WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:02.080 --> 00:00:06.309 align:start position:0% 57<00:00:03.040> years<00:00:03.280> ago,<00:00:04.240> we<00:00:04.640> went<00:00:05.120> to<00:00:05.359> the<00:00:05.520> moon. 00:00:06.309 --> 00:00:06.319 align:start position:0% 57 years ago, we went to the moon. 00:00:06.319 --> 00:00:08.549 align:start position:0% 57 years ago, we went to the moon. Tanganity<00:00:07.040> base<00:00:07.359> here,<00:00:07.839> the<00:00:08.000> Eagle<00:00:08.400> has 00:00:08.549 --> 00:00:08.559 align:start position:0% Tanganity base here, the Eagle has 00:00:08.559 --> 00:00:09.430 align:start position:0% Tanganity base here, the Eagle has landed. 00:00:09.430 --> 00:00:09.440 align:start position:0% landed. 00:00:09.440 --> 00:00:11.749 align:start position:0% landed. >> But<00:00:09.679> what<00:00:09.920> appeared<00:00:10.320> to<00:00:10.559> many<00:00:11.200> like<00:00:11.440> an 00:00:11.749 --> 00:00:11.759 align:start position:0% >> But what appeared to many like an 00:00:11.759 --> 00:00:14.470 align:start position:0% >> But what appeared to many like an effortless<00:00:12.320> feat<00:00:12.960> was<00:00:13.519> not<00:00:13.840> all<00:00:14.160> plain 00:00:14.470 --> 00:00:14.480 align:start position:0% effortless feat was not all plain 00:00:14.480 --> 00:00:18.310 align:start position:0% effortless feat was not all plain sailing.<00:00:15.679> This<00:00:16.000> mission<00:00:16.720> nearly<00:00:17.119> failed.<00:00:18.000> And 00:00:18.310 --> 00:00:18.320 align:start position:0% sailing. This mission nearly failed. And 00:00:18.320 --> 00:00:21.830 align:start position:0% sailing. This mission nearly failed. And not<00:00:18.640> just<00:00:18.960> once.<00:00:19.920> The<00:00:20.160> entire<00:00:20.720> endeavor<00:00:21.520> was 00:00:21.830 --> 00:00:21.840 align:start position:0% not just once. The entire endeavor was 00:00:21.840 --> 00:00:24.630 align:start position:0% not just once. The entire endeavor was fraught<00:00:22.240> with<00:00:22.480> mishaps,<00:00:23.680> many<00:00:23.920> of<00:00:24.160> them 00:00:24.630 --> 00:00:24.640 align:start position:0% fraught with mishaps, many of them 00:00:24.640 --> 00:00:28.550 align:start position:0% fraught with mishaps, many of them potentially<00:00:25.359> lethal.<00:00:26.800> It<00:00:27.039> took<00:00:27.279> an<00:00:27.599> army<00:00:28.000> of 00:00:28.550 --> 00:00:28.560 align:start position:0% potentially lethal. It took an army of 00:00:28.560 --> 00:00:31.910 align:start position:0% potentially lethal. It took an army of 400,000<00:00:29.840> engineers,<00:00:30.880> scientists,<00:00:31.599> and 00:00:31.910 --> 00:00:31.920 align:start position:0% 400,000 engineers, scientists, and 00:00:31.920 --> 00:00:34.630 align:start position:0% 400,000 engineers, scientists, and experts<00:00:32.480> to<00:00:32.719> send<00:00:33.120> Buzz<00:00:33.440> Aldrin,<00:00:34.320> Michael 00:00:34.630 --> 00:00:34.640 align:start position:0% experts to send Buzz Aldrin, Michael 00:00:34.640 --> 00:00:37.350 align:start position:0% experts to send Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins,<00:00:35.280> and<00:00:35.520> Neil<00:00:35.840> Armstrong<00:00:36.320> to<00:00:36.480> the<00:00:36.640> moon, 00:00:37.350 --> 00:00:37.360 align:start position:0% Collins, and Neil Armstrong to the moon, 00:00:37.360 --> 00:00:40.630 align:start position:0% Collins, and Neil Armstrong to the moon, but<00:00:37.680> also<00:00:38.079> to<00:00:38.399> bring<00:00:38.640> them<00:00:38.879> home<00:00:39.200> alive.<00:00:40.399> How 00:00:40.630 --> 00:00:40.640 align:start position:0% but also to bring them home alive. How 00:00:40.640 --> 00:00:43.430 align:start position:0% but also to bring them home alive. How did<00:00:40.800> they<00:00:41.040> do<00:00:41.200> it?<00:00:41.920> And<00:00:42.160> how<00:00:42.480> much<00:00:42.719> of<00:00:42.879> it<00:00:43.200> came 00:00:43.430 --> 00:00:43.440 align:start position:0% did they do it? And how much of it came 00:00:43.440 --> 00:00:47.910 align:start position:0% did they do it? And how much of it came down<00:00:44.000> to<00:00:44.239> sheer<00:00:44.719> luck? 00:00:47.910 --> 00:00:47.920 align:start position:0% 00:00:47.920 --> 00:00:49.990 align:start position:0% I'm<00:00:48.239> Alex<00:00:48.559> Mccoan,<00:00:49.280> and<00:00:49.440> you're<00:00:49.680> watching 00:00:49.990 --> 00:00:50.000 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:52.310 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching Astramm<00:00:50.559> Extra. 00:00:52.310 --> 00:00:52.320 align:start position:0% Astramm Extra. 00:00:52.320 --> 00:00:54.389 align:start position:0% Astramm Extra. Join<00:00:52.640> me<00:00:52.800> today<00:00:53.120> as<00:00:53.360> we<00:00:53.600> uncover<00:00:54.079> the 00:00:54.389 --> 00:00:54.399 align:start position:0% Join me today as we uncover the 00:00:54.399 --> 00:00:56.790 align:start position:0% Join me today as we uncover the incredible<00:00:55.039> science<00:00:55.440> that<00:00:55.680> made<00:00:55.920> the<00:00:56.079> Apollo 00:00:56.790 --> 00:00:56.800 align:start position:0% incredible science that made the Apollo 00:00:56.800 --> 00:00:59.910 align:start position:0% incredible science that made the Apollo 11<00:00:57.280> mission<00:00:57.840> possible.<00:00:58.879> We'll<00:00:59.280> explore<00:00:59.680> the 00:00:59.910 --> 00:00:59.920 align:start position:0% 11 mission possible. We'll explore the 00:00:59.920 --> 00:01:02.549 align:start position:0% 11 mission possible. We'll explore the launch,<00:01:00.879> journey<00:01:01.280> through<00:01:01.680> space,<00:01:02.320> and 00:01:02.549 --> 00:01:02.559 align:start position:0% launch, journey through space, and 00:01:02.559 --> 00:01:05.429 align:start position:0% launch, journey through space, and descent<00:01:03.039> onto<00:01:03.440> the<00:01:03.600> moon,<00:01:04.400> digging<00:01:04.879> into<00:01:05.199> the 00:01:05.429 --> 00:01:05.439 align:start position:0% descent onto the moon, digging into the 00:01:05.439 --> 00:01:07.910 align:start position:0% descent onto the moon, digging into the meticulous<00:01:06.240> maths,<00:01:07.040> maneuvers,<00:01:07.680> and 00:01:07.910 --> 00:01:07.920 align:start position:0% meticulous maths, maneuvers, and 00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:10.950 align:start position:0% meticulous maths, maneuvers, and materials<00:01:08.799> that<00:01:09.119> kept<00:01:09.360> the<00:01:09.600> Apollo<00:01:10.159> 11<00:01:10.640> team 00:01:10.950 --> 00:01:10.960 align:start position:0% materials that kept the Apollo 11 team 00:01:10.960 --> 00:01:14.630 align:start position:0% materials that kept the Apollo 11 team alive<00:01:11.760> that<00:01:12.159> most<00:01:12.560> people<00:01:13.360> don't<00:01:13.760> even<00:01:14.080> know 00:01:14.630 --> 00:01:14.640 align:start position:0% alive that most people don't even know 00:01:14.640 --> 00:01:19.190 align:start position:0% alive that most people don't even know existed. 00:01:19.190 --> 00:01:19.200 align:start position:0% 00:01:19.200 --> 00:01:21.350 align:start position:0% The<00:01:19.439> next<00:01:19.600> time<00:01:19.840> you<00:01:20.159> go<00:01:20.320> out<00:01:20.560> at<00:01:20.799> night,<00:01:21.119> look 00:01:21.350 --> 00:01:21.360 align:start position:0% The next time you go out at night, look 00:01:21.360 --> 00:01:24.390 align:start position:0% The next time you go out at night, look up,<00:01:22.159> find<00:01:22.400> the<00:01:22.640> moon.<00:01:23.280> Hopefully,<00:01:23.759> you<00:01:24.159> can't 00:01:24.390 --> 00:01:24.400 align:start position:0% up, find the moon. Hopefully, you can't 00:01:24.400 --> 00:01:27.670 align:start position:0% up, find the moon. Hopefully, you can't really<00:01:24.720> miss<00:01:24.960> it.<00:01:25.680> And<00:01:25.920> now<00:01:26.479> imagine<00:01:27.360> going 00:01:27.670 --> 00:01:27.680 align:start position:0% really miss it. And now imagine going 00:01:27.680 --> 00:01:31.510 align:start position:0% really miss it. And now imagine going there,<00:01:28.640> traveling<00:01:29.200> more<00:01:29.439> than<00:01:29.840> 384,000 00:01:31.510 --> 00:01:31.520 align:start position:0% there, traveling more than 384,000 00:01:31.520 --> 00:01:35.350 align:start position:0% there, traveling more than 384,000 km<00:01:32.560> away<00:01:32.880> from<00:01:33.280> everything<00:01:33.840> and<00:01:34.320> anyone<00:01:35.040> any 00:01:35.350 --> 00:01:35.360 align:start position:0% km away from everything and anyone any 00:01:35.360 --> 00:01:38.469 align:start position:0% km away from everything and anyone any human<00:01:35.680> being<00:01:36.000> has<00:01:36.320> ever<00:01:36.560> known<00:01:37.439> and<00:01:37.759> actually 00:01:38.469 --> 00:01:38.479 align:start position:0% human being has ever known and actually 00:01:38.479 --> 00:01:40.870 align:start position:0% human being has ever known and actually landing<00:01:39.119> on<00:01:39.360> the<00:01:39.520> moon. 00:01:40.870 --> 00:01:40.880 align:start position:0% landing on the moon. 00:01:40.880 --> 00:01:43.510 align:start position:0% landing on the moon. It<00:01:41.200> blows<00:01:41.600> my<00:01:41.840> mind<00:01:42.079> to<00:01:42.320> think<00:01:42.479> about,<00:01:43.200> but 00:01:43.510 --> 00:01:43.520 align:start position:0% It blows my mind to think about, but 00:01:43.520 --> 00:01:47.030 align:start position:0% It blows my mind to think about, but nearly<00:01:44.079> 60<00:01:44.479> years<00:01:44.720> ago,<00:01:45.520> three<00:01:45.920> humans<00:01:46.560> did 00:01:47.030 --> 00:01:47.040 align:start position:0% nearly 60 years ago, three humans did 00:01:47.040 --> 00:01:49.590 align:start position:0% nearly 60 years ago, three humans did just<00:01:47.360> that. 00:01:49.590 --> 00:01:49.600 align:start position:0% just that. 00:01:49.600 --> 00:01:52.950 align:start position:0% just that. On<00:01:49.840> Wednesday,<00:01:50.240> the<00:01:50.479> 16th<00:01:50.799> of<00:01:50.960> July<00:01:51.439> 1969,<00:01:52.720> an 00:01:52.950 --> 00:01:52.960 align:start position:0% On Wednesday, the 16th of July 1969, an 00:01:52.960 --> 00:01:55.190 align:start position:0% On Wednesday, the 16th of July 1969, an estimated<00:01:53.759> half<00:01:54.159> a<00:01:54.399> million<00:01:54.799> people 00:01:55.190 --> 00:01:55.200 align:start position:0% estimated half a million people 00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:56.870 align:start position:0% estimated half a million people descended<00:01:55.680> on<00:01:55.840> the<00:01:56.000> roads<00:01:56.320> and<00:01:56.479> beaches 00:01:56.870 --> 00:01:56.880 align:start position:0% descended on the roads and beaches 00:01:56.880 --> 00:01:59.590 align:start position:0% descended on the roads and beaches around<00:01:57.200> Cape<00:01:57.520> Canaveral.<00:01:58.560> They<00:01:58.880> were<00:01:59.040> here<00:01:59.360> to 00:01:59.590 --> 00:01:59.600 align:start position:0% around Cape Canaveral. They were here to 00:01:59.600 --> 00:02:01.830 align:start position:0% around Cape Canaveral. They were here to witness<00:01:59.920> the<00:02:00.079> launch<00:02:00.320> of<00:02:00.479> Apollo<00:02:00.960> 11, 00:02:01.830 --> 00:02:01.840 align:start position:0% witness the launch of Apollo 11, 00:02:01.840 --> 00:02:04.709 align:start position:0% witness the launch of Apollo 11, humanity's<00:02:02.799> first<00:02:03.280> attempt<00:02:03.840> at<00:02:04.079> a<00:02:04.320> manned 00:02:04.709 --> 00:02:04.719 align:start position:0% humanity's first attempt at a manned 00:02:04.719 --> 00:02:08.710 align:start position:0% humanity's first attempt at a manned moon<00:02:05.040> landing.<00:02:06.399> A<00:02:06.799> 110<00:02:07.360> m<00:02:07.600> Saturn<00:02:08.000> 5<00:02:08.239> rocket 00:02:08.710 --> 00:02:08.720 align:start position:0% moon landing. A 110 m Saturn 5 rocket 00:02:08.720 --> 00:02:10.630 align:start position:0% moon landing. A 110 m Saturn 5 rocket shimmerred<00:02:09.200> in<00:02:09.360> the<00:02:09.520> distance.<00:02:10.399> The 00:02:10.630 --> 00:02:10.640 align:start position:0% shimmerred in the distance. The 00:02:10.640 --> 00:02:13.350 align:start position:0% shimmerred in the distance. The excitement<00:02:11.440> was<00:02:11.840> palpable. 00:02:13.350 --> 00:02:13.360 align:start position:0% excitement was palpable. 00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:15.270 align:start position:0% excitement was palpable. But<00:02:13.520> what<00:02:13.920> none<00:02:14.239> of<00:02:14.319> these<00:02:14.640> lawn<00:02:14.959> chair 00:02:15.270 --> 00:02:15.280 align:start position:0% But what none of these lawn chair 00:02:15.280 --> 00:02:17.990 align:start position:0% But what none of these lawn chair lounging<00:02:15.680> enthusiasts<00:02:16.319> knew<00:02:16.959> was<00:02:17.280> that<00:02:17.680> a 00:02:17.990 --> 00:02:18.000 align:start position:0% lounging enthusiasts knew was that a 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:19.990 align:start position:0% lounging enthusiasts knew was that a problem<00:02:18.319> was<00:02:18.560> about<00:02:18.800> to<00:02:18.959> unfold<00:02:19.440> that<00:02:19.680> could 00:02:19.990 --> 00:02:20.000 align:start position:0% problem was about to unfold that could 00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:22.229 align:start position:0% problem was about to unfold that could stop<00:02:20.239> the<00:02:20.480> mission<00:02:20.800> before<00:02:21.120> it<00:02:21.440> even<00:02:21.760> got<00:02:22.000> off 00:02:22.229 --> 00:02:22.239 align:start position:0% stop the mission before it even got off 00:02:22.239 --> 00:02:24.869 align:start position:0% stop the mission before it even got off the<00:02:22.480> launch<00:02:22.800> pad.<00:02:23.599> Just<00:02:23.840> as<00:02:24.000> the<00:02:24.160> crew<00:02:24.480> arrived 00:02:24.869 --> 00:02:24.879 align:start position:0% the launch pad. Just as the crew arrived 00:02:24.879 --> 00:02:27.670 align:start position:0% the launch pad. Just as the crew arrived on<00:02:25.040> site,<00:02:25.760> a<00:02:26.000> leaking<00:02:26.560> hydrogen<00:02:27.120> replenish 00:02:27.670 --> 00:02:27.680 align:start position:0% on site, a leaking hydrogen replenish 00:02:27.680 --> 00:02:30.309 align:start position:0% on site, a leaking hydrogen replenish valve<00:02:28.080> was<00:02:28.319> discovered<00:02:28.879> 60<00:02:29.120> m<00:02:29.520> up<00:02:29.920> in<00:02:30.160> the 00:02:30.309 --> 00:02:30.319 align:start position:0% valve was discovered 60 m up in the 00:02:30.319 --> 00:02:32.790 align:start position:0% valve was discovered 60 m up in the third<00:02:30.640> stage<00:02:30.959> of<00:02:31.040> the<00:02:31.200> Saturn<00:02:31.680> 5.<00:02:32.560> Not 00:02:32.790 --> 00:02:32.800 align:start position:0% third stage of the Saturn 5. Not 00:02:32.800 --> 00:02:34.309 align:start position:0% third stage of the Saturn 5. Not something<00:02:33.040> you<00:02:33.280> want<00:02:33.440> to<00:02:33.599> see<00:02:33.840> just<00:02:34.080> before 00:02:34.309 --> 00:02:34.319 align:start position:0% something you want to see just before 00:02:34.319 --> 00:02:37.110 align:start position:0% something you want to see just before you're<00:02:34.560> set<00:02:34.800> to<00:02:34.959> take<00:02:35.120> off.<00:02:36.400> Because<00:02:36.720> liquid 00:02:37.110 --> 00:02:37.120 align:start position:0% you're set to take off. Because liquid 00:02:37.120 --> 00:02:39.190 align:start position:0% you're set to take off. Because liquid hydrogen<00:02:37.519> is<00:02:37.760> kept<00:02:37.920> at<00:02:38.160> a<00:02:38.319> bone<00:02:38.640> chilling 00:02:39.190 --> 00:02:39.200 align:start position:0% hydrogen is kept at a bone chilling 00:02:39.200 --> 00:02:41.509 align:start position:0% hydrogen is kept at a bone chilling minus252° 00:02:41.509 --> 00:02:41.519 align:start position:0% minus252° 00:02:41.519 --> 00:02:44.869 align:start position:0% minus252° C,<00:02:42.319> it<00:02:42.640> constantly<00:02:43.280> boils<00:02:43.680> off<00:02:43.840> into<00:02:44.160> gas<00:02:44.560> as 00:02:44.869 --> 00:02:44.879 align:start position:0% C, it constantly boils off into gas as 00:02:44.879 --> 00:02:47.670 align:start position:0% C, it constantly boils off into gas as the<00:02:45.040> rocket<00:02:45.360> sits<00:02:45.599> on<00:02:45.760> the<00:02:45.920> pad.<00:02:47.120> So<00:02:47.440> the 00:02:47.670 --> 00:02:47.680 align:start position:0% the rocket sits on the pad. So the 00:02:47.680 --> 00:02:49.750 align:start position:0% the rocket sits on the pad. So the replenish<00:02:48.160> valve<00:02:48.560> allowed<00:02:48.879> the<00:02:49.120> tank<00:02:49.360> to<00:02:49.519> be 00:02:49.750 --> 00:02:49.760 align:start position:0% replenish valve allowed the tank to be 00:02:49.760 --> 00:02:52.630 align:start position:0% replenish valve allowed the tank to be constantly<00:02:50.319> topped<00:02:50.640> up,<00:02:51.040> keeping<00:02:51.360> it<00:02:51.599> at<00:02:51.920> 100% 00:02:52.630 --> 00:02:52.640 align:start position:0% constantly topped up, keeping it at 100% 00:02:52.640 --> 00:02:55.750 align:start position:0% constantly topped up, keeping it at 100% capacity.<00:02:53.760> This<00:02:54.000> was<00:02:54.160> vital.<00:02:55.040> Without<00:02:55.440> a 00:02:55.750 --> 00:02:55.760 align:start position:0% capacity. This was vital. Without a 00:02:55.760 --> 00:02:58.070 align:start position:0% capacity. This was vital. Without a completely<00:02:56.319> full<00:02:56.640> tank,<00:02:57.200> the<00:02:57.519> rocket<00:02:57.840> would 00:02:58.070 --> 00:02:58.080 align:start position:0% completely full tank, the rocket would 00:02:58.080 --> 00:03:00.229 align:start position:0% completely full tank, the rocket would not<00:02:58.319> be<00:02:58.480> able<00:02:58.640> to<00:02:58.800> complete<00:02:59.120> its<00:02:59.440> trans<00:02:59.840> lunar 00:03:00.229 --> 00:03:00.239 align:start position:0% not be able to complete its trans lunar 00:03:00.239 --> 00:03:02.309 align:start position:0% not be able to complete its trans lunar injection,<00:03:00.959> the<00:03:01.200> burn<00:03:01.519> that<00:03:01.680> would<00:03:01.920> take<00:03:02.159> the 00:03:02.309 --> 00:03:02.319 align:start position:0% injection, the burn that would take the 00:03:02.319 --> 00:03:04.390 align:start position:0% injection, the burn that would take the craft<00:03:02.720> out<00:03:02.879> of<00:03:03.040> Earth's<00:03:03.440> orbit<00:03:03.760> and<00:03:04.080> towards 00:03:04.390 --> 00:03:04.400 align:start position:0% craft out of Earth's orbit and towards 00:03:04.400 --> 00:03:08.149 align:start position:0% craft out of Earth's orbit and towards the<00:03:04.560> moon.<00:03:05.680> The<00:03:05.840> leak<00:03:06.239> was<00:03:06.720> so<00:03:07.040> severe,<00:03:07.920> it 00:03:08.149 --> 00:03:08.159 align:start position:0% the moon. The leak was so severe, it 00:03:08.159 --> 00:03:10.949 align:start position:0% the moon. The leak was so severe, it could<00:03:08.480> have<00:03:08.720> caused<00:03:09.040> an<00:03:09.280> explosion.<00:03:10.319> So,<00:03:10.640> fuel 00:03:10.949 --> 00:03:10.959 align:start position:0% could have caused an explosion. So, fuel 00:03:10.959 --> 00:03:13.350 align:start position:0% could have caused an explosion. So, fuel loading<00:03:11.360> was<00:03:11.760> immediately<00:03:12.400> stopped<00:03:12.959> and<00:03:13.200> the 00:03:13.350 --> 00:03:13.360 align:start position:0% loading was immediately stopped and the 00:03:13.360 --> 00:03:16.149 align:start position:0% loading was immediately stopped and the lines<00:03:13.760> were<00:03:14.000> quickly<00:03:14.400> drained.<00:03:15.440> It<00:03:15.760> was<00:03:15.920> only 00:03:16.149 --> 00:03:16.159 align:start position:0% lines were quickly drained. It was only 00:03:16.159 --> 00:03:18.550 align:start position:0% lines were quickly drained. It was only just<00:03:16.560> over<00:03:16.959> 2<00:03:17.280> years<00:03:17.680> since<00:03:17.920> the<00:03:18.159> tragic 00:03:18.550 --> 00:03:18.560 align:start position:0% just over 2 years since the tragic 00:03:18.560 --> 00:03:21.110 align:start position:0% just over 2 years since the tragic Apollo<00:03:19.040> 1<00:03:19.360> fire<00:03:19.760> where<00:03:20.159> three<00:03:20.560> crew<00:03:20.800> members 00:03:21.110 --> 00:03:21.120 align:start position:0% Apollo 1 fire where three crew members 00:03:21.120 --> 00:03:24.070 align:start position:0% Apollo 1 fire where three crew members had<00:03:21.360> died.<00:03:22.239> So<00:03:22.560> there<00:03:22.720> was<00:03:22.959> no<00:03:23.200> room<00:03:23.360> for<00:03:23.680> error 00:03:24.070 --> 00:03:24.080 align:start position:0% had died. So there was no room for error 00:03:24.080 --> 00:03:26.869 align:start position:0% had died. So there was no room for error and<00:03:24.400> certainly<00:03:24.959> no<00:03:25.280> appetite<00:03:25.680> for<00:03:25.920> risk.<00:03:26.720> If 00:03:26.869 --> 00:03:26.879 align:start position:0% and certainly no appetite for risk. If 00:03:26.879 --> 00:03:29.509 align:start position:0% and certainly no appetite for risk. If the<00:03:27.040> leak<00:03:27.360> remained<00:03:27.760> unressed,<00:03:28.879> the<00:03:29.120> mission 00:03:29.509 --> 00:03:29.519 align:start position:0% the leak remained unressed, the mission 00:03:29.519 --> 00:03:31.830 align:start position:0% the leak remained unressed, the mission would<00:03:29.760> be<00:03:30.000> over<00:03:30.400> before<00:03:30.640> it<00:03:30.959> even<00:03:31.360> left<00:03:31.599> the 00:03:31.830 --> 00:03:31.840 align:start position:0% would be over before it even left the 00:03:31.840 --> 00:03:33.750 align:start position:0% would be over before it even left the pad. 00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:33.760 align:start position:0% pad. 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:36.789 align:start position:0% pad. So<00:03:34.319> a<00:03:34.640> brave<00:03:35.120> crew<00:03:35.599> consisting<00:03:36.080> of<00:03:36.480> three 00:03:36.789 --> 00:03:36.799 align:start position:0% So a brave crew consisting of three 00:03:36.799 --> 00:03:38.949 align:start position:0% So a brave crew consisting of three technicians<00:03:37.440> was<00:03:37.680> dispatched<00:03:38.239> to<00:03:38.480> try<00:03:38.720> and 00:03:38.949 --> 00:03:38.959 align:start position:0% technicians was dispatched to try and 00:03:38.959 --> 00:03:41.350 align:start position:0% technicians was dispatched to try and tighten<00:03:39.360> the<00:03:39.599> valve.<00:03:40.319> But<00:03:40.480> with<00:03:40.799> a<00:03:41.040> little 00:03:41.350 --> 00:03:41.360 align:start position:0% tighten the valve. But with a little 00:03:41.360 --> 00:03:44.390 align:start position:0% tighten the valve. But with a little more<00:03:41.519> than<00:03:41.920> 2<00:03:42.319> hours<00:03:42.640> to<00:03:42.959> launch,<00:03:43.840> time<00:03:44.159> was 00:03:44.390 --> 00:03:44.400 align:start position:0% more than 2 hours to launch, time was 00:03:44.400 --> 00:03:46.869 align:start position:0% more than 2 hours to launch, time was running<00:03:44.640> out.<00:03:45.760> The<00:03:46.000> crew<00:03:46.239> were<00:03:46.480> working<00:03:46.720> on 00:03:46.869 --> 00:03:46.879 align:start position:0% running out. The crew were working on 00:03:46.879 --> 00:03:49.430 align:start position:0% running out. The crew were working on the<00:03:47.040> valve,<00:03:47.760> manually<00:03:48.400> tightening<00:03:49.120> each 00:03:49.430 --> 00:03:49.440 align:start position:0% the valve, manually tightening each 00:03:49.440 --> 00:03:51.350 align:start position:0% the valve, manually tightening each bolt,<00:03:50.000> even<00:03:50.239> as<00:03:50.400> the<00:03:50.640> astronauts<00:03:51.120> were 00:03:51.350 --> 00:03:51.360 align:start position:0% bolt, even as the astronauts were 00:03:51.360 --> 00:03:54.229 align:start position:0% bolt, even as the astronauts were starting<00:03:51.599> to<00:03:51.760> board<00:03:52.080> the<00:03:52.319> craft<00:03:52.799> just<00:03:53.360> 30<00:03:53.760> m 00:03:54.229 --> 00:03:54.239 align:start position:0% starting to board the craft just 30 m 00:03:54.239 --> 00:03:56.710 align:start position:0% starting to board the craft just 30 m above<00:03:54.560> them.<00:03:55.360> But<00:03:55.440> when<00:03:55.680> they<00:03:56.000> still<00:03:56.319> failed 00:03:56.710 --> 00:03:56.720 align:start position:0% above them. But when they still failed 00:03:56.720 --> 00:03:59.110 align:start position:0% above them. But when they still failed to<00:03:56.879> stop<00:03:57.120> the<00:03:57.360> leak,<00:03:57.920> the<00:03:58.159> crew<00:03:58.560> took<00:03:58.799> the 00:03:59.110 --> 00:03:59.120 align:start position:0% to stop the leak, the crew took the 00:03:59.120 --> 00:04:01.990 align:start position:0% to stop the leak, the crew took the extreme<00:03:59.760> measure<00:04:00.400> of<00:04:00.640> pouring<00:04:01.200> water<00:04:01.519> from<00:04:01.760> an 00:04:01.990 --> 00:04:02.000 align:start position:0% extreme measure of pouring water from an 00:04:02.000 --> 00:04:05.270 align:start position:0% extreme measure of pouring water from an eyewash<00:04:02.560> station<00:04:03.120> over<00:04:03.439> the<00:04:03.680> valve<00:04:04.400> where<00:04:04.959> it 00:04:05.270 --> 00:04:05.280 align:start position:0% eyewash station over the valve where it 00:04:05.280 --> 00:04:07.750 align:start position:0% eyewash station over the valve where it froze.<00:04:06.400> While<00:04:06.720> the<00:04:06.879> resulting<00:04:07.360> ice 00:04:07.750 --> 00:04:07.760 align:start position:0% froze. While the resulting ice 00:04:07.760 --> 00:04:09.750 align:start position:0% froze. While the resulting ice successfully<00:04:08.480> isolated<00:04:09.040> and<00:04:09.280> sealed<00:04:09.599> the 00:04:09.750 --> 00:04:09.760 align:start position:0% successfully isolated and sealed the 00:04:09.760 --> 00:04:12.390 align:start position:0% successfully isolated and sealed the leak,<00:04:10.319> it<00:04:10.560> rendered<00:04:10.879> the<00:04:11.040> valve<00:04:11.680> completely 00:04:12.390 --> 00:04:12.400 align:start position:0% leak, it rendered the valve completely 00:04:12.400 --> 00:04:15.110 align:start position:0% leak, it rendered the valve completely inoperable.<00:04:13.760> They<00:04:14.000> needed<00:04:14.400> another<00:04:14.799> way<00:04:14.959> to 00:04:15.110 --> 00:04:15.120 align:start position:0% inoperable. They needed another way to 00:04:15.120 --> 00:04:17.670 align:start position:0% inoperable. They needed another way to keep<00:04:15.280> the<00:04:15.439> tanks<00:04:15.760> topped<00:04:16.079> up.<00:04:17.040> Engineers 00:04:17.670 --> 00:04:17.680 align:start position:0% keep the tanks topped up. Engineers 00:04:17.680 --> 00:04:20.310 align:start position:0% keep the tanks topped up. Engineers decided<00:04:18.079> to<00:04:18.320> try<00:04:18.639> using<00:04:18.959> the<00:04:19.280> large<00:04:19.680> main<00:04:20.000> fill 00:04:20.310 --> 00:04:20.320 align:start position:0% decided to try using the large main fill 00:04:20.320 --> 00:04:22.629 align:start position:0% decided to try using the large main fill valve<00:04:20.720> to<00:04:20.959> keep<00:04:21.199> fuel<00:04:21.600> in<00:04:21.759> the<00:04:21.919> tank, 00:04:22.629 --> 00:04:22.639 align:start position:0% valve to keep fuel in the tank, 00:04:22.639 --> 00:04:26.230 align:start position:0% valve to keep fuel in the tank, something<00:04:23.280> it<00:04:23.600> was<00:04:23.840> never<00:04:24.320> intended<00:04:24.800> for.