SDO. This makes it a useful
tool<00:43:27.200><c> for</c><00:43:27.440><c> scientist</c><00:43:28.000><c> studies.</c>

00:43:29.750 --> 00:43:29.760 align:start position:0%
tool for scientist studies.
 

00:43:29.760 --> 00:43:31.910 align:start position:0%
tool for scientist studies.
But<00:43:30.000><c> let's</c><00:43:30.319><c> go</c><00:43:30.560><c> a</c><00:43:30.800><c> little</c><00:43:31.040><c> deeper.</c><00:43:31.760><c> The</c>

00:43:31.910 --> 00:43:31.920 align:start position:0%
But let's go a little deeper. The
 

00:43:31.920 --> 00:43:33.910 align:start position:0%
But let's go a little deeper. The
features<00:43:32.240><c> of</c><00:43:32.400><c> the</c><00:43:32.560><c> sun</c><00:43:33.040><c> just</c><00:43:33.280><c> beneath</c><00:43:33.760><c> the</c>

00:43:33.910 --> 00:43:33.920 align:start position:0%
features of the sun just beneath the
 

00:43:33.920 --> 00:43:37.109 align:start position:0%
features of the sun just beneath the
corona.<00:43:35.119><c> At</c><00:43:35.280><c> a</c><00:43:35.520><c> color</c><00:43:35.760><c> temperature</c><00:43:36.160><c> of</c><00:43:36.720><c> 20</c>

00:43:37.109 --> 00:43:37.119 align:start position:0%
corona. At a color temperature of 20
 

00:43:37.119 --> 00:43:40.069 align:start position:0%
corona. At a color temperature of 20
million<00:43:37.520><c> Kelvin,</c><00:43:38.319><c> the</c><00:43:38.640><c> intensely</c><00:43:39.520><c> vivid</c>

00:43:40.069 --> 00:43:40.079 align:start position:0%
million Kelvin, the intensely vivid
 

00:43:40.079 --> 00:43:42.870 align:start position:0%
million Kelvin, the intensely vivid
spots<00:43:40.720><c> indicate</c><00:43:41.200><c> events</c><00:43:41.760><c> known</c><00:43:42.160><c> as</c><00:43:42.400><c> solar</c>

00:43:42.870 --> 00:43:42.880 align:start position:0%
spots indicate events known as solar
 

00:43:42.880 --> 00:43:45.990 align:start position:0%
spots indicate events known as solar
flares.<00:43:43.760><c> Here</c><00:43:44.560><c> is</c><00:43:44.800><c> some</c><00:43:45.040><c> footage</c><00:43:45.440><c> of</c><00:43:45.680><c> a</c>

00:43:45.990 --> 00:43:46.000 align:start position:0%
flares. Here is some footage of a
 

00:43:46.000 --> 00:43:48.309 align:start position:0%
flares. Here is some footage of a
particularly<00:43:46.720><c> busy</c><00:43:47.040><c> week</c><00:43:47.280><c> for</c><00:43:47.520><c> flares</c><00:43:48.079><c> back</c>

00:43:48.309 --> 00:43:48.319 align:start position:0%
particularly busy week for flares back
 

00:43:48.319 --> 00:43:50.710 align:start position:0%
particularly busy week for flares back
in<00:43:48.560><c> August</c><00:43:49.040><c> 2022.</c>

00:43:50.710 --> 00:43:50.720 align:start position:0%
in August 2022.
 

00:43:50.720 --> 00:43:52.630 align:start position:0%
in August 2022.
I've<00:43:51.040><c> always</c><00:43:51.359><c> found</c><00:43:51.599><c> solar</c><00:43:52.000><c> flares</c><00:43:52.319><c> to</c><00:43:52.480><c> be</c>

00:43:52.630 --> 00:43:52.640 align:start position:0%
I've always found solar flares to be
 

00:43:52.640 --> 00:43:56.069 align:start position:0%
I've always found solar flares to be
both<00:43:52.960><c> terrifying</c><00:43:53.839><c> and</c><00:43:54.319><c> hypnotizing.</c><00:43:55.760><c> They</c>

00:43:56.069 --> 00:43:56.079 align:start position:0%
both terrifying and hypnotizing. They
 

00:43:56.079 --> 00:43:58.790 align:start position:0%
both terrifying and hypnotizing. They
are<00:43:56.319><c> colossal</c><00:43:57.040><c> explosions</c><00:43:58.000><c> where</c><00:43:58.319><c> the</c><00:43:58.480><c> sun</c>

00:43:58.790 --> 00:43:58.800 align:start position:0%
are colossal explosions where the sun
 

00:43:58.800 --> 00:44:00.710 align:start position:0%
are colossal explosions where the sun
spews<00:43:59.280><c> out</c><00:43:59.520><c> an</c><00:43:59.760><c> immense</c><00:44:00.240><c> amount</c><00:44:00.560><c> of</c>

00:44:00.710 --> 00:44:00.720 align:start position:0%
spews out an immense amount of
 

00:44:00.720 --> 00:44:03.430 align:start position:0%
spews out an immense amount of
electromagnetic<00:44:01.599><c> radiation.</c><00:44:02.960><c> They</c><00:44:03.280><c> are</c>

00:44:03.430 --> 00:44:03.440 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic radiation. They are
 

00:44:03.440 --> 00:44:05.990 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic radiation. They are
caused<00:44:03.760><c> when</c><00:44:04.160><c> magnetic</c><00:44:04.640><c> fields</c><00:44:05.200><c> cross,</c>

00:44:05.990 --> 00:44:06.000 align:start position:0%
caused when magnetic fields cross,
 

00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:08.470 align:start position:0%
caused when magnetic fields cross,
distort,<00:44:06.880><c> and</c><00:44:07.200><c> reorganize</c><00:44:07.920><c> themselves</c>

00:44:08.470 --> 00:44:08.480 align:start position:0%
distort, and reorganize themselves
 

00:44:08.480 --> 00:44:11.670 align:start position:0%
distort, and reorganize themselves
rapidly.<00:44:09.760><c> This</c><00:44:10.000><c> activity</c><00:44:10.560><c> is</c><00:44:10.800><c> created</c><00:44:11.280><c> by</c><00:44:11.440><c> the</c>

00:44:11.670 --> 00:44:11.680 align:start position:0%
rapidly. This activity is created by the
 

00:44:11.680 --> 00:44:13.750 align:start position:0%
rapidly. This activity is created by the
turbulent<00:44:12.319><c> nature</c><00:44:12.640><c> of</c><00:44:12.800><c> the</c><00:44:12.960><c> plasma</c><00:44:13.440><c> within</c>

00:44:13.750 --> 00:44:13.760 align:start position:0%
turbulent nature of the plasma within
 

00:44:13.760 --> 00:44:16.550 align:start position:0%
turbulent nature of the plasma within
the<00:44:13.920><c> sun</c><00:44:14.160><c> itself</c><00:44:15.040><c> from</c><00:44:15.359><c> which</c><00:44:15.680><c> the</c><00:44:16.000><c> fields</c>

00:44:16.550 --> 00:44:16.560 align:start position:0%
the sun itself from which the fields
 

00:44:16.560 --> 00:44:18.710 align:start position:0%
the sun itself from which the fields
ultimately<00:44:17.040><c> originate.</c>

00:44:18.710 --> 00:44:18.720 align:start position:0%
ultimately originate.
 

00:44:18.720 --> 00:44:20.550 align:start position:0%
ultimately originate.
But<00:44:18.960><c> they</c><00:44:19.119><c> are</c><00:44:19.280><c> not</c><00:44:19.520><c> the</c><00:44:19.760><c> only</c><00:44:20.000><c> feature</c><00:44:20.240><c> of</c><00:44:20.400><c> the</c>

00:44:20.550 --> 00:44:20.560 align:start position:0%
But they are not the only feature of the
 

00:44:20.560 --> 00:44:23.589 align:start position:0%
But they are not the only feature of the
sun's<00:44:20.800><c> atmosphere</c><00:44:21.440><c> venting</c><00:44:22.079><c> radiation.</c>

00:44:23.589 --> 00:44:23.599 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere venting radiation.
 

00:44:23.599 --> 00:44:26.950 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere venting radiation.
Coronal<00:44:24.160><c> holes</c><00:44:25.200><c> indicated</c><00:44:25.839><c> here</c><00:44:26.319><c> by</c><00:44:26.640><c> this</c>

00:44:26.950 --> 00:44:26.960 align:start position:0%
Coronal holes indicated here by this
 

00:44:26.960 --> 00:44:29.349 align:start position:0%
Coronal holes indicated here by this
darker<00:44:27.520><c> region</c><00:44:27.760><c> on</c><00:44:28.000><c> the</c><00:44:28.160><c> sun</c><00:44:28.720><c> are</c><00:44:28.960><c> another</c>

00:44:29.349 --> 00:44:29.359 align:start position:0%
darker region on the sun are another
 

00:44:29.359 --> 00:44:31.430 align:start position:0%
darker region on the sun are another
fascinating<00:44:30.000><c> feature</c><00:44:30.640><c> which</c><00:44:30.880><c> we'll</c><00:44:31.119><c> take</c><00:44:31.280><c> a</c>

00:44:31.430 --> 00:44:31.440 align:start position:0%
fascinating feature which we'll take a
 

00:44:31.440 --> 00:44:34.230 align:start position:0%
fascinating feature which we'll take a
closer<00:44:31.839><c> look</c><00:44:32.000><c> at</c><00:44:32.319><c> using</c><00:44:32.880><c> extreme</c><00:44:33.599><c> ultraviolet</c>

00:44:34.230 --> 00:44:34.240 align:start position:0%
closer look at using extreme ultraviolet
 

00:44:34.240 --> 00:44:37.910 align:start position:0%
closer look at using extreme ultraviolet
light.

00:44:37.910 --> 00:44:37.920 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:44:37.920 --> 00:44:41.270 align:start position:0%
 
Coronal<00:44:38.480><c> holes</c><00:44:38.880><c> are</c><00:44:39.119><c> areas</c><00:44:39.680><c> of</c><00:44:40.079><c> cooler,</c><00:44:40.960><c> less</c>

00:44:41.270 --> 00:44:41.280 align:start position:0%
Coronal holes are areas of cooler, less
 

00:44:41.280 --> 00:44:43.829 align:start position:0%
Coronal holes are areas of cooler, less
dense<00:44:41.599><c> plasma</c><00:44:42.400><c> which</c><00:44:42.720><c> are</c><00:44:43.040><c> magnetically</c>

00:44:43.829 --> 00:44:43.839 align:start position:0%
dense plasma which are magnetically
 

00:44:43.839 --> 00:44:46.470 align:start position:0%
dense plasma which are magnetically
open.<00:44:44.640><c> Meaning</c><00:44:45.119><c> that</c><00:44:45.440><c> rather</c><00:44:45.760><c> than</c><00:44:45.920><c> forming</c>

00:44:46.470 --> 00:44:46.480 align:start position:0%
open. Meaning that rather than forming
 

00:44:46.480 --> 00:44:48.470 align:start position:0%
open. Meaning that rather than forming
closed<00:44:46.880><c> loops</c><00:44:47.200><c> that</c><00:44:47.440><c> go</c><00:44:47.680><c> back</c><00:44:47.839><c> to</c><00:44:48.000><c> the</c><00:44:48.160><c> sun's</c>

00:44:48.470 --> 00:44:48.480 align:start position:0%
closed loops that go back to the sun's
 

00:44:48.480 --> 00:44:51.190 align:start position:0%
closed loops that go back to the sun's
surface,<00:44:49.200><c> the</c><00:44:49.440><c> field</c><00:44:49.680><c> lines</c><00:44:50.160><c> travel</c><00:44:50.560><c> outward</c>

00:44:51.190 --> 00:44:51.200 align:start position:0%
surface, the field lines travel outward
 

00:44:51.200 --> 00:44:54.150 align:start position:0%
surface, the field lines travel outward
across<00:44:51.599><c> the</c><00:44:51.839><c> solar</c><00:44:52.240><c> system.</c><00:44:53.280><c> These</c><00:44:53.680><c> areas</c>

00:44:54.150 --> 00:44:54.160 align:start position:0%
across the solar system. These areas
 

00:44:54.160 --> 00:44:56.390 align:start position:0%
across the solar system. These areas
allow<00:44:54.560><c> solar</c><00:44:54.960><c> wind</c><00:44:55.200><c> particles</c><00:44:55.680><c> to</c><00:44:55.920><c> escape</c>

00:44:56.390 --> 00:44:56.400 align:start position:0%
allow solar wind particles to escape
 

00:44:56.400 --> 00:44:59.030 align:start position:0%
allow solar wind particles to escape
more<00:44:56.800><c> easily</c><00:44:57.280><c> into</c><00:44:57.680><c> space.</c>

00:44:59.030 --> 00:44:59.040 align:start position:0%
more easily into space.
 

00:44:59.040 --> 00:45:00.950 align:start position:0%
more easily into space.
When<00:44:59.280><c> these</c><00:44:59.599><c> solar</c><00:44:59.920><c> winds</c><00:45:00.240><c> are</c><00:45:00.480><c> directed</c>

00:45:00.950 --> 00:45:00.960 align:start position:0%
When these solar winds are directed
 

00:45:00.960 --> 00:45:02.790 align:start position:0%
When these solar winds are directed
towards<00:45:01.520><c> and</c><00:45:01.839><c> collide</c><00:45:02.160><c> with</c><00:45:02.480><c> Earth's</c>

00:45:02.790 --> 00:45:02.800 align:start position:0%
towards and collide with Earth's
 

00:45:02.800 --> 00:45:05.270 align:start position:0%
towards and collide with Earth's
magneettosphere,<00:45:04.079><c> beautiful</c><00:45:04.640><c> auroral</c>

00:45:05.270 --> 00:45:05.280 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere, beautiful auroral
 

00:45:05.280 --> 00:45:07.589 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere, beautiful auroral
lights<00:45:05.760><c> dance</c><00:45:06.160><c> across</c><00:45:06.400><c> the</c><00:45:06.640><c> night</c><00:45:06.960><c> sky</c><00:45:07.280><c> at</c><00:45:07.440><c> the</c>

00:45:07.589 --> 00:45:07.599 align:start position:0%
lights dance across the night sky at the
 

00:45:07.599 --> 00:45:10.230 align:start position:0%
lights dance across the night sky at the
Earth's<00:45:08.000><c> polar</c><00:45:08.319><c> regions.</c>

00:45:10.230 --> 00:45:10.240 align:start position:0%
Earth's polar regions.
 

00:45:10.240 --> 00:45:12.870 align:start position:0%
Earth's polar regions.
Using<00:45:10.720><c> ultraviolet</c><00:45:11.280><c> light</c><00:45:11.680><c> gives</c><00:45:12.000><c> us</c><00:45:12.240><c> a</c><00:45:12.560><c> much</c>

00:45:12.870 --> 00:45:12.880 align:start position:0%
Using ultraviolet light gives us a much
 

00:45:12.880 --> 00:45:14.710 align:start position:0%
Using ultraviolet light gives us a much
better<00:45:13.200><c> view</c><00:45:13.440><c> of</c><00:45:13.680><c> these</c><00:45:14.079><c> fascinating</c>

00:45:14.710 --> 00:45:14.720 align:start position:0%
better view of these fascinating
 

00:45:14.720 --> 00:45:17.829 align:start position:0%
better view of these fascinating
features<00:45:15.119><c> of</c><00:45:15.280><c> the</c><00:45:15.520><c> sun's</c><00:45:15.839><c> outer</c><00:45:16.240><c> layers.</c>

00:45:17.829 --> 00:45:17.839 align:start position:0%
features of the sun's outer layers.
 

00:45:17.839 --> 00:45:20.550 align:start position:0%
features of the sun's outer layers.
Non-visible<00:45:18.880><c> spectrum</c><00:45:19.440><c> light</c><00:45:19.839><c> is</c><00:45:20.240><c> an</c>

00:45:20.550 --> 00:45:20.560 align:start position:0%
Non-visible spectrum light is an
 

00:45:20.560 --> 00:45:22.710 align:start position:0%
Non-visible spectrum light is an
incredible<00:45:21.040><c> tool,</c><00:45:21.760><c> and</c><00:45:22.000><c> there</c><00:45:22.160><c> are</c><00:45:22.319><c> so</c><00:45:22.560><c> many</c>

00:45:22.710 --> 00:45:22.720 align:start position:0%
incredible tool, and there are so many
 

00:45:22.720 --> 00:45:24.309 align:start position:0%
incredible tool, and there are so many
different<00:45:22.960><c> features</c><00:45:23.280><c> in</c><00:45:23.440><c> the</c><00:45:23.599><c> sun's</c><00:45:23.920><c> outer</c>

00:45:24.309 --> 00:45:24.319 align:start position:0%
different features in the sun's outer
 

00:45:24.319 --> 00:45:26.790 align:start position:0%
different features in the sun's outer
layers<00:45:24.480><c> to</c><00:45:24.720><c> look</c><00:45:24.880><c> at.</c><00:45:25.760><c> There</c><00:45:26.079><c> are</c><00:45:26.319><c> solar</c>

00:45:26.790 --> 00:45:26.800 align:start position:0%
layers to look at. There are solar
 

00:45:26.800 --> 00:45:29.990 align:start position:0%
layers to look at. There are solar
filaments<00:45:27.760><c> known</c><00:45:28.079><c> as</c><00:45:28.319><c> solar</c><00:45:28.720><c> prominences.</c>

00:45:29.990 --> 00:45:30.000 align:start position:0%
filaments known as solar prominences.
 

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:32.950 align:start position:0%
filaments known as solar prominences.
The<00:45:30.240><c> large</c><00:45:30.560><c> loops</c><00:45:31.119><c> of</c><00:45:31.359><c> plasma</c><00:45:31.920><c> that</c><00:45:32.319><c> rise</c><00:45:32.720><c> from</c>

00:45:32.950 --> 00:45:32.960 align:start position:0%
The large loops of plasma that rise from
 

00:45:32.960 --> 00:45:35.910 align:start position:0%
The large loops of plasma that rise from
the<00:45:33.200><c> sun's</c><00:45:33.520><c> surface.</c><00:45:34.560><c> These</c><00:45:34.960><c> enormous</c><00:45:35.520><c> loops</c>

00:45:35.910 --> 00:45:35.920 align:start position:0%
the sun's surface. These enormous loops
 

00:45:35.920 --> 00:45:37.589 align:start position:0%
the sun's surface. These enormous loops
are<00:45:36.160><c> large</c><00:45:36.319><c> enough</c><00:45:36.560><c> to</c><00:45:36.720><c> make</c><00:45:36.880><c> the</c><00:45:37.040><c> Earth</c><00:45:37.359><c> look</c>

00:45:37.589 --> 00:45:37.599 align:start position:0%
are large enough to make the Earth look
 

00:45:37.599 --> 00:45:40.150 align:start position:0%
are large enough to make the Earth look
like<00:45:37.760><c> a</c><00:45:38.000><c> tiny</c><00:45:38.480><c> speck</c><00:45:39.200><c> and</c><00:45:39.520><c> can</c><00:45:39.680><c> stretch</c>

00:45:40.150 --> 00:45:40.160 align:start position:0%
like a tiny speck and can stretch
 

00:45:40.160 --> 00:45:42.550 align:start position:0%
like a tiny speck and can stretch
hundreds<00:45:40.640><c> of</c><00:45:40.960><c> thousands</c><00:45:41.440><c> of</c><00:45:41.599><c> kilometers</c><00:45:42.160><c> into</c>

00:45:42.550 --> 00:45:42.560 align:start position:0%
hundreds of thousands of kilometers into
 

00:45:42.560 --> 00:45:45.510 align:start position:0%
hundreds of thousands of kilometers into
space.<00:45:43.599><c> They</c><00:45:43.920><c> can</c><00:45:44.079><c> form</c><00:45:44.480><c> in</c><00:45:44.720><c> as</c><00:45:44.960><c> little</c><00:45:45.200><c> time</c>

00:45:45.510 --> 00:45:45.520 align:start position:0%
space. They can form in as little time
 

00:45:45.520 --> 00:45:48.390 align:start position:0%
space. They can form in as little time
as<00:45:45.680><c> a</c><00:45:45.920><c> day,</c><00:45:46.720><c> but</c><00:45:46.960><c> a</c><00:45:47.200><c> stable</c><00:45:47.599><c> prominence</c><00:45:48.160><c> can</c>

00:45:48.390 --> 00:45:48.400 align:start position:0%
as a day, but a stable prominence can
 

00:45:48.400 --> 00:45:52.309 align:start position:0%
as a day, but a stable prominence can
remain<00:45:48.640><c> in</c><00:45:48.880><c> the</c><00:45:49.040><c> corona</c><00:45:49.599><c> for</c><00:45:49.920><c> several</c><00:45:50.400><c> months.</c>

00:45:52.309 --> 00:45:52.319 align:start position:0%
remain in the corona for several months.
 

00:45:52.319 --> 00:45:54.870 align:start position:0%
remain in the corona for several months.
In<00:45:52.560><c> this</c><00:45:52.720><c> example,</c><00:45:53.359><c> we</c><00:45:53.680><c> watch</c><00:45:54.000><c> as</c><00:45:54.319><c> a</c><00:45:54.480><c> solar</c>

00:45:54.870 --> 00:45:54.880 align:start position:0%
In this example, we watch as a solar
 

00:45:54.880 --> 00:45:56.790 align:start position:0%
In this example, we watch as a solar
prominence<00:45:55.440><c> snakes</c><00:45:55.839><c> its</c><00:45:56.079><c> way</c><00:45:56.240><c> out</c><00:45:56.480><c> of</c><00:45:56.640><c> the</c>

00:45:56.790 --> 00:45:56.800 align:start position:0%
prominence snakes its way out of the
 

00:45:56.800 --> 00:45:58.870 align:start position:0%
prominence snakes its way out of the
photosphere<00:45:57.599><c> and</c><00:45:57.920><c> into</c><00:45:58.319><c> the</c><00:45:58.480><c> sun's</c>

00:45:58.870 --> 00:45:58.880 align:start position:0%
photosphere and into the sun's
 

00:45:58.880 --> 00:46:01.670 align:start position:0%
photosphere and into the sun's
atmosphere.<00:46:00.240><c> Although</c><00:46:00.560><c> this</c><00:46:00.880><c> video</c><00:46:01.119><c> is</c><00:46:01.359><c> sped</c>

00:46:01.670 --> 00:46:01.680 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Although this video is sped
 

00:46:01.680 --> 00:46:04.150 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Although this video is sped
up<00:46:01.920><c> so</c><00:46:02.079><c> the</c><00:46:02.319><c> minutes</c><00:46:02.640><c> seem</c><00:46:02.880><c> like</c><00:46:03.200><c> seconds,</c>

00:46:04.150 --> 00:46:04.160 align:start position:0%
up so the minutes seem like seconds,
 

00:46:04.160 --> 00:46:05.829 align:start position:0%
up so the minutes seem like seconds,
when<00:46:04.400><c> you</c><00:46:04.560><c> consider</c><00:46:04.880><c> the</c><00:46:05.200><c> size</c><00:46:05.440><c> of</c><00:46:05.599><c> the</c>

00:46:05.829 --> 00:46:05.839 align:start position:0%
when you consider the size of the
 

00:46:05.839 --> 00:46:08.630 align:start position:0%
when you consider the size of the
prominence,<00:46:06.640><c> it</c><00:46:06.880><c> becomes</c><00:46:07.280><c> clear</c><00:46:07.760><c> how</c><00:46:08.160><c> swiftly</c>

00:46:08.630 --> 00:46:08.640 align:start position:0%
prominence, it becomes clear how swiftly
 

00:46:08.640 --> 00:46:10.950 align:start position:0%
prominence, it becomes clear how swiftly
the<00:46:08.800><c> sun's</c><00:46:09.200><c> intense</c><00:46:09.680><c> magnetic</c><00:46:10.160><c> fields</c><00:46:10.720><c> are</c>

00:46:10.950 --> 00:46:10.960 align:start position:0%
the sun's intense magnetic fields are
 

00:46:10.960 --> 00:46:14.309 align:start position:0%
the sun's intense magnetic fields are
causing<00:46:11.359><c> this</c><00:46:11.680><c> material</c><00:46:12.160><c> to</c><00:46:12.400><c> move.</c>

00:46:14.309 --> 00:46:14.319 align:start position:0%
causing this material to move.
 

