WEBVTT

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57<00:00:01.920><c> years</c><00:00:02.080><c> ago,</c><00:00:03.120><c> we</c><00:00:03.439><c> went</c><00:00:03.919><c> to</c><00:00:04.160><c> the</c><00:00:04.400><c> moon.</c>

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57 years ago, we went to the moon.
 

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57 years ago, we went to the moon.
&gt;&gt; That's<00:00:06.000><c> one</c><00:00:06.480><c> small</c><00:00:06.879><c> step</c><00:00:07.279><c> for</c><00:00:07.520><c> man,</c><00:00:08.800><c> one</c><00:00:09.599><c> giant</c>

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&gt;&gt; That's one small step for man, one giant
 

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&gt;&gt; That's one small step for man, one giant
leap<00:00:10.240><c> for</c><00:00:10.480><c> mankind.</c>

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leap for mankind.
 

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leap for mankind.
&gt;&gt; This<00:00:13.280><c> 21-hour</c><00:00:14.400><c> and</c><00:00:14.719><c> 36-inute</c><00:00:15.599><c> visit</c><00:00:15.839><c> to</c><00:00:16.000><c> the</c>

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&gt;&gt; This 21-hour and 36-inute visit to the
 

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&gt;&gt; This 21-hour and 36-inute visit to the
moon<00:00:16.720><c> changed</c><00:00:17.039><c> the</c><00:00:17.199><c> face</c><00:00:17.359><c> of</c><00:00:17.520><c> science</c>

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moon changed the face of science
 

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moon changed the face of science
forever,<00:00:18.640><c> spawning</c><00:00:19.760><c> 150</c><00:00:20.160><c> articles</c><00:00:20.560><c> in</c><00:00:20.800><c> one</c>

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forever, spawning 150 articles in one
 

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forever, spawning 150 articles in one
scientific<00:00:21.520><c> journal</c><00:00:21.920><c> alone</c><00:00:22.800><c> in</c><00:00:23.039><c> the</c><00:00:23.199><c> 6</c><00:00:23.439><c> months</c>

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scientific journal alone in the 6 months
 

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scientific journal alone in the 6 months
after<00:00:24.160><c> the</c><00:00:24.400><c> astronaut's</c><00:00:25.039><c> return</c><00:00:25.359><c> to</c><00:00:25.519><c> Earth.</c>

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after the astronaut's return to Earth.
 

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after the astronaut's return to Earth.
&gt;&gt; Got<00:00:26.880><c> it.</c><00:00:27.119><c> Sample.</c><00:00:28.080><c> But</c><00:00:28.240><c> what</c><00:00:28.560><c> appeared</c><00:00:28.960><c> to</c>

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&gt;&gt; Got it. Sample. But what appeared to
 

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&gt;&gt; Got it. Sample. But what appeared to
many<00:00:29.840><c> like</c><00:00:30.080><c> an</c><00:00:30.320><c> effortless</c><00:00:30.880><c> feat</c><00:00:31.599><c> was</c><00:00:32.079><c> not</c><00:00:32.399><c> all</c>

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many like an effortless feat was not all
 

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many like an effortless feat was not all
plain<00:00:33.120><c> sailing.</c><00:00:34.320><c> This</c><00:00:34.559><c> mission</c><00:00:35.280><c> nearly</c>

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plain sailing. This mission nearly
 

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plain sailing. This mission nearly
failed<00:00:36.559><c> and</c><00:00:36.880><c> not</c><00:00:37.200><c> just</c><00:00:37.520><c> once.</c>

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failed and not just once.
 

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failed and not just once.
So,<00:00:39.760><c> what</c><00:00:40.079><c> did</c><00:00:40.480><c> the</c><00:00:40.719><c> Apollo</c><00:00:41.200><c> 11</c><00:00:41.520><c> astronauts</c>

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So, what did the Apollo 11 astronauts
 

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So, what did the Apollo 11 astronauts
find<00:00:42.559><c> on</c><00:00:42.719><c> the</c><00:00:42.879><c> moon</c><00:00:43.440><c> and</c><00:00:43.840><c> how</c><00:00:44.320><c> did</c><00:00:44.559><c> they</c><00:00:44.800><c> defy</c>

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find on the moon and how did they defy
 

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find on the moon and how did they defy
all<00:00:45.680><c> the</c><00:00:45.920><c> odds</c><00:00:46.480><c> and</c><00:00:46.800><c> make</c><00:00:47.039><c> it</c><00:00:47.280><c> home?</c>

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all the odds and make it home?
 

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all the odds and make it home?
I'm<00:00:49.600><c> Alex</c><00:00:49.920><c> Mccoan</c><00:00:50.640><c> and</c><00:00:50.800><c> you're</c><00:00:51.039><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astrome<00:00:51.840><c> Extra.</c><00:00:52.640><c> Join</c><00:00:52.879><c> me</c><00:00:53.039><c> today</c><00:00:53.280><c> as</c><00:00:53.440><c> we</c><00:00:53.680><c> dive</c>

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Astrome Extra. Join me today as we dive
 

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Astrome Extra. Join me today as we dive
back<00:00:54.160><c> into</c><00:00:54.399><c> the</c><00:00:54.559><c> Apollo</c><00:00:55.039><c> 11</c><00:00:55.360><c> mission</c><00:00:55.680><c> for</c><00:00:55.920><c> part</c>

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back into the Apollo 11 mission for part
 

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back into the Apollo 11 mission for part
two<00:00:56.480><c> of</c><00:00:56.800><c> this</c><00:00:57.120><c> incredible</c><00:00:57.680><c> voyage</c><00:00:58.079><c> to</c><00:00:58.320><c> the</c>

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two of this incredible voyage to the
 

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two of this incredible voyage to the
moon<00:00:58.879><c> and</c><00:00:59.199><c> back.</c><00:01:00.000><c> In</c><00:01:00.239><c> part</c><00:01:00.399><c> one,</c><00:01:00.719><c> we</c><00:01:00.879><c> got</c><00:01:01.039><c> our</c>

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moon and back. In part one, we got our
 

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moon and back. In part one, we got our
astronauts<00:01:01.840><c> safely</c><00:01:02.239><c> to</c><00:01:02.399><c> the</c><00:01:02.559><c> lunar</c><00:01:02.879><c> surface.</c>

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astronauts safely to the lunar surface.
 

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astronauts safely to the lunar surface.
But<00:01:04.000><c> now,</c><00:01:04.400><c> it's</c><00:01:04.640><c> time</c><00:01:04.799><c> to</c><00:01:05.040><c> get</c><00:01:05.280><c> to</c><00:01:05.439><c> the</c><00:01:05.600><c> bottom</c>

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But now, it's time to get to the bottom
 

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But now, it's time to get to the bottom
of<00:01:06.479><c> what</c><00:01:06.720><c> they</c><00:01:06.880><c> found</c><00:01:07.520><c> and</c><00:01:07.840><c> how</c><00:01:08.320><c> they</c><00:01:08.560><c> made</c><00:01:08.799><c> the</c>

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of what they found and how they made the
 

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of what they found and how they made the
deadly<00:01:09.360><c> trip</c><00:01:09.600><c> home.</c>

01:13.750 --> 01:13.760 align:start position:0%
 
 

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The<00:01:14.080><c> 20th</c><00:01:14.560><c> of</c><00:01:14.880><c> July,</c><00:01:15.840><c> 1969.</c>

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The 20th of July, 1969.
 

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The 20th of July, 1969.
For<00:01:18.000><c> the</c><00:01:18.159><c> first</c><00:01:18.400><c> time</c><00:01:18.560><c> in</c><00:01:18.799><c> human</c><00:01:19.119><c> history,</c><00:01:19.600><c> we</c>

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For the first time in human history, we
 

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For the first time in human history, we
were<00:01:20.240><c> about</c><00:01:20.479><c> to</c><00:01:20.799><c> walk</c><00:01:21.280><c> on</c><00:01:21.600><c> another</c><00:01:22.000><c> world.</c><00:01:22.960><c> The</c>

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were about to walk on another world. The
 

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were about to walk on another world. The
astronauts<00:01:23.840><c> had</c><00:01:24.080><c> left</c><00:01:24.240><c> the</c><00:01:24.479><c> safety</c><00:01:24.720><c> of</c><00:01:24.880><c> Earth,</c>

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astronauts had left the safety of Earth,
 

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astronauts had left the safety of Earth,
traveled<00:01:26.560><c> 384,400</c>

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traveled 384,400
 

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traveled 384,400
km<00:01:29.920><c> across</c><00:01:30.400><c> space,</c><00:01:31.200><c> and</c><00:01:31.600><c> split</c><00:01:32.079><c> their</c>

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km across space, and split their
 

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km across space, and split their
spacecraft.<00:01:33.600><c> Mike</c><00:01:33.840><c> Collins</c><00:01:34.320><c> was</c><00:01:34.560><c> left</c>

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spacecraft. Mike Collins was left
 

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spacecraft. Mike Collins was left
circling<00:01:35.280><c> the</c><00:01:35.520><c> moon</c><00:01:35.759><c> in</c><00:01:35.920><c> the</c><00:01:36.079><c> command</c><00:01:36.400><c> module,</c>

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circling the moon in the command module,
 

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circling the moon in the command module,
whilst<00:01:37.439><c> Neil</c><00:01:37.759><c> Armstrong</c><00:01:38.320><c> and</c><00:01:38.479><c> Buzz</c><00:01:38.799><c> Aldrin</c>

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whilst Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
 

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whilst Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
touched<00:01:39.920><c> down</c><00:01:40.240><c> on</c><00:01:40.479><c> its</c><00:01:40.720><c> surface</c><00:01:41.280><c> in</c><00:01:41.520><c> the</c><00:01:41.680><c> lunar</c>

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touched down on its surface in the lunar
 

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touched down on its surface in the lunar
module.<00:01:43.360><c> All</c><00:01:43.680><c> that</c><00:01:43.840><c> was</c><00:01:44.079><c> left</c><00:01:44.479><c> was</c><00:01:44.720><c> to</c><00:01:45.040><c> take</c>

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module. All that was left was to take
 

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module. All that was left was to take
one<00:01:46.000><c> small</c><00:01:46.479><c> step.</c>

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one small step.
 

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one small step.
But<00:01:47.840><c> that</c><00:01:48.159><c> meant</c><00:01:48.560><c> leaving</c><00:01:48.799><c> the</c><00:01:49.040><c> protective</c>

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But that meant leaving the protective
 

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But that meant leaving the protective
walls<00:01:49.759><c> of</c><00:01:49.840><c> the</c><00:01:50.000><c> lunar</c><00:01:50.320><c> module</c><00:01:50.799><c> and</c><00:01:51.040><c> exposing</c>

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walls of the lunar module and exposing
 

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walls of the lunar module and exposing
themselves<00:01:51.920><c> to</c><00:01:52.159><c> a</c><00:01:52.399><c> place</c><00:01:52.640><c> of</c><00:01:52.960><c> lethal</c>

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themselves to a place of lethal
 

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themselves to a place of lethal
extremes,<00:01:54.399><c> harsh</c><00:01:54.799><c> temperatures,</c><00:01:55.759><c> deadly</c><00:01:56.240><c> low</c>

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extremes, harsh temperatures, deadly low
 

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extremes, harsh temperatures, deadly low
pressures,<00:01:57.520><c> UV</c><00:01:58.079><c> radiation,</c><00:01:58.960><c> and</c><00:01:59.280><c> high</c>

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pressures, UV radiation, and high
 

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pressures, UV radiation, and high
velocity<00:02:00.560><c> micrometeors.</c>

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velocity micrometeors.
 

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velocity micrometeors.
To<00:02:02.640><c> survive,</c><00:02:03.439><c> Armstrong</c><00:02:04.000><c> and</c><00:02:04.240><c> Uldren</c>

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To survive, Armstrong and Uldren
 

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To survive, Armstrong and Uldren
required<00:02:05.280><c> more</c><00:02:05.600><c> than</c><00:02:05.840><c> just</c><00:02:06.079><c> clothing.</c><00:02:07.360><c> They</c>

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required more than just clothing. They
 

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required more than just clothing. They
essentially<00:02:08.160><c> needed</c><00:02:08.560><c> a</c><00:02:08.800><c> wearable</c>

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essentially needed a wearable
 

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essentially needed a wearable
spacecraft.

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spacecraft.
 

02:11.200 --> 02:14.869 align:start position:0%
spacecraft.
Enter<00:02:11.840><c> the</c><00:02:12.080><c> Apollo</c><00:02:12.879><c> A7L.</c>

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Enter the Apollo A7L.
 

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Enter the Apollo A7L.
Its<00:02:15.200><c> first</c><00:02:15.360><c> and</c><00:02:15.680><c> most</c><00:02:15.840><c> critical</c><00:02:16.239><c> task</c><00:02:16.640><c> was</c>

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Its first and most critical task was
 

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Its first and most critical task was
preventing<00:02:17.360><c> the</c><00:02:17.520><c> pair</c><00:02:17.840><c> from</c><00:02:18.239><c> literally</c>

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preventing the pair from literally
 

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preventing the pair from literally
boiling<00:02:19.280><c> to</c><00:02:19.520><c> death</c><00:02:19.840><c> in</c><00:02:20.160><c> seconds.</c><00:02:21.200><c> You</c><00:02:21.360><c> see,</c><00:02:21.680><c> in</c>

02:21.830 --> 02:21.840 align:start position:0%
boiling to death in seconds. You see, in
 

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boiling to death in seconds. You see, in
the<00:02:22.000><c> near</c><00:02:22.400><c> vacuum</c><00:02:22.720><c> of</c><00:02:22.959><c> the</c><00:02:23.120><c> moon,</c><00:02:23.599><c> without</c>

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the near vacuum of the moon, without
 

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the near vacuum of the moon, without
atmospheric<00:02:24.640><c> pressure,</c><00:02:25.440><c> water,</c><00:02:26.160><c> including</c>

02:26.710 --> 02:26.720 align:start position:0%
atmospheric pressure, water, including
 

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atmospheric pressure, water, including
water<00:02:27.040><c> in</c><00:02:27.200><c> your</c><00:02:27.440><c> blood,</c><00:02:28.319><c> boils</c><00:02:28.800><c> at</c><00:02:29.200><c> body</c>

02:29.670 --> 02:29.680 align:start position:0%
water in your blood, boils at body
 

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water in your blood, boils at body
temperature.<00:02:30.800><c> To</c><00:02:31.040><c> counter</c><00:02:31.360><c> this,</c><00:02:31.760><c> the</c><00:02:32.080><c> A7L</c>

02:32.949 --> 02:32.959 align:start position:0%
temperature. To counter this, the A7L
 

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temperature. To counter this, the A7L
needed<00:02:33.280><c> to</c><00:02:33.440><c> be</c><00:02:33.599><c> pressurized.</c><00:02:34.640><c> And</c><00:02:34.800><c> this</c><00:02:35.040><c> was</c>

02:35.190 --> 02:35.200 align:start position:0%
needed to be pressurized. And this was
 

02:35.200 --> 02:38.390 align:start position:0%
needed to be pressurized. And this was
done<00:02:35.440><c> using</c><00:02:35.920><c> three</c><00:02:36.239><c> bits</c><00:02:36.560><c> of</c><00:02:36.720><c> kit.</c><00:02:37.680><c> First</c><00:02:38.160><c> was</c>

02:38.390 --> 02:38.400 align:start position:0%
done using three bits of kit. First was
 

02:38.400 --> 02:40.710 align:start position:0%
done using three bits of kit. First was
the<00:02:38.720><c> pressure</c><00:02:39.040><c> bladder,</c><00:02:39.760><c> an</c><00:02:40.000><c> airtight</c>

02:40.710 --> 02:40.720 align:start position:0%
the pressure bladder, an airtight
 

02:40.720 --> 02:43.110 align:start position:0%
the pressure bladder, an airtight
rubbery<00:02:41.360><c> layer</c><00:02:41.599><c> designed</c><00:02:41.920><c> to</c><00:02:42.160><c> hold</c><00:02:42.400><c> a</c><00:02:42.720><c> pure</c>

02:43.110 --> 02:43.120 align:start position:0%
rubbery layer designed to hold a pure
 

02:43.120 --> 02:45.750 align:start position:0%
rubbery layer designed to hold a pure
oxygen<00:02:43.680><c> atmosphere.</c><00:02:44.720><c> Think</c><00:02:44.879><c> of</c><00:02:45.040><c> it</c><00:02:45.200><c> as</c><00:02:45.440><c> a</c>

02:45.750 --> 02:45.760 align:start position:0%
oxygen atmosphere. Think of it as a
 

02:45.760 --> 02:48.070 align:start position:0%
oxygen atmosphere. Think of it as a
human-shaped<00:02:46.560><c> balloon.</c><00:02:47.360><c> But</c><00:02:47.519><c> a</c><00:02:47.760><c> balloon</c>

02:48.070 --> 02:48.080 align:start position:0%
human-shaped balloon. But a balloon
 

02:48.080 --> 02:50.550 align:start position:0%
human-shaped balloon. But a balloon
under<00:02:48.319><c> pressure</c><00:02:48.800><c> expands.</c><00:02:49.760><c> Too</c><00:02:50.080><c> much</c><00:02:50.239><c> would</c>

02:50.550 --> 02:50.560 align:start position:0%
under pressure expands. Too much would
 

02:50.560 --> 02:52.070 align:start position:0%
under pressure expands. Too much would
make<00:02:50.800><c> any</c><00:02:51.120><c> movement</c><00:02:51.599><c> pretty</c><00:02:51.920><c> much</c>

02:52.070 --> 02:52.080 align:start position:0%
make any movement pretty much
 

02:52.080 --> 02:55.110 align:start position:0%
make any movement pretty much
impossible.<00:02:53.360><c> That's</c><00:02:53.599><c> where</c><00:02:53.840><c> the</c><00:02:54.160><c> resistant</c>

02:55.110 --> 02:55.120 align:start position:0%
impossible. That's where the resistant
 

02:55.120 --> 02:58.070 align:start position:0%
impossible. That's where the resistant
layer<00:02:55.360><c> came</c><00:02:55.519><c> in.</c><00:02:56.160><c> A</c><00:02:56.400><c> high</c><00:02:56.720><c> strength</c><00:02:57.280><c> nylon</c>

02:58.070 --> 02:58.080 align:start position:0%
layer came in. A high strength nylon
 

02:58.080 --> 02:59.910 align:start position:0%
layer came in. A high strength nylon
wrapped<00:02:58.400><c> tightly</c><00:02:58.879><c> around</c><00:02:59.040><c> the</c><00:02:59.280><c> bladder,</c>

02:59.910 --> 02:59.920 align:start position:0%
wrapped tightly around the bladder,
 

02:59.920 --> 03:02.309 align:start position:0%
wrapped tightly around the bladder,
reinforcing<00:03:00.560><c> it</c><00:03:00.800><c> and</c><00:03:01.120><c> maintaining</c><00:03:01.680><c> the</c><00:03:01.840><c> suits</c>

03:02.309 --> 03:02.319 align:start position:0%
reinforcing it and maintaining the suits
 

03:02.319 --> 03:05.190 align:start position:0%
reinforcing it and maintaining the suits
shape.<00:03:03.200><c> This</c><00:03:03.440><c> exoskeleton</c><00:03:04.560><c> prevented</c><00:03:04.959><c> the</c>

03:05.190 --> 03:05.200 align:start position:0%
shape. This exoskeleton prevented the
 

03:05.200 --> 03:07.350 align:start position:0%
shape. This exoskeleton prevented the
suit<00:03:05.440><c> from</c><00:03:05.680><c> bursting</c><00:03:06.159><c> or</c><00:03:06.400><c> ballooning,</c>

03:07.350 --> 03:07.360 align:start position:0%
suit from bursting or ballooning,
 

03:07.360 --> 03:09.270 align:start position:0%
suit from bursting or ballooning,
allowing<00:03:07.680><c> the</c><00:03:07.840><c> astronauts</c><00:03:08.400><c> to</c><00:03:08.640><c> actually</c><00:03:08.959><c> bend</c>

03:09.270 --> 03:09.280 align:start position:0%
allowing the astronauts to actually bend
 

03:09.280 --> 03:11.589 align:start position:0%
allowing the astronauts to actually bend
their<00:03:09.519><c> limbs.</c><00:03:10.159><c> Pretty</c><00:03:10.480><c> useful</c><00:03:11.120><c> considering</c>

03:11.589 --> 03:11.599 align:start position:0%
their limbs. Pretty useful considering
 

03:11.599 --> 03:14.790 align:start position:0%
their limbs. Pretty useful considering
they<00:03:11.840><c> had</c><00:03:12.080><c> a</c><00:03:12.239><c> lot</c><00:03:12.400><c> to</c><00:03:12.560><c> do.</c><00:03:13.840><c> Finally,</c><00:03:14.400><c> there</c><00:03:14.640><c> was</c>

03:14.790 --> 03:14.800 align:start position:0%
they had a lot to do. Finally, there was
 

03:14.800 --> 03:17.110 align:start position:0%
they had a lot to do. Finally, there was
the<00:03:15.040><c> portable</c><00:03:15.599><c> life</c><00:03:15.920><c> support</c><00:03:16.319><c> system</c><00:03:16.800><c> or</c>

03:17.110 --> 03:17.120 align:start position:0%
the portable life support system or
 

03:17.120 --> 03:18.630 align:start position:0%
the portable life support system or
PLSS.

03:18.630 --> 03:18.640 align:start position:0%
PLSS.
 

03:18.640 --> 03:21.430 align:start position:0%
PLSS.
The<00:03:18.959><c> iconic</c><00:03:19.280><c> backpack</c><00:03:19.840><c> was</c><00:03:20.080><c> a</c><00:03:20.480><c> masterpiece</c><00:03:21.120><c> of</c>

03:21.430 --> 03:21.440 align:start position:0%
The iconic backpack was a masterpiece of
 

03:21.440 --> 03:24.470 align:start position:0%
The iconic backpack was a masterpiece of
1960s<00:03:22.239><c> miniaturization.</c><00:03:23.599><c> It</c><00:03:23.840><c> was</c><00:03:23.920><c> the</c><00:03:24.159><c> source</c>

03:24.470 --> 03:24.480 align:start position:0%
1960s miniaturization. It was the source
 

03:24.480 --> 03:26.949 align:start position:0%
1960s miniaturization. It was the source
of<00:03:24.640><c> the</c><00:03:24.879><c> astronaut's</c><00:03:25.519><c> oxygen,</c><00:03:26.319><c> not</c><00:03:26.560><c> only</c><00:03:26.720><c> for</c>

03:26.949 --> 03:26.959 align:start position:0%
of the astronaut's oxygen, not only for
 

03:26.959 --> 03:29.270 align:start position:0%
of the astronaut's oxygen, not only for
breathing,<00:03:27.440><c> but</c><00:03:27.760><c> also</c><00:03:28.080><c> for</c><00:03:28.400><c> maintaining</c><00:03:28.959><c> an</c>

03:29.270 --> 03:29.280 align:start position:0%
breathing, but also for maintaining an
 

03:29.280 --> 03:32.550 align:start position:0%
breathing, but also for maintaining an
internal<00:03:29.760><c> pressure</c><00:03:30.080><c> of</c><00:03:30.319><c> roughly</c><00:03:30.720><c> 3.9</c><00:03:31.519><c> PSI.</c>

03:32.550 --> 03:32.560 align:start position:0%
internal pressure of roughly 3.9 PSI.
 

03:32.560 --> 03:34.949 align:start position:0%
internal pressure of roughly 3.9 PSI.
That's<00:03:32.879><c> only</c><00:03:33.200><c> a</c><00:03:33.519><c> quarter</c><00:03:33.920><c> of</c><00:03:34.080><c> the</c><00:03:34.319><c> pressure</c><00:03:34.640><c> at</c>

03:34.949 --> 03:34.959 align:start position:0%
That's only a quarter of the pressure at
 

03:34.959 --> 03:37.350 align:start position:0%
That's only a quarter of the pressure at
sea<00:03:35.200><c> level</c><00:03:35.440><c> on</c><00:03:35.680><c> Earth,</c><00:03:36.319><c> but</c><00:03:36.560><c> enough</c><00:03:36.879><c> to</c><00:03:37.120><c> keep</c>

03:37.350 --> 03:37.360 align:start position:0%
sea level on Earth, but enough to keep
 

03:37.360 --> 03:40.390 align:start position:0%
sea level on Earth, but enough to keep
astronauts<00:03:38.000><c> alive.</c><00:03:39.280><c> So,</c><00:03:39.760><c> that</c><00:03:40.000><c> was</c><00:03:40.159><c> the</c>

03:40.390 --> 03:40.400 align:start position:0%
astronauts alive. So, that was the
 

03:40.400 --> 03:42.390 align:start position:0%
astronauts alive. So, that was the
pressure<00:03:40.720><c> dealt</c><00:03:41.040><c> with,</c><00:03:41.519><c> but</c><00:03:41.760><c> what</c><00:03:42.000><c> about</c><00:03:42.239><c> the</c>

03:42.390 --> 03:42.400 align:start position:0%
pressure dealt with, but what about the
 

03:42.400 --> 03:45.670 align:start position:0%
pressure dealt with, but what about the
moon's<00:03:42.959><c> vast</c><00:03:43.599><c> temperature</c><00:03:44.080><c> swings?</c><00:03:45.280><c> As</c><00:03:45.519><c> we</c>

03:45.670 --> 03:45.680 align:start position:0%
moon's vast temperature swings? As we
 

03:45.680 --> 03:48.149 align:start position:0%
moon's vast temperature swings? As we
know<00:03:45.920><c> from</c><00:03:46.239><c> last</c><00:03:46.560><c> time,</c><00:03:47.120><c> the</c><00:03:47.280><c> moon's</c><00:03:47.760><c> thermal</c>

03:48.149 --> 03:48.159 align:start position:0%
know from last time, the moon's thermal
 

03:48.159 --> 03:50.390 align:start position:0%
know from last time, the moon's thermal
environment<00:03:48.640><c> is</c><00:03:49.040><c> one</c><00:03:49.280><c> of</c><00:03:49.360><c> the</c><00:03:49.599><c> most</c><00:03:49.920><c> violent</c>

03:50.390 --> 03:50.400 align:start position:0%
environment is one of the most violent
 

03:50.400 --> 03:54.949 align:start position:0%
environment is one of the most violent
extremes,<00:03:51.360><c> plummeting</c><00:03:51.920><c> to</c><00:03:52.080><c> minus</c><00:03:53.280><c> 133°</c><00:03:54.400><c> C</c><00:03:54.799><c> in</c>

03:54.949 --> 03:54.959 align:start position:0%
extremes, plummeting to minus 133° C in
 

03:54.959 --> 03:59.030 align:start position:0%
extremes, plummeting to minus 133° C in
the<00:03:55.120><c> shadows,</c><00:03:55.840><c> yet</c><00:03:56.159><c> soaring</c><00:03:56.640><c> to</c><00:03:57.280><c> 100°</c><00:03:58.640><c> in</c><00:03:58.879><c> the</c>

03:59.030 --> 03:59.040 align:start position:0%
the shadows, yet soaring to 100° in the
 

03:59.040 --> 04:01.670 align:start position:0%
the shadows, yet soaring to 100° in the
sunlight.<00:04:00.080><c> This</c><00:04:00.319><c> suit</c><00:04:00.720><c> needed</c><00:04:01.120><c> to</c><00:04:01.280><c> be</c><00:04:01.439><c> ready</c>

04:01.670 --> 04:01.680 align:start position:0%
sunlight. This suit needed to be ready
 

04:01.680 --> 04:04.149 align:start position:0%
sunlight. This suit needed to be ready
for<00:04:02.080><c> anything,</c><00:04:02.879><c> and</c><00:04:03.200><c> material</c><00:04:03.680><c> scientists</c>

04:04.149 --> 04:04.159 align:start position:0%
for anything, and material scientists
 

04:04.159 --> 04:06.470 align:start position:0%
for anything, and material scientists
and<00:04:04.480><c> seamstresses</c><00:04:05.519><c> prepared</c><00:04:05.840><c> for</c><00:04:06.080><c> this</c><00:04:06.239><c> by</c>

04:06.470 --> 04:06.480 align:start position:0%
and seamstresses prepared for this by
 

04:06.480 --> 04:10.630 align:start position:0%
and seamstresses prepared for this by
using<00:04:07.200><c> layers,</c><00:04:07.840><c> and</c><00:04:08.159><c> a</c><00:04:08.480><c> lot</c><00:04:08.640><c> of</c><00:04:08.799><c> them.</c><00:04:09.599><c> The</c><00:04:09.760><c> A7L</c>

04:10.630 --> 04:10.640 align:start position:0%
using layers, and a lot of them. The A7L
 

04:10.640 --> 04:13.509 align:start position:0%
using layers, and a lot of them. The A7L
had<00:04:11.120><c> 21</c><00:04:11.760><c> layers</c><00:04:12.000><c> in</c><00:04:12.159><c> total,</c><00:04:12.640><c> made</c><00:04:12.879><c> from</c><00:04:13.040><c> a</c><00:04:13.280><c> mix</c>

04:13.509 --> 04:13.519 align:start position:0%
had 21 layers in total, made from a mix
 

04:13.519 --> 04:16.229 align:start position:0%
had 21 layers in total, made from a mix
of<00:04:13.840><c> 12</c><00:04:14.239><c> different</c><00:04:14.640><c> synthetic</c><00:04:15.200><c> materials.</c>

04:16.229 --> 04:16.239 align:start position:0%
of 12 different synthetic materials.
 

04:16.239 --> 04:18.229 align:start position:0%
of 12 different synthetic materials.
Most<00:04:16.479><c> of</c><00:04:16.639><c> these</c><00:04:16.880><c> were</c><00:04:17.120><c> in</c><00:04:17.359><c> the</c><00:04:17.680><c> outermost</c>

04:18.229 --> 04:18.239 align:start position:0%
Most of these were in the outermost
 

04:18.239 --> 04:20.229 align:start position:0%
Most of these were in the outermost
garment<00:04:18.639><c> called</c><00:04:18.880><c> the</c><00:04:19.040><c> thermal</c><00:04:19.680><c> meteoroid</c>

04:20.229 --> 04:20.239 align:start position:0%
garment called the thermal meteoroid
 

04:20.239 --> 04:22.790 align:start position:0%
garment called the thermal meteoroid
garment<00:04:20.720><c> or</c><00:04:21.199><c> TMG.</c>

04:22.790 --> 04:22.800 align:start position:0%
garment or TMG.
 