<00:04:26.000> For 00:04:26.230 --> 00:04:26.240 align:start position:0% something it was never intended for. For 00:04:26.240 --> 00:04:28.629 align:start position:0% something it was never intended for. For the<00:04:26.400> final<00:04:26.800> hours<00:04:27.120> of<00:04:27.280> the<00:04:27.440> countdown,<00:04:28.320> two 00:04:28.629 --> 00:04:28.639 align:start position:0% the final hours of the countdown, two 00:04:28.639 --> 00:04:30.710 align:start position:0% the final hours of the countdown, two engineers<00:04:29.280> worked<00:04:29.600> to<00:04:29.759> keep<00:04:29.919> the<00:04:30.160> rocket 00:04:30.710 --> 00:04:30.720 align:start position:0% engineers worked to keep the rocket 00:04:30.720 --> 00:04:33.590 align:start position:0% engineers worked to keep the rocket flight<00:04:31.120> ready.<00:04:31.919> One<00:04:32.240> monitored<00:04:32.639> fuel<00:04:32.960> levels 00:04:33.590 --> 00:04:33.600 align:start position:0% flight ready. One monitored fuel levels 00:04:33.600 --> 00:04:35.830 align:start position:0% flight ready. One monitored fuel levels whilst<00:04:33.919> the<00:04:34.160> other<00:04:34.560> turned<00:04:34.800> the<00:04:34.960> fill<00:04:35.199> valve 00:04:35.830 --> 00:04:35.840 align:start position:0% whilst the other turned the fill valve 00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:38.950 align:start position:0% whilst the other turned the fill valve on<00:04:36.160> and<00:04:36.400> off,<00:04:37.120> topping<00:04:37.600> up<00:04:37.840> the<00:04:38.080> tanks<00:04:38.720> to 00:04:38.950 --> 00:04:38.960 align:start position:0% on and off, topping up the tanks to 00:04:38.960 --> 00:04:41.749 align:start position:0% on and off, topping up the tanks to compensate<00:04:39.440> for<00:04:39.680> boiloff.<00:04:40.720> Oxidizer<00:04:41.440> tanks 00:04:41.749 --> 00:04:41.759 align:start position:0% compensate for boiloff. Oxidizer tanks 00:04:41.759 --> 00:04:43.670 align:start position:0% compensate for boiloff. Oxidizer tanks in<00:04:41.919> the<00:04:42.080> second<00:04:42.240> and<00:04:42.479> third<00:04:42.720> stages<00:04:43.199> now<00:04:43.360> have 00:04:43.670 --> 00:04:43.680 align:start position:0% in the second and third stages now have 00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:44.790 align:start position:0% in the second and third stages now have pressurized. 00:04:44.790 --> 00:04:44.800 align:start position:0% pressurized. 00:04:44.800 --> 00:04:47.590 align:start position:0% pressurized. >> Meanwhile,<00:04:45.440> Buzz<00:04:45.759> Aldrin,<00:04:46.560> Michael<00:04:47.040> Collins, 00:04:47.590 --> 00:04:47.600 align:start position:0% >> Meanwhile, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, 00:04:47.600 --> 00:04:49.670 align:start position:0% >> Meanwhile, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and<00:04:47.840> Neil<00:04:48.160> Armstrong<00:04:48.800> sat<00:04:49.040> in<00:04:49.199> the<00:04:49.360> command 00:04:49.670 --> 00:04:49.680 align:start position:0% and Neil Armstrong sat in the command 00:04:49.680 --> 00:04:52.469 align:start position:0% and Neil Armstrong sat in the command module<00:04:50.160> in<00:04:50.479> eerie<00:04:50.960> silence,<00:04:51.840> preparing 00:04:52.469 --> 00:04:52.479 align:start position:0% module in eerie silence, preparing 00:04:52.479 --> 00:04:55.350 align:start position:0% module in eerie silence, preparing themselves<00:04:52.880> for<00:04:53.199> launch.<00:04:54.479> Now<00:04:54.800> sealed<00:04:55.120> off 00:04:55.350 --> 00:04:55.360 align:start position:0% themselves for launch. Now sealed off 00:04:55.360 --> 00:04:58.150 align:start position:0% themselves for launch. Now sealed off from<00:04:55.600> Earth's<00:04:55.919> atmosphere<00:04:56.479> entirely.<00:04:57.759> They 00:04:58.150 --> 00:04:58.160 align:start position:0% from Earth's atmosphere entirely. They 00:04:58.160 --> 00:05:00.870 align:start position:0% from Earth's atmosphere entirely. They were<00:04:58.400> concerned<00:04:58.960> with<00:04:59.199> a<00:04:59.440> different<00:04:59.840> gas,<00:05:00.720> one 00:05:00.870 --> 00:05:00.880 align:start position:0% were concerned with a different gas, one 00:05:00.880 --> 00:05:02.870 align:start position:0% were concerned with a different gas, one that<00:05:01.199> was<00:05:01.600> just<00:05:01.840> as<00:05:02.080> critical<00:05:02.479> to<00:05:02.720> their 00:05:02.870 --> 00:05:02.880 align:start position:0% that was just as critical to their 00:05:02.880 --> 00:05:04.950 align:start position:0% that was just as critical to their survival<00:05:03.440> as<00:05:03.680> the<00:05:03.840> integrity<00:05:04.320> of<00:05:04.479> the<00:05:04.639> rocket 00:05:04.950 --> 00:05:04.960 align:start position:0% survival as the integrity of the rocket 00:05:04.960 --> 00:05:08.150 align:start position:0% survival as the integrity of the rocket itself. 00:05:08.150 --> 00:05:08.160 align:start position:0% 00:05:08.160 --> 00:05:10.070 align:start position:0% During<00:05:08.479> the<00:05:08.720> planning<00:05:09.039> stages,<00:05:09.520> it<00:05:09.759> had<00:05:09.919> been 00:05:10.070 --> 00:05:10.080 align:start position:0% During the planning stages, it had been 00:05:10.080 --> 00:05:11.830 align:start position:0% During the planning stages, it had been decided<00:05:10.400> that<00:05:10.639> the<00:05:10.800> Apollo<00:05:11.280> spacecraft 00:05:11.830 --> 00:05:11.840 align:start position:0% decided that the Apollo spacecraft 00:05:11.840 --> 00:05:15.110 align:start position:0% decided that the Apollo spacecraft needed<00:05:12.240> to<00:05:12.400> be<00:05:12.639> as<00:05:13.039> light<00:05:13.440> as<00:05:13.759> possible.<00:05:14.800> To 00:05:15.110 --> 00:05:15.120 align:start position:0% needed to be as light as possible. To 00:05:15.120 --> 00:05:17.270 align:start position:0% needed to be as light as possible. To make<00:05:15.280> that<00:05:15.600> happen,<00:05:16.240> a<00:05:16.479> decision<00:05:16.800> was<00:05:17.039> taken 00:05:17.270 --> 00:05:17.280 align:start position:0% make that happen, a decision was taken 00:05:17.280 --> 00:05:20.310 align:start position:0% make that happen, a decision was taken to<00:05:17.520> fill<00:05:17.840> the<00:05:18.000> astronauts<00:05:18.639> module<00:05:19.280> with<00:05:19.680> pure 00:05:20.310 --> 00:05:20.320 align:start position:0% to fill the astronauts module with pure 00:05:20.320 --> 00:05:21.830 align:start position:0% to fill the astronauts module with pure oxygen. 00:05:21.830 --> 00:05:21.840 align:start position:0% oxygen. 00:05:21.840 --> 00:05:25.590 align:start position:0% oxygen. Normal<00:05:22.240> air<00:05:22.560> is<00:05:23.120> 78%<00:05:24.160> nitrogen.<00:05:25.039> So<00:05:25.280> only 00:05:25.590 --> 00:05:25.600 align:start position:0% Normal air is 78% nitrogen. So only 00:05:25.600 --> 00:05:27.749 align:start position:0% Normal air is 78% nitrogen. So only taking<00:05:26.080> oxygen<00:05:26.720> meant<00:05:27.039> that<00:05:27.280> they<00:05:27.520> didn't 00:05:27.749 --> 00:05:27.759 align:start position:0% taking oxygen meant that they didn't 00:05:27.759 --> 00:05:30.310 align:start position:0% taking oxygen meant that they didn't need<00:05:28.000> heavy<00:05:28.320> tanks<00:05:28.639> of<00:05:28.800> nitrogen<00:05:29.680> and<00:05:30.000> allowed 00:05:30.310 --> 00:05:30.320 align:start position:0% need heavy tanks of nitrogen and allowed 00:05:30.320 --> 00:05:32.710 align:start position:0% need heavy tanks of nitrogen and allowed for<00:05:30.479> the<00:05:30.639> use<00:05:30.880> of<00:05:31.199> a<00:05:31.520> lower<00:05:31.919> pressure<00:05:32.320> within 00:05:32.710 --> 00:05:32.720 align:start position:0% for the use of a lower pressure within 00:05:32.720 --> 00:05:35.430 align:start position:0% for the use of a lower pressure within the<00:05:32.960> craft.<00:05:33.919> combined<00:05:34.560> this<00:05:34.880> made<00:05:35.039> for<00:05:35.280> a 00:05:35.430 --> 00:05:35.440 align:start position:0% the craft. combined this made for a 00:05:35.440 --> 00:05:38.150 align:start position:0% the craft. combined this made for a lighter<00:05:35.759> weight<00:05:36.080> spacecraft.<00:05:37.199> Win-win, 00:05:38.150 --> 00:05:38.160 align:start position:0% lighter weight spacecraft. Win-win, 00:05:38.160 --> 00:05:43.909 align:start position:0% lighter weight spacecraft. Win-win, right?<00:05:39.440> Well,<00:05:40.400> not<00:05:40.639> really.<00:05:41.759> Oxygen<00:05:42.479> is<00:05:43.360> very 00:05:43.909 --> 00:05:43.919 align:start position:0% right? Well, not really. Oxygen is very 00:05:43.919 --> 00:05:46.469 align:start position:0% right? Well, not really. Oxygen is very flammable.<00:05:45.039> And<00:05:45.199> this<00:05:45.440> was<00:05:45.600> a<00:05:45.840> contributing 00:05:46.469 --> 00:05:46.479 align:start position:0% flammable. And this was a contributing 00:05:46.479 --> 00:05:48.950 align:start position:0% flammable. And this was a contributing factor<00:05:46.880> in<00:05:47.120> the<00:05:47.280> Apollo<00:05:47.759> 1<00:05:48.080> fire<00:05:48.400> I<00:05:48.639> mentioned 00:05:48.950 --> 00:05:48.960 align:start position:0% factor in the Apollo 1 fire I mentioned 00:05:48.960 --> 00:05:52.310 align:start position:0% factor in the Apollo 1 fire I mentioned before.<00:05:50.080> After<00:05:50.479> that<00:05:50.800> fire,<00:05:51.520> the<00:05:51.680> gas<00:05:52.000> makeup 00:05:52.310 --> 00:05:52.320 align:start position:0% before. After that fire, the gas makeup 00:05:52.320 --> 00:05:55.510 align:start position:0% before. After that fire, the gas makeup NASA<00:05:52.800> used<00:05:53.039> was<00:05:53.280> tweaked<00:05:53.919> to<00:05:54.160> a<00:05:54.320> mix<00:05:54.639> of<00:05:54.880> 60% 00:05:55.510 --> 00:05:55.520 align:start position:0% NASA used was tweaked to a mix of 60% 00:05:55.520 --> 00:05:58.390 align:start position:0% NASA used was tweaked to a mix of 60% oxygen,<00:05:56.479> 40%<00:05:57.120> nitrogen<00:05:57.600> to<00:05:57.840> make<00:05:58.000> it<00:05:58.160> less 00:05:58.390 --> 00:05:58.400 align:start position:0% oxygen, 40% nitrogen to make it less 00:05:58.400 --> 00:06:01.510 align:start position:0% oxygen, 40% nitrogen to make it less flammable.<00:05:59.600> They<00:05:59.919> also<00:06:00.320> pressurized<00:06:00.960> it<00:06:01.120> at<00:06:01.360> a 00:06:01.510 --> 00:06:01.520 align:start position:0% flammable. They also pressurized it at a 00:06:01.520 --> 00:06:04.870 align:start position:0% flammable. They also pressurized it at a much<00:06:01.759> higher<00:06:02.320> 16<00:06:02.800> psi.<00:06:03.840> So<00:06:04.000> if<00:06:04.240> any<00:06:04.479> leaks 00:06:04.870 --> 00:06:04.880 align:start position:0% much higher 16 psi. So if any leaks 00:06:04.880 --> 00:06:07.270 align:start position:0% much higher 16 psi. So if any leaks occurred,<00:06:05.360> the<00:06:05.520> air<00:06:05.759> would<00:06:06.000> flow<00:06:06.240> out<00:06:06.720> and<00:06:07.039> not 00:06:07.270 --> 00:06:07.280 align:start position:0% occurred, the air would flow out and not 00:06:07.280 --> 00:06:11.029 align:start position:0% occurred, the air would flow out and not let<00:06:07.600> the<00:06:07.840> humid<00:06:08.319> Florida<00:06:08.720> air<00:06:09.039> in.<00:06:10.479> Once<00:06:10.800> they 00:06:11.029 --> 00:06:11.039 align:start position:0% let the humid Florida air in. Once they 00:06:11.039 --> 00:06:13.029 align:start position:0% let the humid Florida air in. Once they were<00:06:11.199> safely<00:06:11.600> in<00:06:11.840> orbit,<00:06:12.319> the<00:06:12.560> composition 00:06:13.029 --> 00:06:13.039 align:start position:0% were safely in orbit, the composition 00:06:13.039 --> 00:06:15.430 align:start position:0% were safely in orbit, the composition would<00:06:13.280> then<00:06:13.680> gradually<00:06:14.319> be<00:06:14.560> changed<00:06:14.880> to<00:06:15.120> pure 00:06:15.430 --> 00:06:15.440 align:start position:0% would then gradually be changed to pure 00:06:15.440 --> 00:06:19.430 align:start position:0% would then gradually be changed to pure oxygen<00:06:16.160> at<00:06:16.400> a<00:06:16.639> lower<00:06:16.880> pressure<00:06:17.280> of<00:06:17.600> 5<00:06:17.919> psi. 00:06:19.430 --> 00:06:19.440 align:start position:0% oxygen at a lower pressure of 5 psi. 00:06:19.440 --> 00:06:22.390 align:start position:0% oxygen at a lower pressure of 5 psi. But<00:06:19.680> even<00:06:20.080> this<00:06:20.400> amended<00:06:21.039> launch<00:06:21.440> mix<00:06:22.000> caused 00:06:22.390 --> 00:06:22.400 align:start position:0% But even this amended launch mix caused 00:06:22.400 --> 00:06:25.510 align:start position:0% But even this amended launch mix caused problems.<00:06:23.440> As<00:06:23.680> I<00:06:23.919> mentioned,<00:06:24.639> normal<00:06:25.039> air<00:06:25.280> is 00:06:25.510 --> 00:06:25.520 align:start position:0% problems. As I mentioned, normal air is 00:06:25.520 --> 00:06:29.909 align:start position:0% problems. As I mentioned, normal air is around<00:06:26.000> 78%<00:06:26.800> nitrogen<00:06:27.280> and<00:06:27.680> 21%<00:06:28.400> oxygen.<00:06:29.520> This 00:06:29.909 --> 00:06:29.919 align:start position:0% around 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. This 00:06:29.919 --> 00:06:32.710 align:start position:0% around 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. This mix<00:06:30.560> meant<00:06:30.800> that<00:06:30.960> humans<00:06:31.440> have<00:06:31.600> a<00:06:31.919> significant 00:06:32.710 --> 00:06:32.720 align:start position:0% mix meant that humans have a significant 00:06:32.720 --> 00:06:35.110 align:start position:0% mix meant that humans have a significant amount<00:06:33.039> of<00:06:33.360> nitrogen<00:06:34.160> dissolved<00:06:34.639> in<00:06:34.880> our 00:06:35.110 --> 00:06:35.120 align:start position:0% amount of nitrogen dissolved in our 00:06:35.120 --> 00:06:37.670 align:start position:0% amount of nitrogen dissolved in our blood.<00:06:36.000> Early<00:06:36.400> testing<00:06:36.800> showed<00:06:37.120> that<00:06:37.360> if 00:06:37.670 --> 00:06:37.680 align:start position:0% blood. Early testing showed that if 00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:40.390 align:start position:0% blood. Early testing showed that if astronauts<00:06:38.400> took<00:06:38.720> off<00:06:38.960> like<00:06:39.280> this,<00:06:39.919> when<00:06:40.160> the 00:06:40.390 --> 00:06:40.400 align:start position:0% astronauts took off like this, when the 00:06:40.400 --> 00:06:42.870 align:start position:0% astronauts took off like this, when the cabin<00:06:40.800> pressure<00:06:41.199> dropped,<00:06:42.000> the<00:06:42.240> nitrogen 00:06:42.870 --> 00:06:42.880 align:start position:0% cabin pressure dropped, the nitrogen 00:06:42.880 --> 00:06:44.629 align:start position:0% cabin pressure dropped, the nitrogen formed<00:06:43.280> bubbles<00:06:43.759> in<00:06:43.919> their<00:06:44.080> blood<00:06:44.400> and 00:06:44.629 --> 00:06:44.639 align:start position:0% formed bubbles in their blood and 00:06:44.639 --> 00:06:47.749 align:start position:0% formed bubbles in their blood and joints,<00:06:45.360> causing<00:06:45.759> a<00:06:46.240> potentially<00:06:46.960> lethal 00:06:47.749 --> 00:06:47.759 align:start position:0% joints, causing a potentially lethal 00:06:47.759 --> 00:06:50.309 align:start position:0% joints, causing a potentially lethal condition.<00:06:48.960> It<00:06:49.199> was<00:06:49.360> therefore<00:06:49.840> mandatory 00:06:50.309 --> 00:06:50.319 align:start position:0% condition. It was therefore mandatory 00:06:50.319 --> 00:06:52.390 align:start position:0% condition. It was therefore mandatory for<00:06:50.639> all<00:06:50.800> the<00:06:51.039> astronauts<00:06:51.680> to<00:06:51.840> change<00:06:52.160> their 00:06:52.390 --> 00:06:52.400 align:start position:0% for all the astronauts to change their 00:06:52.400 --> 00:06:54.629 align:start position:0% for all the astronauts to change their internal<00:06:52.800> makeup<00:06:53.280> before<00:06:53.600> they<00:06:54.000> even<00:06:54.400> set 00:06:54.629 --> 00:06:54.639 align:start position:0% internal makeup before they even set 00:06:54.639 --> 00:06:57.590 align:start position:0% internal makeup before they even set foot<00:06:54.960> on<00:06:55.120> a<00:06:55.360> rocket.<00:06:56.479> They<00:06:56.720> did<00:06:56.880> this<00:06:57.120> by 00:06:57.590 --> 00:06:57.600 align:start position:0% foot on a rocket. They did this by 00:06:57.600 --> 00:07:00.150 align:start position:0% foot on a rocket. They did this by breathing<00:06:58.240> pure<00:06:58.560> oxygen<00:06:59.120> for<00:06:59.360> roughly<00:06:59.840> 2 00:07:00.150 --> 00:07:00.160 align:start position:0% breathing pure oxygen for roughly 2 00:07:00.160 --> 00:07:02.550 align:start position:0% breathing pure oxygen for roughly 2 hours<00:07:00.639> beforehand<00:07:01.520> to<00:07:01.759> flush<00:07:02.160> out<00:07:02.400> the 00:07:02.550 --> 00:07:02.560 align:start position:0% hours beforehand to flush out the 00:07:02.560 --> 00:07:04.710 align:start position:0% hours beforehand to flush out the nitrogen<00:07:03.039> from<00:07:03.280> their<00:07:03.440> blood,<00:07:04.160> which<00:07:04.319> is<00:07:04.560> why 00:07:04.710 --> 00:07:04.720 align:start position:0% nitrogen from their blood, which is why 00:07:04.720 --> 00:07:06.469 align:start position:0% nitrogen from their blood, which is why you<00:07:04.960> see<00:07:05.039> them<00:07:05.280> attached<00:07:05.599> to<00:07:05.759> what<00:07:06.000> looks<00:07:06.240> like 00:07:06.469 --> 00:07:06.479 align:start position:0% you see them attached to what looks like 00:07:06.479 --> 00:07:09.110 align:start position:0% you see them attached to what looks like suitcases<00:07:07.120> as<00:07:07.280> they<00:07:07.520> walked<00:07:07.840> to<00:07:08.080> the<00:07:08.240> rocket. 00:07:09.110 --> 00:07:09.120 align:start position:0% suitcases as they walked to the rocket. 00:07:09.120 --> 00:07:12.150 align:start position:0% suitcases as they walked to the rocket. That's<00:07:09.440> the<00:07:09.759> oxygen.<00:07:11.120> Having<00:07:11.599> successfully 00:07:12.150 --> 00:07:12.160 align:start position:0% That's the oxygen. Having successfully 00:07:12.160 --> 00:07:14.070 align:start position:0% That's the oxygen. Having successfully purged<00:07:12.560> the<00:07:12.720> nitrogen<00:07:13.120> from<00:07:13.360> their<00:07:13.520> veins<00:07:13.919> to 00:07:14.070 --> 00:07:14.080 align:start position:0% purged the nitrogen from their veins to 00:07:14.080 --> 00:07:17.110 align:start position:0% purged the nitrogen from their veins to survive<00:07:14.400> the<00:07:14.720> launch,<00:07:15.440> the<00:07:15.680> crew<00:07:16.639> was<00:07:16.880> ready 00:07:17.110 --> 00:07:17.120 align:start position:0% survive the launch, the crew was ready 00:07:17.120 --> 00:07:19.749 align:start position:0% survive the launch, the crew was ready to<00:07:17.280> go. 00:07:19.749 --> 00:07:19.759 align:start position:0% to go. 00:07:19.759 --> 00:07:29.350 align:start position:0% to go. 10<00:07:20.880> 9<00:07:22.080> ignition<00:07:22.639> sequence<00:07:23.199> start.<00:07:24.479> 6<00:07:25.360> 5<00:07:26.319> 4<00:07:27.199> 3<00:07:28.240> 2 00:07:29.350 --> 00:07:29.360 align:start position:0% 10 9 ignition sequence start. 6 5 4 3 2 00:07:29.360 --> 00:07:42.550 align:start position:0% 10 9 ignition sequence start. 6 5 4 3 2 1<00:07:30.479> zero.<00:07:31.280> All<00:07:31.599> engine<00:07:32.000> running. 00:07:42.550 --> 00:07:42.560 align:start position:0% 00:07:42.560 --> 00:07:56.629 align:start position:0% Heat. 00:07:56.629 --> 00:07:56.639 align:start position:0% 00:07:56.639 --> 00:08:18.390 align:start position:0% Heat. 00:08:18.390 --> 00:08:18.400 align:start position:0% 00:08:18.400 --> 00:08:20.390 align:start position:0% But<00:08:18.800> this<00:08:19.039> was<00:08:19.199> just<00:08:19.440> the<00:08:19.759> beginning<00:08:20.000> of<00:08:20.160> their 00:08:20.390 --> 00:08:20.400 align:start position:0% But this was just the beginning of their 00:08:20.400 --> 00:08:23.589 align:start position:0% But this was just the beginning of their journey.<00:08:21.280> Now<00:08:21.680> they<00:08:22.000> actually<00:08:22.479> had<00:08:22.720> to<00:08:23.039> get<00:08:23.360> to 00:08:23.589 --> 00:08:23.599 align:start position:0% journey. Now they actually had to get to 00:08:23.599 --> 00:08:26.070 align:start position:0% journey. Now they actually had to get to the<00:08:23.759> moon.<00:08:24.879> The<00:08:25.120> astronauts<00:08:25.599> started<00:08:25.919> to 00:08:26.070 --> 00:08:26.080 align:start position:0% the moon. The astronauts started to 00:08:26.080 --> 00:08:28.390 align:start position:0% the moon. The astronauts started to prepare<00:08:26.400> themselves<00:08:26.879> for<00:08:27.440> trans<00:08:27.840> lunar 00:08:28.390 --> 00:08:28.400 align:start position:0% prepare themselves for trans lunar 00:08:28.400 --> 00:08:30.469 align:start position:0% prepare themselves for trans lunar injection,<00:08:29.280> the<00:08:29.440> engine<00:08:29.840> burn<00:08:30.080> that<00:08:30.240> would 00:08:30.469 --> 00:08:30.479 align:start position:0% injection, the engine burn that would 00:08:30.479 --> 00:08:33.269 align:start position:0% injection, the engine burn that would send<00:08:30.639> them<00:08:30.879> out<00:08:31.120> of<00:08:31.280> low<00:08:31.599> Earth<00:08:31.919> orbit<00:08:32.640> towards 00:08:33.269 --> 00:08:33.279 align:start position:0% send them out of low Earth orbit towards 00:08:33.279 --> 00:08:36.149 align:start position:0% send them out of low Earth orbit towards the<00:08:33.519> mysterious<00:08:34.159> moon.<00:08:35.360> This<00:08:35.599> was<00:08:35.839> a 00:08:36.149 --> 00:08:36.159 align:start position:0% the mysterious moon. This was a 00:08:36.159 --> 00:08:37.990 align:start position:0% the mysterious moon. This was a particularly<00:08:36.959> dangerous<00:08:37.440> part<00:08:37.680> of<00:08:37.760> the 00:08:37.990 --> 00:08:38.000 align:start position:0% particularly dangerous part of the 00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:40.550 align:start position:0% particularly dangerous part of the journey<00:08:38.560> as<00:08:38.800> it<00:08:39.039> required<00:08:39.519> some<00:08:39.919> exacting 00:08:40.550 --> 00:08:40.560 align:start position:0% journey as it required some exacting 00:08:40.560 --> 00:08:43.110 align:start position:0% journey as it required some exacting maths<00:08:40.959> to<00:08:41.120> ensure<00:08:41.440> the<00:08:41.680> correct<00:08:42.000> trajectory. 00:08:43.110 --> 00:08:43.120 align:start position:0% maths to ensure the correct trajectory. 00:08:43.120 --> 00:08:45.670 align:start position:0% maths to ensure the correct trajectory. Get<00:08:43.279> it<00:08:43.519> wrong<00:08:44.000> and<00:08:44.240> they<00:08:44.480> risked<00:08:44.880> being<00:08:45.200> lost 00:08:45.670 --> 00:08:45.680 align:start position:0% Get it wrong and they risked being lost 00:08:45.680 --> 00:08:48.389 align:start position:0% Get it wrong and they risked being lost to<00:08:45.920> deep<00:08:46.240> space.<00:08:47.360> And<00:08:47.600> they<00:08:47.839> still<00:08:48.080> had<00:08:48.240> to 00:08:48.389 --> 00:08:48.399 align:start position:0% to deep space. And they still had to 00:08:48.399 --> 00:08:50.389 align:start position:0% to deep space. And they still had to make<00:08:48.560> it<00:08:48.720> out<00:08:48.959> of<00:08:49.120> the<00:08:49.360> lethal<00:08:49.839> radiation 00:08:50.389 --> 00:08:50.399 align:start position:0% make it out of the lethal radiation 00:08:50.399 --> 00:08:53.110 align:start position:0% make it out of the lethal radiation field<00:08:50.640> that<00:08:50.959> blankets<00:08:51.519> the<00:08:51.760> Earth,<00:08:52.399> the<00:08:52.720> Van 00:08:53.110 --> 00:08:53.120 align:start position:0% field that blankets the Earth, the Van 00:08:53.120 --> 00:08:57.190 align:start position:0% field that blankets the Earth, the Van Allen<00:08:53.760> radiation<00:08:54.399> belts. 00:08:57.190 --> 00:08:57.200 align:start position:0% Allen radiation belts. 00:08:57.200 --> 00:08:59.110 align:start position:0% Allen radiation belts. The<00:08:57.360> Van<00:08:57.680> Allen<00:08:58.080> radiation<00:08:58.480> belts<00:08:58.880> are 00:08:59.110 --> 00:08:59.120 align:start position:0% The Van Allen radiation belts are 00:08:59.120 --> 00:09:01.110 align:start position:0% The Van Allen radiation belts are essentially<00:08:59.519> two<00:08:59.839> concentric<00:09:00.399> donuts<00:09:00.880> of 00:09:01.110 --> 00:09:01.120 align:start position:0% essentially two concentric donuts of 00:09:01.120 --> 00:09:03.190 align:start position:0% essentially two concentric donuts of radiation<00:09:01.839> held<00:09:02.080> in<00:09:02.320> place<00:09:02.560> by<00:09:02.800> Earth's 00:09:03.190 --> 00:09:03.200 align:start position:0% radiation held in place by Earth's 00:09:03.200 --> 00:09:05.910 align:start position:0% radiation held in place by Earth's magnetic<00:09:03.680> field.<00:09:04.560> Normally,<00:09:05.040> they<00:09:05.279> act<00:09:05.519> as<00:09:05.680> a 00:09:05.910 --> 00:09:05.920 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Normally, they act as a 00:09:05.920 --> 00:09:08.710 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Normally, they act as a shield<00:09:06.560> protecting<00:09:07.040> our<00:09:07.360> planet<00:09:07.839> and<00:09:08.160> us<00:09:08.480> on 00:09:08.710 --> 00:09:08.720 align:start position:0% shield protecting our planet and us on 00:09:08.720 --> 00:09:11.829 align:start position:0% shield protecting our planet and us on it<00:09:09.279> from<00:09:09.519> the<00:09:09.760> solar<00:09:10.160> wind.<00:09:11.200> But<00:09:11.279> for<00:09:11.519> a 00:09:11.829 --> 00:09:11.839 align:start position:0% it from the solar wind. But for a 00:09:11.839 --> 00:09:14.470 align:start position:0% it from the solar wind. But for a spacecraft<00:09:12.480> passing<00:09:13.040> through<00:09:13.440> them,<00:09:14.240> they 00:09:14.470 --> 00:09:14.480 align:start position:0% spacecraft passing through them, they 00:09:14.480 --> 00:09:17.910 align:start position:0% spacecraft passing through them, they are<00:09:14.720> a<00:09:15.120> high<00:09:15.600> energy<00:09:16.080> gauntlet.<00:09:17.360> And<00:09:17.519> in<00:09:17.760> the 00:09:17.910 --> 00:09:17.920 align:start position:0% are a high energy gauntlet. And in the 00:09:17.920 --> 00:09:21.269 align:start position:0% are a high energy gauntlet. And in the 1960s,<00:09:19.040> the<00:09:19.279> lethality<00:09:19.920> of<00:09:20.080> these<00:09:20.320> belts<00:09:20.959> was 00:09:21.269 --> 00:09:21.279 align:start position:0% 1960s, the lethality of these belts was 00:09:21.279 --> 00:09:25.030 align:start position:0% 1960s, the lethality of these belts was a<00:09:21.600> terrifying<00:09:22.560> unknown.