00:46:14.319 --> 00:46:16.309 align:start position:0%
causing this material to move.
One<00:46:14.640><c> fact</c><00:46:14.960><c> you</c><00:46:15.359><c> might</c><00:46:15.599><c> not</c><00:46:15.839><c> know</c><00:46:16.000><c> about</c><00:46:16.160><c> the</c>

00:46:16.309 --> 00:46:16.319 align:start position:0%
One fact you might not know about the
 

00:46:16.319 --> 00:46:19.349 align:start position:0%
One fact you might not know about the
sun's<00:46:16.640><c> atmosphere</c><00:46:17.520><c> is</c><00:46:17.760><c> that</c><00:46:18.160><c> it</c><00:46:18.480><c> sometimes</c>

00:46:19.349 --> 00:46:19.359 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere is that it sometimes
 

00:46:19.359 --> 00:46:22.390 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere is that it sometimes
rains<00:46:19.839><c> there.</c><00:46:21.200><c> Not</c><00:46:21.520><c> all</c><00:46:21.680><c> of</c><00:46:21.839><c> the</c><00:46:22.000><c> charged</c>

00:46:22.390 --> 00:46:22.400 align:start position:0%
rains there. Not all of the charged
 

00:46:22.400 --> 00:46:24.470 align:start position:0%
rains there. Not all of the charged
plasma<00:46:22.880><c> fired</c><00:46:23.200><c> into</c><00:46:23.440><c> the</c><00:46:23.599><c> sun's</c><00:46:23.920><c> corona</c>

00:46:24.470 --> 00:46:24.480 align:start position:0%
plasma fired into the sun's corona
 

00:46:24.480 --> 00:46:27.349 align:start position:0%
plasma fired into the sun's corona
continues<00:46:25.119><c> out</c><00:46:25.440><c> across</c><00:46:25.760><c> the</c><00:46:26.000><c> solar</c><00:46:26.319><c> system.</c>

00:46:27.349 --> 00:46:27.359 align:start position:0%
continues out across the solar system.
 

00:46:27.359 --> 00:46:29.750 align:start position:0%
continues out across the solar system.
Some<00:46:27.839><c> remains</c><00:46:28.319><c> in</c><00:46:28.480><c> the</c><00:46:28.640><c> corona,</c><00:46:29.359><c> getting</c>

00:46:29.750 --> 00:46:29.760 align:start position:0%
Some remains in the corona, getting
 

00:46:29.760 --> 00:46:32.390 align:start position:0%
Some remains in the corona, getting
trapped<00:46:30.240><c> and</c><00:46:30.560><c> cooled</c><00:46:31.200><c> until</c><00:46:31.520><c> it</c><00:46:31.760><c> falls</c><00:46:32.160><c> back</c>

00:46:32.390 --> 00:46:32.400 align:start position:0%
trapped and cooled until it falls back
 

00:46:32.400 --> 00:46:35.829 align:start position:0%
trapped and cooled until it falls back
to<00:46:32.640><c> the</c><00:46:32.800><c> sun's</c><00:46:33.119><c> surface</c><00:46:33.599><c> as</c><00:46:33.839><c> a</c><00:46:34.079><c> shining</c><00:46:34.640><c> rain.</c>

00:46:35.829 --> 00:46:35.839 align:start position:0%
to the sun's surface as a shining rain.
 

00:46:35.839 --> 00:46:38.390 align:start position:0%
to the sun's surface as a shining rain.
This<00:46:36.160><c> coronal</c><00:46:36.720><c> rain</c><00:46:37.119><c> is</c><00:46:37.520><c> beautiful</c><00:46:38.000><c> to</c><00:46:38.240><c> look</c>

00:46:38.390 --> 00:46:38.400 align:start position:0%
This coronal rain is beautiful to look
 

00:46:38.400 --> 00:46:40.470 align:start position:0%
This coronal rain is beautiful to look
at,<00:46:38.880><c> but</c><00:46:39.200><c> is</c><00:46:39.440><c> best</c><00:46:39.680><c> observed</c><00:46:40.079><c> from</c><00:46:40.319><c> a</c>

00:46:40.470 --> 00:46:40.480 align:start position:0%
at, but is best observed from a
 

00:46:40.480 --> 00:46:42.630 align:start position:0%
at, but is best observed from a
distance.<00:46:41.200><c> It's</c><00:46:41.359><c> still</c><00:46:41.680><c> millions</c><00:46:42.079><c> of</c><00:46:42.240><c> degrees</c>

00:46:42.630 --> 00:46:42.640 align:start position:0%
distance. It's still millions of degrees
 

00:46:42.640 --> 00:46:45.990 align:start position:0%
distance. It's still millions of degrees
in<00:46:42.880><c> temperature.</c><00:46:44.000><c> Of</c><00:46:45.040><c> course,</c><00:46:45.599><c> falling</c>

00:46:45.990 --> 00:46:46.000 align:start position:0%
in temperature. Of course, falling
 

00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:48.069 align:start position:0%
in temperature. Of course, falling
gently<00:46:46.400><c> back</c><00:46:46.560><c> to</c><00:46:46.720><c> the</c><00:46:46.880><c> sun's</c><00:46:47.119><c> surface</c><00:46:47.599><c> is</c><00:46:47.839><c> only</c>

00:46:48.069 --> 00:46:48.079 align:start position:0%
gently back to the sun's surface is only
 

00:46:48.079 --> 00:46:51.270 align:start position:0%
gently back to the sun's surface is only
the<00:46:48.240><c> fate</c><00:46:48.480><c> of</c><00:46:48.880><c> some</c><00:46:49.280><c> of</c><00:46:49.520><c> the</c><00:46:49.680><c> sun's</c><00:46:50.000><c> plasma.</c>

00:46:51.270 --> 00:46:51.280 align:start position:0%
the fate of some of the sun's plasma.
 

00:46:51.280 --> 00:46:53.030 align:start position:0%
the fate of some of the sun's plasma.
This<00:46:51.440><c> is</c><00:46:51.599><c> where</c><00:46:51.760><c> the</c><00:46:52.000><c> comparison</c><00:46:52.480><c> to</c><00:46:52.720><c> Earth</c>

00:46:53.030 --> 00:46:53.040 align:start position:0%
This is where the comparison to Earth
 

00:46:53.040 --> 00:46:56.230 align:start position:0%
This is where the comparison to Earth
fails.<00:46:54.079><c> After</c><00:46:54.400><c> all,</c><00:46:54.960><c> on</c><00:46:55.280><c> Earth,</c><00:46:55.680><c> the</c><00:46:55.839><c> clouds</c>

00:46:56.230 --> 00:46:56.240 align:start position:0%
fails. After all, on Earth, the clouds
 

00:46:56.240 --> 00:46:58.790 align:start position:0%
fails. After all, on Earth, the clouds
do<00:46:56.560><c> not</c><00:46:56.800><c> crack</c><00:46:57.200><c> like</c><00:46:57.440><c> a</c><00:46:57.680><c> released</c><00:46:58.160><c> elastic</c>

00:46:58.790 --> 00:46:58.800 align:start position:0%
do not crack like a released elastic
 

00:46:58.800 --> 00:47:02.950 align:start position:0%
do not crack like a released elastic
band<00:46:59.359><c> firing</c><00:46:59.920><c> into</c><00:47:00.319><c> space.</c><00:47:01.520><c> On</c><00:47:01.839><c> the</c><00:47:02.000><c> sun,</c>

00:47:02.950 --> 00:47:02.960 align:start position:0%
band firing into space. On the sun,
 

00:47:02.960 --> 00:47:05.910 align:start position:0%
band firing into space. On the sun,
thanks<00:47:03.200><c> to</c><00:47:03.520><c> tightly</c><00:47:04.079><c> wound</c><00:47:04.480><c> magnetic</c><00:47:05.040><c> fields,</c>

00:47:05.910 --> 00:47:05.920 align:start position:0%
thanks to tightly wound magnetic fields,
 

00:47:05.920 --> 00:47:09.190 align:start position:0%
thanks to tightly wound magnetic fields,
they<00:47:06.240><c> do.</c><00:47:07.680><c> This</c><00:47:07.920><c> is</c><00:47:08.079><c> a</c><00:47:08.319><c> time</c><00:47:08.560><c> lapse</c><00:47:08.880><c> of</c><00:47:09.040><c> a</c>

00:47:09.190 --> 00:47:09.200 align:start position:0%
they do. This is a time lapse of a
 

00:47:09.200 --> 00:47:12.309 align:start position:0%
they do. This is a time lapse of a
coronal<00:47:09.839><c> mass</c><00:47:10.160><c> ejection.</c><00:47:11.599><c> Watch</c><00:47:11.839><c> as</c><00:47:12.079><c> the</c>

00:47:12.309 --> 00:47:12.319 align:start position:0%
coronal mass ejection. Watch as the
 

00:47:12.319 --> 00:47:14.470 align:start position:0%
coronal mass ejection. Watch as the
structure<00:47:12.800><c> forms</c><00:47:13.280><c> at</c><00:47:13.520><c> the</c><00:47:13.680><c> bottom</c><00:47:14.079><c> left</c><00:47:14.319><c> of</c>

00:47:14.470 --> 00:47:14.480 align:start position:0%
structure forms at the bottom left of
 

00:47:14.480 --> 00:47:17.190 align:start position:0%
structure forms at the bottom left of
the<00:47:14.640><c> sun</c><00:47:14.880><c> for</c><00:47:15.119><c> some</c><00:47:15.359><c> time</c><00:47:16.000><c> before</c><00:47:16.400><c> eventually</c>

00:47:17.190 --> 00:47:17.200 align:start position:0%
the sun for some time before eventually
 

00:47:17.200 --> 00:47:19.829 align:start position:0%
the sun for some time before eventually
snapping<00:47:17.920><c> and</c><00:47:18.240><c> sending</c><00:47:18.720><c> billions</c><00:47:19.200><c> of</c><00:47:19.359><c> tons</c><00:47:19.680><c> of</c>

00:47:19.829 --> 00:47:19.839 align:start position:0%
snapping and sending billions of tons of
 

00:47:19.839 --> 00:47:23.349 align:start position:0%
snapping and sending billions of tons of
plasma<00:47:20.400><c> out</c><00:47:20.720><c> across</c><00:47:21.119><c> the</c><00:47:21.280><c> solar</c><00:47:21.680><c> system.</c><00:47:23.040><c> Even</c>

00:47:23.349 --> 00:47:23.359 align:start position:0%
plasma out across the solar system. Even
 

00:47:23.359 --> 00:47:25.750 align:start position:0%
plasma out across the solar system. Even
with<00:47:23.680><c> the</c><00:47:23.920><c> Earth's</c><00:47:24.240><c> magnetic</c><00:47:24.720><c> field,</c><00:47:25.440><c> being</c>

00:47:25.750 --> 00:47:25.760 align:start position:0%
with the Earth's magnetic field, being
 

00:47:25.760 --> 00:47:28.230 align:start position:0%
with the Earth's magnetic field, being
hit<00:47:26.000><c> by</c><00:47:26.240><c> a</c><00:47:26.480><c> powerful</c><00:47:26.880><c> one</c><00:47:27.040><c> of</c><00:47:27.200><c> these</c><00:47:27.680><c> could</c><00:47:28.000><c> be</c>

00:47:28.230 --> 00:47:28.240 align:start position:0%
hit by a powerful one of these could be
 

00:47:28.240 --> 00:47:30.150 align:start position:0%
hit by a powerful one of these could be
devastating<00:47:28.800><c> for</c><00:47:29.119><c> our</c><00:47:29.359><c> satellites</c><00:47:29.920><c> and</c>

00:47:30.150 --> 00:47:30.160 align:start position:0%
devastating for our satellites and
 

00:47:30.160 --> 00:47:32.390 align:start position:0%
devastating for our satellites and
electrical<00:47:30.640><c> grids.</c>

00:47:32.390 --> 00:47:32.400 align:start position:0%
electrical grids.
 

00:47:32.400 --> 00:47:34.710 align:start position:0%
electrical grids.
All<00:47:32.720><c> these</c><00:47:33.040><c> structures</c><00:47:33.760><c> are</c><00:47:34.000><c> imaged</c><00:47:34.400><c> by</c><00:47:34.560><c> the</c>

00:47:34.710 --> 00:47:34.720 align:start position:0%
All these structures are imaged by the
 

00:47:34.720 --> 00:47:37.750 align:start position:0%
All these structures are imaged by the
SDO<00:47:35.280><c> here</c><00:47:35.839><c> utilizing</c><00:47:36.400><c> a</c><00:47:36.720><c> 30</c><00:47:37.119><c> nanometer</c>

00:47:37.750 --> 00:47:37.760 align:start position:0%
SDO here utilizing a 30 nanometer
 

00:47:37.760 --> 00:47:40.069 align:start position:0%
SDO here utilizing a 30 nanometer
wavelength<00:47:38.319><c> of</c><00:47:38.480><c> light</c><00:47:39.040><c> which</c><00:47:39.359><c> corresponds</c><00:47:39.920><c> to</c>

00:47:40.069 --> 00:47:40.079 align:start position:0%
wavelength of light which corresponds to
 

00:47:40.079 --> 00:47:42.309 align:start position:0%
wavelength of light which corresponds to
the<00:47:40.319><c> extreme</c><00:47:41.040><c> ultraviolet</c><00:47:41.680><c> portion</c><00:47:42.000><c> of</c><00:47:42.079><c> the</c>

00:47:42.309 --> 00:47:42.319 align:start position:0%
the extreme ultraviolet portion of the
 

00:47:42.319 --> 00:47:44.870 align:start position:0%
the extreme ultraviolet portion of the
electromagnetic<00:47:43.119><c> spectrum.</c>

00:47:44.870 --> 00:47:44.880 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic spectrum.
 

00:47:44.880 --> 00:47:46.870 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic spectrum.
Timing<00:47:45.359><c> is</c><00:47:45.599><c> important</c><00:47:46.000><c> when</c><00:47:46.240><c> trying</c><00:47:46.400><c> to</c><00:47:46.560><c> image</c>

00:47:46.870 --> 00:47:46.880 align:start position:0%
Timing is important when trying to image
 

00:47:46.880 --> 00:47:48.950 align:start position:0%
Timing is important when trying to image
these<00:47:47.119><c> features</c><00:47:47.839><c> as</c><00:47:48.079><c> they</c><00:47:48.319><c> are</c><00:47:48.480><c> more</c><00:47:48.720><c> common</c>

00:47:48.950 --> 00:47:48.960 align:start position:0%
these features as they are more common
 

00:47:48.960 --> 00:47:51.990 align:start position:0%
these features as they are more common
in<00:47:49.280><c> certain</c><00:47:49.680><c> years</c><00:47:50.079><c> than</c><00:47:50.400><c> in</c><00:47:50.640><c> others.</c><00:47:51.760><c> In</c>

00:47:51.990 --> 00:47:52.000 align:start position:0%
in certain years than in others. In
 

00:47:52.000 --> 00:47:54.150 align:start position:0%
in certain years than in others. In
fact,<00:47:52.319><c> each</c><00:47:52.640><c> structure</c><00:47:53.119><c> is</c><00:47:53.359><c> dependent</c><00:47:53.839><c> on</c><00:47:54.000><c> the</c>

00:47:54.150 --> 00:47:54.160 align:start position:0%
fact, each structure is dependent on the
 

00:47:54.160 --> 00:47:57.109 align:start position:0%
fact, each structure is dependent on the
solar<00:47:54.640><c> activity</c><00:47:55.040><c> of</c><00:47:55.200><c> the</c><00:47:55.359><c> sun</c><00:47:56.319><c> alternating</c>

00:47:57.109 --> 00:47:57.119 align:start position:0%
solar activity of the sun alternating
 

00:47:57.119 --> 00:47:59.829 align:start position:0%
solar activity of the sun alternating
around<00:47:57.440><c> an</c><00:47:57.760><c> 11-year</c><00:47:58.480><c> solar</c><00:47:58.880><c> cycle,</c><00:47:59.440><c> which</c><00:47:59.680><c> I</c>

00:47:59.829 --> 00:47:59.839 align:start position:0%
around an 11-year solar cycle, which I
 

00:47:59.839 --> 00:48:02.630 align:start position:0%
around an 11-year solar cycle, which I
did<00:48:00.000><c> a</c><00:48:00.160><c> video</c><00:48:00.400><c> about</c><00:48:00.720><c> here.</c>

00:48:02.630 --> 00:48:02.640 align:start position:0%
did a video about here.
 

00:48:02.640 --> 00:48:06.069 align:start position:0%
did a video about here.
But<00:48:03.119><c> there's</c><00:48:03.599><c> more</c><00:48:03.839><c> to</c><00:48:04.079><c> learn.</c><00:48:05.200><c> Just</c><00:48:05.440><c> as</c><00:48:05.760><c> using</c>

00:48:06.069 --> 00:48:06.079 align:start position:0%
But there's more to learn. Just as using
 

00:48:06.079 --> 00:48:07.990 align:start position:0%
But there's more to learn. Just as using
visible<00:48:06.480><c> and</c><00:48:06.800><c> ultraviolet</c><00:48:07.359><c> light</c><00:48:07.520><c> shows</c><00:48:07.760><c> us</c>

00:48:07.990 --> 00:48:08.000 align:start position:0%
visible and ultraviolet light shows us
 

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:09.430 align:start position:0%
visible and ultraviolet light shows us
different<00:48:08.240><c> things</c><00:48:08.560><c> when</c><00:48:08.880><c> looking</c><00:48:09.040><c> at</c><00:48:09.280><c> the</c>

00:48:09.430 --> 00:48:09.440 align:start position:0%
different things when looking at the
 

00:48:09.440 --> 00:48:11.589 align:start position:0%
different things when looking at the
same<00:48:09.680><c> feature,</c><00:48:10.560><c> using</c><00:48:11.040><c> two</c><00:48:11.359><c> different</c>

00:48:11.589 --> 00:48:11.599 align:start position:0%
same feature, using two different
 

00:48:11.599 --> 00:48:13.829 align:start position:0%
same feature, using two different
wavelengths<00:48:12.240><c> of</c><00:48:12.400><c> non-visible</c><00:48:13.040><c> light</c><00:48:13.520><c> can</c>

00:48:13.829 --> 00:48:13.839 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of non-visible light can
 

00:48:13.839 --> 00:48:18.790 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of non-visible light can
also<00:48:14.240><c> be</c><00:48:14.400><c> eye</c><00:48:14.720><c> opening.</c>

00:48:18.790 --> 00:48:18.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:48:18.800 --> 00:48:21.109 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:48:19.040><c> demonstrate</c><00:48:19.599><c> this,</c><00:48:20.240><c> take</c><00:48:20.480><c> a</c><00:48:20.720><c> look</c><00:48:20.880><c> at</c>

00:48:21.109 --> 00:48:21.119 align:start position:0%
To demonstrate this, take a look at
 

00:48:21.119 --> 00:48:24.069 align:start position:0%
To demonstrate this, take a look at
these<00:48:21.520><c> two</c><00:48:21.839><c> images</c><00:48:22.160><c> of</c><00:48:22.319><c> the</c><00:48:22.559><c> sun's</c><00:48:22.880><c> corona</c>

00:48:24.069 --> 00:48:24.079 align:start position:0%
these two images of the sun's corona
 

00:48:24.079 --> 00:48:26.390 align:start position:0%
these two images of the sun's corona
taken<00:48:24.400><c> over</c><00:48:24.720><c> the</c><00:48:24.960><c> same</c><00:48:25.200><c> time</c><00:48:25.440><c> period.</c><00:48:26.160><c> The</c>

00:48:26.390 --> 00:48:26.400 align:start position:0%
taken over the same time period. The
 

00:48:26.400 --> 00:48:28.230 align:start position:0%
taken over the same time period. The
following<00:48:26.800><c> two</c><00:48:27.040><c> images</c><00:48:27.599><c> use</c><00:48:27.839><c> different</c>

00:48:28.230 --> 00:48:28.240 align:start position:0%
following two images use different
 

00:48:28.240 --> 00:48:31.109 align:start position:0%
following two images use different
wavelengths<00:48:28.800><c> of</c><00:48:28.960><c> light.</c><00:48:29.839><c> The</c><00:48:30.079><c> first</c><00:48:30.800><c> imaged</c>

00:48:31.109 --> 00:48:31.119 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of light. The first imaged
 

00:48:31.119 --> 00:48:34.069 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of light. The first imaged
at<00:48:31.280><c> a</c><00:48:31.520><c> color</c><00:48:31.760><c> temperature</c><00:48:32.079><c> of</c><00:48:32.400><c> 600,000</c><00:48:33.280><c> Kelvin</c>

00:48:34.069 --> 00:48:34.079 align:start position:0%
at a color temperature of 600,000 Kelvin
 

00:48:34.079 --> 00:48:36.710 align:start position:0%
at a color temperature of 600,000 Kelvin
depicts<00:48:34.480><c> the</c><00:48:34.720><c> quiet</c><00:48:35.119><c> corona</c><00:48:35.839><c> and</c><00:48:36.160><c> features</c>

00:48:36.710 --> 00:48:36.720 align:start position:0%
depicts the quiet corona and features
 

00:48:36.720 --> 00:48:39.910 align:start position:0%
depicts the quiet corona and features
coronal<00:48:37.200><c> loops.</c><00:48:38.160><c> The</c><00:48:38.480><c> second</c><00:48:39.200><c> imaged</c><00:48:39.599><c> at</c><00:48:39.680><c> a</c>

00:48:39.910 --> 00:48:39.920 align:start position:0%
coronal loops. The second imaged at a
 

00:48:39.920 --> 00:48:42.230 align:start position:0%
coronal loops. The second imaged at a
color<00:48:40.079><c> temperature</c><00:48:40.480><c> of</c><00:48:40.800><c> 2</c><00:48:41.040><c> million</c><00:48:41.440><c> Kelvin</c>