04:22.800 --> 04:24.870 align:start position:0%
garment or TMG.
To<00:04:22.960><c> be</c><00:04:23.120><c> effective</c><00:04:23.680><c> over</c><00:04:24.000><c> the</c><00:04:24.240><c> large</c><00:04:24.560><c> heat</c>

04:24.870 --> 04:24.880 align:start position:0%
To be effective over the large heat
 

04:24.880 --> 04:27.749 align:start position:0%
To be effective over the large heat
range<00:04:25.600><c> inside</c><00:04:25.919><c> the</c><00:04:26.160><c> TMG,</c><00:04:26.800><c> they</c><00:04:27.040><c> had</c><00:04:27.199><c> to</c><00:04:27.360><c> use</c>

04:27.749 --> 04:27.759 align:start position:0%
range inside the TMG, they had to use
 

04:27.759 --> 04:29.909 align:start position:0%
range inside the TMG, they had to use
layers<00:04:27.919><c> of</c><00:04:28.240><c> two</c><00:04:28.639><c> different</c><00:04:28.960><c> materials,</c>

04:29.909 --> 04:29.919 align:start position:0%
layers of two different materials,
 

04:29.919 --> 04:33.030 align:start position:0%
layers of two different materials,
aluminiz<00:04:30.639><c> captain</c><00:04:31.199><c> and</c><00:04:31.680><c> myar,</c><00:04:32.400><c> both</c><00:04:32.639><c> of</c><00:04:32.800><c> which</c>

04:33.030 --> 04:33.040 align:start position:0%
aluminiz captain and myar, both of which
 

04:33.040 --> 04:35.510 align:start position:0%
aluminiz captain and myar, both of which
insulated<00:04:33.600><c> the</c><00:04:33.840><c> suit</c><00:04:34.240><c> and</c><00:04:34.639><c> reflected</c><00:04:35.199><c> away</c>

04:35.510 --> 04:35.520 align:start position:0%
insulated the suit and reflected away
 

04:35.520 --> 04:38.469 align:start position:0%
insulated the suit and reflected away
the<00:04:35.759><c> sun's</c><00:04:36.080><c> heat.</c><00:04:37.040><c> By</c><00:04:37.280><c> using</c><00:04:37.600><c> both,</c><00:04:38.000><c> the</c><00:04:38.160><c> suit</c>

04:38.469 --> 04:38.479 align:start position:0%
the sun's heat. By using both, the suit
 

04:38.479 --> 04:40.710 align:start position:0%
the sun's heat. By using both, the suit
benefited<00:04:39.040><c> from</c><00:04:39.440><c> Myar's</c><00:04:40.000><c> superior</c>

04:40.710 --> 04:40.720 align:start position:0%
benefited from Myar's superior
 

04:40.720 --> 04:43.189 align:start position:0%
benefited from Myar's superior
lightweight<00:04:41.280><c> insulating</c><00:04:42.000><c> efficiency</c><00:04:42.880><c> and</c>

04:43.189 --> 04:43.199 align:start position:0%
lightweight insulating efficiency and
 

04:43.199 --> 04:45.350 align:start position:0%
lightweight insulating efficiency and
Capton's<00:04:44.080><c> exceptional</c><00:04:44.720><c> strength</c><00:04:45.120><c> and</c>

04:45.350 --> 04:45.360 align:start position:0%
Capton's exceptional strength and
 

04:45.360 --> 04:47.909 align:start position:0%
Capton's exceptional strength and
temperature<00:04:45.759><c> resistance.</c><00:04:47.040><c> Meanwhile,</c><00:04:47.600><c> the</c>

04:47.909 --> 04:47.919 align:start position:0%
temperature resistance. Meanwhile, the
 

04:47.919 --> 04:51.430 align:start position:0%
temperature resistance. Meanwhile, the
outer<00:04:48.400><c> beta</c><00:04:48.880><c> cloth,</c><00:04:49.360><c> a</c><00:04:49.919><c> tefloncoated</c><00:04:51.040><c> glass</c>

04:51.430 --> 04:51.440 align:start position:0%
outer beta cloth, a tefloncoated glass
 

04:51.440 --> 04:54.469 align:start position:0%
outer beta cloth, a tefloncoated glass
fiber,<00:04:52.400><c> provided</c><00:04:52.880><c> a</c><00:04:53.280><c> white</c><00:04:53.919><c> reflective</c>

04:54.469 --> 04:54.479 align:start position:0%
fiber, provided a white reflective
 

04:54.479 --> 04:56.629 align:start position:0%
fiber, provided a white reflective
shield<00:04:54.880><c> against</c><00:04:55.199><c> radiation</c><00:04:55.840><c> and</c><00:04:56.080><c> abrasive</c>

04:56.629 --> 04:56.639 align:start position:0%
shield against radiation and abrasive
 

04:56.639 --> 04:59.909 align:start position:0%
shield against radiation and abrasive
lunar<00:04:57.120><c> dust.</c><00:04:58.400><c> What</c><00:04:58.639><c> I'm</c><00:04:58.880><c> about</c><00:04:59.120><c> to</c><00:04:59.280><c> say</c><00:04:59.520><c> next</c>

04:59.909 --> 04:59.919 align:start position:0%
lunar dust. What I'm about to say next
 

04:59.919 --> 05:02.790 align:start position:0%
lunar dust. What I'm about to say next
will<00:05:00.240><c> sound</c><00:05:00.479><c> very</c><00:05:00.800><c> strange.</c><00:05:01.759><c> The</c><00:05:02.000><c> astronauts</c>

05:02.790 --> 05:02.800 align:start position:0%
will sound very strange. The astronauts
 

05:02.800 --> 05:05.590 align:start position:0%
will sound very strange. The astronauts
also<00:05:03.280><c> needed</c><00:05:03.680><c> protection</c><00:05:04.479><c> from</c><00:05:04.800><c> their</c><00:05:05.040><c> own</c>

05:05.590 --> 05:05.600 align:start position:0%
also needed protection from their own
 

05:05.600 --> 05:08.390 align:start position:0%
also needed protection from their own
body<00:05:05.919><c> heat.</c><00:05:06.880><c> On</c><00:05:07.120><c> the</c><00:05:07.280><c> moon's</c><00:05:07.600><c> surface,</c><00:05:08.080><c> they</c>

05:08.390 --> 05:08.400 align:start position:0%
body heat. On the moon's surface, they
 

05:08.400 --> 05:11.029 align:start position:0%
body heat. On the moon's surface, they
were<00:05:08.800><c> essentially</c><00:05:09.360><c> working</c><00:05:09.680><c> out,</c><00:05:10.320><c> but</c><00:05:10.800><c> there</c>

05:11.029 --> 05:11.039 align:start position:0%
were essentially working out, but there
 

05:11.039 --> 05:13.749 align:start position:0%
were essentially working out, but there
was<00:05:11.440><c> no</c><00:05:11.759><c> way</c><00:05:12.000><c> to</c><00:05:12.240><c> remove</c><00:05:12.639><c> a</c><00:05:12.960><c> layer</c><00:05:13.199><c> to</c><00:05:13.440><c> cool</c>

05:13.749 --> 05:13.759 align:start position:0%
was no way to remove a layer to cool
 

05:13.759 --> 05:16.629 align:start position:0%
was no way to remove a layer to cool
down.<00:05:14.639><c> So</c><00:05:14.960><c> to</c><00:05:15.199><c> prevent</c><00:05:15.520><c> this</c><00:05:15.919><c> trapped</c><00:05:16.320><c> heat</c>

05:16.629 --> 05:16.639 align:start position:0%
down. So to prevent this trapped heat
 

05:16.639 --> 05:19.670 align:start position:0%
down. So to prevent this trapped heat
becoming<00:05:17.039><c> deadly,</c><00:05:17.919><c> NASA</c><00:05:18.400><c> developed</c><00:05:18.800><c> a</c><00:05:19.120><c> liquid</c>

05:19.670 --> 05:19.680 align:start position:0%
becoming deadly, NASA developed a liquid
 

05:19.680 --> 05:22.629 align:start position:0%
becoming deadly, NASA developed a liquid
cooling<00:05:20.160><c> garment</c><00:05:20.720><c> worn</c><00:05:21.120><c> against</c><00:05:21.440><c> the</c><00:05:21.759><c> skin.</c>

05:22.629 --> 05:22.639 align:start position:0%
cooling garment worn against the skin.
 

05:22.639 --> 05:25.590 align:start position:0%
cooling garment worn against the skin.
This<00:05:22.960><c> network</c><00:05:23.360><c> of</c><00:05:23.840><c> tubing</c><00:05:24.479><c> circulated</c><00:05:25.199><c> cold</c>

05:25.590 --> 05:25.600 align:start position:0%
This network of tubing circulated cold
 

05:25.600 --> 05:28.469 align:start position:0%
This network of tubing circulated cold
water,<00:05:26.320><c> wicking</c><00:05:26.800><c> away</c><00:05:27.120><c> heat,</c><00:05:27.840><c> ensuring</c><00:05:28.240><c> the</c>

05:28.469 --> 05:28.479 align:start position:0%
water, wicking away heat, ensuring the
 

05:28.479 --> 05:30.550 align:start position:0%
water, wicking away heat, ensuring the
astronauts<00:05:29.120><c> didn't</c><00:05:29.520><c> collapse</c><00:05:30.000><c> from</c><00:05:30.240><c> heat</c>

05:30.550 --> 05:30.560 align:start position:0%
astronauts didn't collapse from heat
 

05:30.560 --> 05:32.870 align:start position:0%
astronauts didn't collapse from heat
stroke.<00:05:31.520><c> It</c><00:05:31.840><c> wasn't</c><00:05:32.000><c> just</c><00:05:32.160><c> the</c><00:05:32.320><c> heat</c><00:05:32.560><c> that</c><00:05:32.800><c> was</c>

05:32.870 --> 05:32.880 align:start position:0%
stroke. It wasn't just the heat that was
 

05:32.880 --> 05:35.110 align:start position:0%
stroke. It wasn't just the heat that was
a<00:05:33.120><c> problem,</c><00:05:33.440><c> though.</c><00:05:34.000><c> It</c><00:05:34.160><c> was</c><00:05:34.320><c> the</c><00:05:34.479><c> invisible</c>

05:35.110 --> 05:35.120 align:start position:0%
a problem, though. It was the invisible
 

05:35.120 --> 05:37.670 align:start position:0%
a problem, though. It was the invisible
radiation<00:05:35.759><c> that</c><00:05:36.000><c> came</c><00:05:36.240><c> with</c><00:05:36.400><c> it.</c><00:05:37.120><c> Without</c><00:05:37.520><c> an</c>

05:37.670 --> 05:37.680 align:start position:0%
radiation that came with it. Without an
 

05:37.680 --> 05:39.430 align:start position:0%
radiation that came with it. Without an
atmosphere,<00:05:38.160><c> the</c><00:05:38.320><c> astronauts</c><00:05:38.800><c> were</c><00:05:39.039><c> exposed</c>

05:39.430 --> 05:39.440 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, the astronauts were exposed
 

05:39.440 --> 05:41.430 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, the astronauts were exposed
to<00:05:39.600><c> a</c><00:05:39.919><c> constant</c><00:05:40.320><c> barrage</c><00:05:40.720><c> of</c><00:05:40.880><c> intense</c>

05:41.430 --> 05:41.440 align:start position:0%
to a constant barrage of intense
 

05:41.440 --> 05:43.590 align:start position:0%
to a constant barrage of intense
ultraviolet<00:05:42.000><c> and</c><00:05:42.240><c> infrared</c><00:05:42.720><c> light.</c>

05:43.590 --> 05:43.600 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet and infrared light.
 

05:43.600 --> 05:45.749 align:start position:0%
ultraviolet and infrared light.
Protecting<00:05:44.080><c> against</c><00:05:44.560><c> this</c><00:05:45.120><c> led</c><00:05:45.360><c> to</c><00:05:45.520><c> one</c><00:05:45.680><c> of</c>

05:45.749 --> 05:45.759 align:start position:0%
Protecting against this led to one of
 

05:45.759 --> 05:48.230 align:start position:0%
Protecting against this led to one of
the<00:05:46.000><c> mission's</c><00:05:46.400><c> most</c><00:05:46.800><c> iconic</c><00:05:47.199><c> features,</c><00:05:48.000><c> the</c>

05:48.230 --> 05:48.240 align:start position:0%
the mission's most iconic features, the
 

05:48.240 --> 05:56.950 align:start position:0%
the mission's most iconic features, the
goldplated<00:05:49.280><c> helmet</c><00:05:49.840><c> visor,</c><00:05:51.120><c> a</c><00:05:52.000><c> 0.0000508</c>

05:56.950 --> 05:56.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:56.960 --> 06:01.430 align:start position:0%
 
cm<00:05:57.759><c> or</c><00:05:58.320><c> 50.8</c><00:05:59.120><c> 8</c><00:05:59.440><c> nanometer</c><00:06:00.639><c> layer</c><00:06:00.800><c> of</c><00:06:01.039><c> real</c>

06:01.430 --> 06:01.440 align:start position:0%
cm or 50.8 8 nanometer layer of real
 

06:01.440 --> 06:04.230 align:start position:0%
cm or 50.8 8 nanometer layer of real
gold<00:06:01.919><c> was</c><00:06:02.240><c> applied</c><00:06:02.639><c> to</c><00:06:02.880><c> a</c><00:06:03.120><c> polycarbonate</c><00:06:04.000><c> face</c>

06:04.230 --> 06:04.240 align:start position:0%
gold was applied to a polycarbonate face
 

06:04.240 --> 06:07.909 align:start position:0%
gold was applied to a polycarbonate face
shield<00:06:04.720><c> and</c><00:06:05.039><c> acted</c><00:06:05.440><c> as</c><00:06:05.680><c> a</c><00:06:06.000><c> high</c><00:06:06.240><c> tech</c><00:06:06.720><c> mirror.</c>

06:07.909 --> 06:07.919 align:start position:0%
shield and acted as a high tech mirror.
 

06:07.919 --> 06:10.390 align:start position:0%
shield and acted as a high tech mirror.
But<00:06:08.080><c> why</c><00:06:08.400><c> gold</c><00:06:08.960><c> and</c><00:06:09.280><c> not</c><00:06:09.600><c> silver</c><00:06:10.000><c> or</c>

06:10.390 --> 06:10.400 align:start position:0%
But why gold and not silver or
 

06:10.400 --> 06:13.990 align:start position:0%
But why gold and not silver or
aluminium?<00:06:11.680><c> Well,</c><00:06:12.319><c> gold</c><00:06:12.720><c> is</c><00:06:13.039><c> stable,</c><00:06:13.759><c> so</c>

06:13.990 --> 06:14.000 align:start position:0%
aluminium? Well, gold is stable, so
 

06:14.000 --> 06:16.629 align:start position:0%
aluminium? Well, gold is stable, so
won't<00:06:14.400><c> oxidize</c><00:06:14.960><c> or</c><00:06:15.199><c> tarnish,</c><00:06:16.000><c> and</c><00:06:16.240><c> it's</c><00:06:16.400><c> easy</c>

06:16.629 --> 06:16.639 align:start position:0%
won't oxidize or tarnish, and it's easy
 

06:16.639 --> 06:18.870 align:start position:0%
won't oxidize or tarnish, and it's easy
to<00:06:16.880><c> work</c><00:06:17.039><c> with,</c><00:06:17.600><c> enabling</c><00:06:18.160><c> engineers</c><00:06:18.639><c> to</c>

06:18.870 --> 06:18.880 align:start position:0%
to work with, enabling engineers to
 

06:18.880 --> 06:21.430 align:start position:0%
to work with, enabling engineers to
create<00:06:19.120><c> a</c><00:06:19.440><c> thin,</c><00:06:19.919><c> unbroken</c><00:06:20.639><c> layer</c><00:06:20.880><c> across</c><00:06:21.199><c> the</c>

06:21.430 --> 06:21.440 align:start position:0%
create a thin, unbroken layer across the
 

06:21.440 --> 06:24.710 align:start position:0%
create a thin, unbroken layer across the
visor.<00:06:22.639><c> Beyond</c><00:06:23.039><c> its</c><00:06:23.440><c> protective</c><00:06:23.919><c> qualities,</c>

06:24.710 --> 06:24.720 align:start position:0%
visor. Beyond its protective qualities,
 

06:24.720 --> 06:27.189 align:start position:0%
visor. Beyond its protective qualities,
it<00:06:24.960><c> functioned</c><00:06:25.360><c> as</c><00:06:25.680><c> the</c><00:06:26.080><c> ultimate</c><00:06:26.560><c> pair</c><00:06:26.880><c> of</c>

06:27.189 --> 06:27.199 align:start position:0%
it functioned as the ultimate pair of
 

06:27.199 --> 06:30.150 align:start position:0%
it functioned as the ultimate pair of
sunglasses.<00:06:28.400><c> dampening</c><00:06:28.960><c> the</c><00:06:29.199><c> blinding</c><00:06:29.759><c> solar</c>

06:30.150 --> 06:30.160 align:start position:0%
sunglasses. dampening the blinding solar
 

06:30.160 --> 06:32.309 align:start position:0%
sunglasses. dampening the blinding solar
glare<00:06:30.639><c> to</c><00:06:30.960><c> allow</c><00:06:31.199><c> the</c><00:06:31.440><c> astronauts</c><00:06:32.000><c> to</c>

06:32.309 --> 06:32.319 align:start position:0%
glare to allow the astronauts to
 

06:32.319 --> 06:34.710 align:start position:0%
glare to allow the astronauts to
actually<00:06:32.720><c> see</c><00:06:32.960><c> their</c><00:06:33.280><c> surroundings.</c><00:06:34.560><c> In</c>

06:34.710 --> 06:34.720 align:start position:0%
actually see their surroundings. In
 

06:34.720 --> 06:37.189 align:start position:0%
actually see their surroundings. In
fact,<00:06:35.039><c> gold</c><00:06:35.520><c> is</c><00:06:35.840><c> so</c><00:06:36.160><c> good</c><00:06:36.400><c> at</c><00:06:36.639><c> filtering</c>

06:37.189 --> 06:37.199 align:start position:0%
fact, gold is so good at filtering
 

06:37.199 --> 06:39.749 align:start position:0%
fact, gold is so good at filtering
infrared<00:06:37.759><c> and</c><00:06:38.000><c> UV</c><00:06:38.400><c> light</c><00:06:38.960><c> that</c><00:06:39.199><c> the</c><00:06:39.440><c> moon's</c>

06:39.749 --> 06:39.759 align:start position:0%
infrared and UV light that the moon's
 

06:39.759 --> 06:41.430 align:start position:0%
infrared and UV light that the moon's
surface<00:06:40.240><c> would</c><00:06:40.479><c> have</c><00:06:40.639><c> appeared</c><00:06:41.039><c> slightly</c>

06:41.430 --> 06:41.440 align:start position:0%
surface would have appeared slightly
 

06:41.440 --> 06:44.150 align:start position:0%
surface would have appeared slightly
more<00:06:41.680><c> blue</c><00:06:42.000><c> or</c><00:06:42.319><c> green</c><00:06:42.560><c> to</c><00:06:42.720><c> them,</c><00:06:43.280><c> not</c><00:06:43.520><c> entirely</c>

06:44.150 --> 06:44.160 align:start position:0%
more blue or green to them, not entirely
 

06:44.160 --> 06:47.670 align:start position:0%
more blue or green to them, not entirely
gray<00:06:44.639><c> like</c><00:06:44.800><c> in</c><00:06:45.039><c> the</c><00:06:45.199><c> photos.</c><00:06:46.560><c> All</c><00:06:46.800><c> in</c><00:06:46.960><c> all,</c><00:06:47.280><c> the</c>

06:47.670 --> 06:47.680 align:start position:0%
gray like in the photos. All in all, the
 

06:47.680 --> 06:50.070 align:start position:0%
gray like in the photos. All in all, the
golden<00:06:48.160><c> visored</c><00:06:48.560><c> astronaut</c><00:06:49.039><c> suit</c><00:06:49.520><c> became</c><00:06:49.840><c> one</c>

06:50.070 --> 06:50.080 align:start position:0%
golden visored astronaut suit became one
 

06:50.080 --> 06:52.309 align:start position:0%
golden visored astronaut suit became one
of the<00:06:50.319><c> most</c><00:06:50.639><c> iconic</c><00:06:51.120><c> aspects</c><00:06:51.600><c> of</c><00:06:51.680><c> the</c><00:06:51.840><c> Apollo</c>

06:52.309 --> 06:52.319 align:start position:0%
of the most iconic aspects of the Apollo
 

06:52.319 --> 06:54.710 align:start position:0%
of the most iconic aspects of the Apollo
mission.<00:06:52.960><c> a</c><00:06:53.280><c> visually</c><00:06:53.840><c> eye-catching</c>

06:54.710 --> 06:54.720 align:start position:0%
mission. a visually eye-catching
 

06:54.720 --> 06:56.870 align:start position:0%
mission. a visually eye-catching
engineering<00:06:55.360><c> marvel</c><00:06:55.840><c> that</c><00:06:56.080><c> has</c><00:06:56.319><c> remained</c><00:06:56.639><c> a</c>

06:56.870 --> 06:56.880 align:start position:0%
engineering marvel that has remained a
 

06:56.880 --> 06:58.870 align:start position:0%
engineering marvel that has remained a
part<00:06:57.039><c> of</c><00:06:57.199><c> the</c><00:06:57.440><c> public</c><00:06:57.759><c> imagination</c><00:06:58.400><c> to</c><00:06:58.639><c> this</c>

06:58.870 --> 06:58.880 align:start position:0%
part of the public imagination to this
 

06:58.880 --> 07:01.430 align:start position:0%
part of the public imagination to this
day.<00:06:59.599><c> Most</c><00:06:59.919><c> businesses</c><00:07:00.479><c> would</c><00:07:00.800><c> love</c><00:07:01.039><c> to</c><00:07:01.280><c> have</c>

07:01.430 --> 07:01.440 align:start position:0%
day. Most businesses would love to have
 

07:01.440 --> 07:03.270 align:start position:0%
day. Most businesses would love to have
the<00:07:01.680><c> level</c><00:07:01.919><c> of</c><00:07:02.080><c> recognizability</c><00:07:02.800><c> that</c><00:07:03.039><c> these</c>

07:03.270 --> 07:03.280 align:start position:0%
the level of recognizability that these
 

07:03.280 --> 07:05.270 align:start position:0%
the level of recognizability that these
suits<00:07:03.680><c> have.</c><00:07:04.240><c> But</c><00:07:04.400><c> if</c><00:07:04.639><c> you're</c><00:07:04.800><c> a</c><00:07:04.960><c> business</c>

07:05.270 --> 07:05.280 align:start position:0%
suits have. But if you're a business
 

07:05.280 --> 07:07.189 align:start position:0%
suits have. But if you're a business
chasing<00:07:05.680><c> the</c><00:07:05.840><c> public's</c><00:07:06.240><c> attention,</c><00:07:06.960><c> you</c>

07:07.189 --> 07:07.199 align:start position:0%
chasing the public's attention, you
 

07:07.199 --> 07:09.589 align:start position:0%
chasing the public's attention, you
don't<00:07:07.360><c> need</c><00:07:07.520><c> a</c><00:07:07.680><c> team</c><00:07:07.840><c> of</c><00:07:08.000><c> NASA</c><00:07:08.400><c> engineers.</c><00:07:09.280><c> You</c>

07:09.589 --> 07:09.599 align:start position:0%
don't need a team of NASA engineers. You
 

07:09.599 --> 07:11.589 align:start position:0%
don't need a team of NASA engineers. You
need<00:07:09.919><c> the</c><00:07:10.160><c> right</c><00:07:10.479><c> website.</c><00:07:11.120><c> And</c><00:07:11.280><c> you</c><00:07:11.440><c> can</c>

07:10.238 --> 07:13.428 align:start position:0%
suits needed to survive more than just
glare<00:08:24.560><c> from</c><00:08:24.720><c> the</c><00:08:24.879><c> sun</c><00:08:25.199><c> or</c><00:08:25.599><c> body</c><00:08:25.919><c> heat.</c><00:08:27.039><c> Beyond</c>

07:13.428 --> 07:13.438 align:start position:0%
glare from the sun or body heat. Beyond
 

07:13.438 --> 07:15.667 align:start position:0%
glare from the sun or body heat. Beyond
these<00:08:27.759><c> invisible</c><00:08:28.319><c> dangers</c><00:08:28.720><c> lurked</c><00:08:29.120><c> yet</c><00:08:29.360><c> more</c>

07:15.667 --> 07:15.677 align:start position:0%
these invisible dangers lurked yet more
 

07:15.677 --> 07:18.388 align:start position:0%
these invisible dangers lurked yet more
threats,<00:08:30.400><c> this</c><00:08:30.639><c> time</c><00:08:30.879><c> of</c><00:08:31.120><c> a</c><00:08:31.280><c> more</c><00:08:31.680><c> ballistic</c>

07:18.388 --> 07:18.398 align:start position:0%
threats, this time of a more ballistic
 

07:18.398 --> 07:21.188 align:start position:0%
threats, this time of a more ballistic
nature,<00:08:33.200><c> micrometeoroids.</c>

07:21.188 --> 07:21.198 align:start position:0%
nature, micrometeoroids.
 

07:21.198 --> 07:25.667 align:start position:0%
nature, micrometeoroids.
The<00:08:35.360><c> moon</c><00:08:35.680><c> is</c><00:08:36.080><c> pelted</c><00:08:36.640><c> by</c><00:08:36.880><c> roughly</c><00:08:37.680><c> 1,270</c>

07:25.667 --> 07:25.677 align:start position:0%
The moon is pelted by roughly 1,270
 

07:25.677 --> 07:29.347 align:start position:0%
The moon is pelted by roughly 1,270
kg<00:08:40.240><c> of</c><00:08:40.479><c> space</c><00:08:40.800><c> debris</c><00:08:41.360><c> every</c><00:08:41.760><c> single</c><00:08:42.240><c> day,</c>

07:29.347 --> 07:29.357 align:start position:0%
kg of space debris every single day,
 

07:29.357 --> 07:32.948 align:start position:0%
kg of space debris every single day,
traveling<00:08:43.599><c> at</c><00:08:43.839><c> speeds</c><00:08:44.159><c> of</c><00:08:44.320><c> up</c><00:08:44.480><c> to</c><00:08:44.720><c> 20</c><00:08:44.959><c> km/s.</c>

07:32.948 --> 07:32.958 align:start position:0%
traveling at speeds of up to 20 km/s.
 

07:32.958 --> 07:35.027 align:start position:0%
traveling at speeds of up to 20 km/s.
Even<00:08:47.200><c> a</c><00:08:47.519><c> speck</c><00:08:47.839><c> of</c><00:08:48.000><c> dust</c><00:08:48.320><c> can</c><00:08:48.560><c> carry</c><00:08:48.800><c> the</c>

07:35.027 --> 07:35.037 align:start position:0%
Even a speck of dust can carry the
 

07:35.037 --> 07:37.587 align:start position:0%
Even a speck of dust can carry the
kinetic<00:08:49.360><c> energy</c><00:08:49.760><c> of</c><00:08:50.000><c> a</c><00:08:50.240><c> bullet.</c><00:08:51.120><c> And</c><00:08:51.279><c> there's</c>

07:37.587 --> 07:37.597 align:start position:0%
kinetic energy of a bullet. And there's
 

07:37.597 --> 07:39.428 align:start position:0%
kinetic energy of a bullet. And there's
no<00:08:51.680><c> atmosphere</c><00:08:52.160><c> to</c><00:08:52.399><c> burn</c><00:08:52.640><c> up</c><00:08:52.800><c> this</c><00:08:52.959><c> debris</c>

07:39.428 --> 07:39.438 align:start position:0%
no atmosphere to burn up this debris
 

07:39.438 --> 07:41.428 align:start position:0%
no atmosphere to burn up this debris
before<00:08:53.519><c> it</c><00:08:53.680><c> hits</c><00:08:53.920><c> the</c><00:08:54.080><c> surface</c><00:08:54.560><c> where</c><00:08:55.120><c> an</c>

07:41.428 --> 07:41.438 align:start position:0%
before it hits the surface where an
 

07:41.438 --> 07:44.628 align:start position:0%
before it hits the surface where an
unlucky<00:08:56.000><c> astronaut</c><00:08:56.720><c> may</c><00:08:56.959><c> be</c><00:08:57.120><c> standing.</c><00:08:58.320><c> To</c>

07:44.628 --> 07:44.638 align:start position:0%
unlucky astronaut may be standing. To
 

07:44.638 --> 07:47.428 align:start position:0%
unlucky astronaut may be standing. To
counter<00:08:59.040><c> this,</c><00:08:59.839><c> the</c><00:09:00.080><c> suit's</c><00:09:00.399><c> outer</c><00:09:00.800><c> shell</c><00:09:01.120><c> use</c>

07:47.428 --> 07:47.438 align:start position:0%
counter this, the suit's outer shell use
 

07:47.438 --> 07:49.587 align:start position:0%
counter this, the suit's outer shell use
something<00:09:01.760><c> usually</c><00:09:02.240><c> found</c><00:09:02.720><c> built</c><00:09:03.040><c> into</c>

07:49.587 --> 07:49.597 align:start position:0%
something usually found built into
 

07:49.597 --> 07:53.587 align:start position:0%
something usually found built into
spacecraft,<00:09:04.640><c> a</c><00:09:05.279><c> whipple</c><00:09:05.839><c> shield</c><00:09:06.320><c> design.</c>

07:53.587 --> 07:53.597 align:start position:0%
spacecraft, a whipple shield design.
 

