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Every<00:00:00.719><c> time</c><00:00:00.880><c> we</c><00:00:01.120><c> look</c><00:00:01.280><c> up</c><00:00:01.439><c> at</c><00:00:01.520><c> the</c><00:00:01.680><c> night</c><00:00:01.920><c> sky,</c>

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Every time we look up at the night sky,
 

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Every time we look up at the night sky,
we<00:00:03.360><c> are</c><00:00:03.679><c> looking</c><00:00:04.000><c> back</c><00:00:04.480><c> in</c><00:00:04.880><c> time.</c><00:00:06.080><c> The</c><00:00:06.319><c> light</c>

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we are looking back in time. The light
 

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we are looking back in time. The light
from<00:00:07.200><c> distant</c><00:00:07.600><c> stars</c><00:00:08.000><c> has</c><00:00:08.240><c> traveled</c><00:00:08.559><c> for</c>

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from distant stars has traveled for
 

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from distant stars has traveled for
thousands<00:00:09.679><c> or</c><00:00:10.000><c> even</c><00:00:10.559><c> billions</c><00:00:11.120><c> of</c><00:00:11.360><c> years</c><00:00:11.679><c> to</c>

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thousands or even billions of years to
 

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thousands or even billions of years to
reach<00:00:12.160><c> us.</c><00:00:13.200><c> But</c><00:00:13.440><c> even</c><00:00:13.679><c> then,</c><00:00:14.240><c> we</c><00:00:14.480><c> are</c><00:00:14.639><c> only</c>

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reach us. But even then, we are only
 

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reach us. But even then, we are only
seeing<00:00:15.360><c> part</c><00:00:15.599><c> of</c><00:00:15.759><c> the</c><00:00:16.000><c> picture</c><00:00:16.880><c> because</c><00:00:17.279><c> there</c>

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seeing part of the picture because there
 

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seeing part of the picture because there
are<00:00:18.000><c> two</c><00:00:18.640><c> great</c><00:00:19.119><c> barriers</c><00:00:19.680><c> to</c><00:00:19.920><c> our</c><00:00:20.160><c> view.</c><00:00:21.199><c> The</c>

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are two great barriers to our view. The
 

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are two great barriers to our view. The
first<00:00:22.000><c> is</c><00:00:22.640><c> swirling</c><00:00:23.439><c> cosmic</c><00:00:24.000><c> dust</c><00:00:24.800><c> which</c>

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first is swirling cosmic dust which
 

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first is swirling cosmic dust which
hides<00:00:25.519><c> everything</c><00:00:26.000><c> behind</c><00:00:26.400><c> it.</c><00:00:27.199><c> The</c><00:00:27.439><c> second</c>

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hides everything behind it. The second
 

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hides everything behind it. The second
is<00:00:28.480><c> the</c><00:00:28.800><c> steady</c><00:00:29.279><c> expansion</c><00:00:30.000><c> of</c><00:00:30.400><c> space</c><00:00:30.960><c> itself,</c>

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is the steady expansion of space itself,
 

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is the steady expansion of space itself,
which<00:00:32.239><c> stretches</c><00:00:32.719><c> light</c><00:00:33.040><c> beyond</c><00:00:33.520><c> our</c><00:00:33.920><c> visible</c>

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which stretches light beyond our visible
 

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which stretches light beyond our visible
spectrum<00:00:35.200><c> and</c><00:00:35.440><c> into</c><00:00:35.920><c> the</c><00:00:36.239><c> infrared.</c><00:00:37.680><c> For</c>

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spectrum and into the infrared. For
 

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spectrum and into the infrared. For
centuries,<00:00:38.640><c> these</c><00:00:38.960><c> barriers</c><00:00:39.440><c> have</c><00:00:39.680><c> allowed</c>

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centuries, these barriers have allowed
 

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centuries, these barriers have allowed
the<00:00:40.239><c> universe</c><00:00:40.719><c> to</c><00:00:41.040><c> keep</c><00:00:41.360><c> its</c><00:00:41.680><c> deepest</c><00:00:42.160><c> secrets</c>

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the universe to keep its deepest secrets
 

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the universe to keep its deepest secrets
hidden.<00:00:43.600><c> We've</c><00:00:43.920><c> never</c><00:00:44.160><c> seen</c><00:00:44.480><c> the</c><00:00:44.719><c> first</c>

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hidden. We've never seen the first
 

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hidden. We've never seen the first
galaxies<00:00:45.840><c> or</c><00:00:46.079><c> witnessed</c><00:00:46.559><c> the</c><00:00:46.800><c> earlier</c><00:00:47.280><c> stages</c>

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galaxies or witnessed the earlier stages
 

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galaxies or witnessed the earlier stages
of<00:00:48.000><c> stellar</c><00:00:48.399><c> formation.</c>

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of stellar formation.
 

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of stellar formation.
But<00:00:50.480><c> on</c><00:00:50.719><c> Christmas</c><00:00:51.120><c> Day</c><00:00:51.600><c> 2021,</c>

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But on Christmas Day 2021,
 

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But on Christmas Day 2021,
all<00:00:53.440><c> that</c><00:00:53.840><c> changed.</c>

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all that changed.
 

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all that changed.
We<00:00:56.000><c> finally</c><00:00:56.559><c> launched</c><00:00:57.120><c> the</c><00:00:57.360><c> so-called</c><00:00:58.320><c> golden</c>

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We finally launched the so-called golden
 

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We finally launched the so-called golden
eye<00:00:59.440><c> that</c><00:00:59.680><c> would</c><00:00:59.840><c> allow</c><00:01:00.160><c> us</c><00:01:00.320><c> to</c><00:01:00.640><c> lift</c><00:01:01.039><c> these</c>

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eye that would allow us to lift these
 

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eye that would allow us to lift these
cosmic<00:01:02.000><c> veils</c><00:01:02.480><c> forever.</c><00:01:03.760><c> The</c><00:01:04.000><c> James</c><00:01:04.400><c> Webb</c>

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cosmic veils forever. The James Webb
 

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cosmic veils forever. The James Webb
Space<00:01:05.600><c> Telescope,</c>

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Space Telescope,
 

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Space Telescope,
a<00:01:07.439><c> 10</c><00:01:08.000><c> billion</c>

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a 10 billion
 

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a 10 billion
three<00:01:10.000><c> agency</c><00:01:10.560><c> collaboration,</c><00:01:11.840><c> web</c><00:01:12.240><c> is</c><00:01:12.479><c> the</c>

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three agency collaboration, web is the
 

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three agency collaboration, web is the
most<00:01:13.200><c> powerful</c><00:01:13.760><c> observatory</c><00:01:14.720><c> ever</c>

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most powerful observatory ever
 

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most powerful observatory ever
constructed.<00:01:16.479><c> Equipped</c><00:01:17.119><c> with</c><00:01:17.600><c> ultra</c>

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constructed. Equipped with ultra
 

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constructed. Equipped with ultra
sensitive<00:01:18.479><c> infrared</c><00:01:19.040><c> detectors,</c><00:01:20.000><c> it's</c><00:01:20.240><c> not</c>

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sensitive infrared detectors, it's not
 

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sensitive infrared detectors, it's not
only<00:01:20.720><c> able</c><00:01:21.040><c> to</c><00:01:21.200><c> peer</c><00:01:21.680><c> through</c><00:01:21.920><c> the</c><00:01:22.159><c> dust,</c><00:01:22.960><c> it</c>

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only able to peer through the dust, it
 

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only able to peer through the dust, it
can<00:01:23.439><c> see</c><00:01:23.840><c> even</c><00:01:24.240><c> the</c><00:01:24.479><c> faintest</c><00:01:25.280><c> and</c><00:01:25.680><c> most</c>

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can see even the faintest and most
 

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can see even the faintest and most
distant<00:01:26.400><c> objects.</c><00:01:27.680><c> This</c><00:01:27.920><c> telescope</c><00:01:28.799><c> has</c>

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distant objects. This telescope has
 

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distant objects. This telescope has
revolutionized<00:01:30.320><c> how</c><00:01:30.720><c> we</c><00:01:31.040><c> see</c><00:01:31.280><c> our</c><00:01:31.680><c> universe.</c>

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revolutionized how we see our universe.
 

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revolutionized how we see our universe.
We've<00:01:33.600><c> seen</c><00:01:34.000><c> wonders</c><00:01:34.479><c> close</c><00:01:34.720><c> to</c><00:01:34.880><c> home,</c>

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We've seen wonders close to home,
 

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We've seen wonders close to home,
auroras<00:01:36.159><c> on</c><00:01:36.320><c> Jupiter,</c><00:01:37.040><c> and</c><00:01:37.280><c> the</c><00:01:37.520><c> iconic</c>

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auroras on Jupiter, and the iconic
 

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auroras on Jupiter, and the iconic
pillars<00:01:38.240><c> of</c><00:01:38.400><c> creation</c><00:01:39.360><c> and</c><00:01:39.680><c> those</c><00:01:40.000><c> further</c><00:01:40.400><c> a</c>

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pillars of creation and those further a
 

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pillars of creation and those further a
field.<00:01:41.520><c> Gravitational</c><00:01:42.240><c> shock</c><00:01:42.560><c> waves</c><00:01:43.119><c> and</c>

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field. Gravitational shock waves and
 

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field. Gravitational shock waves and
galactic<00:01:44.000><c> collisions</c><00:01:44.880><c> to</c><00:01:45.119><c> name</c><00:01:45.280><c> a</c><00:01:45.520><c> few.</c><00:01:46.399><c> But</c>

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galactic collisions to name a few. But
 

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galactic collisions to name a few. But
web<00:01:47.040><c> wasn't</c><00:01:47.439><c> just</c><00:01:47.759><c> created</c><00:01:48.240><c> to</c><00:01:48.479><c> send</c><00:01:48.720><c> back</c>

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web wasn't just created to send back
 

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web wasn't just created to send back
pretty<00:01:49.520><c> pictures.</c><00:01:50.640><c> As</c><00:01:50.880><c> of</c><00:01:51.119><c> 2025,</c><00:01:52.320><c> it</c><00:01:52.560><c> has</c>

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pretty pictures. As of 2025, it has
 

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pretty pictures. As of 2025, it has
already<00:01:53.119><c> completed</c><00:01:53.600><c> more</c><00:01:53.840><c> than</c><00:01:54.240><c> 860</c>

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already completed more than 860
 

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already completed more than 860
scientific<00:01:56.399><c> programs</c><00:01:57.119><c> and</c><00:01:57.439><c> collected</c><00:01:58.240><c> nearly</c>

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scientific programs and collected nearly
 

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scientific programs and collected nearly
550<00:02:00.479><c> terabytes</c><00:02:01.119><c> of</c><00:02:01.360><c> data.</c><00:02:02.240><c> That's</c><00:02:02.560><c> more</c><00:02:02.880><c> data</c>

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550 terabytes of data. That's more data
 

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550 terabytes of data. That's more data
than<00:02:03.759><c> Hubble</c><00:02:04.320><c> accumulated</c><00:02:05.119><c> in</c><00:02:05.520><c> 35</c><00:02:06.240><c> years.</c>

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than Hubble accumulated in 35 years.
 

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than Hubble accumulated in 35 years.
These<00:02:08.000><c> data</c><00:02:08.319><c> sets</c><00:02:08.720><c> are</c><00:02:08.959><c> revealing</c><00:02:09.520><c> a</c><00:02:09.759><c> universe</c>

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These data sets are revealing a universe
 

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These data sets are revealing a universe
far<00:02:10.800><c> stranger</c><00:02:11.599><c> and</c><00:02:12.239><c> more</c><00:02:12.560><c> complex</c><00:02:13.280><c> than</c><00:02:13.520><c> we</c>

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far stranger and more complex than we
 

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far stranger and more complex than we
ever<00:02:14.239><c> imagined.</c><00:02:15.520><c> I'm</c><00:02:15.840><c> Alex</c><00:02:16.160><c> Mccoan</c><00:02:16.879><c> and</c>

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ever imagined. I'm Alex Mccoan and
 

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ever imagined. I'm Alex Mccoan and
you're<00:02:17.360><c> watching</c><00:02:17.599><c> Astramm.</c><00:02:18.640><c> Join</c><00:02:18.959><c> me</c><00:02:19.200><c> today</c>

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you're watching Astramm. Join me today
 

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you're watching Astramm. Join me today
as<00:02:19.920><c> we</c><00:02:20.080><c> take</c><00:02:20.319><c> a</c><00:02:20.480><c> look</c><00:02:20.640><c> at</c><00:02:20.879><c> some</c><00:02:21.200><c> of</c><00:02:21.440><c> James</c>

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as we take a look at some of James
 

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as we take a look at some of James
Webb's<00:02:22.400><c> most</c><00:02:22.720><c> spectacular</c><00:02:23.599><c> new</c><00:02:23.920><c> images</c><00:02:24.720><c> and</c>

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Webb's most spectacular new images and
 

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Webb's most spectacular new images and
unravel<00:02:25.599><c> cosmic</c><00:02:26.080><c> mysteries</c><00:02:26.879><c> from</c><00:02:27.280><c> across</c><00:02:27.760><c> the</c>

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unravel cosmic mysteries from across the
 

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unravel cosmic mysteries from across the
depths<00:02:28.480><c> of</c><00:02:28.640><c> time.</c>

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Becoming<00:02:34.480><c> fully</c><00:02:34.800><c> operational</c><00:02:35.280><c> in</c><00:02:35.599><c> July</c><00:02:36.000><c> 2022,</c>

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Becoming fully operational in July 2022,
 

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Becoming fully operational in July 2022,
the<00:02:37.200><c> James</c><00:02:37.599><c> Webb</c><00:02:37.920><c> Space</c><00:02:38.239><c> Telescope</c><00:02:38.720><c> was</c>

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the James Webb Space Telescope was
 

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the James Webb Space Telescope was
designed<00:02:39.360><c> for</c><00:02:39.680><c> one</c><00:02:40.239><c> primary</c><00:02:40.720><c> mission,</c><00:02:41.599><c> to</c><00:02:41.840><c> use</c>

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designed for one primary mission, to use
 

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designed for one primary mission, to use
its<00:02:42.319><c> sensitive</c><00:02:42.879><c> infrared</c><00:02:43.440><c> detectors</c><00:02:44.160><c> to</c>

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its sensitive infrared detectors to
 

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its sensitive infrared detectors to
pierce<00:02:44.800><c> the</c><00:02:45.120><c> cosmic</c><00:02:45.599><c> dust</c><00:02:45.920><c> clouds</c><00:02:46.319><c> that</c>

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pierce the cosmic dust clouds that
 

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pierce the cosmic dust clouds that
permeate<00:02:47.120><c> the</c><00:02:47.280><c> universe,</c><00:02:48.319><c> allowing</c><00:02:48.720><c> us</c><00:02:49.040><c> to</c>

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permeate the universe, allowing us to
 

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permeate the universe, allowing us to
observe<00:02:49.920><c> the</c><00:02:50.319><c> very</c><00:02:50.640><c> first</c><00:02:51.040><c> stars</c><00:02:51.599><c> and</c>

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observe the very first stars and
 

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observe the very first stars and
galaxies,<00:02:52.959><c> and</c><00:02:53.599><c> it's</c><00:02:53.840><c> off</c><00:02:54.000><c> to</c><00:02:54.160><c> a</c><00:02:54.319><c> good</c><00:02:54.560><c> start.</c>

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galaxies, and it's off to a good start.
 