00:48:42.230 --> 00:48:42.240 align:start position:0%
color temperature of 2 million Kelvin
 

00:48:42.240 --> 00:48:44.549 align:start position:0%
color temperature of 2 million Kelvin
displays<00:48:42.720><c> the</c><00:48:43.040><c> much</c><00:48:43.359><c> hotter</c><00:48:43.839><c> active</c><00:48:44.240><c> regions</c>

00:48:44.549 --> 00:48:44.559 align:start position:0%
displays the much hotter active regions
 

00:48:44.559 --> 00:48:47.190 align:start position:0%
displays the much hotter active regions
of<00:48:44.720><c> the</c><00:48:44.880><c> corona.</c><00:48:46.000><c> The</c><00:48:46.240><c> stark</c><00:48:46.640><c> comparison</c>

00:48:47.190 --> 00:48:47.200 align:start position:0%
of the corona. The stark comparison
 

00:48:47.200 --> 00:48:49.349 align:start position:0%
of the corona. The stark comparison
between<00:48:47.520><c> the</c><00:48:47.760><c> two</c><00:48:47.920><c> images</c><00:48:48.559><c> highlights</c><00:48:49.040><c> the</c>

00:48:49.349 --> 00:48:49.359 align:start position:0%
between the two images highlights the
 

00:48:49.359 --> 00:48:51.190 align:start position:0%
between the two images highlights the
importance<00:48:49.760><c> of</c><00:48:50.000><c> using</c><00:48:50.319><c> different</c><00:48:50.640><c> approaches</c>

00:48:51.190 --> 00:48:51.200 align:start position:0%
importance of using different approaches
 

00:48:51.200 --> 00:48:53.829 align:start position:0%
importance of using different approaches
when<00:48:51.520><c> investigating</c><00:48:52.160><c> the</c><00:48:52.400><c> star.</c><00:48:53.280><c> What</c><00:48:53.599><c> may</c>

00:48:53.829 --> 00:48:53.839 align:start position:0%
when investigating the star. What may
 

00:48:53.839 --> 00:48:56.390 align:start position:0%
when investigating the star. What may
initially<00:48:54.400><c> appear</c><00:48:54.800><c> to</c><00:48:54.960><c> be</c><00:48:55.119><c> a</c><00:48:55.359><c> singular</c><00:48:56.000><c> solar</c>

00:48:56.390 --> 00:48:56.400 align:start position:0%
initially appear to be a singular solar
 

00:48:56.400 --> 00:48:59.670 align:start position:0%
initially appear to be a singular solar
phenomenon<00:48:57.280><c> can</c><00:48:57.520><c> be</c><00:48:57.680><c> revealed</c><00:48:58.240><c> as</c><00:48:58.480><c> a</c><00:48:58.720><c> complex</c>

00:48:59.670 --> 00:48:59.680 align:start position:0%
phenomenon can be revealed as a complex
 

00:48:59.680 --> 00:49:02.309 align:start position:0%
phenomenon can be revealed as a complex
intertwined<00:49:00.400><c> chain</c><00:49:00.720><c> of</c><00:49:00.880><c> events</c><00:49:01.680><c> and</c><00:49:01.920><c> we</c><00:49:02.160><c> still</c>

00:49:02.309 --> 00:49:02.319 align:start position:0%
intertwined chain of events and we still
 

00:49:02.319 --> 00:49:03.910 align:start position:0%
intertwined chain of events and we still
haven't<00:49:02.640><c> technically</c><00:49:03.200><c> made</c><00:49:03.359><c> it</c><00:49:03.520><c> through</c><00:49:03.760><c> the</c>

00:49:03.910 --> 00:49:03.920 align:start position:0%
haven't technically made it through the
 

00:49:03.920 --> 00:49:06.790 align:start position:0%
haven't technically made it through the
sun's<00:49:04.240><c> atmosphere</c><00:49:04.800><c> yet.</c><00:49:06.000><c> Moving</c><00:49:06.400><c> further</c>

00:49:06.790 --> 00:49:06.800 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere yet. Moving further
 

00:49:06.800 --> 00:49:09.109 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere yet. Moving further
inwards,<00:49:07.520><c> let's</c><00:49:07.839><c> look</c><00:49:08.079><c> at</c><00:49:08.319><c> another</c><00:49:08.720><c> image</c>

00:49:09.109 --> 00:49:09.119 align:start position:0%
inwards, let's look at another image
 

00:49:09.119 --> 00:49:12.309 align:start position:0%
inwards, let's look at another image
produced<00:49:09.440><c> by</c><00:49:09.520><c> the</c><00:49:09.760><c> SDO</c><00:49:10.640><c> utilizing</c><00:49:11.119><c> a</c><00:49:11.760><c> 160</c>

00:49:12.309 --> 00:49:12.319 align:start position:0%
produced by the SDO utilizing a 160
 

00:49:12.319 --> 00:49:15.030 align:start position:0%
produced by the SDO utilizing a 160
nanometer<00:49:12.880><c> wavelength</c><00:49:13.280><c> of</c><00:49:13.440><c> light.</c><00:49:14.319><c> This</c><00:49:14.559><c> time</c>

00:49:15.030 --> 00:49:15.040 align:start position:0%
nanometer wavelength of light. This time
 

00:49:15.040 --> 00:49:17.990 align:start position:0%
nanometer wavelength of light. This time
of<00:49:15.359><c> the</c><00:49:15.520><c> transition</c><00:49:16.160><c> region.</c>

00:49:17.990 --> 00:49:18.000 align:start position:0%
of the transition region.
 

00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:19.990 align:start position:0%
of the transition region.
The<00:49:18.240><c> transition</c><00:49:18.720><c> region</c><00:49:19.119><c> is</c><00:49:19.280><c> a</c><00:49:19.599><c> layer</c><00:49:19.760><c> which</c>

00:49:19.990 --> 00:49:20.000 align:start position:0%
The transition region is a layer which
 

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:22.230 align:start position:0%
The transition region is a layer which
sits<00:49:20.319><c> between</c><00:49:20.640><c> the</c><00:49:20.800><c> sun's</c><00:49:21.200><c> corona</c><00:49:21.760><c> and</c><00:49:22.000><c> the</c>

00:49:22.230 --> 00:49:22.240 align:start position:0%
sits between the sun's corona and the
 

00:49:22.240 --> 00:49:24.630 align:start position:0%
sits between the sun's corona and the
chromosphere,<00:49:23.520><c> the</c><00:49:23.680><c> lowest</c><00:49:24.160><c> layer</c><00:49:24.319><c> of</c><00:49:24.480><c> the</c>

00:49:24.630 --> 00:49:24.640 align:start position:0%
chromosphere, the lowest layer of the
 

00:49:24.640 --> 00:49:27.589 align:start position:0%
chromosphere, the lowest layer of the
sun's<00:49:24.960><c> atmosphere.</c><00:49:26.160><c> It's</c><00:49:26.400><c> a</c><00:49:26.640><c> very</c><00:49:27.040><c> shallow</c>

00:49:27.589 --> 00:49:27.599 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere. It's a very shallow
 

00:49:27.599 --> 00:49:30.630 align:start position:0%
sun's atmosphere. It's a very shallow
layer,<00:49:28.319><c> approximately</c><00:49:29.359><c> 100</c><00:49:29.920><c> km</c><00:49:30.400><c> in</c>

00:49:30.630 --> 00:49:30.640 align:start position:0%
layer, approximately 100 km in
 

00:49:30.640 --> 00:49:32.710 align:start position:0%
layer, approximately 100 km in
thickness.

00:49:32.710 --> 00:49:32.720 align:start position:0%
thickness.
 

00:49:32.720 --> 00:49:34.950 align:start position:0%
thickness.
In<00:49:33.040><c> this</c><00:49:33.280><c> region,</c><00:49:33.920><c> the</c><00:49:34.160><c> thermal</c><00:49:34.640><c> temperature</c>

00:49:34.950 --> 00:49:34.960 align:start position:0%
In this region, the thermal temperature
 

00:49:34.960 --> 00:49:37.190 align:start position:0%
In this region, the thermal temperature
of<00:49:35.119><c> the</c><00:49:35.280><c> sun</c><00:49:35.599><c> rises</c><00:49:36.079><c> dramatically</c><00:49:36.960><c> from</c>

00:49:37.190 --> 00:49:37.200 align:start position:0%
of the sun rises dramatically from
 

00:49:37.200 --> 00:49:41.829 align:start position:0%
of the sun rises dramatically from
around<00:49:37.680><c> 8,000</c><00:49:38.640><c> to</c><00:49:39.119><c> 500,000</c><00:49:40.240><c> Kelvin.</c><00:49:41.440><c> For</c><00:49:41.680><c> an</c>

00:49:41.829 --> 00:49:41.839 align:start position:0%
around 8,000 to 500,000 Kelvin. For an
 

00:49:41.839 --> 00:49:44.630 align:start position:0%
around 8,000 to 500,000 Kelvin. For an
earthly<00:49:42.319><c> comparison,</c><00:49:43.359><c> fiercely</c><00:49:44.000><c> scolding</c>

00:49:44.630 --> 00:49:44.640 align:start position:0%
earthly comparison, fiercely scolding
 

00:49:44.640 --> 00:49:49.109 align:start position:0%
earthly comparison, fiercely scolding
lava<00:49:45.280><c> erupting</c><00:49:45.680><c> in</c><00:49:45.920><c> Hawaii</c><00:49:46.720><c> is</c><00:49:47.119><c> 1,170°</c>

00:49:49.109 --> 00:49:49.119 align:start position:0%
lava erupting in Hawaii is 1,170°
 

00:49:49.119 --> 00:49:51.990 align:start position:0%
lava erupting in Hawaii is 1,170°
C<00:49:49.920><c> or</c><00:49:50.319><c> 1,443</c>

00:49:51.990 --> 00:49:52.000 align:start position:0%
C or 1,443
 

00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:53.670 align:start position:0%
C or 1,443
Kelvin.

00:49:53.670 --> 00:49:53.680 align:start position:0%
Kelvin.
 

00:49:53.680 --> 00:49:55.910 align:start position:0%
Kelvin.
The<00:49:53.920><c> temperature</c><00:49:54.240><c> at</c><00:49:54.400><c> the</c><00:49:54.640><c> lower,</c><00:49:55.280><c> deeper</c><00:49:55.760><c> end</c>

00:49:55.910 --> 00:49:55.920 align:start position:0%
The temperature at the lower, deeper end
 

00:49:55.920 --> 00:49:58.309 align:start position:0%
The temperature at the lower, deeper end
of<00:49:56.079><c> the</c><00:49:56.240><c> transition</c><00:49:56.800><c> region</c><00:49:57.280><c> is</c><00:49:57.599><c> almost</c><00:49:58.000><c> 6</c>

00:49:58.309 --> 00:49:58.319 align:start position:0%
of the transition region is almost 6
 

00:49:58.319 --> 00:50:01.589 align:start position:0%
of the transition region is almost 6
times<00:49:58.640><c> hotter</c><00:49:59.040><c> than</c><00:49:59.200><c> this.</c><00:50:00.480><c> At</c><00:50:00.800><c> the</c><00:50:01.040><c> upper</c><00:50:01.440><c> end</c>

00:50:01.589 --> 00:50:01.599 align:start position:0%
times hotter than this. At the upper end
 

00:50:01.599 --> 00:50:03.270 align:start position:0%
times hotter than this. At the upper end
of<00:50:01.680><c> the</c><00:50:01.920><c> transition</c><00:50:02.319><c> region,</c><00:50:03.040><c> the</c>

00:50:03.270 --> 00:50:03.280 align:start position:0%
of the transition region, the
 

00:50:03.280 --> 00:50:05.910 align:start position:0%
of the transition region, the
temperature<00:50:03.599><c> is</c><00:50:03.839><c> more</c><00:50:04.079><c> than</c><00:50:04.400><c> 346</c>

00:50:05.910 --> 00:50:05.920 align:start position:0%
temperature is more than 346
 

00:50:05.920 --> 00:50:08.870 align:start position:0%
temperature is more than 346
times<00:50:06.240><c> hotter.</c>

00:50:08.870 --> 00:50:08.880 align:start position:0%
times hotter.
 

00:50:08.880 --> 00:50:11.030 align:start position:0%
times hotter.
Traveling<00:50:09.359><c> even</c><00:50:09.680><c> deeper,</c><00:50:10.160><c> we</c><00:50:10.319><c> find</c><00:50:10.559><c> ourselves</c>

00:50:11.030 --> 00:50:11.040 align:start position:0%
Traveling even deeper, we find ourselves
 

00:50:11.040 --> 00:50:13.510 align:start position:0%
Traveling even deeper, we find ourselves
immersed<00:50:11.599><c> in</c><00:50:11.760><c> the</c><00:50:12.000><c> sun's</c><00:50:12.400><c> chromosphere,</c>

00:50:13.510 --> 00:50:13.520 align:start position:0%
immersed in the sun's chromosphere,
 

00:50:13.520 --> 00:50:15.589 align:start position:0%
immersed in the sun's chromosphere,
which<00:50:13.680><c> is</c><00:50:13.839><c> the</c><00:50:14.079><c> last</c><00:50:14.480><c> layer</c><00:50:14.640><c> of</c><00:50:14.880><c> atmosphere</c>

00:50:15.589 --> 00:50:15.599 align:start position:0%
which is the last layer of atmosphere
 

00:50:15.599 --> 00:50:17.190 align:start position:0%
which is the last layer of atmosphere
before<00:50:15.839><c> we</c><00:50:16.079><c> reach</c><00:50:16.319><c> the</c><00:50:16.559><c> sun's</c><00:50:16.800><c> surface</c>

00:50:17.190 --> 00:50:17.200 align:start position:0%
before we reach the sun's surface
 

00:50:17.200 --> 00:50:21.589 align:start position:0%
before we reach the sun's surface
itself.<00:50:18.640><c> Imaged</c><00:50:19.040><c> here</c><00:50:19.680><c> using</c><00:50:20.640><c> 170</c><00:50:20.960><c> nanome</c>

00:50:21.589 --> 00:50:21.599 align:start position:0%
itself. Imaged here using 170 nanome
 

00:50:21.599 --> 00:50:24.150 align:start position:0%
itself. Imaged here using 170 nanome
ultraviolet<00:50:22.160><c> light,</c><00:50:22.880><c> it</c><00:50:23.040><c> is</c><00:50:23.200><c> estimated</c><00:50:23.760><c> to</c><00:50:24.000><c> be</c>

00:50:24.150 --> 00:50:24.160 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet light, it is estimated to be
 

00:50:24.160 --> 00:50:28.710 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet light, it is estimated to be
approximately<00:50:24.960><c> 1,700</c><00:50:26.160><c> km</c><00:50:26.640><c> thick.</c><00:50:28.079><c> Closely</c>

00:50:28.710 --> 00:50:28.720 align:start position:0%
approximately 1,700 km thick. Closely
 

00:50:28.720 --> 00:50:31.270 align:start position:0%
approximately 1,700 km thick. Closely
inspecting<00:50:29.200><c> the</c><00:50:29.440><c> chromosphere,</c><00:50:30.480><c> we</c><00:50:30.800><c> identify</c>

00:50:31.270 --> 00:50:31.280 align:start position:0%
inspecting the chromosphere, we identify
 

00:50:31.280 --> 00:50:33.829 align:start position:0%
inspecting the chromosphere, we identify
some<00:50:31.599><c> mesmerizing</c><00:50:32.480><c> features</c><00:50:33.040><c> known</c><00:50:33.520><c> as</c>

00:50:33.829 --> 00:50:33.839 align:start position:0%
some mesmerizing features known as
 

00:50:33.839 --> 00:50:35.910 align:start position:0%
some mesmerizing features known as
spicules.

00:50:35.910 --> 00:50:35.920 align:start position:0%
spicules.
 

00:50:35.920 --> 00:50:39.109 align:start position:0%
spicules.
Swaying<00:50:36.480><c> like</c><00:50:36.880><c> long</c><00:50:37.440><c> wavy</c><00:50:38.000><c> grass</c><00:50:38.559><c> blowing</c><00:50:38.960><c> in</c>

00:50:39.109 --> 00:50:39.119 align:start position:0%
Swaying like long wavy grass blowing in
 

00:50:39.119 --> 00:50:41.829 align:start position:0%
Swaying like long wavy grass blowing in
the<00:50:39.280><c> wind,</c><00:50:40.079><c> these</c><00:50:40.400><c> long</c><00:50:40.800><c> jets</c><00:50:41.200><c> of</c><00:50:41.359><c> plasma</c>

00:50:41.829 --> 00:50:41.839 align:start position:0%
the wind, these long jets of plasma
 

00:50:41.839 --> 00:50:43.910 align:start position:0%
the wind, these long jets of plasma
shoot<00:50:42.160><c> upwards</c><00:50:42.559><c> from</c><00:50:42.720><c> the</c><00:50:42.880><c> sun's</c><00:50:43.200><c> surface</c><00:50:43.599><c> at</c>

00:50:43.910 --> 00:50:43.920 align:start position:0%
shoot upwards from the sun's surface at
 

00:50:43.920 --> 00:50:47.349 align:start position:0%
shoot upwards from the sun's surface at
speeds<00:50:44.319><c> up</c><00:50:44.559><c> to</c><00:50:45.040><c> 100</c><00:50:45.680><c> km/s,</c>

00:50:47.349 --> 00:50:47.359 align:start position:0%
speeds up to 100 km/s,
 

00:50:47.359 --> 00:50:50.390 align:start position:0%
speeds up to 100 km/s,
approximately<00:50:48.160><c> 282</c><00:50:49.200><c> times</c><00:50:49.599><c> faster</c><00:50:50.079><c> than</c><00:50:50.240><c> the</c>

00:50:50.390 --> 00:50:50.400 align:start position:0%
approximately 282 times faster than the
 

00:50:50.400 --> 00:50:52.710 align:start position:0%
approximately 282 times faster than the
speed<00:50:50.640><c> of</c><00:50:50.800><c> sound</c><00:50:51.520><c> and</c><00:50:51.760><c> can</c><00:50:51.920><c> reach</c><00:50:52.160><c> lengths</c><00:50:52.559><c> of</c>

00:50:52.710 --> 00:50:52.720 align:start position:0%
speed of sound and can reach lengths of
 

00:50:52.720 --> 00:50:56.150 align:start position:0%
speed of sound and can reach lengths of
nearly<00:50:53.119><c> 10</c><00:50:53.440><c> km,</c><00:50:54.559><c> over</c><00:50:54.880><c> 1</c><00:50:55.119><c> km</c><00:50:55.599><c> taller</c><00:50:55.920><c> than</c>

00:50:56.150 --> 00:50:56.160 align:start position:0%
nearly 10 km, over 1 km taller than
 

00:50:56.160 --> 00:50:58.309 align:start position:0%
nearly 10 km, over 1 km taller than
Mount<00:50:56.400><c> Everest,</c>

00:50:58.309 --> 00:50:58.319 align:start position:0%
Mount Everest,
 

00:50:58.319 --> 00:51:01.109 align:start position:0%
Mount Everest,
forming<00:50:58.880><c> and</c><00:50:59.280><c> vanishing</c><00:50:59.839><c> in</c><00:51:00.079><c> around</c><00:51:00.480><c> 5</c><00:51:00.720><c> to</c><00:51:00.880><c> 10</c>

00:51:01.109 --> 00:51:01.119 align:start position:0%
forming and vanishing in around 5 to 10
 

00:51:01.119 --> 00:51:03.430 align:start position:0%
forming and vanishing in around 5 to 10
minutes<00:51:01.359><c> on</c><00:51:01.599><c> average.</c><00:51:02.400><c> The</c><00:51:02.640><c> processes</c><00:51:03.119><c> behind</c>

00:51:03.430 --> 00:51:03.440 align:start position:0%
minutes on average. The processes behind
 

00:51:03.440 --> 00:51:06.069 align:start position:0%
minutes on average. The processes behind
these<00:51:03.680><c> spicules</c><00:51:04.400><c> were</c><00:51:04.720><c> widely</c><00:51:05.119><c> unknown</c><00:51:05.839><c> and</c>

00:51:06.069 --> 00:51:06.079 align:start position:0%
these spicules were widely unknown and
 

00:51:06.079 --> 00:51:09.109 align:start position:0%
these spicules were widely unknown and
debated<00:51:06.559><c> for</c><00:51:06.800><c> some</c><00:51:07.040><c> time</c><00:51:07.920><c> as</c><00:51:08.160><c> it</c><00:51:08.319><c> wasn't</c><00:51:08.640><c> clear</c>

00:51:09.109 --> 00:51:09.119 align:start position:0%
debated for some time as it wasn't clear
 

00:51:09.119 --> 00:51:11.349 align:start position:0%
debated for some time as it wasn't clear
how<00:51:09.440><c> magnetically</c><00:51:10.160><c> charged</c><00:51:10.480><c> particles</c><00:51:11.040><c> could</c>

00:51:11.349 --> 00:51:11.359 align:start position:0%
how magnetically charged particles could
 

00:51:11.359 --> 00:51:13.670 align:start position:0%
how magnetically charged particles could
ever<00:51:11.760><c> escape</c><00:51:12.240><c> the</c><00:51:12.480><c> sun's</c><00:51:12.800><c> magnetic</c><00:51:13.200><c> fields</c><00:51:13.520><c> at</c>

00:51:13.670 --> 00:51:13.680 align:start position:0%
ever escape the sun's magnetic fields at
 

00:51:13.680 --> 00:51:17.670 align:start position:0%
ever escape the sun's magnetic fields at
that<00:51:13.920><c> level.</c><00:51:14.880><c> That</c><00:51:15.200><c> is</c><00:51:15.599><c> until</c><00:51:16.240><c> 2017</c><00:51:17.200><c> when</c><00:51:17.440><c> a</c>

00:51:17.670 --> 00:51:17.680 align:start position:0%
that level. That is until 2017 when a
 

00:51:17.680 --> 00:51:19.430 align:start position:0%
that level. That is until 2017 when a
team<00:51:17.760><c> of</c><00:51:18.000><c> scientists</c><00:51:18.480><c> working</c><00:51:18.800><c> on</c><00:51:19.119><c> an</c>

00:51:19.430 --> 00:51:19.440 align:start position:0%
team of scientists working on an
 

00:51:19.440 --> 00:51:21.990 align:start position:0%
team of scientists working on an
extremely<00:51:20.079><c> detailed</c><00:51:20.559><c> model</c><00:51:20.800><c> of</c><00:51:20.960><c> the</c><00:51:21.119><c> spicules</c>

00:51:21.990 --> 00:51:22.000 align:start position:0%
extremely detailed model of the spicules
 

00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:23.910 align:start position:0%
extremely detailed model of the spicules
discovered<00:51:22.480><c> that</c><00:51:22.640><c> their</c><00:51:22.880><c> origins</c><00:51:23.440><c> must</c><00:51:23.680><c> be</c>

00:51:23.910 --> 00:51:23.920 align:start position:0%
discovered that their origins must be
 