<00:09:24.000> Scientists<00:09:24.480> were<00:09:24.720> so 00:09:25.030 --> 00:09:25.040 align:start position:0% a terrifying unknown. Scientists were so 00:09:25.040 --> 00:09:27.190 align:start position:0% a terrifying unknown. Scientists were so concerned<00:09:25.440> that<00:09:25.680> they<00:09:26.000> even<00:09:26.320> conducted<00:09:26.880> high 00:09:27.190 --> 00:09:27.200 align:start position:0% concerned that they even conducted high 00:09:27.200 --> 00:09:30.070 align:start position:0% concerned that they even conducted high alitude<00:09:27.839> nuclear<00:09:28.399> tests,<00:09:29.279> including<00:09:29.760> a 00:09:30.070 --> 00:09:30.080 align:start position:0% alitude nuclear tests, including a 00:09:30.080 --> 00:09:32.710 align:start position:0% alitude nuclear tests, including a mission<00:09:30.399> called<00:09:30.800> Starfish<00:09:31.440> Prime,<00:09:32.160> to<00:09:32.320> see<00:09:32.480> if 00:09:32.710 --> 00:09:32.720 align:start position:0% mission called Starfish Prime, to see if 00:09:32.720 --> 00:09:34.870 align:start position:0% mission called Starfish Prime, to see if they<00:09:32.959> could<00:09:33.200> physically<00:09:33.760> blow<00:09:34.080> a<00:09:34.320> hole<00:09:34.560> in<00:09:34.720> the 00:09:34.870 --> 00:09:34.880 align:start position:0% they could physically blow a hole in the 00:09:34.880 --> 00:09:37.590 align:start position:0% they could physically blow a hole in the belt<00:09:35.519> to<00:09:35.760> create<00:09:36.080> a<00:09:36.480> safe<00:09:36.959> passage<00:09:37.360> for 00:09:37.590 --> 00:09:37.600 align:start position:0% belt to create a safe passage for 00:09:37.600 --> 00:09:40.630 align:start position:0% belt to create a safe passage for astronauts.<00:09:38.880> Needless<00:09:39.360> to<00:09:39.519> say,<00:09:40.080> this<00:09:40.320> was 00:09:40.630 --> 00:09:40.640 align:start position:0% astronauts. Needless to say, this was 00:09:40.640 --> 00:09:43.110 align:start position:0% astronauts. Needless to say, this was less<00:09:40.880> than<00:09:41.200> effective<00:09:41.920> and<00:09:42.240> actually<00:09:42.640> added 00:09:43.110 --> 00:09:43.120 align:start position:0% less than effective and actually added 00:09:43.120 --> 00:09:46.070 align:start position:0% less than effective and actually added radiation<00:09:43.760> to<00:09:44.000> the<00:09:44.160> belts.<00:09:45.279> So<00:09:45.519> instead, 00:09:46.070 --> 00:09:46.080 align:start position:0% radiation to the belts. So instead, 00:09:46.080 --> 00:09:48.470 align:start position:0% radiation to the belts. So instead, NASA's<00:09:46.560> trajectory<00:09:47.200> experts<00:09:47.760> found<00:09:48.160> a 00:09:48.470 --> 00:09:48.480 align:start position:0% NASA's trajectory experts found a 00:09:48.480 --> 00:09:51.829 align:start position:0% NASA's trajectory experts found a solution<00:09:49.200> in<00:09:49.680> geometry.<00:09:51.040> A<00:09:51.279> team<00:09:51.440> of 00:09:51.829 --> 00:09:51.839 align:start position:0% solution in geometry. A team of 00:09:51.839 --> 00:09:54.870 align:start position:0% solution in geometry. A team of so-called<00:09:52.560> human<00:09:52.959> computers,<00:09:54.000> mainly<00:09:54.480> poorly 00:09:54.870 --> 00:09:54.880 align:start position:0% so-called human computers, mainly poorly 00:09:54.880 --> 00:09:56.630 align:start position:0% so-called human computers, mainly poorly paid<00:09:55.200> women<00:09:55.519> who<00:09:55.760> would<00:09:55.920> go<00:09:56.080> on<00:09:56.240> to<00:09:56.399> become 00:09:56.630 --> 00:09:56.640 align:start position:0% paid women who would go on to become 00:09:56.640 --> 00:09:59.350 align:start position:0% paid women who would go on to become NASA's<00:09:57.200> first<00:09:57.519> computer<00:09:58.000> programmers.<00:09:59.120> They 00:09:59.350 --> 00:09:59.360 align:start position:0% NASA's first computer programmers. They 00:09:59.360 --> 00:10:01.030 align:start position:0% NASA's first computer programmers. They tweaked<00:09:59.600> the<00:09:59.760> mass<00:10:00.080> of<00:10:00.160> the<00:10:00.320> trans<00:10:00.640> lunar 00:10:01.030 --> 00:10:01.040 align:start position:0% tweaked the mass of the trans lunar 00:10:01.040 --> 00:10:03.190 align:start position:0% tweaked the mass of the trans lunar injection<00:10:01.440> to<00:10:01.680> exploit<00:10:02.080> a<00:10:02.320> loophole<00:10:02.800> in<00:10:02.959> the 00:10:03.190 --> 00:10:03.200 align:start position:0% injection to exploit a loophole in the 00:10:03.200 --> 00:10:05.990 align:start position:0% injection to exploit a loophole in the Earth's<00:10:03.680> magnetic<00:10:04.320> architecture.<00:10:05.600> It<00:10:05.839> was 00:10:05.990 --> 00:10:06.000 align:start position:0% Earth's magnetic architecture. It was 00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:08.150 align:start position:0% Earth's magnetic architecture. It was much<00:10:06.160> safer<00:10:06.480> to<00:10:06.720> go<00:10:06.959> directly<00:10:07.519> out<00:10:07.839> at<00:10:08.000> the 00:10:08.150 --> 00:10:08.160 align:start position:0% much safer to go directly out at the 00:10:08.160 --> 00:10:10.230 align:start position:0% much safer to go directly out at the North<00:10:08.480> or<00:10:08.800> South<00:10:09.040> Pole<00:10:09.519> where<00:10:09.760> there<00:10:10.000> wasn't 00:10:10.230 --> 00:10:10.240 align:start position:0% North or South Pole where there wasn't 00:10:10.240 --> 00:10:12.630 align:start position:0% North or South Pole where there wasn't much<00:10:10.480> radiation,<00:10:11.360> but<00:10:11.600> doing<00:10:11.920> so<00:10:12.160> would<00:10:12.399> have 00:10:12.630 --> 00:10:12.640 align:start position:0% much radiation, but doing so would have 00:10:12.640 --> 00:10:15.670 align:start position:0% much radiation, but doing so would have used<00:10:12.959> up<00:10:13.279> too<00:10:13.519> much<00:10:13.760> fuel.<00:10:14.800> The<00:10:15.040> compromise 00:10:15.670 --> 00:10:15.680 align:start position:0% used up too much fuel. The compromise 00:10:15.680 --> 00:10:19.509 align:start position:0% used up too much fuel. The compromise was<00:10:16.079> a<00:10:16.480> slant<00:10:17.040> trajectory.<00:10:18.320> NASA<00:10:18.959> precisely 00:10:19.509 --> 00:10:19.519 align:start position:0% was a slant trajectory. NASA precisely 00:10:19.519 --> 00:10:22.389 align:start position:0% was a slant trajectory. NASA precisely angled<00:10:20.000> and<00:10:20.320> timed<00:10:20.640> the<00:10:20.880> launch<00:10:21.279> and<00:10:21.519> the<00:10:21.680> burn 00:10:22.389 --> 00:10:22.399 align:start position:0% angled and timed the launch and the burn 00:10:22.399 --> 00:10:24.710 align:start position:0% angled and timed the launch and the burn so<00:10:22.560> the<00:10:22.800> spacecraft<00:10:23.279> would<00:10:23.519> bypass<00:10:24.000> the<00:10:24.240> high 00:10:24.710 --> 00:10:24.720 align:start position:0% so the spacecraft would bypass the high 00:10:24.720 --> 00:10:27.030 align:start position:0% so the spacecraft would bypass the high density<00:10:25.279> horns<00:10:25.760> of<00:10:26.000> the<00:10:26.160> inner<00:10:26.480> Van<00:10:26.720> Allen 00:10:27.030 --> 00:10:27.040 align:start position:0% density horns of the inner Van Allen 00:10:27.040 --> 00:10:29.269 align:start position:0% density horns of the inner Van Allen belt<00:10:27.360> entirely<00:10:28.160> and<00:10:28.480> head<00:10:28.800> through<00:10:29.040> the 00:10:29.269 --> 00:10:29.279 align:start position:0% belt entirely and head through the 00:10:29.279 --> 00:10:32.230 align:start position:0% belt entirely and head through the weaker<00:10:29.680> fringes<00:10:30.160> of<00:10:30.399> the<00:10:30.560> outer<00:10:30.959> belt.<00:10:32.000> But 00:10:32.230 --> 00:10:32.240 align:start position:0% weaker fringes of the outer belt. But 00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:33.670 align:start position:0% weaker fringes of the outer belt. But even<00:10:32.560> after<00:10:32.880> making<00:10:33.120> it<00:10:33.360> through<00:10:33.519> the 00:10:33.670 --> 00:10:33.680 align:start position:0% even after making it through the 00:10:33.680 --> 00:10:35.670 align:start position:0% even after making it through the radiation<00:10:34.160> belts,<00:10:34.720> the<00:10:34.959> navigational 00:10:35.670 --> 00:10:35.680 align:start position:0% radiation belts, the navigational 00:10:35.680 --> 00:10:37.990 align:start position:0% radiation belts, the navigational problems<00:10:36.240> didn't<00:10:36.640> stop.<00:10:37.360> In<00:10:37.519> fact,<00:10:37.760> the 00:10:37.990 --> 00:10:38.000 align:start position:0% problems didn't stop. In fact, the 00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:40.710 align:start position:0% problems didn't stop. In fact, the chances<00:10:38.399> of<00:10:38.560> things<00:10:38.880> going<00:10:39.200> wrong<00:10:40.079> only<00:10:40.480> got 00:10:40.710 --> 00:10:40.720 align:start position:0% chances of things going wrong only got 00:10:40.720 --> 00:10:43.750 align:start position:0% chances of things going wrong only got higher. 00:10:43.750 --> 00:10:43.760 align:start position:0% 00:10:43.760 --> 00:10:45.990 align:start position:0% When<00:10:44.000> people<00:10:44.320> think<00:10:44.480> of<00:10:44.640> Apollo<00:10:45.120> 11<00:10:45.519> flying<00:10:45.839> to 00:10:45.990 --> 00:10:46.000 align:start position:0% When people think of Apollo 11 flying to 00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:48.389 align:start position:0% When people think of Apollo 11 flying to the<00:10:46.160> moon,<00:10:46.640> many<00:10:47.040> imagine<00:10:47.440> its<00:10:47.760> engines<00:10:48.160> were 00:10:48.389 --> 00:10:48.399 align:start position:0% the moon, many imagine its engines were 00:10:48.399 --> 00:10:51.190 align:start position:0% the moon, many imagine its engines were burning<00:10:48.880> the<00:10:49.200> whole<00:10:49.519> time.<00:10:50.480> But<00:10:50.560> to<00:10:50.800> do<00:10:50.959> that 00:10:51.190 --> 00:10:51.200 align:start position:0% burning the whole time. But to do that 00:10:51.200 --> 00:10:53.829 align:start position:0% burning the whole time. But to do that would<00:10:51.440> have<00:10:51.600> required<00:10:52.240> too<00:10:52.560> much<00:10:52.800> fuel.<00:10:53.680> It 00:10:53.829 --> 00:10:53.839 align:start position:0% would have required too much fuel. It 00:10:53.839 --> 00:10:56.470 align:start position:0% would have required too much fuel. It would<00:10:54.000> have<00:10:54.160> made<00:10:54.399> Saturn<00:10:54.880> 5<00:10:55.279> so<00:10:55.600> heavy<00:10:56.240> it 00:10:56.470 --> 00:10:56.480 align:start position:0% would have made Saturn 5 so heavy it 00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.949 align:start position:0% would have made Saturn 5 so heavy it wouldn't<00:10:56.720> have<00:10:56.959> made<00:10:57.200> it<00:10:57.440> off<00:10:57.680> the<00:10:57.839> ground. 00:10:58.949 --> 00:10:58.959 align:start position:0% wouldn't have made it off the ground. 00:10:58.959 --> 00:11:00.949 align:start position:0% wouldn't have made it off the ground. Instead,<00:10:59.600> for<00:10:59.839> most<00:11:00.079> of<00:11:00.240> its<00:11:00.480> trip<00:11:00.720> through 00:11:00.949 --> 00:11:00.959 align:start position:0% Instead, for most of its trip through 00:11:00.959 --> 00:11:03.990 align:start position:0% Instead, for most of its trip through space,<00:11:01.760> engineers<00:11:02.399> used<00:11:02.880> physics<00:11:03.440> to<00:11:03.680> coast 00:11:03.990 --> 00:11:04.000 align:start position:0% space, engineers used physics to coast 00:11:04.000 --> 00:11:06.310 align:start position:0% space, engineers used physics to coast Apollo<00:11:04.480> 11<00:11:04.800> to<00:11:04.959> the<00:11:05.120> moon.<00:11:05.839> Well, 00:11:06.310 --> 00:11:06.320 align:start position:0% Apollo 11 to the moon. Well, 00:11:06.320 --> 00:11:08.790 align:start position:0% Apollo 11 to the moon. Well, specifically<00:11:07.120> where<00:11:07.360> the<00:11:07.519> moon<00:11:07.920> would<00:11:08.240> be<00:11:08.560> in 00:11:08.790 --> 00:11:08.800 align:start position:0% specifically where the moon would be in 00:11:08.800 --> 00:11:12.550 align:start position:0% specifically where the moon would be in 3<00:11:09.040> days<00:11:09.360> time.<00:11:10.640> It<00:11:10.959> followed<00:11:11.440> a<00:11:11.839> figure<00:11:12.240> of 00:11:12.550 --> 00:11:12.560 align:start position:0% 3 days time. It followed a figure of 00:11:12.560 --> 00:11:15.030 align:start position:0% 3 days time. It followed a figure of eight<00:11:12.880> geometry<00:11:13.680> that<00:11:14.000> used<00:11:14.240> the<00:11:14.399> moon's<00:11:14.720> mass 00:11:15.030 --> 00:11:15.040 align:start position:0% eight geometry that used the moon's mass 00:11:15.040 --> 00:11:17.670 align:start position:0% eight geometry that used the moon's mass as<00:11:15.279> a<00:11:15.519> gravitational<00:11:16.160> anchor<00:11:16.880> and<00:11:17.200> free 00:11:17.670 --> 00:11:17.680 align:start position:0% as a gravitational anchor and free 00:11:17.680 --> 00:11:19.190 align:start position:0% as a gravitational anchor and free accelerator. 00:11:19.190 --> 00:11:19.200 align:start position:0% accelerator. 00:11:19.200 --> 00:11:21.750 align:start position:0% accelerator. This<00:11:19.519> was<00:11:19.680> called<00:11:20.240> a<00:11:20.560> free<00:11:21.120> return 00:11:21.750 --> 00:11:21.760 align:start position:0% This was called a free return 00:11:21.760 --> 00:11:24.389 align:start position:0% This was called a free return trajectory,<00:11:22.800> a<00:11:23.040> mathematical<00:11:23.680> fail<00:11:24.000> safe<00:11:24.240> to 00:11:24.389 --> 00:11:24.399 align:start position:0% trajectory, a mathematical fail safe to 00:11:24.399 --> 00:11:26.389 align:start position:0% trajectory, a mathematical fail safe to ensure<00:11:24.720> that<00:11:24.959> if<00:11:25.200> the<00:11:25.360> spacecraft's<00:11:26.000> engines 00:11:26.389 --> 00:11:26.399 align:start position:0% ensure that if the spacecraft's engines 00:11:26.399 --> 00:11:28.230 align:start position:0% ensure that if the spacecraft's engines failed,<00:11:26.880> the<00:11:27.120> moon's<00:11:27.440> gravity<00:11:27.839> would 00:11:28.230 --> 00:11:28.240 align:start position:0% failed, the moon's gravity would 00:11:28.240 --> 00:11:30.870 align:start position:0% failed, the moon's gravity would naturally<00:11:28.800> sling<00:11:29.279> the<00:11:29.600> craft<00:11:30.000> back<00:11:30.399> towards 00:11:30.870 --> 00:11:30.880 align:start position:0% naturally sling the craft back towards 00:11:30.880 --> 00:11:33.590 align:start position:0% naturally sling the craft back towards the<00:11:31.120> Earth's<00:11:31.600> Pacific<00:11:32.079> Ocean.<00:11:33.200> Once<00:11:33.440> the 00:11:33.590 --> 00:11:33.600 align:start position:0% the Earth's Pacific Ocean. Once the 00:11:33.600 --> 00:11:35.910 align:start position:0% the Earth's Pacific Ocean. Once the Saturn<00:11:34.000> 5's<00:11:34.399> third<00:11:34.640> stage<00:11:34.959> had<00:11:35.279> provided<00:11:35.680> the 00:11:35.910 --> 00:11:35.920 align:start position:0% Saturn 5's third stage had provided the 00:11:35.920 --> 00:11:38.710 align:start position:0% Saturn 5's third stage had provided the initial<00:11:36.320> shove,<00:11:36.959> the<00:11:37.200> spacecraft<00:11:37.839> became<00:11:38.480> a 00:11:38.710 --> 00:11:38.720 align:start position:0% initial shove, the spacecraft became a 00:11:38.720 --> 00:11:41.990 align:start position:0% initial shove, the spacecraft became a ballistic<00:11:39.360> projectile.<00:11:40.640> It<00:11:40.880> was<00:11:41.200> essentially 00:11:41.990 --> 00:11:42.000 align:start position:0% ballistic projectile. It was essentially 00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:44.710 align:start position:0% ballistic projectile. It was essentially falling<00:11:42.800> away<00:11:43.040> from<00:11:43.279> Earth,<00:11:44.160> gradually 00:11:44.710 --> 00:11:44.720 align:start position:0% falling away from Earth, gradually 00:11:44.720 --> 00:11:46.870 align:start position:0% falling away from Earth, gradually slowing<00:11:45.120> down<00:11:45.600> until<00:11:45.920> it<00:11:46.160> reached<00:11:46.480> the 00:11:46.870 --> 00:11:46.880 align:start position:0% slowing down until it reached the 00:11:46.880 --> 00:11:48.550 align:start position:0% slowing down until it reached the equiere, 00:11:48.550 --> 00:11:48.560 align:start position:0% equiere, 00:11:48.560 --> 00:11:50.870 align:start position:0% equiere, the<00:11:48.720> invisible<00:11:49.440> tugof-war<00:11:50.160> point<00:11:50.480> where<00:11:50.720> the 00:11:50.870 --> 00:11:50.880 align:start position:0% the invisible tugof-war point where the 00:11:50.880 --> 00:11:52.870 align:start position:0% the invisible tugof-war point where the moon's<00:11:51.200> gravity<00:11:51.680> finally<00:11:52.079> become<00:11:52.480> stronger 00:11:52.870 --> 00:11:52.880 align:start position:0% moon's gravity finally become stronger 00:11:52.880 --> 00:11:55.590 align:start position:0% moon's gravity finally become stronger than<00:11:53.120> the<00:11:53.279> Earth's.<00:11:54.240> From<00:11:54.560> that<00:11:54.800> point,<00:11:55.360> the 00:11:55.590 --> 00:11:55.600 align:start position:0% than the Earth's. From that point, the 00:11:55.600 --> 00:11:57.990 align:start position:0% than the Earth's. From that point, the moon's<00:11:55.920> gravity<00:11:56.240> took<00:11:56.560> over,<00:11:57.279> accelerating 00:11:57.990 --> 00:11:58.000 align:start position:0% moon's gravity took over, accelerating 00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:00.230 align:start position:0% moon's gravity took over, accelerating the<00:11:58.320> craft<00:11:58.640> towards<00:11:59.040> its<00:11:59.279> destination<00:12:00.000> for 00:12:00.230 --> 00:12:00.240 align:start position:0% the craft towards its destination for 00:12:00.240 --> 00:12:03.750 align:start position:0% the craft towards its destination for free.<00:12:01.519> But<00:12:01.760> this<00:12:02.240> required<00:12:02.959> terrifying 00:12:03.750 --> 00:12:03.760 align:start position:0% free. But this required terrifying 00:12:03.760 --> 00:12:06.949 align:start position:0% free. But this required terrifying precision.<00:12:04.800> If<00:12:05.040> the<00:12:05.279> craft<00:12:05.680> were<00:12:05.920> too<00:12:06.240> slow, 00:12:06.949 --> 00:12:06.959 align:start position:0% precision. If the craft were too slow, 00:12:06.959 --> 00:12:08.629 align:start position:0% precision. If the craft were too slow, it<00:12:07.200> would<00:12:07.360> fail<00:12:07.600> to<00:12:07.839> reach<00:12:08.079> the<00:12:08.240> moon's 00:12:08.629 --> 00:12:08.639 align:start position:0% it would fail to reach the moon's 00:12:08.639 --> 00:12:10.790 align:start position:0% it would fail to reach the moon's hillphere,<00:12:09.519> the<00:12:09.760> zone<00:12:10.000> where<00:12:10.240> the<00:12:10.480> lunar 00:12:10.790 --> 00:12:10.800 align:start position:0% hillphere, the zone where the lunar 00:12:10.800 --> 00:12:14.230 align:start position:0% hillphere, the zone where the lunar gravity<00:12:11.200> takes<00:12:11.519> over,<00:12:12.399> too<00:12:12.800> fast,<00:12:13.680> and<00:12:14.000> they 00:12:14.230 --> 00:12:14.240 align:start position:0% gravity takes over, too fast, and they 00:12:14.240 --> 00:12:16.870 align:start position:0% gravity takes over, too fast, and they would<00:12:14.480> overshoot<00:12:15.040> the<00:12:15.360> target<00:12:15.839> entirely, 00:12:16.870 --> 00:12:16.880 align:start position:0% would overshoot the target entirely, 00:12:16.880 --> 00:12:19.990 align:start position:0% would overshoot the target entirely, hurtling<00:12:17.519> into<00:12:18.000> a<00:12:18.320> permanent<00:12:18.880> solar<00:12:19.279> orbit 00:12:19.990 --> 00:12:20.000 align:start position:0% hurtling into a permanent solar orbit 00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:23.030 align:start position:0% hurtling into a permanent solar orbit with<00:12:20.320> no<00:12:20.560> hope<00:12:20.800> of<00:12:21.040> return.<00:12:22.160> To<00:12:22.399> hit<00:12:22.560> the<00:12:22.800> right 00:12:23.030 --> 00:12:23.040 align:start position:0% with no hope of return. To hit the right 00:12:23.040 --> 00:12:25.910 align:start position:0% with no hope of return. To hit the right window,<00:12:23.920> the<00:12:24.160> Saturn<00:12:24.560> 5's<00:12:24.959> third<00:12:25.279> stage<00:12:25.680> had 00:12:25.910 --> 00:12:25.920 align:start position:0% window, the Saturn 5's third stage had 00:12:25.920 --> 00:12:29.990 align:start position:0% window, the Saturn 5's third stage had to<00:12:26.160> ignite<00:12:26.560> for<00:12:26.959> exactly<00:12:27.760> 5<00:12:28.079> minutes<00:12:28.800> and<00:12:29.200> 48 00:12:29.990 --> 00:12:30.000 align:start position:0% to ignite for exactly 5 minutes and 48 00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:33.190 align:start position:0% to ignite for exactly 5 minutes and 48 seconds.<00:12:31.200> But<00:12:31.360> it<00:12:31.519> wasn't<00:12:31.839> just<00:12:32.079> about<00:12:32.399> time. 00:12:33.190 --> 00:12:33.200 align:start position:0% seconds. But it wasn't just about time. 00:12:33.200 --> 00:12:36.710 align:start position:0% seconds. But it wasn't just about time. Velocity<00:12:33.920> was<00:12:34.320> also<00:12:34.800> key.<00:12:35.760> The<00:12:36.000> engine<00:12:36.399> needed 00:12:36.710 --> 00:12:36.720 align:start position:0% Velocity was also key. The engine needed 00:12:36.720 --> 00:12:41.269 align:start position:0% Velocity was also key. The engine needed to<00:12:36.880> add<00:12:37.200> precisely<00:12:38.160> 3.05<00:12:39.600> km/s<00:12:40.880> to<00:12:41.120> the 00:12:41.269 --> 00:12:41.279 align:start position:0% to add precisely 3.05 km/s to the 00:12:41.279 --> 00:12:43.829 align:start position:0% to add precisely 3.05 km/s to the rocket's<00:12:41.680> orbital<00:12:42.160> speed.<00:12:42.880> A<00:12:43.040> deviation<00:12:43.600> of 00:12:43.829 --> 00:12:43.839 align:start position:0% rocket's orbital speed. A deviation of 00:12:43.839 --> 00:12:46.790 align:start position:0% rocket's orbital speed. A deviation of just<00:12:44.240> 1<00:12:44.560> second<00:12:44.880> in<00:12:45.200> burn<00:12:45.519> time<00:12:46.240> could<00:12:46.560> mean 00:12:46.790 --> 00:12:46.800 align:start position:0% just 1 second in burn time could mean 00:12:46.800 --> 00:12:48.629 align:start position:0% just 1 second in burn time could mean the<00:12:47.040> difference<00:12:47.360> between<00:12:47.760> a<00:12:48.079> historic 00:12:48.629 --> 00:12:48.639 align:start position:0% the difference between a historic 00:12:48.639 --> 00:12:51.670 align:start position:0% the difference between a historic landing<00:12:49.519> and<00:12:49.760> a<00:12:50.000> drift<00:12:50.639> into<00:12:50.959> the<00:12:51.120> cosmic 00:12:51.670 --> 00:12:51.680 align:start position:0% landing and a drift into the cosmic 00:12:51.680 --> 00:12:53.350 align:start position:0% landing and a drift into the cosmic dark. 00:12:53.350 --> 00:12:53.360 align:start position:0% dark. 00:12:53.360 --> 00:12:56.949 align:start position:0% dark. Thankfully,<00:12:54.480> it<00:12:54.800> went<00:12:55.279> exactly<00:12:55.839> as<00:12:56.160> planned, 00:12:56.949 --> 00:12:56.959 align:start position:0% Thankfully, it went exactly as planned, 00:12:56.959 --> 00:12:59.190 align:start position:0% Thankfully, it went exactly as planned, taking<00:12:57.279> the<00:12:57.440> Apollo<00:12:57.920> astronauts<00:12:58.560> from<00:12:58.800> around 00:12:59.190 --> 00:12:59.200 align:start position:0% taking the Apollo astronauts from around 00:12:59.200 --> 00:13:05.509 align:start position:0% taking the Apollo astronauts from around 28<00:12:59.920> 12,000<00:13:00.399> km/h<00:13:01.519> to<00:13:01.760> more<00:13:02.000> than<00:13:02.399> 39,000<00:13:03.600> kmh. 00:13:05.509 --> 00:13:05.519 align:start position:0% 28 12,000 km/h to more than 39,000 kmh. 00:13:05.519 --> 00:13:08.069 align:start position:0% 28 12,000 km/h to more than 39,000 kmh. But<00:13:06.079> as<00:13:06.399> they<00:13:06.639> h<00:13:06.720> hurtled<00:13:07.200> ever<00:13:07.440> closer<00:13:07.760> to<00:13:07.920> the 00:13:08.069 --> 00:13:08.079 align:start position:0% But as they h hurtled ever closer to the 00:13:08.079 --> 00:13:10.629 align:start position:0% But as they h hurtled ever closer to the moon,<00:13:08.560> the<00:13:08.800> astronauts<00:13:09.440> needed<00:13:09.760> to<00:13:10.000> decouple 00:13:10.629 --> 00:13:10.639 align:start position:0% moon, the astronauts needed to decouple 00:13:10.639 --> 00:13:13.030 align:start position:0% moon, the astronauts needed to decouple from<00:13:10.800> the<00:13:10.959> Saturn<00:13:11.360> 5<00:13:11.600> rocket,<00:13:12.560> they<00:13:12.800> were 00:13:13.030 --> 00:13:13.040 align:start position:0% from the Saturn 5 rocket, they were 00:13:13.040 --> 00:13:14.710 align:start position:0% from the Saturn 5 rocket, they were currently<00:13:13.440> encased<00:13:13.839> in<00:13:14.000> one<00:13:14.160> of<00:13:14.240> its<00:13:14.480> top 00:13:14.710 --> 00:13:14.720 align:start position:0% currently encased in one of its top 00:13:14.720 --> 00:13:16.949 align:start position:0% currently encased in one of its top sections,<00:13:15.440> which<00:13:15.680> was<00:13:15.920> far<00:13:16.240> too<00:13:16.480> heavy<00:13:16.800> to 00:13:16.949 --> 00:13:16.959 align:start position:0% sections, which was far too heavy to 00:13:16.959 --> 00:13:20.790 align:start position:0% sections, which was far too heavy to make<00:13:17.120> it<00:13:17.360> all<00:13:17.600> the<00:13:17.760> way<00:13:17.920> to<00:13:18.079> the<00:13:18.240> moon. 00:13:20.790 --> 00:13:20.800 align:start position:0% make it all the way to the moon. 00:13:20.800 --> 00:13:22.870 align:start position:0% make it all the way to the moon. The<00:13:20.959> Apollo<00:13:21.360> spacecraft<00:13:21.920> was<00:13:22.079> not<00:13:22.240> a<00:13:22.480> single 00:13:22.870 --> 00:13:22.880 align:start position:0% The Apollo spacecraft was not a single 00:13:22.880 --> 00:13:26.470 align:start position:0% The Apollo spacecraft was not a single cohesive<00:13:23.440> vessel,<00:13:24.240> but<00:13:24.560> a<00:13:24.880> modular<00:13:25.760> stack 00:13:26.470 --> 00:13:26.480 align:start position:0% cohesive vessel, but a modular stack 00:13:26.480 --> 00:13:28.870 align:start position:0% cohesive vessel, but a modular stack composed<00:13:26.880> of<00:13:27.120> three<00:13:27.440> distinct<00:13:27.920> sections,<00:13:28.560> all 00:13:28.870 --> 00:13:28.880 align:start position:0% composed of three distinct sections, all 00:13:28.880 --> 00:13:32.150 align:start position:0% composed of three distinct sections, all housed<00:13:29.200> within<00:13:29.600> Saturn<00:13:30.000> 5's<00:13:30.480> third<00:13:30.800> stage. 00:13:32.150 --> 00:13:32.160 align:start position:0% housed within Saturn 5's third stage. 00:13:32.160 --> 00:13:34.629 align:start position:0% housed within Saturn 5's third stage. There<00:13:32.399> was<00:13:32.800> the<00:13:33.120> service<00:13:33.440> module,<00:13:34.240> a 00:13:34.629 --> 00:13:34.639 align:start position:0% There was the service module, a 00:13:34.639 --> 00:13:36.470 align:start position:0% There was the service module, a windowless<00:13:35.279> powerhouse<00:13:35.920> containing<00:13:36.320> the 00:13:36.470 --> 00:13:36.480 align:start position:0% windowless powerhouse containing the 00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:38.870 align:start position:0% windowless powerhouse containing the fuel<00:13:36.720> cells<00:13:37.120> and<00:13:37.200> the<00:13:37.360> primary<00:13:37.760> propulsion, 00:13:38.870 --> 00:13:38.880 align:start position:0% fuel cells and the primary propulsion, 00:13:38.880 --> 00:13:41.430 align:start position:0% fuel cells and the primary propulsion, the<00:13:39.120> command<00:13:39.519> module<00:13:40.240> where<00:13:40.560> the<00:13:40.800> astronauts 00:13:41.430 --> 00:13:41.440 align:start position:0% the command module where the astronauts 00:13:41.440 --> 00:13:44.550 align:start position:0% the command module where the astronauts were<00:13:41.680> for<00:13:41.920> takeoff,<00:13:42.880> and<00:13:43.120> the<00:13:43.360> lunar<00:13:43.760> module, 00:13:44.550 --> 00:13:44.560 align:start position:0% were for takeoff, and the lunar module, 00:13:44.560 --> 00:13:47.350 align:start position:0% were for takeoff, and the lunar module, the<00:13:44.800> fragile<00:13:45.760> two-<00:13:46.000> stage<00:13:46.480> craft<00:13:46.959> designed 00:13:47.350 --> 00:13:47.360 align:start position:0% the fragile two- stage craft designed 00:13:47.360 --> 00:13:49.910 align:start position:0% the fragile two- stage craft designed for<00:13:47.519> the<00:13:47.760> lunar<00:13:48.160> descent. 