07:53.597 --> 07:55.988 align:start position:0%
spacecraft, a whipple shield design.
This<00:09:07.839><c> is</c><00:09:08.080><c> basically</c><00:09:08.560><c> a</c><00:09:08.880><c> series</c><00:09:09.200><c> of</c><00:09:09.360><c> high-tech</c>

07:55.988 --> 07:55.998 align:start position:0%
This is basically a series of high-tech
 

07:55.998 --> 07:58.388 align:start position:0%
This is basically a series of high-tech
materials<00:09:10.480><c> arranged</c><00:09:10.959><c> in</c><00:09:11.200><c> specific</c><00:09:11.839><c> layers</c><00:09:12.080><c> to</c>

07:58.388 --> 07:58.398 align:start position:0%
materials arranged in specific layers to
 

07:58.398 --> 08:01.108 align:start position:0%
materials arranged in specific layers to
help<00:09:12.480><c> absorb</c><00:09:13.120><c> serious</c><00:09:13.519><c> impact.</c><00:09:14.640><c> In</c><00:09:14.880><c> this</c>

08:01.108 --> 08:01.118 align:start position:0%
help absorb serious impact. In this
 

08:01.118 --> 08:02.548 align:start position:0%
help absorb serious impact. In this
case,<00:09:15.279><c> the</c><00:09:15.440><c> outer</c><00:09:15.760><c> materials</c><00:09:16.240><c> were</c>

08:02.548 --> 08:02.558 align:start position:0%
case, the outer materials were
 

08:02.558 --> 08:05.108 align:start position:0%
case, the outer materials were
tefloncoated<00:09:17.519><c> beta</c><00:09:17.920><c> cloth</c><00:09:18.399><c> and</c><00:09:18.720><c> high</c>

08:05.108 --> 08:05.118 align:start position:0%
tefloncoated beta cloth and high
 

08:05.118 --> 08:07.587 align:start position:0%
tefloncoated beta cloth and high
strength<00:09:19.440><c> dacron</c><00:09:20.160><c> that</c><00:09:20.480><c> would</c><00:09:20.720><c> shatter</c><00:09:21.200><c> any</c>

08:07.587 --> 08:07.597 align:start position:0%
strength dacron that would shatter any
 

08:07.597 --> 08:09.748 align:start position:0%
strength dacron that would shatter any
high-speed<00:09:22.080><c> projectile</c><00:09:22.560><c> that</c><00:09:22.720><c> hit</c><00:09:22.959><c> it.</c><00:09:23.519><c> While</c>

08:09.748 --> 08:09.758 align:start position:0%
high-speed projectile that hit it. While
 

08:09.758 --> 08:12.228 align:start position:0%
high-speed projectile that hit it. While
the<00:09:23.839><c> inner</c><00:09:24.240><c> layers</c><00:09:24.399><c> of</c><00:09:24.640><c> myar</c><00:09:25.200><c> and</c><00:09:25.519><c> yet</c><00:09:25.839><c> more</c>

08:12.228 --> 08:12.238 align:start position:0%
the inner layers of myar and yet more
 

08:12.238 --> 08:15.428 align:start position:0%
the inner layers of myar and yet more
dacron<00:09:26.959><c> acted</c><00:09:27.360><c> as</c><00:09:27.680><c> cushions,</c><00:09:28.480><c> absorbing</c><00:09:29.120><c> and</c>

08:15.428 --> 08:15.438 align:start position:0%
dacron acted as cushions, absorbing and
 

08:15.438 --> 08:17.587 align:start position:0%
dacron acted as cushions, absorbing and
dissipating<00:09:29.920><c> the</c><00:09:30.160><c> remaining</c><00:09:30.480><c> energy,</c>

08:17.587 --> 08:17.597 align:start position:0%
dissipating the remaining energy,
 

08:17.597 --> 08:19.587 align:start position:0%
dissipating the remaining energy,
spreading<00:09:31.920><c> the</c><00:09:32.080><c> force</c><00:09:32.399><c> of</c><00:09:32.560><c> the</c><00:09:32.640><c> impact</c><00:09:33.040><c> over</c><00:09:33.279><c> a</c>

08:19.587 --> 08:19.597 align:start position:0%
spreading the force of the impact over a
 

08:19.597 --> 08:22.228 align:start position:0%
spreading the force of the impact over a
wider<00:09:33.920><c> area</c><00:09:34.640><c> ensured</c><00:09:34.959><c> that</c><00:09:35.200><c> the</c><00:09:35.360><c> critical</c>

08:22.228 --> 08:22.238 align:start position:0%
wider area ensured that the critical
 

08:22.238 --> 08:24.148 align:start position:0%
wider area ensured that the critical
pressurized<00:09:36.720><c> inner</c><00:09:37.120><c> bladder</c><00:09:37.519><c> remained</c>

08:24.148 --> 08:24.158 align:start position:0%
pressurized inner bladder remained
 

08:24.158 --> 08:26.868 align:start position:0%
pressurized inner bladder remained
unpunctured,<00:09:39.200><c> keeping</c><00:09:39.519><c> the</c><00:09:39.760><c> vacuum</c><00:09:40.160><c> of</c><00:09:40.399><c> space</c>

08:26.868 --> 08:26.878 align:start position:0%
unpunctured, keeping the vacuum of space
 

08:26.878 --> 08:28.708 align:start position:0%
unpunctured, keeping the vacuum of space
at<00:09:40.959><c> bay.</c>

08:28.708 --> 08:28.718 align:start position:0%
at bay.
 

08:28.718 --> 08:30.788 align:start position:0%
at bay.
safely<00:09:43.120><c> encased</c><00:09:43.600><c> within</c><00:09:44.000><c> these</c><00:09:44.240><c> portable</c>

08:30.788 --> 08:30.798 align:start position:0%
safely encased within these portable
 

08:30.798 --> 08:33.268 align:start position:0%
safely encased within these portable
sanctuaries,<00:09:45.680><c> Neil</c><00:09:46.000><c> Armstrong</c><00:09:46.640><c> and</c><00:09:46.880><c> Buzz</c>

08:33.268 --> 08:33.278 align:start position:0%
sanctuaries, Neil Armstrong and Buzz
 

08:33.278 --> 08:36.148 align:start position:0%
sanctuaries, Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin<00:09:47.839><c> survived</c><00:09:48.560><c> those</c><00:09:49.040><c> first</c><00:09:49.600><c> iconic</c>

08:36.148 --> 08:36.158 align:start position:0%
Aldrin survived those first iconic
 

08:36.158 --> 08:37.668 align:start position:0%
Aldrin survived those first iconic
steps.

08:37.668 --> 08:37.678 align:start position:0%
steps.
 

08:37.678 --> 08:41.027 align:start position:0%
steps.
But<00:09:52.160><c> the</c><00:09:52.480><c> celebration</c><00:09:53.200><c> was</c><00:09:53.519><c> short-lived.</c><00:09:54.640><c> A</c>

08:41.027 --> 08:41.037 align:start position:0%
But the celebration was short-lived. A
 

08:41.037 --> 08:43.508 align:start position:0%
But the celebration was short-lived. A
grueling<00:09:55.680><c> checklist</c><00:09:56.160><c> of</c><00:09:56.399><c> lunar</c><00:09:56.800><c> science</c><00:09:57.279><c> lay</c>

08:43.508 --> 08:43.518 align:start position:0%
grueling checklist of lunar science lay
 

08:43.518 --> 08:46.388 align:start position:0%
grueling checklist of lunar science lay
ahead<00:09:58.160><c> and</c><00:09:58.320><c> they</c><00:09:58.640><c> only</c><00:09:58.800><c> had</c><00:09:59.200><c> 2</c><00:09:59.440><c> and</c><00:09:59.600><c> 1/2</c><00:10:00.000><c> hours</c>

08:46.388 --> 08:46.398 align:start position:0%
ahead and they only had 2 and 1/2 hours
 

08:46.398 --> 08:48.628 align:start position:0%
ahead and they only had 2 and 1/2 hours
to<00:10:00.480><c> complete</c><00:10:00.800><c> it.</c><00:10:01.360><c> It</c><00:10:01.600><c> was</c><00:10:01.680><c> a</c><00:10:01.920><c> race</c><00:10:02.240><c> against</c>

08:48.628 --> 08:48.638 align:start position:0%
to complete it. It was a race against
 

08:48.638 --> 08:50.388 align:start position:0%
to complete it. It was a race against
the<00:10:02.800><c> clock.</c>

08:50.388 --> 08:50.398 align:start position:0%
the clock.
 

08:50.398 --> 08:52.548 align:start position:0%
the clock.
The<00:10:04.560><c> top</c><00:10:04.800><c> priority</c><00:10:05.279><c> was</c><00:10:05.519><c> getting</c><00:10:05.839><c> a</c><00:10:06.080><c> lunar</c>

08:52.548 --> 08:52.558 align:start position:0%
The top priority was getting a lunar
 

08:52.558 --> 08:54.628 align:start position:0%
The top priority was getting a lunar
sample.<00:10:07.279><c> Within</c><00:10:07.680><c> minutes</c><00:10:07.920><c> of</c><00:10:08.160><c> stepping</c><00:10:08.399><c> off</c>

08:54.628 --> 08:54.638 align:start position:0%
sample. Within minutes of stepping off
 

08:54.638 --> 08:56.708 align:start position:0%
sample. Within minutes of stepping off
the<00:10:08.720><c> eagle's</c><00:10:09.200><c> ladder,</c><00:10:09.680><c> Armstrong</c><00:10:10.320><c> collected</c>

08:56.708 --> 08:56.718 align:start position:0%
the eagle's ladder, Armstrong collected
 

08:56.718 --> 08:59.027 align:start position:0%
the eagle's ladder, Armstrong collected
a<00:10:10.880><c> small</c><00:10:11.120><c> amount</c><00:10:11.440><c> of</c><00:10:11.600><c> regalith</c><00:10:12.240><c> and</c><00:10:12.480><c> tucked</c><00:10:12.800><c> it</c>

08:59.027 --> 08:59.037 align:start position:0%
a small amount of regalith and tucked it
 

08:59.037 --> 09:01.428 align:start position:0%
a small amount of regalith and tucked it
into<00:10:13.120><c> a</c><00:10:13.360><c> pocket</c><00:10:13.680><c> on</c><00:10:13.839><c> his</c><00:10:14.079><c> leg.</c><00:10:14.720><c> This</c><00:10:14.959><c> ensured</c>

09:01.428 --> 09:01.438 align:start position:0%
into a pocket on his leg. This ensured
 

09:01.438 --> 09:04.068 align:start position:0%
into a pocket on his leg. This ensured
that<00:10:15.760><c> even</c><00:10:16.079><c> if</c><00:10:16.399><c> an</c><00:10:16.640><c> emergency</c><00:10:17.279><c> forced</c><00:10:17.680><c> an</c>

09:04.068 --> 09:04.078 align:start position:0%
that even if an emergency forced an
 

09:04.078 --> 09:06.147 align:start position:0%
that even if an emergency forced an
immediate<00:10:18.480><c> evacuation,</c><00:10:19.519><c> they</c><00:10:19.680><c> would</c><00:10:19.839><c> not</c>

09:06.147 --> 09:06.157 align:start position:0%
immediate evacuation, they would not
 

09:06.157 --> 09:08.548 align:start position:0%
immediate evacuation, they would not
return<00:10:20.320><c> to</c><00:10:20.480><c> Earth</c><00:10:20.959><c> empty-handed.</c>

09:08.548 --> 09:08.558 align:start position:0%
return to Earth empty-handed.
 

09:08.558 --> 09:11.268 align:start position:0%
return to Earth empty-handed.
But<00:10:22.720><c> the</c><00:10:22.959><c> true</c><00:10:23.519><c> scientific</c><00:10:24.000><c> payload</c><00:10:24.959><c> lay</c>

09:11.268 --> 09:11.278 align:start position:0%
But the true scientific payload lay
 

09:11.278 --> 09:13.748 align:start position:0%
But the true scientific payload lay
within<00:10:25.680><c> the</c><00:10:26.160><c> early</c><00:10:26.560><c> Apollo</c><00:10:27.120><c> scientific</c>

09:13.748 --> 09:13.758 align:start position:0%
within the early Apollo scientific
 

09:13.758 --> 09:17.988 align:start position:0%
within the early Apollo scientific
experiments<00:10:28.320><c> package,</c><00:10:29.200><c> a</c><00:10:29.680><c> 48.5</c><00:10:30.880><c> kg</c><00:10:31.440><c> suite</c><00:10:31.760><c> of</c>

09:17.988 --> 09:17.998 align:start position:0%
experiments package, a 48.5 kg suite of
 

09:17.998 --> 09:19.907 align:start position:0%
experiments package, a 48.5 kg suite of
scientific<00:10:32.399><c> experiments</c><00:10:33.120><c> that</c><00:10:33.360><c> you</c><00:10:33.519><c> can</c><00:10:33.600><c> see</c>

09:19.907 --> 09:19.917 align:start position:0%
scientific experiments that you can see
 

09:19.917 --> 09:22.388 align:start position:0%
scientific experiments that you can see
Buzz<00:10:34.240><c> carrying</c><00:10:34.720><c> here.</c><00:10:35.680><c> One</c><00:10:35.920><c> of</c><00:10:36.000><c> the</c><00:10:36.160><c> key</c>

09:22.388 --> 09:22.398 align:start position:0%
Buzz carrying here. One of the key
 

09:22.398 --> 09:24.548 align:start position:0%
Buzz carrying here. One of the key
instruments<00:10:36.800><c> was</c><00:10:37.040><c> the</c><00:10:37.279><c> laser</c><00:10:37.839><c> ranging</c>

09:24.548 --> 09:24.558 align:start position:0%
instruments was the laser ranging
 

09:24.558 --> 09:26.308 align:start position:0%
instruments was the laser ranging
retroreflector.

09:26.308 --> 09:26.318 align:start position:0%
retroreflector.
 

09:26.318 --> 09:28.548 align:start position:0%
retroreflector.
This<00:10:40.480><c> simple</c><00:10:40.800><c> array</c><00:10:41.200><c> of</c><00:10:41.440><c> quartz</c><00:10:41.839><c> prisms</c>

09:28.548 --> 09:28.558 align:start position:0%
This simple array of quartz prisms
 

09:28.558 --> 09:30.467 align:start position:0%
This simple array of quartz prisms
allowed<00:10:42.880><c> scientists</c><00:10:43.279><c> on</c><00:10:43.519><c> Earth</c><00:10:43.760><c> to</c><00:10:44.000><c> bounce</c>

09:30.467 --> 09:30.477 align:start position:0%
allowed scientists on Earth to bounce
 

09:30.477 --> 09:32.708 align:start position:0%
allowed scientists on Earth to bounce
laser<00:10:44.800><c> beams</c><00:10:45.200><c> off</c><00:10:45.440><c> the</c><00:10:45.600><c> moon's</c><00:10:45.920><c> surface</c><00:10:46.320><c> with</c>

09:32.708 --> 09:32.718 align:start position:0%
laser beams off the moon's surface with
 

09:32.718 --> 09:35.347 align:start position:0%
laser beams off the moon's surface with
incredible<00:10:47.360><c> precision.</c><00:10:48.480><c> By</c><00:10:48.800><c> timing</c><00:10:49.120><c> the</c>

09:35.347 --> 09:35.357 align:start position:0%
incredible precision. By timing the
 

09:35.357 --> 09:37.668 align:start position:0%
incredible precision. By timing the
round<00:10:49.600><c> trip</c><00:10:49.839><c> of</c><00:10:50.079><c> these</c><00:10:50.320><c> photons,</c><00:10:51.200><c> we</c><00:10:51.440><c> could</c>

09:37.668 --> 09:37.678 align:start position:0%
round trip of these photons, we could
 

09:37.678 --> 09:39.748 align:start position:0%
round trip of these photons, we could
measure<00:10:52.000><c> the</c><00:10:52.240><c> distance</c><00:10:52.640><c> between</c><00:10:53.040><c> our</c><00:10:53.360><c> two</c>

09:39.748 --> 09:39.758 align:start position:0%
measure the distance between our two
 

09:39.758 --> 09:42.788 align:start position:0%
measure the distance between our two
worlds<00:10:54.320><c> within</c><00:10:54.640><c> a</c><00:10:54.880><c> few</c><00:10:55.360><c> millime.</c><00:10:56.399><c> And</c>

09:42.788 --> 09:42.798 align:start position:0%
worlds within a few millime. And
 

09:42.798 --> 09:44.228 align:start position:0%
worlds within a few millime. And
measurements<00:10:57.279><c> taken</c><00:10:57.680><c> using</c><00:10:58.000><c> the</c>

09:44.228 --> 09:44.238 align:start position:0%
measurements taken using the
 

09:44.238 --> 09:46.628 align:start position:0%
measurements taken using the
retroreflector<00:10:59.040><c> throughout</c><00:10:59.360><c> the</c><00:10:59.519><c> 1970s</c>

09:46.628 --> 09:46.638 align:start position:0%
retroreflector throughout the 1970s
 

09:46.638 --> 09:48.467 align:start position:0%
retroreflector throughout the 1970s
helped<00:11:00.880><c> us</c><00:11:01.120><c> discover</c><00:11:01.440><c> that</c><00:11:01.680><c> the</c><00:11:01.839><c> moon</c><00:11:02.160><c> is</c>

09:48.467 --> 09:48.477 align:start position:0%
helped us discover that the moon is
 

09:48.477 --> 09:51.108 align:start position:0%
helped us discover that the moon is
slowly<00:11:02.880><c> drifting</c><00:11:03.440><c> away</c><00:11:03.760><c> from</c><00:11:04.079><c> Earth</c><00:11:04.560><c> at</c><00:11:04.800><c> a</c>

09:51.108 --> 09:51.118 align:start position:0%
slowly drifting away from Earth at a
 

09:51.118 --> 09:54.788 align:start position:0%
slowly drifting away from Earth at a
rate<00:11:05.200><c> of</c><00:11:05.440><c> about</c><00:11:06.000><c> 3.8</c><00:11:06.959><c> cm</c><00:11:07.519><c> per</c><00:11:07.839><c> year.</c><00:11:08.480><c> And</c>

09:54.788 --> 09:54.798 align:start position:0%
rate of about 3.8 cm per year. And
 

09:54.798 --> 09:57.027 align:start position:0%
rate of about 3.8 cm per year. And
incredibly,<00:11:09.600><c> these</c><00:11:09.920><c> measurements</c><00:11:10.480><c> continue</c>

09:57.027 --> 09:57.037 align:start position:0%
incredibly, these measurements continue
 

09:57.037 --> 09:59.907 align:start position:0%
incredibly, these measurements continue
to<00:11:11.200><c> this</c><00:11:11.440><c> day</c><00:11:12.000><c> using</c><00:11:12.399><c> that</c><00:11:12.800><c> same</c><00:11:13.279><c> retro</c>

09:59.907 --> 09:59.917 align:start position:0%
to this day using that same retro
 

09:59.917 --> 10:02.308 align:start position:0%
to this day using that same retro
reflector<00:11:14.560><c> for</c><00:11:15.040><c> gravitational</c><00:11:15.839><c> wave</c>

10:02.308 --> 10:02.318 align:start position:0%
reflector for gravitational wave
 

10:02.318 --> 10:05.587 align:start position:0%
reflector for gravitational wave
research,<00:11:17.040><c> most</c><00:11:17.360><c> recently</c><00:11:17.839><c> in</c><00:11:18.160><c> 2026</c><00:11:18.959><c> by</c><00:11:19.279><c> the</c>

10:05.587 --> 10:05.597 align:start position:0%
research, most recently in 2026 by the
 

10:05.597 --> 10:08.788 align:start position:0%
research, most recently in 2026 by the
Tianin<00:11:20.399><c> laser</c><00:11:20.800><c> ranging</c><00:11:21.279><c> station</c><00:11:21.600><c> in</c><00:11:21.839><c> China.</c>

10:08.788 --> 10:08.798 align:start position:0%
Tianin laser ranging station in China.
 

10:08.798 --> 10:10.548 align:start position:0%
Tianin laser ranging station in China.
The<00:11:22.880><c> other</c><00:11:23.120><c> large</c><00:11:23.440><c> experiment</c><00:11:23.920><c> was</c><00:11:24.160><c> a</c>

10:10.548 --> 10:10.558 align:start position:0%
The other large experiment was a
 

10:10.558 --> 10:12.708 align:start position:0%
The other large experiment was a
seismometer<00:11:25.519><c> used</c><00:11:25.760><c> to</c><00:11:26.000><c> measure</c><00:11:26.320><c> ground</c>

10:12.708 --> 10:12.718 align:start position:0%
seismometer used to measure ground
 

10:12.718 --> 10:15.188 align:start position:0%
seismometer used to measure ground
motion.<00:11:27.600><c> This</c><00:11:27.839><c> device</c><00:11:28.320><c> and</c><00:11:28.640><c> the</c><00:11:28.800><c> others</c>

10:15.188 --> 10:15.198 align:start position:0%
motion. This device and the others
 

10:15.198 --> 10:17.587 align:start position:0%
motion. This device and the others
placed<00:11:29.440><c> after</c><00:11:29.760><c> it</c><00:11:30.320><c> revealed</c><00:11:30.800><c> that</c><00:11:31.040><c> the</c><00:11:31.200><c> moon</c>

10:17.587 --> 10:17.597 align:start position:0%
placed after it revealed that the moon
 

10:17.597 --> 10:20.548 align:start position:0%
placed after it revealed that the moon
was<00:11:31.760><c> not</c><00:11:31.920><c> a</c><00:11:32.079><c> dead</c><00:11:32.560><c> solid</c><00:11:32.959><c> rock.</c><00:11:33.760><c> Instead,</c><00:11:34.240><c> it</c>

10:20.548 --> 10:20.558 align:start position:0%
was not a dead solid rock. Instead, it
 

10:20.558 --> 10:23.508 align:start position:0%
was not a dead solid rock. Instead, it
vibrated<00:11:35.279><c> with</c><00:11:35.760><c> moon</c><00:11:36.079><c> quakes.</c><00:11:37.040><c> These</c><00:11:37.360><c> are</c>

10:23.508 --> 10:23.518 align:start position:0%
vibrated with moon quakes. These are
 

10:23.518 --> 10:25.268 align:start position:0%
vibrated with moon quakes. These are
similar<00:11:37.760><c> to</c><00:11:37.920><c> earthquakes</c><00:11:38.399><c> and</c><00:11:38.640><c> are</c><00:11:38.800><c> formed</c>

10:25.268 --> 10:25.278 align:start position:0%
similar to earthquakes and are formed
 

10:25.278 --> 10:27.907 align:start position:0%
similar to earthquakes and are formed
through<00:11:39.680><c> four</c><00:11:40.000><c> different</c><00:11:40.320><c> methods.</c><00:11:41.360><c> The</c><00:11:41.600><c> deep</c>

10:27.907 --> 10:27.917 align:start position:0%
through four different methods. The deep
 

10:27.917 --> 10:30.228 align:start position:0%
through four different methods. The deep
ones<00:11:42.399><c> hundreds</c><00:11:42.720><c> of</c><00:11:42.880><c> kilome</c><00:11:43.519><c> beneath</c><00:11:43.920><c> the</c>

10:30.228 --> 10:30.238 align:start position:0%
ones hundreds of kilome beneath the
 

10:30.238 --> 10:33.268 align:start position:0%
ones hundreds of kilome beneath the
surface<00:11:44.800><c> are</c><00:11:45.040><c> tidal</c><00:11:46.079><c> caused</c><00:11:46.399><c> by</c><00:11:46.560><c> the</c><00:11:46.720><c> pole</c><00:11:47.040><c> of</c>

10:33.268 --> 10:33.278 align:start position:0%
surface are tidal caused by the pole of
 

10:33.278 --> 10:35.108 align:start position:0%
surface are tidal caused by the pole of
Earth's<00:11:47.519><c> gravity</c><00:11:47.920><c> tugging</c><00:11:48.399><c> and</c><00:11:48.640><c> stretching</c>

10:35.108 --> 10:35.118 align:start position:0%
Earth's gravity tugging and stretching
 

10:35.118 --> 10:37.347 align:start position:0%
Earth's gravity tugging and stretching
the<00:11:49.279><c> moon's</c><00:11:49.600><c> internal</c><00:11:50.000><c> structures.</c><00:11:51.040><c> The</c>

10:37.347 --> 10:37.357 align:start position:0%
the moon's internal structures. The
 

10:37.357 --> 10:40.068 align:start position:0%
the moon's internal structures. The
shallow<00:11:51.600><c> ones</c><00:11:51.839><c> originate</c><00:11:52.320><c> just</c><00:11:52.720><c> 20</c><00:11:52.959><c> to</c><00:11:53.200><c> 30</c><00:11:53.440><c> km</c>

10:40.068 --> 10:40.078 align:start position:0%
shallow ones originate just 20 to 30 km
 

10:40.078 --> 10:42.868 align:start position:0%
shallow ones originate just 20 to 30 km
down,<00:11:54.640><c> can</c><00:11:54.880><c> last</c><00:11:55.120><c> up</c><00:11:55.360><c> to</c><00:11:55.519><c> 10</c><00:11:55.760><c> minutes,</c><00:11:56.399><c> and</c><00:11:56.560><c> are</c>

10:42.868 --> 10:42.878 align:start position:0%
down, can last up to 10 minutes, and are
 

10:42.878 --> 10:44.868 align:start position:0%
down, can last up to 10 minutes, and are
caused<00:11:57.040><c> by</c><00:11:57.200><c> the</c><00:11:57.440><c> moon</c><00:11:57.760><c> shrinking</c><00:11:58.320><c> as</c><00:11:58.560><c> it</c>

10:44.868 --> 10:44.878 align:start position:0%
caused by the moon shrinking as it
 

10:44.878 --> 10:47.587 align:start position:0%
caused by the moon shrinking as it
cools.<00:12:00.000><c> And</c><00:12:00.240><c> finally,</c><00:12:00.720><c> there</c><00:12:00.880><c> are</c><00:12:01.040><c> two</c><00:12:01.279><c> types</c>

10:47.587 --> 10:47.597 align:start position:0%
cools. And finally, there are two types
 

10:47.597 --> 10:50.068 align:start position:0%
cools. And finally, there are two types
that<00:12:01.760><c> start</c><00:12:02.000><c> on</c><00:12:02.160><c> the</c><00:12:02.320><c> surface.</c><00:12:03.120><c> One</c><00:12:03.360><c> caused</c><00:12:03.760><c> by</c>

10:50.068 --> 10:50.078 align:start position:0%
that start on the surface. One caused by
 

10:50.078 --> 10:52.467 align:start position:0%
that start on the surface. One caused by
meteor<00:12:04.480><c> impacts,</c><00:12:05.200><c> and</c><00:12:05.360><c> the</c><00:12:05.600><c> other</c><00:12:06.000><c> by</c><00:12:06.240><c> the</c>

10:52.467 --> 10:52.477 align:start position:0%
meteor impacts, and the other by the
 

10:52.477 --> 10:54.388 align:start position:0%
meteor impacts, and the other by the
heating<00:12:06.720><c> and</c><00:12:07.040><c> cooling</c><00:12:07.360><c> of</c><00:12:07.519><c> the</c><00:12:07.680><c> moon's</c><00:12:08.000><c> crust</c>

10:54.388 --> 10:54.398 align:start position:0%
heating and cooling of the moon's crust
 

10:54.398 --> 10:57.268 align:start position:0%
heating and cooling of the moon's crust
as<00:12:08.480><c> it</c><00:12:08.720><c> cycles</c><00:12:09.120><c> between</c><00:12:09.519><c> night</c><00:12:09.760><c> and</c><00:12:10.000><c> day.</c><00:12:11.040><c> And</c>

10:57.268 --> 10:57.278 align:start position:0%
as it cycles between night and day. And
 

10:57.278 --> 10:59.268 align:start position:0%
as it cycles between night and day. And
that<00:12:11.360><c> one's</c><00:12:11.680><c> not</c><00:12:12.000><c> ideal</c><00:12:12.320><c> for</c><00:12:12.560><c> any</c><00:12:12.800><c> future</c>

10:59.268 --> 10:59.278 align:start position:0%
that one's not ideal for any future
 

10:59.278 --> 11:02.228 align:start position:0%
that one's not ideal for any future
lunar<00:12:13.600><c> base.</c><00:12:14.800><c> The</c><00:12:15.040><c> final</c><00:12:15.360><c> scientific</c><00:12:15.839><c> task</c>

11:02.228 --> 11:02.238 align:start position:0%
lunar base. The final scientific task
 

11:02.238 --> 11:04.228 align:start position:0%
lunar base. The final scientific task
that<00:12:16.480><c> needed</c><00:12:16.720><c> to</c><00:12:16.959><c> be</c><00:12:17.120><c> completed</c><00:12:17.600><c> was</c>

11:04.228 --> 11:04.238 align:start position:0%
that needed to be completed was
 

11:04.238 --> 11:07.027 align:start position:0%
that needed to be completed was
collecting<00:12:18.800><c> samples.</c><00:12:20.000><c> In</c><00:12:20.160><c> total,</c><00:12:20.480><c> the</c><00:12:20.639><c> crew</c>

11:07.027 --> 11:07.037 align:start position:0%
collecting samples. In total, the crew
 

11:07.037 --> 11:10.308 align:start position:0%
collecting samples. In total, the crew
collected<00:12:21.440><c> 21.5</c><00:12:22.480><c> kg</c><00:12:23.040><c> of</c><00:12:23.200><c> lunar</c><00:12:23.600><c> material,</c>

11:10.308 --> 11:10.318 align:start position:0%
collected 21.5 kg of lunar material,
 

11:10.318 --> 11:13.188 align:start position:0%
collected 21.5 kg of lunar material,
basaltic<00:12:24.959><c> rocks,</c><00:12:25.600><c> and</c><00:12:25.839><c> fine</c><00:12:26.160><c> dust</c><00:12:26.639><c> that</c><00:12:26.880><c> had</c>

11:13.188 --> 11:13.198 align:start position:0%
basaltic rocks, and fine dust that had
 

11:13.198 --> 11:15.587 align:start position:0%
basaltic rocks, and fine dust that had
remained<00:12:27.519><c> undisturbed</c><00:12:28.399><c> for</c><00:12:28.880><c> billions</c><00:12:29.279><c> of</c>

11:15.587 --> 11:15.597 align:start position:0%
remained undisturbed for billions of
 

11:15.597 --> 11:17.587 align:start position:0%
remained undisturbed for billions of
years.<00:12:30.399><c> Because</c><00:12:30.639><c> they</c><00:12:30.880><c> had</c><00:12:31.120><c> not</c><00:12:31.279><c> been</c>

11:17.587 --> 11:17.597 align:start position:0%
years. Because they had not been
 

11:17.597 --> 11:19.347 align:start position:0%
years. Because they had not been
contaminated<00:12:32.160><c> by</c><00:12:32.320><c> life</c><00:12:32.560><c> and</c><00:12:32.800><c> were</c>

11:19.347 --> 11:19.357 align:start position:0%
contaminated by life and were
 

11:19.357 --> 11:21.027 align:start position:0%
contaminated by life and were
essentially<00:12:33.839><c> unchanged</c><00:12:34.480><c> since</c><00:12:34.720><c> their</c>

11:21.027 --> 11:21.037 align:start position:0%
essentially unchanged since their
 

11:21.037 --> 11:23.907 align:start position:0%
essentially unchanged since their
formation,<00:12:35.760><c> these</c><00:12:36.079><c> specimens</c><00:12:36.880><c> became</c><00:12:37.360><c> our</c>

11:23.907 --> 11:23.917 align:start position:0%
formation, these specimens became our
 

11:23.917 --> 11:25.988 align:start position:0%
formation, these specimens became our
golden<00:12:38.399><c> record</c><00:12:38.800><c> of</c><00:12:38.959><c> the</c><00:12:39.200><c> solar</c><00:12:39.519><c> systems</c>

11:25.988 --> 11:25.998 align:start position:0%
golden record of the solar systems
 

11:25.998 --> 11:28.147 align:start position:0%
golden record of the solar systems
history,<00:12:40.639><c> containing</c><00:12:41.120><c> chemical</c><00:12:41.600><c> signatures</c>

11:28.147 --> 11:28.157 align:start position:0%
history, containing chemical signatures
 

11:28.157 --> 11:30.788 align:start position:0%
history, containing chemical signatures
of<00:12:42.399><c> early</c><00:12:42.720><c> Earth</c><00:12:43.360><c> and</c><00:12:43.600><c> the</c><00:12:43.839><c> violent</c><00:12:44.320><c> impacts</c>

11:30.788 --> 11:30.798 align:start position:0%
of early Earth and the violent impacts
 

11:30.798 --> 11:34.068 align:start position:0%
of early Earth and the violent impacts
that<00:12:44.880><c> shaped</c><00:12:45.279><c> our</c><00:12:45.519><c> celestial</c><00:12:46.079><c> neighborhood.</c>

11:34.068 --> 11:34.078 align:start position:0%
that shaped our celestial neighborhood.
 