00:51:23.920 --> 00:51:26.950 align:start position:0%
discovered that their origins must be
related<00:51:24.240><c> to</c><00:51:24.559><c> neutral</c><00:51:25.040><c> particles.</c><00:51:26.480><c> Scientists</c>

00:51:26.950 --> 00:51:26.960 align:start position:0%
related to neutral particles. Scientists
 

00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:28.870 align:start position:0%
related to neutral particles. Scientists
had<00:51:27.200><c> not</c><00:51:27.440><c> originally</c><00:51:28.000><c> included</c><00:51:28.480><c> neutral</c>

00:51:28.870 --> 00:51:28.880 align:start position:0%
had not originally included neutral
 

00:51:28.880 --> 00:51:31.190 align:start position:0%
had not originally included neutral
particles<00:51:29.359><c> in</c><00:51:29.599><c> their</c><00:51:29.839><c> models</c><00:51:30.079><c> of</c><00:51:30.240><c> the</c><00:51:30.400><c> sun</c><00:51:30.960><c> as</c>

00:51:31.190 --> 00:51:31.200 align:start position:0%
particles in their models of the sun as
 

00:51:31.200 --> 00:51:32.710 align:start position:0%
particles in their models of the sun as
they<00:51:31.440><c> didn't</c><00:51:31.680><c> think</c><00:51:31.839><c> they</c><00:51:32.079><c> affected</c><00:51:32.559><c> the</c>

00:51:32.710 --> 00:51:32.720 align:start position:0%
they didn't think they affected the
 

00:51:32.720 --> 00:51:34.390 align:start position:0%
they didn't think they affected the
motion<00:51:33.040><c> of</c><00:51:33.200><c> the</c><00:51:33.359><c> magnetically</c><00:51:34.000><c> charged</c>

00:51:34.390 --> 00:51:34.400 align:start position:0%
motion of the magnetically charged
 

00:51:34.400 --> 00:51:37.670 align:start position:0%
motion of the magnetically charged
particles.<00:51:35.599><c> But</c><00:51:36.000><c> once</c><00:51:36.319><c> they</c><00:51:36.559><c> were</c><00:51:36.720><c> added,</c><00:51:37.359><c> it</c>

00:51:37.670 --> 00:51:37.680 align:start position:0%
particles. But once they were added, it
 

00:51:37.680 --> 00:51:39.670 align:start position:0%
particles. But once they were added, it
transpired<00:51:38.319><c> that</c><00:51:38.559><c> the</c><00:51:38.800><c> neutral</c><00:51:39.200><c> particles</c>

00:51:39.670 --> 00:51:39.680 align:start position:0%
transpired that the neutral particles
 

00:51:39.680 --> 00:51:41.910 align:start position:0%
transpired that the neutral particles
gave<00:51:40.000><c> the</c><00:51:40.160><c> magnetically</c><00:51:40.800><c> charged</c><00:51:41.119><c> particles</c>

00:51:41.910 --> 00:51:41.920 align:start position:0%
gave the magnetically charged particles
 

00:51:41.920 --> 00:51:44.069 align:start position:0%
gave the magnetically charged particles
unexpected<00:51:42.720><c> buoyancy</c><00:51:43.280><c> they</c><00:51:43.520><c> needed</c><00:51:43.920><c> to</c>

00:51:44.069 --> 00:51:44.079 align:start position:0%
unexpected buoyancy they needed to
 

00:51:44.079 --> 00:51:46.390 align:start position:0%
unexpected buoyancy they needed to
escape<00:51:44.400><c> the</c><00:51:44.559><c> sun's</c><00:51:44.880><c> plasma</c><00:51:45.440><c> and</c><00:51:45.760><c> shoot</c><00:51:46.079><c> up</c>

00:51:46.390 --> 00:51:46.400 align:start position:0%
escape the sun's plasma and shoot up
 

00:51:46.400 --> 00:51:50.710 align:start position:0%
escape the sun's plasma and shoot up
into<00:51:46.720><c> spicules.</c>

00:51:50.710 --> 00:51:50.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:51:50.720 --> 00:51:52.470 align:start position:0%
 
Descending<00:51:51.280><c> further</c><00:51:51.680><c> through</c><00:51:51.920><c> the</c><00:51:52.079><c> sun's</c>

00:51:52.470 --> 00:51:52.480 align:start position:0%
Descending further through the sun's
 

00:51:52.480 --> 00:51:54.870 align:start position:0%
Descending further through the sun's
lower<00:51:52.720><c> atmosphere,</c><00:51:53.599><c> we</c><00:51:53.920><c> eventually</c><00:51:54.480><c> reach</c>

00:51:54.870 --> 00:51:54.880 align:start position:0%
lower atmosphere, we eventually reach
 

00:51:54.880 --> 00:51:57.510 align:start position:0%
lower atmosphere, we eventually reach
the<00:51:55.119><c> photosphere,</c><00:51:56.240><c> the</c><00:51:56.559><c> surface</c><00:51:56.880><c> of</c><00:51:57.040><c> the</c><00:51:57.280><c> sun</c>

00:51:57.510 --> 00:51:57.520 align:start position:0%
the photosphere, the surface of the sun
 

00:51:57.520 --> 00:52:00.150 align:start position:0%
the photosphere, the surface of the sun
itself,<00:51:58.640><c> which</c><00:51:58.800><c> is</c><00:51:59.040><c> best</c><00:51:59.359><c> imaged</c><00:51:59.760><c> using</c>

00:52:00.150 --> 00:52:00.160 align:start position:0%
itself, which is best imaged using
 

00:52:00.160 --> 00:52:02.870 align:start position:0%
itself, which is best imaged using
visible<00:52:00.640><c> light.</c><00:52:02.000><c> While</c><00:52:02.240><c> the</c><00:52:02.400><c> edge</c><00:52:02.640><c> of</c><00:52:02.720><c> the</c>

00:52:02.870 --> 00:52:02.880 align:start position:0%
visible light. While the edge of the
 

00:52:02.880 --> 00:52:05.670 align:start position:0%
visible light. While the edge of the
photosphere<00:52:03.599><c> appears</c><00:52:04.079><c> sharp</c><00:52:04.480><c> and</c><00:52:04.720><c> precise,</c>

00:52:05.670 --> 00:52:05.680 align:start position:0%
photosphere appears sharp and precise,
 

00:52:05.680 --> 00:52:08.549 align:start position:0%
photosphere appears sharp and precise,
as<00:52:05.839><c> it</c><00:52:06.000><c> often</c><00:52:06.319><c> does</c><00:52:06.559><c> to</c><00:52:06.800><c> our</c><00:52:07.040><c> naked</c><00:52:07.359><c> eye,</c><00:52:08.319><c> this</c>

00:52:08.549 --> 00:52:08.559 align:start position:0%
as it often does to our naked eye, this
 

00:52:08.559 --> 00:52:10.870 align:start position:0%
as it often does to our naked eye, this
is<00:52:08.720><c> simply</c><00:52:09.119><c> due</c><00:52:09.359><c> to</c><00:52:09.599><c> how</c><00:52:09.839><c> far</c><00:52:10.079><c> away</c><00:52:10.400><c> the</c><00:52:10.559><c> sun</c>

00:52:10.870 --> 00:52:10.880 align:start position:0%
is simply due to how far away the sun
 

00:52:10.880 --> 00:52:15.589 align:start position:0%
is simply due to how far away the sun
is.<00:52:11.920><c> The</c><00:52:12.160><c> sun</c><00:52:12.400><c> itself</c><00:52:13.040><c> is</c><00:52:13.359><c> not</c><00:52:13.760><c> solid</c><00:52:14.160><c> at</c><00:52:14.480><c> all.</c>

00:52:15.589 --> 00:52:15.599 align:start position:0%
is. The sun itself is not solid at all.
 

00:52:15.599 --> 00:52:17.670 align:start position:0%
is. The sun itself is not solid at all.
Since<00:52:15.920><c> it</c><00:52:16.160><c> is</c><00:52:16.240><c> too</c><00:52:16.480><c> hot</c><00:52:16.720><c> for</c><00:52:16.880><c> matter</c><00:52:17.200><c> to</c><00:52:17.359><c> exist</c>

00:52:17.670 --> 00:52:17.680 align:start position:0%
Since it is too hot for matter to exist
 

00:52:17.680 --> 00:52:21.030 align:start position:0%
Since it is too hot for matter to exist
in<00:52:17.839><c> a</c><00:52:18.079><c> solid,</c><00:52:18.720><c> liquid</c><00:52:19.280><c> or</c><00:52:19.680><c> gas</c><00:52:20.079><c> state</c><00:52:20.400><c> in</c><00:52:20.720><c> any</c>

00:52:21.030 --> 00:52:21.040 align:start position:0%
in a solid, liquid or gas state in any
 

00:52:21.040 --> 00:52:23.510 align:start position:0%
in a solid, liquid or gas state in any
region<00:52:21.280><c> of</c><00:52:21.440><c> the</c><00:52:21.599><c> sun,</c><00:52:22.319><c> it</c><00:52:22.559><c> can</c><00:52:22.800><c> only</c><00:52:23.119><c> be</c>

00:52:23.510 --> 00:52:23.520 align:start position:0%
region of the sun, it can only be
 

00:52:23.520 --> 00:52:26.230 align:start position:0%
region of the sun, it can only be
plasma.<00:52:24.480><c> Referred</c><00:52:24.880><c> to</c><00:52:25.119><c> as</c><00:52:25.359><c> the</c><00:52:25.599><c> fourth</c><00:52:26.000><c> state</c>

00:52:26.230 --> 00:52:26.240 align:start position:0%
plasma. Referred to as the fourth state
 

00:52:26.240 --> 00:52:28.870 align:start position:0%
plasma. Referred to as the fourth state
of<00:52:26.400><c> matter</c><00:52:27.200><c> and</c><00:52:27.440><c> is</c><00:52:27.680><c> estimated</c><00:52:28.160><c> to</c><00:52:28.400><c> make</c><00:52:28.559><c> up</c>

00:52:28.870 --> 00:52:28.880 align:start position:0%
of matter and is estimated to make up
 

00:52:28.880 --> 00:52:33.190 align:start position:0%
of matter and is estimated to make up
99.9%<00:52:30.319><c> of</c><00:52:30.559><c> all</c><00:52:30.800><c> the</c><00:52:31.040><c> matter</c><00:52:31.280><c> in</c><00:52:31.520><c> the</c><00:52:31.680><c> universe,</c>

00:52:33.190 --> 00:52:33.200 align:start position:0%
99.9% of all the matter in the universe,
 

00:52:33.200 --> 00:52:36.230 align:start position:0%
99.9% of all the matter in the universe,
plasmas<00:52:33.920><c> tend</c><00:52:34.240><c> to</c><00:52:34.400><c> behave</c><00:52:34.720><c> a</c><00:52:34.960><c> lot</c><00:52:35.119><c> like</c><00:52:35.359><c> gases</c>

00:52:36.230 --> 00:52:36.240 align:start position:0%
plasmas tend to behave a lot like gases
 

00:52:36.240 --> 00:52:38.470 align:start position:0%
plasmas tend to behave a lot like gases
except<00:52:36.559><c> they</c><00:52:36.720><c> are</c><00:52:36.880><c> made</c><00:52:37.119><c> up</c><00:52:37.280><c> of</c><00:52:37.440><c> a</c><00:52:37.599><c> mixture</c><00:52:38.000><c> of</c>

00:52:38.470 --> 00:52:38.480 align:start position:0%
except they are made up of a mixture of
 

00:52:38.480 --> 00:52:41.589 align:start position:0%
except they are made up of a mixture of
ionized<00:52:38.880><c> atoms</c><00:52:39.359><c> and</c><00:52:39.760><c> free</c><00:52:40.079><c> electrons.</c>

00:52:41.589 --> 00:52:41.599 align:start position:0%
ionized atoms and free electrons.
 

00:52:41.599 --> 00:52:43.990 align:start position:0%
ionized atoms and free electrons.
The<00:52:41.839><c> photosphere</c><00:52:42.640><c> is</c><00:52:42.800><c> the</c><00:52:43.119><c> outermost</c><00:52:43.839><c> layer</c>

00:52:43.990 --> 00:52:44.000 align:start position:0%
The photosphere is the outermost layer
 

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:48.309 align:start position:0%
The photosphere is the outermost layer
in<00:52:44.240><c> this</c><00:52:44.480><c> image.</c><00:52:45.359><c> around</c><00:52:45.920><c> 400</c><00:52:46.559><c> km</c><00:52:47.040><c> thick.</c><00:52:48.079><c> It</c>

00:52:48.309 --> 00:52:48.319 align:start position:0%
in this image. around 400 km thick. It
 

00:52:48.319 --> 00:52:51.349 align:start position:0%
in this image. around 400 km thick. It
is<00:52:48.640><c> not</c><00:52:48.960><c> a</c><00:52:49.200><c> fixed</c><00:52:49.760><c> solid</c><00:52:50.160><c> boundary</c><00:52:50.480><c> of</c><00:52:50.640><c> the</c><00:52:50.800><c> sun</c>

00:52:51.349 --> 00:52:51.359 align:start position:0%
is not a fixed solid boundary of the sun
 

00:52:51.359 --> 00:52:54.230 align:start position:0%
is not a fixed solid boundary of the sun
unlike<00:52:51.760><c> what</c><00:52:52.000><c> this</c><00:52:52.160><c> image</c><00:52:52.480><c> may</c><00:52:52.720><c> suggest</c><00:52:53.839><c> and</c>

00:52:54.230 --> 00:52:54.240 align:start position:0%
unlike what this image may suggest and
 

00:52:54.240 --> 00:52:56.870 align:start position:0%
unlike what this image may suggest and
sadly<00:52:55.200><c> it</c><00:52:55.440><c> is</c><00:52:55.599><c> the</c><00:52:55.839><c> deepest</c><00:52:56.400><c> layer</c><00:52:56.559><c> of</c><00:52:56.720><c> the</c>

00:52:56.870 --> 00:52:56.880 align:start position:0%
sadly it is the deepest layer of the
 

00:52:56.880 --> 00:52:58.549 align:start position:0%
sadly it is the deepest layer of the
star<00:52:57.280><c> which</c><00:52:57.520><c> scientists</c><00:52:58.000><c> can</c><00:52:58.240><c> measure</c>

00:52:58.549 --> 00:52:58.559 align:start position:0%
star which scientists can measure
 

00:52:58.559 --> 00:53:00.710 align:start position:0%
star which scientists can measure
directly.

00:53:00.710 --> 00:53:00.720 align:start position:0%
directly.
 

00:53:00.720 --> 00:53:03.270 align:start position:0%
directly.
At<00:53:00.960><c> a</c><00:53:01.119><c> closer</c><00:53:01.520><c> look</c><00:53:02.000><c> you</c><00:53:02.240><c> may</c><00:53:02.559><c> notice</c><00:53:02.960><c> some</c>

00:53:03.270 --> 00:53:03.280 align:start position:0%
At a closer look you may notice some
 

00:53:03.280 --> 00:53:06.230 align:start position:0%
At a closer look you may notice some
dark<00:53:03.680><c> spots</c><00:53:04.079><c> on</c><00:53:04.240><c> the</c><00:53:04.400><c> left</c><00:53:04.640><c> hand</c><00:53:04.880><c> side.</c><00:53:05.839><c> These</c>

00:53:06.230 --> 00:53:06.240 align:start position:0%
dark spots on the left hand side. These
 

00:53:06.240 --> 00:53:08.950 align:start position:0%
dark spots on the left hand side. These
are<00:53:06.480><c> known</c><00:53:06.720><c> as</c><00:53:07.040><c> sunspots</c><00:53:07.839><c> and</c><00:53:08.160><c> appear</c><00:53:08.559><c> darker</c>

00:53:08.950 --> 00:53:08.960 align:start position:0%
are known as sunspots and appear darker
 

00:53:08.960 --> 00:53:10.950 align:start position:0%
are known as sunspots and appear darker
than<00:53:09.119><c> other</c><00:53:09.359><c> parts</c><00:53:09.599><c> of</c><00:53:09.760><c> the</c><00:53:09.920><c> photosphere</c><00:53:10.720><c> due</c>

00:53:10.950 --> 00:53:10.960 align:start position:0%
than other parts of the photosphere due
 

00:53:10.960 --> 00:53:13.670 align:start position:0%
than other parts of the photosphere due
to<00:53:11.200><c> their</c><00:53:11.440><c> cooler</c><00:53:11.920><c> temperatures.</c><00:53:13.200><c> But</c><00:53:13.359><c> that's</c>

00:53:13.670 --> 00:53:13.680 align:start position:0%
to their cooler temperatures. But that's
 

00:53:13.680 --> 00:53:15.670 align:start position:0%
to their cooler temperatures. But that's
only<00:53:13.920><c> in</c><00:53:14.240><c> comparison</c><00:53:14.640><c> to</c><00:53:14.800><c> their</c><00:53:15.119><c> scorching</c>

00:53:15.670 --> 00:53:15.680 align:start position:0%
only in comparison to their scorching
 

00:53:15.680 --> 00:53:18.950 align:start position:0%
only in comparison to their scorching
hot<00:53:15.920><c> surroundings.</c><00:53:17.359><c> Unlike</c><00:53:17.839><c> coronal</c><00:53:18.319><c> holes,</c>

00:53:18.950 --> 00:53:18.960 align:start position:0%
hot surroundings. Unlike coronal holes,
 

00:53:18.960 --> 00:53:21.510 align:start position:0%
hot surroundings. Unlike coronal holes,
sunspots<00:53:19.599><c> form</c><00:53:19.920><c> in</c><00:53:20.160><c> areas</c><00:53:20.640><c> where</c><00:53:21.040><c> magnetic</c>

00:53:21.510 --> 00:53:21.520 align:start position:0%
sunspots form in areas where magnetic
 

00:53:21.520 --> 00:53:25.349 align:start position:0%
sunspots form in areas where magnetic
fields<00:53:21.920><c> are</c><00:53:22.240><c> particularly</c><00:53:23.119><c> powerful.</c><00:53:24.559><c> Here,</c>

00:53:25.349 --> 00:53:25.359 align:start position:0%
fields are particularly powerful. Here,
 

00:53:25.359 --> 00:53:27.190 align:start position:0%
fields are particularly powerful. Here,
heat<00:53:25.760><c> becomes</c><00:53:26.240><c> trapped</c><00:53:26.640><c> beneath</c><00:53:27.040><c> the</c>

00:53:27.190 --> 00:53:27.200 align:start position:0%
heat becomes trapped beneath the
 

00:53:27.200 --> 00:53:29.510 align:start position:0%
heat becomes trapped beneath the
photosphere<00:53:28.000><c> due</c><00:53:28.240><c> to</c><00:53:28.480><c> decreased</c><00:53:29.040><c> convection</c>

00:53:29.510 --> 00:53:29.520 align:start position:0%
photosphere due to decreased convection
 

00:53:29.520 --> 00:53:31.990 align:start position:0%
photosphere due to decreased convection
within<00:53:29.920><c> these</c><00:53:30.240><c> areas.</c>

00:53:31.990 --> 00:53:32.000 align:start position:0%
within these areas.
 

00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:33.829 align:start position:0%
within these areas.
When<00:53:32.319><c> comparing</c><00:53:32.720><c> this</c><00:53:32.960><c> image</c><00:53:33.200><c> of</c><00:53:33.359><c> the</c><00:53:33.440><c> sun</c><00:53:33.680><c> to</c>

00:53:33.829 --> 00:53:33.839 align:start position:0%
When comparing this image of the sun to
 

00:53:33.839 --> 00:53:36.230 align:start position:0%
When comparing this image of the sun to
a<00:53:34.079><c> previous</c><00:53:34.400><c> one</c><00:53:34.800><c> taken</c><00:53:35.200><c> using</c><00:53:35.599><c> extreme</c>

00:53:36.230 --> 00:53:36.240 align:start position:0%
a previous one taken using extreme
 

00:53:36.240 --> 00:53:38.630 align:start position:0%
a previous one taken using extreme
ultraviolet<00:53:36.800><c> light</c><00:53:37.119><c> over</c><00:53:37.359><c> the</c><00:53:37.599><c> same</c><00:53:37.839><c> period,</c>

00:53:38.630 --> 00:53:38.640 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet light over the same period,
 

00:53:38.640 --> 00:53:40.790 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet light over the same period,
a<00:53:38.880><c> connection</c><00:53:39.280><c> between</c><00:53:39.599><c> sunspots</c><00:53:40.240><c> and</c><00:53:40.480><c> solar</c>

00:53:40.790 --> 00:53:40.800 align:start position:0%
a connection between sunspots and solar
 

00:53:40.800 --> 00:53:43.750 align:start position:0%
a connection between sunspots and solar
flares<00:53:41.200><c> emerges.</c><00:53:42.480><c> The</c><00:53:42.720><c> captivating</c><00:53:43.359><c> solar</c>

00:53:43.750 --> 00:53:43.760 align:start position:0%
flares emerges. The captivating solar
 

00:53:43.760 --> 00:53:46.630 align:start position:0%
flares emerges. The captivating solar
flares<00:53:44.079><c> and</c><00:53:44.240><c> sunspots</c><00:53:45.200><c> coincide</c><00:53:45.920><c> at</c><00:53:46.160><c> the</c><00:53:46.400><c> same</c>

00:53:46.630 --> 00:53:46.640 align:start position:0%
flares and sunspots coincide at the same
 

00:53:46.640 --> 00:53:48.309 align:start position:0%
flares and sunspots coincide at the same
location.

00:53:48.309 --> 00:53:48.319 align:start position:0%
location.
 

00:53:48.319 --> 00:53:50.870 align:start position:0%
location.
From<00:53:48.640><c> peering</c><00:53:49.280><c> beneath</c><00:53:49.680><c> the</c><00:53:49.920><c> surface,</c><00:53:50.720><c> it</c>

00:53:50.870 --> 00:53:50.880 align:start position:0%
From peering beneath the surface, it
 

00:53:50.880 --> 00:53:53.270 align:start position:0%
From peering beneath the surface, it
becomes<00:53:51.280><c> clear</c><00:53:51.520><c> that</c><00:53:51.839><c> one</c><00:53:52.240><c> must</c><00:53:52.640><c> lead</c><00:53:52.960><c> to</c><00:53:53.119><c> the</c>

00:53:53.270 --> 00:53:53.280 align:start position:0%
becomes clear that one must lead to the
 

00:53:53.280 --> 00:53:55.270 align:start position:0%
becomes clear that one must lead to the
other.

00:53:55.270 --> 00:53:55.280 align:start position:0%
other.
 