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galaxies, and it's off to a good start.
Already<00:02:56.000><c> some</c><00:02:56.160><c> of</c><00:02:56.319><c> its</c><00:02:56.560><c> early</c><00:02:56.800><c> findings</c><00:02:57.200><c> are</c>

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Already some of its early findings are
 

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Already some of its early findings are
pushing<00:02:57.840><c> the</c><00:02:58.080><c> boundaries</c><00:02:58.560><c> of</c><00:02:58.800><c> what</c><00:02:59.040><c> we</c>

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pushing the boundaries of what we
 

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pushing the boundaries of what we
thought<00:02:59.599><c> we</c><00:02:59.920><c> knew,</c><00:03:00.640><c> challenging</c><00:03:01.280><c> current</c>

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thought we knew, challenging current
 

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thought we knew, challenging current
models<00:03:02.239><c> of</c><00:03:02.560><c> how</c><00:03:02.800><c> the</c><00:03:03.120><c> universe</c><00:03:03.519><c> has</c><00:03:03.760><c> evolved.</c>

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models of how the universe has evolved.
 

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models of how the universe has evolved.
But<00:03:04.959><c> to</c><00:03:05.200><c> look</c><00:03:05.360><c> that</c><00:03:05.599><c> far</c><00:03:05.840><c> back,</c><00:03:06.560><c> James</c><00:03:06.959><c> Webb</c>

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But to look that far back, James Webb
 

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But to look that far back, James Webb
has<00:03:07.760><c> to</c><00:03:08.000><c> peer</c><00:03:08.400><c> through</c><00:03:08.879><c> a</c><00:03:09.200><c> lot</c><00:03:09.519><c> of</c><00:03:09.760><c> space.</c><00:03:10.879><c> And</c>

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has to peer through a lot of space. And
 

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has to peer through a lot of space. And
along<00:03:11.440><c> the</c><00:03:11.599><c> way,</c><00:03:12.159><c> it's</c><00:03:12.480><c> made</c><00:03:12.720><c> some</c><00:03:13.120><c> remarkable</c>

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along the way, it's made some remarkable
 

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along the way, it's made some remarkable
discoveries<00:03:14.560><c> around</c><00:03:15.040><c> more</c><00:03:15.360><c> familiar</c>

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discoveries around more familiar
 

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discoveries around more familiar
objects,<00:03:16.959><c> ones</c><00:03:17.200><c> that</c><00:03:17.440><c> are</c><00:03:17.680><c> only</c><00:03:17.920><c> visible</c><00:03:18.400><c> at</c>

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objects, ones that are only visible at
 

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objects, ones that are only visible at
infrared<00:03:19.440><c> wavelengths.</c><00:03:20.879><c> So,</c><00:03:21.200><c> let's</c><00:03:21.440><c> take</c><00:03:21.599><c> a</c>

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infrared wavelengths. So, let's take a
 

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infrared wavelengths. So, let's take a
trip<00:03:21.920><c> across</c><00:03:22.239><c> the</c><00:03:22.400><c> cosmos</c><00:03:23.040><c> and</c><00:03:23.440><c> back</c><00:03:23.760><c> through</c>

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trip across the cosmos and back through
 

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trip across the cosmos and back through
time.<00:03:25.040><c> Starting</c><00:03:25.440><c> in</c><00:03:25.680><c> our</c><00:03:25.920><c> solar</c><00:03:26.239><c> system</c><00:03:26.800><c> and</c>

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time. Starting in our solar system and
 

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time. Starting in our solar system and
traveling<00:03:27.680><c> to</c><00:03:28.239><c> astonishingly</c><00:03:29.360><c> distant</c><00:03:29.920><c> early</c>

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traveling to astonishingly distant early
 

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traveling to astonishingly distant early
galaxies<00:03:31.360><c> all</c><00:03:31.599><c> through</c><00:03:32.000><c> the</c><00:03:32.239><c> incredible</c><00:03:32.799><c> eyes</c>

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galaxies all through the incredible eyes
 

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galaxies all through the incredible eyes
of<00:03:33.599><c> web.</c>

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of web.
 

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of web.
Our<00:03:36.080><c> first</c><00:03:36.239><c> stop</c><00:03:36.560><c> is</c><00:03:36.720><c> in</c><00:03:37.040><c> our</c><00:03:37.360><c> own</c><00:03:37.920><c> cosmic</c>

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Our first stop is in our own cosmic
 

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Our first stop is in our own cosmic
backyard,<00:03:39.840><c> Neptune.</c>

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backyard, Neptune.
 

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backyard, Neptune.
Whilst<00:03:41.920><c> it's</c><00:03:42.400><c> usually</c><00:03:42.959><c> easily</c><00:03:43.440><c> recognizable</c>

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Whilst it's usually easily recognizable
 

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Whilst it's usually easily recognizable
thanks<00:03:44.480><c> to</c><00:03:44.640><c> its</c><00:03:44.959><c> blue</c><00:03:45.280><c> hue,</c><00:03:46.159><c> with</c><00:03:46.480><c> web</c><00:03:47.120><c> it</c>

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thanks to its blue hue, with web it
 

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thanks to its blue hue, with web it
looks<00:03:47.599><c> rather</c><00:03:48.080><c> different.</c><00:03:49.280><c> Doesn't</c><00:03:49.519><c> it</c><00:03:49.760><c> look</c>

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looks rather different. Doesn't it look
 

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looks rather different. Doesn't it look
ethereal?

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ethereal?
 

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ethereal?
The<00:03:52.799><c> methane</c><00:03:53.280><c> in</c><00:03:53.519><c> Neptune's</c><00:03:54.080><c> atmosphere</c>

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The methane in Neptune's atmosphere
 

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The methane in Neptune's atmosphere
absorbs<00:03:55.360><c> almost</c><00:03:56.000><c> all</c><00:03:56.319><c> of</c><00:03:56.560><c> the</c><00:03:56.720><c> infrared</c>

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absorbs almost all of the infrared
 

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absorbs almost all of the infrared
component<00:03:57.760><c> of</c><00:03:58.000><c> sunlight,</c><00:03:58.720><c> meaning</c><00:03:59.040><c> very</c>

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component of sunlight, meaning very
 

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component of sunlight, meaning very
little<00:03:59.680><c> is</c><00:03:59.920><c> reflected.</c><00:04:01.120><c> There</c><00:04:01.360><c> simply</c><00:04:01.840><c> isn't</c>

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little is reflected. There simply isn't
 

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little is reflected. There simply isn't
much<00:04:02.560><c> for</c><00:04:02.799><c> the</c><00:04:02.959><c> James</c><00:04:03.280><c> Web</c><00:04:03.519><c> Space</c><00:04:03.760><c> Telescope</c>

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much for the James Web Space Telescope
 

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much for the James Web Space Telescope
to<00:04:04.480><c> pick</c><00:04:04.720><c> up,</c><00:04:05.439><c> making</c><00:04:05.920><c> much</c><00:04:06.239><c> of</c><00:04:06.319><c> the</c><00:04:06.560><c> planet</c>

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to pick up, making much of the planet
 

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to pick up, making much of the planet
appear<00:04:07.680><c> dark.</c><00:04:09.120><c> But</c><00:04:09.519><c> this</c><00:04:09.840><c> does</c><00:04:10.080><c> have</c><00:04:10.239><c> an</c>

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appear dark. But this does have an
 

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appear dark. But this does have an
upside.<00:04:11.599><c> Instead,</c><00:04:12.239><c> it</c><00:04:12.560><c> allows</c><00:04:12.959><c> the</c><00:04:13.360><c> subtle,</c>

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upside. Instead, it allows the subtle,
 

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upside. Instead, it allows the subtle,
faint<00:04:14.480><c> glow</c><00:04:14.720><c> of</c><00:04:14.879><c> Neptune's</c><00:04:15.519><c> dusty</c><00:04:15.840><c> rings</c><00:04:16.160><c> and</c>

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faint glow of Neptune's dusty rings and
 

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faint glow of Neptune's dusty rings and
high<00:04:16.720><c> altitude</c><00:04:17.199><c> clouds</c><00:04:18.000><c> to</c><00:04:18.239><c> stand</c><00:04:18.560><c> out</c><00:04:18.880><c> in</c>

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high altitude clouds to stand out in
 

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high altitude clouds to stand out in
dramatic<00:04:19.840><c> detail.</c>

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dramatic detail.
 

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dramatic detail.
These<00:04:21.600><c> are</c><00:04:21.840><c> the</c><00:04:22.079><c> clearest</c><00:04:22.639><c> images</c><00:04:23.280><c> we've</c><00:04:23.600><c> ever</c>

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These are the clearest images we've ever
 

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These are the clearest images we've ever
taken.

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taken.
 

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taken.
Not<00:04:25.600><c> only</c><00:04:26.000><c> beautiful,</c><00:04:26.880><c> they've</c><00:04:27.199><c> also</c>

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Not only beautiful, they've also
 

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Not only beautiful, they've also
revealed<00:04:28.240><c> previously</c><00:04:28.960><c> unseen</c><00:04:29.520><c> ring</c><00:04:29.759><c> arcs</c><00:04:30.479><c> and</c>

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revealed previously unseen ring arcs and
 

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revealed previously unseen ring arcs and
shown<00:04:31.120><c> us</c><00:04:31.600><c> 14</c><00:04:32.000><c> of</c><00:04:32.160><c> the</c><00:04:32.400><c> ice</c><00:04:32.639><c> giants</c><00:04:33.120><c> known</c>

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shown us 14 of the ice giants known
 

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shown us 14 of the ice giants known
moons.<00:04:34.560><c> And</c><00:04:35.120><c> this</c><00:04:35.680><c> is</c><00:04:36.080><c> just</c><00:04:36.400><c> the</c><00:04:36.720><c> start.</c>

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moons. And this is just the start.
 

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moons. And this is just the start.
Scientists<00:04:38.479><c> are</c><00:04:38.800><c> still</c><00:04:39.280><c> pouring</c><00:04:39.680><c> over</c><00:04:39.919><c> these</c>

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Scientists are still pouring over these
 

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Scientists are still pouring over these
images<00:04:40.479><c> to</c><00:04:40.720><c> uncover</c><00:04:41.120><c> more</c><00:04:41.360><c> of</c><00:04:41.520><c> Neptune's</c>

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images to uncover more of Neptune's
 

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images to uncover more of Neptune's
secrets.<00:04:42.639><c> I've</c><00:04:42.880><c> already</c><00:04:43.040><c> made</c><00:04:43.280><c> a</c><00:04:43.440><c> video</c><00:04:43.600><c> on</c>

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secrets. I've already made a video on
 

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secrets. I've already made a video on
some<00:04:44.000><c> of</c><00:04:44.080><c> them</c><00:04:44.240><c> if</c><00:04:44.479><c> you</c><00:04:44.560><c> want</c><00:04:44.720><c> to</c><00:04:44.880><c> find</c><00:04:45.040><c> out</c>

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some of them if you want to find out
 

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some of them if you want to find out
more.<00:04:46.000><c> But</c><00:04:46.160><c> for</c><00:04:46.400><c> now,</c><00:04:46.880><c> the</c><00:04:47.120><c> other</c><00:04:47.360><c> secrets</c><00:04:47.759><c> of</c>

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more. But for now, the other secrets of
 

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more. But for now, the other secrets of
the<00:04:48.080><c> outer</c><00:04:48.400><c> planets</c><00:04:48.880><c> will</c><00:04:49.199><c> have</c><00:04:49.360><c> to</c><00:04:49.520><c> wait.</c><00:04:50.160><c> as</c>

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the outer planets will have to wait. as
 

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the outer planets will have to wait. as
web<00:04:50.720><c> has</c><00:04:50.960><c> been</c><00:04:51.120><c> focusing</c><00:04:51.520><c> its</c><00:04:51.759><c> attention</c><00:04:52.080><c> on</c>

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web has been focusing its attention on
 