00:13:49.910 --> 00:13:49.920 align:start position:0% for the lunar descent. 00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:52.550 align:start position:0% for the lunar descent. While<00:13:50.320> we<00:13:50.720> often<00:13:51.040> imagine<00:13:51.440> this<00:13:51.760> trio<00:13:52.240> flying 00:13:52.550 --> 00:13:52.560 align:start position:0% While we often imagine this trio flying 00:13:52.560 --> 00:13:56.150 align:start position:0% While we often imagine this trio flying as<00:13:52.880> a<00:13:53.120> single<00:13:53.440> unit,<00:13:54.320> in<00:13:54.560> fact,<00:13:54.959> it<00:13:55.279> required<00:13:55.839> a 00:13:56.150 --> 00:13:56.160 align:start position:0% as a single unit, in fact, it required a 00:13:56.160 --> 00:13:59.110 align:start position:0% as a single unit, in fact, it required a complex<00:13:56.800> piece<00:13:57.120> of<00:13:57.440> in-flight<00:13:58.240> assembly 00:13:59.110 --> 00:13:59.120 align:start position:0% complex piece of in-flight assembly 00:13:59.120 --> 00:14:01.829 align:start position:0% complex piece of in-flight assembly known<00:13:59.440> as<00:13:59.920> transposition,<00:14:01.040> docking,<00:14:01.600> and 00:14:01.829 --> 00:14:01.839 align:start position:0% known as transposition, docking, and 00:14:01.839 --> 00:14:03.590 align:start position:0% known as transposition, docking, and extraction. 00:14:03.590 --> 00:14:03.600 align:start position:0% extraction. 00:14:03.600 --> 00:14:05.350 align:start position:0% extraction. During<00:14:04.000> launch,<00:14:04.320> the<00:14:04.480> Luna<00:14:04.800> module<00:14:05.199> was 00:14:05.350 --> 00:14:05.360 align:start position:0% During launch, the Luna module was 00:14:05.360 --> 00:14:07.269 align:start position:0% During launch, the Luna module was stored<00:14:05.760> beneath<00:14:06.240> the<00:14:06.480> command<00:14:06.720> and<00:14:07.040> service 00:14:07.269 --> 00:14:07.279 align:start position:0% stored beneath the command and service 00:14:07.279 --> 00:14:09.269 align:start position:0% stored beneath the command and service module,<00:14:08.000> tucked<00:14:08.399> safely<00:14:08.800> inside<00:14:09.040> the 00:14:09.269 --> 00:14:09.279 align:start position:0% module, tucked safely inside the 00:14:09.279 --> 00:14:11.670 align:start position:0% module, tucked safely inside the spacecraft<00:14:09.839> lunar<00:14:10.240> module<00:14:10.639> adapter, 00:14:11.670 --> 00:14:11.680 align:start position:0% spacecraft lunar module adapter, 00:14:11.680 --> 00:14:13.910 align:start position:0% spacecraft lunar module adapter, essentially<00:14:12.160> a<00:14:12.560> protective<00:14:13.040> garage<00:14:13.440> on<00:14:13.680> the 00:14:13.910 --> 00:14:13.920 align:start position:0% essentially a protective garage on the 00:14:13.920 --> 00:14:15.750 align:start position:0% essentially a protective garage on the upper<00:14:14.240> neck<00:14:14.480> of<00:14:14.560> the<00:14:14.720> Saturn<00:14:15.120> 5's<00:14:15.519> third 00:14:15.750 --> 00:14:15.760 align:start position:0% upper neck of the Saturn 5's third 00:14:15.760 --> 00:14:18.069 align:start position:0% upper neck of the Saturn 5's third stage.<00:14:16.720> This<00:14:16.959> was<00:14:17.120> necessary<00:14:17.680> because<00:14:17.920> the 00:14:18.069 --> 00:14:18.079 align:start position:0% stage. This was necessary because the 00:14:18.079 --> 00:14:20.470 align:start position:0% stage. This was necessary because the lunar<00:14:18.399> module<00:14:18.800> was<00:14:19.040> far<00:14:19.279> too<00:14:19.600> fragile<00:14:20.000> to<00:14:20.240> be 00:14:20.470 --> 00:14:20.480 align:start position:0% lunar module was far too fragile to be 00:14:20.480 --> 00:14:23.189 align:start position:0% lunar module was far too fragile to be directly<00:14:21.120> exposed<00:14:21.760> to<00:14:22.000> the<00:14:22.160> forces<00:14:22.639> needed<00:14:22.959> to 00:14:23.189 --> 00:14:23.199 align:start position:0% directly exposed to the forces needed to 00:14:23.199 --> 00:14:26.150 align:start position:0% directly exposed to the forces needed to climb<00:14:23.680> through<00:14:23.920> Earth's<00:14:24.320> atmosphere. 00:14:26.150 --> 00:14:26.160 align:start position:0% climb through Earth's atmosphere. 00:14:26.160 --> 00:14:28.470 align:start position:0% climb through Earth's atmosphere. Once<00:14:26.639> trans<00:14:27.040> Luna<00:14:27.440> injection<00:14:27.920> was<00:14:28.079> complete 00:14:28.470 --> 00:14:28.480 align:start position:0% Once trans Luna injection was complete 00:14:28.480 --> 00:14:30.550 align:start position:0% Once trans Luna injection was complete and<00:14:28.720> the<00:14:28.959> crew<00:14:29.199> were<00:14:29.519> coasting<00:14:30.000> towards<00:14:30.399> the 00:14:30.550 --> 00:14:30.560 align:start position:0% and the crew were coasting towards the 00:14:30.560 --> 00:14:33.670 align:start position:0% and the crew were coasting towards the moon,<00:14:31.120> they<00:14:31.360> had<00:14:31.600> to<00:14:31.760> build<00:14:32.160> their<00:14:32.480> new<00:14:32.639> ship. 00:14:33.670 --> 00:14:33.680 align:start position:0% moon, they had to build their new ship. 00:14:33.680 --> 00:14:37.189 align:start position:0% moon, they had to build their new ship. Pyrochnic<00:14:34.639> bolts<00:14:35.120> fired,<00:14:35.839> jettisoning<00:14:36.720> four 00:14:37.189 --> 00:14:37.199 align:start position:0% Pyrochnic bolts fired, jettisoning four 00:14:37.199 --> 00:14:39.990 align:start position:0% Pyrochnic bolts fired, jettisoning four protective<00:14:37.760> panels<00:14:38.560> and<00:14:38.800> exposing<00:14:39.360> the<00:14:39.600> lunar 00:14:39.990 --> 00:14:40.000 align:start position:0% protective panels and exposing the lunar 00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:42.710 align:start position:0% protective panels and exposing the lunar module.<00:14:40.800> The<00:14:41.120> command<00:14:41.440> and<00:14:41.760> service<00:14:42.160> module 00:14:42.710 --> 00:14:42.720 align:start position:0% module. The command and service module 00:14:42.720 --> 00:14:46.310 align:start position:0% module. The command and service module or<00:14:43.199> CSM<00:14:44.240> then<00:14:44.800> detached. 00:14:46.310 --> 00:14:46.320 align:start position:0% or CSM then detached. 00:14:46.320 --> 00:14:48.470 align:start position:0% or CSM then detached. To<00:14:46.639> avoid<00:14:46.959> damaging<00:14:47.440> the<00:14:47.680> delicate<00:14:48.160> lunar 00:14:48.470 --> 00:14:48.480 align:start position:0% To avoid damaging the delicate lunar 00:14:48.480 --> 00:14:50.389 align:start position:0% To avoid damaging the delicate lunar module<00:14:48.880> with<00:14:49.040> the<00:14:49.279> massive<00:14:49.600> heat<00:14:49.839> of<00:14:50.000> the<00:14:50.160> main 00:14:50.389 --> 00:14:50.399 align:start position:0% module with the massive heat of the main 00:14:50.399 --> 00:14:52.870 align:start position:0% module with the massive heat of the main engine,<00:14:51.040> the<00:14:51.279> astronauts<00:14:51.839> used<00:14:52.240> only<00:14:52.560> the 00:14:52.870 --> 00:14:52.880 align:start position:0% engine, the astronauts used only the 00:14:52.880 --> 00:14:56.150 align:start position:0% engine, the astronauts used only the small<00:14:53.360> reaction<00:14:54.079> control<00:14:54.560> system<00:14:55.040> thrusters 00:14:56.150 --> 00:14:56.160 align:start position:0% small reaction control system thrusters 00:14:56.160 --> 00:14:59.189 align:start position:0% small reaction control system thrusters positioned<00:14:56.800> in<00:14:57.040> the<00:14:57.199> top<00:14:57.440> of<00:14:57.600> the<00:14:57.760> CSM's<00:14:58.480> cone 00:14:59.189 --> 00:14:59.199 align:start position:0% positioned in the top of the CSM's cone 00:14:59.199 --> 00:15:02.710 align:start position:0% positioned in the top of the CSM's cone to<00:14:59.440> drift<00:14:59.760> a<00:15:00.079> short<00:15:00.320> distance<00:15:00.720> away.<00:15:02.000> At<00:15:02.160> just 00:15:02.710 --> 00:15:02.720 align:start position:0% to drift a short distance away. At just 00:15:02.720 --> 00:15:05.269 align:start position:0% to drift a short distance away. At just three<00:15:03.120> and<00:15:03.279> a<00:15:03.360> half<00:15:03.680> hours<00:15:04.079> into<00:15:04.399> the<00:15:04.639> mission 00:15:05.269 --> 00:15:05.279 align:start position:0% three and a half hours into the mission 00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:08.470 align:start position:0% three and a half hours into the mission with<00:15:05.839> surgical<00:15:06.560> precision,<00:15:07.600> pilot<00:15:08.160> Mike 00:15:08.470 --> 00:15:08.480 align:start position:0% with surgical precision, pilot Mike 00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:11.990 align:start position:0% with surgical precision, pilot Mike Collins<00:15:09.040> turned<00:15:09.360> the<00:15:09.600> CSM<00:15:10.800> 180<00:15:11.199> degrees, 00:15:11.990 --> 00:15:12.000 align:start position:0% Collins turned the CSM 180 degrees, 00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:14.710 align:start position:0% Collins turned the CSM 180 degrees, facing<00:15:12.399> it<00:15:12.639> back<00:15:12.959> towards<00:15:13.440> the<00:15:13.760> spent<00:15:14.320> third 00:15:14.710 --> 00:15:14.720 align:start position:0% facing it back towards the spent third 00:15:14.720 --> 00:15:17.829 align:start position:0% facing it back towards the spent third stage.<00:15:15.920> He<00:15:16.160> then<00:15:16.399> moved<00:15:16.720> in<00:15:16.959> for<00:15:17.199> a<00:15:17.600> nose 00:15:17.829 --> 00:15:17.839 align:start position:0% stage. He then moved in for a nose 00:15:17.839 --> 00:15:20.230 align:start position:0% stage. He then moved in for a nose ton-nose<00:15:18.399> docking,<00:15:19.279> connecting<00:15:19.680> the<00:15:19.839> Luna 00:15:20.230 --> 00:15:20.240 align:start position:0% ton-nose docking, connecting the Luna 00:15:20.240 --> 00:15:22.870 align:start position:0% ton-nose docking, connecting the Luna module<00:15:20.639> to<00:15:20.880> the<00:15:21.040> top<00:15:21.279> of<00:15:21.440> the<00:15:21.680> CSM, 00:15:22.870 --> 00:15:22.880 align:start position:0% module to the top of the CSM, 00:15:22.880 --> 00:15:24.949 align:start position:0% module to the top of the CSM, essentially<00:15:23.360> wearing<00:15:23.680> it<00:15:23.920> like<00:15:24.079> a<00:15:24.320> hat<00:15:24.720> for 00:15:24.949 --> 00:15:24.959 align:start position:0% essentially wearing it like a hat for 00:15:24.959 --> 00:15:26.949 align:start position:0% essentially wearing it like a hat for the<00:15:25.120> remainder<00:15:25.519> of<00:15:25.680> the<00:15:25.920> 3-day<00:15:26.480> journey<00:15:26.800> to 00:15:26.949 --> 00:15:26.959 align:start position:0% the remainder of the 3-day journey to 00:15:26.959 --> 00:15:28.470 align:start position:0% the remainder of the 3-day journey to the<00:15:27.120> moon. 00:15:28.470 --> 00:15:28.480 align:start position:0% the moon. 00:15:28.480 --> 00:15:30.629 align:start position:0% the moon. Only<00:15:28.880> with<00:15:29.120> this<00:15:29.519> mechanical<00:15:30.160> connection 00:15:30.629 --> 00:15:30.639 align:start position:0% Only with this mechanical connection 00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:33.110 align:start position:0% Only with this mechanical connection complete<00:15:31.360> could<00:15:31.600> they<00:15:31.839> now<00:15:32.079> begin<00:15:32.399> what<00:15:32.639> NASA 00:15:33.110 --> 00:15:33.120 align:start position:0% complete could they now begin what NASA 00:15:33.120 --> 00:15:35.829 align:start position:0% complete could they now begin what NASA termed<00:15:33.680> the<00:15:34.000> trans<00:15:34.399> lunar<00:15:34.880> coast<00:15:35.279> towards<00:15:35.680> the 00:15:35.829 --> 00:15:35.839 align:start position:0% termed the trans lunar coast towards the 00:15:35.839 --> 00:15:38.470 align:start position:0% termed the trans lunar coast towards the moon.<00:15:36.639> Trusting<00:15:37.199> their<00:15:37.519> navigation<00:15:38.000> to<00:15:38.240> a 00:15:38.470 --> 00:15:38.480 align:start position:0% moon. Trusting their navigation to a 00:15:38.480 --> 00:15:41.509 align:start position:0% moon. Trusting their navigation to a computer<00:15:39.360> with<00:15:39.680> less<00:15:40.160> processing<00:15:40.800> power<00:15:41.279> than 00:15:41.509 --> 00:15:41.519 align:start position:0% computer with less processing power than 00:15:41.519 --> 00:15:44.710 align:start position:0% computer with less processing power than a<00:15:41.760> modern<00:15:42.320> calculator.<00:15:43.519> But<00:15:43.839> how<00:15:44.160> did<00:15:44.480> they 00:15:44.710 --> 00:15:44.720 align:start position:0% a modern calculator. But how did they 00:15:44.720 --> 00:15:47.670 align:start position:0% a modern calculator. But how did they know<00:15:45.040> they<00:15:45.279> were<00:15:45.440> on<00:15:45.760> course<00:15:46.880> with<00:15:47.199> no<00:15:47.440> real 00:15:47.670 --> 00:15:47.680 align:start position:0% know they were on course with no real 00:15:47.680 --> 00:15:55.509 align:start position:0% know they were on course with no real landmarks<00:15:48.720> only<00:15:49.199> an<00:15:49.600> empty<00:15:50.000> vacuum? 00:15:55.509 --> 00:15:55.519 align:start position:0% 00:15:55.519 --> 00:15:57.990 align:start position:0% While<00:15:56.000> Project<00:15:56.320> Gemini,<00:15:57.040> the<00:15:57.279> space<00:15:57.600> program 00:15:57.990 --> 00:15:58.000 align:start position:0% While Project Gemini, the space program 00:15:58.000 --> 00:16:00.629 align:start position:0% While Project Gemini, the space program before<00:15:58.320> Apollo,<00:15:59.120> had<00:15:59.360> experimented<00:16:00.160> with 00:16:00.629 --> 00:16:00.639 align:start position:0% before Apollo, had experimented with 00:16:00.639 --> 00:16:03.430 align:start position:0% before Apollo, had experimented with basic<00:16:01.040> digital<00:16:01.519> maths<00:16:01.920> to<00:16:02.079> aid<00:16:02.480> navigation, 00:16:03.430 --> 00:16:03.440 align:start position:0% basic digital maths to aid navigation, 00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:05.749 align:start position:0% basic digital maths to aid navigation, the<00:16:03.680> Apollo<00:16:04.160> program<00:16:04.800> represented<00:16:05.440> a 00:16:05.749 --> 00:16:05.759 align:start position:0% the Apollo program represented a 00:16:05.759 --> 00:16:09.189 align:start position:0% the Apollo program represented a paradigm<00:16:06.320> shift.<00:16:07.279> It<00:16:07.600> was<00:16:07.839> the<00:16:08.160> first<00:16:08.560> time 00:16:09.189 --> 00:16:09.199 align:start position:0% paradigm shift. It was the first time 00:16:09.199 --> 00:16:11.749 align:start position:0% paradigm shift. It was the first time human<00:16:09.600> lives<00:16:09.920> were<00:16:10.079> entrusted<00:16:10.639> to<00:16:10.800> a<00:16:11.040> computer 00:16:11.749 --> 00:16:11.759 align:start position:0% human lives were entrusted to a computer 00:16:11.759 --> 00:16:15.670 align:start position:0% human lives were entrusted to a computer for<00:16:12.000> the<00:16:12.240> entirety<00:16:12.880> of<00:16:13.120> a<00:16:13.360> voyage<00:16:13.920> into<00:16:14.399> space. 00:16:15.670 --> 00:16:15.680 align:start position:0% for the entirety of a voyage into space. 00:16:15.680 --> 00:16:18.710 align:start position:0% for the entirety of a voyage into space. The<00:16:15.839> Apollo<00:16:16.320> guidance<00:16:16.800> computer,<00:16:17.279> or<00:16:17.680> AGC, 00:16:18.710 --> 00:16:18.720 align:start position:0% The Apollo guidance computer, or AGC, 00:16:18.720 --> 00:16:21.590 align:start position:0% The Apollo guidance computer, or AGC, developed<00:16:19.120> at<00:16:19.360> MIT's<00:16:20.079> instrumentation<00:16:20.880> lab, 00:16:21.590 --> 00:16:21.600 align:start position:0% developed at MIT's instrumentation lab, 00:16:21.600 --> 00:16:24.870 align:start position:0% developed at MIT's instrumentation lab, was<00:16:21.920> a<00:16:22.320> marvel<00:16:22.880> of<00:16:23.199> miniaturaturization. 00:16:24.870 --> 00:16:24.880 align:start position:0% was a marvel of miniaturaturization. 00:16:24.880 --> 00:16:27.189 align:start position:0% was a marvel of miniaturaturization. At<00:16:25.120> a<00:16:25.360> time<00:16:25.519> when<00:16:25.920> most<00:16:26.240> computers<00:16:26.720> filled 00:16:27.189 --> 00:16:27.199 align:start position:0% At a time when most computers filled 00:16:27.199 --> 00:16:30.550 align:start position:0% At a time when most computers filled entire<00:16:27.759> rooms,<00:16:28.639> the<00:16:28.880> AGC<00:16:29.600> was<00:16:29.839> roughly<00:16:30.240> the 00:16:30.550 --> 00:16:30.560 align:start position:0% entire rooms, the AGC was roughly the 00:16:30.560 --> 00:16:33.350 align:start position:0% entire rooms, the AGC was roughly the size<00:16:30.880> of<00:16:31.040> a<00:16:31.199> briefcase.<00:16:32.560> It<00:16:32.720> was<00:16:32.880> also<00:16:33.120> the 00:16:33.350 --> 00:16:33.360 align:start position:0% size of a briefcase. It was also the 00:16:33.360 --> 00:16:35.509 align:start position:0% size of a briefcase. It was also the first<00:16:33.519> of<00:16:33.680> its<00:16:33.839> kind<00:16:34.079> to<00:16:34.399> utilize<00:16:34.880> silicon 00:16:35.509 --> 00:16:35.519 align:start position:0% first of its kind to utilize silicon 00:16:35.519 --> 00:16:38.069 align:start position:0% first of its kind to utilize silicon integrated<00:16:36.160> circuits,<00:16:37.040> the<00:16:37.279> ancestors<00:16:37.839> of 00:16:38.069 --> 00:16:38.079 align:start position:0% integrated circuits, the ancestors of 00:16:38.079 --> 00:16:40.710 align:start position:0% integrated circuits, the ancestors of the<00:16:38.240> chips<00:16:38.480> in<00:16:38.720> your<00:16:38.880> smartphone<00:16:39.440> today.<00:16:40.399> By 00:16:40.710 --> 00:16:40.720 align:start position:0% the chips in your smartphone today. By 00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:42.870 align:start position:0% the chips in your smartphone today. By today's<00:16:41.040> standards,<00:16:41.519> its<00:16:41.759> specs<00:16:42.160> were<00:16:42.560> pretty 00:16:42.870 --> 00:16:42.880 align:start position:0% today's standards, its specs were pretty 00:16:42.880 --> 00:16:46.389 align:start position:0% today's standards, its specs were pretty humble.<00:16:43.680> just<00:16:44.079> 4<00:16:44.480> kilobytes<00:16:45.040> of<00:16:45.360> erasable<00:16:45.839> RAM 00:16:46.389 --> 00:16:46.399 align:start position:0% humble. just 4 kilobytes of erasable RAM 00:16:46.399 --> 00:16:49.670 align:start position:0% humble. just 4 kilobytes of erasable RAM and<00:16:46.639> about<00:16:47.040> 72<00:16:47.759> kilob<00:16:48.399> of<00:16:48.880> rope<00:16:49.279> memory 00:16:49.670 --> 00:16:49.680 align:start position:0% and about 72 kilob of rope memory 00:16:49.680 --> 00:16:52.470 align:start position:0% and about 72 kilob of rope memory software<00:16:50.399> that<00:16:50.720> had<00:16:51.040> literally<00:16:51.519> been<00:16:51.839> woven 00:16:52.470 --> 00:16:52.480 align:start position:0% software that had literally been woven 00:16:52.480 --> 00:16:55.910 align:start position:0% software that had literally been woven into<00:16:52.800> the<00:16:53.040> copper<00:16:53.440> wire<00:16:54.079> by<00:16:54.399> hand. 00:16:55.910 --> 00:16:55.920 align:start position:0% into the copper wire by hand. 00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:58.150 align:start position:0% into the copper wire by hand. To<00:16:56.240> know<00:16:56.560> where<00:16:56.800> it<00:16:57.120> was<00:16:57.279> in<00:16:57.519> the<00:16:57.600> featureless 00:16:58.150 --> 00:16:58.160 align:start position:0% To know where it was in the featureless 00:16:58.160 --> 00:17:01.350 align:start position:0% To know where it was in the featureless void,<00:16:58.800> the<00:16:59.040> AGC<00:16:59.680> relied<00:17:00.079> on<00:17:00.240> the<00:17:00.560> inertial 00:17:01.350 --> 00:17:01.360 align:start position:0% void, the AGC relied on the inertial 00:17:01.360 --> 00:17:03.590 align:start position:0% void, the AGC relied on the inertial measurement<00:17:01.920> unit.<00:17:02.959> This<00:17:03.199> was<00:17:03.360> the 00:17:03.590 --> 00:17:03.600 align:start position:0% measurement unit. This was the 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:06.309 align:start position:0% measurement unit. This was the spacecraft's<00:17:04.319> inner<00:17:04.720> ear,<00:17:05.439> a<00:17:05.679> stabilized 00:17:06.309 --> 00:17:06.319 align:start position:0% spacecraft's inner ear, a stabilized 00:17:06.319 --> 00:17:09.270 align:start position:0% spacecraft's inner ear, a stabilized platform<00:17:06.880> of<00:17:07.199> three<00:17:07.520> gimbal<00:17:08.000> gyroscopes<00:17:08.720> and 00:17:09.270 --> 00:17:09.280 align:start position:0% platform of three gimbal gyroscopes and 00:17:09.280 --> 00:17:11.510 align:start position:0% platform of three gimbal gyroscopes and ultra<00:17:09.600> sensitive<00:17:10.160> accelerometers<00:17:11.199> that 00:17:11.510 --> 00:17:11.520 align:start position:0% ultra sensitive accelerometers that 00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:13.510 align:start position:0% ultra sensitive accelerometers that allowed<00:17:11.760> the<00:17:12.000> computer<00:17:12.319> to<00:17:12.559> track<00:17:13.039> every 00:17:13.510 --> 00:17:13.520 align:start position:0% allowed the computer to track every 00:17:13.520 --> 00:17:16.230 align:start position:0% allowed the computer to track every nudge<00:17:14.000> of<00:17:14.160> the<00:17:14.400> thrusters<00:17:15.280> and<00:17:15.520> every<00:17:15.919> shift 00:17:16.230 --> 00:17:16.240 align:start position:0% nudge of the thrusters and every shift 00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:19.350 align:start position:0% nudge of the thrusters and every shift in<00:17:16.559> orientation,<00:17:17.679> maintaining<00:17:18.319> a<00:17:18.640> fixed 00:17:19.350 --> 00:17:19.360 align:start position:0% in orientation, maintaining a fixed 00:17:19.360 --> 00:17:22.069 align:start position:0% in orientation, maintaining a fixed reference<00:17:19.839> in<00:17:20.160> space<00:17:20.799> without<00:17:21.280> ever<00:17:21.679> looking 00:17:22.069 --> 00:17:22.079 align:start position:0% reference in space without ever looking 00:17:22.079 --> 00:17:24.309 align:start position:0% reference in space without ever looking out<00:17:22.319> a<00:17:22.640> window. 00:17:24.309 --> 00:17:24.319 align:start position:0% out a window. 00:17:24.319 --> 00:17:26.309 align:start position:0% out a window. But<00:17:24.480> even<00:17:24.720> the<00:17:24.959> most<00:17:25.280> advanced<00:17:25.760> sensors<00:17:26.160> in 00:17:26.309 --> 00:17:26.319 align:start position:0% But even the most advanced sensors in 00:17:26.319 --> 00:17:29.510 align:start position:0% But even the most advanced sensors in the<00:17:26.480> 1960s<00:17:27.199> were<00:17:27.439> prone<00:17:27.760> to<00:17:28.000> drift.<00:17:29.120> Over 00:17:29.510 --> 00:17:29.520 align:start position:0% the 1960s were prone to drift. Over 00:17:29.520 --> 00:17:31.669 align:start position:0% the 1960s were prone to drift. Over time,<00:17:30.080> tiny<00:17:30.559> mechanical<00:17:31.280> errors<00:17:31.440> in<00:17:31.600> the 00:17:31.669 --> 00:17:31.679 align:start position:0% time, tiny mechanical errors in the 00:17:31.679 --> 00:17:34.150 align:start position:0% time, tiny mechanical errors in the gyroscopes<00:17:32.400> would<00:17:32.559> accumulate,<00:17:33.520> causing<00:17:33.919> the 00:17:34.150 --> 00:17:34.160 align:start position:0% gyroscopes would accumulate, causing the 00:17:34.160 --> 00:17:36.710 align:start position:0% gyroscopes would accumulate, causing the computer's<00:17:34.640> internal<00:17:35.039> map<00:17:35.600> to<00:17:35.919> slowly<00:17:36.320> lose 00:17:36.710 --> 00:17:36.720 align:start position:0% computer's internal map to slowly lose 00:17:36.720 --> 00:17:40.310 align:start position:0% computer's internal map to slowly lose its<00:17:36.960> alignment<00:17:37.440> with<00:17:37.760> reality.<00:17:39.200> To<00:17:39.440> fix<00:17:39.679> this, 00:17:40.310 --> 00:17:40.320 align:start position:0% its alignment with reality. To fix this, 00:17:40.320 --> 00:17:42.710 align:start position:0% its alignment with reality. To fix this, NASA<00:17:40.799> turned<00:17:41.120> to<00:17:41.280> the<00:17:41.520> oldest<00:17:42.000> trick<00:17:42.320> in<00:17:42.559> the 00:17:42.710 --> 00:17:42.720 align:start position:0% NASA turned to the oldest trick in the 00:17:42.720 --> 00:17:46.390 align:start position:0% NASA turned to the oldest trick in the navigator's<00:17:43.440> book,<00:17:44.160> the<00:17:44.559> stars.<00:17:46.000> From<00:17:46.240> the 00:17:46.390 --> 00:17:46.400 align:start position:0% navigator's book, the stars. From the 00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:48.710 align:start position:0% navigator's book, the stars. From the cockpit<00:17:46.880> of<00:17:47.039> the<00:17:47.120> command<00:17:47.520> module,<00:17:48.320> Mike 00:17:48.710 --> 00:17:48.720 align:start position:0% cockpit of the command module, Mike 00:17:48.720 --> 00:17:51.990 align:start position:0% cockpit of the command module, Mike Collins<00:17:49.360> used<00:17:49.840> a<00:17:50.080> sextant,<00:17:51.120> just<00:17:51.360> like<00:17:51.679> the 00:17:51.990 --> 00:17:52.000 align:start position:0% Collins used a sextant, just like the 00:17:52.000 --> 00:17:55.430 align:start position:0% Collins used a sextant, just like the 18th<00:17:52.480> century<00:17:52.960> sailors<00:17:53.440> did.<00:17:54.640> He<00:17:54.880> would<00:17:55.039> peer 00:17:55.430 --> 00:17:55.440 align:start position:0% 18th century sailors did. He would peer 00:17:55.440 --> 00:17:57.909 align:start position:0% 18th century sailors did. He would peer through<00:17:55.760> the<00:17:55.919> optics<00:17:56.400> to<00:17:56.640> find<00:17:56.960> two<00:17:57.280> specific 00:17:57.909 --> 00:17:57.919 align:start position:0% through the optics to find two specific 00:17:57.919 --> 00:18:01.270 align:start position:0% through the optics to find two specific guide<00:17:58.320> stars<00:17:58.720> from<00:17:58.880> a<00:17:59.120> catalog<00:17:59.600> of<00:17:59.919> 37<00:18:00.960> stored 00:18:01.270 --> 00:18:01.280 align:start position:0% guide stars from a catalog of 37 stored 00:18:01.280 --> 00:18:02.630 align:start position:0% guide stars from a catalog of 37 stored in<00:18:01.520> the<00:18:01.679> computer's<00:18:02.080> memory. 