00:53:55.280 --> 00:53:57.430 align:start position:0%
other.
Now,<00:53:55.680><c> let's</c><00:53:56.000><c> take</c><00:53:56.160><c> a</c><00:53:56.319><c> closer</c><00:53:56.720><c> look</c><00:53:56.880><c> at</c><00:53:57.200><c> some</c>

00:53:57.430 --> 00:53:57.440 align:start position:0%
Now, let's take a closer look at some
 

00:53:57.440 --> 00:54:00.309 align:start position:0%
Now, let's take a closer look at some
similar<00:53:57.839><c> sunspots.</c><00:53:59.280><c> This</c><00:53:59.520><c> image</c><00:53:59.760><c> was</c><00:54:00.000><c> taken</c>

00:54:00.309 --> 00:54:00.319 align:start position:0%
similar sunspots. This image was taken
 

00:54:00.319 --> 00:54:03.109 align:start position:0%
similar sunspots. This image was taken
using<00:54:00.720><c> the</c><00:54:01.040><c> Swedish</c><00:54:01.599><c> solar</c><00:54:02.000><c> telescope</c><00:54:02.800><c> based</c>

00:54:03.109 --> 00:54:03.119 align:start position:0%
using the Swedish solar telescope based
 

00:54:03.119 --> 00:54:05.910 align:start position:0%
using the Swedish solar telescope based
here<00:54:03.359><c> on</c><00:54:03.599><c> Earth</c><00:54:04.400><c> and</c><00:54:04.720><c> using</c><00:54:05.040><c> a</c><00:54:05.280><c> wavelength</c><00:54:05.760><c> of</c>

00:54:05.910 --> 00:54:05.920 align:start position:0%
here on Earth and using a wavelength of
 

00:54:05.920 --> 00:54:08.150 align:start position:0%
here on Earth and using a wavelength of
visible<00:54:06.319><c> light</c><00:54:06.640><c> of</c><00:54:06.880><c> approximately</c><00:54:07.680><c> 400</c>

00:54:08.150 --> 00:54:08.160 align:start position:0%
visible light of approximately 400
 

00:54:08.160 --> 00:54:09.750 align:start position:0%
visible light of approximately 400
nanome.

00:54:09.750 --> 00:54:09.760 align:start position:0%
nanome.
 

00:54:09.760 --> 00:54:12.230 align:start position:0%
nanome.
Next<00:54:10.000><c> to</c><00:54:10.400><c> and</c><00:54:10.720><c> surrounding</c><00:54:11.119><c> the</c><00:54:11.359><c> sunspots,</c>

00:54:12.230 --> 00:54:12.240 align:start position:0%
Next to and surrounding the sunspots,
 

00:54:12.240 --> 00:54:14.710 align:start position:0%
Next to and surrounding the sunspots,
the<00:54:12.480><c> photosphere</c><00:54:13.200><c> is</c><00:54:13.440><c> saturated</c><00:54:14.160><c> with</c><00:54:14.400><c> these</c>

00:54:14.710 --> 00:54:14.720 align:start position:0%
the photosphere is saturated with these
 

00:54:14.720 --> 00:54:18.309 align:start position:0%
the photosphere is saturated with these
jagged,<00:54:15.920><c> endlessly</c><00:54:16.640><c> shapeshifting</c><00:54:17.520><c> cells,</c>

00:54:18.309 --> 00:54:18.319 align:start position:0%
jagged, endlessly shapeshifting cells,
 

00:54:18.319 --> 00:54:20.630 align:start position:0%
jagged, endlessly shapeshifting cells,
which<00:54:18.640><c> doesn't</c><00:54:18.960><c> look</c><00:54:19.119><c> dissimilar</c><00:54:19.680><c> to</c><00:54:19.839><c> lava</c><00:54:20.400><c> as</c>

00:54:20.630 --> 00:54:20.640 align:start position:0%
which doesn't look dissimilar to lava as
 

00:54:20.640 --> 00:54:23.910 align:start position:0%
which doesn't look dissimilar to lava as
it<00:54:20.880><c> cools</c><00:54:21.280><c> and</c><00:54:21.599><c> cracks.</c><00:54:23.040><c> However,</c><00:54:23.520><c> these</c>

00:54:23.910 --> 00:54:23.920 align:start position:0%
it cools and cracks. However, these
 

00:54:23.920 --> 00:54:27.589 align:start position:0%
it cools and cracks. However, these
cells<00:54:24.480><c> are</c><00:54:24.720><c> around</c><00:54:25.280><c> 1,000</c><00:54:26.000><c> km</c><00:54:26.559><c> wide</c><00:54:27.119><c> and</c><00:54:27.359><c> are</c>

00:54:27.589 --> 00:54:27.599 align:start position:0%
cells are around 1,000 km wide and are
 

00:54:27.599 --> 00:54:30.790 align:start position:0%
cells are around 1,000 km wide and are
known<00:54:27.920><c> as</c><00:54:28.240><c> solar</c><00:54:28.800><c> granules.</c>

00:54:30.790 --> 00:54:30.800 align:start position:0%
known as solar granules.
 

00:54:30.800 --> 00:54:32.790 align:start position:0%
known as solar granules.
Consider<00:54:31.200><c> them</c><00:54:31.440><c> from</c><00:54:31.680><c> the</c><00:54:31.839><c> top</c><00:54:32.240><c> layer</c><00:54:32.480><c> of</c><00:54:32.640><c> a</c>

00:54:32.790 --> 00:54:32.800 align:start position:0%
Consider them from the top layer of a
 

00:54:32.800 --> 00:54:35.510 align:start position:0%
Consider them from the top layer of a
churning<00:54:33.359><c> convection</c><00:54:33.839><c> cell</c><00:54:34.160><c> underneath.</c>

00:54:35.510 --> 00:54:35.520 align:start position:0%
churning convection cell underneath.
 

00:54:35.520 --> 00:54:37.910 align:start position:0%
churning convection cell underneath.
Brighter<00:54:36.000><c> areas</c><00:54:36.480><c> inside</c><00:54:36.960><c> each</c><00:54:37.280><c> granle</c>

00:54:37.910 --> 00:54:37.920 align:start position:0%
Brighter areas inside each granle
 

00:54:37.920 --> 00:54:40.150 align:start position:0%
Brighter areas inside each granle
represent<00:54:38.480><c> fluid</c><00:54:38.960><c> of</c><00:54:39.200><c> unimaginable</c>

00:54:40.150 --> 00:54:40.160 align:start position:0%
represent fluid of unimaginable
 

00:54:40.160 --> 00:54:42.069 align:start position:0%
represent fluid of unimaginable
temperatures<00:54:40.880><c> rising</c><00:54:41.359><c> from</c><00:54:41.599><c> within</c><00:54:41.920><c> the</c>

00:54:42.069 --> 00:54:42.079 align:start position:0%
temperatures rising from within the
 

00:54:42.079 --> 00:54:44.390 align:start position:0%
temperatures rising from within the
sun's<00:54:42.480><c> upper</c><00:54:42.800><c> interior</c><00:54:43.680><c> layer</c><00:54:43.839><c> to</c><00:54:44.079><c> its</c>

00:54:44.390 --> 00:54:44.400 align:start position:0%
sun's upper interior layer to its
 

00:54:44.400 --> 00:54:47.510 align:start position:0%
sun's upper interior layer to its
surface.<00:54:45.760><c> Upon</c><00:54:46.240><c> reaching</c><00:54:46.559><c> this</c><00:54:46.800><c> boundary,</c>

00:54:47.510 --> 00:54:47.520 align:start position:0%
surface. Upon reaching this boundary,
 

00:54:47.520 --> 00:54:49.990 align:start position:0%
surface. Upon reaching this boundary,
the<00:54:47.760><c> fluid</c><00:54:48.079><c> has</c><00:54:48.319><c> nowhere</c><00:54:48.720><c> to</c><00:54:48.880><c> go</c><00:54:49.359><c> except</c><00:54:49.680><c> to</c>

00:54:49.990 --> 00:54:50.000 align:start position:0%
the fluid has nowhere to go except to
 

00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:52.950 align:start position:0%
the fluid has nowhere to go except to
spread<00:54:50.319><c> outwards</c><00:54:50.800><c> and</c><00:54:51.119><c> across.</c>

00:54:52.950 --> 00:54:52.960 align:start position:0%
spread outwards and across.
 

00:54:52.960 --> 00:54:55.589 align:start position:0%
spread outwards and across.
After<00:54:53.359><c> cooling</c><00:54:53.839><c> gradually,</c><00:54:54.640><c> the</c><00:54:54.880><c> fluid</c><00:54:55.200><c> sinks</c>

00:54:55.589 --> 00:54:55.599 align:start position:0%
After cooling gradually, the fluid sinks
 

00:54:55.599 --> 00:54:57.510 align:start position:0%
After cooling gradually, the fluid sinks
back<00:54:55.760><c> inwards</c><00:54:56.240><c> via</c><00:54:56.559><c> the</c><00:54:56.720><c> rough</c><00:54:57.200><c> dark</c>

00:54:57.510 --> 00:54:57.520 align:start position:0%
back inwards via the rough dark
 

00:54:57.520 --> 00:54:59.829 align:start position:0%
back inwards via the rough dark
boundaries<00:54:58.079><c> surrounding</c><00:54:58.559><c> each</c><00:54:58.800><c> cell</c><00:54:59.440><c> before</c>

00:54:59.829 --> 00:54:59.839 align:start position:0%
boundaries surrounding each cell before
 

00:54:59.839 --> 00:55:02.390 align:start position:0%
boundaries surrounding each cell before
repeating<00:55:00.319><c> the</c><00:55:00.559><c> cycle.</c><00:55:01.680><c> This</c><00:55:01.920><c> process</c>

00:55:02.390 --> 00:55:02.400 align:start position:0%
repeating the cycle. This process
 

00:55:02.400 --> 00:55:03.990 align:start position:0%
repeating the cycle. This process
closely<00:55:02.880><c> resembles</c><00:55:03.359><c> the</c><00:55:03.599><c> convection</c>

00:55:03.990 --> 00:55:04.000 align:start position:0%
closely resembles the convection
 

00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:06.069 align:start position:0%
closely resembles the convection
currents<00:55:04.400><c> within</c><00:55:04.720><c> the</c><00:55:04.880><c> Earth's</c><00:55:05.280><c> mantle,</c>

00:55:06.069 --> 00:55:06.079 align:start position:0%
currents within the Earth's mantle,
 

00:55:06.079 --> 00:55:09.910 align:start position:0%
currents within the Earth's mantle,
responsible<00:55:06.720><c> for</c><00:55:06.960><c> driving</c><00:55:07.520><c> plate</c><00:55:07.839><c> tectonics.</c>

00:55:09.910 --> 00:55:09.920 align:start position:0%
responsible for driving plate tectonics.
 

00:55:09.920 --> 00:55:13.030 align:start position:0%
responsible for driving plate tectonics.
This<00:55:10.319><c> process</c><00:55:10.880><c> is</c><00:55:11.280><c> no</c><00:55:11.599><c> joke.</c><00:55:12.559><c> While</c><00:55:12.800><c> on</c>

00:55:13.030 --> 00:55:13.040 align:start position:0%
This process is no joke. While on
 

00:55:13.040 --> 00:55:15.190 align:start position:0%
This process is no joke. While on
average<00:55:13.280><c> it</c><00:55:13.520><c> is</c><00:55:13.680><c> estimated</c><00:55:14.079><c> that</c><00:55:14.400><c> each</c><00:55:14.640><c> granle</c>

00:55:15.190 --> 00:55:15.200 align:start position:0%
average it is estimated that each granle
 

00:55:15.200 --> 00:55:17.829 align:start position:0%
average it is estimated that each granle
lasts<00:55:15.520><c> for</c><00:55:15.680><c> as</c><00:55:15.839><c> little</c><00:55:16.079><c> as</c><00:55:16.400><c> 20</c><00:55:16.800><c> minutes,</c><00:55:17.599><c> the</c>

00:55:17.829 --> 00:55:17.839 align:start position:0%
lasts for as little as 20 minutes, the
 

00:55:17.839 --> 00:55:20.470 align:start position:0%
lasts for as little as 20 minutes, the
flow<00:55:18.160><c> within</c><00:55:18.480><c> the</c><00:55:18.720><c> cells</c><00:55:19.119><c> reaches</c><00:55:19.680><c> supersonic</c>

00:55:20.470 --> 00:55:20.480 align:start position:0%
flow within the cells reaches supersonic
 

00:55:20.480 --> 00:55:23.589 align:start position:0%
flow within the cells reaches supersonic
speeds<00:55:20.880><c> of</c><00:55:21.119><c> more</c><00:55:21.359><c> than</c><00:55:21.599><c> 7</c><00:55:21.920><c> km/s,</c>

00:55:23.589 --> 00:55:23.599 align:start position:0%
speeds of more than 7 km/s,
 

00:55:23.599 --> 00:55:25.829 align:start position:0%
speeds of more than 7 km/s,
generating<00:55:24.240><c> waves</c><00:55:24.640><c> on</c><00:55:24.800><c> the</c><00:55:24.960><c> sun's</c><00:55:25.280><c> surface</c>

00:55:25.829 --> 00:55:25.839 align:start position:0%
generating waves on the sun's surface
 

00:55:25.839 --> 00:55:28.470 align:start position:0%
generating waves on the sun's surface
due<00:55:26.160><c> to</c><00:55:26.319><c> sonic</c><00:55:26.800><c> booms.</c>

00:55:28.470 --> 00:55:28.480 align:start position:0%
due to sonic booms.
 

00:55:28.480 --> 00:55:31.270 align:start position:0%
due to sonic booms.
Fascinatingly,<00:55:29.680><c> these</c><00:55:30.000><c> granules</c><00:55:30.640><c> can</c><00:55:30.880><c> also</c>

00:55:31.270 --> 00:55:31.280 align:start position:0%
Fascinatingly, these granules can also
 

00:55:31.280 --> 00:55:33.510 align:start position:0%
Fascinatingly, these granules can also
be<00:55:31.440><c> seen</c><00:55:31.760><c> in</c><00:55:32.000><c> the</c><00:55:32.240><c> full</c><00:55:32.559><c> disc</c><00:55:32.880><c> view</c><00:55:33.119><c> we</c><00:55:33.359><c> saw</c>

00:55:33.510 --> 00:55:33.520 align:start position:0%
be seen in the full disc view we saw
 

00:55:33.520 --> 00:55:35.750 align:start position:0%
be seen in the full disc view we saw
earlier,<00:55:34.400><c> utilizing</c><00:55:34.800><c> the</c><00:55:35.040><c> same</c><00:55:35.200><c> wavelength</c>

00:55:35.750 --> 00:55:35.760 align:start position:0%
earlier, utilizing the same wavelength
 

00:55:35.760 --> 00:55:38.230 align:start position:0%
earlier, utilizing the same wavelength
of<00:55:35.920><c> visible</c><00:55:36.240><c> light.</c><00:55:37.359><c> You</c><00:55:37.520><c> may</c><00:55:37.760><c> think</c><00:55:38.000><c> this</c>

00:55:38.230 --> 00:55:38.240 align:start position:0%
of visible light. You may think this
 

00:55:38.240 --> 00:55:40.630 align:start position:0%
of visible light. You may think this
image<00:55:38.640><c> looks</c><00:55:38.960><c> quite</c><00:55:39.200><c> grainy</c><00:55:39.680><c> for</c><00:55:39.920><c> such</c><00:55:40.079><c> a</c><00:55:40.319><c> high</c>

00:55:40.630 --> 00:55:40.640 align:start position:0%
image looks quite grainy for such a high
 

00:55:40.640 --> 00:55:43.430 align:start position:0%
image looks quite grainy for such a high
tech<00:55:41.040><c> space</c><00:55:41.359><c> probe,</c><00:55:42.160><c> and</c><00:55:42.400><c> you're</c><00:55:42.640><c> right,</c><00:55:43.119><c> it</c>

00:55:43.430 --> 00:55:43.440 align:start position:0%
tech space probe, and you're right, it
 

00:55:43.440 --> 00:55:45.990 align:start position:0%
tech space probe, and you're right, it
does.<00:55:44.319><c> But</c><00:55:44.480><c> that</c><00:55:44.720><c> graininess</c><00:55:45.440><c> is</c><00:55:45.760><c> the</c>

00:55:45.990 --> 00:55:46.000 align:start position:0%
does. But that graininess is the
 

00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:48.870 align:start position:0%
does. But that graininess is the
granules<00:55:46.640><c> on</c><00:55:46.880><c> the</c><00:55:47.040><c> photosphere</c><00:55:47.599><c> of</c><00:55:47.839><c> the</c><00:55:48.000><c> sun,</c>

00:55:48.870 --> 00:55:48.880 align:start position:0%
granules on the photosphere of the sun,
 

00:55:48.880 --> 00:55:51.510 align:start position:0%
granules on the photosphere of the sun,
not<00:55:49.119><c> a</c><00:55:49.440><c> processing</c><00:55:50.000><c> effect</c><00:55:50.400><c> or</c><00:55:50.799><c> excess</c><00:55:51.200><c> noise</c>

00:55:51.510 --> 00:55:51.520 align:start position:0%
not a processing effect or excess noise
 

00:55:51.520 --> 00:55:56.069 align:start position:0%
not a processing effect or excess noise
in<00:55:51.680><c> the</c><00:55:51.839><c> image.</c>

00:55:56.069 --> 00:55:56.079 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:55:56.079 --> 00:56:00.069 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:55:57.119><c> that's</c><00:55:57.520><c> it.</c><00:55:58.640><c> Sadly,</c><00:55:59.119><c> our</c><00:55:59.440><c> journey</c><00:55:59.760><c> ends</c>

00:56:00.069 --> 00:56:00.079 align:start position:0%
And that's it. Sadly, our journey ends
 

00:56:00.079 --> 00:56:02.549 align:start position:0%
And that's it. Sadly, our journey ends
here<00:56:00.799><c> as</c><00:56:01.119><c> scientists</c><00:56:01.599><c> have</c><00:56:01.839><c> not</c><00:56:02.000><c> yet</c><00:56:02.319><c> figured</c>

00:56:02.549 --> 00:56:02.559 align:start position:0%
here as scientists have not yet figured
 

00:56:02.559 --> 00:56:04.710 align:start position:0%
here as scientists have not yet figured
out<00:56:02.720><c> how</c><00:56:02.880><c> to</c><00:56:03.040><c> image</c><00:56:03.359><c> deeper</c><00:56:03.760><c> into</c><00:56:03.920><c> the</c><00:56:04.160><c> sun</c>

00:56:04.710 --> 00:56:04.720 align:start position:0%
out how to image deeper into the sun
 

00:56:04.720 --> 00:56:07.030 align:start position:0%
out how to image deeper into the sun
using<00:56:05.040><c> either</c><00:56:05.359><c> visible</c><00:56:06.000><c> or</c><00:56:06.400><c> non-visible</c>

00:56:07.030 --> 00:56:07.040 align:start position:0%
using either visible or non-visible
 

00:56:07.040 --> 00:56:10.150 align:start position:0%
using either visible or non-visible
light.<00:56:08.240><c> Much</c><00:56:08.480><c> of</c><00:56:08.720><c> what</c><00:56:08.960><c> lies</c><00:56:09.359><c> beyond</c><00:56:09.760><c> this</c>

00:56:10.150 --> 00:56:10.160 align:start position:0%
light. Much of what lies beyond this
 

00:56:10.160 --> 00:56:13.430 align:start position:0%
light. Much of what lies beyond this
layer<00:56:10.559><c> remains</c><00:56:10.960><c> shrouded</c><00:56:11.599><c> in</c><00:56:11.920><c> mystery.</c><00:56:13.280><c> But</c>

00:56:13.430 --> 00:56:13.440 align:start position:0%
layer remains shrouded in mystery. But
 

00:56:13.440 --> 00:56:15.589 align:start position:0%
layer remains shrouded in mystery. But
we<00:56:13.680><c> can</c><00:56:13.920><c> see</c><00:56:14.079><c> the</c><00:56:14.319><c> benefits</c><00:56:14.720><c> of</c><00:56:14.880><c> using</c><00:56:15.280><c> light</c>

00:56:15.589 --> 00:56:15.599 align:start position:0%
we can see the benefits of using light
 

00:56:15.599 --> 00:56:17.750 align:start position:0%
we can see the benefits of using light
of<00:56:15.920><c> all</c><00:56:16.240><c> different</c><00:56:16.559><c> spectrums</c><00:56:17.040><c> in</c><00:56:17.280><c> our</c><00:56:17.520><c> study</c>

00:56:17.750 --> 00:56:17.760 align:start position:0%
of all different spectrums in our study
 

00:56:17.760 --> 00:56:19.990 align:start position:0%
of all different spectrums in our study
of<00:56:17.920><c> the</c><00:56:18.160><c> sun.</c><00:56:18.799><c> They</c><00:56:19.040><c> help</c><00:56:19.280><c> us</c><00:56:19.440><c> observe</c>

00:56:19.990 --> 00:56:20.000 align:start position:0%
of the sun. They help us observe
 

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:22.870 align:start position:0%
of the sun. They help us observe
exploding<00:56:20.640><c> solar</c><00:56:21.040><c> flares,</c><00:56:21.920><c> vast</c><00:56:22.400><c> chronal</c>

00:56:22.870 --> 00:56:22.880 align:start position:0%
exploding solar flares, vast chronal
 

00:56:22.880 --> 00:56:26.710 align:start position:0%
exploding solar flares, vast chronal
holes,<00:56:23.920><c> swaying</c><00:56:24.559><c> spicules,</c><00:56:26.000><c> intriguing</c>

00:56:26.710 --> 00:56:26.720 align:start position:0%
holes, swaying spicules, intriguing
 

00:56:26.720 --> 00:56:29.990 align:start position:0%
holes, swaying spicules, intriguing
sunspots,<00:56:27.839><c> and</c><00:56:28.160><c> shape-shifting</c><00:56:29.040><c> cells,</c><00:56:29.760><c> just</c>

00:56:29.990 --> 00:56:30.000 align:start position:0%
sunspots, and shape-shifting cells, just
 

00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:33.510 align:start position:0%
sunspots, and shape-shifting cells, just
to<00:56:30.240><c> name</c><00:56:30.400><c> a</c><00:56:30.640><c> few,</c><00:56:31.200><c> in</c><00:56:31.520><c> completely</c><00:56:32.079><c> new</c><00:56:32.400><c> ways.</c>

00:56:33.510 --> 00:56:33.520 align:start position:0%
to name a few, in completely new ways.
 

00:56:33.520 --> 00:56:36.630 align:start position:0%
to name a few, in completely new ways.
The<00:56:33.760><c> sun</c><00:56:34.000><c> is</c><00:56:34.240><c> a</c><00:56:34.400><c> buzz</c><00:56:34.880><c> with</c><00:56:35.200><c> lively</c><00:56:35.680><c> activity.</c>

00:56:36.630 --> 00:56:36.640 align:start position:0%
The sun is a buzz with lively activity.
 

00:56:36.640 --> 00:56:38.789 align:start position:0%
The sun is a buzz with lively activity.
And<00:56:36.880><c> so</c><00:56:37.119><c> much</c><00:56:37.280><c> of</c><00:56:37.440><c> it</c><00:56:37.680><c> would</c><00:56:37.920><c> be</c><00:56:38.079><c> invisible</c><00:56:38.559><c> to</c>

00:56:38.789 --> 00:56:38.799 align:start position:0%
And so much of it would be invisible to
 

00:56:38.799 --> 00:56:41.750 align:start position:0%
And so much of it would be invisible to
us<00:56:39.599><c> were</c><00:56:39.839><c> it</c><00:56:40.079><c> not</c><00:56:40.480><c> for</c><00:56:40.799><c> these</c><00:56:41.200><c> imaging</c>

00:56:41.750 --> 00:56:41.760 align:start position:0%
us were it not for these imaging
 

00:56:41.760 --> 00:56:43.589 align:start position:0%
us were it not for these imaging
techniques.