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web has been focusing its attention on
one<00:04:52.560><c> of</c><00:04:52.639><c> the</c><00:04:52.800><c> most</c><00:04:53.040><c> compelling</c><00:04:53.680><c> objects</c>

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one of the most compelling objects
 

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one of the most compelling objects
currently<00:04:54.400><c> in</c><00:04:54.639><c> our</c><00:04:54.800><c> solar</c><00:04:55.120><c> system.</c><00:04:55.919><c> One</c><00:04:56.400><c> that</c>

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currently in our solar system. One that
 

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currently in our solar system. One that
didn't<00:04:57.040><c> start</c><00:04:57.280><c> its</c><00:04:57.520><c> life</c><00:04:57.840><c> here.</c><00:04:59.040><c> On</c><00:04:59.280><c> the</c><00:04:59.440><c> 6th</c>

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didn't start its life here. On the 6th
 

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didn't start its life here. On the 6th
of<00:05:00.000><c> August</c><00:05:00.560><c> 2025,</c><00:05:01.759><c> WEB</c><00:05:02.160><c> used</c><00:05:02.479><c> its</c><00:05:02.720><c> near</c>

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of August 2025, WEB used its near
 

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of August 2025, WEB used its near
infrared<00:05:03.520><c> spectrograph</c><00:05:04.160><c> to</c><00:05:04.400><c> join</c><00:05:04.639><c> the</c><00:05:04.800><c> fleet</c>

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infrared spectrograph to join the fleet
 

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infrared spectrograph to join the fleet
of<00:05:05.360><c> telescopes</c><00:05:05.919><c> and</c><00:05:06.240><c> spacecraft</c><00:05:07.039><c> observing</c>

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of telescopes and spacecraft observing
 

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of telescopes and spacecraft observing
the<00:05:07.919><c> comet</c><00:05:08.560><c> 3i</c><00:05:09.360><c> atlas.</c><00:05:10.400><c> Its</c><00:05:10.720><c> main</c><00:05:10.960><c> focus</c><00:05:11.680><c> was</c>

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the comet 3i atlas. Its main focus was
 

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the comet 3i atlas. Its main focus was
to<00:05:12.240><c> analyze</c><00:05:12.880><c> its</c><00:05:13.199><c> composition.</c><00:05:14.560><c> What</c><00:05:14.880><c> Webb</c>

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to analyze its composition. What Webb
 

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to analyze its composition. What Webb
found<00:05:15.759><c> has</c><00:05:16.160><c> opened</c><00:05:16.560><c> up</c><00:05:16.800><c> a</c><00:05:16.960><c> Pandora's</c><00:05:17.759><c> box</c><00:05:18.080><c> of</c>

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found has opened up a Pandora's box of
 

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found has opened up a Pandora's box of
possibilities.<00:05:19.759><c> The</c><00:05:20.000><c> comet</c><00:05:20.400><c> turned</c><00:05:20.639><c> out</c><00:05:20.800><c> to</c>

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possibilities. The comet turned out to
 

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possibilities. The comet turned out to
be<00:05:21.199><c> unusually</c><00:05:21.919><c> rich</c><00:05:22.160><c> in</c><00:05:22.400><c> carbon</c><00:05:22.800><c> dioxide</c><00:05:23.360><c> and</c>

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be unusually rich in carbon dioxide and
 

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be unusually rich in carbon dioxide and
water<00:05:23.840><c> vapor.</c><00:05:24.800><c> In</c><00:05:24.960><c> fact,</c><00:05:25.199><c> the</c><00:05:25.440><c> ratio</c><00:05:25.919><c> was</c>

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water vapor. In fact, the ratio was
 

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water vapor. In fact, the ratio was
amongst<00:05:26.560><c> the</c><00:05:26.880><c> highest</c><00:05:27.440><c> ever</c><00:05:27.919><c> observed</c><00:05:28.479><c> in</c><00:05:28.800><c> any</c>

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amongst the highest ever observed in any
 

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amongst the highest ever observed in any
comet.<00:05:30.080><c> It</c><00:05:30.240><c> is</c><00:05:30.320><c> a</c><00:05:30.560><c> messenger</c><00:05:31.039><c> from</c><00:05:31.440><c> another</c>

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comet. It is a messenger from another
 

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comet. It is a messenger from another
star<00:05:32.160><c> system,</c><00:05:32.960><c> having</c><00:05:33.280><c> formed</c><00:05:33.680><c> in</c><00:05:33.840><c> a</c><00:05:34.000><c> region</c>

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star system, having formed in a region
 

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star system, having formed in a region
of<00:05:34.479><c> its</c><00:05:34.720><c> original</c><00:05:35.039><c> stars</c><00:05:35.520><c> planetary</c><00:05:36.000><c> disc</c>

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of its original stars planetary disc
 

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of its original stars planetary disc
where<00:05:36.720><c> temperatures</c><00:05:37.199><c> were</c><00:05:37.440><c> cold</c><00:05:37.680><c> enough</c><00:05:37.840><c> for</c>

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where temperatures were cold enough for
 

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where temperatures were cold enough for
CO2<00:05:38.639><c> ice</c><00:05:39.039><c> to</c><00:05:39.280><c> naturally</c><00:05:39.840><c> freeze</c><00:05:40.160><c> out.</c><00:05:41.280><c> By</c>

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CO2 ice to naturally freeze out. By
 

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CO2 ice to naturally freeze out. By
directly<00:05:42.160><c> sampling</c><00:05:42.560><c> the</c><00:05:42.800><c> comet,</c><00:05:43.520><c> James</c><00:05:43.840><c> Webb</c>

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directly sampling the comet, James Webb
 

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directly sampling the comet, James Webb
has<00:05:44.639><c> proven</c><00:05:45.039><c> that</c><00:05:45.280><c> the</c><00:05:45.440><c> basic</c><00:05:45.840><c> building</c>

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has proven that the basic building
 

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has proven that the basic building
blocks<00:05:46.479><c> of</c><00:05:46.639><c> planetary</c><00:05:47.120><c> systems</c><00:05:47.520><c> and</c><00:05:47.759><c> life</c><00:05:48.320><c> are</c>

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blocks of planetary systems and life are
 

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blocks of planetary systems and life are
shared<00:05:49.039><c> across</c><00:05:49.440><c> the</c><00:05:49.759><c> galaxy.</c><00:05:50.639><c> The</c><00:05:50.800><c> common</c>

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shared across the galaxy. The common
 

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shared across the galaxy. The common
elements<00:05:51.600><c> and</c><00:05:51.919><c> chemical</c><00:05:52.400><c> processes</c><00:05:52.880><c> that</c>

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elements and chemical processes that
 

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elements and chemical processes that
created<00:05:53.520><c> our</c><00:05:53.840><c> solar</c><00:05:54.160><c> system</c><00:05:54.960><c> are</c><00:05:55.199><c> likely</c>

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created our solar system are likely
 

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created our solar system are likely
universal.<00:05:57.120><c> But</c><00:05:57.360><c> this</c><00:05:57.759><c> extraordinary</c>

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universal. But this extraordinary
 

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universal. But this extraordinary
telescope<00:05:59.440><c> hasn't</c><00:05:59.919><c> just</c><00:06:00.400><c> proven</c><00:06:00.960><c> useful</c><00:06:01.360><c> in</c>

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telescope hasn't just proven useful in
 

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telescope hasn't just proven useful in
exploring<00:06:02.160><c> worlds</c><00:06:02.479><c> in</c><00:06:02.720><c> our</c><00:06:02.880><c> cosmic</c><00:06:03.360><c> backyard.</c>

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exploring worlds in our cosmic backyard.
 

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exploring worlds in our cosmic backyard.
It's<00:06:04.639><c> also</c><00:06:04.960><c> part</c><00:06:05.199><c> of</c><00:06:05.280><c> the</c><00:06:05.520><c> hunt</c><00:06:05.840><c> for</c><00:06:06.160><c> new</c>

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It's also part of the hunt for new
 

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It's also part of the hunt for new
worlds<00:06:07.039><c> beyond</c><00:06:07.440><c> our</c><00:06:07.759><c> star.</c><00:06:08.639><c> And</c><00:06:08.880><c> yet</c><00:06:09.120><c> again,</c>

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worlds beyond our star. And yet again,
 

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worlds beyond our star. And yet again,
it's<00:06:10.160><c> making</c><00:06:10.479><c> some</c><00:06:10.960><c> astonishing</c><00:06:11.759><c> finds.</c>

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The<00:06:15.199><c> search</c><00:06:15.360><c> for</c><00:06:15.520><c> exoplanets</c><00:06:16.479><c> is</c><00:06:16.880><c> well</c>

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The search for exoplanets is well
 

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The search for exoplanets is well
underway.<00:06:18.319><c> Thanks</c><00:06:18.560><c> to</c><00:06:18.720><c> missions</c><00:06:19.039><c> like</c><00:06:19.280><c> TESS,</c>

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underway. Thanks to missions like TESS,
 

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underway. Thanks to missions like TESS,
the<00:06:20.479><c> transiting</c><00:06:21.120><c> exoplanet</c><00:06:22.000><c> survey</c>

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the transiting exoplanet survey
 

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the transiting exoplanet survey
satellite,<00:06:23.280><c> and</c><00:06:23.600><c> Hubble,</c><00:06:24.160><c> we've</c><00:06:24.560><c> already</c>

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satellite, and Hubble, we've already
 

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satellite, and Hubble, we've already
found<00:06:25.199><c> more</c><00:06:25.520><c> than</c><00:06:25.840><c> 6,000</c><00:06:26.560><c> of</c><00:06:26.800><c> them.</c><00:06:27.759><c> But</c>

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found more than 6,000 of them. But
 

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found more than 6,000 of them. But
they've<00:06:28.240><c> only</c><00:06:28.479><c> been</c><00:06:28.639><c> able</c><00:06:28.800><c> to</c><00:06:28.960><c> gather</c><00:06:29.360><c> so</c><00:06:29.759><c> much</c>

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they've only been able to gather so much
 

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they've only been able to gather so much
information.<00:06:31.280><c> To</c><00:06:31.520><c> find</c><00:06:31.680><c> out</c><00:06:31.919><c> more</c><00:06:32.160><c> about</c>

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information. To find out more about
 

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information. To find out more about
these<00:06:32.880><c> strange</c><00:06:33.360><c> new</c><00:06:33.600><c> worlds,</c><00:06:34.400><c> they</c><00:06:34.639><c> needed</c>

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these strange new worlds, they needed
 

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these strange new worlds, they needed
another<00:06:35.440><c> instrument.</c><00:06:36.400><c> And</c><00:06:36.560><c> that</c><00:06:36.880><c> came</c><00:06:37.199><c> in</c><00:06:37.440><c> the</c>

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another instrument. And that came in the
 

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another instrument. And that came in the
form<00:06:37.919><c> of</c><00:06:38.160><c> James</c><00:06:38.560><c> Webb.</c><00:06:39.600><c> It's</c><00:06:39.840><c> found</c><00:06:40.080><c> that</c><00:06:40.319><c> our</c>

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form of James Webb. It's found that our
 

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form of James Webb. It's found that our
closest<00:06:41.199><c> star</c><00:06:42.080><c> has</c><00:06:42.319><c> been</c><00:06:42.560><c> keeping</c><00:06:42.960><c> secrets.</c>

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closest star has been keeping secrets.
 

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closest star has been keeping secrets.
Just<00:06:45.199><c> over</c><00:06:45.520><c> four</c><00:06:45.919><c> light</c><00:06:46.160><c> years</c><00:06:46.400><c> away</c><00:06:47.039><c> lies</c><00:06:47.440><c> the</c>

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Just over four light years away lies the
 

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Just over four light years away lies the
Alpha<00:06:48.160><c> Centuri</c><00:06:48.800><c> system,</c><00:06:49.440><c> a</c><00:06:49.600><c> trio</c><00:06:49.919><c> of</c><00:06:50.080><c> stars</c>

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Alpha Centuri system, a trio of stars
 

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Alpha Centuri system, a trio of stars
that<00:06:50.720><c> includes</c><00:06:51.280><c> two</c><00:06:51.680><c> sunlike</c><00:06:52.240><c> stars,</c><00:06:52.720><c> Alpha</c>

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that includes two sunlike stars, Alpha
 

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that includes two sunlike stars, Alpha
Century<00:06:53.680><c> A</c><00:06:54.000><c> and</c><00:06:54.240><c> B,</c><00:06:54.800><c> and</c><00:06:55.039><c> the</c><00:06:55.199><c> red</c><00:06:55.440><c> dwarf</c>

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Century A and B, and the red dwarf
 

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Century A and B, and the red dwarf
Proxima<00:06:56.800><c> Centuri.</c><00:06:58.000><c> For</c><00:06:58.319><c> decades,</c>

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Proxima Centuri. For decades,
 

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Proxima Centuri. For decades,
astronomers<00:06:59.680><c> have</c><00:06:59.919><c> suspected</c><00:07:00.319><c> that</c><00:07:00.560><c> planets</c>

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astronomers have suspected that planets
 

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astronomers have suspected that planets
might<00:07:01.360><c> orbit</c><00:07:01.840><c> the</c><00:07:02.080><c> two</c><00:07:02.319><c> sunlike</c><00:07:02.880><c> stars.</c><00:07:03.759><c> But</c>

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might orbit the two sunlike stars. But
 

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might orbit the two sunlike stars. But
the<00:07:04.160><c> immense</c><00:07:05.199><c> overlapping</c><00:07:05.759><c> glare</c><00:07:06.080><c> of</c><00:07:06.160><c> the</c>

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the immense overlapping glare of the
 