00:18:02.630 --> 00:18:02.640 align:start position:0% in the computer's memory. 00:18:02.640 --> 00:18:05.110 align:start position:0% in the computer's memory. >> Houston,<00:18:03.840> we'd<00:18:04.000> like<00:18:04.160> you<00:18:04.320> to<00:18:04.400> press<00:18:04.640> on<00:18:04.880> to 00:18:05.110 --> 00:18:05.120 align:start position:0% >> Houston, we'd like you to press on to 00:18:05.120 --> 00:18:08.070 align:start position:0% >> Houston, we'd like you to press on to star<00:18:05.440> 44. 00:18:08.070 --> 00:18:08.080 align:start position:0% star 44. 00:18:08.080 --> 00:18:10.950 align:start position:0% star 44. >> Then<00:18:08.640> he<00:18:08.880> used<00:18:09.039> the<00:18:09.280> sextant<00:18:10.080> to<00:18:10.320> measure<00:18:10.720> the 00:18:10.950 --> 00:18:10.960 align:start position:0% >> Then he used the sextant to measure the 00:18:10.960 --> 00:18:13.590 align:start position:0% >> Then he used the sextant to measure the exact<00:18:11.280> angle<00:18:11.760> between<00:18:12.000> these<00:18:12.320> stars<00:18:13.039> and<00:18:13.280> the 00:18:13.590 --> 00:18:13.600 align:start position:0% exact angle between these stars and the 00:18:13.600 --> 00:18:16.230 align:start position:0% exact angle between these stars and the earth<00:18:13.760> or<00:18:14.160> moon's<00:18:14.559> horizon. 00:18:16.230 --> 00:18:16.240 align:start position:0% earth or moon's horizon. 00:18:16.240 --> 00:18:18.630 align:start position:0% earth or moon's horizon. Finally,<00:18:16.720> he<00:18:16.880> fed<00:18:17.120> this<00:18:17.360> data<00:18:17.679> back<00:18:18.080> into<00:18:18.400> the 00:18:18.630 --> 00:18:18.640 align:start position:0% Finally, he fed this data back into the 00:18:18.640 --> 00:18:22.710 align:start position:0% Finally, he fed this data back into the computer,<00:18:19.440> detailed<00:18:20.000> as<00:18:20.400> a<00:18:20.799> P23<00:18:21.840> sighting, 00:18:22.710 --> 00:18:22.720 align:start position:0% computer, detailed as a P23 sighting, 00:18:22.720 --> 00:18:25.350 align:start position:0% computer, detailed as a P23 sighting, which<00:18:22.960> allowed<00:18:23.360> it<00:18:23.520> to<00:18:23.919> reset<00:18:24.559> its<00:18:24.880> internal 00:18:25.350 --> 00:18:25.360 align:start position:0% which allowed it to reset its internal 00:18:25.360 --> 00:18:27.909 align:start position:0% which allowed it to reset its internal gyroscopes. 00:18:27.909 --> 00:18:27.919 align:start position:0% gyroscopes. 00:18:27.919 --> 00:18:30.310 align:start position:0% gyroscopes. The<00:18:28.160> crew<00:18:28.720> were<00:18:28.960> now<00:18:29.200> on<00:18:29.360> a<00:18:29.520> straight<00:18:29.840> path<00:18:30.080> to 00:18:30.310 --> 00:18:30.320 align:start position:0% The crew were now on a straight path to 00:18:30.320 --> 00:18:32.710 align:start position:0% The crew were now on a straight path to the<00:18:30.480> moon.<00:18:31.200> And<00:18:31.360> you<00:18:31.600> might<00:18:31.760> think<00:18:32.080> this<00:18:32.400> meant 00:18:32.710 --> 00:18:32.720 align:start position:0% the moon. And you might think this meant 00:18:32.720 --> 00:18:35.669 align:start position:0% the moon. And you might think this meant things<00:18:33.039> got<00:18:33.360> easier,<00:18:34.400> but<00:18:34.640> in<00:18:34.880> reality,<00:18:35.360> it 00:18:35.669 --> 00:18:35.679 align:start position:0% things got easier, but in reality, it 00:18:35.679 --> 00:18:39.029 align:start position:0% things got easier, but in reality, it created<00:18:36.160> a<00:18:36.480> lethal<00:18:37.120> thermal<00:18:37.679> nightmare.<00:18:38.720> One 00:18:39.029 --> 00:18:39.039 align:start position:0% created a lethal thermal nightmare. One 00:18:39.039 --> 00:18:47.590 align:start position:0% created a lethal thermal nightmare. One extreme<00:18:39.520> enough<00:18:40.000> to<00:18:40.240> rip<00:18:40.720> their<00:18:40.960> ship<00:18:41.360> apart. 00:18:47.590 --> 00:18:47.600 align:start position:0% 00:18:47.600 --> 00:18:49.590 align:start position:0% In<00:18:47.840> the<00:18:48.000> vacuum<00:18:48.320> of<00:18:48.559> space,<00:18:48.960> there<00:18:49.200> is<00:18:49.360> no 00:18:49.590 --> 00:18:49.600 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is no 00:18:49.600 --> 00:18:51.750 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is no atmosphere<00:18:50.080> to<00:18:50.320> circulate<00:18:50.799> heat,<00:18:51.440> which 00:18:51.750 --> 00:18:51.760 align:start position:0% atmosphere to circulate heat, which 00:18:51.760 --> 00:18:54.950 align:start position:0% atmosphere to circulate heat, which creates<00:18:52.160> a<00:18:52.480> world<00:18:52.799> of<00:18:53.120> thermal<00:18:53.600> extremes.<00:18:54.720> The 00:18:54.950 --> 00:18:54.960 align:start position:0% creates a world of thermal extremes. The 00:18:54.960 --> 00:18:56.710 align:start position:0% creates a world of thermal extremes. The side<00:18:55.120> of<00:18:55.280> the<00:18:55.440> spacecraft<00:18:55.919> facing<00:18:56.240> the<00:18:56.400> sun 00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:56.720 align:start position:0% side of the spacecraft facing the sun 00:18:56.720 --> 00:19:00.310 align:start position:0% side of the spacecraft facing the sun can<00:18:57.039> bake<00:18:57.360> in<00:18:57.600> temperatures<00:18:58.080> as<00:18:58.320> high<00:18:58.480> as<00:18:59.440> 121° 00:19:00.310 --> 00:19:00.320 align:start position:0% can bake in temperatures as high as 121° 00:19:00.320 --> 00:19:03.350 align:start position:0% can bake in temperatures as high as 121° C,<00:19:01.039> while<00:19:01.280> the<00:19:01.440> side<00:19:01.840> shrouded<00:19:02.320> in<00:19:02.559> shadow 00:19:03.350 --> 00:19:03.360 align:start position:0% C, while the side shrouded in shadow 00:19:03.360 --> 00:19:08.950 align:start position:0% C, while the side shrouded in shadow plunges<00:19:03.840> to<00:19:04.000> a<00:19:04.240> staggering<00:19:04.880> -<00:19:06.240> 157°. 00:19:08.950 --> 00:19:08.960 align:start position:0% plunges to a staggering - 157°. 00:19:08.960 --> 00:19:11.350 align:start position:0% plunges to a staggering - 157°. Without<00:19:09.360> intervention,<00:19:10.160> these<00:19:10.720> massive 00:19:11.350 --> 00:19:11.360 align:start position:0% Without intervention, these massive 00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:13.029 align:start position:0% Without intervention, these massive temperature<00:19:11.760> gradients<00:19:12.400> would<00:19:12.640> have<00:19:12.799> caused 00:19:13.029 --> 00:19:13.039 align:start position:0% temperature gradients would have caused 00:19:13.039 --> 00:19:15.029 align:start position:0% temperature gradients would have caused the<00:19:13.200> metal<00:19:13.520> skin<00:19:13.840> of<00:19:13.919> the<00:19:14.080> service<00:19:14.400> module<00:19:14.799> to 00:19:15.029 --> 00:19:15.039 align:start position:0% the metal skin of the service module to 00:19:15.039 --> 00:19:18.070 align:start position:0% the metal skin of the service module to expand<00:19:15.840> and<00:19:16.240> contract<00:19:16.880> unevenly, 00:19:18.070 --> 00:19:18.080 align:start position:0% expand and contract unevenly, 00:19:18.080 --> 00:19:20.150 align:start position:0% expand and contract unevenly, potentially<00:19:18.640> warping<00:19:19.120> the<00:19:19.360> structure, 00:19:20.150 --> 00:19:20.160 align:start position:0% potentially warping the structure, 00:19:20.160 --> 00:19:22.630 align:start position:0% potentially warping the structure, freezing<00:19:20.640> fuel<00:19:20.960> lines,<00:19:21.600> or<00:19:21.919> frying<00:19:22.400> the 00:19:22.630 --> 00:19:22.640 align:start position:0% freezing fuel lines, or frying the 00:19:22.640 --> 00:19:24.870 align:start position:0% freezing fuel lines, or frying the delicate<00:19:23.120> electronics<00:19:23.760> nestled<00:19:24.240> just<00:19:24.480> inches 00:19:24.870 --> 00:19:24.880 align:start position:0% delicate electronics nestled just inches 00:19:24.880 --> 00:19:28.310 align:start position:0% delicate electronics nestled just inches away.<00:19:26.000> So<00:19:26.240> NASA<00:19:26.880> used<00:19:27.120> a<00:19:27.360> maneuver<00:19:27.840> called 00:19:28.310 --> 00:19:28.320 align:start position:0% away. So NASA used a maneuver called 00:19:28.320 --> 00:19:31.190 align:start position:0% away. So NASA used a maneuver called passive<00:19:28.799> thermal<00:19:29.280> control,<00:19:30.160> more<00:19:30.480> colloally 00:19:31.190 --> 00:19:31.200 align:start position:0% passive thermal control, more colloally 00:19:31.200 --> 00:19:33.430 align:start position:0% passive thermal control, more colloally known<00:19:31.440> to<00:19:31.600> the<00:19:31.760> engineers<00:19:32.240> and<00:19:32.480> astronauts<00:19:33.120> as 00:19:33.430 --> 00:19:33.440 align:start position:0% known to the engineers and astronauts as 00:19:33.440 --> 00:19:36.390 align:start position:0% known to the engineers and astronauts as the<00:19:34.000> barbecue<00:19:34.559> roll.<00:19:35.840> Just<00:19:36.080> like<00:19:36.240> a 00:19:36.390 --> 00:19:36.400 align:start position:0% the barbecue roll. Just like a 00:19:36.400 --> 00:19:38.789 align:start position:0% the barbecue roll. Just like a rotisserie<00:19:37.039> chicken<00:19:37.440> over<00:19:37.679> a<00:19:37.840> fire,<00:19:38.559> the 00:19:38.789 --> 00:19:38.799 align:start position:0% rotisserie chicken over a fire, the 00:19:38.799 --> 00:19:41.830 align:start position:0% rotisserie chicken over a fire, the spacecraft<00:19:39.360> was<00:19:39.600> set<00:19:39.919> into<00:19:40.320> a<00:19:40.559> slow<00:19:41.280> rhythmic 00:19:41.830 --> 00:19:41.840 align:start position:0% spacecraft was set into a slow rhythmic 00:19:41.840 --> 00:19:44.549 align:start position:0% spacecraft was set into a slow rhythmic spin<00:19:42.240> of<00:19:42.480> exactly<00:19:43.120> three<00:19:43.600> revolutions<00:19:44.320> per 00:19:44.549 --> 00:19:44.559 align:start position:0% spin of exactly three revolutions per 00:19:44.559 --> 00:19:47.909 align:start position:0% spin of exactly three revolutions per hour,<00:19:45.280> or<00:19:45.520> roughly<00:19:46.000> 0.3°/ 00:19:47.909 --> 00:19:47.919 align:start position:0% hour, or roughly 0.3°/ 00:19:47.919 --> 00:19:51.029 align:start position:0% hour, or roughly 0.3°/ second.<00:19:49.200> This<00:19:49.440> constant<00:19:49.919> motion<00:19:50.559> ensured 00:19:51.029 --> 00:19:51.039 align:start position:0% second. This constant motion ensured 00:19:51.039 --> 00:19:53.270 align:start position:0% second. This constant motion ensured that<00:19:51.280> no<00:19:51.760> single<00:19:52.160> part<00:19:52.400> of<00:19:52.559> the<00:19:52.640> hull<00:19:53.039> was 00:19:53.270 --> 00:19:53.280 align:start position:0% that no single part of the hull was 00:19:53.280 --> 00:19:55.830 align:start position:0% that no single part of the hull was exposed<00:19:53.600> to<00:19:53.760> the<00:19:53.919> sun<00:19:54.400> or<00:19:54.720> the<00:19:54.960> cold<00:19:55.280> of<00:19:55.520> deep 00:19:55.830 --> 00:19:55.840 align:start position:0% exposed to the sun or the cold of deep 00:19:55.840 --> 00:19:59.029 align:start position:0% exposed to the sun or the cold of deep space<00:19:56.480> for<00:19:56.720> too<00:19:56.960> long.<00:19:57.760> The<00:19:58.000> internal<00:19:58.480> systems 00:19:59.029 --> 00:19:59.039 align:start position:0% space for too long. The internal systems 00:19:59.039 --> 00:20:01.750 align:start position:0% space for too long. The internal systems and<00:19:59.280> the<00:19:59.520> astronauts<00:20:00.160> inside<00:20:01.039> remained<00:20:01.440> at<00:20:01.600> a 00:20:01.750 --> 00:20:01.760 align:start position:0% and the astronauts inside remained at a 00:20:01.760 --> 00:20:04.470 align:start position:0% and the astronauts inside remained at a steady<00:20:02.160> room<00:20:02.559> temperature<00:20:03.200> of<00:20:03.520> approximately 00:20:04.470 --> 00:20:04.480 align:start position:0% steady room temperature of approximately 00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:08.789 align:start position:0% steady room temperature of approximately 21°<00:20:05.600> C.<00:20:06.720> It<00:20:06.960> was<00:20:07.039> a<00:20:07.280> low<00:20:07.520> tech<00:20:07.840> solution<00:20:08.240> to<00:20:08.480> a 00:20:08.789 --> 00:20:08.799 align:start position:0% 21° C. It was a low tech solution to a 00:20:08.799 --> 00:20:11.029 align:start position:0% 21° C. It was a low tech solution to a high<00:20:09.120> stakes<00:20:09.520> problem.<00:20:10.320> But<00:20:10.559> whilst<00:20:10.799> the 00:20:11.029 --> 00:20:11.039 align:start position:0% high stakes problem. But whilst the 00:20:11.039 --> 00:20:13.350 align:start position:0% high stakes problem. But whilst the temperature<00:20:11.520> was<00:20:11.760> stable,<00:20:12.559> the<00:20:12.799> astronaut 00:20:13.350 --> 00:20:13.360 align:start position:0% temperature was stable, the astronaut 00:20:13.360 --> 00:20:16.710 align:start position:0% temperature was stable, the astronaut safety<00:20:14.000> was<00:20:14.240> a<00:20:14.400> different<00:20:14.720> story<00:20:15.760> because<00:20:16.480> out 00:20:16.710 --> 00:20:16.720 align:start position:0% safety was a different story because out 00:20:16.720 --> 00:20:21.590 align:start position:0% safety was a different story because out in<00:20:17.039> space,<00:20:17.760> there's<00:20:18.240> one<00:20:18.640> other<00:20:19.200> big<00:20:19.760> threat. 00:20:21.590 --> 00:20:21.600 align:start position:0% in space, there's one other big threat. 00:20:21.600 --> 00:20:24.070 align:start position:0% in space, there's one other big threat. Radiation. 00:20:24.070 --> 00:20:24.080 align:start position:0% Radiation. 00:20:24.080 --> 00:20:25.990 align:start position:0% Radiation. As<00:20:24.320> I<00:20:24.480> mentioned<00:20:24.799> earlier,<00:20:25.440> Earth<00:20:25.760> is 00:20:25.990 --> 00:20:26.000 align:start position:0% As I mentioned earlier, Earth is 00:20:26.000 --> 00:20:28.470 align:start position:0% As I mentioned earlier, Earth is protected<00:20:26.480> by<00:20:26.720> a<00:20:27.039> thick<00:20:27.360> atmosphere<00:20:28.080> and<00:20:28.320> the 00:20:28.470 --> 00:20:28.480 align:start position:0% protected by a thick atmosphere and the 00:20:28.480 --> 00:20:30.630 align:start position:0% protected by a thick atmosphere and the invisible<00:20:29.039> magnetic<00:20:29.520> donuts<00:20:30.000> of<00:20:30.159> the<00:20:30.320> Van 00:20:30.630 --> 00:20:30.640 align:start position:0% invisible magnetic donuts of the Van 00:20:30.640 --> 00:20:33.270 align:start position:0% invisible magnetic donuts of the Van Allen<00:20:30.960> belts.<00:20:32.000> But<00:20:32.159> once<00:20:32.480> the<00:20:32.640> spacecraft 00:20:33.270 --> 00:20:33.280 align:start position:0% Allen belts. But once the spacecraft 00:20:33.280 --> 00:20:35.430 align:start position:0% Allen belts. But once the spacecraft leaves<00:20:33.600> these<00:20:33.919> protective<00:20:34.400> shields,<00:20:35.120> it 00:20:35.430 --> 00:20:35.440 align:start position:0% leaves these protective shields, it 00:20:35.440 --> 00:20:38.549 align:start position:0% leaves these protective shields, it enters<00:20:35.840> a<00:20:36.159> shooting<00:20:36.640> gallery<00:20:37.039> of<00:20:37.440> high<00:20:38.000> energy 00:20:38.549 --> 00:20:38.559 align:start position:0% enters a shooting gallery of high energy 00:20:38.559 --> 00:20:40.070 align:start position:0% enters a shooting gallery of high energy particles. 00:20:40.070 --> 00:20:40.080 align:start position:0% particles. 00:20:40.080 --> 00:20:42.149 align:start position:0% particles. High<00:20:40.400> doses<00:20:40.799> of<00:20:40.960> these<00:20:41.200> particles<00:20:41.760> could 00:20:42.149 --> 00:20:42.159 align:start position:0% High doses of these particles could 00:20:42.159 --> 00:20:45.270 align:start position:0% High doses of these particles could cause<00:20:42.559> acute<00:20:43.120> radiation<00:20:43.760> sickness,<00:20:44.480> nausea, 00:20:45.270 --> 00:20:45.280 align:start position:0% cause acute radiation sickness, nausea, 00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:47.510 align:start position:0% cause acute radiation sickness, nausea, and<00:20:45.520> disorientation,<00:20:46.559> which<00:20:46.799> would<00:20:47.039> lead<00:20:47.200> to 00:20:47.510 --> 00:20:47.520 align:start position:0% and disorientation, which would lead to 00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:49.909 align:start position:0% and disorientation, which would lead to fatal<00:20:48.080> errors<00:20:48.400> during<00:20:48.720> a<00:20:48.960> complex<00:20:49.520> lunar 00:20:49.909 --> 00:20:49.919 align:start position:0% fatal errors during a complex lunar 00:20:49.919 --> 00:20:52.070 align:start position:0% fatal errors during a complex lunar landing.<00:20:50.720> Not<00:20:50.960> to<00:20:51.120> mention<00:20:51.360> the<00:20:51.600> risk<00:20:51.840> of 00:20:52.070 --> 00:20:52.080 align:start position:0% landing. Not to mention the risk of 00:20:52.080 --> 00:20:55.510 align:start position:0% landing. Not to mention the risk of developing<00:20:52.559> cancer<00:20:53.039> later<00:20:53.360> in<00:20:53.600> life. 00:20:55.510 --> 00:20:55.520 align:start position:0% developing cancer later in life. 00:20:55.520 --> 00:20:58.310 align:start position:0% developing cancer later in life. Solar<00:20:56.159> particle<00:20:56.640> events<00:20:57.280> caused<00:20:57.679> by<00:20:57.919> solar 00:20:58.310 --> 00:20:58.320 align:start position:0% Solar particle events caused by solar 00:20:58.320 --> 00:21:01.590 align:start position:0% Solar particle events caused by solar flares<00:20:58.720> or<00:20:59.200> chronal<00:20:59.679> mass<00:20:59.919> ejections<00:21:01.120> could 00:21:01.590 --> 00:21:01.600 align:start position:0% flares or chronal mass ejections could 00:21:01.600 --> 00:21:03.909 align:start position:0% flares or chronal mass ejections could flood<00:21:01.919> the<00:21:02.159> spacecraft<00:21:02.640> with<00:21:02.960> a<00:21:03.200> sudden 00:21:03.909 --> 00:21:03.919 align:start position:0% flood the spacecraft with a sudden 00:21:03.919 --> 00:21:06.870 align:start position:0% flood the spacecraft with a sudden deadly<00:21:04.400> burst<00:21:04.799> of<00:21:04.960> protons.<00:21:06.080> These<00:21:06.480> solar 00:21:06.870 --> 00:21:06.880 align:start position:0% deadly burst of protons. These solar 00:21:06.880 --> 00:21:09.750 align:start position:0% deadly burst of protons. These solar storms<00:21:07.679> are<00:21:08.080> powerful<00:21:08.480> enough<00:21:08.880> to<00:21:09.200> not<00:21:09.520> only 00:21:09.750 --> 00:21:09.760 align:start position:0% storms are powerful enough to not only 00:21:09.760 --> 00:21:12.549 align:start position:0% storms are powerful enough to not only irradiate<00:21:10.400> human<00:21:10.720> tissue,<00:21:11.520> but<00:21:11.760> to<00:21:12.080> scramble 00:21:12.549 --> 00:21:12.559 align:start position:0% irradiate human tissue, but to scramble 00:21:12.559 --> 00:21:14.549 align:start position:0% irradiate human tissue, but to scramble the<00:21:12.799> delicate<00:21:13.280> silicon<00:21:13.760> of<00:21:13.919> the<00:21:14.080> Apollo 00:21:14.549 --> 00:21:14.559 align:start position:0% the delicate silicon of the Apollo 00:21:14.559 --> 00:21:18.070 align:start position:0% the delicate silicon of the Apollo guidance<00:21:15.120> computer.<00:21:16.480> Since<00:21:16.799> a<00:21:17.200> leadline<00:21:17.760> ship 00:21:18.070 --> 00:21:18.080 align:start position:0% guidance computer. Since a leadline ship 00:21:18.080 --> 00:21:19.669 align:start position:0% guidance computer. Since a leadline ship would<00:21:18.240> be<00:21:18.400> too<00:21:18.640> heavy<00:21:18.880> to<00:21:19.039> ever<00:21:19.280> leave<00:21:19.440> the 00:21:19.669 --> 00:21:19.679 align:start position:0% would be too heavy to ever leave the 00:21:19.679 --> 00:21:22.870 align:start position:0% would be too heavy to ever leave the ground,<00:21:20.480> NASA<00:21:20.960> had<00:21:21.200> to<00:21:21.360> rely<00:21:21.679> on<00:21:21.919> intelligence 00:21:22.870 --> 00:21:22.880 align:start position:0% ground, NASA had to rely on intelligence 00:21:22.880 --> 00:21:26.230 align:start position:0% ground, NASA had to rely on intelligence and<00:21:23.200> timing.<00:21:24.640> First,<00:21:25.039> they<00:21:25.360> established<00:21:25.919> the 00:21:26.230 --> 00:21:26.240 align:start position:0% and timing. First, they established the 00:21:26.240 --> 00:21:29.990 align:start position:0% and timing. First, they established the Solar<00:21:26.799> Particle<00:21:27.360> Alert<00:21:27.919> Network.<00:21:29.360> This<00:21:29.600> was<00:21:29.760> a 00:21:29.990 --> 00:21:30.000 align:start position:0% Solar Particle Alert Network. This was a 00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:31.830 align:start position:0% Solar Particle Alert Network. This was a global<00:21:30.400> ring<00:21:30.640> of<00:21:30.799> observatories<00:21:31.520> that 00:21:31.830 --> 00:21:31.840 align:start position:0% global ring of observatories that 00:21:31.840 --> 00:21:35.110 align:start position:0% global ring of observatories that monitored<00:21:32.240> the<00:21:32.400> sun<00:21:32.720> 24<00:21:33.280> hours<00:21:33.520> a<00:21:33.760> day.<00:21:34.559> If<00:21:34.880> a 00:21:35.110 --> 00:21:35.120 align:start position:0% monitored the sun 24 hours a day. If a 00:21:35.120 --> 00:21:37.510 align:start position:0% monitored the sun 24 hours a day. If a major<00:21:35.520> flare<00:21:35.840> was<00:21:36.000> spotted,<00:21:36.720> a<00:21:37.039> warning<00:21:37.360> would 00:21:37.510 --> 00:21:37.520 align:start position:0% major flare was spotted, a warning would 00:21:37.520 --> 00:21:39.029 align:start position:0% major flare was spotted, a warning would be<00:21:37.600> sent<00:21:37.840> to<00:21:38.000> Houston,<00:21:38.640> giving<00:21:38.880> the 00:21:39.029 --> 00:21:39.039 align:start position:0% be sent to Houston, giving the 00:21:39.039 --> 00:21:40.950 align:start position:0% be sent to Houston, giving the astronauts<00:21:39.679> time<00:21:39.840> to<00:21:40.080> take<00:21:40.320> cover<00:21:40.559> in<00:21:40.799> the 00:21:40.950 --> 00:21:40.960 align:start position:0% astronauts time to take cover in the 00:21:40.960 --> 00:21:42.470 align:start position:0% astronauts time to take cover in the most<00:21:41.120> shielded<00:21:41.600> part<00:21:41.840> of<00:21:42.000> the<00:21:42.159> command 00:21:42.470 --> 00:21:42.480 align:start position:0% most shielded part of the command 00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:45.110 align:start position:0% most shielded part of the command module.<00:21:43.600> Counterintuitively, 00:21:45.110 --> 00:21:45.120 align:start position:0% module. Counterintuitively, 00:21:45.120 --> 00:21:47.190 align:start position:0% module. Counterintuitively, NASA<00:21:45.600> had<00:21:45.919> actually<00:21:46.320> timed<00:21:46.559> the<00:21:46.720> Apollo 00:21:47.190 --> 00:21:47.200 align:start position:0% NASA had actually timed the Apollo 00:21:47.200 --> 00:21:49.590 align:start position:0% NASA had actually timed the Apollo program<00:21:47.679> to<00:21:48.000> coincide<00:21:48.640> with<00:21:48.880> the<00:21:49.120> solar 00:21:49.590 --> 00:21:49.600 align:start position:0% program to coincide with the solar 00:21:49.600 --> 00:21:52.630 align:start position:0% program to coincide with the solar maximum,<00:21:50.640> the<00:21:50.880> period<00:21:51.200> in<00:21:51.360> the<00:21:51.520> sun's<00:21:52.000> 11-year 00:21:52.630 --> 00:21:52.640 align:start position:0% maximum, the period in the sun's 11-year 00:21:52.640 --> 00:21:55.990 align:start position:0% maximum, the period in the sun's 11-year cycle<00:21:53.280> where<00:21:53.520> it<00:21:53.679> is<00:21:53.919> most<00:21:54.400> active.<00:21:55.679> While 00:21:55.990 --> 00:21:56.000 align:start position:0% cycle where it is most active. While 00:21:56.000 --> 00:21:57.830 align:start position:0% cycle where it is most active. While this<00:21:56.240> increased<00:21:56.720> the<00:21:56.960> chance<00:21:57.200> of<00:21:57.280> a<00:21:57.440> solar 00:21:57.830 --> 00:21:57.840 align:start position:0% this increased the chance of a solar 00:21:57.840 --> 00:22:00.310 align:start position:0% this increased the chance of a solar flare,<00:21:58.640> it<00:21:58.880> also<00:21:59.440> strengthened<00:22:00.080> the 00:22:00.310 --> 00:22:00.320 align:start position:0% flare, it also strengthened the 00:22:00.320 --> 00:22:02.710 align:start position:0% flare, it also strengthened the heliosphere,<00:22:01.440> a<00:22:01.600> bubble-like<00:22:02.240> region<00:22:02.480> of 00:22:02.710 --> 00:22:02.720 align:start position:0% heliosphere, a bubble-like region of 00:22:02.720 --> 00:22:05.270 align:start position:0% heliosphere, a bubble-like region of space<00:22:03.120> around<00:22:03.440> the<00:22:03.679> sun<00:22:04.000> and<00:22:04.240> planets<00:22:04.960> caused 00:22:05.270 --> 00:22:05.280 align:start position:0% space around the sun and planets caused 00:22:05.280 --> 00:22:08.230 align:start position:0% space around the sun and planets caused by<00:22:05.440> the<00:22:05.600> solar<00:22:05.919> wind.<00:22:06.799> During<00:22:07.120> solar<00:22:07.520> maximum, 00:22:08.230 --> 00:22:08.240 align:start position:0% by the solar wind. During solar maximum, 00:22:08.240 --> 00:22:10.950 align:start position:0% by the solar wind. During solar maximum, the<00:22:08.480> sun's<00:22:08.880> intensified<00:22:09.760> solar<00:22:10.080> winds<00:22:10.640> acts 00:22:10.950 --> 00:22:10.960 align:start position:0% the sun's intensified solar winds acts 00:22:10.960 --> 00:22:13.430 align:start position:0% the sun's intensified solar winds acts like<00:22:11.200> a<00:22:11.440> magnetic<00:22:12.080> umbrella,<00:22:12.720> pushing<00:22:13.120> away 00:22:13.430 --> 00:22:13.440 align:start position:0% like a magnetic umbrella, pushing away 00:22:13.440 --> 00:22:15.830 align:start position:0% like a magnetic umbrella, pushing away much<00:22:13.679> more<00:22:13.919> powerful<00:22:14.480> and<00:22:14.799> harder<00:22:15.200> to<00:22:15.360> block 00:22:15.830 --> 00:22:15.840 align:start position:0% much more powerful and harder to block 00:22:15.840 --> 00:22:18.710 align:start position:0% much more powerful and harder to block galactic<00:22:16.400> cosmic<00:22:16.799> rays.<00:22:17.760> By<00:22:18.000> accepting<00:22:18.480> the 00:22:18.710 --> 00:22:18.720 align:start position:0% galactic cosmic rays. By accepting the 00:22:18.720 --> 00:22:21.990 align:start position:0% galactic cosmic rays. By accepting the risk<00:22:18.960> of<00:22:19.120> a<00:22:19.440> storm<00:22:19.919> they<00:22:20.240> could<00:22:20.480> monitor,<00:22:21.360> NASA 00:22:21.990 --> 00:22:22.000 align:start position:0% risk of a storm they could monitor, NASA 00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:23.750 align:start position:0% risk of a storm they could monitor, NASA shielded<00:22:22.480> the<00:22:22.720> astronauts<00:22:23.280> from<00:22:23.520> the 00:22:23.750 --> 00:22:23.760 align:start position:0% shielded the astronauts from the 00:22:23.760 --> 00:22:26.070 align:start position:0% shielded the astronauts from the constant<00:22:24.320> drizzle<00:22:25.039> of<00:22:25.360> deep<00:22:25.679> space 00:22:26.070 --> 00:22:26.080 align:start position:0% constant drizzle of deep space 00:22:26.080 --> 00:22:27.669 align:start position:0% constant drizzle of deep space radiation. 