11:34.078 --> 11:38.068 align:start position:0%
that shaped our celestial neighborhood.
After<00:12:48.480><c> 2</c><00:12:48.800><c> hours</c><00:12:49.600><c> 31</c><00:12:50.079><c> minutes</c><00:12:50.399><c> and</c><00:12:50.639><c> 40</c><00:12:51.040><c> seconds,</c>

11:38.068 --> 11:38.078 align:start position:0%
After 2 hours 31 minutes and 40 seconds,
 

11:38.078 --> 11:40.788 align:start position:0%
After 2 hours 31 minutes and 40 seconds,
time<00:12:52.240><c> was</c><00:12:52.480><c> up.</c><00:12:53.360><c> Uldren</c><00:12:53.839><c> and</c><00:12:54.000><c> Armstrong</c>

11:40.788 --> 11:40.798 align:start position:0%
time was up. Uldren and Armstrong
 

11:40.798 --> 11:42.868 align:start position:0%
time was up. Uldren and Armstrong
reclimbed<00:12:55.200><c> the</c><00:12:55.440><c> ladder</c><00:12:55.920><c> and</c><00:12:56.160><c> the</c><00:12:56.320><c> hatch</c><00:12:56.639><c> of</c>

11:42.868 --> 11:42.878 align:start position:0%
reclimbed the ladder and the hatch of
 

11:42.878 --> 11:45.188 align:start position:0%
reclimbed the ladder and the hatch of
the<00:12:56.959><c> lunar</c><00:12:57.360><c> module</c><00:12:57.839><c> swung</c><00:12:58.240><c> shut.</c><00:12:58.959><c> The</c>

11:45.188 --> 11:45.198 align:start position:0%
the lunar module swung shut. The
 

11:45.198 --> 11:47.587 align:start position:0%
the lunar module swung shut. The
astronauts<00:12:59.839><c> had</c><00:13:00.079><c> made</c><00:13:00.240><c> it,</c><00:13:00.800><c> pushing</c><00:13:01.200><c> the</c>

11:47.587 --> 11:47.597 align:start position:0%
astronauts had made it, pushing the
 

11:47.597 --> 11:50.628 align:start position:0%
astronauts had made it, pushing the
limits<00:13:02.000><c> of</c><00:13:02.240><c> their</c><00:13:02.480><c> life</c><00:13:02.800><c> support</c><00:13:03.120><c> backpacks.</c>

11:50.628 --> 11:50.638 align:start position:0%
limits of their life support backpacks.
 

11:50.638 --> 11:53.268 align:start position:0%
limits of their life support backpacks.
Despite<00:13:05.040><c> having</c><00:13:05.519><c> 4</c><00:13:05.920><c> hours</c><00:13:06.240><c> worth</c><00:13:06.480><c> of</c><00:13:06.639><c> air,</c>

11:53.268 --> 11:53.278 align:start position:0%
Despite having 4 hours worth of air,
 

11:53.278 --> 11:55.428 align:start position:0%
Despite having 4 hours worth of air,
NASA<00:13:07.600><c> seleated</c><00:13:08.000><c> their</c><00:13:08.240><c> sorty</c><00:13:08.639><c> to</c><00:13:08.800><c> only</c><00:13:08.959><c> be</c><00:13:09.120><c> 2</c>

11:55.428 --> 11:55.438 align:start position:0%
NASA seleated their sorty to only be 2
 

11:55.438 --> 11:57.668 align:start position:0%
NASA seleated their sorty to only be 2
and<00:13:09.519><c> 1/2</c><00:13:09.839><c> hours</c><00:13:10.079><c> long</c><00:13:10.639><c> in</c><00:13:10.880><c> case</c><00:13:11.040><c> of</c><00:13:11.279><c> other</c>

11:57.668 --> 11:57.678 align:start position:0%
and 1/2 hours long in case of other
 

11:57.678 --> 12:00.308 align:start position:0%
and 1/2 hours long in case of other
emergencies.<00:13:12.800><c> The</c><00:13:13.040><c> astronauts</c><00:13:13.680><c> left</c><00:13:13.920><c> behind</c>

12:00.308 --> 12:00.318 align:start position:0%
emergencies. The astronauts left behind
 

12:00.318 --> 12:02.707 align:start position:0%
emergencies. The astronauts left behind
their<00:13:14.399><c> tools</c><00:13:14.800><c> and</c><00:13:15.120><c> footprints,</c><00:13:16.160><c> and</c><00:13:16.399><c> they</c>

12:02.707 --> 12:02.717 align:start position:0%
their tools and footprints, and they
 

12:02.717 --> 12:04.788 align:start position:0%
their tools and footprints, and they
carried<00:13:17.040><c> back</c><00:13:17.360><c> something</c><00:13:17.920><c> far</c><00:13:18.320><c> more</c>

12:04.788 --> 12:04.798 align:start position:0%
carried back something far more
 

12:04.798 --> 12:07.907 align:start position:0%
carried back something far more
precious.<00:13:19.680><c> The</c><00:13:19.920><c> chemical</c><00:13:20.399><c> keys</c><00:13:20.959><c> to</c><00:13:21.200><c> our</c><00:13:21.519><c> solar</c>

12:07.907 --> 12:07.917 align:start position:0%
precious. The chemical keys to our solar
 

12:07.917 --> 12:09.988 align:start position:0%
precious. The chemical keys to our solar
systems<00:13:22.320><c> origin.</c>

12:09.988 --> 12:09.998 align:start position:0%
systems origin.
 

12:09.998 --> 12:13.748 align:start position:0%
systems origin.
Yet,<00:13:24.639><c> the</c><00:13:24.880><c> victory</c><00:13:25.279><c> was</c><00:13:25.519><c> only</c><00:13:26.000><c> half</c><00:13:26.399><c> won.</c>

12:13.748 --> 12:13.758 align:start position:0%
Yet, the victory was only half won.
 

12:13.758 --> 12:16.548 align:start position:0%
Yet, the victory was only half won.
Exhausted<00:13:28.639><c> and</c><00:13:28.880><c> covered</c><00:13:29.279><c> in</c><00:13:29.760><c> sticky,</c>

12:16.548 --> 12:16.558 align:start position:0%
Exhausted and covered in sticky,
 

12:16.558 --> 12:18.948 align:start position:0%
Exhausted and covered in sticky,
electrostatically<00:13:31.519><c> charged</c><00:13:31.920><c> moon</c><00:13:32.240><c> dust,</c>

12:18.948 --> 12:18.958 align:start position:0%
electrostatically charged moon dust,
 

12:18.958 --> 12:21.988 align:start position:0%
electrostatically charged moon dust,
they<00:13:33.120><c> now</c><00:13:33.440><c> faced</c><00:13:33.760><c> the</c><00:13:34.240><c> ultimate</c><00:13:34.639><c> gamble.</c><00:13:35.680><c> All</c>

12:21.988 --> 12:21.998 align:start position:0%
they now faced the ultimate gamble. All
 

12:21.998 --> 12:23.907 align:start position:0%
they now faced the ultimate gamble. All
that<00:13:36.079><c> was</c><00:13:36.240><c> stopping</c><00:13:36.560><c> them</c><00:13:36.720><c> from</c><00:13:37.279><c> dying</c><00:13:37.600><c> a</c>

12:23.907 --> 12:23.917 align:start position:0%
that was stopping them from dying a
 

12:23.917 --> 12:26.548 align:start position:0%
that was stopping them from dying a
lonely<00:13:38.160><c> death</c><00:13:38.480><c> on</c><00:13:38.639><c> the</c><00:13:38.720><c> lunar</c><00:13:39.120><c> surface</c><00:13:39.839><c> was</c><00:13:40.160><c> a</c>

12:26.548 --> 12:26.558 align:start position:0%
lonely death on the lunar surface was a
 

12:26.558 --> 12:30.308 align:start position:0%
lonely death on the lunar surface was a
single<00:13:41.360><c> untried</c><00:13:42.240><c> engine.</c>

12:30.308 --> 12:30.318 align:start position:0%
single untried engine.
 

12:30.318 --> 12:33.347 align:start position:0%
single untried engine.
On<00:13:44.480><c> the</c><00:13:44.639><c> moon,</c><00:13:45.120><c> there</c><00:13:45.360><c> are</c><00:13:45.760><c> no</c><00:13:46.000><c> rehearsals</c><00:13:46.800><c> and</c>

12:33.347 --> 12:33.357 align:start position:0%
On the moon, there are no rehearsals and
 

12:33.357 --> 12:35.668 align:start position:0%
On the moon, there are no rehearsals and
no<00:13:47.600><c> hope</c><00:13:47.839><c> of</c><00:13:48.000><c> rescue</c><00:13:48.560><c> should</c><00:13:48.880><c> anything</c><00:13:49.360><c> go</c>

12:35.668 --> 12:35.678 align:start position:0%
no hope of rescue should anything go
 

12:35.678 --> 12:39.108 align:start position:0%
no hope of rescue should anything go
wrong.<00:13:50.480><c> The</c><00:13:50.639><c> lunar</c><00:13:51.040><c> module</c><00:13:51.519><c> had</c><00:13:51.920><c> 73</c><00:13:52.560><c> hours</c><00:13:52.880><c> of</c>

12:39.108 --> 12:39.118 align:start position:0%
wrong. The lunar module had 73 hours of
 

12:39.118 --> 12:41.587 align:start position:0%
wrong. The lunar module had 73 hours of
oxygen,<00:13:53.760><c> but</c><00:13:53.920><c> that</c><00:13:54.160><c> was</c><00:13:54.399><c> nowhere</c><00:13:54.800><c> near</c><00:13:55.279><c> long</c>

12:41.587 --> 12:41.597 align:start position:0%
oxygen, but that was nowhere near long
 

12:41.597 --> 12:44.147 align:start position:0%
oxygen, but that was nowhere near long
enough<00:13:55.760><c> to</c><00:13:55.920><c> survive</c><00:13:56.320><c> a</c><00:13:56.880><c> resupply</c><00:13:57.519><c> mission</c><00:13:57.920><c> all</c>

12:44.147 --> 12:44.157 align:start position:0%
enough to survive a resupply mission all
 

12:44.157 --> 12:47.508 align:start position:0%
enough to survive a resupply mission all
the<00:13:58.320><c> way</c><00:13:58.480><c> from</c><00:13:58.720><c> Earth.</c><00:13:59.920><c> To</c><00:14:00.240><c> get</c><00:14:00.560><c> home,</c><00:14:01.279><c> the</c>

12:47.508 --> 12:47.518 align:start position:0%
the way from Earth. To get home, the
 

12:47.518 --> 12:49.668 align:start position:0%
the way from Earth. To get home, the
Eagle<00:14:01.920><c> had</c><00:14:02.160><c> to</c><00:14:02.399><c> intercept</c><00:14:02.959><c> the</c><00:14:03.199><c> command</c>

12:49.668 --> 12:49.678 align:start position:0%
Eagle had to intercept the command
 

12:49.678 --> 12:52.948 align:start position:0%
Eagle had to intercept the command
module.<00:14:04.480><c> A</c><00:14:04.720><c> tiny</c><00:14:05.360><c> moving</c><00:14:05.839><c> target</c><00:14:06.399><c> racing</c>

12:52.948 --> 12:52.958 align:start position:0%
module. A tiny moving target racing
 

12:52.958 --> 12:57.347 align:start position:0%
module. A tiny moving target racing
through<00:14:07.040><c> the</c><00:14:07.199><c> blackness</c><00:14:07.839><c> at</c><00:14:08.160><c> over</c><00:14:08.560><c> 5,000</c><00:14:09.680><c> kmh.</c>

12:57.347 --> 12:57.357 align:start position:0%
through the blackness at over 5,000 kmh.
 

12:57.357 --> 12:59.188 align:start position:0%
through the blackness at over 5,000 kmh.
Missing<00:14:11.600><c> this</c><00:14:11.839><c> window</c><00:14:12.160><c> by</c><00:14:12.399><c> even</c><00:14:12.560><c> a</c><00:14:12.800><c> few</c>

12:59.188 --> 12:59.198 align:start position:0%
Missing this window by even a few
 

12:59.198 --> 13:01.668 align:start position:0%
Missing this window by even a few
seconds<00:14:13.920><c> would</c><00:14:14.160><c> mean</c><00:14:14.399><c> drifting</c><00:14:14.959><c> into</c><00:14:15.360><c> a</c>

13:01.668 --> 13:01.678 align:start position:0%
seconds would mean drifting into a
 

13:01.678 --> 13:04.628 align:start position:0%
seconds would mean drifting into a
useless<00:14:16.160><c> orbit</c><00:14:17.120><c> or</c><00:14:17.440><c> possibly</c><00:14:18.000><c> worse,</c>

13:04.628 --> 13:04.638 align:start position:0%
useless orbit or possibly worse,
 

13:04.638 --> 13:07.267 align:start position:0%
useless orbit or possibly worse,
depending<00:14:19.040><c> on</c><00:14:19.279><c> how</c><00:14:19.519><c> you</c><00:14:19.760><c> see</c><00:14:19.920><c> it,</c><00:14:20.720><c> falling</c>

13:07.267 --> 13:07.277 align:start position:0%
depending on how you see it, falling
 

13:07.277 --> 13:09.988 align:start position:0%
depending on how you see it, falling
back<00:14:21.600><c> towards</c><00:14:22.079><c> the</c><00:14:22.320><c> surface.</c>

13:09.988 --> 13:09.998 align:start position:0%
back towards the surface.
 

13:09.998 --> 13:12.228 align:start position:0%
back towards the surface.
In<00:14:24.160><c> an</c><00:14:24.480><c> environment</c><00:14:24.880><c> with</c><00:14:25.199><c> no</c><00:14:25.440><c> atmosphere</c><00:14:26.000><c> to</c>

13:12.228 --> 13:12.238 align:start position:0%
In an environment with no atmosphere to
 

13:12.238 --> 13:15.108 align:start position:0%
In an environment with no atmosphere to
provide<00:14:26.560><c> aerodynamic</c><00:14:27.199><c> lift,</c><00:14:27.920><c> the</c><00:14:28.160><c> crew</c><00:14:28.560><c> was</c>

13:15.108 --> 13:15.118 align:start position:0%
provide aerodynamic lift, the crew was
 

13:15.118 --> 13:18.388 align:start position:0%
provide aerodynamic lift, the crew was
entirely<00:14:29.920><c> dependent</c><00:14:30.399><c> on</c><00:14:30.880><c> physics.</c><00:14:31.920><c> Guiding</c>

13:18.388 --> 13:18.398 align:start position:0%
entirely dependent on physics. Guiding
 

13:18.398 --> 13:21.428 align:start position:0%
entirely dependent on physics. Guiding
them<00:14:32.480><c> was</c><00:14:32.720><c> the</c><00:14:32.959><c> LGC,</c><00:14:33.920><c> the</c><00:14:34.399><c> lunar</c><00:14:34.800><c> guidance</c>

13:21.428 --> 13:21.438 align:start position:0%
them was the LGC, the lunar guidance
 

13:21.438 --> 13:24.388 align:start position:0%
them was the LGC, the lunar guidance
computer.<00:14:36.240><c> Its</c><00:14:36.560><c> job</c><00:14:36.800><c> was</c><00:14:37.120><c> to</c><00:14:37.440><c> outsmart</c><00:14:38.079><c> the</c>

13:24.388 --> 13:24.398 align:start position:0%
computer. Its job was to outsmart the
 

13:24.398 --> 13:27.347 align:start position:0%
computer. Its job was to outsmart the
moon<00:14:38.639><c> itself,</c><00:14:39.600><c> calculating</c><00:14:40.320><c> precise</c><00:14:40.880><c> engine</c>

13:27.347 --> 13:27.357 align:start position:0%
moon itself, calculating precise engine
 

13:27.357 --> 13:30.788 align:start position:0%
moon itself, calculating precise engine
burns<00:14:41.839><c> while</c><00:14:42.160><c> accounting</c><00:14:42.639><c> for</c><00:14:43.279><c> masscons,</c>

13:30.788 --> 13:30.798 align:start position:0%
burns while accounting for masscons,
 

13:30.798 --> 13:33.188 align:start position:0%
burns while accounting for masscons,
hidden<00:14:45.279><c> concentrations</c><00:14:46.000><c> of</c><00:14:46.240><c> dense</c><00:14:46.720><c> rock</c>

13:33.188 --> 13:33.198 align:start position:0%
hidden concentrations of dense rock
 

13:33.198 --> 13:36.147 align:start position:0%
hidden concentrations of dense rock
beneath<00:14:47.680><c> the</c><00:14:47.920><c> lunar</c><00:14:48.320><c> surface</c><00:14:49.040><c> whose</c><00:14:49.440><c> uneven</c>

13:36.147 --> 13:36.157 align:start position:0%
beneath the lunar surface whose uneven
 

13:36.157 --> 13:39.108 align:start position:0%
beneath the lunar surface whose uneven
gravity<00:14:50.959><c> could</c><00:14:51.279><c> tug</c><00:14:51.839><c> the</c><00:14:52.079><c> spacecraft</c><00:14:52.800><c> off</c>

13:39.108 --> 13:39.118 align:start position:0%
gravity could tug the spacecraft off
 

13:39.118 --> 13:40.628 align:start position:0%
gravity could tug the spacecraft off
course.

13:40.628 --> 13:40.638 align:start position:0%
course.
 

13:40.638 --> 13:44.388 align:start position:0%
course.
At<00:14:55.680><c> 124</c><00:14:56.160><c> hours</c><00:14:56.480><c> and</c><00:14:56.880><c> 22</c><00:14:57.440><c> minutes</c><00:14:57.839><c> into</c><00:14:58.079><c> the</c>

13:44.388 --> 13:44.398 align:start position:0%
At 124 hours and 22 minutes into the
 

13:44.398 --> 13:47.988 align:start position:0%
At 124 hours and 22 minutes into the
mission,<00:14:59.199><c> countdown</c><00:14:59.920><c> hit</c><00:15:00.399><c> zero.</c><00:15:01.360><c> The</c><00:15:01.600><c> Luna</c>

13:47.988 --> 13:47.998 align:start position:0%
mission, countdown hit zero. The Luna
 

13:47.998 --> 13:50.868 align:start position:0%
mission, countdown hit zero. The Luna
module<00:15:02.399><c> carried</c><00:15:02.720><c> out</c><00:15:03.120><c> a</c><00:15:03.519><c> vertical</c><00:15:04.079><c> rise</c><00:15:04.560><c> for</c>

13:50.868 --> 13:50.878 align:start position:0%
module carried out a vertical rise for
 

13:50.878 --> 13:54.228 align:start position:0%
module carried out a vertical rise for
around<00:15:05.279><c> 8</c><00:15:05.680><c> seconds,</c><00:15:06.480><c> followed</c><00:15:06.959><c> by</c><00:15:07.199><c> a</c><00:15:07.519><c> dramatic</c>

13:54.228 --> 13:54.238 align:start position:0%
around 8 seconds, followed by a dramatic
 

13:54.238 --> 13:57.668 align:start position:0%
around 8 seconds, followed by a dramatic
pitch<00:15:08.560><c> over</c><00:15:08.800><c> to</c><00:15:09.040><c> nearly</c><00:15:09.440><c> 50°.</c><00:15:10.880><c> This</c><00:15:11.199><c> tilt</c>

13:57.668 --> 13:57.678 align:start position:0%
pitch over to nearly 50°. This tilt
 

13:57.678 --> 13:59.587 align:start position:0%
pitch over to nearly 50°. This tilt
allowed<00:15:11.920><c> the</c><00:15:12.079><c> ascent</c><00:15:12.480><c> engine</c><00:15:12.800><c> to</c><00:15:13.040><c> push</c><00:15:13.279><c> the</c>

13:59.587 --> 13:59.597 align:start position:0%
allowed the ascent engine to push the
 

13:59.597 --> 14:02.628 align:start position:0%
allowed the ascent engine to push the
craft<00:15:14.079><c> downrange,</c><00:15:15.120><c> gaining</c><00:15:15.519><c> the</c><00:15:15.839><c> horizontal</c>

14:02.628 --> 14:02.638 align:start position:0%
craft downrange, gaining the horizontal
 

14:02.638 --> 14:05.428 align:start position:0%
craft downrange, gaining the horizontal
velocity<00:15:17.279><c> needed</c><00:15:17.600><c> to</c><00:15:17.760><c> reach</c><00:15:18.079><c> orbit.</c><00:15:19.040><c> Because</c>

14:05.428 --> 14:05.438 align:start position:0%
velocity needed to reach orbit. Because
 

14:05.438 --> 14:07.668 align:start position:0%
velocity needed to reach orbit. Because
the<00:15:19.600><c> moon's</c><00:15:19.920><c> gravity</c><00:15:20.240><c> is</c><00:15:20.399><c> only</c><00:15:20.959><c> 16</c><00:15:21.199><c> that</c><00:15:21.440><c> of</c>

14:07.668 --> 14:07.678 align:start position:0%
the moon's gravity is only 16 that of
 

14:07.678 --> 14:09.828 align:start position:0%
the moon's gravity is only 16 that of
Earth's,<00:15:22.079><c> the</c><00:15:22.320><c> ascent</c><00:15:22.720><c> was</c><00:15:22.880><c> feasible</c><00:15:23.360><c> with</c><00:15:23.519><c> a</c>

14:09.828 --> 14:09.838 align:start position:0%
Earth's, the ascent was feasible with a
 

14:09.838 --> 14:13.267 align:start position:0%
Earth's, the ascent was feasible with a
single<00:15:24.399><c> non-throttleable</c><00:15:25.600><c> engine,</c><00:15:26.560><c> but</c><00:15:26.880><c> it</c>

14:13.267 --> 14:13.277 align:start position:0%
single non-throttleable engine, but it
 

14:13.277 --> 14:16.308 align:start position:0%
single non-throttleable engine, but it
required<00:15:27.920><c> total</c><00:15:28.560><c> precision.</c><00:15:29.680><c> After</c><00:15:30.000><c> the</c>

14:16.308 --> 14:16.318 align:start position:0%
required total precision. After the
 

14:16.318 --> 14:18.628 align:start position:0%
required total precision. After the
continuous<00:15:30.720><c> burn,</c><00:15:31.279><c> the</c><00:15:31.440><c> Eagle</c><00:15:31.839><c> achieved</c><00:15:32.320><c> an</c>

14:18.628 --> 14:18.638 align:start position:0%
continuous burn, the Eagle achieved an
 

14:18.638 --> 14:21.508 align:start position:0%
continuous burn, the Eagle achieved an
initial<00:15:33.120><c> elliptical</c><00:15:33.600><c> orbit</c><00:15:34.000><c> of</c><00:15:34.160><c> roughly</c><00:15:34.800><c> 17</c>

14:21.508 --> 14:21.518 align:start position:0%
initial elliptical orbit of roughly 17
 

14:21.518 --> 14:26.228 align:start position:0%
initial elliptical orbit of roughly 17
by<00:15:35.839><c> 87</c><00:15:36.480><c> km,</c><00:15:37.600><c> exactly</c><00:15:38.240><c> as</c><00:15:38.560><c> planned.</c><00:15:39.680><c> The</c><00:15:39.920><c> moon</c>

14:26.228 --> 14:26.238 align:start position:0%
by 87 km, exactly as planned. The moon
 

14:26.238 --> 14:29.027 align:start position:0%
by 87 km, exactly as planned. The moon
was<00:15:40.399><c> behind</c><00:15:40.720><c> them,</c><00:15:41.360><c> but</c><00:15:41.600><c> safety</c><00:15:42.079><c> still</c><00:15:42.560><c> lay</c>

14:29.027 --> 14:29.037 align:start position:0%
was behind them, but safety still lay
 

14:29.037 --> 14:31.508 align:start position:0%
was behind them, but safety still lay
many<00:15:43.440><c> kilome</c><00:15:43.920><c> away.</c>

14:31.508 --> 14:31.518 align:start position:0%
many kilome away.
 

14:31.518 --> 14:33.587 align:start position:0%
many kilome away.
Their<00:15:45.760><c> next</c><00:15:46.000><c> task</c><00:15:46.399><c> was</c><00:15:46.639><c> to</c><00:15:46.880><c> connect</c><00:15:47.120><c> with</c><00:15:47.360><c> the</c>

14:33.587 --> 14:33.597 align:start position:0%
Their next task was to connect with the
 

14:33.597 --> 14:36.228 align:start position:0%
Their next task was to connect with the
command<00:15:47.839><c> module.</c><00:15:48.880><c> But</c><00:15:49.120><c> how</c><00:15:49.519><c> do</c><00:15:49.680><c> you</c><00:15:49.839><c> do</c><00:15:50.000><c> that</c>

14:36.228 --> 14:36.238 align:start position:0%
command module. But how do you do that
 

14:36.238 --> 14:38.788 align:start position:0%
command module. But how do you do that
when<00:15:50.399><c> you're</c><00:15:50.639><c> traveling</c><00:15:51.040><c> at</c><00:15:51.279><c> more</c><00:15:51.519><c> than</c><00:15:51.839><c> 5,000</c>

14:38.788 --> 14:38.798 align:start position:0%
when you're traveling at more than 5,000
 

14:38.798 --> 14:42.308 align:start position:0%
when you're traveling at more than 5,000
kmh<00:15:54.000><c> and</c><00:15:54.160><c> a</c><00:15:54.480><c> single</c><00:15:54.800><c> degree</c><00:15:55.199><c> of</c><00:15:55.519><c> error</c><00:15:55.839><c> could</c>

14:42.308 --> 14:42.318 align:start position:0%
kmh and a single degree of error could
 

14:42.318 --> 14:45.108 align:start position:0%
kmh and a single degree of error could
kill<00:15:56.639><c> everyone</c><00:15:57.199><c> involved?</c>

14:45.108 --> 14:45.118 align:start position:0%
kill everyone involved?
 

14:45.118 --> 14:47.508 align:start position:0%
kill everyone involved?
An<00:15:59.360><c> hour</c><00:15:59.759><c> after</c><00:16:00.160><c> liftoff,</c><00:16:00.800><c> the</c><00:16:01.040><c> Eagle's</c>

14:47.508 --> 14:47.518 align:start position:0%
An hour after liftoff, the Eagle's
 

14:47.518 --> 14:49.907 align:start position:0%
An hour after liftoff, the Eagle's
thrusters<00:16:02.000><c> fired</c><00:16:02.399><c> in</c><00:16:02.560><c> a</c><00:16:02.800><c> sequence</c><00:16:03.199><c> known</c><00:16:03.519><c> as</c>

14:49.907 --> 14:49.917 align:start position:0%
thrusters fired in a sequence known as
 

14:49.917 --> 14:53.347 align:start position:0%
thrusters fired in a sequence known as
the<00:16:04.160><c> co-alyptic</c><00:16:05.199><c> sequence</c><00:16:05.759><c> initiation.</c>

14:53.347 --> 14:53.357 align:start position:0%
the co-alyptic sequence initiation.
 

14:53.357 --> 14:55.988 align:start position:0%
the co-alyptic sequence initiation.
This<00:16:07.759><c> circularized</c><00:16:08.560><c> its</c><00:16:08.800><c> path,</c><00:16:09.440><c> bringing</c><00:16:09.680><c> it</c>

14:55.988 --> 14:55.998 align:start position:0%
This circularized its path, bringing it
 

14:55.998 --> 14:58.308 align:start position:0%
This circularized its path, bringing it
onto<00:16:10.240><c> a</c><00:16:10.560><c> parallel</c><00:16:11.120><c> track</c><00:16:11.519><c> with</c><00:16:11.759><c> its</c><00:16:12.000><c> mother</c>

14:58.308 --> 14:58.318 align:start position:0%
onto a parallel track with its mother
 

14:58.318 --> 15:01.027 align:start position:0%
onto a parallel track with its mother
ship.<00:16:12.959><c> From</c><00:16:13.199><c> here,</c><00:16:13.680><c> the</c><00:16:13.920><c> Eagle's</c><00:16:14.399><c> hunt</c><00:16:14.720><c> for</c>

15:01.027 --> 15:01.037 align:start position:0%
ship. From here, the Eagle's hunt for
 

15:01.037 --> 15:03.907 align:start position:0%
ship. From here, the Eagle's hunt for
the<00:16:15.120><c> command</c><00:16:15.519><c> module</c><00:16:16.000><c> began.</c>

15:03.907 --> 15:03.917 align:start position:0%
the command module began.
 