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the immense overlapping glare of the
binary<00:07:06.800><c> pair</c><00:07:07.360><c> made</c><00:07:07.599><c> them</c><00:07:07.919><c> impossible</c><00:07:08.560><c> to</c>

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binary pair made them impossible to
 

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binary pair made them impossible to
detect.<00:07:10.080><c> Web</c><00:07:10.560><c> has</c><00:07:10.800><c> overcome</c><00:07:11.280><c> this</c><00:07:11.599><c> obstacle</c>

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detect. Web has overcome this obstacle
 

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detect. Web has overcome this obstacle
using<00:07:12.880><c> its</c><00:07:13.199><c> mid</c><00:07:13.599><c> infrared</c><00:07:14.240><c> instrument</c><00:07:15.039><c> and</c><00:07:15.280><c> an</c>

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using its mid infrared instrument and an
 

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using its mid infrared instrument and an
internal<00:07:16.080><c> chronograph</c><00:07:16.720><c> to</c><00:07:16.960><c> block</c><00:07:17.280><c> the</c>

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internal chronograph to block the
 

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internal chronograph to block the
intense<00:07:18.000><c> starlight.</c><00:07:19.280><c> Much</c><00:07:19.599><c> like</c><00:07:19.759><c> you</c><00:07:20.080><c> might</c>

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intense starlight. Much like you might
 

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intense starlight. Much like you might
use<00:07:20.479><c> a</c><00:07:20.639><c> car's</c><00:07:20.960><c> visor</c><00:07:21.440><c> to</c><00:07:21.759><c> block</c><00:07:22.160><c> direct</c>

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use a car's visor to block direct
 

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use a car's visor to block direct
sunlight<00:07:23.039><c> so</c><00:07:23.280><c> you</c><00:07:23.440><c> can</c><00:07:23.599><c> see</c><00:07:23.759><c> on</c><00:07:23.919><c> the</c><00:07:24.080><c> road,</c>

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sunlight so you can see on the road,
 

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sunlight so you can see on the road,
this<00:07:24.880><c> device</c><00:07:25.280><c> stops</c><00:07:25.599><c> the</c><00:07:25.840><c> bright</c><00:07:26.080><c> starlight</c>

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this device stops the bright starlight
 

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this device stops the bright starlight
and<00:07:27.039><c> allows</c><00:07:27.360><c> the</c><00:07:27.599><c> faint</c><00:07:27.919><c> light</c><00:07:28.160><c> from</c><00:07:28.319><c> the</c>

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and allows the faint light from the
 

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and allows the faint light from the
planets<00:07:28.880><c> around</c><00:07:29.199><c> it</c><00:07:29.440><c> to</c><00:07:29.680><c> be</c><00:07:29.840><c> seen.</c><00:07:31.039><c> This</c><00:07:31.199><c> is</c><00:07:31.520><c> an</c>

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planets around it to be seen. This is an
 

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planets around it to be seen. This is an
incredibly<00:07:32.639><c> challenging</c><00:07:33.360><c> observation,</c>

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incredibly challenging observation,
 

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incredibly challenging observation,
requiring<00:07:35.280><c> meticulous</c><00:07:36.160><c> image</c><00:07:36.560><c> processing</c><00:07:37.360><c> to</c>

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requiring meticulous image processing to
 

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requiring meticulous image processing to
subtract<00:07:38.000><c> the</c><00:07:38.240><c> residual</c><00:07:38.800><c> light</c><00:07:39.039><c> from</c><00:07:39.280><c> both</c>

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subtract the residual light from both
 

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subtract the residual light from both
Alpha<00:07:39.840><c> Centuri</c><00:07:40.400><c> A</c><00:07:40.800><c> and</c><00:07:41.039><c> his</c><00:07:41.199><c> companion</c><00:07:41.759><c> star</c>

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Alpha Centuri A and his companion star
 

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Alpha Centuri A and his companion star
B.<00:07:43.199><c> The</c><00:07:43.440><c> resulting</c><00:07:44.000><c> faint</c><00:07:44.400><c> point</c><00:07:44.639><c> of</c><00:07:44.800><c> light</c>

00:07:45.350 --> 00:07:45.360 align:start position:0%
B. The resulting faint point of light
 

00:07:45.360 --> 00:07:48.629 align:start position:0%
B. The resulting faint point of light
detected<00:07:45.840><c> by</c><00:07:46.080><c> Meri</c><00:07:46.720><c> is</c><00:07:47.039><c> now</c><00:07:47.280><c> the</c><00:07:47.599><c> closest</c><00:07:48.240><c> ever</c>

00:07:48.629 --> 00:07:48.639 align:start position:0%
detected by Meri is now the closest ever
 

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detected by Meri is now the closest ever
exoplanet<00:07:49.440><c> candidate</c><00:07:50.080><c> to</c><00:07:50.319><c> be</c><00:07:50.639><c> directly</c>

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exoplanet candidate to be directly
 

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exoplanet candidate to be directly
imaged.<00:07:52.319><c> It</c><00:07:52.560><c> has</c><00:07:52.720><c> given</c><00:07:52.960><c> a</c><00:07:53.199><c> strong</c><00:07:53.680><c> evidence</c>

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imaged. It has given a strong evidence
 

00:07:54.080 --> 00:07:57.110 align:start position:0%
imaged. It has given a strong evidence
of<00:07:54.240><c> a</c><00:07:54.479><c> potential</c><00:07:55.120><c> Saturn</c><00:07:55.680><c> mass</c><00:07:56.080><c> gas</c><00:07:56.479><c> giant</c>

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of a potential Saturn mass gas giant
 

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of a potential Saturn mass gas giant
orbiting<00:07:57.680><c> Alpha</c><00:07:58.160><c> Centuri</c><00:07:58.800><c> A.</c><00:07:59.840><c> And</c><00:08:00.080><c> even</c><00:08:00.400><c> more</c>

00:08:00.710 --> 00:08:00.720 align:start position:0%
orbiting Alpha Centuri A. And even more
 

00:08:00.720 --> 00:08:02.469 align:start position:0%
orbiting Alpha Centuri A. And even more
surprisingly,<00:08:01.520><c> based</c><00:08:01.840><c> on</c><00:08:02.000><c> orbital</c>

00:08:02.469 --> 00:08:02.479 align:start position:0%
surprisingly, based on orbital
 

00:08:02.479 --> 00:08:05.430 align:start position:0%
surprisingly, based on orbital
simulations,<00:08:03.599><c> this</c><00:08:03.919><c> gas</c><00:08:04.319><c> giant</c><00:08:04.960><c> likely</c>

00:08:05.430 --> 00:08:05.440 align:start position:0%
simulations, this gas giant likely
 

00:08:05.440 --> 00:08:08.070 align:start position:0%
simulations, this gas giant likely
follows<00:08:05.840><c> an</c><00:08:06.160><c> elliptical</c><00:08:06.720><c> path</c><00:08:07.120><c> within</c><00:08:07.759><c> the</c>

00:08:08.070 --> 00:08:08.080 align:start position:0%
follows an elliptical path within the
 

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follows an elliptical path within the
stars<00:08:08.479><c> habitable</c><00:08:08.960><c> zone.</c>

00:08:10.629 --> 00:08:10.639 align:start position:0%
stars habitable zone.
 

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stars habitable zone.
While<00:08:10.879><c> the</c><00:08:11.039><c> gas</c><00:08:11.280><c> giant</c><00:08:11.599><c> itself</c><00:08:12.080><c> would</c><00:08:12.639><c> not</c>

00:08:12.869 --> 00:08:12.879 align:start position:0%
While the gas giant itself would not
 

00:08:12.879 --> 00:08:15.350 align:start position:0%
While the gas giant itself would not
likely<00:08:13.280><c> host</c><00:08:13.599><c> life</c><00:08:13.840><c> as</c><00:08:14.080><c> we</c><00:08:14.240><c> know</c><00:08:14.400><c> it,</c><00:08:15.039><c> its</c>

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likely host life as we know it, its
 

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likely host life as we know it, its
existence<00:08:15.840><c> confirms</c><00:08:16.240><c> that</c><00:08:16.400><c> a</c><00:08:16.639><c> planetary</c>

00:08:17.110 --> 00:08:17.120 align:start position:0%
existence confirms that a planetary
 

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existence confirms that a planetary
system<00:08:17.599><c> has</c><00:08:18.080><c> formed</c><00:08:18.560><c> around</c><00:08:18.960><c> our</c><00:08:19.360><c> nearest</c>

00:08:19.830 --> 00:08:19.840 align:start position:0%
system has formed around our nearest
 

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system has formed around our nearest
stellar<00:08:20.240><c> neighbor,</c><00:08:21.120><c> providing</c><00:08:21.520><c> the</c>

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stellar neighbor, providing the
 

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stellar neighbor, providing the
potential<00:08:22.160><c> for</c><00:08:22.479><c> smaller</c><00:08:23.199><c> habitable</c><00:08:23.840><c> moons</c><00:08:24.560><c> or</c>

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potential for smaller habitable moons or
 

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potential for smaller habitable moons or
other<00:08:25.520><c> terrestrial</c><00:08:26.319><c> worlds</c><00:08:27.120><c> yet</c><00:08:27.520><c> to</c><00:08:27.759><c> be</c>

00:08:27.990 --> 00:08:28.000 align:start position:0%
other terrestrial worlds yet to be
 

00:08:28.000 --> 00:08:29.670 align:start position:0%
other terrestrial worlds yet to be
discovered.

00:08:29.670 --> 00:08:29.680 align:start position:0%
discovered.
 

00:08:29.680 --> 00:08:32.389 align:start position:0%
discovered.
Now,<00:08:30.240><c> if</c><00:08:30.639><c> planets</c><00:08:31.120><c> and</c><00:08:31.360><c> moons</c><00:08:31.919><c> form</c>

00:08:32.389 --> 00:08:32.399 align:start position:0%
Now, if planets and moons form
 

00:08:32.399 --> 00:08:35.029 align:start position:0%
Now, if planets and moons form
throughout<00:08:32.880><c> the</c><00:08:33.120><c> universe,</c><00:08:33.839><c> which</c><00:08:34.159><c> we</c><00:08:34.719><c> very</c>

00:08:35.029 --> 00:08:35.039 align:start position:0%
throughout the universe, which we very
 

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throughout the universe, which we very
much<00:08:35.360><c> think</c><00:08:35.599><c> is</c><00:08:35.839><c> the</c><00:08:36.080><c> case,</c><00:08:36.719><c> the</c><00:08:36.959><c> next</c>

00:08:37.190 --> 00:08:37.200 align:start position:0%
much think is the case, the next
 

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much think is the case, the next
question<00:08:37.519><c> is</c><00:08:38.399><c> how?</c><00:08:39.680><c> And</c><00:08:39.919><c> this</c><00:08:40.080><c> is</c><00:08:40.240><c> once</c><00:08:40.560><c> again</c>

00:08:40.949 --> 00:08:40.959 align:start position:0%
question is how? And this is once again
 

00:08:40.959 --> 00:08:43.269 align:start position:0%
question is how? And this is once again
something<00:08:41.360><c> the</c><00:08:41.599><c> James</c><00:08:41.919><c> Webb</c><00:08:42.240><c> Space</c><00:08:42.479><c> Telescope</c>

00:08:43.269 --> 00:08:43.279 align:start position:0%
something the James Webb Space Telescope
 

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something the James Webb Space Telescope
can<00:08:43.680><c> help</c><00:08:44.000><c> answer.</c><00:08:44.959><c> So</c><00:08:45.200><c> let's</c><00:08:45.440><c> continue</c><00:08:45.760><c> our</c>

00:08:46.070 --> 00:08:46.080 align:start position:0%
can help answer. So let's continue our
 

00:08:46.080 --> 00:08:48.389 align:start position:0%
can help answer. So let's continue our
journey<00:08:46.560><c> by</c><00:08:46.880><c> diving</c><00:08:47.279><c> into</c><00:08:47.519><c> the</c><00:08:47.680><c> immense</c>

00:08:48.389 --> 00:08:48.399 align:start position:0%
journey by diving into the immense
 

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journey by diving into the immense
chaotic<00:08:49.040><c> processes</c><00:08:49.839><c> of</c><00:08:50.240><c> creation.</c>

00:08:52.389 --> 00:08:52.399 align:start position:0%
chaotic processes of creation.
 

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chaotic processes of creation.
The<00:08:52.640><c> cosmic</c><00:08:53.040><c> cliffs,</c><00:08:53.920><c> part</c><00:08:54.240><c> of</c><00:08:54.399><c> the</c><00:08:54.640><c> Karina</c>

00:08:55.110 --> 00:08:55.120 align:start position:0%
The cosmic cliffs, part of the Karina
 

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The cosmic cliffs, part of the Karina
Nebula,<00:08:56.000><c> 7,600</c><00:08:57.279><c> light-years</c><00:08:57.680><c> away,</c><00:08:58.240><c> and</c><00:08:58.560><c> the</c>

00:08:58.949 --> 00:08:58.959 align:start position:0%
Nebula, 7,600 light-years away, and the
 

00:08:58.959 --> 00:09:01.269 align:start position:0%
Nebula, 7,600 light-years away, and the
iconic<00:08:59.519><c> Pillars</c><00:08:59.920><c> of</c><00:09:00.080><c> Creation</c><00:09:00.640><c> in</c><00:09:00.800><c> the</c><00:09:00.959><c> Eagle</c>

00:09:01.269 --> 00:09:01.279 align:start position:0%
iconic Pillars of Creation in the Eagle
 

00:09:01.279 --> 00:09:04.470 align:start position:0%
iconic Pillars of Creation in the Eagle
Nebula,<00:09:01.920><c> 6,500</c><00:09:03.040><c> light-years</c><00:09:03.440><c> away,</c><00:09:04.080><c> may</c><00:09:04.240><c> be</c>

00:09:04.470 --> 00:09:04.480 align:start position:0%
Nebula, 6,500 light-years away, may be
 

00:09:04.480 --> 00:09:06.230 align:start position:0%
Nebula, 6,500 light-years away, may be
familiar<00:09:04.880><c> sights</c><00:09:05.200><c> to</c><00:09:05.440><c> some</c><00:09:05.519><c> of</c><00:09:05.680><c> you,</c><00:09:06.000><c> thanks</c>

00:09:06.230 --> 00:09:06.240 align:start position:0%
familiar sights to some of you, thanks
 

00:09:06.240 --> 00:09:08.470 align:start position:0%
familiar sights to some of you, thanks
to<00:09:06.399><c> the</c><00:09:06.640><c> stunning</c><00:09:07.360><c> visible</c><00:09:07.760><c> light</c><00:09:08.080><c> images</c>

00:09:08.470 --> 00:09:08.480 align:start position:0%
to the stunning visible light images
 

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to the stunning visible light images
captured<00:09:08.880><c> by</c><00:09:09.040><c> the</c><00:09:09.279><c> Hubble</c><00:09:09.680><c> Space</c><00:09:09.920><c> Telescope.</c>

00:09:11.030 --> 00:09:11.040 align:start position:0%
captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.
 