00:56:43.589 --> 00:56:43.599 align:start position:0%
techniques.
 

00:56:43.599 --> 00:56:45.750 align:start position:0%
techniques.
Maybe<00:56:43.920><c> one</c><00:56:44.160><c> day</c><00:56:44.400><c> we'll</c><00:56:44.799><c> find</c><00:56:45.040><c> ways</c><00:56:45.280><c> to</c><00:56:45.520><c> see</c>

00:56:45.750 --> 00:56:45.760 align:start position:0%
Maybe one day we'll find ways to see
 

00:56:45.760 --> 00:56:48.069 align:start position:0%
Maybe one day we'll find ways to see
deeper<00:56:46.559><c> using</c><00:56:46.960><c> techniques</c><00:56:47.359><c> we</c><00:56:47.599><c> can</c><00:56:47.760><c> barely</c>

00:56:48.069 --> 00:56:48.079 align:start position:0%
deeper using techniques we can barely
 

00:56:48.079 --> 00:56:50.069 align:start position:0%
deeper using techniques we can barely
dream<00:56:48.240><c> of</c><00:56:48.480><c> currently,</c><00:56:49.359><c> just</c><00:56:49.599><c> like</c><00:56:49.760><c> those</c>

00:56:50.069 --> 00:56:50.079 align:start position:0%
dream of currently, just like those
 

00:56:50.079 --> 00:56:52.470 align:start position:0%
dream of currently, just like those
ancient<00:56:50.559><c> generations</c><00:56:51.040><c> of</c><00:56:51.280><c> humans</c><00:56:51.680><c> long</c><00:56:51.920><c> ago</c>

00:56:52.470 --> 00:56:52.480 align:start position:0%
ancient generations of humans long ago
 

00:56:52.480 --> 00:56:54.309 align:start position:0%
ancient generations of humans long ago
could<00:56:52.720><c> hardly</c><00:56:53.040><c> dream</c><00:56:53.280><c> of</c><00:56:53.440><c> the</c><00:56:53.599><c> methods</c><00:56:53.920><c> we're</c>

00:56:54.309 --> 00:56:54.319 align:start position:0%
could hardly dream of the methods we're
 

00:56:54.319 --> 00:56:57.349 align:start position:0%
could hardly dream of the methods we're
utilizing<00:56:54.720><c> these</c><00:56:55.119><c> days.</c><00:56:56.079><c> But</c><00:56:56.240><c> for</c><00:56:56.480><c> now,</c><00:56:57.119><c> just</c>

00:56:57.349 --> 00:56:57.359 align:start position:0%
utilizing these days. But for now, just
 

00:56:57.359 --> 00:56:59.670 align:start position:0%
utilizing these days. But for now, just
knowing<00:56:57.680><c> there</c><00:56:57.920><c> is</c><00:56:58.079><c> so</c><00:56:58.319><c> much</c><00:56:58.480><c> going</c><00:56:58.720><c> on</c><00:56:59.119><c> unseen</c>

00:56:59.670 --> 00:56:59.680 align:start position:0%
knowing there is so much going on unseen
 

00:56:59.680 --> 00:57:01.750 align:start position:0%
knowing there is so much going on unseen
in<00:56:59.839><c> the</c><00:57:00.000><c> universe,</c><00:57:00.799><c> and</c><00:57:00.960><c> knowing</c><00:57:01.200><c> we</c><00:57:01.440><c> have</c><00:57:01.599><c> the</c>

00:57:01.750 --> 00:57:01.760 align:start position:0%
in the universe, and knowing we have the
 

00:57:01.760 --> 00:57:04.069 align:start position:0%
in the universe, and knowing we have the
means<00:57:02.000><c> to</c><00:57:02.240><c> uncover</c><00:57:02.640><c> it</c><00:57:03.280><c> fills</c><00:57:03.599><c> me</c><00:57:03.839><c> with</c>

00:57:04.069 --> 00:57:04.079 align:start position:0%
means to uncover it fills me with
 

00:57:04.079 --> 00:57:07.430 align:start position:0%
means to uncover it fills me with
excitement<00:57:04.640><c> and</c><00:57:04.960><c> curiosity.</c><00:57:06.400><c> Who</c><00:57:06.640><c> knows</c><00:57:07.119><c> what</c>

00:57:07.430 --> 00:57:07.440 align:start position:0%
excitement and curiosity. Who knows what
 

00:57:07.440 --> 00:57:09.589 align:start position:0%
excitement and curiosity. Who knows what
else<00:57:07.760><c> might</c><00:57:08.000><c> be</c><00:57:08.079><c> out</c><00:57:08.319><c> there</c><00:57:08.799><c> waiting</c><00:57:09.200><c> to</c><00:57:09.440><c> be</c>

00:57:09.589 --> 00:57:09.599 align:start position:0%
else might be out there waiting to be
 

00:57:09.599 --> 00:57:13.109 align:start position:0%
else might be out there waiting to be
found?

00:57:13.109 --> 00:57:13.119 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:57:13.119 --> 00:57:15.109 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:57:13.359><c> may</c><00:57:13.520><c> have</c><00:57:13.760><c> wondered,</c><00:57:14.319><c> with</c><00:57:14.559><c> the</c><00:57:14.720><c> vast</c>

00:57:15.109 --> 00:57:15.119 align:start position:0%
You may have wondered, with the vast
 

00:57:15.119 --> 00:57:17.910 align:start position:0%
You may have wondered, with the vast
distances<00:57:15.680><c> between</c><00:57:16.160><c> objects</c><00:57:16.559><c> in</c><00:57:16.880><c> space,</c><00:57:17.680><c> and</c>

00:57:17.910 --> 00:57:17.920 align:start position:0%
distances between objects in space, and
 

00:57:17.920 --> 00:57:19.670 align:start position:0%
distances between objects in space, and
with<00:57:18.079><c> the</c><00:57:18.240><c> lack</c><00:57:18.400><c> of</c><00:57:18.559><c> a</c><00:57:18.720><c> tape</c><00:57:19.040><c> measure</c><00:57:19.359><c> that</c>

00:57:19.670 --> 00:57:19.680 align:start position:0%
with the lack of a tape measure that
 

00:57:19.680 --> 00:57:21.990 align:start position:0%
with the lack of a tape measure that
big,<00:57:20.480><c> how</c><00:57:20.640><c> can</c><00:57:20.880><c> scientists</c><00:57:21.359><c> be</c><00:57:21.599><c> sure</c><00:57:21.760><c> they</c>

00:57:21.990 --> 00:57:22.000 align:start position:0%
big, how can scientists be sure they
 

00:57:22.000 --> 00:57:24.150 align:start position:0%
big, how can scientists be sure they
know<00:57:22.160><c> the</c><00:57:22.319><c> distances</c><00:57:22.960><c> between</c><00:57:23.359><c> us</c><00:57:23.680><c> and</c><00:57:23.920><c> other</c>

00:57:24.150 --> 00:57:24.160 align:start position:0%
know the distances between us and other
 

00:57:24.160 --> 00:57:27.349 align:start position:0%
know the distances between us and other
celestial<00:57:24.799><c> bodies?</c><00:57:26.160><c> Well,</c><00:57:26.559><c> there</c><00:57:26.799><c> are</c><00:57:26.960><c> a</c><00:57:27.119><c> few</c>

00:57:27.349 --> 00:57:27.359 align:start position:0%
celestial bodies? Well, there are a few
 

00:57:27.359 --> 00:57:29.589 align:start position:0%
celestial bodies? Well, there are a few
methods<00:57:27.760><c> available</c><00:57:28.400><c> depending</c><00:57:28.799><c> on</c><00:57:29.119><c> how</c><00:57:29.359><c> far</c>

00:57:29.589 --> 00:57:29.599 align:start position:0%
methods available depending on how far
 

00:57:29.599 --> 00:57:32.230 align:start position:0%
methods available depending on how far
away<00:57:29.839><c> the</c><00:57:30.079><c> object</c><00:57:30.480><c> is,</c><00:57:31.119><c> each</c><00:57:31.359><c> with</c><00:57:31.599><c> a</c><00:57:31.839><c> varying</c>

00:57:32.230 --> 00:57:32.240 align:start position:0%
away the object is, each with a varying
 

00:57:32.240 --> 00:57:34.390 align:start position:0%
away the object is, each with a varying
degree<00:57:32.640><c> of</c><00:57:32.799><c> accuracy.</c>

00:57:34.390 --> 00:57:34.400 align:start position:0%
degree of accuracy.
 

00:57:34.400 --> 00:57:36.789 align:start position:0%
degree of accuracy.
The<00:57:34.640><c> first</c><00:57:34.960><c> method</c><00:57:35.359><c> is</c><00:57:35.520><c> the</c><00:57:35.760><c> most</c><00:57:36.000><c> accurate</c>

00:57:36.789 --> 00:57:36.799 align:start position:0%
The first method is the most accurate
 

00:57:36.799 --> 00:57:39.030 align:start position:0%
The first method is the most accurate
and<00:57:37.040><c> in</c><00:57:37.280><c> fact</c><00:57:37.680><c> gives</c><00:57:38.000><c> us</c><00:57:38.160><c> very</c><00:57:38.480><c> precise</c>

00:57:39.030 --> 00:57:39.040 align:start position:0%
and in fact gives us very precise
 

00:57:39.040 --> 00:57:41.589 align:start position:0%
and in fact gives us very precise
measurements.<00:57:40.319><c> This</c><00:57:40.559><c> is</c><00:57:40.720><c> the</c><00:57:40.960><c> parallax</c>

00:57:41.589 --> 00:57:41.599 align:start position:0%
measurements. This is the parallax
 

00:57:41.599 --> 00:57:43.990 align:start position:0%
measurements. This is the parallax
method.<00:57:42.880><c> For</c><00:57:43.119><c> those</c><00:57:43.280><c> of</c><00:57:43.440><c> you</c><00:57:43.520><c> that</c><00:57:43.680><c> don't</c><00:57:43.839><c> know</c>

00:57:43.990 --> 00:57:44.000 align:start position:0%
method. For those of you that don't know
 

00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:46.309 align:start position:0%
method. For those of you that don't know
what<00:57:44.160><c> the</c><00:57:44.319><c> parallax</c><00:57:44.799><c> effect</c><00:57:45.200><c> is,</c><00:57:45.839><c> it</c><00:57:46.000><c> is</c><00:57:46.160><c> where</c>

00:57:46.309 --> 00:57:46.319 align:start position:0%
what the parallax effect is, it is where
 

00:57:46.319 --> 00:57:48.470 align:start position:0%
what the parallax effect is, it is where
nearby<00:57:46.880><c> objects</c><00:57:47.359><c> appear</c><00:57:47.680><c> to</c><00:57:47.920><c> move</c><00:57:48.079><c> more</c>

00:57:48.470 --> 00:57:48.480 align:start position:0%
nearby objects appear to move more
 

00:57:48.480 --> 00:57:50.230 align:start position:0%
nearby objects appear to move more
compared<00:57:48.720><c> to</c><00:57:48.880><c> objects</c><00:57:49.280><c> far</c><00:57:49.520><c> away</c><00:57:49.839><c> as</c><00:57:50.079><c> you</c>

00:57:50.230 --> 00:57:50.240 align:start position:0%
compared to objects far away as you
 

00:57:50.240 --> 00:57:52.309 align:start position:0%
compared to objects far away as you
travel<00:57:50.559><c> parallel</c><00:57:50.960><c> to</c><00:57:51.200><c> them.</c><00:57:51.680><c> For</c><00:57:51.839><c> instance,</c>

00:57:52.309 --> 00:57:52.319 align:start position:0%
travel parallel to them. For instance,
 

00:57:52.319 --> 00:57:54.309 align:start position:0%
travel parallel to them. For instance,
when<00:57:52.559><c> you</c><00:57:52.720><c> look</c><00:57:52.880><c> out</c><00:57:53.119><c> of</c><00:57:53.200><c> a</c><00:57:53.359><c> side</c><00:57:53.680><c> window</c><00:57:53.920><c> in</c><00:57:54.160><c> a</c>

00:57:54.309 --> 00:57:54.319 align:start position:0%
when you look out of a side window in a
 

00:57:54.319 --> 00:57:57.510 align:start position:0%
when you look out of a side window in a
car,<00:57:55.119><c> everything</c><00:57:55.520><c> close</c><00:57:55.839><c> by</c><00:57:56.160><c> whizzes</c><00:57:56.559><c> by,</c><00:57:57.280><c> but</c>

00:57:57.510 --> 00:57:57.520 align:start position:0%
car, everything close by whizzes by, but
 

00:57:57.520 --> 00:57:59.190 align:start position:0%
car, everything close by whizzes by, but
objects<00:57:57.920><c> in</c><00:57:58.079><c> the</c><00:57:58.240><c> background</c><00:57:58.799><c> stay</c>

00:57:59.190 --> 00:57:59.200 align:start position:0%
objects in the background stay
 

00:57:59.200 --> 00:58:02.069 align:start position:0%
objects in the background stay
reasonably<00:57:59.760><c> still.</c><00:58:01.119><c> How</c><00:58:01.359><c> does</c><00:58:01.520><c> this</c><00:58:01.760><c> equate</c>

00:58:02.069 --> 00:58:02.079 align:start position:0%
reasonably still. How does this equate
 

00:58:02.079 --> 00:58:04.950 align:start position:0%
reasonably still. How does this equate
to<00:58:02.240><c> measuring</c><00:58:02.640><c> the</c><00:58:02.880><c> distance</c><00:58:03.280><c> between</c><00:58:03.680><c> stars?</c>

00:58:04.950 --> 00:58:04.960 align:start position:0%
to measuring the distance between stars?
 

00:58:04.960 --> 00:58:07.990 align:start position:0%
to measuring the distance between stars?
Well,<00:58:05.520><c> Earth</c><00:58:05.920><c> orbits</c><00:58:06.319><c> the</c><00:58:06.559><c> sun,</c><00:58:07.359><c> taking</c><00:58:07.760><c> 6</c>

00:58:07.990 --> 00:58:08.000 align:start position:0%
Well, Earth orbits the sun, taking 6
 

00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:10.069 align:start position:0%
Well, Earth orbits the sun, taking 6
months<00:58:08.319><c> to</c><00:58:08.480><c> reach</c><00:58:08.799><c> from</c><00:58:08.960><c> one</c><00:58:09.280><c> side</c><00:58:09.599><c> to</c><00:58:09.839><c> the</c>

00:58:10.069 --> 00:58:10.079 align:start position:0%
months to reach from one side to the
 

00:58:10.079 --> 00:58:13.109 align:start position:0%
months to reach from one side to the
other.<00:58:11.119><c> Scientists</c><00:58:11.680><c> can</c><00:58:11.920><c> look</c><00:58:12.079><c> at</c><00:58:12.319><c> a</c><00:58:12.480><c> star</c><00:58:12.880><c> and</c>

00:58:13.109 --> 00:58:13.119 align:start position:0%
other. Scientists can look at a star and
 

00:58:13.119 --> 00:58:15.109 align:start position:0%
other. Scientists can look at a star and
record<00:58:13.440><c> its</c><00:58:13.760><c> position</c><00:58:14.240><c> compared</c><00:58:14.559><c> to</c><00:58:14.799><c> distant</c>

00:58:15.109 --> 00:58:15.119 align:start position:0%
record its position compared to distant
 

00:58:15.119 --> 00:58:17.910 align:start position:0%
record its position compared to distant
stars<00:58:15.520><c> beyond</c><00:58:15.839><c> it.</c><00:58:16.559><c> In</c><00:58:16.799><c> 6</c><00:58:17.040><c> months</c><00:58:17.359><c> time,</c>

00:58:17.910 --> 00:58:17.920 align:start position:0%
stars beyond it. In 6 months time,
 

00:58:17.920 --> 00:58:19.750 align:start position:0%
stars beyond it. In 6 months time,
scientists<00:58:18.480><c> can</c><00:58:18.640><c> again</c><00:58:19.040><c> record</c><00:58:19.359><c> where</c><00:58:19.599><c> the</c>

00:58:19.750 --> 00:58:19.760 align:start position:0%
scientists can again record where the
 

00:58:19.760 --> 00:58:22.470 align:start position:0%
scientists can again record where the
star<00:58:20.079><c> is.</c><00:58:21.040><c> Because</c><00:58:21.359><c> we</c><00:58:21.599><c> know</c><00:58:21.680><c> the</c><00:58:22.000><c> diameter</c><00:58:22.319><c> of</c>

00:58:22.470 --> 00:58:22.480 align:start position:0%
star is. Because we know the diameter of
 

00:58:22.480 --> 00:58:25.510 align:start position:0%
star is. Because we know the diameter of
Earth's<00:58:22.880><c> orbit</c><00:58:23.119><c> is</c><00:58:23.359><c> roughly</c><00:58:23.680><c> 300</c><00:58:24.160><c> million</c><00:58:24.480><c> km.</c>

00:58:25.510 --> 00:58:25.520 align:start position:0%
Earth's orbit is roughly 300 million km.
 

00:58:25.520 --> 00:58:28.069 align:start position:0%
Earth's orbit is roughly 300 million km.
Using<00:58:26.000><c> simple</c><00:58:26.400><c> trigonometry,</c><00:58:27.440><c> we</c><00:58:27.680><c> can</c><00:58:27.839><c> work</c>

00:58:28.069 --> 00:58:28.079 align:start position:0%
Using simple trigonometry, we can work
 

00:58:28.079 --> 00:58:30.630 align:start position:0%
Using simple trigonometry, we can work
out<00:58:28.240><c> the</c><00:58:28.480><c> distance</c><00:58:28.720><c> to</c><00:58:28.960><c> the</c><00:58:29.119><c> star.</c><00:58:30.240><c> Is</c><00:58:30.480><c> the</c>

00:58:30.630 --> 00:58:30.640 align:start position:0%
out the distance to the star. Is the
 

00:58:30.640 --> 00:58:32.630 align:start position:0%
out the distance to the star. Is the
star<00:58:30.960><c> close</c><00:58:31.200><c> to</c><00:58:31.359><c> us?</c><00:58:31.839><c> then</c><00:58:32.079><c> the</c><00:58:32.319><c> differences</c>

00:58:32.630 --> 00:58:32.640 align:start position:0%
star close to us? then the differences
 

00:58:32.640 --> 00:58:34.390 align:start position:0%
star close to us? then the differences
in<00:58:32.799><c> its</c><00:58:33.040><c> apparent</c><00:58:33.440><c> location</c><00:58:33.839><c> will</c><00:58:34.079><c> be</c><00:58:34.160><c> much</c>

00:58:34.390 --> 00:58:34.400 align:start position:0%
in its apparent location will be much
 

00:58:34.400 --> 00:58:37.589 align:start position:0%
in its apparent location will be much
bigger.<00:58:35.359><c> Is</c><00:58:35.520><c> it</c><00:58:35.760><c> further</c><00:58:36.079><c> away?</c><00:58:36.960><c> The</c><00:58:37.200><c> stars</c>

00:58:37.589 --> 00:58:37.599 align:start position:0%
bigger. Is it further away? The stars
 

00:58:37.599 --> 00:58:39.829 align:start position:0%
bigger. Is it further away? The stars
position<00:58:37.920><c> will</c><00:58:38.240><c> only</c><00:58:38.480><c> change</c><00:58:38.799><c> very</c><00:58:39.119><c> slightly</c>

00:58:39.829 --> 00:58:39.839 align:start position:0%
position will only change very slightly
 

00:58:39.839 --> 00:58:42.870 align:start position:0%
position will only change very slightly
because<00:58:40.240><c> the</c><00:58:40.480><c> angle</c><00:58:40.799><c> is</c><00:58:41.040><c> much</c><00:58:41.280><c> smaller.</c><00:58:42.640><c> This</c>

00:58:42.870 --> 00:58:42.880 align:start position:0%
because the angle is much smaller. This
 

00:58:42.880 --> 00:58:44.950 align:start position:0%
because the angle is much smaller. This
method<00:58:43.280><c> works</c><00:58:43.599><c> up</c><00:58:43.839><c> until</c><00:58:44.160><c> about</c><00:58:44.400><c> a</c><00:58:44.640><c> distance</c>

00:58:44.950 --> 00:58:44.960 align:start position:0%
method works up until about a distance
 

00:58:44.960 --> 00:58:47.829 align:start position:0%
method works up until about a distance
of<00:58:45.280><c> 400</c><00:58:45.760><c> lightyear</c><00:58:46.720><c> as</c><00:58:46.960><c> beyond</c><00:58:47.280><c> that</c><00:58:47.599><c> the</c>

00:58:47.829 --> 00:58:47.839 align:start position:0%
of 400 lightyear as beyond that the
 

00:58:47.839 --> 00:58:49.670 align:start position:0%
of 400 lightyear as beyond that the
change<00:58:48.000><c> in</c><00:58:48.240><c> its</c><00:58:48.400><c> apparent</c><00:58:48.799><c> motion</c><00:58:49.200><c> can't</c><00:58:49.520><c> be</c>

00:58:49.670 --> 00:58:49.680 align:start position:0%
change in its apparent motion can't be
 

00:58:49.680 --> 00:58:51.910 align:start position:0%
change in its apparent motion can't be
measured<00:58:50.000><c> anymore.</c>

00:58:51.910 --> 00:58:51.920 align:start position:0%
measured anymore.
 