00:22:27.669 --> 00:22:27.679 align:start position:0% radiation. 00:22:27.679 --> 00:22:29.590 align:start position:0% radiation. But<00:22:27.840> this<00:22:28.080> constant<00:22:28.480> monitoring<00:22:28.960> required<00:22:29.360> a 00:22:29.590 --> 00:22:29.600 align:start position:0% But this constant monitoring required a 00:22:29.600 --> 00:22:31.350 align:start position:0% But this constant monitoring required a communication<00:22:30.159> line<00:22:30.400> to<00:22:30.640> be<00:22:30.799> open<00:22:31.039> between 00:22:31.350 --> 00:22:31.360 align:start position:0% communication line to be open between 00:22:31.360 --> 00:22:34.390 align:start position:0% communication line to be open between the<00:22:31.520> astronauts<00:22:32.159> and<00:22:32.480> Earth<00:22:32.880> the<00:22:33.200> whole<00:22:33.520> time. 00:22:34.390 --> 00:22:34.400 align:start position:0% the astronauts and Earth the whole time. 00:22:34.400 --> 00:22:37.669 align:start position:0% the astronauts and Earth the whole time. And<00:22:34.640> that's<00:22:34.960> not<00:22:35.200> easy<00:22:35.520> given<00:22:35.840> the<00:22:36.159> 300,000<00:22:37.200> km 00:22:37.669 --> 00:22:37.679 align:start position:0% And that's not easy given the 300,000 km 00:22:37.679 --> 00:22:39.669 align:start position:0% And that's not easy given the 300,000 km distance<00:22:38.240> and<00:22:38.480> the<00:22:38.640> fact<00:22:38.799> that<00:22:38.960> the<00:22:39.200> world<00:22:39.440> had 00:22:39.669 --> 00:22:39.679 align:start position:0% distance and the fact that the world had 00:22:39.679 --> 00:22:42.549 align:start position:0% distance and the fact that the world had not<00:22:39.840> yet<00:22:40.159> invented<00:22:40.799> fiber<00:22:41.200> optics,<00:22:41.919> a<00:22:42.159> global 00:22:42.549 --> 00:22:42.559 align:start position:0% not yet invented fiber optics, a global 00:22:42.559 --> 00:22:47.190 align:start position:0% not yet invented fiber optics, a global satellite<00:22:43.120> network<00:22:43.760> or<00:22:44.080> the<00:22:44.320> internet. 00:22:47.190 --> 00:22:47.200 align:start position:0% satellite network or the internet. 00:22:47.200 --> 00:22:49.430 align:start position:0% satellite network or the internet. In<00:22:47.440> the<00:22:47.600> vacuum<00:22:47.919> of<00:22:48.159> space,<00:22:48.799> there<00:22:48.960> is 00:22:49.430 --> 00:22:49.440 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is 00:22:49.440 --> 00:22:52.710 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is absolute<00:22:50.000> silence.<00:22:51.280> So<00:22:51.520> instead,<00:22:52.159> to<00:22:52.400> bridge 00:22:52.710 --> 00:22:52.720 align:start position:0% absolute silence. So instead, to bridge 00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:57.350 align:start position:0% absolute silence. So instead, to bridge the<00:22:53.039> nearly<00:22:53.679> 384,633 00:22:57.350 --> 00:22:57.360 align:start position:0% 00:22:57.360 --> 00:23:00.630 align:start position:0% km<00:22:58.000> gap<00:22:58.320> between<00:22:58.720> Earth<00:22:59.039> and<00:22:59.200> the<00:22:59.360> moon,<00:23:00.320> every 00:23:00.630 --> 00:23:00.640 align:start position:0% km gap between Earth and the moon, every 00:23:00.640 --> 00:23:03.750 align:start position:0% km gap between Earth and the moon, every word,<00:23:01.440> every<00:23:01.760> command,<00:23:02.720> and<00:23:03.039> every<00:23:03.280> shot<00:23:03.600> of 00:23:03.750 --> 00:23:03.760 align:start position:0% word, every command, and every shot of 00:23:03.760 --> 00:23:06.390 align:start position:0% word, every command, and every shot of grainy<00:23:04.320> television<00:23:04.880> footage<00:23:05.679> had<00:23:06.000> to<00:23:06.159> be 00:23:06.390 --> 00:23:06.400 align:start position:0% grainy television footage had to be 00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:09.590 align:start position:0% grainy television footage had to be converted<00:23:07.200> into<00:23:07.760> electromagnetic<00:23:09.200> radio 00:23:09.590 --> 00:23:09.600 align:start position:0% converted into electromagnetic radio 00:23:09.600 --> 00:23:11.110 align:start position:0% converted into electromagnetic radio waves. 00:23:11.110 --> 00:23:11.120 align:start position:0% waves. 00:23:11.120 --> 00:23:12.950 align:start position:0% waves. Despite<00:23:11.600> traveling<00:23:12.000> at<00:23:12.159> the<00:23:12.320> speed<00:23:12.480> of<00:23:12.640> light, 00:23:12.950 --> 00:23:12.960 align:start position:0% Despite traveling at the speed of light, 00:23:12.960 --> 00:23:15.029 align:start position:0% Despite traveling at the speed of light, these<00:23:13.200> signals<00:23:13.679> still<00:23:13.919> face<00:23:14.240> the<00:23:14.480> difficulty 00:23:15.029 --> 00:23:15.039 align:start position:0% these signals still face the difficulty 00:23:15.039 --> 00:23:18.149 align:start position:0% these signals still face the difficulty of<00:23:15.360> distance,<00:23:16.240> which<00:23:16.480> created<00:23:16.880> a<00:23:17.200> small<00:23:17.520> lag, 00:23:18.149 --> 00:23:18.159 align:start position:0% of distance, which created a small lag, 00:23:18.159 --> 00:23:21.430 align:start position:0% of distance, which created a small lag, a<00:23:18.400> delay<00:23:18.640> of<00:23:18.880> about<00:23:19.200> 1.3<00:23:20.000> seconds<00:23:20.400> each<00:23:20.720> way, 00:23:21.430 --> 00:23:21.440 align:start position:0% a delay of about 1.3 seconds each way, 00:23:21.440 --> 00:23:23.590 align:start position:0% a delay of about 1.3 seconds each way, meaning<00:23:21.760> an<00:23:22.000> astronaut<00:23:22.559> had<00:23:22.720> to<00:23:22.880> wait<00:23:23.120> nearly 00:23:23.590 --> 00:23:23.600 align:start position:0% meaning an astronaut had to wait nearly 00:23:23.600 --> 00:23:26.230 align:start position:0% meaning an astronaut had to wait nearly 3<00:23:23.840> seconds<00:23:24.240> for<00:23:24.480> an<00:23:24.720> answer<00:23:25.039> to<00:23:25.440> any<00:23:25.760> question 00:23:26.230 --> 00:23:26.240 align:start position:0% 3 seconds for an answer to any question 00:23:26.240 --> 00:23:29.270 align:start position:0% 3 seconds for an answer to any question sent<00:23:26.559> to<00:23:26.720> Houston.<00:23:28.000> To<00:23:28.240> handle<00:23:28.559> the<00:23:28.799> massive 00:23:29.270 --> 00:23:29.280 align:start position:0% sent to Houston. To handle the massive 00:23:29.280 --> 00:23:31.190 align:start position:0% sent to Houston. To handle the massive amount<00:23:29.520> of<00:23:29.760> data<00:23:30.080> needed<00:23:30.480> to<00:23:30.640> be<00:23:30.720> sent<00:23:30.960> back 00:23:31.190 --> 00:23:31.200 align:start position:0% amount of data needed to be sent back 00:23:31.200 --> 00:23:34.230 align:start position:0% amount of data needed to be sent back and<00:23:31.440> forth,<00:23:32.240> NASA<00:23:32.720> developed<00:23:33.200> the<00:23:33.440> unified 00:23:34.230 --> 00:23:34.240 align:start position:0% and forth, NASA developed the unified 00:23:34.240 --> 00:23:37.990 align:start position:0% and forth, NASA developed the unified Sband,<00:23:34.799> or<00:23:35.280> USB<00:23:35.840> system,<00:23:37.039> operating<00:23:37.520> in<00:23:37.760> the 00:23:37.990 --> 00:23:38.000 align:start position:0% Sband, or USB system, operating in the 00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:41.750 align:start position:0% Sband, or USB system, operating in the 1.5<00:23:38.720> to<00:23:39.039> 5.2<00:23:39.600> 2<00:23:39.840> GHz<00:23:40.400> range.<00:23:41.120> This<00:23:41.360> was<00:23:41.520> a 00:23:41.750 --> 00:23:41.760 align:start position:0% 1.5 to 5.2 2 GHz range. This was a 00:23:41.760 --> 00:23:44.630 align:start position:0% 1.5 to 5.2 2 GHz range. This was a masterpiece<00:23:42.480> of<00:23:42.720> integration.<00:23:44.080> Rather<00:23:44.400> than 00:23:44.630 --> 00:23:44.640 align:start position:0% masterpiece of integration. Rather than 00:23:44.640 --> 00:23:47.270 align:start position:0% masterpiece of integration. Rather than having<00:23:45.039> separate<00:23:45.520> radios<00:23:46.000> for<00:23:46.320> voice,<00:23:46.799> video, 00:23:47.270 --> 00:23:47.280 align:start position:0% having separate radios for voice, video, 00:23:47.280 --> 00:23:50.549 align:start position:0% having separate radios for voice, video, and<00:23:47.760> spacecraft<00:23:48.480> health<00:23:48.799> data,<00:23:49.600> the<00:23:49.919> USB 00:23:50.549 --> 00:23:50.559 align:start position:0% and spacecraft health data, the USB 00:23:50.559 --> 00:23:52.470 align:start position:0% and spacecraft health data, the USB combined<00:23:51.039> them<00:23:51.200> into<00:23:51.600> a<00:23:51.840> single 00:23:52.470 --> 00:23:52.480 align:start position:0% combined them into a single 00:23:52.480 --> 00:23:55.830 align:start position:0% combined them into a single highfrequency<00:23:53.760> stream.<00:23:55.200> Managing<00:23:55.600> the 00:23:55.830 --> 00:23:55.840 align:start position:0% highfrequency stream. Managing the 00:23:55.840 --> 00:23:58.149 align:start position:0% highfrequency stream. Managing the stream<00:23:56.240> was<00:23:56.480> the<00:23:56.720> manned<00:23:57.280> space<00:23:57.760> flight 00:23:58.149 --> 00:23:58.159 align:start position:0% stream was the manned space flight 00:23:58.159 --> 00:24:00.549 align:start position:0% stream was the manned space flight network<00:23:58.960> coordinated<00:23:59.520> by<00:23:59.679> the<00:23:59.840> Goddard<00:24:00.240> Space 00:24:00.549 --> 00:24:00.559 align:start position:0% network coordinated by the Goddard Space 00:24:00.559 --> 00:24:03.029 align:start position:0% network coordinated by the Goddard Space Flight<00:24:00.880> Center.<00:24:01.760> Because<00:24:02.080> the<00:24:02.320> Earth<00:24:02.640> is<00:24:02.799> a 00:24:03.029 --> 00:24:03.039 align:start position:0% Flight Center. Because the Earth is a 00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:05.430 align:start position:0% Flight Center. Because the Earth is a rotating<00:24:03.600> sphere,<00:24:04.159> NASA<00:24:04.720> couldn't<00:24:04.960> rely<00:24:05.280> on 00:24:05.430 --> 00:24:05.440 align:start position:0% rotating sphere, NASA couldn't rely on 00:24:05.440 --> 00:24:08.710 align:start position:0% rotating sphere, NASA couldn't rely on just<00:24:05.679> one<00:24:05.919> antenna.<00:24:06.960> They<00:24:07.280> deployed<00:24:07.840> a<00:24:08.159> global 00:24:08.710 --> 00:24:08.720 align:start position:0% just one antenna. They deployed a global 00:24:08.720 --> 00:24:10.789 align:start position:0% just one antenna. They deployed a global safety<00:24:09.120> net<00:24:09.360> to<00:24:09.520> ensure<00:24:10.000> messages<00:24:10.559> got 00:24:10.789 --> 00:24:10.799 align:start position:0% safety net to ensure messages got 00:24:10.799 --> 00:24:14.310 align:start position:0% safety net to ensure messages got through.<00:24:11.679> This<00:24:11.840> net<00:24:12.240> consisted<00:24:12.720> of<00:24:13.440> 17<00:24:13.919> ground 00:24:14.310 --> 00:24:14.320 align:start position:0% through. This net consisted of 17 ground 00:24:14.320 --> 00:24:16.470 align:start position:0% through. This net consisted of 17 ground stations<00:24:14.799> scattered<00:24:15.279> from<00:24:15.600> Madrid<00:24:16.080> to 00:24:16.470 --> 00:24:16.480 align:start position:0% stations scattered from Madrid to 00:24:16.480 --> 00:24:19.430 align:start position:0% stations scattered from Madrid to Canberra,<00:24:17.600> four<00:24:18.080> tracking<00:24:18.480> ships<00:24:18.960> positioned 00:24:19.430 --> 00:24:19.440 align:start position:0% Canberra, four tracking ships positioned 00:24:19.440 --> 00:24:21.350 align:start position:0% Canberra, four tracking ships positioned in<00:24:19.600> the<00:24:19.760> vast<00:24:20.080> stretches<00:24:20.480> of<00:24:20.640> the<00:24:20.799> Atlantic 00:24:21.350 --> 00:24:21.360 align:start position:0% in the vast stretches of the Atlantic 00:24:21.360 --> 00:24:24.549 align:start position:0% in the vast stretches of the Atlantic and<00:24:21.600> Pacific,<00:24:22.640> and<00:24:22.799> a<00:24:23.039> fleet<00:24:23.279> of<00:24:23.520> eight<00:24:24.000> Apollo 00:24:24.549 --> 00:24:24.559 align:start position:0% and Pacific, and a fleet of eight Apollo 00:24:24.559 --> 00:24:27.110 align:start position:0% and Pacific, and a fleet of eight Apollo range<00:24:24.960> instrumentation<00:24:25.840> aircraft<00:24:26.799> designed 00:24:27.110 --> 00:24:27.120 align:start position:0% range instrumentation aircraft designed 00:24:27.120 --> 00:24:29.190 align:start position:0% range instrumentation aircraft designed to<00:24:27.360> catch<00:24:27.679> signals<00:24:28.159> where<00:24:28.480> ships<00:24:28.880> couldn't 00:24:29.190 --> 00:24:29.200 align:start position:0% to catch signals where ships couldn't 00:24:29.200 --> 00:24:32.390 align:start position:0% to catch signals where ships couldn't reach.<00:24:30.320> and<00:24:30.640> all<00:24:30.880> these<00:24:31.120> signals<00:24:31.760> needed<00:24:32.159> to 00:24:32.390 --> 00:24:32.400 align:start position:0% reach. and all these signals needed to 00:24:32.400 --> 00:24:34.950 align:start position:0% reach. and all these signals needed to be<00:24:32.559> able<00:24:32.720> to<00:24:32.880> be<00:24:33.039> received<00:24:33.520> by<00:24:33.760> the<00:24:33.919> spacecraft 00:24:34.950 --> 00:24:34.960 align:start position:0% be able to be received by the spacecraft 00:24:34.960 --> 00:24:36.789 align:start position:0% be able to be received by the spacecraft which<00:24:35.200> had<00:24:35.440> its<00:24:35.760> own<00:24:36.159> specialized 00:24:36.789 --> 00:24:36.799 align:start position:0% which had its own specialized 00:24:36.799 --> 00:24:40.230 align:start position:0% which had its own specialized technology.<00:24:38.080> The<00:24:38.320> command<00:24:38.640> module<00:24:39.120> used<00:24:39.520> four 00:24:40.230 --> 00:24:40.240 align:start position:0% technology. The command module used four 00:24:40.240 --> 00:24:42.789 align:start position:0% technology. The command module used four omnidirectional<00:24:41.120> antennas<00:24:41.600> for<00:24:41.919> close<00:24:42.240> range 00:24:42.789 --> 00:24:42.799 align:start position:0% omnidirectional antennas for close range 00:24:42.799 --> 00:24:45.269 align:start position:0% omnidirectional antennas for close range but<00:24:43.039> once<00:24:43.279> in<00:24:43.440> deep<00:24:43.679> space<00:24:44.080> it<00:24:44.320> relied<00:24:44.720> on<00:24:45.039> a 00:24:45.269 --> 00:24:45.279 align:start position:0% but once in deep space it relied on a 00:24:45.279 --> 00:24:48.789 align:start position:0% but once in deep space it relied on a steerable<00:24:46.320> high<00:24:46.799> gain<00:24:47.120> antenna,<00:24:48.000> a<00:24:48.240> cluster 00:24:48.789 --> 00:24:48.799 align:start position:0% steerable high gain antenna, a cluster 00:24:48.799 --> 00:24:53.590 align:start position:0% steerable high gain antenna, a cluster of<00:24:49.200> four<00:24:49.840> 31in<00:24:50.960> parabolic<00:24:51.760> dishes.<00:24:53.039> The<00:24:53.279> Luna 00:24:53.590 --> 00:24:53.600 align:start position:0% of four 31in parabolic dishes. The Luna 00:24:53.600 --> 00:24:56.630 align:start position:0% of four 31in parabolic dishes. The Luna module<00:24:54.000> carried<00:24:54.320> its<00:24:54.559> own<00:24:55.039> 26-in<00:24:56.080> steerable 00:24:56.630 --> 00:24:56.640 align:start position:0% module carried its own 26-in steerable 00:24:56.640 --> 00:24:59.190 align:start position:0% module carried its own 26-in steerable dish.<00:24:57.600> And<00:24:57.760> for<00:24:58.000> the<00:24:58.159> historic<00:24:58.640> broadcast 00:24:59.190 --> 00:24:59.200 align:start position:0% dish. And for the historic broadcast 00:24:59.200 --> 00:25:01.590 align:start position:0% dish. And for the historic broadcast from<00:24:59.360> the<00:24:59.520> lunar<00:24:59.919> surface,<00:25:00.799> the<00:25:00.960> astronauts 00:25:01.590 --> 00:25:01.600 align:start position:0% from the lunar surface, the astronauts 00:25:01.600 --> 00:25:04.390 align:start position:0% from the lunar surface, the astronauts even<00:25:01.919> deployed<00:25:02.480> a<00:25:02.799> 10<00:25:03.039> ft<00:25:03.520> collapsible 00:25:04.390 --> 00:25:04.400 align:start position:0% even deployed a 10 ft collapsible 00:25:04.400 --> 00:25:06.710 align:start position:0% even deployed a 10 ft collapsible umbrella<00:25:04.799> antenna<00:25:05.440> to<00:25:05.760> ensure<00:25:06.080> the<00:25:06.400> world 00:25:06.710 --> 00:25:06.720 align:start position:0% umbrella antenna to ensure the world 00:25:06.720 --> 00:25:09.750 align:start position:0% umbrella antenna to ensure the world could<00:25:06.960> see<00:25:07.360> their<00:25:07.679> first<00:25:08.000> steps.<00:25:09.279> But<00:25:09.520> even 00:25:09.750 --> 00:25:09.760 align:start position:0% could see their first steps. But even 00:25:09.760 --> 00:25:13.269 align:start position:0% could see their first steps. But even with<00:25:10.159> all<00:25:10.400> of<00:25:10.640> this,<00:25:11.279> there<00:25:11.520> was<00:25:11.760> a<00:25:12.000> hole.<00:25:13.039> For 00:25:13.269 --> 00:25:13.279 align:start position:0% with all of this, there was a hole. For 00:25:13.279 --> 00:25:16.390 align:start position:0% with all of this, there was a hole. For roughly<00:25:13.760> 48<00:25:14.400> minutes<00:25:14.720> of<00:25:14.880> every<00:25:15.279> 2hour<00:25:16.000> lunar 00:25:16.390 --> 00:25:16.400 align:start position:0% roughly 48 minutes of every 2hour lunar 00:25:16.400 --> 00:25:18.710 align:start position:0% roughly 48 minutes of every 2hour lunar orbit,<00:25:17.039> the<00:25:17.279> craft<00:25:17.600> would<00:25:17.840> pass<00:25:18.159> behind<00:25:18.480> the 00:25:18.710 --> 00:25:18.720 align:start position:0% orbit, the craft would pass behind the 00:25:18.720 --> 00:25:20.870 align:start position:0% orbit, the craft would pass behind the far<00:25:18.960> side<00:25:19.200> of<00:25:19.279> the<00:25:19.440> moon<00:25:20.000> and<00:25:20.159> the<00:25:20.400> signal 00:25:20.870 --> 00:25:20.880 align:start position:0% far side of the moon and the signal 00:25:20.880 --> 00:25:23.350 align:start position:0% far side of the moon and the signal would<00:25:21.120> be<00:25:21.279> lost.<00:25:22.320> In<00:25:22.559> this<00:25:22.720> window,<00:25:23.120> the 00:25:23.350 --> 00:25:23.360 align:start position:0% would be lost. In this window, the 00:25:23.360 --> 00:25:26.390 align:start position:0% would be lost. In this window, the astronauts<00:25:23.919> were<00:25:24.240> truly<00:25:24.880> alone,<00:25:25.919> cut<00:25:26.240> off 00:25:26.390 --> 00:25:26.400 align:start position:0% astronauts were truly alone, cut off 00:25:26.400 --> 00:25:29.110 align:start position:0% astronauts were truly alone, cut off from<00:25:26.799> all<00:25:27.200> human<00:25:27.600> contact<00:25:28.480> until<00:25:28.799> they 00:25:29.110 --> 00:25:29.120 align:start position:0% from all human contact until they 00:25:29.120 --> 00:25:31.669 align:start position:0% from all human contact until they rounded<00:25:29.520> the<00:25:29.679> corner<00:25:30.240> and<00:25:30.559> Earth<00:25:30.880> rose<00:25:31.440> over 00:25:31.669 --> 00:25:31.679 align:start position:0% rounded the corner and Earth rose over 00:25:31.679 --> 00:25:34.630 align:start position:0% rounded the corner and Earth rose over the<00:25:31.919> horizon.<00:25:33.200> This<00:25:33.440> meant<00:25:33.760> that<00:25:34.240> huge 00:25:34.630 --> 00:25:34.640 align:start position:0% the horizon. This meant that huge 00:25:34.640 --> 00:25:36.630 align:start position:0% the horizon. This meant that huge sections<00:25:35.039> of<00:25:35.200> one<00:25:35.360> of<00:25:35.440> the<00:25:35.600> most<00:25:36.000> important 00:25:36.630 --> 00:25:36.640 align:start position:0% sections of one of the most important 00:25:36.640 --> 00:25:40.070 align:start position:0% sections of one of the most important moments<00:25:37.039> in<00:25:37.200> the<00:25:37.440> mission<00:25:38.400> occurred<00:25:39.039> in<00:25:39.440> radio 00:25:40.070 --> 00:25:40.080 align:start position:0% moments in the mission occurred in radio 00:25:40.080 --> 00:25:44.390 align:start position:0% moments in the mission occurred in radio silence.<00:25:41.520> The<00:25:41.760> Descent. 00:25:44.390 --> 00:25:44.400 align:start position:0% silence. The Descent. 00:25:44.400 --> 00:25:46.310 align:start position:0% silence. The Descent. In<00:25:44.640> the<00:25:44.799> decade<00:25:45.200> leading<00:25:45.440> up<00:25:45.600> to<00:25:45.679> the<00:25:45.840> Apollo 00:25:46.310 --> 00:25:46.320 align:start position:0% In the decade leading up to the Apollo 00:25:46.320 --> 00:25:48.870 align:start position:0% In the decade leading up to the Apollo 11<00:25:46.720> landing,<00:25:47.279> the<00:25:47.520> lunar<00:25:47.840> surface<00:25:48.320> was<00:25:48.559> a 00:25:48.870 --> 00:25:48.880 align:start position:0% 11 landing, the lunar surface was a 00:25:48.880 --> 00:25:51.350 align:start position:0% 11 landing, the lunar surface was a scientific<00:25:49.520> enigma<00:25:50.400> that<00:25:50.799> invited 00:25:51.350 --> 00:25:51.360 align:start position:0% scientific enigma that invited 00:25:51.360 --> 00:25:54.390 align:start position:0% scientific enigma that invited terrifying<00:25:52.080> speculation.<00:25:53.520> Without<00:25:53.919> direct 00:25:54.390 --> 00:25:54.400 align:start position:0% terrifying speculation. Without direct 00:25:54.400 --> 00:25:57.269 align:start position:0% terrifying speculation. Without direct physical<00:25:54.799> samples,<00:25:55.679> NASA's<00:25:56.240> planners<00:25:56.799> had<00:25:57.039> to 00:25:57.269 --> 00:25:57.279 align:start position:0% physical samples, NASA's planners had to 00:25:57.279 --> 00:25:59.590 align:start position:0% physical samples, NASA's planners had to account<00:25:57.600> for<00:25:57.919> a<00:25:58.240> myriad<00:25:58.799> of<00:25:59.120> potential 00:25:59.590 --> 00:25:59.600 align:start position:0% account for a myriad of potential 00:25:59.600 --> 00:26:02.230 align:start position:0% account for a myriad of potential theories.<00:26:00.799> The<00:26:01.039> most<00:26:01.279> prominent<00:26:01.679> of<00:26:01.840> these 00:26:02.230 --> 00:26:02.240 align:start position:0% theories. The most prominent of these 00:26:02.240 --> 00:26:05.909 align:start position:0% theories. The most prominent of these was<00:26:02.480> the<00:26:03.039> fairy<00:26:03.600> castle<00:26:04.080> theory<00:26:05.039> proposed<00:26:05.440> by 00:26:05.909 --> 00:26:05.919 align:start position:0% was the fairy castle theory proposed by 00:26:05.919 --> 00:26:08.310 align:start position:0% was the fairy castle theory proposed by Cornell<00:26:06.400> astrophysicist<00:26:07.360> Thomas<00:26:07.760> Gold<00:26:08.080> in 00:26:08.310 --> 00:26:08.320 align:start position:0% Cornell astrophysicist Thomas Gold in 00:26:08.320 --> 00:26:09.830 align:start position:0% Cornell astrophysicist Thomas Gold in 1956. 00:26:09.830 --> 00:26:09.840 align:start position:0% 1956. 00:26:09.840 --> 00:26:11.909 align:start position:0% 1956. He<00:26:10.080> argued<00:26:10.480> that<00:26:10.880> billions<00:26:11.279> of<00:26:11.440> years<00:26:11.679> of 00:26:11.909 --> 00:26:11.919 align:start position:0% He argued that billions of years of 00:26:11.919 --> 00:26:14.230 align:start position:0% He argued that billions of years of micrometeorite<00:26:12.880> bombardment<00:26:13.600> had<00:26:13.840> ground 00:26:14.230 --> 00:26:14.240 align:start position:0% micrometeorite bombardment had ground 00:26:14.240 --> 00:26:16.310 align:start position:0% micrometeorite bombardment had ground the<00:26:14.400> lunar<00:26:14.720> surface<00:26:15.120> into<00:26:15.360> a<00:26:15.600> fine 00:26:16.310 --> 00:26:16.320 align:start position:0% the lunar surface into a fine 00:26:16.320 --> 00:26:19.350 align:start position:0% the lunar surface into a fine electrostatic<00:26:17.279> dust<00:26:18.240> in<00:26:18.400> the<00:26:18.559> moon's<00:26:18.960> vacuum. 00:26:19.350 --> 00:26:19.360 align:start position:0% electrostatic dust in the moon's vacuum. 00:26:19.360 --> 00:26:21.510 align:start position:0% electrostatic dust in the moon's vacuum. He<00:26:19.600> said<00:26:20.159> these<00:26:20.480> grains<00:26:20.880> would<00:26:21.120> cling 00:26:21.510 --> 00:26:21.520 align:start position:0% He said these grains would cling 00:26:21.520 --> 00:26:24.230 align:start position:0% He said these grains would cling together<00:26:21.919> in<00:26:22.240> loose<00:26:22.880> porous<00:26:23.360> structures<00:26:23.919> like 00:26:24.230 --> 00:26:24.240 align:start position:0% together in loose porous structures like 00:26:24.240 --> 00:26:26.470 align:start position:0% together in loose porous structures like fairy<00:26:24.640> castles<00:26:25.360> that<00:26:25.679> would<00:26:25.919> have<00:26:26.159> the 00:26:26.470 --> 00:26:26.480 align:start position:0% fairy castles that would have the 00:26:26.480 --> 00:26:29.669 align:start position:0% fairy castles that would have the structural<00:26:27.039> integrity<00:26:27.760> of<00:26:27.919> a<00:26:28.240> spiderweb. 00:26:29.669 --> 00:26:29.679 align:start position:0% structural integrity of a spiderweb. 00:26:29.679 --> 00:26:32.470 align:start position:0% structural integrity of a spiderweb. Gold<00:26:30.080> warned<00:26:30.320> NASA<00:26:30.960> that<00:26:31.440> even<00:26:31.679> though<00:26:32.000> on<00:26:32.320> the 00:26:32.470 --> 00:26:32.480 align:start position:0% Gold warned NASA that even though on the 00:26:32.480 --> 00:26:35.350 align:start position:0% Gold warned NASA that even though on the moon<00:26:32.720> it<00:26:32.960> would<00:26:33.200> be<00:26:33.520> 2.5<00:26:34.240> tons<00:26:34.720> thanks<00:26:35.039> to 00:26:35.350 --> 00:26:35.360 align:start position:0% moon it would be 2.5 tons thanks to 00:26:35.360 --> 00:26:39.430 align:start position:0% moon it would be 2.5 tons thanks to lower<00:26:35.760> gravity,<00:26:36.640> a<00:26:37.120> 15<00:26:37.679> ton<00:26:38.080> lunar<00:26:38.559> module 00:26:39.430 --> 00:26:39.440 align:start position:0% lower gravity, a 15 ton lunar module 00:26:39.440 --> 00:26:41.269 align:start position:0% lower gravity, a 15 ton lunar module wouldn't<00:26:39.840> be<00:26:40.000> able<00:26:40.240> to<00:26:40.400> land<00:26:40.720> on<00:26:41.039> this 00:26:41.269 --> 00:26:41.279 align:start position:0% wouldn't be able to land on this 00:26:41.279 --> 00:26:44.149 align:start position:0% wouldn't be able to land on this surface.<00:26:42.080> It<00:26:42.320> would<00:26:42.640> sink<00:26:43.039> like<00:26:43.279> a<00:26:43.520> stone<00:26:43.840> into 00:26:44.149 --> 00:26:44.159 align:start position:0% surface. It would sink like a stone into 00:26:44.159 --> 00:26:47.190 align:start position:0% surface. It would sink like a stone into water,<00:26:44.960> burying<00:26:45.440> the<00:26:45.679> astronauts<00:26:46.320> in<00:26:46.559> a<00:26:46.799> miles 00:26:47.190 --> 00:26:47.200 align:start position:0% water, burying the astronauts in a miles 00:26:47.200 --> 00:26:50.870 align:start position:0% water, burying the astronauts in a miles deep<00:26:47.600> sea<00:26:48.000> of<00:26:48.240> dust.