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captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.
But<00:09:11.279><c> web</c><00:09:11.920><c> has</c><00:09:12.160><c> given</c><00:09:12.399><c> us</c><00:09:12.640><c> an</c><00:09:12.959><c> entirely</c>

00:09:13.750 --> 00:09:13.760 align:start position:0%
But web has given us an entirely
 

00:09:13.760 --> 00:09:16.949 align:start position:0%
But web has given us an entirely
different<00:09:14.160><c> view.</c><00:09:15.440><c> Rather</c><00:09:15.760><c> than</c><00:09:16.000><c> competing,</c>

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different view. Rather than competing,
 

00:09:16.959 --> 00:09:19.990 align:start position:0%
different view. Rather than competing,
Web<00:09:17.360><c> acts</c><00:09:17.680><c> as</c><00:09:18.000><c> Hubble's</c><00:09:18.640><c> companion,</c><00:09:19.680><c> using</c>

00:09:19.990 --> 00:09:20.000 align:start position:0%
Web acts as Hubble's companion, using
 

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Web acts as Hubble's companion, using
the<00:09:20.240><c> infrared</c><00:09:20.720><c> part</c><00:09:20.959><c> of</c><00:09:21.040><c> the</c><00:09:21.200><c> light</c><00:09:21.440><c> spectrum</c>

00:09:22.150 --> 00:09:22.160 align:start position:0%
the infrared part of the light spectrum
 

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the infrared part of the light spectrum
to<00:09:22.399><c> peer</c><00:09:22.800><c> through</c><00:09:23.040><c> the</c><00:09:23.279><c> thick,</c><00:09:23.920><c> obscuring</c>

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to peer through the thick, obscuring
 

00:09:24.560 --> 00:09:27.269 align:start position:0%
to peer through the thick, obscuring
dust<00:09:24.880><c> that</c><00:09:25.200><c> Hubble's</c><00:09:25.839><c> visible</c><00:09:26.320><c> light</c><00:09:26.880><c> can't</c>

00:09:27.269 --> 00:09:27.279 align:start position:0%
dust that Hubble's visible light can't
 

00:09:27.279 --> 00:09:30.070 align:start position:0%
dust that Hubble's visible light can't
penetrate.<00:09:28.560><c> In</c><00:09:28.800><c> this</c><00:09:29.040><c> image</c><00:09:29.279><c> of</c><00:09:29.519><c> the</c><00:09:29.680><c> Pillars</c>

00:09:30.070 --> 00:09:30.080 align:start position:0%
penetrate. In this image of the Pillars
 

00:09:30.080 --> 00:09:33.269 align:start position:0%
penetrate. In this image of the Pillars
of<00:09:30.240><c> Creation,</c><00:09:30.959><c> Web's</c><00:09:31.519><c> near</c><00:09:31.839><c> cam</c><00:09:32.240><c> view</c><00:09:32.640><c> reveals</c>

00:09:33.269 --> 00:09:33.279 align:start position:0%
of Creation, Web's near cam view reveals
 

00:09:33.279 --> 00:09:36.150 align:start position:0%
of Creation, Web's near cam view reveals
thousands<00:09:33.920><c> of</c><00:09:34.160><c> previously</c><00:09:34.720><c> unseen</c><00:09:35.200><c> stars,</c>

00:09:36.150 --> 00:09:36.160 align:start position:0%
thousands of previously unseen stars,
 

00:09:36.160 --> 00:09:38.389 align:start position:0%
thousands of previously unseen stars,
including<00:09:36.560><c> newborns</c><00:09:37.200><c> that</c><00:09:37.440><c> were</c><00:09:37.839><c> completely</c>

00:09:38.389 --> 00:09:38.399 align:start position:0%
including newborns that were completely
 

00:09:38.399 --> 00:09:40.790 align:start position:0%
including newborns that were completely
hidden<00:09:38.720><c> within</c><00:09:39.120><c> the</c><00:09:39.279><c> dark,</c><00:09:39.760><c> dusty</c><00:09:40.240><c> columns</c><00:09:40.560><c> in</c>

00:09:40.790 --> 00:09:40.800 align:start position:0%
hidden within the dark, dusty columns in
 

00:09:40.800 --> 00:09:43.590 align:start position:0%
hidden within the dark, dusty columns in
Hubble's<00:09:41.279><c> images.</c><00:09:42.240><c> They</c><00:09:42.480><c> appear</c><00:09:42.880><c> as</c><00:09:43.200><c> bright</c>

00:09:43.590 --> 00:09:43.600 align:start position:0%
Hubble's images. They appear as bright
 

00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:46.230 align:start position:0%
Hubble's images. They appear as bright
red<00:09:43.839><c> orbs</c><00:09:44.320><c> lying</c><00:09:44.800><c> outside</c><00:09:45.360><c> one</c><00:09:45.600><c> of</c><00:09:45.680><c> the</c><00:09:45.839><c> dusty</c>

00:09:46.230 --> 00:09:46.240 align:start position:0%
red orbs lying outside one of the dusty
 

00:09:46.240 --> 00:09:48.870 align:start position:0%
red orbs lying outside one of the dusty
pillars.<00:09:47.279><c> Estimated</c><00:09:47.839><c> to</c><00:09:48.000><c> be</c><00:09:48.160><c> just</c><00:09:48.399><c> a</c><00:09:48.640><c> few</c>

00:09:48.870 --> 00:09:48.880 align:start position:0%
pillars. Estimated to be just a few
 

00:09:48.880 --> 00:09:51.430 align:start position:0%
pillars. Estimated to be just a few
hundred,000<00:09:49.760><c> years</c><00:09:50.000><c> old.</c><00:09:50.560><c> The</c><00:09:50.800><c> red</c><00:09:51.040><c> glow</c>

00:09:51.430 --> 00:09:51.440 align:start position:0%
hundred,000 years old. The red glow
 

00:09:51.440 --> 00:09:54.310 align:start position:0%
hundred,000 years old. The red glow
comes<00:09:51.760><c> from</c><00:09:52.160><c> energetic</c><00:09:52.800><c> hydrogen</c><00:09:53.440><c> molecules</c>

00:09:54.310 --> 00:09:54.320 align:start position:0%
comes from energetic hydrogen molecules
 

00:09:54.320 --> 00:09:56.790 align:start position:0%
comes from energetic hydrogen molecules
created<00:09:54.720><c> in</c><00:09:55.040><c> plasma</c><00:09:55.440><c> jets</c><00:09:55.760><c> and</c><00:09:55.920><c> shock</c><00:09:56.240><c> waves</c>

00:09:56.790 --> 00:09:56.800 align:start position:0%
created in plasma jets and shock waves
 

00:09:56.800 --> 00:09:59.509 align:start position:0%
created in plasma jets and shock waves
emanating<00:09:57.360><c> from</c><00:09:57.519><c> the</c><00:09:57.760><c> new</c><00:09:58.000><c> star</c><00:09:58.240><c> within.</c><00:09:59.279><c> It's</c>

00:09:59.509 --> 00:09:59.519 align:start position:0%
emanating from the new star within. It's
 

00:09:59.519 --> 00:10:02.470 align:start position:0%
emanating from the new star within. It's
as<00:09:59.680><c> if</c><00:09:59.920><c> the</c><00:10:00.240><c> top</c><00:10:00.480><c> of</c><00:10:00.640><c> the</c><00:10:00.880><c> pillar</c><00:10:01.440><c> is</c><00:10:01.839><c> pulsing</c>

00:10:02.470 --> 00:10:02.480 align:start position:0%
as if the top of the pillar is pulsing
 

00:10:02.480 --> 00:10:04.310 align:start position:0%
as if the top of the pillar is pulsing
with<00:10:02.800><c> activity.</c>

00:10:04.310 --> 00:10:04.320 align:start position:0%
with activity.
 

00:10:04.320 --> 00:10:06.630 align:start position:0%
with activity.
Similar<00:10:04.800><c> processes</c><00:10:05.440><c> have</c><00:10:05.760><c> also</c><00:10:06.080><c> been</c><00:10:06.240><c> seen</c><00:10:06.480><c> as</c>

00:10:06.630 --> 00:10:06.640 align:start position:0%
Similar processes have also been seen as
 

00:10:06.640 --> 00:10:10.230 align:start position:0%
Similar processes have also been seen as
the<00:10:06.800><c> cosmic</c><00:10:07.200><c> cliffs.</c><00:10:08.480><c> Here,</c><00:10:09.040><c> Web's</c><00:10:09.519><c> near</c><00:10:09.920><c> Cam</c>

00:10:10.230 --> 00:10:10.240 align:start position:0%
the cosmic cliffs. Here, Web's near Cam
 

00:10:10.240 --> 00:10:12.230 align:start position:0%
the cosmic cliffs. Here, Web's near Cam
has<00:10:10.560><c> captured</c><00:10:11.040><c> crisp</c><00:10:11.440><c> details</c><00:10:11.920><c> of</c><00:10:12.080><c> the</c>

00:10:12.230 --> 00:10:12.240 align:start position:0%
has captured crisp details of the
 

00:10:12.240 --> 00:10:14.310 align:start position:0%
has captured crisp details of the
turbulent<00:10:12.800><c> gaseous</c><00:10:13.360><c> structure</c><00:10:13.760><c> at</c><00:10:14.000><c> the</c><00:10:14.160><c> edge</c>

00:10:14.310 --> 00:10:14.320 align:start position:0%
turbulent gaseous structure at the edge
 

00:10:14.320 --> 00:10:16.150 align:start position:0%
turbulent gaseous structure at the edge
of<00:10:14.480><c> the</c><00:10:14.640><c> nebula.</c>

00:10:16.150 --> 00:10:16.160 align:start position:0%
of the nebula.
 

00:10:16.160 --> 00:10:18.310 align:start position:0%
of the nebula.
This<00:10:16.560><c> sharper</c><00:10:17.040><c> look</c><00:10:17.279><c> reveals</c><00:10:17.680><c> that</c><00:10:17.920><c> they</c><00:10:18.079><c> are</c>

00:10:18.310 --> 00:10:18.320 align:start position:0%
This sharper look reveals that they are
 

00:10:18.320 --> 00:10:20.790 align:start position:0%
This sharper look reveals that they are
actively<00:10:18.800><c> being</c><00:10:19.200><c> sculpted</c><00:10:19.760><c> and</c><00:10:20.160><c> eroded</c><00:10:20.560><c> by</c>

00:10:20.790 --> 00:10:20.800 align:start position:0%
actively being sculpted and eroded by
 

00:10:20.800 --> 00:10:23.509 align:start position:0%
actively being sculpted and eroded by
intense<00:10:21.360><c> radiation</c><00:10:22.320><c> from</c><00:10:22.720><c> massive</c><00:10:23.200><c> young</c>

00:10:23.509 --> 00:10:23.519 align:start position:0%
intense radiation from massive young
 

00:10:23.519 --> 00:10:26.470 align:start position:0%
intense radiation from massive young
stars<00:10:24.000><c> just</c><00:10:24.320><c> above</c><00:10:24.640><c> them.</c><00:10:25.360><c> A</c><00:10:25.600><c> process</c><00:10:26.160><c> much</c>

00:10:26.470 --> 00:10:26.480 align:start position:0%
stars just above them. A process much
 

00:10:26.480 --> 00:10:28.630 align:start position:0%
stars just above them. A process much
harder<00:10:26.880><c> to</c><00:10:27.040><c> visualize</c><00:10:27.440><c> in</c><00:10:27.680><c> Hubble's</c><00:10:28.240><c> previous</c>

00:10:28.630 --> 00:10:28.640 align:start position:0%
harder to visualize in Hubble's previous
 

00:10:28.640 --> 00:10:31.910 align:start position:0%
harder to visualize in Hubble's previous
data.<00:10:29.839><c> This</c><00:10:30.079><c> new</c><00:10:30.320><c> ability</c><00:10:30.720><c> to</c><00:10:30.959><c> peer</c><00:10:31.440><c> inside</c>

00:10:31.910 --> 00:10:31.920 align:start position:0%
data. This new ability to peer inside
 

00:10:31.920 --> 00:10:34.550 align:start position:0%
data. This new ability to peer inside
these<00:10:32.320><c> cosmic</c><00:10:32.800><c> nurseries</c><00:10:33.680><c> fundamentally</c>

00:10:34.550 --> 00:10:34.560 align:start position:0%
these cosmic nurseries fundamentally
 