15:03.917 --> 15:06.948 align:start position:0%
the command module began.
2<00:16:18.240><c> and</c><00:16:18.480><c> 1/2</c><00:16:18.959><c> hours</c><00:16:19.360><c> later,</c><00:16:20.079><c> the</c><00:16:20.240><c> gap</c><00:16:20.639><c> was</c>

15:06.948 --> 15:06.958 align:start position:0%
2 and 1/2 hours later, the gap was
 

15:06.958 --> 15:10.628 align:start position:0%
2 and 1/2 hours later, the gap was
closing.<00:16:21.759><c> At</c><00:16:22.160><c> 72</c><00:16:22.800><c> km</c><00:16:23.360><c> out,</c><00:16:24.000><c> the</c><00:16:24.160><c> Eagle</c>

15:10.628 --> 15:10.638 align:start position:0%
closing. At 72 km out, the Eagle
 

15:10.638 --> 15:13.508 align:start position:0%
closing. At 72 km out, the Eagle
performed<00:16:25.040><c> its</c><00:16:25.440><c> terminal</c><00:16:26.000><c> phase</c><00:16:26.320><c> initiation,</c>

15:13.508 --> 15:13.518 align:start position:0%
performed its terminal phase initiation,
 

15:13.518 --> 15:15.907 align:start position:0%
performed its terminal phase initiation,
a<00:16:27.680><c> precise</c><00:16:28.320><c> burn</c><00:16:28.880><c> designed</c><00:16:29.199><c> to</c><00:16:29.360><c> help</c><00:16:29.600><c> it</c>

15:15.907 --> 15:15.917 align:start position:0%
a precise burn designed to help it
 

15:15.917 --> 15:19.108 align:start position:0%
a precise burn designed to help it
intercept<00:16:30.320><c> its</c><00:16:30.560><c> target.</c><00:16:31.839><c> Roughly</c><00:16:32.399><c> 10</c><00:16:32.720><c> minutes</c>

15:19.108 --> 15:19.118 align:start position:0%
intercept its target. Roughly 10 minutes
 

15:19.118 --> 15:21.668 align:start position:0%
intercept its target. Roughly 10 minutes
later,<00:16:33.839><c> through</c><00:16:34.160><c> the</c><00:16:34.399><c> narrow</c><00:16:34.959><c> triangular</c>

15:21.668 --> 15:21.678 align:start position:0%
later, through the narrow triangular
 

15:21.678 --> 15:24.868 align:start position:0%
later, through the narrow triangular
windows,<00:16:36.480><c> Neil</c><00:16:36.880><c> Armstrong</c><00:16:37.600><c> caught</c><00:16:38.000><c> his</c><00:16:38.399><c> first</c>

15:24.868 --> 15:24.878 align:start position:0%
windows, Neil Armstrong caught his first
 

15:24.878 --> 15:27.748 align:start position:0%
windows, Neil Armstrong caught his first
glimpse<00:16:39.199><c> of</c><00:16:39.360><c> the</c><00:16:39.600><c> command</c><00:16:39.920><c> module</c><00:16:40.480><c> Colombia.</c>

15:27.748 --> 15:27.758 align:start position:0%
glimpse of the command module Colombia.
 

15:27.758 --> 15:30.868 align:start position:0%
glimpse of the command module Colombia.
All<00:16:41.920><c> that</c><00:16:42.160><c> was</c><00:16:42.320><c> left</c><00:16:42.800><c> was</c><00:16:43.040><c> to</c><00:16:43.279><c> connect</c><00:16:43.519><c> it.</c>

15:30.868 --> 15:30.878 align:start position:0%
All that was left was to connect it.
 

15:30.878 --> 15:32.788 align:start position:0%
All that was left was to connect it.
You<00:16:45.040><c> might</c><00:16:45.360><c> think</c><00:16:45.600><c> this</c><00:16:45.839><c> would</c><00:16:46.000><c> be</c><00:16:46.160><c> a</c><00:16:46.399><c> simple</c>

15:32.788 --> 15:32.798 align:start position:0%
You might think this would be a simple
 

15:32.798 --> 15:35.748 align:start position:0%
You might think this would be a simple
task<00:16:47.040><c> for</c><00:16:47.360><c> elite</c><00:16:47.839><c> test</c><00:16:48.079><c> pilots,</c><00:16:49.120><c> but</c><00:16:49.279><c> in</c><00:16:49.519><c> the</c>

15:35.748 --> 15:35.758 align:start position:0%
task for elite test pilots, but in the
 

15:35.758 --> 15:38.388 align:start position:0%
task for elite test pilots, but in the
vacuum<00:16:50.079><c> of</c><00:16:50.399><c> space,</c><00:16:51.040><c> your</c><00:16:51.360><c> eyes</c><00:16:51.759><c> are</c><00:16:52.000><c> your</c>

15:38.388 --> 15:38.398 align:start position:0%
vacuum of space, your eyes are your
 

15:38.398 --> 15:40.948 align:start position:0%
vacuum of space, your eyes are your
enemy.<00:16:53.279><c> Without</c><00:16:53.600><c> an</c><00:16:53.839><c> atmosphere</c><00:16:54.320><c> to</c><00:16:54.560><c> provide</c>

15:40.948 --> 15:40.958 align:start position:0%
enemy. Without an atmosphere to provide
 

15:40.958 --> 15:43.907 align:start position:0%
enemy. Without an atmosphere to provide
haze<00:16:55.279><c> or</c><00:16:55.759><c> clouds</c><00:16:56.160><c> to</c><00:16:56.399><c> give</c><00:16:56.560><c> a</c><00:16:56.720><c> sense</c><00:16:56.880><c> of</c><00:16:57.040><c> scale,</c>

15:43.907 --> 15:43.917 align:start position:0%
haze or clouds to give a sense of scale,
 

15:43.917 --> 15:46.707 align:start position:0%
haze or clouds to give a sense of scale,
your<00:16:58.160><c> death's</c><00:16:58.560><c> perception</c><00:16:59.120><c> vanishes.</c><00:17:00.240><c> And</c><00:17:00.399><c> in</c>

15:46.707 --> 15:46.717 align:start position:0%
your death's perception vanishes. And in
 

15:46.717 --> 15:48.948 align:start position:0%
your death's perception vanishes. And in
a<00:17:00.800><c> realm</c><00:17:01.120><c> where</c><00:17:01.360><c> it</c><00:17:01.600><c> is</c><00:17:01.839><c> simultaneously</c>

15:48.948 --> 15:48.958 align:start position:0%
a realm where it is simultaneously
 

15:48.958 --> 15:51.987 align:start position:0%
a realm where it is simultaneously
blindingly<00:17:03.519><c> bright</c><00:17:03.839><c> and</c><00:17:04.400><c> pitch</c><00:17:04.799><c> black,</c><00:17:05.600><c> the</c>

15:51.987 --> 15:51.997 align:start position:0%
blindingly bright and pitch black, the
 

15:51.997 --> 15:54.627 align:start position:0%
blindingly bright and pitch black, the
shadows<00:17:06.319><c> lie</c><00:17:06.640><c> to</c><00:17:06.799><c> you</c><00:17:07.199><c> and</c><00:17:07.520><c> distances</c><00:17:08.079><c> become</c>

15:54.627 --> 15:54.637 align:start position:0%
shadows lie to you and distances become
 

15:54.637 --> 15:57.828 align:start position:0%
shadows lie to you and distances become
impossible<00:17:09.120><c> to</c><00:17:09.360><c> judge.</c><00:17:10.400><c> This</c><00:17:10.640><c> is</c><00:17:10.799><c> why</c><00:17:11.360><c> despite</c>

15:57.828 --> 15:57.838 align:start position:0%
impossible to judge. This is why despite
 

15:57.838 --> 15:59.987 align:start position:0%
impossible to judge. This is why despite
the<00:17:12.000><c> combined</c><00:17:12.640><c> 40</c><00:17:13.039><c> years</c><00:17:13.360><c> of</c><00:17:13.600><c> flying</c>

15:59.987 --> 15:59.997 align:start position:0%
the combined 40 years of flying
 

15:59.997 --> 16:02.627 align:start position:0%
the combined 40 years of flying
experience,<00:17:14.959><c> the</c><00:17:15.199><c> main</c><00:17:15.520><c> rendevous</c><00:17:16.319><c> was</c>

16:02.627 --> 16:02.637 align:start position:0%
experience, the main rendevous was
 

16:02.637 --> 16:05.507 align:start position:0%
experience, the main rendevous was
assigned<00:17:16.880><c> to</c><00:17:17.120><c> a</c><00:17:17.360><c> digital</c><00:17:17.919><c> computer.</c><00:17:19.120><c> It</c>

16:05.507 --> 16:05.517 align:start position:0%
assigned to a digital computer. It
 

16:05.517 --> 16:07.828 align:start position:0%
assigned to a digital computer. It
worked<00:17:19.760><c> by</c><00:17:20.000><c> Eagle's</c><00:17:20.480><c> radar</c><00:17:20.880><c> pinging</c><00:17:21.360><c> out</c><00:17:21.520><c> into</c>

16:07.828 --> 16:07.838 align:start position:0%
worked by Eagle's radar pinging out into
 

16:07.838 --> 16:10.387 align:start position:0%
worked by Eagle's radar pinging out into
the<00:17:21.919><c> void</c><00:17:22.480><c> and</c><00:17:22.720><c> Colombia's</c><00:17:23.439><c> transponder</c>

16:10.387 --> 16:10.397 align:start position:0%
the void and Colombia's transponder
 

16:10.397 --> 16:13.428 align:start position:0%
the void and Colombia's transponder
pinging<00:17:24.880><c> back.</c><00:17:25.600><c> This</c><00:17:25.839><c> data</c><00:17:26.240><c> fed</c><00:17:26.559><c> the</c><00:17:26.799><c> Eagle's</c>

16:13.428 --> 16:13.438 align:start position:0%
pinging back. This data fed the Eagle's
 

16:13.438 --> 16:15.908 align:start position:0%
pinging back. This data fed the Eagle's
primary<00:17:27.760><c> guidance</c><00:17:28.240><c> navigation</c><00:17:29.039><c> and</c><00:17:29.440><c> control</c>

16:15.908 --> 16:15.918 align:start position:0%
primary guidance navigation and control
 

16:15.918 --> 16:18.627 align:start position:0%
primary guidance navigation and control
system,<00:17:30.240><c> nicknamed</c><00:17:30.799><c> the</c><00:17:31.039><c> pings</c><00:17:31.600><c> computer,</c>

16:18.627 --> 16:18.637 align:start position:0%
system, nicknamed the pings computer,
 

16:18.637 --> 16:20.388 align:start position:0%
system, nicknamed the pings computer,
allowing<00:17:32.880><c> the</c><00:17:33.200><c> machines</c><00:17:33.600><c> to</c><00:17:33.840><c> handle</c><00:17:34.080><c> the</c>

16:20.388 --> 16:20.398 align:start position:0%
allowing the machines to handle the
 

16:20.398 --> 16:22.388 align:start position:0%
allowing the machines to handle the
high-speed<00:17:34.880><c> geometry</c><00:17:35.360><c> of</c><00:17:35.520><c> the</c><00:17:35.679><c> approach</c>

16:22.388 --> 16:22.398 align:start position:0%
high-speed geometry of the approach
 

16:22.398 --> 16:24.548 align:start position:0%
high-speed geometry of the approach
while<00:17:36.640><c> the</c><00:17:36.799><c> humans</c><00:17:37.520><c> kept</c><00:17:37.760><c> an</c><00:17:37.919><c> eye</c><00:17:38.160><c> on</c><00:17:38.320><c> the</c>

16:24.548 --> 16:24.558 align:start position:0%
while the humans kept an eye on the
 

16:24.558 --> 16:26.228 align:start position:0%
while the humans kept an eye on the
instruments.

16:26.228 --> 16:26.238 align:start position:0%
instruments.
 

16:26.238 --> 16:28.468 align:start position:0%
instruments.
Only<00:17:40.559><c> in</c><00:17:40.880><c> the</c><00:17:41.120><c> final</c><00:17:41.440><c> moments,</c><00:17:41.919><c> once</c><00:17:42.240><c> their</c>

16:28.468 --> 16:28.478 align:start position:0%
Only in the final moments, once their
 

16:28.478 --> 16:30.867 align:start position:0%
Only in the final moments, once their
velocities<00:17:43.039><c> were</c><00:17:43.360><c> perfectly</c><00:17:43.919><c> matched,</c><00:17:44.559><c> did</c>

16:30.867 --> 16:30.877 align:start position:0%
velocities were perfectly matched, did
 

16:30.877 --> 16:33.428 align:start position:0%
velocities were perfectly matched, did
Armstrong<00:17:45.360><c> and</c><00:17:45.600><c> Collins</c><00:17:46.160><c> take</c><00:17:46.480><c> control</c><00:17:47.120><c> to</c>

16:33.428 --> 16:33.438 align:start position:0%
Armstrong and Collins take control to
 

16:33.438 --> 16:36.068 align:start position:0%
Armstrong and Collins take control to
fly<00:17:47.679><c> towards</c><00:17:48.080><c> each</c><00:17:48.240><c> other</c><00:17:48.480><c> by</c><00:17:48.720><c> eye.</c><00:17:49.600><c> But</c><00:17:49.679><c> their</c>

16:36.068 --> 16:36.078 align:start position:0%
fly towards each other by eye. But their
 

16:36.078 --> 16:39.348 align:start position:0%
fly towards each other by eye. But their
margin<00:17:50.400><c> for</c><00:17:50.799><c> error</c><00:17:51.200><c> was</c><00:17:51.760><c> zero.</c>

16:39.348 --> 16:39.358 align:start position:0%
margin for error was zero.
 

16:39.358 --> 16:43.668 align:start position:0%
margin for error was zero.
Thankfully,<00:17:54.000><c> at</c><00:17:54.480><c> 2135</c><00:17:55.679><c> UTC,</c>

16:43.668 --> 16:43.678 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, at 2135 UTC,
 

16:43.678 --> 16:45.908 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, at 2135 UTC,
the<00:17:57.840><c> command</c><00:17:58.240><c> module's</c><00:17:58.799><c> triangular</c><00:17:59.360><c> probe</c>

16:45.908 --> 16:45.918 align:start position:0%
the command module's triangular probe
 

16:45.918 --> 16:47.668 align:start position:0%
the command module's triangular probe
clicked<00:18:00.320><c> into</c><00:18:00.559><c> the</c><00:18:00.720><c> lunar</c><00:18:01.120><c> module's</c>

16:47.668 --> 16:47.678 align:start position:0%
clicked into the lunar module's
 

16:47.678 --> 16:50.468 align:start position:0%
clicked into the lunar module's
receiving<00:18:02.080><c> conicle</c><00:18:02.720><c> drogue,</c><00:18:03.679><c> triggering</c>

16:50.468 --> 16:50.478 align:start position:0%
receiving conicle drogue, triggering
 

16:50.478 --> 16:53.508 align:start position:0%
receiving conicle drogue, triggering
three<00:18:04.960><c> capture</c><00:18:05.360><c> latches.</c><00:18:06.480><c> As</c><00:18:06.720><c> they</c><00:18:06.960><c> pumped</c><00:18:07.360><c> up</c>

16:53.508 --> 16:53.518 align:start position:0%
three capture latches. As they pumped up
 

16:53.518 --> 16:55.747 align:start position:0%
three capture latches. As they pumped up
the<00:18:07.679><c> cabin</c><00:18:08.080><c> pressures,</c><00:18:08.720><c> the</c><00:18:08.960><c> 12</c><00:18:09.280><c> latches</c>

16:55.747 --> 16:55.757 align:start position:0%
the cabin pressures, the 12 latches
 

16:55.757 --> 16:57.908 align:start position:0%
the cabin pressures, the 12 latches
around<00:18:09.919><c> the</c><00:18:10.080><c> docking</c><00:18:10.480><c> ring</c><00:18:10.799><c> engaged</c><00:18:11.520><c> and</c>

16:57.908 --> 16:57.918 align:start position:0%
around the docking ring engaged and
 

16:57.918 --> 17:02.148 align:start position:0%
around the docking ring engaged and
created<00:18:12.320><c> an</c><00:18:12.640><c> airtight,</c><00:18:13.600><c> pressuretight</c><00:18:14.559><c> seal.</c>

17:02.148 --> 17:02.158 align:start position:0%
created an airtight, pressuretight seal.
 

17:02.158 --> 17:05.987 align:start position:0%
created an airtight, pressuretight seal.
Uldren<00:18:16.640><c> and</c><00:18:16.880><c> Armstrong</c><00:18:17.840><c> were</c><00:18:18.160><c> finally</c><00:18:18.799><c> safe.</c>

17:05.987 --> 17:05.997 align:start position:0%
Uldren and Armstrong were finally safe.
 

17:05.997 --> 17:07.987 align:start position:0%
Uldren and Armstrong were finally safe.
A<00:18:20.160><c> few</c><00:18:20.240><c> moments</c><00:18:20.559><c> later,</c><00:18:20.880><c> they</c><00:18:21.120><c> were</c><00:18:21.360><c> reunited</c>

17:07.987 --> 17:07.997 align:start position:0%
A few moments later, they were reunited
 

17:07.997 --> 17:09.668 align:start position:0%
A few moments later, they were reunited
with<00:18:22.160><c> Michael</c><00:18:22.480><c> Collins,</c><00:18:23.039><c> who</c><00:18:23.280><c> had</c><00:18:23.440><c> been</c>

17:09.668 --> 17:09.678 align:start position:0%
with Michael Collins, who had been
 

17:09.678 --> 17:12.308 align:start position:0%
with Michael Collins, who had been
orbiting<00:18:24.000><c> the</c><00:18:24.240><c> moon</c><00:18:24.480><c> alone</c><00:18:24.880><c> the</c><00:18:25.200><c> whole</c><00:18:25.440><c> time.</c>

17:12.308 --> 17:12.318 align:start position:0%
orbiting the moon alone the whole time.
 

17:12.318 --> 17:14.468 align:start position:0%
orbiting the moon alone the whole time.
But<00:18:26.400><c> there</c><00:18:26.559><c> was</c><00:18:26.799><c> no</c><00:18:27.039><c> time</c><00:18:27.280><c> for</c><00:18:27.679><c> celebratory</c>

17:14.468 --> 17:14.478 align:start position:0%
But there was no time for celebratory
 

17:14.478 --> 17:17.508 align:start position:0%
But there was no time for celebratory
dance<00:18:28.880><c> or</c><00:18:29.280><c> high</c><00:18:29.600><c> fives.</c><00:18:30.480><c> Instead,</c><00:18:31.120><c> they</c>

17:17.508 --> 17:17.518 align:start position:0%
dance or high fives. Instead, they
 

17:17.518 --> 17:19.908 align:start position:0%
dance or high fives. Instead, they
quickly<00:18:31.919><c> began</c><00:18:32.320><c> unloading</c><00:18:33.039><c> their</c><00:18:33.360><c> precious</c>

17:19.908 --> 17:19.918 align:start position:0%
quickly began unloading their precious
 

17:19.918 --> 17:23.508 align:start position:0%
quickly began unloading their precious
cargo.<00:18:34.640><c> Before</c><00:18:35.200><c> long,</c><00:18:35.760><c> the</c><00:18:36.080><c> trusty</c><00:18:36.559><c> LM</c><00:18:37.200><c> was</c>

17:23.508 --> 17:23.518 align:start position:0%
cargo. Before long, the trusty LM was
 

17:23.518 --> 17:25.428 align:start position:0%
cargo. Before long, the trusty LM was
released<00:18:37.840><c> from</c><00:18:38.000><c> the</c><00:18:38.160><c> command</c><00:18:38.480><c> module,</c>

17:25.428 --> 17:25.438 align:start position:0%
released from the command module,
 

17:25.438 --> 17:29.987 align:start position:0%
released from the command module,
remaining<00:18:39.760><c> behind</c><00:18:40.480><c> in</c><00:18:40.720><c> lunar</c><00:18:41.200><c> orbit.</c>

17:29.987 --> 17:29.997 align:start position:0%
remaining behind in lunar orbit.
 

17:29.997 --> 17:32.148 align:start position:0%
remaining behind in lunar orbit.
Now,<00:18:44.320><c> all</c><00:18:44.480><c> that</c><00:18:44.640><c> was</c><00:18:44.799><c> left</c><00:18:45.200><c> was</c><00:18:45.440><c> for</c><00:18:45.679><c> the</c><00:18:45.840><c> crew</c>

17:32.148 --> 17:32.158 align:start position:0%
Now, all that was left was for the crew
 

17:32.158 --> 17:34.627 align:start position:0%
Now, all that was left was for the crew
to<00:18:46.320><c> make</c><00:18:46.559><c> the</c><00:18:46.880><c> 2.5day,</c>

17:34.627 --> 17:34.637 align:start position:0%
to make the 2.5day,
 

17:34.637 --> 17:36.867 align:start position:0%
to make the 2.5day,
384,400

17:36.867 --> 17:36.877 align:start position:0%
384,400
 

17:36.877 --> 17:40.148 align:start position:0%
384,400
km<00:18:51.280><c> journey</c><00:18:51.919><c> home.</c><00:18:52.960><c> Something</c><00:18:53.600><c> that</c><00:18:53.840><c> was</c>

17:40.148 --> 17:40.158 align:start position:0%
km journey home. Something that was
 

17:40.158 --> 17:43.588 align:start position:0%
km journey home. Something that was
easier<00:18:54.720><c> said</c><00:18:55.120><c> than</c><00:18:55.360><c> done.</c>

17:43.588 --> 17:43.598 align:start position:0%
easier said than done.
 

17:43.598 --> 17:45.588 align:start position:0%
easier said than done.
With<00:18:57.840><c> every</c><00:18:58.080><c> passing</c><00:18:58.559><c> hour,</c><00:18:58.960><c> Earth</c><00:18:59.280><c> grew</c>

17:45.588 --> 17:45.598 align:start position:0%
With every passing hour, Earth grew
 

17:45.598 --> 17:47.508 align:start position:0%
With every passing hour, Earth grew
bigger<00:18:59.760><c> and</c><00:19:00.000><c> bigger</c><00:19:00.320><c> in</c><00:19:00.480><c> their</c><00:19:00.640><c> windows,</c>

17:47.508 --> 17:47.518 align:start position:0%
bigger and bigger in their windows,
 

17:47.518 --> 17:50.308 align:start position:0%
bigger and bigger in their windows,
offering<00:19:01.840><c> a</c><00:19:02.080><c> tantalizing</c><00:19:02.880><c> glimpse</c><00:19:03.200><c> of</c><00:19:03.360><c> home.</c>

17:50.308 --> 17:50.318 align:start position:0%
offering a tantalizing glimpse of home.
 

17:50.318 --> 17:51.828 align:start position:0%
offering a tantalizing glimpse of home.
But<00:19:04.400><c> with</c><00:19:04.559><c> the</c><00:19:04.799><c> main</c><00:19:04.960><c> aspects</c><00:19:05.440><c> of</c><00:19:05.600><c> their</c>

17:51.828 --> 17:51.838 align:start position:0%
But with the main aspects of their
 

17:51.838 --> 17:53.908 align:start position:0%
But with the main aspects of their
mission<00:19:06.160><c> accomplished,</c><00:19:07.120><c> they</c><00:19:07.360><c> could</c><00:19:07.520><c> finally</c>

17:53.908 --> 17:53.918 align:start position:0%
mission accomplished, they could finally
 

17:53.918 --> 17:55.668 align:start position:0%
mission accomplished, they could finally
turn<00:19:08.080><c> their</c><00:19:08.240><c> attention</c><00:19:08.559><c> to</c><00:19:08.799><c> a</c><00:19:09.120><c> rather</c>

17:55.668 --> 17:55.678 align:start position:0%
turn their attention to a rather
 

17:55.678 --> 17:58.228 align:start position:0%
turn their attention to a rather
unsettling<00:19:10.400><c> phenomenon</c><00:19:11.200><c> they</c><00:19:11.440><c> had</c><00:19:11.679><c> all</c><00:19:11.919><c> been</c>

17:58.228 --> 17:58.238 align:start position:0%
unsettling phenomenon they had all been
 

17:58.238 --> 17:59.747 align:start position:0%
unsettling phenomenon they had all been
experiencing.

17:59.747 --> 17:59.757 align:start position:0%
experiencing.
 

17:59.757 --> 18:02.308 align:start position:0%
experiencing.
When<00:19:14.000><c> they</c><00:19:14.240><c> closed</c><00:19:14.559><c> their</c><00:19:14.880><c> eyes</c><00:19:15.120><c> in</c><00:19:15.360><c> the</c><00:19:15.520><c> dark,</c>

18:02.308 --> 18:02.318 align:start position:0%
When they closed their eyes in the dark,
 

18:02.318 --> 18:05.188 align:start position:0%
When they closed their eyes in the dark,
the<00:19:16.480><c> astronauts</c><00:19:17.039><c> saw</c><00:19:17.440><c> something</c><00:19:17.919><c> strange.</c>

18:05.188 --> 18:05.198 align:start position:0%
the astronauts saw something strange.
 

18:05.198 --> 18:07.428 align:start position:0%
the astronauts saw something strange.
Brilliant<00:19:19.760><c> flashes</c><00:19:20.240><c> of</c><00:19:20.480><c> light</c><00:19:20.960><c> that</c>

18:07.428 --> 18:07.438 align:start position:0%
Brilliant flashes of light that
 

18:07.438 --> 18:10.148 align:start position:0%
Brilliant flashes of light that
shouldn't<00:19:21.760><c> have</c><00:19:22.000><c> been</c><00:19:22.160><c> there.</c><00:19:23.200><c> Buzz</c><00:19:23.520><c> Aldrin</c>

18:10.148 --> 18:10.158 align:start position:0%
shouldn't have been there. Buzz Aldrin
 

18:10.158 --> 18:13.428 align:start position:0%
shouldn't have been there. Buzz Aldrin
later<00:19:24.400><c> described</c><00:19:24.799><c> them</c><00:19:25.039><c> as</c><00:19:25.760><c> spots,</c><00:19:26.720><c> streaks,</c>

18:13.428 --> 18:13.438 align:start position:0%
later described them as spots, streaks,
 

18:13.438 --> 18:16.228 align:start position:0%
later described them as spots, streaks,
and<00:19:27.679><c> supernovas.</c><00:19:28.960><c> He</c><00:19:29.200><c> recalled</c><00:19:29.600><c> the</c><00:19:29.840><c> crew</c>

18:16.228 --> 18:16.238 align:start position:0%
and supernovas. He recalled the crew
 

18:16.238 --> 18:18.308 align:start position:0%
and supernovas. He recalled the crew
fearing<00:19:30.640><c> they</c><00:19:30.960><c> might</c><00:19:31.120><c> be</c><00:19:31.280><c> signs</c><00:19:31.600><c> of</c><00:19:31.760><c> their</c><00:19:32.000><c> own</c>

18:18.308 --> 18:18.318 align:start position:0%
fearing they might be signs of their own
 

18:18.318 --> 18:21.747 align:start position:0%
fearing they might be signs of their own
fatigue<00:19:32.960><c> or</c><00:19:33.520><c> more</c><00:19:33.760><c> worryingly</c><00:19:34.720><c> a</c><00:19:35.039><c> failure</c><00:19:35.360><c> in</c>

18:21.747 --> 18:21.757 align:start position:0%
fatigue or more worryingly a failure in
 

18:21.757 --> 18:24.468 align:start position:0%
fatigue or more worryingly a failure in
the<00:19:35.840><c> spacecraft's</c><00:19:36.559><c> engineering.</c><00:19:37.760><c> Luckily,</c>

18:24.468 --> 18:24.478 align:start position:0%
the spacecraft's engineering. Luckily,
 

18:24.478 --> 18:28.068 align:start position:0%
the spacecraft's engineering. Luckily,
in<00:19:38.799><c> 1952,</c><00:19:40.000><c> a</c><00:19:40.320><c> physicist</c><00:19:40.880><c> called</c><00:19:41.360><c> Cornelius</c>

18:28.068 --> 18:28.078 align:start position:0%
in 1952, a physicist called Cornelius
 

18:28.078 --> 18:32.148 align:start position:0%
in 1952, a physicist called Cornelius
Tobias<00:19:42.880><c> had</c><00:19:43.200><c> predicted</c><00:19:43.840><c> this</c><00:19:44.320><c> very</c><00:19:44.720><c> issue.</c><00:19:45.760><c> He</c>

18:32.148 --> 18:32.158 align:start position:0%
Tobias had predicted this very issue. He
 

18:32.158 --> 18:35.268 align:start position:0%
Tobias had predicted this very issue. He
had<00:19:46.400><c> been</c><00:19:46.880><c> largely</c><00:19:47.440><c> ignored.</c><00:19:48.400><c> That</c><00:19:48.640><c> is</c><00:19:48.880><c> until</c>

18:35.268 --> 18:35.278 align:start position:0%
had been largely ignored. That is until
 

18:35.278 --> 18:37.348 align:start position:0%
had been largely ignored. That is until
the<00:19:49.360><c> astronauts</c><00:19:50.080><c> started</c><00:19:50.480><c> reporting</c><00:19:50.960><c> these</c>

18:37.348 --> 18:37.358 align:start position:0%
the astronauts started reporting these
 

18:37.358 --> 18:40.627 align:start position:0%
the astronauts started reporting these
phenomena.<00:19:52.480><c> Tobias</c><00:19:53.120><c> theorized</c><00:19:53.679><c> that</c><00:19:54.160><c> outside</c>

18:40.627 --> 18:40.637 align:start position:0%
phenomena. Tobias theorized that outside
 

18:40.637 --> 18:42.308 align:start position:0%
phenomena. Tobias theorized that outside
the<00:19:54.799><c> protection</c><00:19:55.200><c> of</c><00:19:55.360><c> Earth's</c><00:19:55.760><c> magnetic</c>

18:42.308 --> 18:42.318 align:start position:0%
the protection of Earth's magnetic
 

18:42.318 --> 18:45.428 align:start position:0%
the protection of Earth's magnetic
field,<00:19:57.039><c> high</c><00:19:57.520><c> energy</c><00:19:58.000><c> subatomic</c><00:19:58.880><c> particles</c>

18:45.428 --> 18:45.438 align:start position:0%
field, high energy subatomic particles
 

18:45.438 --> 18:47.348 align:start position:0%
field, high energy subatomic particles
would<00:19:59.679><c> collide</c><00:20:00.160><c> directly</c><00:20:00.960><c> with</c><00:20:01.120><c> the</c>

18:47.348 --> 18:47.358 align:start position:0%
would collide directly with the
 

18:47.358 --> 18:50.468 align:start position:0%
would collide directly with the
astronaut's<00:20:01.919><c> eyes.</c><00:20:02.799><c> As</c><00:20:03.039><c> the</c><00:20:03.280><c> particle</c><00:20:03.919><c> passed</c>

18:50.468 --> 18:50.478 align:start position:0%
astronaut's eyes. As the particle passed
 

18:50.478 --> 18:52.308 align:start position:0%
astronaut's eyes. As the particle passed
through<00:20:04.720><c> the</c><00:20:04.960><c> fluid</c><00:20:05.280><c> of</c><00:20:05.360><c> the</c><00:20:05.520><c> eye</c><00:20:05.840><c> called</c><00:20:06.080><c> the</c>

18:52.308 --> 18:52.318 align:start position:0%
through the fluid of the eye called the
 

18:52.318 --> 18:55.107 align:start position:0%
through the fluid of the eye called the
vitrius<00:20:06.799><c> humor,</c><00:20:07.760><c> faster</c><00:20:08.160><c> than</c><00:20:08.320><c> the</c><00:20:08.559><c> speed</c><00:20:08.799><c> of</c>

18:55.107 --> 18:55.117 align:start position:0%
vitrius humor, faster than the speed of
 