00:58:51.920 --> 00:58:53.829 align:start position:0%
measured anymore.
Earth's<00:58:52.319><c> orbit</c><00:58:52.640><c> would</c><00:58:52.880><c> have</c><00:58:53.040><c> to</c><00:58:53.200><c> be</c><00:58:53.359><c> a</c><00:58:53.599><c> lot</c>

00:58:53.829 --> 00:58:53.839 align:start position:0%
Earth's orbit would have to be a lot
 

00:58:53.839 --> 00:58:55.589 align:start position:0%
Earth's orbit would have to be a lot
bigger<00:58:54.160><c> before</c><00:58:54.480><c> you</c><00:58:54.640><c> could</c><00:58:54.799><c> use</c><00:58:54.960><c> this</c><00:58:55.200><c> method</c>

00:58:55.589 --> 00:58:55.599 align:start position:0%
bigger before you could use this method
 

00:58:55.599 --> 00:58:58.069 align:start position:0%
bigger before you could use this method
for<00:58:55.839><c> farther</c><00:58:56.240><c> distances,</c><00:58:57.599><c> which</c><00:58:57.839><c> is</c>

00:58:58.069 --> 00:58:58.079 align:start position:0%
for farther distances, which is
 

00:58:58.079 --> 00:59:00.710 align:start position:0%
for farther distances, which is
unfortunate<00:58:58.960><c> because</c><00:58:59.440><c> most</c><00:58:59.760><c> things</c><00:59:00.000><c> in</c><00:59:00.240><c> space</c>

00:59:00.710 --> 00:59:00.720 align:start position:0%
unfortunate because most things in space
 

00:59:00.720 --> 00:59:02.710 align:start position:0%
unfortunate because most things in space
are<00:59:00.880><c> further</c><00:59:01.280><c> than</c><00:59:01.520><c> 400</c><00:59:02.000><c> light</c><00:59:02.240><c> years</c><00:59:02.480><c> away</c>

00:59:02.710 --> 00:59:02.720 align:start position:0%
are further than 400 light years away
 

00:59:02.720 --> 00:59:06.309 align:start position:0%
are further than 400 light years away
from<00:59:02.960><c> us.</c>

00:59:06.309 --> 00:59:06.319 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:59:06.319 --> 00:59:08.309 align:start position:0%
 
But<00:59:06.640><c> thankfully,</c><00:59:07.200><c> there</c><00:59:07.440><c> are</c><00:59:07.599><c> very</c><00:59:07.920><c> clever</c>

00:59:08.309 --> 00:59:08.319 align:start position:0%
But thankfully, there are very clever
 

00:59:08.319 --> 00:59:10.150 align:start position:0%
But thankfully, there are very clever
scientists<00:59:08.799><c> out</c><00:59:09.040><c> there</c><00:59:09.359><c> that</c><00:59:09.599><c> have</c><00:59:09.839><c> come</c><00:59:10.000><c> up</c>

00:59:10.150 --> 00:59:10.160 align:start position:0%
scientists out there that have come up
 

00:59:10.160 --> 00:59:12.549 align:start position:0%
scientists out there that have come up
with<00:59:10.400><c> another</c><00:59:10.720><c> method</c><00:59:11.040><c> to</c><00:59:11.280><c> judge</c><00:59:11.599><c> distances</c>

00:59:12.549 --> 00:59:12.559 align:start position:0%
with another method to judge distances
 

00:59:12.559 --> 00:59:15.030 align:start position:0%
with another method to judge distances
without<00:59:12.960><c> having</c><00:59:13.200><c> to</c><00:59:13.440><c> use</c><00:59:13.680><c> trigonometry.</c>

00:59:15.030 --> 00:59:15.040 align:start position:0%
without having to use trigonometry.
 

00:59:15.040 --> 00:59:16.549 align:start position:0%
without having to use trigonometry.
Although,<00:59:15.440><c> it</c><00:59:15.680><c> should</c><00:59:15.839><c> be</c><00:59:16.000><c> mentioned</c><00:59:16.319><c> that</c>

00:59:16.549 --> 00:59:16.559 align:start position:0%
Although, it should be mentioned that
 

00:59:16.559 --> 00:59:19.190 align:start position:0%
Although, it should be mentioned that
this<00:59:16.799><c> method</c><00:59:17.119><c> is</c><00:59:17.359><c> slightly</c><00:59:17.839><c> less</c><00:59:18.160><c> accurate.</c>

00:59:19.190 --> 00:59:19.200 align:start position:0%
this method is slightly less accurate.
 

00:59:19.200 --> 00:59:21.670 align:start position:0%
this method is slightly less accurate.
It's<00:59:19.359><c> just</c><00:59:19.599><c> simply</c><00:59:19.920><c> the</c><00:59:20.079><c> best</c><00:59:20.240><c> we've</c><00:59:20.559><c> got.</c>

00:59:21.670 --> 00:59:21.680 align:start position:0%
It's just simply the best we've got.
 

00:59:21.680 --> 00:59:23.589 align:start position:0%
It's just simply the best we've got.
It<00:59:21.920><c> seems</c><00:59:22.160><c> that</c><00:59:22.319><c> stars</c><00:59:22.720><c> tend</c><00:59:22.960><c> to</c><00:59:23.119><c> follow</c><00:59:23.280><c> a</c>

00:59:23.589 --> 00:59:23.599 align:start position:0%
It seems that stars tend to follow a
 

00:59:23.599 --> 00:59:26.230 align:start position:0%
It seems that stars tend to follow a
pattern<00:59:24.160><c> which</c><00:59:24.400><c> can</c><00:59:24.640><c> be</c><00:59:24.720><c> seen</c><00:59:24.960><c> on</c><00:59:25.119><c> this</c><00:59:25.359><c> chart.</c>

00:59:26.230 --> 00:59:26.240 align:start position:0%
pattern which can be seen on this chart.
 

00:59:26.240 --> 00:59:28.230 align:start position:0%
pattern which can be seen on this chart.
Main<00:59:26.559><c> sequence</c><00:59:26.960><c> stars</c><00:59:27.440><c> which</c><00:59:27.680><c> make</c><00:59:27.920><c> up</c><00:59:28.079><c> the</c>

00:59:28.230 --> 00:59:28.240 align:start position:0%
Main sequence stars which make up the
 

00:59:28.240 --> 00:59:30.630 align:start position:0%
Main sequence stars which make up the
majority<00:59:28.640><c> of</c><00:59:28.880><c> stars</c><00:59:29.200><c> in</c><00:59:29.359><c> the</c><00:59:29.520><c> universe</c><00:59:30.400><c> can</c>

00:59:30.630 --> 00:59:30.640 align:start position:0%
majority of stars in the universe can
 

00:59:30.640 --> 00:59:33.670 align:start position:0%
majority of stars in the universe can
all<00:59:30.880><c> be</c><00:59:31.040><c> found</c><00:59:31.280><c> somewhere</c><00:59:31.760><c> along</c><00:59:32.160><c> this</c><00:59:32.400><c> band.</c>

00:59:33.670 --> 00:59:33.680 align:start position:0%
all be found somewhere along this band.
 

00:59:33.680 --> 00:59:35.510 align:start position:0%
all be found somewhere along this band.
Their<00:59:34.000><c> temperature</c><00:59:34.559><c> corresponds</c><00:59:35.119><c> to</c><00:59:35.280><c> their</c>

00:59:35.510 --> 00:59:35.520 align:start position:0%
Their temperature corresponds to their
 

00:59:35.520 --> 00:59:37.829 align:start position:0%
Their temperature corresponds to their
color<00:59:36.079><c> and</c><00:59:36.400><c> most</c><00:59:36.720><c> importantly</c><00:59:37.599><c> their</c>

00:59:37.829 --> 00:59:37.839 align:start position:0%
color and most importantly their
 

00:59:37.839 --> 00:59:40.549 align:start position:0%
color and most importantly their
brightness.<00:59:39.119><c> Using</c><00:59:39.520><c> stars</c><00:59:39.920><c> that</c><00:59:40.079><c> have</c><00:59:40.319><c> a</c>

00:59:40.549 --> 00:59:40.559 align:start position:0%
brightness. Using stars that have a
 

00:59:40.559 --> 00:59:42.150 align:start position:0%
brightness. Using stars that have a
confirmed<00:59:41.119><c> distance</c><00:59:41.680><c> thanks</c><00:59:41.920><c> to</c><00:59:42.000><c> the</c>

00:59:42.150 --> 00:59:42.160 align:start position:0%
confirmed distance thanks to the
 

00:59:42.160 --> 00:59:44.789 align:start position:0%
confirmed distance thanks to the
parallax<00:59:42.799><c> method.</c><00:59:43.599><c> We</c><00:59:43.839><c> can</c><00:59:44.000><c> see</c><00:59:44.160><c> how</c><00:59:44.400><c> much</c><00:59:44.559><c> a</c>

00:59:44.789 --> 00:59:44.799 align:start position:0%
parallax method. We can see how much a
 

00:59:44.799 --> 00:59:47.589 align:start position:0%
parallax method. We can see how much a
star<00:59:45.119><c> dims</c><00:59:45.920><c> due</c><00:59:46.160><c> to</c><00:59:46.240><c> the</c><00:59:46.480><c> distance</c><00:59:46.880><c> between</c><00:59:47.359><c> it</c>

00:59:47.589 --> 00:59:47.599 align:start position:0%
star dims due to the distance between it
 

00:59:47.599 --> 00:59:51.109 align:start position:0%
star dims due to the distance between it
and<00:59:47.839><c> us</c><00:59:48.640><c> and</c><00:59:48.960><c> extrapolate</c><00:59:49.680><c> that</c><00:59:50.319><c> far</c><00:59:50.640><c> beyond</c>

00:59:51.109 --> 00:59:51.119 align:start position:0%
and us and extrapolate that far beyond
 

00:59:51.119 --> 00:59:54.710 align:start position:0%
and us and extrapolate that far beyond
400<00:59:51.599><c> lightyear.</c><00:59:52.799><c> So</c><00:59:53.200><c> say</c><00:59:53.440><c> we</c><00:59:53.680><c> see</c><00:59:53.839><c> a</c><00:59:54.079><c> very</c><00:59:54.400><c> blue</c>

00:59:54.710 --> 00:59:54.720 align:start position:0%
400 lightyear. So say we see a very blue
 

00:59:54.720 --> 00:59:56.549 align:start position:0%
400 lightyear. So say we see a very blue
star<00:59:55.200><c> that</c><00:59:55.440><c> we</c><00:59:55.680><c> want</c><00:59:55.760><c> to</c><00:59:55.920><c> know</c><00:59:56.079><c> the</c><00:59:56.240><c> distance</c>

00:59:56.549 --> 00:59:56.559 align:start position:0%
star that we want to know the distance
 

00:59:56.559 --> 00:59:59.109 align:start position:0%
star that we want to know the distance
to.<00:59:57.440><c> Once</c><00:59:57.760><c> we</c><00:59:57.920><c> know</c><00:59:58.079><c> the</c><00:59:58.319><c> stars</c><00:59:58.720><c> precise</c>

00:59:59.109 --> 00:59:59.119 align:start position:0%
to. Once we know the stars precise
 

00:59:59.119 --> 01:00:01.589 align:start position:0%
to. Once we know the stars precise
color,<00:59:59.920><c> we</c><01:00:00.160><c> can</c><01:00:00.319><c> tell</c><01:00:00.559><c> how</c><01:00:00.799><c> bright</c><01:00:01.119><c> it</c><01:00:01.359><c> would</c>

01:00:01.589 --> 01:00:01.599 align:start position:0%
color, we can tell how bright it would
 

01:00:01.599 --> 01:00:04.390 align:start position:0%
color, we can tell how bright it would
be<01:00:02.000><c> if</c><01:00:02.240><c> it</c><01:00:02.400><c> were</c><01:00:02.640><c> right</c><01:00:02.880><c> next</c><01:00:03.040><c> to</c><01:00:03.280><c> us.</c><01:00:04.079><c> We</c><01:00:04.319><c> can</c>

01:00:04.390 --> 01:00:04.400 align:start position:0%
be if it were right next to us. We can
 

01:00:04.400 --> 01:00:06.390 align:start position:0%
be if it were right next to us. We can
then<01:00:04.640><c> measure</c><01:00:04.960><c> the</c><01:00:05.119><c> star</c><01:00:05.440><c> to</c><01:00:05.680><c> see</c><01:00:05.839><c> how</c><01:00:06.160><c> bright</c>

01:00:06.390 --> 01:00:06.400 align:start position:0%
then measure the star to see how bright
 

01:00:06.400 --> 01:00:09.109 align:start position:0%
then measure the star to see how bright
it<01:00:06.640><c> is</c><01:00:06.799><c> from</c><01:00:07.119><c> our</c><01:00:07.359><c> perspective.</c><01:00:08.480><c> Combining</c>

01:00:09.109 --> 01:00:09.119 align:start position:0%
it is from our perspective. Combining
 

01:00:09.119 --> 01:00:11.750 align:start position:0%
it is from our perspective. Combining
this<01:00:09.359><c> with</c><01:00:09.599><c> our</c><01:00:09.920><c> extrapolated</c><01:00:10.720><c> data,</c><01:00:11.359><c> we</c><01:00:11.599><c> can</c>

01:00:11.750 --> 01:00:11.760 align:start position:0%
this with our extrapolated data, we can
 

01:00:11.760 --> 01:00:14.789 align:start position:0%
this with our extrapolated data, we can
predict<01:00:12.079><c> how</c><01:00:12.400><c> far</c><01:00:12.640><c> away</c><01:00:12.880><c> the</c><01:00:13.119><c> star</c><01:00:13.440><c> really</c><01:00:13.760><c> is.</c>

01:00:14.789 --> 01:00:14.799 align:start position:0%
predict how far away the star really is.
 

01:00:14.799 --> 01:00:16.950 align:start position:0%
predict how far away the star really is.
Obviously<01:00:15.280><c> though,</c><01:00:15.839><c> there</c><01:00:16.079><c> is</c><01:00:16.319><c> some</c><01:00:16.559><c> margin</c>

01:00:16.950 --> 01:00:16.960 align:start position:0%
Obviously though, there is some margin
 

01:00:16.960 --> 01:00:19.510 align:start position:0%
Obviously though, there is some margin
of<01:00:17.200><c> error</c><01:00:17.359><c> in</c><01:00:17.599><c> our</c><01:00:17.839><c> predictions.</c><01:00:18.960><c> This</c><01:00:19.200><c> band</c>

01:00:19.510 --> 01:00:19.520 align:start position:0%
of error in our predictions. This band
 

01:00:19.520 --> 01:00:21.670 align:start position:0%
of error in our predictions. This band
is<01:00:19.760><c> quite</c><01:00:20.000><c> thick</c><01:00:20.319><c> after</c><01:00:20.559><c> all,</c><01:00:20.960><c> not</c><01:00:21.119><c> a</c><01:00:21.280><c> precise</c>

01:00:21.670 --> 01:00:21.680 align:start position:0%
is quite thick after all, not a precise
 

01:00:21.680 --> 01:00:23.829 align:start position:0%
is quite thick after all, not a precise
thin<01:00:22.000><c> line.</c>

01:00:23.829 --> 01:00:23.839 align:start position:0%
thin line.
 

01:00:23.839 --> 01:00:26.150 align:start position:0%
thin line.
So,<01:00:24.160><c> these</c><01:00:24.559><c> two</c><01:00:24.720><c> methods</c><01:00:25.119><c> work</c><01:00:25.359><c> for</c><01:00:25.599><c> stars</c><01:00:25.920><c> in</c>

01:00:26.150 --> 01:00:26.160 align:start position:0%
So, these two methods work for stars in
 

01:00:26.160 --> 01:00:28.470 align:start position:0%
So, these two methods work for stars in
our<01:00:26.400><c> own</c><01:00:26.720><c> galaxy</c><01:00:27.599><c> where</c><01:00:27.839><c> they</c><01:00:28.079><c> are</c><01:00:28.240><c> still</c>

01:00:28.470 --> 01:00:28.480 align:start position:0%
our own galaxy where they are still
 

01:00:28.480 --> 01:00:29.910 align:start position:0%
our own galaxy where they are still
close<01:00:28.720><c> enough</c><01:00:28.960><c> to</c><01:00:29.200><c> be</c><01:00:29.440><c> resolved</c>

01:00:29.910 --> 01:00:29.920 align:start position:0%
close enough to be resolved
 

01:00:29.920 --> 01:00:31.510 align:start position:0%
close enough to be resolved
individually.

01:00:31.510 --> 01:00:31.520 align:start position:0%
individually.
 

01:00:31.520 --> 01:00:33.990 align:start position:0%
individually.
But<01:00:31.760><c> what</c><01:00:32.000><c> about</c><01:00:32.319><c> other</c><01:00:32.559><c> galaxies?</c><01:00:33.520><c> How</c><01:00:33.680><c> do</c><01:00:33.839><c> we</c>

01:00:33.990 --> 01:00:34.000 align:start position:0%
But what about other galaxies? How do we
 

01:00:34.000 --> 01:00:36.950 align:start position:0%
But what about other galaxies? How do we
measure<01:00:34.319><c> the</c><01:00:34.559><c> distances</c><01:00:35.040><c> to</c><01:00:35.280><c> them?</c><01:00:36.400><c> Well,</c><01:00:36.720><c> we</c>

01:00:36.950 --> 01:00:36.960 align:start position:0%
measure the distances to them? Well, we
 

01:00:36.960 --> 01:00:38.950 align:start position:0%
measure the distances to them? Well, we
would<01:00:37.200><c> have</c><01:00:37.359><c> struggled</c><01:00:38.000><c> were</c><01:00:38.240><c> it</c><01:00:38.400><c> not</c><01:00:38.559><c> for</c><01:00:38.720><c> the</c>

01:00:38.950 --> 01:00:38.960 align:start position:0%
would have struggled were it not for the
 

01:00:38.960 --> 01:00:41.589 align:start position:0%
would have struggled were it not for the
universe<01:00:39.359><c> being</c><01:00:39.680><c> kind</c><01:00:39.920><c> to</c><01:00:40.079><c> us</c><01:00:40.319><c> by</c><01:00:40.640><c> gifting</c><01:00:41.040><c> us</c>

01:00:41.589 --> 01:00:41.599 align:start position:0%
universe being kind to us by gifting us
 

01:00:41.599 --> 01:00:45.349 align:start position:0%
universe being kind to us by gifting us
seafood<01:00:42.319><c> variables.</c><01:00:43.760><c> A</c><01:00:44.000><c> seafied</c><01:00:44.640><c> variable</c><01:00:45.119><c> is</c>

01:00:45.349 --> 01:00:45.359 align:start position:0%
seafood variables. A seafied variable is
 

01:00:45.359 --> 01:00:47.910 align:start position:0%
seafood variables. A seafied variable is
a<01:00:45.599><c> very</c><01:00:45.920><c> special</c><01:00:46.319><c> type</c><01:00:46.559><c> of</c><01:00:46.720><c> star</c><01:00:47.280><c> that</c><01:00:47.599><c> changes</c>

01:00:47.910 --> 01:00:47.920 align:start position:0%
a very special type of star that changes
 

01:00:47.920 --> 01:00:50.230 align:start position:0%
a very special type of star that changes
in<01:00:48.160><c> brightness</c><01:00:48.559><c> periodically</c><01:00:49.520><c> depending</c><01:00:50.000><c> on</c>

01:00:50.230 --> 01:00:50.240 align:start position:0%
in brightness periodically depending on
 

01:00:50.240 --> 01:00:52.390 align:start position:0%
in brightness periodically depending on
how<01:00:50.480><c> bright</c><01:00:50.720><c> it</c><01:00:50.960><c> is.</c><01:00:51.680><c> And</c><01:00:51.920><c> some</c><01:00:52.079><c> of</c><01:00:52.160><c> these</c>

01:00:52.390 --> 01:00:52.400 align:start position:0%
how bright it is. And some of these
 

01:00:52.400 --> 01:00:55.510 align:start position:0%
how bright it is. And some of these
stars<01:00:52.880><c> are</c><01:00:53.119><c> very</c><01:00:53.440><c> bright</c><01:00:53.920><c> indeed.</c><01:00:54.880><c> So</c><01:00:55.040><c> much</c><01:00:55.280><c> so</c>

01:00:55.510 --> 01:00:55.520 align:start position:0%
stars are very bright indeed. So much so
 

01:00:55.520 --> 01:00:57.270 align:start position:0%
stars are very bright indeed. So much so
that<01:00:55.760><c> the</c><01:00:56.000><c> changes</c><01:00:56.319><c> in</c><01:00:56.559><c> brightness</c><01:00:56.960><c> can</c><01:00:57.200><c> be</c>

01:00:57.270 --> 01:00:57.280 align:start position:0%
that the changes in brightness can be
 

01:00:57.280 --> 01:00:59.270 align:start position:0%
that the changes in brightness can be
detected<01:00:57.760><c> by</c><01:00:58.079><c> us</c><01:00:58.400><c> all</c><01:00:58.559><c> the</c><01:00:58.799><c> way</c><01:00:58.880><c> in</c><01:00:59.119><c> a</c>

01:00:59.270 --> 01:00:59.280 align:start position:0%
detected by us all the way in a
 

01:00:59.280 --> 01:01:02.230 align:start position:0%
detected by us all the way in a
different<01:00:59.520><c> galaxy.</c><01:01:00.960><c> Timing</c><01:01:01.359><c> the</c><01:01:01.520><c> pulses</c><01:01:02.000><c> in</c><01:01:02.160><c> a</c>

01:01:02.230 --> 01:01:02.240 align:start position:0%
different galaxy. Timing the pulses in a
 

01:01:02.240 --> 01:01:04.789 align:start position:0%
different galaxy. Timing the pulses in a
seied<01:01:02.799><c> variable,</c><01:01:03.520><c> we</c><01:01:03.760><c> can</c><01:01:03.920><c> know</c><01:01:04.160><c> exactly</c><01:01:04.559><c> how</c>

01:01:04.789 --> 01:01:04.799 align:start position:0%
seied variable, we can know exactly how
 

01:01:04.799 --> 01:01:07.510 align:start position:0%
seied variable, we can know exactly how
bright<01:01:05.040><c> the</c><01:01:05.200><c> seed</c><01:01:05.760><c> variable</c><01:01:06.240><c> should</c><01:01:06.480><c> be</c><01:01:07.200><c> and</c>

01:01:07.510 --> 01:01:07.520 align:start position:0%
bright the seed variable should be and
 

01:01:07.520 --> 01:01:10.309 align:start position:0%
bright the seed variable should be and
how<01:01:07.760><c> dim</c><01:01:08.079><c> it</c><01:01:08.240><c> is</c><01:01:08.400><c> to</c><01:01:08.559><c> us,</c><01:01:09.440><c> allowing</c><01:01:09.760><c> us</c><01:01:10.000><c> to</c><01:01:10.160><c> use</c>

01:01:10.309 --> 01:01:10.319 align:start position:0%
how dim it is to us, allowing us to use
 

01:01:10.319 --> 01:01:12.630 align:start position:0%
how dim it is to us, allowing us to use
the<01:01:10.559><c> extrapolated</c><01:01:11.280><c> data</c><01:01:11.680><c> again</c><01:01:12.000><c> to</c><01:01:12.319><c> work</c><01:01:12.480><c> out</c>

01:01:12.630 --> 01:01:12.640 align:start position:0%
the extrapolated data again to work out
 

01:01:12.640 --> 01:01:15.270 align:start position:0%
the extrapolated data again to work out
the<01:01:12.880><c> distance</c><01:01:13.200><c> to</c><01:01:13.440><c> it</c><01:01:14.000><c> and</c><01:01:14.319><c> to</c><01:01:14.480><c> the</c><01:01:14.640><c> galaxy</c><01:01:15.040><c> it</c>

01:01:15.270 --> 01:01:15.280 align:start position:0%
the distance to it and to the galaxy it
 

01:01:15.280 --> 01:01:17.270 align:start position:0%
the distance to it and to the galaxy it
resides<01:01:15.599><c> in.</c>

01:01:17.270 --> 01:01:17.280 align:start position:0%
resides in.
 