00:10:34.560 --> 00:10:37.110 align:start position:0%
these cosmic nurseries fundamentally
changes<00:10:35.040><c> our</c><00:10:35.440><c> understanding</c><00:10:35.920><c> of</c><00:10:36.160><c> how</c><00:10:36.560><c> stars</c>

00:10:37.110 --> 00:10:37.120 align:start position:0%
changes our understanding of how stars
 

00:10:37.120 --> 00:10:39.990 align:start position:0%
changes our understanding of how stars
and<00:10:37.440><c> planets</c><00:10:37.839><c> are</c><00:10:38.079><c> born.</c><00:10:39.040><c> Finally</c><00:10:39.600><c> allowing</c>

00:10:39.990 --> 00:10:40.000 align:start position:0%
and planets are born. Finally allowing
 

00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:42.550 align:start position:0%
and planets are born. Finally allowing
us<00:10:40.160><c> to</c><00:10:40.320><c> put</c><00:10:40.640><c> theories</c><00:10:41.200><c> based</c><00:10:41.519><c> on</c><00:10:41.680><c> simulations</c>

00:10:42.550 --> 00:10:42.560 align:start position:0%
us to put theories based on simulations
 

00:10:42.560 --> 00:10:45.990 align:start position:0%
us to put theories based on simulations
to<00:10:42.800><c> the</c><00:10:43.040><c> test.</c><00:10:43.920><c> And</c><00:10:44.079><c> what</c><00:10:44.399><c> web</c><00:10:44.720><c> is</c><00:10:44.880><c> finding</c><00:10:45.760><c> is</c>

00:10:45.990 --> 00:10:46.000 align:start position:0%
to the test. And what web is finding is
 

00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:49.590 align:start position:0%
to the test. And what web is finding is
that<00:10:46.399><c> infant</c><00:10:46.880><c> stars</c><00:10:47.360><c> are</c><00:10:47.839><c> not</c><00:10:48.240><c> calm.</c><00:10:49.360><c> Their</c>

00:10:49.590 --> 00:10:49.600 align:start position:0%
that infant stars are not calm. Their
 

00:10:49.600 --> 00:10:53.269 align:start position:0%
that infant stars are not calm. Their
births<00:10:50.160><c> are</c><00:10:50.560><c> explosive,</c><00:10:51.680><c> energetic,</c><00:10:52.880><c> and</c>

00:10:53.269 --> 00:10:53.279 align:start position:0%
births are explosive, energetic, and
 

00:10:53.279 --> 00:10:56.150 align:start position:0%
births are explosive, energetic, and
always<00:10:53.839><c> spectacular.</c>

00:10:56.150 --> 00:10:56.160 align:start position:0%
always spectacular.
 

00:10:56.160 --> 00:10:58.150 align:start position:0%
always spectacular.
Deep<00:10:56.399><c> in</c><00:10:56.560><c> the</c><00:10:56.720><c> outskirts</c><00:10:57.120><c> of</c><00:10:57.279><c> the</c><00:10:57.360><c> Milky</c><00:10:57.680><c> Way</c>

00:10:58.150 --> 00:10:58.160 align:start position:0%
Deep in the outskirts of the Milky Way
 

00:10:58.160 --> 00:11:02.470 align:start position:0%
Deep in the outskirts of the Milky Way
in<00:10:58.399><c> a</c><00:10:58.560><c> region</c><00:10:58.880><c> known</c><00:10:59.279><c> as</c><00:10:59.680><c> Sharpless</c><00:11:00.560><c> 2284,</c>

00:11:02.470 --> 00:11:02.480 align:start position:0%
in a region known as Sharpless 2284,
 

00:11:02.480 --> 00:11:05.350 align:start position:0%
in a region known as Sharpless 2284,
approximately<00:11:03.440><c> 15,000</c><00:11:04.240><c> lighty</c><00:11:04.480><c> years</c><00:11:04.640><c> away,</c>

00:11:05.350 --> 00:11:05.360 align:start position:0%
approximately 15,000 lighty years away,
 

00:11:05.360 --> 00:11:07.590 align:start position:0%
approximately 15,000 lighty years away,
our<00:11:05.760><c> golden</c><00:11:06.079><c> eye</c><00:11:06.720><c> found</c><00:11:07.120><c> something</c>

00:11:07.590 --> 00:11:07.600 align:start position:0%
our golden eye found something
 

00:11:07.600 --> 00:11:11.350 align:start position:0%
our golden eye found something
extraordinary.<00:11:08.959><c> A</c><00:11:09.200><c> true</c><00:11:09.680><c> beer</c><00:11:10.160><c> of</c><00:11:10.320><c> a</c><00:11:10.480><c> protoar</c>

00:11:11.350 --> 00:11:11.360 align:start position:0%
extraordinary. A true beer of a protoar
 

00:11:11.360 --> 00:11:14.310 align:start position:0%
extraordinary. A true beer of a protoar
weighing<00:11:11.760><c> as</c><00:11:12.000><c> much</c><00:11:12.160><c> as</c><00:11:12.560><c> 10</c><00:11:13.040><c> times</c><00:11:13.600><c> the</c><00:11:13.920><c> mass</c><00:11:14.160><c> of</c>

00:11:14.310 --> 00:11:14.320 align:start position:0%
weighing as much as 10 times the mass of
 

00:11:14.320 --> 00:11:18.550 align:start position:0%
weighing as much as 10 times the mass of
our<00:11:14.640><c> sun.</c><00:11:15.920><c> But</c><00:11:16.480><c> not</c><00:11:16.800><c> only</c><00:11:17.040><c> that,</c><00:11:17.839><c> this</c><00:11:18.079><c> massive</c>

00:11:18.550 --> 00:11:18.560 align:start position:0%
our sun. But not only that, this massive
 

00:11:18.560 --> 00:11:22.389 align:start position:0%
our sun. But not only that, this massive
star<00:11:18.959><c> is</c><00:11:19.279><c> unleashing</c><00:11:20.160><c> huge</c><00:11:20.800><c> jets</c><00:11:21.279><c> of</c><00:11:21.519><c> gas</c><00:11:22.079><c> and</c>

00:11:22.389 --> 00:11:22.399 align:start position:0%
star is unleashing huge jets of gas and
 

00:11:22.399 --> 00:11:24.150 align:start position:0%
star is unleashing huge jets of gas and
radiation

00:11:24.150 --> 00:11:24.160 align:start position:0%
radiation
 

00:11:24.160 --> 00:11:26.790 align:start position:0%
radiation
known<00:11:24.399><c> as</c><00:11:24.560><c> a</c><00:11:24.800><c> bipolar</c><00:11:25.519><c> outflow.</c><00:11:26.480><c> They</c><00:11:26.640><c> are</c>

00:11:26.790 --> 00:11:26.800 align:start position:0%
known as a bipolar outflow. They are
 

00:11:26.800 --> 00:11:29.670 align:start position:0%
known as a bipolar outflow. They are
created<00:11:27.200><c> as</c><00:11:27.680><c> superheated</c><00:11:28.320><c> gas</c><00:11:28.560><c> falls</c><00:11:28.959><c> inward</c>

00:11:29.670 --> 00:11:29.680 align:start position:0%
created as superheated gas falls inward
 

00:11:29.680 --> 00:11:32.389 align:start position:0%
created as superheated gas falls inward
toward<00:11:30.000><c> the</c><00:11:30.160><c> protoar's</c><00:11:30.959><c> core</c><00:11:31.600><c> and</c><00:11:31.839><c> then</c><00:11:32.000><c> is</c>

00:11:32.389 --> 00:11:32.399 align:start position:0%
toward the protoar's core and then is
 

00:11:32.399 --> 00:11:35.910 align:start position:0%
toward the protoar's core and then is
simultaneously<00:11:33.519><c> blasted</c><00:11:34.079><c> back</c><00:11:34.480><c> into</c><00:11:34.800><c> space.</c>

00:11:35.910 --> 00:11:35.920 align:start position:0%
simultaneously blasted back into space.
 

00:11:35.920 --> 00:11:38.310 align:start position:0%
simultaneously blasted back into space.
Powerful<00:11:36.480><c> magnetic</c><00:11:36.959><c> fields</c><00:11:37.680><c> channel</c><00:11:38.079><c> this</c>

00:11:38.310 --> 00:11:38.320 align:start position:0%
Powerful magnetic fields channel this
 

00:11:38.320 --> 00:11:41.750 align:start position:0%
Powerful magnetic fields channel this
material<00:11:38.959><c> into</c><00:11:39.360><c> narrow</c><00:11:40.160><c> high</c><00:11:40.480><c> velocity</c><00:11:40.959><c> jets</c>

00:11:41.750 --> 00:11:41.760 align:start position:0%
material into narrow high velocity jets
 

00:11:41.760 --> 00:11:43.829 align:start position:0%
material into narrow high velocity jets
launched<00:11:42.240><c> outward</c><00:11:42.720><c> at</c><00:11:43.200><c> hundreds</c><00:11:43.680><c> of</c>

00:11:43.829 --> 00:11:43.839 align:start position:0%
launched outward at hundreds of
 

00:11:43.839 --> 00:11:46.389 align:start position:0%
launched outward at hundreds of
kilometers<00:11:44.560><c> per</c><00:11:44.880><c> second.</c>

00:11:46.389 --> 00:11:46.399 align:start position:0%
kilometers per second.
 

00:11:46.399 --> 00:11:49.509 align:start position:0%
kilometers per second.
Spanning<00:11:46.959><c> 8</c><00:11:47.279><c> lightyear,</c><00:11:48.240><c> these</c><00:11:48.640><c> spectacular</c>

00:11:49.509 --> 00:11:49.519 align:start position:0%
Spanning 8 lightyear, these spectacular
 

00:11:49.519 --> 00:11:51.590 align:start position:0%
Spanning 8 lightyear, these spectacular
birth<00:11:49.839><c> announcement</c><00:11:50.399><c> jets</c><00:11:51.040><c> are</c><00:11:51.279><c> nearly</c>

00:11:51.590 --> 00:11:51.600 align:start position:0%
birth announcement jets are nearly
 

00:11:51.600 --> 00:11:53.509 align:start position:0%
birth announcement jets are nearly
double<00:11:51.920><c> the</c><00:11:52.240><c> distance</c><00:11:52.560><c> from</c><00:11:52.800><c> our</c><00:11:53.040><c> sun</c><00:11:53.279><c> to</c><00:11:53.440><c> the</c>

00:11:53.509 --> 00:11:53.519 align:start position:0%
double the distance from our sun to the
 

00:11:53.519 --> 00:11:56.949 align:start position:0%
double the distance from our sun to the
Alpha<00:11:53.920><c> Century</c><00:11:54.480><c> system</c><00:11:55.279><c> and</c><00:11:55.839><c> are</c><00:11:56.160><c> immensely</c>

00:11:56.949 --> 00:11:56.959 align:start position:0%
Alpha Century system and are immensely
 

00:11:56.959 --> 00:11:59.829 align:start position:0%
Alpha Century system and are immensely
powerful,<00:11:57.920><c> acting</c><00:11:58.320><c> like</c><00:11:58.560><c> a</c><00:11:58.880><c> cosmic</c><00:11:59.519><c> snow</c>

00:11:59.829 --> 00:11:59.839 align:start position:0%
powerful, acting like a cosmic snow
 

00:11:59.839 --> 00:12:01.910 align:start position:0%
powerful, acting like a cosmic snow
plow,<00:12:00.560><c> pushing</c><00:12:00.959><c> away</c><00:12:01.200><c> the</c><00:12:01.519><c> surrounding</c>

00:12:01.910 --> 00:12:01.920 align:start position:0%
plow, pushing away the surrounding
 

00:12:01.920 --> 00:12:04.470 align:start position:0%
plow, pushing away the surrounding
molecular<00:12:02.480><c> cloud</c><00:12:02.880><c> material</c><00:12:03.519><c> and</c><00:12:03.839><c> creating</c>

00:12:04.470 --> 00:12:04.480 align:start position:0%
molecular cloud material and creating
 

00:12:04.480 --> 00:12:08.949 align:start position:0%
molecular cloud material and creating
two<00:12:05.200><c> much</c><00:12:05.519><c> larger</c><00:12:06.399><c> opposing</c><00:12:07.040><c> loes</c><00:12:07.519><c> of</c><00:12:07.680><c> gas.</c>

00:12:08.949 --> 00:12:08.959 align:start position:0%
two much larger opposing loes of gas.
 

00:12:08.959 --> 00:12:11.350 align:start position:0%
two much larger opposing loes of gas.
This<00:12:09.120><c> is</c><00:12:09.279><c> a</c><00:12:09.440><c> rare</c><00:12:09.760><c> example</c><00:12:10.240><c> of</c><00:12:10.480><c> what's</c><00:12:10.880><c> known</c>

00:12:11.350 --> 00:12:11.360 align:start position:0%
This is a rare example of what's known
 

00:12:11.360 --> 00:12:14.389 align:start position:0%
This is a rare example of what's known
as<00:12:11.519><c> a</c><00:12:11.760><c> hair</c><00:12:12.160><c> big</c><00:12:12.399><c> harrow</c><00:12:12.880><c> object.</c><00:12:14.079><c> bright</c>

00:12:14.389 --> 00:12:14.399 align:start position:0%
as a hair big harrow object. bright
 

00:12:14.399 --> 00:12:16.949 align:start position:0%
as a hair big harrow object. bright
patches<00:12:14.880><c> of</c><00:12:15.200><c> gas</c><00:12:15.519><c> and</c><00:12:15.760><c> dust</c><00:12:16.160><c> that</c><00:12:16.480><c> form</c><00:12:16.800><c> when</c>

00:12:16.949 --> 00:12:16.959 align:start position:0%
patches of gas and dust that form when
 

00:12:16.959 --> 00:12:18.790 align:start position:0%
patches of gas and dust that form when
these<00:12:17.200><c> jets</c><00:12:17.600><c> collide</c><00:12:18.000><c> with</c><00:12:18.240><c> surrounding</c>

00:12:18.790 --> 00:12:18.800 align:start position:0%
these jets collide with surrounding
 

00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:20.310 align:start position:0%
these jets collide with surrounding
material.