18:55.117 --> 18:57.747 align:start position:0%
vitrius humor, faster than the speed of
light<00:20:09.360><c> in</c><00:20:09.600><c> that</c><00:20:09.840><c> medium,</c><00:20:10.640><c> it</c><00:20:10.799><c> would</c><00:20:11.039><c> create</c><00:20:11.440><c> an</c>

18:57.747 --> 18:57.757 align:start position:0%
light in that medium, it would create an
 

18:57.757 --> 19:00.867 align:start position:0%
light in that medium, it would create an
optical<00:20:12.400><c> sonic</c><00:20:12.880><c> boom</c><00:20:13.760><c> that</c><00:20:14.000><c> would</c><00:20:14.240><c> appear</c><00:20:14.559><c> as</c>

19:00.867 --> 19:00.877 align:start position:0%
optical sonic boom that would appear as
 

19:00.877 --> 19:03.908 align:start position:0%
optical sonic boom that would appear as
a<00:20:15.039><c> faint</c><00:20:15.440><c> blue</c><00:20:15.840><c> glow</c><00:20:16.559><c> called</c><00:20:17.120><c> Tenov</c>

19:03.908 --> 19:03.918 align:start position:0%
a faint blue glow called Tenov
 

19:03.918 --> 19:06.388 align:start position:0%
a faint blue glow called Tenov
radiation.<00:20:19.039><c> Whilst</c><00:20:19.360><c> the</c><00:20:19.520><c> bias</c><00:20:19.840><c> was</c><00:20:20.000><c> not</c>

19:06.388 --> 19:06.398 align:start position:0%
radiation. Whilst the bias was not
 

19:06.398 --> 19:09.028 align:start position:0%
radiation. Whilst the bias was not
proven<00:20:20.799><c> definitively</c><00:20:21.440><c> right</c><00:20:21.760><c> until</c><00:20:22.320><c> 3</c><00:20:22.640><c> years</c>

19:09.028 --> 19:09.038 align:start position:0%
proven definitively right until 3 years
 

19:09.038 --> 19:11.747 align:start position:0%
proven definitively right until 3 years
after<00:20:23.280><c> the</c><00:20:23.440><c> Apollo</c><00:20:23.919><c> 11</c><00:20:24.320><c> mission,</c><00:20:25.120><c> these</c><00:20:25.440><c> first</c>

19:11.747 --> 19:11.757 align:start position:0%
after the Apollo 11 mission, these first
 

19:11.757 --> 19:13.428 align:start position:0%
after the Apollo 11 mission, these first
observations<00:20:26.320><c> sparked</c><00:20:26.720><c> a</c><00:20:26.960><c> wealth</c><00:20:27.200><c> of</c>

19:13.428 --> 19:13.438 align:start position:0%
observations sparked a wealth of
 

19:13.438 --> 19:15.588 align:start position:0%
observations sparked a wealth of
research<00:20:27.679><c> into</c><00:20:28.000><c> this</c><00:20:28.159><c> phenomenon</c><00:20:28.720><c> across</c><00:20:29.200><c> the</c>

19:15.588 --> 19:15.598 align:start position:0%
research into this phenomenon across the
 

19:15.598 --> 19:18.308 align:start position:0%
research into this phenomenon across the
subsequent<00:20:30.000><c> Apollo</c><00:20:30.400><c> missions.</c><00:20:31.440><c> But</c><00:20:31.679><c> even</c><00:20:32.000><c> as</c>

19:18.308 --> 19:18.318 align:start position:0%
subsequent Apollo missions. But even as
 

19:18.318 --> 19:20.708 align:start position:0%
subsequent Apollo missions. But even as
the<00:20:32.480><c> crew</c><00:20:33.039><c> peacefully</c><00:20:33.679><c> rested</c><00:20:34.080><c> amidst</c><00:20:34.480><c> the</c>

19:20.708 --> 19:20.718 align:start position:0%
the crew peacefully rested amidst the
 

19:20.718 --> 19:23.428 align:start position:0%
the crew peacefully rested amidst the
flicker<00:20:35.039><c> of</c><00:20:35.200><c> cosmic</c><00:20:35.679><c> rays,</c><00:20:36.640><c> they</c><00:20:37.039><c> were</c>

19:23.428 --> 19:23.438 align:start position:0%
flicker of cosmic rays, they were
 

19:23.438 --> 19:27.188 align:start position:0%
flicker of cosmic rays, they were
accelerating<00:20:38.240><c> into</c><00:20:38.640><c> a</c><00:20:38.960><c> lethal</c><00:20:39.520><c> trap.</c><00:20:40.640><c> At</c><00:20:40.880><c> more</c>

19:27.188 --> 19:27.198 align:start position:0%
accelerating into a lethal trap. At more
 

19:27.198 --> 19:31.428 align:start position:0%
accelerating into a lethal trap. At more
than<00:20:41.440><c> 39,000</c><00:20:42.799><c> kmh,</c><00:20:44.080><c> the</c><00:20:44.240><c> Earth's</c><00:20:44.640><c> atmosphere</c>

19:31.428 --> 19:31.438 align:start position:0%
than 39,000 kmh, the Earth's atmosphere
 

19:31.438 --> 19:34.148 align:start position:0%
than 39,000 kmh, the Earth's atmosphere
loses<00:20:45.840><c> its</c><00:20:46.080><c> softness.</c><00:20:47.120><c> hit</c><00:20:47.360><c> it</c><00:20:47.520><c> at</c><00:20:47.679><c> the</c><00:20:47.919><c> wrong</c>

19:34.148 --> 19:34.158 align:start position:0%
loses its softness. hit it at the wrong
 

19:34.158 --> 19:36.948 align:start position:0%
loses its softness. hit it at the wrong
angle<00:20:48.559><c> and</c><00:20:48.799><c> the</c><00:20:48.960><c> air</c><00:20:49.280><c> becomes</c><00:20:49.840><c> as</c><00:20:50.080><c> solid</c><00:20:50.559><c> and</c>

19:36.948 --> 19:36.958 align:start position:0%
angle and the air becomes as solid and
 

19:36.958 --> 19:40.388 align:start position:0%
angle and the air becomes as solid and
unforgiving<00:20:51.840><c> as</c><00:20:52.080><c> a</c><00:20:52.240><c> wall</c><00:20:52.480><c> of</c><00:20:52.640><c> stone.</c><00:20:53.679><c> So,</c><00:20:54.000><c> how</c>

19:40.388 --> 19:40.398 align:start position:0%
unforgiving as a wall of stone. So, how
 

19:40.398 --> 19:42.948 align:start position:0%
unforgiving as a wall of stone. So, how
were<00:20:54.480><c> they</c><00:20:54.640><c> planning</c><00:20:54.960><c> to</c><00:20:55.120><c> get</c><00:20:55.280><c> through?</c><00:20:56.640><c> The</c>

19:42.948 --> 19:42.958 align:start position:0%
were they planning to get through? The
 

19:42.958 --> 19:45.508 align:start position:0%
were they planning to get through? The
crew<00:20:57.200><c> safety</c><00:20:57.520><c> rested</c><00:20:58.000><c> on</c><00:20:58.320><c> two</c><00:20:58.559><c> things.</c><00:20:59.200><c> The</c>

19:45.508 --> 19:45.518 align:start position:0%
crew safety rested on two things. The
 

19:45.518 --> 19:47.668 align:start position:0%
crew safety rested on two things. The
path<00:20:59.760><c> the</c><00:20:59.919><c> mathematicians</c><00:21:00.640><c> had</c><00:21:00.880><c> mapped</c><00:21:01.200><c> out</c>

19:47.668 --> 19:47.678 align:start position:0%
path the mathematicians had mapped out
 

19:47.678 --> 19:49.828 align:start position:0%
path the mathematicians had mapped out
and<00:21:01.919><c> the</c><00:21:02.159><c> armor</c><00:21:02.720><c> the</c><00:21:03.039><c> engineers</c><00:21:03.520><c> had</c>

19:49.828 --> 19:49.838 align:start position:0%
and the armor the engineers had
 

19:49.838 --> 19:51.987 align:start position:0%
and the armor the engineers had
provided,<00:21:04.559><c> creating</c><00:21:04.960><c> a</c><00:21:05.200><c> vessel</c><00:21:05.679><c> strong</c>

19:51.987 --> 19:51.997 align:start position:0%
provided, creating a vessel strong
 

19:51.997 --> 19:54.948 align:start position:0%
provided, creating a vessel strong
enough<00:21:06.240><c> to</c><00:21:06.480><c> survive</c><00:21:06.880><c> the</c><00:21:07.120><c> journey</c><00:21:07.440><c> home.</c>

19:54.948 --> 19:54.958 align:start position:0%
enough to survive the journey home.
 

19:54.958 --> 19:58.068 align:start position:0%
enough to survive the journey home.
First<00:21:09.200><c> up,</c><00:21:09.600><c> the</c><00:21:09.840><c> maths.</c><00:21:10.799><c> Colombia</c><00:21:11.360><c> had</c><00:21:11.600><c> to</c><00:21:11.760><c> hit</c>

19:58.068 --> 19:58.078 align:start position:0%
First up, the maths. Colombia had to hit
 

19:58.078 --> 20:00.948 align:start position:0%
First up, the maths. Colombia had to hit
an<00:21:12.240><c> area</c><00:21:12.559><c> in</c><00:21:12.799><c> the</c><00:21:12.960><c> sky</c><00:21:13.440><c> known</c><00:21:13.760><c> as</c><00:21:14.000><c> the</c><00:21:14.400><c> entry</c>

20:00.948 --> 20:00.958 align:start position:0%
an area in the sky known as the entry
 

20:00.958 --> 20:03.747 align:start position:0%
an area in the sky known as the entry
corridor.<00:21:15.840><c> The</c><00:21:16.159><c> target</c><00:21:16.400><c> was</c><00:21:16.640><c> a</c><00:21:16.799><c> precise</c><00:21:17.280><c> angle</c>

20:03.747 --> 20:03.757 align:start position:0%
corridor. The target was a precise angle
 

20:03.757 --> 20:05.668 align:start position:0%
corridor. The target was a precise angle
of<00:21:18.080><c> 6.5°</c>

20:05.668 --> 20:05.678 align:start position:0%
of 6.5°
 

20:05.678 --> 20:08.468 align:start position:0%
of 6.5°
relative<00:21:20.000><c> to</c><00:21:20.159><c> the</c><00:21:20.320><c> horizon.</c><00:21:21.520><c> The</c><00:21:21.760><c> margins</c>

20:08.468 --> 20:08.478 align:start position:0%
relative to the horizon. The margins
 

20:08.478 --> 20:11.508 align:start position:0%
relative to the horizon. The margins
were<00:21:23.039><c> unforgiving.</c><00:21:24.240><c> If</c><00:21:24.480><c> the</c><00:21:24.640><c> angle</c><00:21:25.039><c> was</c><00:21:25.200><c> too</c>

20:11.508 --> 20:11.518 align:start position:0%
were unforgiving. If the angle was too
 

20:11.518 --> 20:14.948 align:start position:0%
were unforgiving. If the angle was too
steep,<00:21:26.159><c> anything</c><00:21:26.559><c> over</c><00:21:27.120><c> 7.7°,</c>

20:14.948 --> 20:14.958 align:start position:0%
steep, anything over 7.7°,
 

20:14.958 --> 20:17.348 align:start position:0%
steep, anything over 7.7°,
the<00:21:29.120><c> capsule</c><00:21:29.679><c> would</c><00:21:29.919><c> dive</c><00:21:30.240><c> too</c><00:21:30.480><c> deep,</c><00:21:30.960><c> too</c>

20:17.348 --> 20:17.358 align:start position:0%
the capsule would dive too deep, too
 

20:17.358 --> 20:19.348 align:start position:0%
the capsule would dive too deep, too
fast,<00:21:31.919><c> and</c><00:21:32.240><c> friction</c><00:21:32.640><c> would</c><00:21:32.880><c> generate</c>

20:19.348 --> 20:19.358 align:start position:0%
fast, and friction would generate
 

20:19.358 --> 20:21.348 align:start position:0%
fast, and friction would generate
temperatures<00:21:33.919><c> far</c><00:21:34.240><c> beyond</c><00:21:34.720><c> the</c><00:21:34.960><c> heat</c>

20:21.348 --> 20:21.358 align:start position:0%
temperatures far beyond the heat
 

20:21.358 --> 20:23.987 align:start position:0%
temperatures far beyond the heat
shield's<00:21:35.679><c> limits.</c><00:21:36.720><c> The</c><00:21:36.960><c> deceleration</c><00:21:37.600><c> would</c>

20:23.987 --> 20:23.997 align:start position:0%
shield's limits. The deceleration would
 

20:23.997 --> 20:27.028 align:start position:0%
shield's limits. The deceleration would
hit<00:21:38.159><c> the</c><00:21:38.320><c> crew</c><00:21:38.880><c> with</c><00:21:39.280><c> crushing</c><00:21:39.919><c> high</c><00:21:40.400><c> G's</c><00:21:40.720><c> of</c>

20:27.028 --> 20:27.038 align:start position:0%
hit the crew with crushing high G's of
 

20:27.038 --> 20:30.308 align:start position:0%
hit the crew with crushing high G's of
force.<00:21:42.000><c> All</c><00:21:42.240><c> in</c><00:21:42.400><c> all,</c><00:21:42.960><c> not</c><00:21:43.200><c> ideal,</c><00:21:43.840><c> as</c><00:21:44.080><c> the</c>

20:30.308 --> 20:30.318 align:start position:0%
force. All in all, not ideal, as the
 

20:30.318 --> 20:33.028 align:start position:0%
force. All in all, not ideal, as the
ship<00:21:44.559><c> would</c><00:21:44.799><c> likely</c><00:21:45.360><c> incinerate.</c>

20:33.028 --> 20:33.038 align:start position:0%
ship would likely incinerate.
 

20:33.038 --> 20:35.828 align:start position:0%
ship would likely incinerate.
But<00:21:47.120><c> if</c><00:21:47.360><c> the</c><00:21:47.520><c> angle</c><00:21:47.760><c> was</c><00:21:48.000><c> too</c><00:21:48.240><c> shallow,</c><00:21:49.200><c> under</c>

20:35.828 --> 20:35.838 align:start position:0%
But if the angle was too shallow, under
 

20:35.838 --> 20:37.348 align:start position:0%
But if the angle was too shallow, under
5.3°,

20:37.348 --> 20:37.358 align:start position:0%
5.3°,
 

20:37.358 --> 20:39.188 align:start position:0%
5.3°,
the<00:21:51.520><c> atmosphere</c><00:21:52.080><c> would</c><00:21:52.320><c> act</c><00:21:52.559><c> like</c><00:21:52.799><c> the</c>

20:39.188 --> 20:39.198 align:start position:0%
the atmosphere would act like the
 

20:39.198 --> 20:41.588 align:start position:0%
the atmosphere would act like the
surface<00:21:53.440><c> of</c><00:21:53.520><c> a</c><00:21:53.760><c> pond,</c><00:21:54.480><c> the</c><00:21:54.720><c> capsule</c><00:21:55.280><c> would</c>

20:41.588 --> 20:41.598 align:start position:0%
surface of a pond, the capsule would
 

20:41.598 --> 20:44.227 align:start position:0%
surface of a pond, the capsule would
jump<00:21:55.840><c> off</c><00:21:56.080><c> the</c><00:21:56.240><c> heavy</c><00:21:56.559><c> air</c><00:21:56.720><c> like</c><00:21:56.960><c> a</c><00:21:57.120><c> skim</c><00:21:57.520><c> stone</c>

20:44.227 --> 20:44.237 align:start position:0%
jump off the heavy air like a skim stone
 

20:44.237 --> 20:46.708 align:start position:0%
jump off the heavy air like a skim stone
and<00:21:58.400><c> be</c><00:21:58.640><c> flung</c><00:21:59.200><c> back</c><00:21:59.520><c> into</c><00:21:59.919><c> an</c><00:22:00.240><c> elliptical</c>

20:46.708 --> 20:46.718 align:start position:0%
and be flung back into an elliptical
 

20:46.718 --> 20:49.107 align:start position:0%
and be flung back into an elliptical
orbit.<00:22:01.679><c> Whilst</c><00:22:02.000><c> this</c><00:22:02.240><c> doesn't</c><00:22:02.480><c> sound</c><00:22:02.720><c> too</c>

20:49.107 --> 20:49.117 align:start position:0%
orbit. Whilst this doesn't sound too
 

20:49.117 --> 20:50.948 align:start position:0%
orbit. Whilst this doesn't sound too
bad,<00:22:03.600><c> you</c><00:22:03.840><c> have</c><00:22:04.000><c> to</c><00:22:04.159><c> remember</c><00:22:04.400><c> that</c><00:22:04.640><c> the</c>

20:50.948 --> 20:50.958 align:start position:0%
bad, you have to remember that the
 

20:50.958 --> 20:52.788 align:start position:0%
bad, you have to remember that the
service<00:22:05.200><c> module,</c><00:22:05.840><c> the</c><00:22:06.000><c> part</c><00:22:06.240><c> of</c><00:22:06.400><c> the</c><00:22:06.480><c> ship</c>

20:52.788 --> 20:52.798 align:start position:0%
service module, the part of the ship
 

20:52.798 --> 20:55.348 align:start position:0%
service module, the part of the ship
that<00:22:06.960><c> supplied</c><00:22:07.360><c> the</c><00:22:07.600><c> oxygen,</c><00:22:08.559><c> was</c><00:22:08.880><c> planned</c><00:22:09.120><c> to</c>

20:55.348 --> 20:55.358 align:start position:0%
that supplied the oxygen, was planned to
 

20:55.358 --> 20:58.788 align:start position:0%
that supplied the oxygen, was planned to
be<00:22:09.440><c> jettisoned</c><00:22:10.240><c> just</c><00:22:10.799><c> before</c><00:22:11.360><c> re-entry.</c><00:22:12.480><c> So,</c>

20:58.788 --> 20:58.798 align:start position:0%
be jettisoned just before re-entry. So,
 

20:58.798 --> 21:01.428 align:start position:0%
be jettisoned just before re-entry. So,
the<00:22:12.960><c> crew</c><00:22:13.600><c> would</c><00:22:13.840><c> be</c><00:22:14.000><c> trapped,</c><00:22:14.480><c> drifting</c><00:22:14.960><c> in</c><00:22:15.200><c> a</c>

21:01.428 --> 21:01.438 align:start position:0%
the crew would be trapped, drifting in a
 

21:01.438 --> 21:03.987 align:start position:0%
the crew would be trapped, drifting in a
silent<00:22:15.760><c> orbit,</c><00:22:16.559><c> slowly</c><00:22:17.039><c> suffocating</c><00:22:17.760><c> to</c>

21:03.987 --> 21:03.997 align:start position:0%
silent orbit, slowly suffocating to
 

21:03.997 --> 21:07.268 align:start position:0%
silent orbit, slowly suffocating to
death.<00:22:19.120><c> But</c><00:22:19.360><c> even</c><00:22:19.679><c> with</c><00:22:20.000><c> a</c><00:22:20.240><c> safe</c><00:22:20.480><c> path</c><00:22:20.880><c> through</c>

21:07.268 --> 21:07.278 align:start position:0%
death. But even with a safe path through
 

21:07.278 --> 21:10.227 align:start position:0%
death. But even with a safe path through
the<00:22:21.440><c> corridor</c><00:22:22.000><c> calculated,</c><00:22:22.960><c> the</c><00:22:23.280><c> journey</c><00:22:23.760><c> was</c>

21:10.227 --> 21:10.237 align:start position:0%
the corridor calculated, the journey was
 

21:10.237 --> 21:13.268 align:start position:0%
the corridor calculated, the journey was
anything<00:22:24.640><c> but</c><00:22:24.960><c> a</c><00:22:25.200><c> gentle</c><00:22:25.600><c> descent.</c><00:22:26.559><c> The</c><00:22:26.799><c> crew</c>

21:13.268 --> 21:13.278 align:start position:0%
anything but a gentle descent. The crew
 

21:13.278 --> 21:16.388 align:start position:0%
anything but a gentle descent. The crew
still<00:22:27.600><c> had</c><00:22:27.840><c> to</c><00:22:28.000><c> contend</c><00:22:28.400><c> with</c><00:22:28.880><c> white</c><00:22:29.360><c> hot</c>

21:16.388 --> 21:16.398 align:start position:0%
still had to contend with white hot
 

21:16.398 --> 21:18.148 align:start position:0%
still had to contend with white hot
2,700

21:18.148 --> 21:18.158 align:start position:0%
2,700
 

21:18.158 --> 21:20.308 align:start position:0%
2,700
degree<00:22:32.400><c> temperatures</c><00:22:33.280><c> and</c><00:22:33.600><c> crushing</c>

21:20.308 --> 21:20.318 align:start position:0%
degree temperatures and crushing
 

21:20.318 --> 21:22.708 align:start position:0%
degree temperatures and crushing
G-forces<00:22:34.960><c> that</c><00:22:35.280><c> pushed</c><00:22:35.600><c> their</c><00:22:35.919><c> human</c><00:22:36.240><c> bodies</c>

21:22.708 --> 21:22.718 align:start position:0%
G-forces that pushed their human bodies
 

21:22.718 --> 21:25.828 align:start position:0%
G-forces that pushed their human bodies
to<00:22:36.799><c> their</c><00:22:37.120><c> absolute</c><00:22:37.919><c> limits.</c><00:22:39.039><c> These</c><00:22:39.280><c> forces</c>

21:25.828 --> 21:25.838 align:start position:0%
to their absolute limits. These forces
 

21:25.838 --> 21:28.148 align:start position:0%
to their absolute limits. These forces
had<00:22:39.919><c> to</c><00:22:40.080><c> be</c><00:22:40.159><c> absorbed</c><00:22:40.880><c> and</c><00:22:41.120><c> NASA</c><00:22:41.520><c> engineers</c>

21:28.148 --> 21:28.158 align:start position:0%
had to be absorbed and NASA engineers
 

21:28.158 --> 21:30.227 align:start position:0%
had to be absorbed and NASA engineers
had<00:22:42.320><c> built</c><00:22:42.640><c> the</c><00:22:42.799><c> answer</c><00:22:43.200><c> directly</c><00:22:43.600><c> into</c><00:22:43.919><c> the</c>

21:30.227 --> 21:30.237 align:start position:0%
had built the answer directly into the
 

21:30.237 --> 21:32.468 align:start position:0%
had built the answer directly into the
bones<00:22:44.480><c> of</c><00:22:44.640><c> the</c><00:22:44.880><c> command</c><00:22:45.200><c> module.</c><00:22:46.000><c> Starting</c>

21:32.468 --> 21:32.478 align:start position:0%
bones of the command module. Starting
 

21:32.478 --> 21:35.508 align:start position:0%
bones of the command module. Starting
off<00:22:46.640><c> with</c><00:22:46.799><c> its</c><00:22:47.120><c> shape,</c><00:22:48.240><c> unlike</c><00:22:48.720><c> a</c><00:22:49.039><c> sleek</c>

21:35.508 --> 21:35.518 align:start position:0%
off with its shape, unlike a sleek
 

21:35.518 --> 21:38.468 align:start position:0%
off with its shape, unlike a sleek
missile,<00:22:50.240><c> the</c><00:22:50.400><c> command</c><00:22:50.720><c> module</c><00:22:51.360><c> was</c><00:22:51.600><c> a</c><00:22:51.919><c> blunt</c>

21:38.468 --> 21:38.478 align:start position:0%
missile, the command module was a blunt
 

21:38.478 --> 21:41.107 align:start position:0%
missile, the command module was a blunt
cone.<00:22:53.360><c> This</c><00:22:53.600><c> was</c><00:22:53.760><c> a</c><00:22:54.000><c> deliberate</c><00:22:54.480><c> piece</c><00:22:54.720><c> of</c>

21:41.107 --> 21:41.117 align:start position:0%
cone. This was a deliberate piece of
 

21:41.117 --> 21:43.107 align:start position:0%
cone. This was a deliberate piece of
hypersonic<00:22:55.840><c> wizardry</c><00:22:56.320><c> discovered</c><00:22:56.720><c> in</c><00:22:56.880><c> the</c>

21:43.107 --> 21:43.117 align:start position:0%
hypersonic wizardry discovered in the
 

21:43.117 --> 21:46.788 align:start position:0%
hypersonic wizardry discovered in the
1950s.<00:22:58.240><c> By</c><00:22:58.559><c> being</c><00:22:59.200><c> unerodynamic,</c>

21:46.788 --> 21:46.798 align:start position:0%
1950s. By being unerodynamic,
 

21:46.798 --> 21:48.708 align:start position:0%
1950s. By being unerodynamic,
the<00:23:00.960><c> air</c><00:23:01.120><c> did</c><00:23:01.360><c> not</c><00:23:01.520><c> flow</c><00:23:01.840><c> around</c><00:23:02.000><c> the</c><00:23:02.240><c> capsule</c>

21:48.708 --> 21:48.718 align:start position:0%
the air did not flow around the capsule
 

21:48.718 --> 21:51.268 align:start position:0%
the air did not flow around the capsule
easily.<00:23:03.440><c> Instead,</c><00:23:04.080><c> it</c><00:23:04.320><c> compressed</c><00:23:04.799><c> the</c><00:23:05.039><c> air</c>

21:51.268 --> 21:51.278 align:start position:0%
easily. Instead, it compressed the air
 

21:51.278 --> 21:53.908 align:start position:0%
easily. Instead, it compressed the air
in<00:23:05.440><c> front</c><00:23:05.600><c> of</c><00:23:05.760><c> it,</c><00:23:06.240><c> creating</c><00:23:06.880><c> a</c><00:23:07.120><c> detached</c>

21:53.908 --> 21:53.918 align:start position:0%
in front of it, creating a detached
 

21:53.918 --> 21:57.268 align:start position:0%
in front of it, creating a detached
shock<00:23:08.159><c> wave</c><00:23:08.640><c> out</c><00:23:08.960><c> ahead</c><00:23:09.360><c> of</c><00:23:09.520><c> it.</c><00:23:10.480><c> This</c><00:23:10.799><c> massive</c>

21:57.268 --> 21:57.278 align:start position:0%
shock wave out ahead of it. This massive
 

21:57.278 --> 21:59.668 align:start position:0%
shock wave out ahead of it. This massive
wall<00:23:11.440><c> of</c><00:23:11.600><c> air</c><00:23:11.840><c> acted</c><00:23:12.159><c> as</c><00:23:12.320><c> a</c><00:23:12.480><c> buffer,</c><00:23:13.200><c> forcing</c>

21:59.668 --> 21:59.678 align:start position:0%
wall of air acted as a buffer, forcing
 

21:59.678 --> 22:01.828 align:start position:0%
wall of air acted as a buffer, forcing
the<00:23:13.840><c> most</c><00:23:14.080><c> intense</c><00:23:14.480><c> heat</c><00:23:14.720><c> to</c><00:23:14.880><c> flow</c><00:23:15.200><c> around</c><00:23:15.520><c> the</c>

22:01.828 --> 22:01.838 align:start position:0%
the most intense heat to flow around the
 

22:01.838 --> 22:05.107 align:start position:0%
the most intense heat to flow around the
vehicle<00:23:16.480><c> rather</c><00:23:16.799><c> than</c><00:23:17.120><c> into</c><00:23:17.440><c> it.</c><00:23:18.480><c> The</c><00:23:18.720><c> heat</c>

22:05.107 --> 22:05.117 align:start position:0%
vehicle rather than into it. The heat
 

22:05.117 --> 22:07.188 align:start position:0%
vehicle rather than into it. The heat
that<00:23:19.440><c> did</c><00:23:19.760><c> touch</c><00:23:20.000><c> the</c><00:23:20.159><c> ship</c><00:23:20.400><c> was</c><00:23:20.559><c> met</c><00:23:20.799><c> by</c><00:23:20.960><c> one</c>

22:07.188 --> 22:07.198 align:start position:0%
that did touch the ship was met by one
 

22:07.198 --> 22:08.948 align:start position:0%
that did touch the ship was met by one
of<00:23:21.200><c> the</c><00:23:21.360><c> most</c><00:23:21.520><c> sophisticated</c><00:23:22.240><c> substances</c>

22:08.948 --> 22:08.958 align:start position:0%
of the most sophisticated substances
 

22:08.958 --> 22:13.668 align:start position:0%
of the most sophisticated substances
ever<00:23:23.200><c> devised.</c><00:23:24.159><c> Avote</c><00:23:25.120><c> 502639,</c>

22:13.668 --> 22:13.678 align:start position:0%
ever devised. Avote 502639,
 

22:13.678 --> 22:16.068 align:start position:0%
ever devised. Avote 502639,
a<00:23:27.840><c> low</c><00:23:28.159><c> density</c><00:23:28.880><c> ablated</c><00:23:29.360><c> heat</c><00:23:29.600><c> shield</c>

22:16.068 --> 22:16.078 align:start position:0%
a low density ablated heat shield
 

22:16.078 --> 22:18.308 align:start position:0%
a low density ablated heat shield
material<00:23:30.559><c> arranged</c><00:23:31.120><c> into</c><00:23:31.440><c> tiles</c><00:23:31.840><c> that</c>

22:18.308 --> 22:18.318 align:start position:0%
material arranged into tiles that
 

22:18.318 --> 22:20.708 align:start position:0%
material arranged into tiles that
covered<00:23:32.559><c> the</c><00:23:32.720><c> bottom</c><00:23:32.960><c> of</c><00:23:33.120><c> the</c><00:23:33.280><c> craft.</c><00:23:34.400><c> This</c>

22:20.708 --> 22:20.718 align:start position:0%
covered the bottom of the craft. This
 

22:20.718 --> 22:24.068 align:start position:0%
covered the bottom of the craft. This
was<00:23:34.799><c> no</c><00:23:35.200><c> simple</c><00:23:35.520><c> tile.</c><00:23:36.240><c> It</c><00:23:36.400><c> was</c><00:23:36.559><c> a</c><00:23:36.880><c> resinfilled</c>

22:24.068 --> 22:24.078 align:start position:0%
was no simple tile. It was a resinfilled
 

22:24.078 --> 22:26.388 align:start position:0%
was no simple tile. It was a resinfilled
fiberglass<00:23:38.799><c> honeycomb</c><00:23:39.600><c> that</c><00:23:39.840><c> functioned</c>

22:26.388 --> 22:26.398 align:start position:0%
fiberglass honeycomb that functioned
 

22:26.398 --> 22:29.188 align:start position:0%
fiberglass honeycomb that functioned
through<00:23:40.559><c> a</c><00:23:40.799><c> process</c><00:23:41.200><c> called</c><00:23:41.600><c> ablation.</c><00:23:42.880><c> As</c>

22:29.188 --> 22:29.198 align:start position:0%
through a process called ablation. As
 

22:29.198 --> 22:31.747 align:start position:0%
through a process called ablation. As
the<00:23:43.280><c> avote</c><00:23:43.919><c> heated</c><00:23:44.240><c> up,</c><00:23:44.880><c> the</c><00:23:45.120><c> material</c>

22:31.747 --> 22:31.757 align:start position:0%
the avote heated up, the material
 

22:31.757 --> 22:35.028 align:start position:0%
the avote heated up, the material
chemically<00:23:46.320><c> decomposed,</c><00:23:47.600><c> charred,</c><00:23:48.400><c> and</c><00:23:48.559><c> then</c>

22:35.028 --> 22:35.038 align:start position:0%
chemically decomposed, charred, and then
 

22:35.038 --> 22:37.348 align:start position:0%
chemically decomposed, charred, and then
flaked<00:23:49.440><c> away,</c><00:23:50.080><c> physically</c><00:23:50.640><c> carrying</c><00:23:51.039><c> the</c>

22:37.348 --> 22:37.358 align:start position:0%
flaked away, physically carrying the
 

22:37.358 --> 22:40.308 align:start position:0%
flaked away, physically carrying the
thermal<00:23:51.679><c> energy</c><00:23:52.159><c> away</c><00:23:52.559><c> from</c><00:23:52.720><c> the</c><00:23:52.960><c> spacecraft.</c>

22:40.308 --> 22:40.318 align:start position:0%
thermal energy away from the spacecraft.
 