<00:26:49.679> Other<00:26:50.000> researchers<00:26:50.640> such 00:26:50.870 --> 00:26:50.880 align:start position:0% deep sea of dust. Other researchers such 00:26:50.880 --> 00:26:54.070 align:start position:0% deep sea of dust. Other researchers such as<00:26:51.200> JD<00:26:51.760> Bennell<00:26:52.640> feared<00:26:53.120> a<00:26:53.440> different<00:26:53.679> kind<00:26:53.919> of 00:26:54.070 --> 00:26:54.080 align:start position:0% as JD Bennell feared a different kind of 00:26:54.080 --> 00:26:56.310 align:start position:0% as JD Bennell feared a different kind of instability.<00:26:55.360> They<00:26:55.600> theorized<00:26:56.000> that<00:26:56.159> the 00:26:56.310 --> 00:26:56.320 align:start position:0% instability. They theorized that the 00:26:56.320 --> 00:26:59.430 align:start position:0% instability. They theorized that the lunar<00:26:56.640> regalith<00:26:57.200> might<00:26:57.440> be<00:26:58.000> pyrooric, 00:26:59.430 --> 00:26:59.440 align:start position:0% lunar regalith might be pyrooric, 00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:02.870 align:start position:0% lunar regalith might be pyrooric, chemically<00:27:00.080> hungry,<00:27:00.960> and<00:27:01.279> highly<00:27:01.760> reactive. 00:27:02.870 --> 00:27:02.880 align:start position:0% chemically hungry, and highly reactive. 00:27:02.880 --> 00:27:04.549 align:start position:0% chemically hungry, and highly reactive. He<00:27:03.120> worried<00:27:03.360> that<00:27:03.600> the<00:27:03.760> moment<00:27:04.000> the<00:27:04.240> hot 00:27:04.549 --> 00:27:04.559 align:start position:0% He worried that the moment the hot 00:27:04.559 --> 00:27:07.190 align:start position:0% He worried that the moment the hot exhaust<00:27:05.039> touched<00:27:05.360> the<00:27:05.600> pristine<00:27:06.080> lunar<00:27:06.480> soil, 00:27:07.190 --> 00:27:07.200 align:start position:0% exhaust touched the pristine lunar soil, 00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:10.070 align:start position:0% exhaust touched the pristine lunar soil, it<00:27:07.440> would<00:27:07.600> trigger<00:27:08.000> a<00:27:08.320> violent<00:27:09.360> explosive 00:27:10.070 --> 00:27:10.080 align:start position:0% it would trigger a violent explosive 00:27:10.080 --> 00:27:12.070 align:start position:0% it would trigger a violent explosive chain<00:27:10.480> reaction. 00:27:12.070 --> 00:27:12.080 align:start position:0% chain reaction. 00:27:12.080 --> 00:27:14.070 align:start position:0% chain reaction. Even<00:27:12.400> the<00:27:12.559> craters<00:27:13.039> themselves<00:27:13.600> were<00:27:13.840> a 00:27:14.070 --> 00:27:14.080 align:start position:0% Even the craters themselves were a 00:27:14.080 --> 00:27:16.230 align:start position:0% Even the craters themselves were a source<00:27:14.320> of<00:27:14.480> dread.<00:27:15.279> Some<00:27:15.600> geologists 00:27:16.230 --> 00:27:16.240 align:start position:0% source of dread. Some geologists 00:27:16.240 --> 00:27:17.830 align:start position:0% source of dread. Some geologists believed<00:27:16.480> that<00:27:16.720> the<00:27:16.880> lips<00:27:17.200> of<00:27:17.360> the<00:27:17.520> lunar 00:27:17.830 --> 00:27:17.840 align:start position:0% believed that the lips of the lunar 00:27:17.840 --> 00:27:20.230 align:start position:0% believed that the lips of the lunar craters<00:27:18.240> were<00:27:18.400> so<00:27:18.720> fragile<00:27:19.440> the<00:27:19.679> mere<00:27:20.000> weight 00:27:20.230 --> 00:27:20.240 align:start position:0% craters were so fragile the mere weight 00:27:20.240 --> 00:27:22.310 align:start position:0% craters were so fragile the mere weight of<00:27:20.320> a<00:27:20.559> spacecraft<00:27:21.360> would<00:27:21.679> cause<00:27:22.000> a 00:27:22.310 --> 00:27:22.320 align:start position:0% of a spacecraft would cause a 00:27:22.320 --> 00:27:25.029 align:start position:0% of a spacecraft would cause a catastrophic<00:27:23.200> collapse,<00:27:24.080> tipping<00:27:24.480> the<00:27:24.720> lunar 00:27:25.029 --> 00:27:25.039 align:start position:0% catastrophic collapse, tipping the lunar 00:27:25.039 --> 00:27:27.510 align:start position:0% catastrophic collapse, tipping the lunar module<00:27:25.760> and<00:27:26.000> leaving<00:27:26.320> the<00:27:26.480> crew<00:27:26.799> stranded<00:27:27.360> on 00:27:27.510 --> 00:27:27.520 align:start position:0% module and leaving the crew stranded on 00:27:27.520 --> 00:27:30.230 align:start position:0% module and leaving the crew stranded on their<00:27:27.760> sides,<00:27:28.480> unable<00:27:29.120> to<00:27:29.360> launch<00:27:29.760> back<00:27:30.000> to 00:27:30.230 --> 00:27:30.240 align:start position:0% their sides, unable to launch back to 00:27:30.240 --> 00:27:33.830 align:start position:0% their sides, unable to launch back to orbit.<00:27:31.600> NASA's<00:27:32.240> engineers<00:27:33.279> couldn't 00:27:33.830 --> 00:27:33.840 align:start position:0% orbit. NASA's engineers couldn't 00:27:33.840 --> 00:27:36.549 align:start position:0% orbit. NASA's engineers couldn't disprove<00:27:34.400> these<00:27:34.720> theories,<00:27:35.600> so<00:27:35.840> they<00:27:36.080> did<00:27:36.320> the 00:27:36.549 --> 00:27:36.559 align:start position:0% disprove these theories, so they did the 00:27:36.559 --> 00:27:38.549 align:start position:0% disprove these theories, so they did the only<00:27:36.799> thing<00:27:36.960> they<00:27:37.279> could.<00:27:38.080> They 00:27:38.549 --> 00:27:38.559 align:start position:0% only thing they could. They 00:27:38.559 --> 00:27:41.430 align:start position:0% only thing they could. They overengineered<00:27:40.000> for<00:27:40.400> every<00:27:40.880> possible 00:27:41.430 --> 00:27:41.440 align:start position:0% overengineered for every possible 00:27:41.440 --> 00:27:43.029 align:start position:0% overengineered for every possible nightmare. 00:27:43.029 --> 00:27:43.039 align:start position:0% nightmare. 00:27:43.039 --> 00:27:46.230 align:start position:0% nightmare. The<00:27:43.279> Luna<00:27:43.679> module<00:27:44.080> was<00:27:44.320> designed<00:27:44.640> with<00:27:44.880> a<00:27:45.200> wide 00:27:46.230 --> 00:27:46.240 align:start position:0% The Luna module was designed with a wide 00:27:46.240 --> 00:27:49.110 align:start position:0% The Luna module was designed with a wide splade<00:27:46.799> stance.<00:27:47.760> Its<00:27:48.080> four<00:27:48.400> landing<00:27:48.799> legs 00:27:49.110 --> 00:27:49.120 align:start position:0% splade stance. Its four landing legs 00:27:49.120 --> 00:27:51.590 align:start position:0% splade stance. Its four landing legs contained<00:27:49.679> honeycomb<00:27:50.320> aluminium<00:27:50.960> structures 00:27:51.590 --> 00:27:51.600 align:start position:0% contained honeycomb aluminium structures 00:27:51.600 --> 00:27:53.830 align:start position:0% contained honeycomb aluminium structures designed<00:27:51.919> to<00:27:52.080> compress<00:27:52.559> upon<00:27:52.960> impact, 00:27:53.830 --> 00:27:53.840 align:start position:0% designed to compress upon impact, 00:27:53.840 --> 00:27:56.310 align:start position:0% designed to compress upon impact, absorbing<00:27:54.320> the<00:27:54.559> shock<00:27:54.799> of<00:27:54.960> a<00:27:55.200> hard<00:27:55.520> landing 00:27:56.310 --> 00:27:56.320 align:start position:0% absorbing the shock of a hard landing 00:27:56.320 --> 00:27:58.710 align:start position:0% absorbing the shock of a hard landing and<00:27:56.640> preventing<00:27:56.960> the<00:27:57.200> craft<00:27:57.440> from<00:27:57.679> tipping. 00:27:58.710 --> 00:27:58.720 align:start position:0% and preventing the craft from tipping. 00:27:58.720 --> 00:28:02.310 align:start position:0% and preventing the craft from tipping. At<00:27:58.960> the<00:27:59.039> end<00:27:59.200> of<00:27:59.279> these<00:27:59.520> legs<00:28:00.080> sat<00:28:00.799> 37in 00:28:02.310 --> 00:28:02.320 align:start position:0% At the end of these legs sat 37in 00:28:02.320 --> 00:28:05.669 align:start position:0% At the end of these legs sat 37in circular<00:28:02.880> foot<00:28:03.200> pads,<00:28:04.000> large<00:28:04.720> discshaped 00:28:05.669 --> 00:28:05.679 align:start position:0% circular foot pads, large discshaped 00:28:05.679 --> 00:28:08.789 align:start position:0% circular foot pads, large discshaped snowshoes<00:28:06.799> designed<00:28:07.200> to<00:28:07.520> spread<00:28:08.000> the<00:28:08.240> LM's 00:28:08.789 --> 00:28:08.799 align:start position:0% snowshoes designed to spread the LM's 00:28:08.799 --> 00:28:11.190 align:start position:0% snowshoes designed to spread the LM's weight<00:28:09.039> across<00:28:09.440> the<00:28:09.679> dust,<00:28:10.399> ensuring<00:28:10.880> it 00:28:11.190 --> 00:28:11.200 align:start position:0% weight across the dust, ensuring it 00:28:11.200 --> 00:28:13.029 align:start position:0% weight across the dust, ensuring it stayed<00:28:11.520> on<00:28:11.760> the<00:28:11.919> surface<00:28:12.480> rather<00:28:12.799> than 00:28:13.029 --> 00:28:13.039 align:start position:0% stayed on the surface rather than 00:28:13.039 --> 00:28:16.230 align:start position:0% stayed on the surface rather than sinking<00:28:13.440> into<00:28:13.760> it.<00:28:14.880> Dangling<00:28:15.440> beneath<00:28:16.000> three 00:28:16.230 --> 00:28:16.240 align:start position:0% sinking into it. Dangling beneath three 00:28:16.240 --> 00:28:19.669 align:start position:0% sinking into it. Dangling beneath three of<00:28:16.320> these<00:28:16.559> foot<00:28:16.880> pads<00:28:17.200> were<00:28:17.600> 68in<00:28:18.799> long<00:28:19.279> blue 00:28:19.669 --> 00:28:19.679 align:start position:0% of these foot pads were 68in long blue 00:28:19.679 --> 00:28:23.190 align:start position:0% of these foot pads were 68in long blue probes.<00:28:20.799> They<00:28:21.120> were<00:28:21.520> the<00:28:21.760> spacecraft's<00:28:22.799> cat 00:28:23.190 --> 00:28:23.200 align:start position:0% probes. They were the spacecraft's cat 00:28:23.200 --> 00:28:25.990 align:start position:0% probes. They were the spacecraft's cat whiskers.<00:28:24.559> The<00:28:24.799> moment<00:28:25.120> the<00:28:25.279> probe<00:28:25.679> touched 00:28:25.990 --> 00:28:26.000 align:start position:0% whiskers. The moment the probe touched 00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:28.630 align:start position:0% whiskers. The moment the probe touched the<00:28:26.159> lunar<00:28:26.480> soil,<00:28:27.120> a<00:28:27.520> lunar<00:28:27.919> contact<00:28:28.320> light 00:28:28.630 --> 00:28:28.640 align:start position:0% the lunar soil, a lunar contact light 00:28:28.640 --> 00:28:31.190 align:start position:0% the lunar soil, a lunar contact light would<00:28:28.880> glow<00:28:29.200> blue<00:28:29.440> in<00:28:29.600> the<00:28:29.760> cockpit.<00:28:30.799> This<00:28:31.039> was 00:28:31.190 --> 00:28:31.200 align:start position:0% would glow blue in the cockpit. This was 00:28:31.200 --> 00:28:32.789 align:start position:0% would glow blue in the cockpit. This was the<00:28:31.440> signal<00:28:31.679> for<00:28:31.760> the<00:28:31.919> astronauts<00:28:32.399> to<00:28:32.559> shut 00:28:32.789 --> 00:28:32.799 align:start position:0% the signal for the astronauts to shut 00:28:32.799 --> 00:28:35.029 align:start position:0% the signal for the astronauts to shut down<00:28:33.039> the<00:28:33.200> engine<00:28:33.600> immediately.<00:28:34.480> A<00:28:34.640> critical 00:28:35.029 --> 00:28:35.039 align:start position:0% down the engine immediately. A critical 00:28:35.039 --> 00:28:37.029 align:start position:0% down the engine immediately. A critical move<00:28:35.360> to<00:28:35.600> prevent<00:28:35.840> the<00:28:36.080> engine<00:28:36.480> pressure<00:28:36.799> from 00:28:37.029 --> 00:28:37.039 align:start position:0% move to prevent the engine pressure from 00:28:37.039 --> 00:28:38.870 align:start position:0% move to prevent the engine pressure from building<00:28:37.360> up<00:28:37.600> against<00:28:37.919> the<00:28:38.159> ground<00:28:38.640> and 00:28:38.870 --> 00:28:38.880 align:start position:0% building up against the ground and 00:28:38.880 --> 00:28:41.269 align:start position:0% building up against the ground and potentially<00:28:39.440> causing<00:28:39.919> an<00:28:40.159> explosion<00:28:40.799> or 00:28:41.269 --> 00:28:41.279 align:start position:0% potentially causing an explosion or 00:28:41.279 --> 00:28:43.990 align:start position:0% potentially causing an explosion or blowing<00:28:41.679> out<00:28:41.840> a<00:28:42.159> massive<00:28:42.960> unstable<00:28:43.600> crater 00:28:43.990 --> 00:28:44.000 align:start position:0% blowing out a massive unstable crater 00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:46.630 align:start position:0% blowing out a massive unstable crater beneath<00:28:44.320> them.<00:28:45.360> If<00:28:45.679> the<00:28:45.840> ground<00:28:46.159> began<00:28:46.480> to 00:28:46.630 --> 00:28:46.640 align:start position:0% beneath them. If the ground began to 00:28:46.640 --> 00:28:49.110 align:start position:0% beneath them. If the ground began to give<00:28:46.880> way<00:28:47.440> or<00:28:47.679> if<00:28:47.840> the<00:28:48.159> quicksand<00:28:48.799> proved 00:28:49.110 --> 00:28:49.120 align:start position:0% give way or if the quicksand proved 00:28:49.120 --> 00:28:52.070 align:start position:0% give way or if the quicksand proved real,<00:28:49.760> the<00:28:50.000> astronauts<00:28:50.559> had<00:28:50.799> a<00:28:50.960> panic<00:28:51.360> button. 00:28:52.070 --> 00:28:52.080 align:start position:0% real, the astronauts had a panic button. 00:28:52.080 --> 00:28:54.630 align:start position:0% real, the astronauts had a panic button. The<00:28:52.320> abort<00:28:52.960> guidance<00:28:53.440> system<00:28:53.840> allowed<00:28:54.240> for 00:28:54.630 --> 00:28:54.640 align:start position:0% The abort guidance system allowed for 00:28:54.640 --> 00:28:57.269 align:start position:0% The abort guidance system allowed for multiple<00:28:55.279> abort<00:28:55.840> modes.<00:28:56.640> With<00:28:56.799> a<00:28:57.039> single 00:28:57.269 --> 00:28:57.279 align:start position:0% multiple abort modes. With a single 00:28:57.279 --> 00:28:59.669 align:start position:0% multiple abort modes. With a single command,<00:28:57.919> the<00:28:58.159> bottom<00:28:58.480> half<00:28:58.720> of<00:28:58.880> the<00:28:59.039> LM, 00:28:59.669 --> 00:28:59.679 align:start position:0% command, the bottom half of the LM, 00:28:59.679 --> 00:29:01.590 align:start position:0% command, the bottom half of the LM, called<00:29:00.000> the<00:29:00.240> descent<00:29:00.640> stage,<00:29:01.200> would<00:29:01.440> be 00:29:01.590 --> 00:29:01.600 align:start position:0% called the descent stage, would be 00:29:01.600 --> 00:29:03.750 align:start position:0% called the descent stage, would be jettisoned,<00:29:02.480> and<00:29:02.720> the<00:29:02.880> other<00:29:03.039> half,<00:29:03.440> named 00:29:03.750 --> 00:29:03.760 align:start position:0% jettisoned, and the other half, named 00:29:03.760 --> 00:29:06.389 align:start position:0% jettisoned, and the other half, named the<00:29:04.080> ascent<00:29:04.480> stage,<00:29:05.039> would<00:29:05.279> fire,<00:29:06.080> kicking 00:29:06.389 --> 00:29:06.399 align:start position:0% the ascent stage, would fire, kicking 00:29:06.399 --> 00:29:09.430 align:start position:0% the ascent stage, would fire, kicking the<00:29:06.640> crew<00:29:07.039> back<00:29:07.279> into<00:29:07.600> the<00:29:07.760> safety<00:29:08.080> of<00:29:08.240> orbit. 00:29:09.430 --> 00:29:09.440 align:start position:0% the crew back into the safety of orbit. 00:29:09.440 --> 00:29:11.430 align:start position:0% the crew back into the safety of orbit. This<00:29:09.679> ability<00:29:10.080> for<00:29:10.240> the<00:29:10.399> LM<00:29:10.799> to<00:29:10.960> split<00:29:11.200> into 00:29:11.430 --> 00:29:11.440 align:start position:0% This ability for the LM to split into 00:29:11.440 --> 00:29:14.310 align:start position:0% This ability for the LM to split into two<00:29:11.679> halves<00:29:12.080> was<00:29:12.240> the<00:29:12.640> ultimate<00:29:13.039> fail<00:29:13.440> safe. 00:29:14.310 --> 00:29:14.320 align:start position:0% two halves was the ultimate fail safe. 00:29:14.320 --> 00:29:16.470 align:start position:0% two halves was the ultimate fail safe. The<00:29:14.559> Ascent<00:29:14.960> Stage<00:29:15.279> was<00:29:15.520> an<00:29:15.840> entirely 00:29:16.470 --> 00:29:16.480 align:start position:0% The Ascent Stage was an entirely 00:29:16.480 --> 00:29:19.350 align:start position:0% The Ascent Stage was an entirely independent<00:29:17.120> spacecraft<00:29:18.159> designed<00:29:18.480> to<00:29:18.720> fly 00:29:19.350 --> 00:29:19.360 align:start position:0% independent spacecraft designed to fly 00:29:19.360 --> 00:29:22.149 align:start position:0% independent spacecraft designed to fly even<00:29:19.679> if<00:29:20.000> the<00:29:20.159> descent<00:29:20.640> stage<00:29:20.960> was<00:29:21.279> tilted, 00:29:22.149 --> 00:29:22.159 align:start position:0% even if the descent stage was tilted, 00:29:22.159 --> 00:29:25.430 align:start position:0% even if the descent stage was tilted, sinking,<00:29:22.960> or<00:29:23.279> physically<00:29:23.760> damaged.<00:29:25.200> Inside 00:29:25.430 --> 00:29:25.440 align:start position:0% sinking, or physically damaged. Inside 00:29:25.440 --> 00:29:28.070 align:start position:0% sinking, or physically damaged. Inside the<00:29:25.679> Luna<00:29:26.000> module<00:29:26.399> cabin,<00:29:27.039> the<00:29:27.279> paranoia<00:29:27.840> of 00:29:28.070 --> 00:29:28.080 align:start position:0% the Luna module cabin, the paranoia of 00:29:28.080 --> 00:29:31.430 align:start position:0% the Luna module cabin, the paranoia of the<00:29:28.240> unknown<00:29:29.120> continued.<00:29:30.399> Every<00:29:30.799> inch<00:29:31.120> of<00:29:31.279> the 00:29:31.430 --> 00:29:31.440 align:start position:0% the unknown continued. Every inch of the 00:29:31.440 --> 00:29:33.350 align:start position:0% the unknown continued. Every inch of the interior<00:29:31.919> was<00:29:32.159> stripped<00:29:32.559> of<00:29:32.720> flammable 00:29:33.350 --> 00:29:33.360 align:start position:0% interior was stripped of flammable 00:29:33.360 --> 00:29:36.230 align:start position:0% interior was stripped of flammable materials<00:29:34.240> backed<00:29:34.640> by<00:29:35.200> dual<00:29:35.679> redundant 00:29:36.230 --> 00:29:36.240 align:start position:0% materials backed by dual redundant 00:29:36.240 --> 00:29:39.190 align:start position:0% materials backed by dual redundant oxygen<00:29:36.640> tanks<00:29:37.039> and<00:29:37.440> extra<00:29:37.919> power<00:29:38.240> reserves. 00:29:39.190 --> 00:29:39.200 align:start position:0% oxygen tanks and extra power reserves. 00:29:39.200 --> 00:29:41.190 align:start position:0% oxygen tanks and extra power reserves. Because<00:29:39.440> on<00:29:39.679> the<00:29:39.840> moon,<00:29:40.240> there<00:29:40.480> was<00:29:40.720> no<00:29:40.880> such 00:29:41.190 --> 00:29:41.200 align:start position:0% Because on the moon, there was no such 00:29:41.200 --> 00:29:44.070 align:start position:0% Because on the moon, there was no such thing<00:29:41.440> as<00:29:41.679> a<00:29:42.159> minor<00:29:42.640> complication. 00:29:44.070 --> 00:29:44.080 align:start position:0% thing as a minor complication. 00:29:44.080 --> 00:29:47.669 align:start position:0% thing as a minor complication. The<00:29:44.320> Apollo<00:29:44.880> 11<00:29:45.200> team<00:29:45.919> was<00:29:46.320> ready<00:29:46.720> for<00:29:47.279> any 00:29:47.669 --> 00:29:47.679 align:start position:0% The Apollo 11 team was ready for any 00:29:47.679 --> 00:29:52.789 align:start position:0% The Apollo 11 team was ready for any eventuality.<00:29:49.120> And<00:29:49.360> at<00:29:49.919> 1:44<00:29:50.960> p.m.<00:29:51.360> ET<00:29:52.320> on<00:29:52.559> the 00:29:52.789 --> 00:29:52.799 align:start position:0% eventuality. And at 1:44 p.m. ET on the 00:29:52.799 --> 00:29:55.750 align:start position:0% eventuality. And at 1:44 p.m. ET on the 20th<00:29:53.200> of<00:29:53.440> July,<00:29:54.159> 1969, 00:29:55.750 --> 00:29:55.760 align:start position:0% 20th of July, 1969, 00:29:55.760 --> 00:29:59.029 align:start position:0% 20th of July, 1969, Neil<00:29:56.159> Armstrong<00:29:57.039> and<00:29:57.279> Buzz<00:29:57.679> Aldrin<00:29:58.480> left<00:29:58.799> Mike 00:29:59.029 --> 00:29:59.039 align:start position:0% Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left Mike 00:29:59.039 --> 00:30:02.149 align:start position:0% Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left Mike Collins<00:29:59.600> in<00:29:59.840> the<00:30:00.080> CSM<00:30:01.120> and<00:30:01.440> began<00:30:01.840> their 00:30:02.149 --> 00:30:02.159 align:start position:0% Collins in the CSM and began their 00:30:02.159 --> 00:30:05.029 align:start position:0% Collins in the CSM and began their descent<00:30:02.720> to<00:30:02.960> the<00:30:03.120> lunar<00:30:03.520> surface. 00:30:05.029 --> 00:30:05.039 align:start position:0% descent to the lunar surface. 00:30:05.039 --> 00:30:06.710 align:start position:0% descent to the lunar surface. But 00:30:06.710 --> 00:30:06.720 align:start position:0% But 00:30:06.720 --> 00:30:10.470 align:start position:0% But it<00:30:06.960> was<00:30:07.120> far<00:30:07.360> from<00:30:07.600> a<00:30:07.760> smooth<00:30:08.080> ride. 00:30:10.470 --> 00:30:10.480 align:start position:0% it was far from a smooth ride. 00:30:10.480 --> 00:30:12.630 align:start position:0% it was far from a smooth ride. 12<00:30:10.799> minutes.<00:30:11.520> That<00:30:11.760> was<00:30:11.919> the<00:30:12.080> time<00:30:12.240> it<00:30:12.399> took 00:30:12.630 --> 00:30:12.640 align:start position:0% 12 minutes. That was the time it took 00:30:12.640 --> 00:30:15.510 align:start position:0% 12 minutes. That was the time it took for<00:30:12.799> Apollo<00:30:13.360> 11<00:30:13.679> to<00:30:13.919> fall<00:30:14.240> from<00:30:14.559> orbit<00:30:15.200> to 00:30:15.510 --> 00:30:15.520 align:start position:0% for Apollo 11 to fall from orbit to 00:30:15.520 --> 00:30:18.870 align:start position:0% for Apollo 11 to fall from orbit to history.<00:30:16.480> And<00:30:16.640> it<00:30:16.880> was<00:30:17.120> a<00:30:17.360> descent<00:30:18.000> defined<00:30:18.559> by 00:30:18.870 --> 00:30:18.880 align:start position:0% history. And it was a descent defined by 00:30:18.880 --> 00:30:20.389 align:start position:0% history. And it was a descent defined by chaos. 00:30:20.389 --> 00:30:20.399 align:start position:0% chaos. 00:30:20.399 --> 00:30:23.750 align:start position:0% chaos. It<00:30:20.640> began<00:30:21.360> with<00:30:21.600> a<00:30:21.760> positional<00:30:22.399> error.<00:30:23.279> As<00:30:23.520> the 00:30:23.750 --> 00:30:23.760 align:start position:0% It began with a positional error. As the 00:30:23.760 --> 00:30:26.630 align:start position:0% It began with a positional error. As the LM<00:30:24.320> Eagle<00:30:24.799> emerged<00:30:25.200> from<00:30:25.440> behind<00:30:25.760> the<00:30:26.000> moon, 00:30:26.630 --> 00:30:26.640 align:start position:0% LM Eagle emerged from behind the moon, 00:30:26.640 --> 00:30:28.470 align:start position:0% LM Eagle emerged from behind the moon, Neil<00:30:26.960> Armstrong<00:30:27.520> realized<00:30:27.919> that<00:30:28.080> they<00:30:28.320> were 00:30:28.470 --> 00:30:28.480 align:start position:0% Neil Armstrong realized that they were 00:30:28.480 --> 00:30:31.269 align:start position:0% Neil Armstrong realized that they were passing<00:30:28.960> landmarks<00:30:29.840> 3<00:30:30.240> seconds<00:30:30.720> ahead<00:30:31.039> of 00:30:31.269 --> 00:30:31.279 align:start position:0% passing landmarks 3 seconds ahead of 00:30:31.279 --> 00:30:33.750 align:start position:0% passing landmarks 3 seconds ahead of schedule.<00:30:32.159> A<00:30:32.480> tiny<00:30:32.799> bit<00:30:33.039> of<00:30:33.279> residual 00:30:33.750 --> 00:30:33.760 align:start position:0% schedule. A tiny bit of residual 00:30:33.760 --> 00:30:35.909 align:start position:0% schedule. A tiny bit of residual pressure<00:30:34.080> in<00:30:34.240> the<00:30:34.399> docking<00:30:34.799> tunnel<00:30:35.360> had<00:30:35.679> given 00:30:35.909 --> 00:30:35.919 align:start position:0% pressure in the docking tunnel had given 00:30:35.919 --> 00:30:38.470 align:start position:0% pressure in the docking tunnel had given them<00:30:36.240> an<00:30:36.480> extra<00:30:36.960> shove,<00:30:37.760> meaning<00:30:38.080> they<00:30:38.320> were 00:30:38.470 --> 00:30:38.480 align:start position:0% them an extra shove, meaning they were 00:30:38.480 --> 00:30:41.430 align:start position:0% them an extra shove, meaning they were drifting<00:30:38.960> towards<00:30:39.360> a<00:30:39.679> boulder<00:30:40.240> strewn<00:30:40.640> crater 00:30:41.430 --> 00:30:41.440 align:start position:0% drifting towards a boulder strewn crater 00:30:41.440 --> 00:30:43.510 align:start position:0% drifting towards a boulder strewn crater instead<00:30:41.919> of<00:30:42.080> a<00:30:42.320> flat<00:30:42.640> plane<00:30:42.960> they<00:30:43.279> were 00:30:43.510 --> 00:30:43.520 align:start position:0% instead of a flat plane they were 00:30:43.520 --> 00:30:46.950 align:start position:0% instead of a flat plane they were initially<00:30:44.000> aiming<00:30:44.320> for.<00:30:45.600> Then<00:30:46.240> the<00:30:46.559> silence 00:30:46.950 --> 00:30:46.960 align:start position:0% initially aiming for. Then the silence 00:30:46.960 --> 00:30:52.070 align:start position:0% initially aiming for. Then the silence was<00:30:47.200> shattered<00:30:48.000> by<00:30:48.240> the<00:30:48.799> 1202<00:30:50.080> program<00:30:50.640> alarm. 00:30:52.070 --> 00:30:52.080 align:start position:0% was shattered by the 1202 program alarm. 00:30:52.080 --> 00:30:54.470 align:start position:0% was shattered by the 1202 program alarm. Inside<00:30:52.399> the<00:30:52.640> cramped<00:30:53.039> cabin,<00:30:53.679> a<00:30:54.000> yellow 00:30:54.470 --> 00:30:54.480 align:start position:0% Inside the cramped cabin, a yellow 00:30:54.480 --> 00:30:56.870 align:start position:0% Inside the cramped cabin, a yellow caution<00:30:55.039> light<00:30:55.360> flickered.<00:30:56.240> The<00:30:56.559> primary 00:30:56.870 --> 00:30:56.880 align:start position:0% caution light flickered. The primary 00:30:56.880 --> 00:30:59.350 align:start position:0% caution light flickered. The primary guidance<00:30:57.360> computer,<00:30:58.000> a<00:30:58.240> machine<00:30:58.559> with<00:30:59.039> less 00:30:59.350 --> 00:30:59.360 align:start position:0% guidance computer, a machine with less 00:30:59.360 --> 00:31:02.230 align:start position:0% guidance computer, a machine with less memory<00:30:59.679> than<00:30:59.919> a<00:31:00.080> modern<00:31:00.480> car<00:31:00.799> key,<00:31:01.520> was<00:31:01.760> being 00:31:02.230 --> 00:31:02.240 align:start position:0% memory than a modern car key, was being 00:31:02.240 --> 00:31:05.510 align:start position:0% memory than a modern car key, was being overwhelmed<00:31:02.880> by<00:31:03.440> cycle<00:31:03.840> steals.<00:31:05.120> In<00:31:05.360> other 00:31:05.510 --> 00:31:05.520 align:start position:0% overwhelmed by cycle steals. In other 00:31:05.520 --> 00:31:07.830 align:start position:0% overwhelmed by cycle steals. In other words,<00:31:06.159> a<00:31:06.480> faulty<00:31:06.880> radar<00:31:07.360> switch<00:31:07.600> was 00:31:07.830 --> 00:31:07.840 align:start position:0% words, a faulty radar switch was 00:31:07.840 --> 00:31:09.750 align:start position:0% words, a faulty radar switch was flooding<00:31:08.240> the<00:31:08.480> processor<00:31:08.960> with<00:31:09.200> useless 00:31:09.750 --> 00:31:09.760 align:start position:0% flooding the processor with useless 00:31:09.760 --> 00:31:14.070 align:start position:0% flooding the processor with useless data,<00:31:10.480> forcing<00:31:10.880> it<00:31:11.039> to<00:31:11.279> reboot<00:31:12.240> mid<00:31:12.799> descent. 