00:12:20.310 --> 00:12:20.320 align:start position:0%
material.
 

00:12:20.320 --> 00:12:23.590 align:start position:0%
material.
Although<00:12:20.800><c> over</c><00:12:21.360><c> 300</c><00:12:22.160><c> hairrow</c><00:12:23.040><c> objects</c><00:12:23.440><c> have</c>

00:12:23.590 --> 00:12:23.600 align:start position:0%
Although over 300 hairrow objects have
 

00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:26.389 align:start position:0%
Although over 300 hairrow objects have
been<00:12:23.760><c> observed</c><00:12:24.160><c> so</c><00:12:24.480><c> far,</c><00:12:25.200><c> these</c><00:12:25.519><c> jets</c><00:12:26.000><c> are</c>

00:12:26.389 --> 00:12:26.399 align:start position:0%
been observed so far, these jets are
 

00:12:26.399 --> 00:12:28.870 align:start position:0%
been observed so far, these jets are
particularly<00:12:27.120><c> rare</c><00:12:27.760><c> due</c><00:12:28.000><c> to</c><00:12:28.160><c> their</c><00:12:28.399><c> immense</c>

00:12:28.870 --> 00:12:28.880 align:start position:0%
particularly rare due to their immense
 

00:12:28.880 --> 00:12:31.910 align:start position:0%
particularly rare due to their immense
size<00:12:29.360><c> and</c><00:12:29.600><c> strength.</c><00:12:30.800><c> The</c><00:12:31.040><c> stable</c>

00:12:31.910 --> 00:12:31.920 align:start position:0%
size and strength. The stable
 

00:12:31.920 --> 00:12:33.590 align:start position:0%
size and strength. The stable
symmetrical<00:12:32.639><c> nature</c><00:12:32.880><c> of</c><00:12:32.959><c> the</c><00:12:33.120><c> outflow</c>

00:12:33.590 --> 00:12:33.600 align:start position:0%
symmetrical nature of the outflow
 

00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:35.990 align:start position:0%
symmetrical nature of the outflow
suggests<00:12:34.000><c> the</c><00:12:34.240><c> star</c><00:12:34.560><c> is</c><00:12:34.800><c> forming</c><00:12:35.200><c> via</c><00:12:35.600><c> an</c>

00:12:35.990 --> 00:12:36.000 align:start position:0%
suggests the star is forming via an
 

00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:38.629 align:start position:0%
suggests the star is forming via an
ordered<00:12:36.480><c> disc</c><00:12:37.279><c> which</c><00:12:37.519><c> provides</c><00:12:38.160><c> crucial</c>

00:12:38.629 --> 00:12:38.639 align:start position:0%
ordered disc which provides crucial
 

00:12:38.639 --> 00:12:41.110 align:start position:0%
ordered disc which provides crucial
evidence<00:12:39.040><c> for</c><00:12:39.279><c> the</c><00:12:39.519><c> core</c><00:12:39.839><c> accretion</c><00:12:40.480><c> model</c><00:12:40.800><c> of</c>

00:12:41.110 --> 00:12:41.120 align:start position:0%
evidence for the core accretion model of
 

00:12:41.120 --> 00:12:44.230 align:start position:0%
evidence for the core accretion model of
massive<00:12:41.600><c> star</c><00:12:41.920><c> birth.</c><00:12:43.360><c> What</c><00:12:43.680><c> makes</c><00:12:44.000><c> this</c>

00:12:44.230 --> 00:12:44.240 align:start position:0%
massive star birth. What makes this
 

00:12:44.240 --> 00:12:47.110 align:start position:0%
massive star birth. What makes this
discovery<00:12:44.959><c> even</c><00:12:45.360><c> more</c><00:12:45.760><c> exciting</c><00:12:46.480><c> is</c><00:12:46.720><c> the</c><00:12:46.959><c> fact</c>

00:12:47.110 --> 00:12:47.120 align:start position:0%
discovery even more exciting is the fact
 

00:12:47.120 --> 00:12:49.670 align:start position:0%
discovery even more exciting is the fact
that<00:12:47.360><c> it's</c><00:12:47.600><c> located</c><00:12:48.160><c> in</c><00:12:48.399><c> a</c><00:12:48.639><c> star</c><00:12:48.880><c> cluster</c><00:12:49.360><c> on</c>

00:12:49.670 --> 00:12:49.680 align:start position:0%
that it's located in a star cluster on
 

00:12:49.680 --> 00:12:52.629 align:start position:0%
that it's located in a star cluster on
the<00:12:49.920><c> far</c><00:12:50.399><c> edge</c><00:12:50.800><c> of</c><00:12:51.040><c> the</c><00:12:51.200><c> galaxy</c><00:12:52.240><c> where</c>

00:12:52.629 --> 00:12:52.639 align:start position:0%
the far edge of the galaxy where
 

00:12:52.639 --> 00:12:56.230 align:start position:0%
the far edge of the galaxy where
metallicity<00:12:53.680><c> is</c><00:12:54.000><c> extremely</c><00:12:54.639><c> low.</c><00:12:55.760><c> This</c><00:12:56.000><c> means</c>

00:12:56.230 --> 00:12:56.240 align:start position:0%
metallicity is extremely low. This means
 

00:12:56.240 --> 00:12:58.629 align:start position:0%
metallicity is extremely low. This means
it<00:12:56.560><c> has</c><00:12:56.959><c> far</c><00:12:57.279><c> fewer</c><00:12:57.600><c> heavier</c><00:12:58.079><c> elements</c><00:12:58.399><c> than</c>

00:12:58.629 --> 00:12:58.639 align:start position:0%
it has far fewer heavier elements than
 

00:12:58.639 --> 00:13:01.269 align:start position:0%
it has far fewer heavier elements than
our<00:12:58.880><c> sun.</c><00:12:59.600><c> And</c><00:12:59.760><c> by</c><00:13:00.000><c> heavier</c><00:13:00.480><c> elements,</c><00:13:01.040><c> we</c>

00:13:01.269 --> 00:13:01.279 align:start position:0%
our sun. And by heavier elements, we
 

00:13:01.279 --> 00:13:03.750 align:start position:0%
our sun. And by heavier elements, we
mean<00:13:01.760><c> anything</c><00:13:02.160><c> beyond</c><00:13:02.959><c> hydrogen</c><00:13:03.519><c> and</c>

00:13:03.750 --> 00:13:03.760 align:start position:0%
mean anything beyond hydrogen and
 

00:13:03.760 --> 00:13:07.190 align:start position:0%
mean anything beyond hydrogen and
helium.<00:13:05.120><c> This</c><00:13:05.519><c> pristine</c><00:13:06.160><c> environment</c><00:13:06.800><c> almost</c>

00:13:07.190 --> 00:13:07.200 align:start position:0%
helium. This pristine environment almost
 

00:13:07.200 --> 00:13:09.269 align:start position:0%
helium. This pristine environment almost
perfectly<00:13:07.760><c> mirrors</c><00:13:08.160><c> the</c><00:13:08.320><c> conditions</c><00:13:08.720><c> of</c><00:13:08.959><c> the</c>

00:13:09.269 --> 00:13:09.279 align:start position:0%
perfectly mirrors the conditions of the
 

00:13:09.279 --> 00:13:12.150 align:start position:0%
perfectly mirrors the conditions of the
early<00:13:09.760><c> universe.</c><00:13:11.040><c> By</c><00:13:11.279><c> gazing</c><00:13:11.680><c> through</c><00:13:11.920><c> its</c>

00:13:12.150 --> 00:13:12.160 align:start position:0%
early universe. By gazing through its
 

00:13:12.160 --> 00:13:14.949 align:start position:0%
early universe. By gazing through its
infrared<00:13:12.639><c> lens,</c><00:13:13.279><c> WEB</c><00:13:13.680><c> is</c><00:13:14.000><c> giving</c><00:13:14.320><c> scientists</c>

00:13:14.949 --> 00:13:14.959 align:start position:0%
infrared lens, WEB is giving scientists
 

00:13:14.959 --> 00:13:17.190 align:start position:0%
infrared lens, WEB is giving scientists
crucial<00:13:15.440><c> clues</c><00:13:15.760><c> to</c><00:13:16.079><c> something</c><00:13:16.320><c> that</c><00:13:16.560><c> has</c><00:13:16.800><c> long</c>

00:13:17.190 --> 00:13:17.200 align:start position:0%
crucial clues to something that has long
 

00:13:17.200 --> 00:13:20.389 align:start position:0%
crucial clues to something that has long
been<00:13:17.360><c> a</c><00:13:17.600><c> mystery.</c><00:13:18.560><c> How</c><00:13:18.959><c> the</c><00:13:19.279><c> very</c><00:13:19.600><c> first</c>

00:13:20.389 --> 00:13:20.399 align:start position:0%
been a mystery. How the very first
 

00:13:20.399 --> 00:13:23.910 align:start position:0%
been a mystery. How the very first
massive<00:13:20.880><c> stars</c><00:13:21.760><c> may</c><00:13:22.079><c> have</c><00:13:22.320><c> formed.</c>

00:13:23.910 --> 00:13:23.920 align:start position:0%
massive stars may have formed.
 

00:13:23.920 --> 00:13:26.150 align:start position:0%
massive stars may have formed.
But<00:13:24.240><c> Stellirth</c><00:13:24.880><c> isn't</c><00:13:25.200><c> the</c><00:13:25.440><c> only</c><00:13:25.680><c> part</c><00:13:25.839><c> of</c><00:13:26.000><c> the</c>

00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:26.160 align:start position:0%
But Stellirth isn't the only part of the
 

00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:27.750 align:start position:0%
But Stellirth isn't the only part of the
creation<00:13:26.480><c> process</c><00:13:26.959><c> we</c><00:13:27.200><c> don't</c><00:13:27.440><c> fully</c>

00:13:27.750 --> 00:13:27.760 align:start position:0%
creation process we don't fully
 

00:13:27.760 --> 00:13:30.629 align:start position:0%
creation process we don't fully
understand.<00:13:28.880><c> Planetary</c><00:13:29.360><c> formation</c><00:13:30.160><c> is</c>

00:13:30.629 --> 00:13:30.639 align:start position:0%
understand. Planetary formation is
 

00:13:30.639 --> 00:13:33.269 align:start position:0%
understand. Planetary formation is
equally<00:13:31.200><c> mysterious</c><00:13:32.079><c> and</c><00:13:32.399><c> yet</c><00:13:32.639><c> again</c>

00:13:33.269 --> 00:13:33.279 align:start position:0%
equally mysterious and yet again
 

00:13:33.279 --> 00:13:34.629 align:start position:0%
equally mysterious and yet again
something<00:13:33.680><c> that</c><00:13:33.760><c> James</c><00:13:34.079><c> Webb</c><00:13:34.399><c> Space</c>

00:13:34.629 --> 00:13:34.639 align:start position:0%
something that James Webb Space
 

00:13:34.639 --> 00:13:39.269 align:start position:0%
something that James Webb Space
Telescope<00:13:35.440><c> is</c><00:13:35.839><c> illuminating</c><00:13:36.399><c> for</c><00:13:36.639><c> us.</c>

00:13:39.269 --> 00:13:39.279 align:start position:0%
Telescope is illuminating for us.
 