01:01:17.280 --> 01:01:19.589 align:start position:0%
resides in.
Beyond<01:01:17.760><c> that,</c><01:01:18.400><c> it</c><01:01:18.640><c> gets</c><01:01:19.040><c> much</c><01:01:19.359><c> more</c>

01:01:19.589 --> 01:01:19.599 align:start position:0%
Beyond that, it gets much more
 

01:01:19.599 --> 01:01:22.710 align:start position:0%
Beyond that, it gets much more
complicated<01:01:20.480><c> and</c><01:01:20.799><c> less</c><01:01:21.200><c> accurate.</c><01:01:22.480><c> With</c>

01:01:22.710 --> 01:01:22.720 align:start position:0%
complicated and less accurate. With
 

01:01:22.720 --> 01:01:25.270 align:start position:0%
complicated and less accurate. With
galaxies<01:01:23.359><c> billions</c><01:01:23.839><c> of</c><01:01:24.000><c> light</c><01:01:24.240><c> years</c><01:01:24.480><c> away,</c>

01:01:25.270 --> 01:01:25.280 align:start position:0%
galaxies billions of light years away,
 

01:01:25.280 --> 01:01:26.950 align:start position:0%
galaxies billions of light years away,
you<01:01:25.520><c> have</c><01:01:25.599><c> to</c><01:01:25.839><c> start</c><01:01:26.079><c> taking</c><01:01:26.400><c> into</c><01:01:26.720><c> account</c>

01:01:26.950 --> 01:01:26.960 align:start position:0%
you have to start taking into account
 

01:01:26.960 --> 01:01:29.109 align:start position:0%
you have to start taking into account
the<01:01:27.280><c> expansion</c><01:01:27.680><c> of</c><01:01:27.839><c> the</c><01:01:28.079><c> universe</c><01:01:28.559><c> and</c><01:01:28.799><c> red</c>

01:01:29.109 --> 01:01:29.119 align:start position:0%
the expansion of the universe and red
 

01:01:29.119 --> 01:01:31.829 align:start position:0%
the expansion of the universe and red
shift<01:01:30.079><c> and</c><01:01:30.240><c> the</c><01:01:30.480><c> distances</c><01:01:31.040><c> make</c><01:01:31.280><c> seeing</c><01:01:31.599><c> the</c>

01:01:31.829 --> 01:01:31.839 align:start position:0%
shift and the distances make seeing the
 

01:01:31.839 --> 01:01:34.630 align:start position:0%
shift and the distances make seeing the
galaxies<01:01:32.240><c> at</c><01:01:32.480><c> all</c><01:01:32.960><c> very</c><01:01:33.280><c> difficult</c><01:01:34.000><c> as</c><01:01:34.319><c> they</c>

01:01:34.630 --> 01:01:34.640 align:start position:0%
galaxies at all very difficult as they
 

01:01:34.640 --> 01:01:37.510 align:start position:0%
galaxies at all very difficult as they
require<01:01:35.200><c> long</c><01:01:35.599><c> exposure</c><01:01:36.160><c> photos</c><01:01:37.040><c> which</c><01:01:37.280><c> will</c>

01:01:37.510 --> 01:01:37.520 align:start position:0%
require long exposure photos which will
 

01:01:37.520 --> 01:01:39.430 align:start position:0%
require long exposure photos which will
blur<01:01:37.839><c> the</c><01:01:38.000><c> variations</c><01:01:38.480><c> in</c><01:01:38.720><c> light</c><01:01:39.040><c> produced</c>

01:01:39.430 --> 01:01:39.440 align:start position:0%
blur the variations in light produced
 

01:01:39.440 --> 01:01:41.750 align:start position:0%
blur the variations in light produced
from<01:01:39.680><c> seafared</c><01:01:40.319><c> variables</c><01:01:41.119><c> assuming</c><01:01:41.520><c> they</c>

01:01:41.750 --> 01:01:41.760 align:start position:0%
from seafared variables assuming they
 

01:01:41.760 --> 01:01:43.910 align:start position:0%
from seafared variables assuming they
are<01:01:41.920><c> bright</c><01:01:42.079><c> enough</c><01:01:42.319><c> to</c><01:01:42.480><c> be</c><01:01:42.559><c> seen</c><01:01:42.799><c> at</c><01:01:42.960><c> all.</c>

01:01:43.910 --> 01:01:43.920 align:start position:0%
are bright enough to be seen at all.
 

01:01:43.920 --> 01:01:46.069 align:start position:0%
are bright enough to be seen at all.
However,<01:01:44.400><c> the</c><01:01:44.559><c> universe</c><01:01:44.960><c> has</c><01:01:45.200><c> given</c><01:01:45.440><c> us</c><01:01:45.680><c> one</c>

01:01:46.069 --> 01:01:46.079 align:start position:0%
However, the universe has given us one
 

01:01:46.079 --> 01:01:48.470 align:start position:0%
However, the universe has given us one
more<01:01:46.319><c> measuring</c><01:01:46.799><c> stick</c><01:01:47.040><c> to</c><01:01:47.280><c> work</c><01:01:47.440><c> with</c><01:01:48.160><c> type</c>

01:01:48.470 --> 01:01:48.480 align:start position:0%
more measuring stick to work with type
 

01:01:48.480 --> 01:01:51.030 align:start position:0%
more measuring stick to work with type
1A<01:01:49.040><c> supernova.</c>

01:01:51.030 --> 01:01:51.040 align:start position:0%
1A supernova.
 

01:01:51.040 --> 01:01:53.349 align:start position:0%
1A supernova.
These<01:01:51.440><c> are</c><01:01:51.680><c> a</c><01:01:52.000><c> very</c><01:01:52.400><c> specific</c><01:01:52.880><c> type</c><01:01:53.119><c> of</c>

01:01:53.349 --> 01:01:53.359 align:start position:0%
These are a very specific type of
 

01:01:53.359 --> 01:01:56.230 align:start position:0%
These are a very specific type of
supernova<01:01:54.319><c> where</c><01:01:54.559><c> in</c><01:01:54.799><c> a</c><01:01:54.960><c> binary</c><01:01:55.440><c> star</c><01:01:55.760><c> system,</c>

01:01:56.230 --> 01:01:56.240 align:start position:0%
supernova where in a binary star system,
 

01:01:56.240 --> 01:01:58.309 align:start position:0%
supernova where in a binary star system,
a<01:01:56.480><c> dense</c><01:01:56.880><c> white</c><01:01:57.119><c> dwarf</c><01:01:57.760><c> starts</c><01:01:58.160><c> to</c>

01:01:58.309 --> 01:01:58.319 align:start position:0%
a dense white dwarf starts to
 

01:01:58.319 --> 01:02:01.349 align:start position:0%
a dense white dwarf starts to
cannibalize<01:01:58.960><c> a</c><01:01:59.280><c> larger</c><01:01:59.599><c> red</c><01:01:59.839><c> dwarf.</c><01:02:00.880><c> Once</c><01:02:01.119><c> the</c>

01:02:01.349 --> 01:02:01.359 align:start position:0%
cannibalize a larger red dwarf. Once the
 

01:02:01.359 --> 01:02:03.589 align:start position:0%
cannibalize a larger red dwarf. Once the
white<01:02:01.520><c> dwarf</c><01:02:02.000><c> hits</c><01:02:02.160><c> a</c><01:02:02.319><c> critical</c><01:02:02.799><c> mass,</c><01:02:03.359><c> the</c>

01:02:03.589 --> 01:02:03.599 align:start position:0%
white dwarf hits a critical mass, the
 

01:02:03.599 --> 01:02:06.230 align:start position:0%
white dwarf hits a critical mass, the
star<01:02:03.920><c> becomes</c><01:02:04.400><c> unstable</c><01:02:05.200><c> and</c><01:02:05.520><c> undergoes</c><01:02:06.000><c> a</c>

01:02:06.230 --> 01:02:06.240 align:start position:0%
star becomes unstable and undergoes a
 

01:02:06.240 --> 01:02:08.630 align:start position:0%
star becomes unstable and undergoes a
runaway<01:02:06.720><c> nuclear</c><01:02:07.200><c> fusion</c><01:02:07.599><c> reaction,</c>

01:02:08.630 --> 01:02:08.640 align:start position:0%
runaway nuclear fusion reaction,
 

01:02:08.640 --> 01:02:10.950 align:start position:0%
runaway nuclear fusion reaction,
producing<01:02:09.119><c> an</c><01:02:09.440><c> extremely</c><01:02:10.000><c> bright</c><01:02:10.319><c> event</c><01:02:10.640><c> that</c>

01:02:10.950 --> 01:02:10.960 align:start position:0%
producing an extremely bright event that
 

01:02:10.960 --> 01:02:12.950 align:start position:0%
producing an extremely bright event that
can<01:02:11.119><c> rival</c><01:02:11.520><c> an</c><01:02:11.839><c> entire</c><01:02:12.240><c> galaxy</c><01:02:12.720><c> in</c>

01:02:12.950 --> 01:02:12.960 align:start position:0%
can rival an entire galaxy in
 

01:02:12.960 --> 01:02:15.270 align:start position:0%
can rival an entire galaxy in
brightness.

01:02:15.270 --> 01:02:15.280 align:start position:0%
brightness.
 

01:02:15.280 --> 01:02:17.349 align:start position:0%
brightness.
Because<01:02:15.599><c> these</c><01:02:15.839><c> supernova</c><01:02:16.640><c> always</c><01:02:16.960><c> happen</c><01:02:17.200><c> to</c>

01:02:17.349 --> 01:02:17.359 align:start position:0%
Because these supernova always happen to
 

01:02:17.359 --> 01:02:19.589 align:start position:0%
Because these supernova always happen to
a<01:02:17.520><c> white</c><01:02:17.680><c> dwarf</c><01:02:18.240><c> that</c><01:02:18.480><c> hits</c><01:02:18.720><c> a</c><01:02:18.960><c> very</c><01:02:19.200><c> narrow</c>

01:02:19.589 --> 01:02:19.599 align:start position:0%
a white dwarf that hits a very narrow
 

01:02:19.599 --> 01:02:22.069 align:start position:0%
a white dwarf that hits a very narrow
range<01:02:19.839><c> of</c><01:02:20.000><c> mass,</c><01:02:20.880><c> the</c><01:02:21.119><c> rise</c><01:02:21.440><c> and</c><01:02:21.680><c> fall</c><01:02:21.920><c> of</c>

01:02:22.069 --> 01:02:22.079 align:start position:0%
range of mass, the rise and fall of
 

01:02:22.079 --> 01:02:24.789 align:start position:0%
range of mass, the rise and fall of
their<01:02:22.240><c> brightness</c><01:02:22.720><c> is</c><01:02:22.960><c> very</c><01:02:23.200><c> predictable.</c>

01:02:24.789 --> 01:02:24.799 align:start position:0%
their brightness is very predictable.
 

01:02:24.799 --> 01:02:26.950 align:start position:0%
their brightness is very predictable.
And<01:02:24.960><c> given</c><01:02:25.280><c> they</c><01:02:25.520><c> are</c><01:02:25.680><c> very</c><01:02:25.920><c> bright</c><01:02:26.160><c> events,</c>

01:02:26.950 --> 01:02:26.960 align:start position:0%
And given they are very bright events,
 

01:02:26.960 --> 01:02:28.710 align:start position:0%
And given they are very bright events,
they<01:02:27.200><c> have</c><01:02:27.359><c> been</c><01:02:27.599><c> used</c><01:02:27.760><c> to</c><01:02:27.920><c> measure</c><01:02:28.240><c> distances</c>

01:02:28.710 --> 01:02:28.720 align:start position:0%
they have been used to measure distances
 

01:02:28.720 --> 01:02:33.270 align:start position:0%
they have been used to measure distances
of<01:02:28.960><c> up</c><01:02:29.119><c> to</c><01:02:29.520><c> 13.2</c><01:02:30.640><c> billion</c><01:02:31.040><c> lightyear.</c>

01:02:33.270 --> 01:02:33.280 align:start position:0%
of up to 13.2 billion lightyear.
 

01:02:33.280 --> 01:02:35.430 align:start position:0%
of up to 13.2 billion lightyear.
However,<01:02:34.079><c> there</c><01:02:34.319><c> aren't</c><01:02:34.640><c> always</c><01:02:34.960><c> these</c><01:02:35.280><c> type</c>

01:02:35.430 --> 01:02:35.440 align:start position:0%
However, there aren't always these type
 

01:02:35.440 --> 01:02:37.990 align:start position:0%
However, there aren't always these type
of<01:02:35.599><c> supernova</c><01:02:36.240><c> going</c><01:02:36.559><c> off,</c><01:02:37.280><c> which</c><01:02:37.520><c> means</c><01:02:37.760><c> if</c>

01:02:37.990 --> 01:02:38.000 align:start position:0%
of supernova going off, which means if
 

01:02:38.000 --> 01:02:40.069 align:start position:0%
of supernova going off, which means if
scientists<01:02:38.480><c> want</c><01:02:38.640><c> to</c><01:02:38.799><c> use</c><01:02:39.040><c> this</c><01:02:39.200><c> method,</c><01:02:39.839><c> then</c>

01:02:40.069 --> 01:02:40.079 align:start position:0%
scientists want to use this method, then
 

01:02:40.079 --> 01:02:42.549 align:start position:0%
scientists want to use this method, then
they<01:02:40.240><c> need</c><01:02:40.400><c> to</c><01:02:40.559><c> be</c><01:02:40.640><c> very</c><01:02:40.960><c> patient.</c>

01:02:42.549 --> 01:02:42.559 align:start position:0%
they need to be very patient.
 

01:02:42.559 --> 01:02:44.630 align:start position:0%
they need to be very patient.
There<01:02:42.799><c> are</c><01:02:43.040><c> a</c><01:02:43.280><c> few</c><01:02:43.520><c> other</c><01:02:43.760><c> methods</c><01:02:44.160><c> out</c><01:02:44.319><c> there,</c>

01:02:44.630 --> 01:02:44.640 align:start position:0%
There are a few other methods out there,
 

01:02:44.640 --> 01:02:48.230 align:start position:0%
There are a few other methods out there,
too,<01:02:45.599><c> but</c><01:02:45.920><c> this</c><01:02:46.240><c> covers</c><01:02:46.559><c> the</c><01:02:46.720><c> main</c><01:02:46.880><c> ones.</c><01:02:48.000><c> To</c>

01:02:48.230 --> 01:02:48.240 align:start position:0%
too, but this covers the main ones. To
 

01:02:48.240 --> 01:02:50.549 align:start position:0%
too, but this covers the main ones. To
me,<01:02:48.480><c> these</c><01:02:48.799><c> are</c><01:02:49.040><c> incredibly</c><01:02:49.839><c> clever</c><01:02:50.240><c> methods</c>

01:02:50.549 --> 01:02:50.559 align:start position:0%
me, these are incredibly clever methods
 

01:02:50.559 --> 01:02:52.950 align:start position:0%
me, these are incredibly clever methods
to<01:02:50.799><c> measure</c><01:02:51.119><c> distances,</c><01:02:52.079><c> and</c><01:02:52.400><c> credit</c><01:02:52.640><c> to</c><01:02:52.799><c> the</c>

01:02:52.950 --> 01:02:52.960 align:start position:0%
to measure distances, and credit to the
 

01:02:52.960 --> 01:02:54.549 align:start position:0%
to measure distances, and credit to the
scientists<01:02:53.359><c> who</c><01:02:53.599><c> came</c><01:02:53.760><c> up</c><01:02:53.920><c> with</c><01:02:54.079><c> them</c><01:02:54.240><c> in</c><01:02:54.400><c> the</c>

01:02:54.549 --> 01:02:54.559 align:start position:0%
scientists who came up with them in the
 

01:02:54.559 --> 01:02:56.789 align:start position:0%
scientists who came up with them in the
first<01:02:54.799><c> place.</c>

01:02:56.789 --> 01:02:56.799 align:start position:0%
first place.
 

01:02:56.799 --> 01:02:59.190 align:start position:0%
first place.
The<01:02:57.119><c> only</c><01:02:57.359><c> sad</c><01:02:57.760><c> thing</c><01:02:58.000><c> about</c><01:02:58.319><c> realizing</c><01:02:58.880><c> how</c>

01:02:59.190 --> 01:02:59.200 align:start position:0%
The only sad thing about realizing how
 

01:02:59.200 --> 01:03:01.750 align:start position:0%
The only sad thing about realizing how
far<01:02:59.440><c> away</c><01:02:59.760><c> everything</c><01:03:00.240><c> is</c><01:03:00.799><c> is</c><01:03:01.119><c> knowing</c><01:03:01.520><c> how</c>

01:03:01.750 --> 01:03:01.760 align:start position:0%
far away everything is is knowing how
 

01:03:01.760 --> 01:03:04.069 align:start position:0%
far away everything is is knowing how
hard<01:03:02.079><c> it</c><01:03:02.240><c> will</c><01:03:02.400><c> be</c><01:03:02.559><c> to</c><01:03:02.720><c> cover</c><01:03:03.040><c> those</c><01:03:03.280><c> distances</c>

01:03:04.069 --> 01:03:04.079 align:start position:0%
hard it will be to cover those distances
 

01:03:04.079 --> 01:03:05.829 align:start position:0%
hard it will be to cover those distances
should<01:03:04.319><c> we</c><01:03:04.480><c> ever</c><01:03:04.720><c> want</c><01:03:04.880><c> to</c><01:03:05.119><c> explore</c><01:03:05.520><c> beyond</c>

01:03:05.829 --> 01:03:05.839 align:start position:0%
should we ever want to explore beyond
 

01:03:05.839 --> 01:03:08.950 align:start position:0%
should we ever want to explore beyond
our<01:03:06.079><c> own</c><01:03:06.240><c> solar</c><01:03:06.640><c> system.</c>

01:03:08.950 --> 01:03:08.960 align:start position:0%
our own solar system.
 

01:03:08.960 --> 01:03:11.270 align:start position:0%
our own solar system.
A<01:03:09.280><c> massive</c><01:03:09.760><c> thank</c><01:03:09.920><c> you</c><01:03:10.079><c> to</c><01:03:10.319><c> our</c><01:03:10.480><c> astronauts</c><01:03:11.119><c> on</c>

01:03:11.270 --> 01:03:11.280 align:start position:0%
A massive thank you to our astronauts on
 

01:03:11.280 --> 01:03:14.630 align:start position:0%
A massive thank you to our astronauts on
Patreon.<01:03:12.319><c> This</c><01:03:12.559><c> video</c><01:03:12.960><c> had</c><01:03:13.359><c> no</c><01:03:13.680><c> sponsors,</c><01:03:14.480><c> but</c>

01:03:14.630 --> 01:03:14.640 align:start position:0%
Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but
 

01:03:14.640 --> 01:03:16.470 align:start position:0%
Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but
it<01:03:14.799><c> was</c><01:03:14.960><c> still</c><01:03:15.200><c> made</c><01:03:15.359><c> possible</c><01:03:15.760><c> thanks</c><01:03:16.079><c> to</c><01:03:16.240><c> the</c>

01:03:16.470 --> 01:03:16.480 align:start position:0%
it was still made possible thanks to the
 

01:03:16.480 --> 01:03:19.109 align:start position:0%
it was still made possible thanks to the
hundreds<01:03:16.880><c> of</c><01:03:17.039><c> members</c><01:03:17.440><c> we</c><01:03:17.760><c> have</c><01:03:18.000><c> there.</c><01:03:18.799><c> Link</c>

01:03:19.109 --> 01:03:19.119 align:start position:0%
hundreds of members we have there. Link
 

01:03:19.119 --> 01:03:20.950 align:start position:0%
hundreds of members we have there. Link
is<01:03:19.280><c> in</c><01:03:19.440><c> the</c><01:03:19.599><c> description</c><01:03:20.079><c> to</c><01:03:20.319><c> join</c><01:03:20.640><c> our</c>

01:03:20.950 --> 01:03:20.960 align:start position:0%
is in the description to join our
 

01:03:20.960 --> 01:03:23.670 align:start position:0%
is in the description to join our
growing<01:03:21.440><c> community.</c><01:03:22.880><c> Patreon</c><01:03:23.359><c> is</c><01:03:23.520><c> where</c>

01:03:23.670 --> 01:03:23.680 align:start position:0%
growing community. Patreon is where
 

01:03:23.680 --> 01:03:26.150 align:start position:0%
growing community. Patreon is where
Astramm<01:03:24.240><c> truly</c><01:03:24.720><c> take</c><01:03:24.960><c> shape.</c><01:03:25.520><c> A</c><01:03:25.760><c> place</c><01:03:25.920><c> for</c>

01:03:26.150 --> 01:03:26.160 align:start position:0%
Astramm truly take shape. A place for
 

01:03:26.160 --> 01:03:28.150 align:start position:0%
Astramm truly take shape. A place for
people<01:03:26.319><c> who</c><01:03:26.559><c> love</c><01:03:26.799><c> space,</c><01:03:27.440><c> who</c><01:03:27.680><c> want</c><01:03:27.839><c> to</c><01:03:28.000><c> see</c>

01:03:28.150 --> 01:03:28.160 align:start position:0%
people who love space, who want to see
 

01:03:28.160 --> 01:03:30.870 align:start position:0%
people who love space, who want to see
these<01:03:28.480><c> videos</c><01:03:28.880><c> keep</c><01:03:29.200><c> improving</c><01:03:30.160><c> and</c><01:03:30.480><c> reaching</c>

01:03:30.870 --> 01:03:30.880 align:start position:0%
these videos keep improving and reaching
 

01:03:30.880 --> 01:03:33.670 align:start position:0%
these videos keep improving and reaching
more<01:03:31.359><c> curious</c><01:03:31.839><c> minds.</c><01:03:32.880><c> Every</c><01:03:33.119><c> new</c><01:03:33.440><c> member</c>

01:03:33.670 --> 01:03:33.680 align:start position:0%
more curious minds. Every new member
 

01:03:33.680 --> 01:03:35.670 align:start position:0%
more curious minds. Every new member
keeps<01:03:33.920><c> the</c><01:03:34.160><c> channel</c><01:03:34.400><c> focused</c><01:03:34.799><c> on</c><01:03:35.039><c> what</c><01:03:35.359><c> really</c>

01:03:35.670 --> 01:03:35.680 align:start position:0%
keeps the channel focused on what really
 

01:03:35.680 --> 01:03:38.390 align:start position:0%
keeps the channel focused on what really
matters,<01:03:36.480><c> making</c><01:03:36.799><c> the</c><01:03:37.039><c> complexity</c><01:03:37.599><c> of</c><01:03:37.839><c> space</c>

01:03:38.390 --> 01:03:38.400 align:start position:0%
matters, making the complexity of space
 

01:03:38.400 --> 01:03:41.029 align:start position:0%
matters, making the complexity of space
available<01:03:38.960><c> to</c><01:03:39.200><c> everyone.</c><01:03:40.160><c> If</c><01:03:40.319><c> you</c><01:03:40.559><c> enjoy</c><01:03:40.880><c> what</c>

01:03:41.029 --> 01:03:41.039 align:start position:0%
available to everyone. If you enjoy what
 

01:03:41.039 --> 01:03:43.670 align:start position:0%
available to everyone. If you enjoy what
we<01:03:41.280><c> do,</c><01:03:41.839><c> come</c><01:03:42.240><c> join</c><01:03:42.480><c> the</c><01:03:42.640><c> Astramm</c><01:03:43.200><c> community</c>

01:03:43.670 --> 01:03:43.680 align:start position:0%
we do, come join the Astramm community
 

01:03:43.680 --> 01:03:46.240 align:start position:0%
we do, come join the Astramm community
today.