00:31:14.070 --> 00:31:14.080 align:start position:0% data, forcing it to reboot mid descent. 00:31:14.080 --> 00:31:15.590 align:start position:0% data, forcing it to reboot mid descent. And<00:31:14.320> while<00:31:14.640> you<00:31:14.799> were<00:31:14.960> dropping<00:31:15.279> to<00:31:15.440> a 00:31:15.590 --> 00:31:15.600 align:start position:0% And while you were dropping to a 00:31:15.600 --> 00:31:17.669 align:start position:0% And while you were dropping to a completely<00:31:16.000> unknown<00:31:16.480> surface<00:31:16.799> at<00:31:17.039> more<00:31:17.279> than 00:31:17.669 --> 00:31:17.679 align:start position:0% completely unknown surface at more than 00:31:17.679 --> 00:31:21.029 align:start position:0% completely unknown surface at more than 100<00:31:18.159> km/h<00:31:19.120> is<00:31:19.440> possibly<00:31:19.919> the<00:31:20.240> worst<00:31:20.480> time<00:31:20.799> I 00:31:21.029 --> 00:31:21.039 align:start position:0% 100 km/h is possibly the worst time I 00:31:21.039 --> 00:31:24.549 align:start position:0% 100 km/h is possibly the worst time I can<00:31:21.200> think<00:31:21.360> of<00:31:21.600> to<00:31:21.919> have<00:31:22.320> it<00:31:22.720> issues.<00:31:24.080> Down<00:31:24.320> in 00:31:24.549 --> 00:31:24.559 align:start position:0% can think of to have it issues. Down in 00:31:24.559 --> 00:31:27.750 align:start position:0% can think of to have it issues. Down in mission<00:31:24.880> control,<00:31:25.679> 26-year-old<00:31:26.559> Steve<00:31:27.039> Bales 00:31:27.750 --> 00:31:27.760 align:start position:0% mission control, 26-year-old Steve Bales 00:31:27.760 --> 00:31:32.230 align:start position:0% mission control, 26-year-old Steve Bales had<00:31:28.159> seconds<00:31:28.559> to<00:31:28.799> decide,<00:31:29.679> abort<00:31:30.480> or<00:31:30.799> land. 00:31:32.230 --> 00:31:32.240 align:start position:0% had seconds to decide, abort or land. 00:31:32.240 --> 00:31:34.070 align:start position:0% had seconds to decide, abort or land. Trusting<00:31:32.720> the<00:31:32.960> software's<00:31:33.520> ability<00:31:33.840> to 00:31:34.070 --> 00:31:34.080 align:start position:0% Trusting the software's ability to 00:31:34.080 --> 00:31:37.350 align:start position:0% Trusting the software's ability to prioritize<00:31:34.720> critical<00:31:35.200> tasks,<00:31:36.080> he<00:31:36.399> gave<00:31:37.039> the 00:31:37.350 --> 00:31:37.360 align:start position:0% prioritize critical tasks, he gave the 00:31:37.360 --> 00:31:41.110 align:start position:0% prioritize critical tasks, he gave the go.<00:31:38.480> But<00:31:38.640> the<00:31:38.880> drama<00:31:39.279> wasn't<00:31:39.679> over.<00:31:40.399> As<00:31:40.720> Eagle 00:31:41.110 --> 00:31:41.120 align:start position:0% go. But the drama wasn't over. As Eagle 00:31:41.120 --> 00:31:44.470 align:start position:0% go. But the drama wasn't over. As Eagle dropped<00:31:41.519> below<00:31:42.480> 150<00:31:42.799> m,<00:31:43.519> Armstrong<00:31:44.159> looked 00:31:44.470 --> 00:31:44.480 align:start position:0% dropped below 150 m, Armstrong looked 00:31:44.480 --> 00:31:46.870 align:start position:0% dropped below 150 m, Armstrong looked out<00:31:44.640> the<00:31:44.799> window<00:31:45.120> and<00:31:45.440> saw<00:31:45.679> a<00:31:46.000> crater<00:31:46.480> filled 00:31:46.870 --> 00:31:46.880 align:start position:0% out the window and saw a crater filled 00:31:46.880 --> 00:31:49.909 align:start position:0% out the window and saw a crater filled with<00:31:47.279> jagged<00:31:47.760> rocks.<00:31:48.640> If<00:31:48.799> they<00:31:49.039> landed<00:31:49.440> here, 00:31:49.909 --> 00:31:49.919 align:start position:0% with jagged rocks. If they landed here, 00:31:49.919 --> 00:31:52.789 align:start position:0% with jagged rocks. If they landed here, the<00:31:50.159> mission<00:31:50.480> would<00:31:50.720> end<00:31:50.960> in<00:31:51.200> a<00:31:51.360> tipover<00:31:52.240> or<00:31:52.559> a 00:31:52.789 --> 00:31:52.799 align:start position:0% the mission would end in a tipover or a 00:31:52.799 --> 00:31:57.190 align:start position:0% the mission would end in a tipover or a ruptured<00:31:53.360> hull.<00:31:54.559> With<00:31:55.039> nerves<00:31:55.679> of<00:31:56.080> steel, 00:31:57.190 --> 00:31:57.200 align:start position:0% ruptured hull. With nerves of steel, 00:31:57.200 --> 00:32:01.029 align:start position:0% ruptured hull. With nerves of steel, Armstrong<00:31:57.919> took<00:31:58.640> manual<00:31:59.200> control.<00:32:00.399> He<00:32:00.640> tilted 00:32:01.029 --> 00:32:01.039 align:start position:0% Armstrong took manual control. He tilted 00:32:01.039 --> 00:32:03.669 align:start position:0% Armstrong took manual control. He tilted the<00:32:01.279> craft<00:32:01.600> forward,<00:32:02.480> skittering<00:32:03.200> over<00:32:03.519> the 00:32:03.669 --> 00:32:03.679 align:start position:0% the craft forward, skittering over the 00:32:03.679 --> 00:32:06.310 align:start position:0% the craft forward, skittering over the boulders,<00:32:04.480> searching<00:32:04.880> for<00:32:05.120> a<00:32:05.360> clear<00:32:05.760> patch<00:32:06.159> of 00:32:06.310 --> 00:32:06.320 align:start position:0% boulders, searching for a clear patch of 00:32:06.320 --> 00:32:09.430 align:start position:0% boulders, searching for a clear patch of dust.<00:32:07.360> In<00:32:07.600> the<00:32:07.760> background,<00:32:08.480> Buzz<00:32:08.799> Uldren 00:32:09.430 --> 00:32:09.440 align:start position:0% dust. In the background, Buzz Uldren 00:32:09.440 --> 00:32:11.590 align:start position:0% dust. In the background, Buzz Uldren called<00:32:09.679> out<00:32:09.919> altitudes<00:32:10.480> and<00:32:10.720> descent<00:32:11.039> rates, 00:32:11.590 --> 00:32:11.600 align:start position:0% called out altitudes and descent rates, 00:32:11.600 --> 00:32:14.549 align:start position:0% called out altitudes and descent rates, while<00:32:11.919> a<00:32:12.240> new<00:32:12.480> crisis<00:32:13.039> emerged.<00:32:13.919> The<00:32:14.159> fuel 00:32:14.549 --> 00:32:14.559 align:start position:0% while a new crisis emerged. The fuel 00:32:14.559 --> 00:32:17.350 align:start position:0% while a new crisis emerged. The fuel light.<00:32:15.840> Because<00:32:16.159> they<00:32:16.399> had<00:32:16.640> hunted<00:32:17.039> for<00:32:17.200> a 00:32:17.350 --> 00:32:17.360 align:start position:0% light. Because they had hunted for a 00:32:17.360 --> 00:32:20.310 align:start position:0% light. Because they had hunted for a landing<00:32:17.760> spot<00:32:18.080> for<00:32:18.399> so<00:32:18.720> long,<00:32:19.440> 2<00:32:19.760> to<00:32:19.919> 3 00:32:20.310 --> 00:32:20.320 align:start position:0% landing spot for so long, 2 to 3 00:32:20.320 --> 00:32:23.430 align:start position:0% landing spot for so long, 2 to 3 minutes,<00:32:21.279> the<00:32:21.519> fuel<00:32:21.840> was<00:32:22.080> splashing<00:32:22.720> around, 00:32:23.430 --> 00:32:23.440 align:start position:0% minutes, the fuel was splashing around, 00:32:23.440 --> 00:32:26.710 align:start position:0% minutes, the fuel was splashing around, triggering<00:32:24.000> a<00:32:24.320> lowle<00:32:25.039> sensor.<00:32:26.080> Houston 00:32:26.710 --> 00:32:26.720 align:start position:0% triggering a lowle sensor. Houston 00:32:26.720 --> 00:32:30.710 align:start position:0% triggering a lowle sensor. Houston called<00:32:27.039> out<00:32:27.440> 60<00:32:27.840> seconds,<00:32:28.640> then<00:32:29.279> 30<00:32:29.600> seconds. 00:32:30.710 --> 00:32:30.720 align:start position:0% called out 60 seconds, then 30 seconds. 00:32:30.720 --> 00:32:32.549 align:start position:0% called out 60 seconds, then 30 seconds. If<00:32:30.960> they<00:32:31.200> didn't<00:32:31.440> touch<00:32:31.679> down<00:32:32.000> before<00:32:32.320> the 00:32:32.549 --> 00:32:32.559 align:start position:0% If they didn't touch down before the 00:32:32.559 --> 00:32:35.029 align:start position:0% If they didn't touch down before the clock<00:32:32.880> hits<00:32:33.200> zero,<00:32:34.080> they<00:32:34.320> would<00:32:34.640> have<00:32:34.880> to 00:32:35.029 --> 00:32:35.039 align:start position:0% clock hits zero, they would have to 00:32:35.039 --> 00:32:37.830 align:start position:0% clock hits zero, they would have to abort<00:32:35.519> the<00:32:35.679> landing<00:32:36.480> and<00:32:36.880> ignite<00:32:37.200> the<00:32:37.440> ascent 00:32:37.830 --> 00:32:37.840 align:start position:0% abort the landing and ignite the ascent 00:32:37.840 --> 00:32:40.870 align:start position:0% abort the landing and ignite the ascent engine<00:32:38.799> or<00:32:39.200> crash. 00:32:40.870 --> 00:32:40.880 align:start position:0% engine or crash. 00:32:40.880 --> 00:32:43.269 align:start position:0% engine or crash. Dust<00:32:41.440> kicked<00:32:41.760> up<00:32:41.919> by<00:32:42.080> the<00:32:42.240> engine<00:32:42.720> obscured 00:32:43.269 --> 00:32:43.279 align:start position:0% Dust kicked up by the engine obscured 00:32:43.279 --> 00:32:45.669 align:start position:0% Dust kicked up by the engine obscured the<00:32:43.519> ground,<00:32:44.159> robbing<00:32:44.640> Armstrong<00:32:45.200> of<00:32:45.440> his 00:32:45.669 --> 00:32:45.679 align:start position:0% the ground, robbing Armstrong of his 00:32:45.679 --> 00:32:48.470 align:start position:0% the ground, robbing Armstrong of his depth<00:32:46.080> perception.<00:32:47.200> He<00:32:47.440> relied<00:32:47.840> on<00:32:48.080> the 00:32:48.470 --> 00:32:48.480 align:start position:0% depth perception. He relied on the 00:32:48.480 --> 00:32:50.870 align:start position:0% depth perception. He relied on the contact<00:32:49.039> light<00:32:49.360> probes<00:32:49.919> dangling<00:32:50.480> from<00:32:50.720> the 00:32:50.870 --> 00:32:50.880 align:start position:0% contact light probes dangling from the 00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:53.029 align:start position:0% contact light probes dangling from the landing<00:32:51.279> gear. 00:32:53.029 --> 00:32:53.039 align:start position:0% landing gear. 00:32:53.039 --> 00:32:58.149 align:start position:0% landing gear. At<00:32:53.600> 4:17<00:32:54.880> p.m.<00:32:55.279> ET,<00:32:56.159> the<00:32:56.399> blue<00:32:56.720> light<00:32:57.120> flashed. 00:32:58.149 --> 00:32:58.159 align:start position:0% At 4:17 p.m. ET, the blue light flashed. 00:32:58.159 --> 00:33:00.789 align:start position:0% At 4:17 p.m. ET, the blue light flashed. Armstrong<00:32:58.799> throttled<00:32:59.279> down<00:32:59.919> and<00:33:00.159> the<00:33:00.320> Eagle 00:33:00.789 --> 00:33:00.799 align:start position:0% Armstrong throttled down and the Eagle 00:33:00.799 --> 00:33:03.830 align:start position:0% Armstrong throttled down and the Eagle settled<00:33:01.279> into<00:33:01.760> the<00:33:02.000> sea<00:33:02.320> of<00:33:02.559> tranquility<00:33:03.600> with 00:33:03.830 --> 00:33:03.840 align:start position:0% settled into the sea of tranquility with 00:33:03.840 --> 00:33:07.990 align:start position:0% settled into the sea of tranquility with barely<00:33:04.480> 25<00:33:05.200> seconds<00:33:05.679> of<00:33:05.919> fuel<00:33:06.320> remaining. 00:33:07.990 --> 00:33:08.000 align:start position:0% barely 25 seconds of fuel remaining. 00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:10.630 align:start position:0% barely 25 seconds of fuel remaining. The<00:33:08.240> troubleshooting<00:33:09.120> was<00:33:09.360> complete.<00:33:10.320> The 00:33:10.630 --> 00:33:10.640 align:start position:0% The troubleshooting was complete. The 00:33:10.640 --> 00:33:14.070 align:start position:0% The troubleshooting was complete. The impossible<00:33:11.440> had<00:33:11.919> been<00:33:12.159> done. 00:33:14.070 --> 00:33:14.080 align:start position:0% impossible had been done. 00:33:14.080 --> 00:33:17.509 align:start position:0% impossible had been done. >> Uh,<00:33:15.279> Tranquility<00:33:16.000> Base<00:33:16.320> here.<00:33:16.799> The<00:33:16.960> Eagle<00:33:17.360> has 00:33:17.509 --> 00:33:17.519 align:start position:0% >> Uh, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has 00:33:17.519 --> 00:33:18.470 align:start position:0% >> Uh, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed. 00:33:18.470 --> 00:33:18.480 align:start position:0% landed. 00:33:18.480 --> 00:33:20.950 align:start position:0% landed. >> Roger,<00:33:18.880> TW<00:33:19.360> Tranquility,<00:33:20.159> we<00:33:20.399> copy<00:33:20.640> you<00:33:20.799> on 00:33:20.950 --> 00:33:20.960 align:start position:0% >> Roger, TW Tranquility, we copy you on 00:33:20.960 --> 00:33:22.549 align:start position:0% >> Roger, TW Tranquility, we copy you on the<00:33:21.120> ground.<00:33:21.519> You<00:33:21.760> got<00:33:21.840> a<00:33:22.000> bunch<00:33:22.159> of<00:33:22.320> guys 00:33:22.549 --> 00:33:22.559 align:start position:0% the ground. You got a bunch of guys 00:33:22.559 --> 00:33:24.070 align:start position:0% the ground. You got a bunch of guys about<00:33:22.799> to<00:33:22.960> turn<00:33:23.200> blue.<00:33:23.519> We're<00:33:23.760> breathing 00:33:24.070 --> 00:33:24.080 align:start position:0% about to turn blue. We're breathing 00:33:24.080 --> 00:33:27.830 align:start position:0% about to turn blue. We're breathing again.<00:33:24.480> Thanks<00:33:24.720> a<00:33:24.880> lot. 00:33:27.830 --> 00:33:27.840 align:start position:0% again. Thanks a lot. 00:33:27.840 --> 00:33:31.830 align:start position:0% again. Thanks a lot. >> Very<00:33:28.159> smooth. 00:33:31.830 --> 00:33:31.840 align:start position:0% 00:33:31.840 --> 00:33:37.830 align:start position:0% >> Man<00:33:32.640> had<00:33:32.880> landed<00:33:33.679> on<00:33:33.919> the<00:33:34.159> moon. 00:33:37.830 --> 00:33:37.840 align:start position:0% 00:33:37.840 --> 00:33:40.070 align:start position:0% But<00:33:38.080> this<00:33:38.399> wasn't<00:33:38.799> merely<00:33:39.200> a<00:33:39.440> triumph<00:33:39.840> of 00:33:40.070 --> 00:33:40.080 align:start position:0% But this wasn't merely a triumph of 00:33:40.080 --> 00:33:41.590 align:start position:0% But this wasn't merely a triumph of three<00:33:40.320> men. 00:33:41.590 --> 00:33:41.600 align:start position:0% three men. 00:33:41.600 --> 00:33:44.470 align:start position:0% three men. >> Behind<00:33:42.159> every<00:33:42.640> maneuver<00:33:43.120> and<00:33:43.440> step<00:33:43.760> taken<00:33:44.240> on 00:33:44.470 --> 00:33:44.480 align:start position:0% >> Behind every maneuver and step taken on 00:33:44.480 --> 00:33:46.630 align:start position:0% >> Behind every maneuver and step taken on this<00:33:44.720> journey<00:33:45.039> to<00:33:45.279> the<00:33:45.440> moon<00:33:46.080> was<00:33:46.320> a 00:33:46.630 --> 00:33:46.640 align:start position:0% this journey to the moon was a 00:33:46.640 --> 00:33:48.789 align:start position:0% this journey to the moon was a masterpiece<00:33:47.440> of<00:33:47.760> collective<00:33:48.320> human 00:33:48.789 --> 00:33:48.799 align:start position:0% masterpiece of collective human 00:33:48.799 --> 00:33:51.190 align:start position:0% masterpiece of collective human intelligence<00:33:49.840> spanning<00:33:50.480> countless 00:33:51.190 --> 00:33:51.200 align:start position:0% intelligence spanning countless 00:33:51.200 --> 00:33:52.710 align:start position:0% intelligence spanning countless specialtities. 00:33:52.710 --> 00:33:52.720 align:start position:0% specialtities. 00:33:52.720 --> 00:33:56.149 align:start position:0% specialtities. The<00:33:52.960> mission<00:33:53.360> was<00:33:53.600> a<00:33:54.000> tapestry<00:33:54.960> woven<00:33:55.519> from<00:33:55.840> a 00:33:56.149 --> 00:33:56.159 align:start position:0% The mission was a tapestry woven from a 00:33:56.159 --> 00:33:59.590 align:start position:0% The mission was a tapestry woven from a million<00:33:56.559> strokes<00:33:56.960> of<00:33:57.120> genius,<00:33:58.240> solves,<00:33:59.200> fail 00:33:59.590 --> 00:33:59.600 align:start position:0% million strokes of genius, solves, fail 00:33:59.600 --> 00:34:02.789 align:start position:0% million strokes of genius, solves, fail safes,<00:34:00.320> checklists,<00:34:00.960> and<00:34:01.200> foresight.<00:34:02.480> the 00:34:02.789 --> 00:34:02.799 align:start position:0% safes, checklists, and foresight. the 00:34:02.799 --> 00:34:05.110 align:start position:0% safes, checklists, and foresight. the physical<00:34:03.279> manifestation<00:34:04.000> of<00:34:04.320> hundreds<00:34:04.880> of 00:34:05.110 --> 00:34:05.120 align:start position:0% physical manifestation of hundreds of 00:34:05.120 --> 00:34:07.430 align:start position:0% physical manifestation of hundreds of thousands<00:34:05.679> of<00:34:05.840> minds<00:34:06.399> working<00:34:06.799> together<00:34:07.120> to 00:34:07.430 --> 00:34:07.440 align:start position:0% thousands of minds working together to 00:34:07.440 --> 00:34:11.990 align:start position:0% thousands of minds working together to push<00:34:07.760> humanity<00:34:08.320> forward<00:34:09.200> in<00:34:09.599> one<00:34:10.159> great<00:34:10.639> leap. 00:34:11.990 --> 00:34:12.000 align:start position:0% push humanity forward in one great leap. 00:34:12.000 --> 00:34:14.069 align:start position:0% push humanity forward in one great leap. It<00:34:12.240> was<00:34:12.399> proof<00:34:12.720> that<00:34:13.040> when<00:34:13.280> focused<00:34:13.679> on<00:34:13.839> a 00:34:14.069 --> 00:34:14.079 align:start position:0% It was proof that when focused on a 00:34:14.079 --> 00:34:17.109 align:start position:0% It was proof that when focused on a singular<00:34:14.960> impossible<00:34:15.679> goal,<00:34:16.399> the<00:34:16.639> quiet 00:34:17.109 --> 00:34:17.119 align:start position:0% singular impossible goal, the quiet 00:34:17.119 --> 00:34:20.310 align:start position:0% singular impossible goal, the quiet expertise<00:34:17.760> of<00:34:18.079> many<00:34:18.800> could<00:34:19.119> carry<00:34:19.440> the<00:34:19.760> few 00:34:20.310 --> 00:34:20.320 align:start position:0% expertise of many could carry the few 00:34:20.320 --> 00:34:23.669 align:start position:0% expertise of many could carry the few safely<00:34:21.040> to<00:34:21.280> a<00:34:21.520> world<00:34:21.839> unknown.<00:34:23.200> But<00:34:23.440> this 00:34:23.669 --> 00:34:23.679 align:start position:0% safely to a world unknown. But this 00:34:23.679 --> 00:34:26.470 align:start position:0% safely to a world unknown. But this isn't<00:34:23.919> the<00:34:24.159> end<00:34:24.320> of<00:34:24.480> the<00:34:24.639> Apollo<00:34:25.119> 11<00:34:25.520> saga. 00:34:26.470 --> 00:34:26.480 align:start position:0% isn't the end of the Apollo 11 saga. 00:34:26.480 --> 00:34:29.270 align:start position:0% isn't the end of the Apollo 11 saga. Join<00:34:26.800> me<00:34:26.960> again<00:34:27.200> soon<00:34:27.520> for<00:34:27.839> part<00:34:28.079> two<00:34:28.720> where<00:34:29.040> we 00:34:29.270 --> 00:34:29.280 align:start position:0% Join me again soon for part two where we 00:34:29.280 --> 00:34:31.190 align:start position:0% Join me again soon for part two where we continue<00:34:29.679> to<00:34:29.919> uncover<00:34:30.320> the<00:34:30.639> scientific 00:34:31.190 --> 00:34:31.200 align:start position:0% continue to uncover the scientific 00:34:31.200 --> 00:34:34.149 align:start position:0% continue to uncover the scientific fingerprints<00:34:32.079> that<00:34:32.399> coat<00:34:32.879> this<00:34:33.119> mission. 00:34:34.149 --> 00:34:34.159 align:start position:0% fingerprints that coat this mission. 00:34:34.159 --> 00:34:36.069 align:start position:0% fingerprints that coat this mission. We're<00:34:34.399> stripping<00:34:34.879> back<00:34:35.119> the<00:34:35.520> layers<00:34:35.679> of<00:34:35.839> the 00:34:36.069 --> 00:34:36.079 align:start position:0% We're stripping back the layers of the 00:34:36.079 --> 00:34:39.030 align:start position:0% We're stripping back the layers of the most<00:34:36.560> iconic<00:34:37.040> armor<00:34:37.440> in<00:34:37.760> history<00:34:38.480> to<00:34:38.720> reveal 00:34:39.030 --> 00:34:39.040 align:start position:0% most iconic armor in history to reveal 00:34:39.040 --> 00:34:41.270 align:start position:0% most iconic armor in history to reveal the<00:34:39.280> scientific<00:34:39.919> secrets<00:34:40.560> of<00:34:40.720> the<00:34:40.960> lunar 00:34:41.270 --> 00:34:41.280 align:start position:0% the scientific secrets of the lunar 00:34:41.280 --> 00:34:43.829 align:start position:0% the scientific secrets of the lunar space<00:34:41.599> suit.<00:34:42.320> We'll<00:34:42.639> dive<00:34:42.879> into<00:34:43.200> the<00:34:43.440> high 00:34:43.829 --> 00:34:43.839 align:start position:0% space suit. We'll dive into the high 00:34:43.839 --> 00:34:46.069 align:start position:0% space suit. We'll dive into the high stakes<00:34:44.320> orbital<00:34:44.800> ballet<00:34:45.440> required<00:34:45.839> to 00:34:46.069 --> 00:34:46.079 align:start position:0% stakes orbital ballet required to 00:34:46.079 --> 00:34:48.310 align:start position:0% stakes orbital ballet required to reunite<00:34:46.720> the<00:34:46.960> astronauts<00:34:47.520> in<00:34:47.679> the<00:34:47.839> silence<00:34:48.159> of 00:34:48.310 --> 00:34:48.320 align:start position:0% reunite the astronauts in the silence of 00:34:48.320 --> 00:34:51.510 align:start position:0% reunite the astronauts in the silence of the<00:34:48.480> void.<00:34:49.440> And<00:34:49.679> finally,<00:34:50.560> we'll<00:34:50.879> face<00:34:51.200> the 00:34:51.510 --> 00:34:51.520 align:start position:0% the void. And finally, we'll face the 00:34:51.520 --> 00:34:54.230 align:start position:0% the void. And finally, we'll face the ultimate<00:34:52.000> trial<00:34:52.399> by<00:34:52.720> fire.<00:34:53.599> The<00:34:53.839> vital 00:34:54.230 --> 00:34:54.240 align:start position:0% ultimate trial by fire. The vital 00:34:54.240 --> 00:34:57.430 align:start position:0% ultimate trial by fire. The vital physics<00:34:54.720> of<00:34:55.040> re-entry,<00:34:56.000> where<00:34:56.159> a<00:34:56.399> thin<00:34:56.800> shield 00:34:57.430 --> 00:34:57.440 align:start position:0% physics of re-entry, where a thin shield 00:34:57.440 --> 00:35:00.069 align:start position:0% physics of re-entry, where a thin shield was<00:34:57.760> all<00:34:58.079> that<00:34:58.320> stood<00:34:58.640> between<00:34:58.960> the<00:34:59.200> crew<00:34:59.839> and 00:35:00.069 --> 00:35:00.079 align:start position:0% was all that stood between the crew and 00:35:00.079 --> 00:35:04.790 align:start position:0% was all that stood between the crew and a<00:35:00.480> 3,000<00:35:01.440> degree<00:35:02.000> inferno.<00:35:03.280> The<00:35:03.520> journey<00:35:03.920> home 00:35:04.790 --> 00:35:04.800 align:start position:0% a 3,000 degree inferno. The journey home 00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:13.670 align:start position:0% a 3,000 degree inferno. The journey home has<00:35:05.200> only<00:35:05.680> just<00:35:06.240> begun. 00:35:13.670 --> 00:35:13.680 align:start position:0% 00:35:13.680 --> 00:35:15.349 align:start position:0% If<00:35:13.920> you've<00:35:14.160> ever<00:35:14.400> watched<00:35:14.560> an<00:35:14.720> astron<00:35:15.200> video 00:35:15.349 --> 00:35:15.359 align:start position:0% If you've ever watched an astron video 00:35:15.359 --> 00:35:17.430 align:start position:0% If you've ever watched an astron video and<00:35:15.599> found<00:35:15.839> yourself<00:35:16.240> pausing<00:35:16.720> just<00:35:16.960> to<00:35:17.200> take 00:35:17.430 --> 00:35:17.440 align:start position:0% and found yourself pausing just to take 00:35:17.440 --> 00:35:19.510 align:start position:0% and found yourself pausing just to take in<00:35:17.599> the<00:35:17.839> beauty<00:35:18.160> of<00:35:18.400> space,<00:35:19.119> you're<00:35:19.359> not 00:35:19.510 --> 00:35:19.520 align:start position:0% in the beauty of space, you're not 00:35:19.520 --> 00:35:22.150 align:start position:0% in the beauty of space, you're not alone.<00:35:20.320> The<00:35:20.560> colors,<00:35:21.119> the<00:35:21.359> motion,<00:35:21.920> the 00:35:22.150 --> 00:35:22.160 align:start position:0% alone. The colors, the motion, the 00:35:22.160 --> 00:35:25.270 align:start position:0% alone. The colors, the motion, the scale,<00:35:22.960> they<00:35:23.280> remind<00:35:23.520> us<00:35:23.839> how<00:35:24.160> vast<00:35:24.720> and<00:35:25.040> or 00:35:25.270 --> 00:35:25.280 align:start position:0% scale, they remind us how vast and or 00:35:25.280 --> 00:35:28.069 align:start position:0% scale, they remind us how vast and or inspiring<00:35:25.920> the<00:35:26.160> universe<00:35:26.560> really<00:35:26.880> is.<00:35:27.839> Have 00:35:28.069 --> 00:35:28.079 align:start position:0% inspiring the universe really is. Have 00:35:28.079 --> 00:35:30.310 align:start position:0% inspiring the universe really is. Have you<00:35:28.240> ever<00:35:28.400> had<00:35:28.640> your<00:35:28.880> breath<00:35:29.280> taken<00:35:29.680> away<00:35:30.000> when 00:35:30.310 --> 00:35:30.320 align:start position:0% you ever had your breath taken away when 00:35:30.320 --> 00:35:32.710 align:start position:0% you ever had your breath taken away when seeing<00:35:30.560> these<00:35:30.880> videos<00:35:31.200> of<00:35:31.359> our<00:35:31.680> sun,<00:35:32.320> Milky 00:35:32.710 --> 00:35:32.720 align:start position:0% seeing these videos of our sun, Milky 00:35:32.720 --> 00:35:36.390 align:start position:0% seeing these videos of our sun, Milky Way,<00:35:33.280> or<00:35:33.599> perhaps<00:35:34.079> Venus?<00:35:35.119> Well,<00:35:35.440> now<00:35:35.839> Patreon 00:35:36.390 --> 00:35:36.400 align:start position:0% Way, or perhaps Venus? Well, now Patreon 00:35:36.400 --> 00:35:38.630 align:start position:0% Way, or perhaps Venus? Well, now Patreon members<00:35:36.800> have<00:35:37.119> access<00:35:37.440> to<00:35:37.599> these<00:35:37.920> wallpapers 00:35:38.630 --> 00:35:38.640 align:start position:0% members have access to these wallpapers 00:35:38.640 --> 00:35:41.349 align:start position:0% members have access to these wallpapers for<00:35:38.880> your<00:35:39.119> phone<00:35:39.440> and<00:35:39.839> laptop.<00:35:40.720> Sign<00:35:40.960> up<00:35:41.200> with 00:35:41.349 --> 00:35:41.359 align:start position:0% for your phone and laptop. Sign up with 00:35:41.359 --> 00:35:43.510 align:start position:0% for your phone and laptop. Sign up with the<00:35:41.599> link<00:35:41.760> below.<00:35:42.480> It's<00:35:42.720> a<00:35:42.880> simple<00:35:43.200> way<00:35:43.359> to 00:35:43.510 --> 00:35:43.520 align:start position:0% the link below. It's a simple way to 00:35:43.520 --> 00:35:45.270 align:start position:0% the link below. It's a simple way to bring<00:35:43.760> that<00:35:44.000> sense<00:35:44.160> of<00:35:44.400> wonder<00:35:44.800> into<00:35:45.119> your 00:35:45.270 --> 00:35:45.280 align:start position:0% bring that sense of wonder into your 00:35:45.280 --> 00:35:47.430 align:start position:0% bring that sense of wonder into your daily<00:35:45.599> life<00:35:46.160> while<00:35:46.560> supporting<00:35:47.119> future 00:35:47.430 --> 00:35:47.440 align:start position:0% daily life while supporting future 00:35:47.440 --> 00:35:50.880 align:start position:0% daily life while supporting future Astramm<00:35:48.000> Creations.