22:40.318 --> 22:42.867 align:start position:0%
thermal energy away from the spacecraft.
But<00:23:54.480><c> for</c><00:23:54.799><c> this</c><00:23:55.280><c> sacrificial</c><00:23:56.080><c> chemistry</c><00:23:56.559><c> to</c>

22:42.867 --> 22:42.877 align:start position:0%
But for this sacrificial chemistry to
 

22:42.877 --> 22:45.908 align:start position:0%
But for this sacrificial chemistry to
work,<00:23:57.679><c> the</c><00:23:57.840><c> shield</c><00:23:58.240><c> had</c><00:23:58.400><c> to</c><00:23:58.559><c> be</c><00:23:58.640><c> flawless.</c>

22:45.908 --> 22:45.918 align:start position:0%
work, the shield had to be flawless.
 

22:45.918 --> 22:48.548 align:start position:0%
work, the shield had to be flawless.
This<00:24:00.080><c> wasn't</c><00:24:00.400><c> a</c><00:24:00.720><c> mass-</c><00:24:01.200><c> prodduced</c><00:24:01.600><c> component.</c>

22:48.548 --> 22:48.558 align:start position:0%
This wasn't a mass- prodduced component.
 

22:48.558 --> 22:52.148 align:start position:0%
This wasn't a mass- prodduced component.
It<00:24:02.640><c> was</c><00:24:02.799><c> a</c><00:24:03.200><c> delicate</c><00:24:03.840><c> mosaic.</c><00:24:05.120><c> The</c><00:24:05.280><c> Avco</c><00:24:05.760><c> resin</c>

22:52.148 --> 22:52.158 align:start position:0%
It was a delicate mosaic. The Avco resin
 

22:52.158 --> 22:53.908 align:start position:0%
It was a delicate mosaic. The Avco resin
was<00:24:06.240><c> injected</c><00:24:06.640><c> into</c><00:24:06.960><c> the</c><00:24:07.200><c> structure</c>

22:53.908 --> 22:53.918 align:start position:0%
was injected into the structure
 

22:53.918 --> 22:56.388 align:start position:0%
was injected into the structure
consisting<00:24:08.320><c> of</c><00:24:08.559><c> more</c><00:24:08.799><c> than</c><00:24:09.200><c> 300,000</c>

22:56.388 --> 22:56.398 align:start position:0%
consisting of more than 300,000
 

22:56.398 --> 22:59.428 align:start position:0%
consisting of more than 300,000
individual<00:24:10.880><c> cells.</c><00:24:11.679><c> Any</c><00:24:12.159><c> tiny</c><00:24:12.559><c> air</c><00:24:12.799><c> bubble</c><00:24:13.039><c> or</c>

22:59.428 --> 22:59.438 align:start position:0%
individual cells. Any tiny air bubble or
 

22:59.438 --> 23:02.308 align:start position:0%
individual cells. Any tiny air bubble or
gap<00:24:13.760><c> could</c><00:24:14.000><c> lead</c><00:24:14.240><c> to</c><00:24:14.400><c> a</c><00:24:14.640><c> catastrophic</c><00:24:15.760><c> burnth</c>

23:02.308 --> 23:02.318 align:start position:0%
gap could lead to a catastrophic burnth
 

23:02.318 --> 23:04.468 align:start position:0%
gap could lead to a catastrophic burnth
through<00:24:16.559><c> during</c><00:24:16.960><c> re-entry.</c><00:24:17.919><c> So</c><00:24:18.080><c> the</c>

23:04.468 --> 23:04.478 align:start position:0%
through during re-entry. So the
 

23:04.478 --> 23:07.588 align:start position:0%
through during re-entry. So the
application<00:24:19.200><c> had</c><00:24:19.520><c> to</c><00:24:19.679><c> be</c><00:24:19.919><c> perfect.</c>

23:07.588 --> 23:07.598 align:start position:0%
application had to be perfect.
 

23:07.598 --> 23:09.987 align:start position:0%
application had to be perfect.
This<00:24:21.840><c> perfection</c><00:24:22.559><c> was</c><00:24:22.960><c> not</c><00:24:23.200><c> achieved</c><00:24:23.600><c> by</c>

23:09.987 --> 23:09.997 align:start position:0%
This perfection was not achieved by
 

23:09.997 --> 23:13.668 align:start position:0%
This perfection was not achieved by
machines.<00:24:24.960><c> But</c><00:24:25.600><c> sheer</c><00:24:26.159><c> human</c><00:24:26.640><c> persistence</c>

23:13.668 --> 23:13.678 align:start position:0%
machines. But sheer human persistence
 

23:13.678 --> 23:16.308 align:start position:0%
machines. But sheer human persistence
which<00:24:27.919><c> continues</c><00:24:28.320><c> to</c><00:24:28.480><c> this</c><00:24:28.720><c> day.</c><00:24:29.520><c> Armed</c><00:24:29.919><c> with</c>

23:16.308 --> 23:16.318 align:start position:0%
which continues to this day. Armed with
 

23:16.318 --> 23:17.987 align:start position:0%
which continues to this day. Armed with
specialized<00:24:30.799><c> tools</c><00:24:31.200><c> that</c><00:24:31.360><c> looked</c><00:24:31.600><c> like</c>

23:17.987 --> 23:17.997 align:start position:0%
specialized tools that looked like
 

23:17.997 --> 23:20.548 align:start position:0%
specialized tools that looked like
industrial<00:24:32.640><c> culking</c><00:24:33.120><c> guns,</c><00:24:33.840><c> teams</c><00:24:34.240><c> of</c>

23:20.548 --> 23:20.558 align:start position:0%
industrial culking guns, teams of
 

23:20.558 --> 23:23.347 align:start position:0%
industrial culking guns, teams of
technicians<00:24:35.200><c> filled</c><00:24:35.679><c> every</c><00:24:36.159><c> single</c><00:24:36.559><c> cell</c><00:24:37.039><c> one</c>

23:23.347 --> 23:23.357 align:start position:0%
technicians filled every single cell one
 

23:23.357 --> 23:26.627 align:start position:0%
technicians filled every single cell one
by<00:24:37.600><c> one</c><00:24:38.159><c> by</c><00:24:38.480><c> hand.</c><00:24:39.440><c> After</c><00:24:39.840><c> each</c><00:24:40.080><c> cell</c><00:24:40.400><c> was</c>

23:26.627 --> 23:26.637 align:start position:0%
by one by hand. After each cell was
 

23:26.637 --> 23:29.347 align:start position:0%
by one by hand. After each cell was
filled,<00:24:41.279><c> the</c><00:24:41.520><c> entire</c><00:24:41.840><c> shield</c><00:24:42.240><c> was</c><00:24:42.559><c> x-rayed</c><00:24:43.120><c> to</c>

23:29.347 --> 23:29.357 align:start position:0%
filled, the entire shield was x-rayed to
 

23:29.357 --> 23:31.908 align:start position:0%
filled, the entire shield was x-rayed to
search<00:24:43.520><c> for</c><00:24:43.760><c> the</c><00:24:43.919><c> slightest</c><00:24:44.480><c> imperfection.</c>

23:31.908 --> 23:31.918 align:start position:0%
search for the slightest imperfection.
 

23:31.918 --> 23:33.828 align:start position:0%
search for the slightest imperfection.
It<00:24:46.080><c> was</c><00:24:46.159><c> a</c><00:24:46.400><c> process</c><00:24:46.640><c> that</c><00:24:46.880><c> took</c><00:24:47.360><c> several</c>

23:33.828 --> 23:33.838 align:start position:0%
It was a process that took several
 

23:33.838 --> 23:37.107 align:start position:0%
It was a process that took several
months<00:24:48.159><c> for</c><00:24:48.480><c> a</c><00:24:48.799><c> single</c><00:24:49.279><c> capsule.</c><00:24:50.640><c> And</c><00:24:50.799><c> the</c>

23:37.107 --> 23:37.117 align:start position:0%
months for a single capsule. And the
 

23:37.117 --> 23:39.508 align:start position:0%
months for a single capsule. And the
result<00:24:51.279><c> of</c><00:24:51.440><c> this</c><00:24:51.679><c> painstaking</c><00:24:52.400><c> labor</c><00:24:52.799><c> was</c><00:24:53.039><c> a</c>

23:39.508 --> 23:39.518 align:start position:0%
result of this painstaking labor was a
 

23:39.518 --> 23:42.708 align:start position:0%
result of this painstaking labor was a
masterpiece<00:24:54.240><c> of</c><00:24:54.559><c> thermal</c><00:24:54.960><c> insulation.</c>

23:42.708 --> 23:42.718 align:start position:0%
masterpiece of thermal insulation.
 

23:42.718 --> 23:45.028 align:start position:0%
masterpiece of thermal insulation.
While<00:24:56.960><c> the</c><00:24:57.120><c> outer</c><00:24:57.440><c> shield</c><00:24:57.760><c> glowed</c><00:24:58.320><c> white</c><00:24:58.640><c> hot</c>

23:45.028 --> 23:45.038 align:start position:0%
While the outer shield glowed white hot
 

23:45.038 --> 23:48.468 align:start position:0%
While the outer shield glowed white hot
and<00:24:59.440><c> disintegrated</c><00:25:00.240><c> in</c><00:25:00.480><c> a</c><00:25:00.799><c> stream</c><00:25:01.200><c> of</c><00:25:01.520><c> sparks,</c>

23:48.468 --> 23:48.478 align:start position:0%
and disintegrated in a stream of sparks,
 

23:48.478 --> 23:50.548 align:start position:0%
and disintegrated in a stream of sparks,
the<00:25:02.640><c> aluminium</c><00:25:03.279><c> pressure</c><00:25:03.600><c> vessel</c><00:25:04.000><c> and</c><00:25:04.240><c> the</c>

23:50.548 --> 23:50.558 align:start position:0%
the aluminium pressure vessel and the
 

23:50.558 --> 23:52.468 align:start position:0%
the aluminium pressure vessel and the
three<00:25:04.640><c> men</c><00:25:04.880><c> inside</c><00:25:05.600><c> remained</c><00:25:06.000><c> at</c><00:25:06.159><c> a</c>

23:52.468 --> 23:52.478 align:start position:0%
three men inside remained at a
 

23:52.478 --> 23:54.948 align:start position:0%
three men inside remained at a
comfortable<00:25:07.039><c> room</c><00:25:07.360><c> temperature</c><00:25:08.000><c> just</c><00:25:08.400><c> inches</c>

23:54.948 --> 23:54.958 align:start position:0%
comfortable room temperature just inches
 

23:54.958 --> 23:58.308 align:start position:0%
comfortable room temperature just inches
away.<00:25:09.919><c> That</c><00:25:10.159><c> was</c><00:25:10.320><c> the</c><00:25:10.559><c> theory</c><00:25:11.120><c> anyway.</c><00:25:12.080><c> All</c>

23:58.308 --> 23:58.318 align:start position:0%
away. That was the theory anyway. All
 

23:58.318 --> 24:02.627 align:start position:0%
away. That was the theory anyway. All
that<00:25:12.480><c> was</c><00:25:12.640><c> left</c><00:25:13.039><c> was</c><00:25:13.279><c> to</c><00:25:13.520><c> actually</c><00:25:13.919><c> do</c><00:25:14.159><c> it.</c>

24:02.627 --> 24:02.637 align:start position:0%
that was left was to actually do it.
 

24:02.637 --> 24:05.747 align:start position:0%
that was left was to actually do it.
Colombia<00:25:17.520><c> slammed</c><00:25:18.159><c> into</c><00:25:18.400><c> the</c><00:25:18.640><c> air</c><00:25:18.880><c> at</c><00:25:19.200><c> around</c>

24:05.747 --> 24:05.757 align:start position:0%
Colombia slammed into the air at around
 

24:05.757 --> 24:09.188 align:start position:0%
Colombia slammed into the air at around
40,000<00:25:20.640><c> kmh.</c><00:25:21.919><c> the</c><00:25:22.159><c> friction</c><00:25:22.720><c> stripping</c>

24:09.188 --> 24:09.198 align:start position:0%
40,000 kmh. the friction stripping
 

24:09.198 --> 24:10.548 align:start position:0%
40,000 kmh. the friction stripping
electrons<00:25:23.679><c> from</c><00:25:23.840><c> the</c><00:25:24.080><c> surrounding</c>

24:10.548 --> 24:10.558 align:start position:0%
electrons from the surrounding
 

24:10.558 --> 24:13.428 align:start position:0%
electrons from the surrounding
molecules,<00:25:25.520><c> creating</c><00:25:25.919><c> a</c><00:25:26.240><c> shimmering</c><00:25:26.880><c> sheath</c>

24:13.428 --> 24:13.438 align:start position:0%
molecules, creating a shimmering sheath
 

24:13.438 --> 24:16.308 align:start position:0%
molecules, creating a shimmering sheath
of<00:25:27.840><c> ionized</c><00:25:28.240><c> gas</c><00:25:28.559><c> that</c><00:25:28.880><c> blocked</c><00:25:29.440><c> all</c><00:25:29.840><c> radio</c>

24:16.308 --> 24:16.318 align:start position:0%
of ionized gas that blocked all radio
 

24:16.318 --> 24:19.508 align:start position:0%
of ionized gas that blocked all radio
waves.<00:25:31.200><c> In</c><00:25:31.520><c> Houston,</c><00:25:32.320><c> the</c><00:25:32.559><c> consoles</c><00:25:33.120><c> went</c>

24:19.508 --> 24:19.518 align:start position:0%
waves. In Houston, the consoles went
 

24:19.518 --> 24:21.028 align:start position:0%
waves. In Houston, the consoles went
flat.

24:21.028 --> 24:21.038 align:start position:0%
flat.
 

24:21.038 --> 24:24.627 align:start position:0%
flat.
3<00:25:35.760><c> minutes.</c><00:25:37.200><c> That</c><00:25:37.520><c> was</c><00:25:37.679><c> the</c><00:25:37.919><c> duration</c><00:25:38.240><c> of</c><00:25:38.400><c> the</c>

24:24.627 --> 24:24.637 align:start position:0%
3 minutes. That was the duration of the
 

24:24.637 --> 24:27.508 align:start position:0%
3 minutes. That was the duration of the
blackout,<00:25:39.360><c> a</c><00:25:39.679><c> period</c><00:25:39.919><c> of</c><00:25:40.240><c> harrowing</c><00:25:40.960><c> silence</c>

24:27.508 --> 24:27.518 align:start position:0%
blackout, a period of harrowing silence
 

24:27.518 --> 24:30.068 align:start position:0%
blackout, a period of harrowing silence
where<00:25:41.760><c> the</c><00:25:41.919><c> crew</c><00:25:42.159><c> of</c><00:25:42.400><c> Apollo</c><00:25:42.799><c> 11</c><00:25:43.279><c> was</c><00:25:43.520><c> encased</c>

24:30.068 --> 24:30.078 align:start position:0%
where the crew of Apollo 11 was encased
 

24:30.078 --> 24:33.428 align:start position:0%
where the crew of Apollo 11 was encased
in<00:25:44.159><c> a</c><00:25:44.320><c> cocoon</c><00:25:45.039><c> of</c><00:25:45.440><c> superheated</c><00:25:46.400><c> plasma,</c>

24:33.428 --> 24:33.438 align:start position:0%
in a cocoon of superheated plasma,
 

24:33.438 --> 24:35.347 align:start position:0%
in a cocoon of superheated plasma,
unable<00:25:48.000><c> to</c><00:25:48.240><c> communicate</c><00:25:48.640><c> with</c><00:25:48.960><c> mission</c>

24:35.347 --> 24:35.357 align:start position:0%
unable to communicate with mission
 

24:35.357 --> 24:39.028 align:start position:0%
unable to communicate with mission
control.<00:25:50.720><c> Inside</c><00:25:51.039><c> the</c><00:25:51.279><c> cabin,</c><00:25:51.919><c> the</c><00:25:52.159><c> view</c><00:25:52.400><c> was</c>

24:39.028 --> 24:39.038 align:start position:0%
control. Inside the cabin, the view was
 

24:39.038 --> 24:40.548 align:start position:0%
control. Inside the cabin, the view was
apocalyptic.

24:40.548 --> 24:40.558 align:start position:0%
apocalyptic.
 

24:40.558 --> 24:43.028 align:start position:0%
apocalyptic.
The<00:25:54.720><c> windows</c><00:25:55.200><c> were</c><00:25:55.360><c> filled</c><00:25:55.679><c> with</c><00:25:55.919><c> a</c><00:25:56.240><c> chaotic</c>

24:43.028 --> 24:43.038 align:start position:0%
The windows were filled with a chaotic
 

24:43.038 --> 24:46.388 align:start position:0%
The windows were filled with a chaotic
swirl<00:25:57.360><c> of</c><00:25:57.760><c> orange</c><00:25:58.159><c> and</c><00:25:58.640><c> neon</c><00:25:59.120><c> green</c><00:25:59.840><c> as</c><00:26:00.080><c> their</c>

24:46.388 --> 24:46.398 align:start position:0%
swirl of orange and neon green as their
 

24:46.398 --> 24:48.788 align:start position:0%
swirl of orange and neon green as their
heat<00:26:00.559><c> shield</c><00:26:00.880><c> disintegrated</c><00:26:01.679><c> around</c><00:26:02.000><c> them.</c>

24:48.788 --> 24:48.798 align:start position:0%
heat shield disintegrated around them.
 

24:48.798 --> 24:52.068 align:start position:0%
heat shield disintegrated around them.
The<00:26:02.960><c> crew</c><00:26:03.600><c> were</c><00:26:03.919><c> slammed</c><00:26:04.559><c> into</c><00:26:04.880><c> their</c><00:26:05.120><c> seats,</c>

24:52.068 --> 24:52.078 align:start position:0%
The crew were slammed into their seats,
 

24:52.078 --> 24:55.347 align:start position:0%
The crew were slammed into their seats,
crushed<00:26:06.640><c> by</c><00:26:06.960><c> a</c><00:26:07.440><c> 6.5g</c>

24:55.347 --> 24:55.357 align:start position:0%
crushed by a 6.5g
 

24:55.357 --> 24:59.107 align:start position:0%
crushed by a 6.5g
force.<00:26:10.720><c> Roughly</c><00:26:11.200><c> 20</c><00:26:11.440><c> km</c><00:26:11.919><c> up,</c><00:26:12.400><c> the</c><00:26:12.720><c> fire</c>

24:59.107 --> 24:59.117 align:start position:0%
force. Roughly 20 km up, the fire
 

24:59.117 --> 25:01.508 align:start position:0%
force. Roughly 20 km up, the fire
subsided<00:26:13.919><c> and</c><00:26:14.080><c> the</c><00:26:14.320><c> radio</c><00:26:14.799><c> crackled</c><00:26:15.279><c> back</c>

25:01.508 --> 25:01.518 align:start position:0%
subsided and the radio crackled back
 

25:01.518 --> 25:04.627 align:start position:0%
subsided and the radio crackled back
into<00:26:15.760><c> life.</c><00:26:16.640><c> Soon</c><00:26:16.960><c> after</c><00:26:17.440><c> the</c><00:26:17.679><c> apex</c><00:26:18.159><c> cover</c><00:26:18.400><c> was</c>

25:04.627 --> 25:04.637 align:start position:0%
into life. Soon after the apex cover was
 

25:04.637 --> 25:06.548 align:start position:0%
into life. Soon after the apex cover was
jettisoned<00:26:19.200><c> and</c><00:26:19.440><c> a</c><00:26:19.679><c> pair</c><00:26:19.840><c> of</c><00:26:20.080><c> drove</c>

25:06.548 --> 25:06.558 align:start position:0%
jettisoned and a pair of drove
 

25:06.558 --> 25:08.867 align:start position:0%
jettisoned and a pair of drove
parachutes<00:26:21.120><c> snapped</c><00:26:21.600><c> open</c><00:26:22.000><c> to</c><00:26:22.159><c> stabilize</c><00:26:22.640><c> the</c>

25:08.867 --> 25:08.877 align:start position:0%
parachutes snapped open to stabilize the
 

25:08.877 --> 25:12.468 align:start position:0%
parachutes snapped open to stabilize the
plummeting<00:26:23.360><c> capsule.</c><00:26:24.640><c> Then</c><00:26:25.279><c> three</c><00:26:25.840><c> iconic</c>

25:12.468 --> 25:12.478 align:start position:0%
plummeting capsule. Then three iconic
 

25:12.478 --> 25:14.867 align:start position:0%
plummeting capsule. Then three iconic
orange<00:26:26.720><c> and</c><00:26:26.880><c> white</c><00:26:27.120><c> parachutes</c><00:26:27.760><c> unfilled,</c>

25:14.867 --> 25:14.877 align:start position:0%
orange and white parachutes unfilled,
 

25:14.877 --> 25:18.788 align:start position:0%
orange and white parachutes unfilled,
slowing<00:26:29.200><c> the</c><00:26:29.440><c> near</c><00:26:30.000><c> 5,000</c><00:26:31.039><c> kg</c><00:26:31.600><c> craft</c><00:26:32.240><c> from</c><00:26:32.480><c> a</c>

25:18.788 --> 25:18.798 align:start position:0%
slowing the near 5,000 kg craft from a
 

25:18.798 --> 25:23.908 align:start position:0%
slowing the near 5,000 kg craft from a
terminal<00:26:33.279><c> plunge</c><00:26:34.159><c> to</c><00:26:34.400><c> a</c><00:26:34.640><c> survivable</c><00:26:35.679><c> 35.4</c><00:26:36.880><c> km</c>

25:23.908 --> 25:23.918 align:start position:0%
terminal plunge to a survivable 35.4 km
 

25:23.918 --> 25:29.028 align:start position:0%
terminal plunge to a survivable 35.4 km
hour.<00:26:39.120><c> 5</c><00:26:39.520><c> minutes</c><00:26:39.919><c> later</c><00:26:40.400><c> at</c><00:26:41.200><c> 165035</c>

25:29.028 --> 25:29.038 align:start position:0%
hour. 5 minutes later at 165035
 

25:29.038 --> 25:32.867 align:start position:0%
hour. 5 minutes later at 165035
UTC,<00:26:44.320><c> Colombia</c><00:26:44.960><c> hit</c><00:26:45.360><c> the</c><00:26:45.600><c> Pacific</c><00:26:46.000><c> Ocean</c>

25:32.867 --> 25:32.877 align:start position:0%
UTC, Colombia hit the Pacific Ocean
 

25:32.877 --> 25:35.428 align:start position:0%
UTC, Colombia hit the Pacific Ocean
around<00:26:47.200><c> 1,527</c>

25:35.428 --> 25:35.438 align:start position:0%
around 1,527
 

25:35.438 --> 25:42.308 align:start position:0%
around 1,527
km<00:26:49.919><c> southwest</c><00:26:50.480><c> of</c><00:26:50.720><c> Hawaii</c><00:26:52.080><c> splashed</c><00:26:52.720><c> down.</c>

25:42.308 --> 25:42.318 align:start position:0%
 
 

25:42.318 --> 25:45.588 align:start position:0%
 
They<00:26:56.640><c> had</c><00:26:57.200><c> survived</c><00:26:57.840><c> the</c><00:26:58.080><c> landing,</c><00:26:59.120><c> but</c><00:26:59.279><c> the</c>

25:45.588 --> 25:45.598 align:start position:0%
They had survived the landing, but the
 

25:45.598 --> 25:48.227 align:start position:0%
They had survived the landing, but the
nearly<00:27:00.000><c> 2</c><00:27:00.400><c> m</c><00:27:00.640><c> high</c><00:27:00.880><c> ocean</c><00:27:01.200><c> waves</c><00:27:01.520><c> they</c><00:27:01.840><c> landed</c>

25:48.227 --> 25:48.237 align:start position:0%
nearly 2 m high ocean waves they landed
 

25:48.237 --> 25:51.188 align:start position:0%
nearly 2 m high ocean waves they landed
into<00:27:03.120><c> were</c><00:27:03.360><c> less</c><00:27:03.600><c> than</c><00:27:03.840><c> hospitable.</c>

25:51.188 --> 25:51.198 align:start position:0%
into were less than hospitable.
 

25:51.198 --> 25:53.188 align:start position:0%
into were less than hospitable.
Thankfully,<00:27:05.760><c> one</c><00:27:06.000><c> final</c><00:27:06.320><c> piece</c><00:27:06.559><c> of</c><00:27:06.799><c> clever</c>

25:53.188 --> 25:53.198 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, one final piece of clever
 

25:53.198 --> 25:55.908 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, one final piece of clever
engineering<00:27:07.760><c> called</c><00:27:08.000><c> the</c><00:27:08.400><c> uprighting</c><00:27:09.120><c> system</c>

25:55.908 --> 25:55.918 align:start position:0%
engineering called the uprighting system
 

25:55.918 --> 25:58.627 align:start position:0%
engineering called the uprighting system
ensured<00:27:10.480><c> they</c><00:27:10.799><c> did</c><00:27:10.960><c> not</c><00:27:11.200><c> drown.</c><00:27:12.159><c> Because</c><00:27:12.400><c> the</c>

25:58.627 --> 25:58.637 align:start position:0%
ensured they did not drown. Because the
 

25:58.637 --> 26:01.268 align:start position:0%
ensured they did not drown. Because the
capsule<00:27:13.039><c> had</c><00:27:13.200><c> an</c><00:27:13.440><c> offset</c><00:27:13.919><c> center</c><00:27:14.159><c> of</c><00:27:14.320><c> gravity,</c>

26:01.268 --> 26:01.278 align:start position:0%
capsule had an offset center of gravity,
 

26:01.278 --> 26:03.268 align:start position:0%
capsule had an offset center of gravity,
it<00:27:15.440><c> tended</c><00:27:15.679><c> to</c><00:27:15.840><c> settle</c><00:27:16.159><c> in</c><00:27:16.320><c> the</c><00:27:16.480><c> water</c><00:27:16.799><c> upside</c>

26:03.268 --> 26:03.278 align:start position:0%
it tended to settle in the water upside
 

26:03.278 --> 26:05.188 align:start position:0%
it tended to settle in the water upside
down,<00:27:17.840><c> leaving</c><00:27:18.080><c> the</c><00:27:18.240><c> astronauts</c><00:27:18.799><c> hanging</c>

26:05.188 --> 26:05.198 align:start position:0%
down, leaving the astronauts hanging
 

26:05.198 --> 26:06.627 align:start position:0%
down, leaving the astronauts hanging
from<00:27:19.360><c> the</c><00:27:19.520><c> ceiling</c><00:27:19.760><c> by</c><00:27:20.000><c> their</c><00:27:20.159><c> seating</c>

26:06.627 --> 26:06.637 align:start position:0%
from the ceiling by their seating
 

26:06.637 --> 26:09.028 align:start position:0%
from the ceiling by their seating
straps.<00:27:21.360><c> To</c><00:27:21.600><c> prevent</c><00:27:21.919><c> this,</c><00:27:22.480><c> what</c><00:27:22.720><c> looked</c>

26:09.028 --> 26:09.038 align:start position:0%
straps. To prevent this, what looked
 

26:09.038 --> 26:11.828 align:start position:0%
straps. To prevent this, what looked
like<00:27:23.360><c> three</c><00:27:23.919><c> giant</c><00:27:24.480><c> yellow</c><00:27:24.880><c> beach</c><00:27:25.120><c> balls</c><00:27:25.520><c> were</c>

26:11.828 --> 26:11.838 align:start position:0%
like three giant yellow beach balls were
 

26:11.838 --> 26:13.828 align:start position:0%
like three giant yellow beach balls were
triggered<00:27:26.080><c> by</c><00:27:26.240><c> the</c><00:27:26.400><c> crew</c><00:27:26.640><c> to</c><00:27:26.960><c> force</c><00:27:27.279><c> the</c><00:27:27.440><c> ship</c>

26:13.828 --> 26:13.838 align:start position:0%
triggered by the crew to force the ship
 

26:13.838 --> 26:17.188 align:start position:0%
triggered by the crew to force the ship
to<00:27:27.919><c> write</c><00:27:28.240><c> itself.</c><00:27:29.520><c> Now</c><00:27:29.840><c> stabilized,</c><00:27:30.799><c> all</c><00:27:30.960><c> the</c>

26:17.188 --> 26:17.198 align:start position:0%
to write itself. Now stabilized, all the
 

26:17.198 --> 26:19.588 align:start position:0%
to write itself. Now stabilized, all the
crew<00:27:31.360><c> had</c><00:27:31.520><c> to</c><00:27:31.679><c> do</c><00:27:31.840><c> was</c><00:27:32.000><c> wait</c><00:27:32.400><c> to</c><00:27:32.640><c> be</c><00:27:32.799><c> rescued</c><00:27:33.279><c> by</c>

26:19.588 --> 26:19.598 align:start position:0%
crew had to do was wait to be rescued by
 

26:19.598 --> 26:23.347 align:start position:0%
crew had to do was wait to be rescued by
boat.<00:27:34.799><c> But</c><00:27:35.360><c> as</c><00:27:35.600><c> it</c><00:27:35.840><c> happened,</c><00:27:36.400><c> the</c><00:27:36.559><c> ordeal</c><00:27:37.039><c> was</c>

26:23.347 --> 26:23.357 align:start position:0%
boat. But as it happened, the ordeal was
 

26:23.357 --> 26:26.867 align:start position:0%
boat. But as it happened, the ordeal was
not<00:27:37.600><c> yet</c><00:27:38.080><c> over.</c><00:27:39.120><c> Even</c><00:27:39.360><c> as</c><00:27:39.600><c> the</c><00:27:39.840><c> hatch</c><00:27:40.320><c> finally</c>

26:26.867 --> 26:26.877 align:start position:0%
not yet over. Even as the hatch finally
 

26:26.877 --> 26:29.508 align:start position:0%
not yet over. Even as the hatch finally
creaked<00:27:41.200><c> open,</c><00:27:42.000><c> the</c><00:27:42.159><c> hero's</c><00:27:42.640><c> welcome</c><00:27:43.039><c> was</c>

26:29.508 --> 26:29.518 align:start position:0%
creaked open, the hero's welcome was
 

26:29.518 --> 26:32.468 align:start position:0%
creaked open, the hero's welcome was
deferred.<00:27:44.640><c> Because</c><00:27:44.960><c> NASA</c><00:27:45.440><c> scientists</c><00:27:45.919><c> feared</c>

26:32.468 --> 26:32.478 align:start position:0%
deferred. Because NASA scientists feared
 

26:32.478 --> 26:34.788 align:start position:0%
deferred. Because NASA scientists feared
that<00:27:46.640><c> lunar</c><00:27:47.039><c> dust</c><00:27:47.440><c> might</c><00:27:47.760><c> harbor</c><00:27:48.240><c> unknown</c>

26:34.788 --> 26:34.798 align:start position:0%
that lunar dust might harbor unknown
 

26:34.798 --> 26:37.268 align:start position:0%
that lunar dust might harbor unknown
pathogens<00:27:49.360><c> that</c><00:27:49.520><c> could</c><00:27:49.760><c> devastate</c><00:27:50.400><c> Earth,</c>

26:37.268 --> 26:37.278 align:start position:0%
pathogens that could devastate Earth,
 

26:37.278 --> 26:39.508 align:start position:0%
pathogens that could devastate Earth,
the<00:27:51.360><c> crew</c><00:27:51.600><c> was</c><00:27:51.840><c> not</c><00:27:52.000><c> met</c><00:27:52.240><c> by</c><00:27:52.400><c> their</c><00:27:52.640><c> families,</c>

26:39.508 --> 26:39.518 align:start position:0%
the crew was not met by their families,
 

26:39.518 --> 26:43.668 align:start position:0%
the crew was not met by their families,
but<00:27:53.760><c> by</c><00:27:54.000><c> a</c><00:27:54.480><c> biological</c><00:27:55.440><c> isolation</c><00:27:56.240><c> team.</c><00:27:57.440><c> In</c>

26:43.668 --> 26:43.678 align:start position:0%
but by a biological isolation team. In
 

26:43.678 --> 26:45.508 align:start position:0%
but by a biological isolation team. In
the<00:27:57.760><c> middle</c><00:27:57.919><c> of</c><00:27:58.000><c> the</c><00:27:58.159><c> Pacific</c><00:27:58.559><c> Ocean,</c>

26:45.508 --> 26:45.518 align:start position:0%
the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
 

26:45.518 --> 26:47.828 align:start position:0%
the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
Armstrong,<00:28:00.240><c> Uldren,</c><00:28:00.799><c> and</c><00:28:00.960><c> Collins</c><00:28:01.520><c> were</c>

26:47.828 --> 26:47.838 align:start position:0%
Armstrong, Uldren, and Collins were
 

26:47.838 --> 26:50.308 align:start position:0%
Armstrong, Uldren, and Collins were
forced<00:28:02.080><c> into</c><00:28:02.640><c> biological</c><00:28:03.600><c> isolation</c>

26:50.308 --> 26:50.318 align:start position:0%
forced into biological isolation
 

26:50.318 --> 26:54.068 align:start position:0%
forced into biological isolation
garments,<00:28:05.120><c> looking</c><00:28:05.520><c> like</c><00:28:06.080><c> silver</c><00:28:06.480><c> aliens.</c>

26:54.068 --> 26:54.078 align:start position:0%
garments, looking like silver aliens.
 

26:54.078 --> 26:55.908 align:start position:0%
garments, looking like silver aliens.
They<00:28:08.240><c> were</c><00:28:08.480><c> whisked</c><00:28:08.880><c> away</c><00:28:09.120><c> in</c><00:28:09.360><c> a</c><00:28:09.520><c> sealed</c>

26:55.908 --> 26:55.918 align:start position:0%
They were whisked away in a sealed
 

26:55.918 --> 26:58.867 align:start position:0%
They were whisked away in a sealed
mobile<00:28:10.240><c> quarantine</c><00:28:10.799><c> van</c><00:28:11.440><c> and</c><00:28:11.679><c> eventually</c>

26:58.867 --> 26:58.877 align:start position:0%
mobile quarantine van and eventually
 

26:58.877 --> 27:01.428 align:start position:0%
mobile quarantine van and eventually
locked<00:28:13.200><c> in</c><00:28:13.440><c> a</c><00:28:13.679><c> high</c><00:28:14.159><c> security</c><00:28:14.640><c> lab</c><00:28:15.039><c> in</c>

27:01.428 --> 27:01.438 align:start position:0%
locked in a high security lab in
 

27:01.438 --> 27:04.867 align:start position:0%
locked in a high security lab in
Houston.<00:28:16.640><c> Behind</c><00:28:17.120><c> a</c><00:28:17.360><c> thick</c><00:28:17.679><c> pane</c><00:28:18.000><c> of</c><00:28:18.159><c> glass,</c>

27:04.867 --> 27:04.877 align:start position:0%
Houston. Behind a thick pane of glass,
 

27:04.877 --> 27:06.548 align:start position:0%
Houston. Behind a thick pane of glass,
the<00:28:19.039><c> men</c><00:28:19.200><c> who</c><00:28:19.360><c> had</c><00:28:19.600><c> just</c><00:28:19.760><c> conquered</c><00:28:20.240><c> the</c>

27:06.548 --> 27:06.558 align:start position:0%
the men who had just conquered the
 

27:06.558 --> 27:09.107 align:start position:0%
the men who had just conquered the
heavens<00:28:21.279><c> spent</c><00:28:21.600><c> their</c><00:28:21.840><c> first</c><00:28:22.080><c> 21</c><00:28:22.559><c> days</c><00:28:22.799><c> on</c>

27:09.107 --> 27:09.117 align:start position:0%
heavens spent their first 21 days on
 

27:09.117 --> 27:11.747 align:start position:0%
heavens spent their first 21 days on
Earth<00:28:23.279><c> in</c><00:28:23.520><c> a</c><00:28:23.679><c> glorified</c><00:28:24.320><c> cage,</c><00:28:25.120><c> watching</c><00:28:25.520><c> the</c>

27:11.747 --> 27:11.757 align:start position:0%
Earth in a glorified cage, watching the
 

27:11.757 --> 27:13.588 align:start position:0%
Earth in a glorified cage, watching the
world<00:28:26.000><c> celebrate</c><00:28:26.399><c> their</c><00:28:26.640><c> triumph</c><00:28:27.120><c> from</c><00:28:27.279><c> the</c>

27:13.588 --> 27:13.598 align:start position:0%
world celebrate their triumph from the
 

27:13.598 --> 27:16.867 align:start position:0%
world celebrate their triumph from the
inside<00:28:28.080><c> of</c><00:28:28.240><c> a</c><00:28:28.480><c> sealed</c><00:28:28.880><c> room.</c><00:28:29.840><c> Armstrong</c><00:28:30.480><c> even</c>

27:16.867 --> 27:16.877 align:start position:0%
inside of a sealed room. Armstrong even
 

27:16.877 --> 27:19.188 align:start position:0%
inside of a sealed room. Armstrong even
celebrated<00:28:31.440><c> his</c><00:28:31.840><c> 39th</c><00:28:32.480><c> birthday</c><00:28:32.799><c> in</c>

27:19.188 --> 27:19.198 align:start position:0%
celebrated his 39th birthday in
 

27:19.198 --> 27:21.508 align:start position:0%
celebrated his 39th birthday in
quarantine,<00:28:34.080><c> although</c><00:28:34.399><c> the</c><00:28:34.640><c> Luna</c><00:28:35.039><c> receiving</c>

27:21.508 --> 27:21.518 align:start position:0%
quarantine, although the Luna receiving
 

27:21.518 --> 27:23.987 align:start position:0%
quarantine, although the Luna receiving
lab<00:28:35.760><c> kitchen</c><00:28:36.080><c> staff</c><00:28:36.559><c> did</c><00:28:36.880><c> make</c><00:28:37.039><c> sure</c><00:28:37.279><c> he</c><00:28:37.520><c> got</c><00:28:37.679><c> a</c>

27:23.987 --> 27:23.997 align:start position:0%
lab kitchen staff did make sure he got a
 

27:23.997 --> 27:25.908 align:start position:0%
lab kitchen staff did make sure he got a
cake.

27:25.908 --> 27:25.918 align:start position:0%
cake.
 

27:25.918 --> 27:28.148 align:start position:0%
cake.
We<00:28:40.399><c> often</c><00:28:40.880><c> remember</c><00:28:41.200><c> the</c><00:28:41.440><c> names</c><00:28:41.760><c> Mike</c>

27:28.148 --> 27:28.158 align:start position:0%
We often remember the names Mike
 

27:28.158 --> 27:30.227 align:start position:0%
We often remember the names Mike
Collins,<00:28:42.799><c> Buzz</c><00:28:43.039><c> Aldrin,</c><00:28:43.600><c> and</c><00:28:43.840><c> Neil</c>

27:30.227 --> 27:30.237 align:start position:0%
Collins, Buzz Aldrin, and Neil
 

27:30.237 --> 27:33.188 align:start position:0%
Collins, Buzz Aldrin, and Neil
Armstrong.<00:28:45.200><c> But</c><00:28:45.360><c> Apollo</c><00:28:45.840><c> 11</c><00:28:46.240><c> was</c><00:28:46.480><c> carried</c><00:28:46.880><c> by</c>

27:33.188 --> 27:33.198 align:start position:0%
Armstrong. But Apollo 11 was carried by
 

27:33.198 --> 27:36.227 align:start position:0%
Armstrong. But Apollo 11 was carried by
an<00:28:47.440><c> invisible</c><00:28:48.080><c> tide</c><00:28:48.480><c> of</c><00:28:48.720><c> nearly</c><00:28:49.279><c> half</c><00:28:49.760><c> a</c>

27:36.227 --> 27:36.237 align:start position:0%
an invisible tide of nearly half a
 

27:36.237 --> 27:39.747 align:start position:0%
an invisible tide of nearly half a
million<00:28:50.720><c> people.</c><00:28:52.000><c> Every</c><00:28:52.559><c> kilometer</c><00:28:53.279><c> of</c><00:28:53.520><c> the</c>

27:39.747 --> 27:39.757 align:start position:0%
million people. Every kilometer of the
 

27:39.757 --> 27:42.708 align:start position:0%
million people. Every kilometer of the
1.5<00:28:54.480><c> million</c><00:28:54.799><c> km</c><00:28:55.360><c> journey</c><00:28:55.840><c> was</c><00:28:56.159><c> paved</c><00:28:56.480><c> not</c>

27:42.708 --> 27:42.718 align:start position:0%
1.5 million km journey was paved not
 

27:42.718 --> 27:44.788 align:start position:0%
1.5 million km journey was paved not
just<00:28:56.799><c> with</c><00:28:57.039><c> rocket</c><00:28:57.440><c> fuel,</c><00:28:58.080><c> but</c><00:28:58.320><c> with</c><00:28:58.559><c> the</c>

27:44.788 --> 27:44.798 align:start position:0%
just with rocket fuel, but with the
 

27:44.798 --> 27:47.508 align:start position:0%
just with rocket fuel, but with the
quiet,<00:28:59.520><c> relentless</c><00:29:00.240><c> expertise</c><00:29:00.880><c> of</c><00:29:01.120><c> a</c>

27:47.508 --> 27:47.518 align:start position:0%
quiet, relentless expertise of a
 

27:47.518 --> 27:50.788 align:start position:0%
quiet, relentless expertise of a
civilization<00:29:02.559><c> working</c><00:29:02.880><c> in</c><00:29:03.200><c> unison.</c>

27:50.788 --> 27:50.798 align:start position:0%
civilization working in unison.
 

27:50.798 --> 27:54.148 align:start position:0%
civilization working in unison.
Apollo<00:29:05.200><c> 11</c><00:29:05.600><c> was</c><00:29:06.000><c> the</c><00:29:06.559><c> ultimate</c><00:29:07.039><c> accelerator.</c>

27:54.148 --> 27:54.158 align:start position:0%
Apollo 11 was the ultimate accelerator.
 

27:54.158 --> 27:56.948 align:start position:0%
Apollo 11 was the ultimate accelerator.
It<00:29:08.399><c> forced</c><00:29:08.720><c> a</c><00:29:08.960><c> quantum</c><00:29:09.440><c> leap</c><00:29:09.679><c> in</c><00:29:09.919><c> engineering,</c>

27:56.948 --> 27:56.958 align:start position:0%
It forced a quantum leap in engineering,
 

27:56.958 --> 27:58.948 align:start position:0%
It forced a quantum leap in engineering,
giving<00:29:11.120><c> birth</c><00:29:11.440><c> to</c><00:29:11.600><c> the</c><00:29:11.840><c> micro</c><00:29:12.240><c> electronics</c>

27:58.948 --> 27:58.958 align:start position:0%
giving birth to the micro electronics
 

27:58.958 --> 28:01.347 align:start position:0%
giving birth to the micro electronics
and<00:29:13.279><c> integrated</c><00:29:13.840><c> circuits</c><00:29:14.320><c> that</c><00:29:14.559><c> power</c><00:29:14.880><c> our</c>

28:01.347 --> 28:01.357 align:start position:0%
and integrated circuits that power our
 

28:01.357 --> 28:04.548 align:start position:0%
and integrated circuits that power our
modern<00:29:15.600><c> world.</c><00:29:16.399><c> It</c><00:29:16.640><c> turned</c><00:29:16.960><c> the</c><00:29:17.520><c> impossible</c>

28:04.548 --> 28:04.558 align:start position:0%
modern world. It turned the impossible
 

28:04.558 --> 28:07.908 align:start position:0%
modern world. It turned the impossible
into<00:29:18.880><c> a</c><00:29:19.279><c> repeatable</c><00:29:20.159><c> industrial</c><00:29:20.960><c> process,</c>

28:07.908 --> 28:07.918 align:start position:0%
into a repeatable industrial process,
 

28:07.918 --> 28:10.148 align:start position:0%
into a repeatable industrial process,
creating<00:29:22.159><c> a</c><00:29:22.480><c> blueprint</c><00:29:22.880><c> for</c><00:29:23.200><c> complex</c><00:29:23.679><c> systems</c>

28:10.148 --> 28:10.158 align:start position:0%
creating a blueprint for complex systems
 

28:10.158 --> 28:12.308 align:start position:0%
creating a blueprint for complex systems
management<00:29:24.720><c> that</c><00:29:25.039><c> we</c><00:29:25.279><c> still</c><00:29:25.520><c> use</c><00:29:25.760><c> to</c><00:29:26.000><c> reach</c>

28:12.308 --> 28:12.318 align:start position:0%
management that we still use to reach
 

28:12.318 --> 28:15.028 align:start position:0%
management that we still use to reach
the<00:29:26.399><c> stars</c><00:29:26.799><c> today.</c><00:29:27.760><c> But</c><00:29:27.919><c> the</c><00:29:28.159><c> legacy</c><00:29:28.640><c> didn't</c>

28:15.028 --> 28:15.038 align:start position:0%
the stars today. But the legacy didn't
 

28:15.038 --> 28:17.107 align:start position:0%
the stars today. But the legacy didn't
stop<00:29:29.200><c> at</c><00:29:29.440><c> the</c><00:29:29.520><c> splashdown.</c><00:29:30.480><c> It</c><00:29:30.720><c> was</c><00:29:30.799><c> just</c>

28:17.107 --> 28:17.117 align:start position:0%
stop at the splashdown. It was just
 

28:17.117 --> 28:20.948 align:start position:0%
stop at the splashdown. It was just
beginning.<00:29:31.919><c> The</c><00:29:32.159><c> nearly</c><00:29:32.720><c> 22</c><00:29:33.520><c> kg</c><00:29:34.240><c> of</c><00:29:34.399><c> rock</c><00:29:34.640><c> and</c>

28:20.948 --> 28:20.958 align:start position:0%
beginning. The nearly 22 kg of rock and
 

28:20.958 --> 28:23.107 align:start position:0%
beginning. The nearly 22 kg of rock and
soil<00:29:35.120><c> the</c><00:29:35.360><c> Apollo</c><00:29:35.760><c> team</c><00:29:36.000><c> brought</c><00:29:36.320><c> back</c>

28:23.107 --> 28:23.117 align:start position:0%
soil the Apollo team brought back
 

28:23.117 --> 28:25.107 align:start position:0%
soil the Apollo team brought back
fundamentally<00:29:37.919><c> rewrote</c><00:29:38.399><c> our</c><00:29:38.640><c> understanding</c>

28:25.107 --> 28:25.117 align:start position:0%
fundamentally rewrote our understanding
 

28:25.117 --> 28:27.588 align:start position:0%
fundamentally rewrote our understanding
of<00:29:39.200><c> the</c><00:29:39.360><c> solar</c><00:29:39.679><c> system.</c><00:29:40.399><c> By</c><00:29:40.720><c> analyzing</c><00:29:41.200><c> the</c>

28:27.588 --> 28:27.598 align:start position:0%
of the solar system. By analyzing the
 

28:27.598 --> 28:29.428 align:start position:0%
of the solar system. By analyzing the
chemistry<00:29:41.840><c> of</c><00:29:42.000><c> the</c><00:29:42.159><c> moon,</c><00:29:42.720><c> geologists</c>

28:29.428 --> 28:29.438 align:start position:0%
chemistry of the moon, geologists
 

28:29.438 --> 28:31.428 align:start position:0%
chemistry of the moon, geologists
discovered<00:29:43.919><c> it</c><00:29:44.240><c> wasn't</c><00:29:44.559><c> a</c><00:29:44.799><c> captured</c>

28:31.428 --> 28:31.438 align:start position:0%
discovered it wasn't a captured
 

28:31.438 --> 28:33.588 align:start position:0%
discovered it wasn't a captured
asteroid,<00:29:46.159><c> but</c><00:29:46.399><c> a</c><00:29:46.640><c> piece</c><00:29:46.880><c> of</c><00:29:47.039><c> the</c><00:29:47.200><c> Earth</c>

28:33.588 --> 28:33.598 align:start position:0%
asteroid, but a piece of the Earth
 

28:33.598 --> 28:36.627 align:start position:0%
asteroid, but a piece of the Earth
itself,<00:29:48.559><c> born</c><00:29:48.960><c> from</c><00:29:49.200><c> a</c><00:29:49.520><c> violent</c><00:29:50.000><c> planetary</c>

28:36.627 --> 28:36.637 align:start position:0%
itself, born from a violent planetary
 

28:36.637 --> 28:40.148 align:start position:0%
itself, born from a violent planetary
impact<00:29:51.120><c> billions</c><00:29:51.600><c> of</c><00:29:51.760><c> years</c><00:29:52.000><c> ago.</c><00:29:53.279><c> Even</c><00:29:53.760><c> 50</c>

28:40.148 --> 28:40.158 align:start position:0%
impact billions of years ago. Even 50
 

28:40.158 --> 28:42.548 align:start position:0%
impact billions of years ago. Even 50
years<00:29:54.320><c> later,</c><00:29:54.720><c> the</c><00:29:54.960><c> data</c><00:29:55.279><c> still</c><00:29:55.520><c> lives</c><00:29:55.679><c> on.</c>

28:42.548 --> 28:42.558 align:start position:0%
years later, the data still lives on.
 

28:42.558 --> 28:44.148 align:start position:0%
years later, the data still lives on.
Hundreds<00:29:56.880><c> of</c><00:29:57.039><c> scientific</c><00:29:57.520><c> papers</c><00:29:57.840><c> are</c>

28:44.148 --> 28:44.158 align:start position:0%
Hundreds of scientific papers are
 

28:44.158 --> 28:46.627 align:start position:0%
Hundreds of scientific papers are
published<00:29:58.559><c> every</c><00:29:58.960><c> year</c><00:29:59.279><c> using</c><00:29:59.600><c> Apollo</c><00:30:00.320><c> era</c>

28:46.627 --> 28:46.637 align:start position:0%
published every year using Apollo era
 

28:46.637 --> 28:49.107 align:start position:0%
published every year using Apollo era
data<00:30:01.120><c> as</c><00:30:01.440><c> new</c><00:30:01.679><c> technology</c><00:30:02.240><c> reveals</c><00:30:02.640><c> secrets</c>

28:49.107 --> 28:49.117 align:start position:0%
data as new technology reveals secrets
 

28:49.117 --> 28:51.428 align:start position:0%
data as new technology reveals secrets
in<00:30:03.200><c> the</c><00:30:03.360><c> dust</c><00:30:03.760><c> that</c><00:30:04.080><c> the</c><00:30:04.320><c> original</c><00:30:04.799><c> scientists</c>

28:51.428 --> 28:51.438 align:start position:0%
in the dust that the original scientists
 

28:51.438 --> 28:54.627 align:start position:0%
in the dust that the original scientists
couldn't<00:30:05.679><c> even</c><00:30:06.080><c> imagine.</c><00:30:07.440><c> Perhaps</c><00:30:08.000><c> more</c><00:30:08.320><c> on</c>

28:54.627 --> 28:54.637 align:start position:0%
couldn't even imagine. Perhaps more on
 

28:54.637 --> 28:58.467 align:start position:0%
couldn't even imagine. Perhaps more on
that<00:30:08.880><c> another</c><00:30:09.279><c> day.</c><00:30:10.240><c> But</c><00:30:10.399><c> for</c><00:30:10.640><c> now,</c><00:30:11.440><c> Apollo</c><00:30:11.840><c> 11</c>

28:58.467 --> 28:58.477 align:start position:0%
that another day. But for now, Apollo 11
 

28:58.477 --> 29:00.627 align:start position:0%
that another day. But for now, Apollo 11
wasn't<00:30:12.799><c> just</c><00:30:12.960><c> a</c><00:30:13.200><c> journey.</c><00:30:13.760><c> It</c><00:30:13.919><c> was</c><00:30:14.159><c> the</c>

29:00.627 --> 29:00.637 align:start position:0%
wasn't just a journey. It was the
 

29:00.637 --> 29:03.347 align:start position:0%
wasn't just a journey. It was the
ultimate<00:30:15.120><c> proof</c><00:30:15.520><c> of</c><00:30:15.840><c> concept.</c><00:30:16.799><c> It</c><00:30:17.039><c> showed</c>

29:03.347 --> 29:03.357 align:start position:0%
ultimate proof of concept. It showed
 

29:03.357 --> 29:05.588 align:start position:0%
ultimate proof of concept. It showed
that<00:30:17.520><c> when</c><00:30:17.840><c> a</c><00:30:18.159><c> species</c><00:30:18.720><c> focuses</c><00:30:19.200><c> its</c>

29:05.588 --> 29:05.598 align:start position:0%
that when a species focuses its
 

29:05.598 --> 29:08.627 align:start position:0%
that when a species focuses its
collective<00:30:20.159><c> genius</c><00:30:20.640><c> on</c><00:30:20.880><c> a</c><00:30:21.120><c> single</c><00:30:21.840><c> impossible</c>

29:08.627 --> 29:08.637 align:start position:0%
collective genius on a single impossible
 

29:08.637 --> 29:12.227 align:start position:0%
collective genius on a single impossible
goal,<00:30:23.440><c> the</c><00:30:23.760><c> quiet</c><00:30:24.320><c> expertise</c><00:30:24.880><c> of</c><00:30:25.120><c> the</c><00:30:25.360><c> many</c>

29:12.227 --> 29:12.237 align:start position:0%
goal, the quiet expertise of the many
 

29:12.237 --> 29:13.828 align:start position:0%
goal, the quiet expertise of the many
can<00:30:26.320><c> push</c><00:30:26.559><c> the</c><00:30:26.799><c> boundaries</c><00:30:27.200><c> of</c><00:30:27.440><c> human</c>

29:13.828 --> 29:13.838 align:start position:0%
can push the boundaries of human
 

29:13.838 --> 29:17.028 align:start position:0%
can push the boundaries of human
knowledge<00:30:28.240><c> forward</c><00:30:28.720><c> forever.</c><00:30:30.000><c> Hopefully,</c><00:30:30.720><c> it</c>

29:17.028 --> 29:17.038 align:start position:0%
knowledge forward forever. Hopefully, it
 

29:17.038 --> 29:19.908 align:start position:0%
knowledge forward forever. Hopefully, it
won't<00:30:31.200><c> be</c><00:30:31.360><c> too</c><00:30:31.679><c> long</c><00:30:32.240><c> until</c><00:30:32.559><c> we</c><00:30:32.880><c> finally</c><00:30:33.520><c> go</c>

29:19.908 --> 29:19.918 align:start position:0%
won't be too long until we finally go
 

29:19.918 --> 29:24.467 align:start position:0%
won't be too long until we finally go
back.

29:24.467 --> 29:24.477 align:start position:0%
 
 

29:24.477 --> 29:26.867 align:start position:0%
 
Thanks<00:30:38.640><c> for</c><00:30:38.880><c> watching.</c><00:30:40.080><c> If</c><00:30:40.320><c> you've</c><00:30:40.559><c> been</c>

29:26.867 --> 29:26.877 align:start position:0%
Thanks for watching. If you've been
 

29:26.877 --> 29:28.948 align:start position:0%
Thanks for watching. If you've been
enjoying<00:30:41.200><c> Astramm's</c><00:30:41.840><c> videos</c><00:30:42.159><c> and</c><00:30:42.480><c> want</c><00:30:42.720><c> to</c>

29:28.948 --> 29:28.958 align:start position:0%
enjoying Astramm's videos and want to
 

29:28.958 --> 29:31.188 align:start position:0%
enjoying Astramm's videos and want to
help<00:30:43.120><c> keep</c><00:30:43.279><c> this</c><00:30:43.520><c> channel</c><00:30:43.840><c> thriving,</c><00:30:44.799><c> I</c><00:30:44.960><c> want</c>

29:31.188 --> 29:31.198 align:start position:0%
help keep this channel thriving, I want
 

29:31.198 --> 29:33.188 align:start position:0%
help keep this channel thriving, I want
to<00:30:45.200><c> ask</c><00:30:45.440><c> you</c><00:30:45.600><c> to</c><00:30:45.760><c> take</c><00:30:46.000><c> less</c><00:30:46.320><c> than</c><00:30:46.480><c> a</c><00:30:46.720><c> minute</c><00:30:46.880><c> to</c>

29:33.188 --> 29:33.198 align:start position:0%
to ask you to take less than a minute to
 

29:33.198 --> 29:35.987 align:start position:0%
to ask you to take less than a minute to
check<00:30:47.360><c> out</c><00:30:47.600><c> the</c><00:30:47.840><c> Astramm</c><00:30:48.480><c> Patreon.</c><00:30:49.520><c> It's</c><00:30:49.760><c> not</c>

29:35.987 --> 29:35.997 align:start position:0%
check out the Astramm Patreon. It's not
 

29:35.997 --> 29:38.388 align:start position:0%
check out the Astramm Patreon. It's not
just<00:30:50.240><c> ad</c><00:30:50.640><c> free</c><00:30:50.880><c> videos,</c><00:30:51.600><c> but</c><00:30:51.760><c> it's</c><00:30:51.919><c> a</c><00:30:52.080><c> way</c><00:30:52.159><c> to</c>

29:38.388 --> 29:38.398 align:start position:0%
just ad free videos, but it's a way to
 

29:38.398 --> 29:40.708 align:start position:0%
just ad free videos, but it's a way to
make<00:30:52.480><c> Astramm's</c><00:30:53.120><c> videos</c><00:30:53.520><c> less</c><00:30:53.840><c> reliant</c><00:30:54.320><c> on</c>

29:40.708 --> 29:40.718 align:start position:0%
make Astramm's videos less reliant on
 

29:40.718 --> 29:43.588 align:start position:0%
make Astramm's videos less reliant on
sponsors<00:30:55.200><c> and</c><00:30:55.520><c> algorithms.</c><00:30:56.720><c> The</c><00:30:56.960><c> link</c><00:30:57.279><c> is</c>

29:43.588 --> 29:43.598 align:start position:0%
sponsors and algorithms. The link is
 

29:43.598 --> 29:46.227 align:start position:0%
sponsors and algorithms. The link is
below.<00:30:58.399><c> Your</c><00:30:58.640><c> membership</c><00:30:59.200><c> directly</c><00:30:59.840><c> helps</c>

29:46.227 --> 29:46.237 align:start position:0%
below. Your membership directly helps
 

29:46.237 --> 29:48.308 align:start position:0%
below. Your membership directly helps
ensure<00:31:00.559><c> that</c><00:31:00.880><c> future</c><00:31:01.279><c> videos</c><00:31:01.679><c> can</c><00:31:01.919><c> stay</c>

29:48.308 --> 29:48.318 align:start position:0%
ensure that future videos can stay
 

29:48.318 --> 29:50.867 align:start position:0%
ensure that future videos can stay
independent,<00:31:03.279><c> highquality,</c><00:31:04.399><c> and</c>

29:50.867 --> 29:50.877 align:start position:0%
independent, highquality, and
 

29:50.877 --> 29:53.908 align:start position:0%
independent, highquality, and
consistent.<00:31:05.840><c> Created</c><00:31:06.240><c> for</c><00:31:06.559><c> curiosity,</c><00:31:07.600><c> not</c>

29:53.908 --> 29:53.918 align:start position:0%
consistent. Created for curiosity, not
 

29:53.918 --> 29:56.148 align:start position:0%
consistent. Created for curiosity, not
clicks.<00:31:08.960><c> Thanks.</c><00:31:09.120><c> Thanks</c><00:31:09.360><c> so</c><00:31:09.520><c> much</c><00:31:09.760><c> for</c>

29:56.148 --> 29:56.158 align:start position:0%
clicks. Thanks. Thanks so much for
 

29:56.158 --> 30:00.997 align:start position:0%
clicks. Thanks. Thanks so much for
considering<00:31:10.559><c> it.</c><00:31:11.120><c> I'll</c><00:31:11.440><c> see</c><00:31:11.520><c> you</c><00:31:11.679><c> next</c><00:31:11.919><c> time.</c>