00:13:39.279 --> 00:13:41.829 align:start position:0%
Telescope is illuminating for us.
Once<00:13:39.600><c> a</c><00:13:39.760><c> young</c><00:13:40.079><c> star</c><00:13:40.480><c> settles,</c><00:13:41.200><c> the</c><00:13:41.440><c> chaos</c>

00:13:41.829 --> 00:13:41.839 align:start position:0%
Once a young star settles, the chaos
 

00:13:41.839 --> 00:13:44.310 align:start position:0%
Once a young star settles, the chaos
around<00:13:42.160><c> it</c><00:13:42.480><c> begins</c><00:13:42.880><c> to</c><00:13:43.040><c> organize.</c><00:13:44.079><c> The</c>

00:13:44.310 --> 00:13:44.320 align:start position:0%
around it begins to organize. The
 

00:13:44.320 --> 00:13:46.870 align:start position:0%
around it begins to organize. The
remaining<00:13:44.720><c> swirling</c><00:13:45.279><c> dust</c><00:13:45.600><c> and</c><00:13:45.839><c> gas</c><00:13:46.399><c> becomes</c>

00:13:46.870 --> 00:13:46.880 align:start position:0%
remaining swirling dust and gas becomes
 

00:13:46.880 --> 00:13:50.310 align:start position:0%
remaining swirling dust and gas becomes
a<00:13:47.279><c> protolanetary</c><00:13:48.320><c> disc,</c><00:13:49.040><c> the</c><00:13:49.279><c> birthplace</c><00:13:49.920><c> of</c>

00:13:50.310 --> 00:13:50.320 align:start position:0%
a protolanetary disc, the birthplace of
 

00:13:50.320 --> 00:13:53.590 align:start position:0%
a protolanetary disc, the birthplace of
planets.<00:13:51.680><c> As</c><00:13:52.000><c> giant</c><00:13:52.320><c> planets</c><00:13:52.800><c> emerge</c><00:13:53.200><c> within</c>

00:13:53.590 --> 00:13:53.600 align:start position:0%
planets. As giant planets emerge within
 

00:13:53.600 --> 00:13:56.150 align:start position:0%
planets. As giant planets emerge within
these<00:13:53.920><c> discs,</c><00:13:54.720><c> they</c><00:13:55.040><c> can</c><00:13:55.200><c> form</c><00:13:55.760><c> miniature</c>

00:13:56.150 --> 00:13:56.160 align:start position:0%
these discs, they can form miniature
 

00:13:56.160 --> 00:13:59.189 align:start position:0%
these discs, they can form miniature
discs<00:13:56.560><c> of</c><00:13:56.720><c> their</c><00:13:56.959><c> own.</c><00:13:57.839><c> One</c><00:13:58.160><c> example</c><00:13:58.880><c> comes</c>

00:13:59.189 --> 00:13:59.199 align:start position:0%
discs of their own. One example comes
 

00:13:59.199 --> 00:14:04.150 align:start position:0%
discs of their own. One example comes
from<00:13:59.519><c> the</c><00:13:59.920><c> CTH</c><00:14:00.959><c> B</c><00:14:01.199><c> system</c><00:14:02.000><c> located</c><00:14:02.800><c> 625</c>

00:14:04.150 --> 00:14:04.160 align:start position:0%
from the CTH B system located 625
 

00:14:04.160 --> 00:14:06.949 align:start position:0%
from the CTH B system located 625
light-years<00:14:04.639><c> away.</c><00:14:05.680><c> This</c><00:14:06.160><c> massive</c><00:14:06.639><c> young</c>

00:14:06.949 --> 00:14:06.959 align:start position:0%
light-years away. This massive young
 

00:14:06.959 --> 00:14:08.870 align:start position:0%
light-years away. This massive young
exoplanet<00:14:07.680><c> is</c><00:14:07.920><c> encircled</c><00:14:08.480><c> by</c><00:14:08.639><c> a</c>

00:14:08.870 --> 00:14:08.880 align:start position:0%
exoplanet is encircled by a
 

00:14:08.880 --> 00:14:11.829 align:start position:0%
exoplanet is encircled by a
circumlanetary<00:14:09.760><c> disc,</c><00:14:10.560><c> a</c><00:14:10.800><c> dense</c><00:14:11.279><c> ring</c><00:14:11.680><c> of</c>

00:14:11.829 --> 00:14:11.839 align:start position:0%
circumlanetary disc, a dense ring of
 

00:14:11.839 --> 00:14:14.629 align:start position:0%
circumlanetary disc, a dense ring of
material<00:14:12.639><c> considered</c><00:14:13.440><c> a</c><00:14:13.760><c> moon</c><00:14:14.160><c> assembly</c>

00:14:14.629 --> 00:14:14.639 align:start position:0%
material considered a moon assembly
 

00:14:14.639 --> 00:14:17.829 align:start position:0%
material considered a moon assembly
site.<00:14:15.760><c> It's</c><00:14:16.000><c> how</c><00:14:16.240><c> we</c><00:14:16.480><c> believe</c><00:14:16.880><c> Jupiter's</c><00:14:17.519><c> moon</c>

00:14:17.829 --> 00:14:17.839 align:start position:0%
site. It's how we believe Jupiter's moon
 

00:14:17.839 --> 00:14:20.710 align:start position:0%
site. It's how we believe Jupiter's moon
system<00:14:18.240><c> formed</c><00:14:18.800><c> long</c><00:14:19.120><c> ago.</c>

00:14:20.710 --> 00:14:20.720 align:start position:0%
system formed long ago.
 

00:14:20.720 --> 00:14:23.269 align:start position:0%
system formed long ago.
Using<00:14:21.040><c> its</c><00:14:21.279><c> MIR</c><00:14:21.680><c> instrument,</c><00:14:22.399><c> Web</c><00:14:22.800><c> delivered</c>

00:14:23.269 --> 00:14:23.279 align:start position:0%
Using its MIR instrument, Web delivered
 

00:14:23.279 --> 00:14:25.670 align:start position:0%
Using its MIR instrument, Web delivered
the<00:14:23.600><c> first</c><00:14:24.000><c> direct</c><00:14:24.720><c> measurements</c><00:14:25.199><c> of</c><00:14:25.440><c> the</c>

00:14:25.670 --> 00:14:25.680 align:start position:0%
the first direct measurements of the
 

00:14:25.680 --> 00:14:28.150 align:start position:0%
the first direct measurements of the
chemical<00:14:26.320><c> and</c><00:14:26.639><c> physical</c><00:14:27.120><c> properties</c><00:14:27.600><c> of</c><00:14:27.839><c> this</c>

00:14:28.150 --> 00:14:28.160 align:start position:0%
chemical and physical properties of this
 

00:14:28.160 --> 00:14:31.430 align:start position:0%
chemical and physical properties of this
potential<00:14:28.800><c> moon</c><00:14:29.279><c> forming</c><00:14:29.680><c> disc.</c><00:14:30.800><c> Researchers</c>

00:14:31.430 --> 00:14:31.440 align:start position:0%
potential moon forming disc. Researchers
 

00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:34.150 align:start position:0%
potential moon forming disc. Researchers
discovered<00:14:31.839><c> that</c><00:14:32.079><c> the</c><00:14:32.240><c> disc</c><00:14:32.560><c> is</c><00:14:32.959><c> carbonri</c>

00:14:34.150 --> 00:14:34.160 align:start position:0%
discovered that the disc is carbonri
 

00:14:34.160 --> 00:14:36.230 align:start position:0%
discovered that the disc is carbonri
containing<00:14:34.720><c> complex</c><00:14:35.199><c> organic</c><00:14:35.680><c> molecules</c>

00:14:36.230 --> 00:14:36.240 align:start position:0%
containing complex organic molecules
 

00:14:36.240 --> 00:14:39.590 align:start position:0%
containing complex organic molecules
like<00:14:36.639><c> acetylene</c><00:14:37.600><c> and</c><00:14:37.839><c> benzene.</c>

00:14:39.590 --> 00:14:39.600 align:start position:0%
like acetylene and benzene.
 

00:14:39.600 --> 00:14:42.150 align:start position:0%
like acetylene and benzene.
This<00:14:39.920><c> finding</c><00:14:40.639><c> represents</c><00:14:41.440><c> a</c><00:14:41.760><c> major</c>

00:14:42.150 --> 00:14:42.160 align:start position:0%
This finding represents a major
 

00:14:42.160 --> 00:14:44.310 align:start position:0%
This finding represents a major
breakthrough<00:14:43.040><c> as</c><00:14:43.279><c> this</c><00:14:43.600><c> carbonrich</c>

00:14:44.310 --> 00:14:44.320 align:start position:0%
breakthrough as this carbonrich
 

00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:46.790 align:start position:0%
breakthrough as this carbonrich
chemistry<00:14:44.959><c> is</c><00:14:45.199><c> in</c><00:14:45.440><c> stark</c><00:14:45.839><c> contrast</c><00:14:46.399><c> to</c><00:14:46.560><c> the</c>

00:14:46.790 --> 00:14:46.800 align:start position:0%
chemistry is in stark contrast to the
 

00:14:46.800 --> 00:14:48.870 align:start position:0%
chemistry is in stark contrast to the
disc<00:14:47.199><c> surrounding</c><00:14:47.600><c> the</c><00:14:47.839><c> host</c><00:14:48.079><c> star</c><00:14:48.639><c> where</c>

00:14:48.870 --> 00:14:48.880 align:start position:0%
disc surrounding the host star where
 

00:14:48.880 --> 00:14:51.509 align:start position:0%
disc surrounding the host star where
scientists<00:14:49.279><c> detected</c><00:14:49.920><c> water</c><00:14:50.560><c> but</c><00:14:50.880><c> virtually</c>

00:14:51.509 --> 00:14:51.519 align:start position:0%
scientists detected water but virtually
 

00:14:51.519 --> 00:14:55.110 align:start position:0%
scientists detected water but virtually
no<00:14:52.079><c> carbon.</c><00:14:53.360><c> This</c><00:14:53.680><c> chemical</c><00:14:54.240><c> difference</c><00:14:54.800><c> seen</c>

00:14:55.110 --> 00:14:55.120 align:start position:0%
no carbon. This chemical difference seen
 

00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:56.949 align:start position:0%
no carbon. This chemical difference seen
in<00:14:55.279><c> a</c><00:14:55.440><c> system</c><00:14:55.680><c> that</c><00:14:55.920><c> has</c><00:14:56.079><c> only</c><00:14:56.320><c> been</c><00:14:56.480><c> evolving</c>

00:14:56.949 --> 00:14:56.959 align:start position:0%
in a system that has only been evolving
 

00:14:56.959 --> 00:14:59.670 align:start position:0%
in a system that has only been evolving
for<00:14:57.199><c> 2</c><00:14:57.440><c> million</c><00:14:57.760><c> years</c><00:14:58.560><c> allows</c><00:14:58.959><c> us</c><00:14:59.120><c> to</c><00:14:59.279><c> compare</c>

00:14:59.670 --> 00:14:59.680 align:start position:0%
for 2 million years allows us to compare
 

00:14:59.680 --> 00:15:01.750 align:start position:0%
for 2 million years allows us to compare
the<00:14:59.920><c> ingredients</c><00:15:00.399><c> for</c><00:15:00.639><c> forming</c><00:15:01.040><c> moons</c><00:15:01.440><c> in</c><00:15:01.600><c> a</c>

00:15:01.750 --> 00:15:01.760 align:start position:0%
the ingredients for forming moons in a
 

00:15:01.760 --> 00:15:03.750 align:start position:0%
the ingredients for forming moons in a
distant<00:15:02.160><c> system</c><00:15:02.639><c> to</c><00:15:02.880><c> the</c><00:15:03.040><c> formation</c><00:15:03.360><c> of</c><00:15:03.600><c> our</c>

00:15:03.750 --> 00:15:03.760 align:start position:0%
distant system to the formation of our
 

00:15:03.760 --> 00:15:06.389 align:start position:0%
distant system to the formation of our
own<00:15:04.000><c> solar</c><00:15:04.320><c> system</c><00:15:04.880><c> over</c><00:15:05.360><c> 4</c><00:15:05.760><c> billion</c><00:15:06.160><c> years</c>

00:15:06.389 --> 00:15:06.399 align:start position:0%
own solar system over 4 billion years
 

00:15:06.399 --> 00:15:10.870 align:start position:0%
own solar system over 4 billion years
ago.<00:15:07.600><c> The</c><00:15:07.839><c> universe</c><00:15:08.399><c> is</c><00:15:08.880><c> busy</c><00:15:09.519><c> making</c><00:15:10.000><c> worlds</c>

00:15:10.870 --> 00:15:10.880 align:start position:0%
ago. The universe is busy making worlds
 

00:15:10.880 --> 00:15:13.509 align:start position:0%
ago. The universe is busy making worlds
and<00:15:11.279><c> web</c><00:15:11.600><c> is</c><00:15:11.760><c> giving</c><00:15:12.000><c> us</c><00:15:12.240><c> an</c><00:15:12.560><c> unprecedented</c>

00:15:13.509 --> 00:15:13.519 align:start position:0%
and web is giving us an unprecedented
 

00:15:13.519 --> 00:15:16.949 align:start position:0%
and web is giving us an unprecedented
front<00:15:13.920><c> row</c><00:15:14.079><c> seat.</c><00:15:15.279><c> Now</c><00:15:16.079><c> we've</c><00:15:16.399><c> seen</c><00:15:16.639><c> how</c>

00:15:16.949 --> 00:15:16.959 align:start position:0%
front row seat. Now we've seen how
 

00:15:16.959 --> 00:15:19.189 align:start position:0%
front row seat. Now we've seen how
individual<00:15:17.600><c> stars</c><00:15:17.920><c> are</c><00:15:18.079><c> born</c><00:15:18.639><c> and</c><00:15:18.880><c> how</c>

00:15:19.189 --> 00:15:19.199 align:start position:0%
individual stars are born and how
 

00:15:19.199 --> 00:15:21.990 align:start position:0%
individual stars are born and how
planets<00:15:19.760><c> begin</c><00:15:20.079><c> to</c><00:15:20.320><c> take</c><00:15:20.560><c> shape.</c><00:15:21.360><c> But</c><00:15:21.680><c> these</c>

00:15:21.990 --> 00:15:22.000 align:start position:0%
planets begin to take shape. But these
 

00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:25.030 align:start position:0%
planets begin to take shape. But these
stories<00:15:22.480><c> don't</c><00:15:22.880><c> happen</c><00:15:23.279><c> in</c><00:15:23.519><c> isolation.</c><00:15:24.720><c> They</c>

00:15:25.030 --> 00:15:25.040 align:start position:0%
stories don't happen in isolation. They
 

00:15:25.040 --> 00:15:27.990 align:start position:0%
stories don't happen in isolation. They
play<00:15:25.279><c> out</c><00:15:25.519><c> across</c><00:15:25.920><c> the</c><00:15:26.160><c> vast,</c><00:15:27.199><c> breathtaking</c>

00:15:27.990 --> 00:15:28.000 align:start position:0%
play out across the vast, breathtaking
 

00:15:28.000 --> 00:15:31.990 align:start position:0%
play out across the vast, breathtaking
structures<00:15:28.800><c> of</c><00:15:29.199><c> entire</c><00:15:30.160><c> galaxies.</c>

00:15:31.990 --> 00:15:32.000 align:start position:0%
structures of entire galaxies.
 

00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:36.790 align:start position:0%
structures of entire galaxies.
In<00:15:32.320><c> 2024,</c><00:15:33.519><c> web</c><00:15:33.920><c> focused</c><00:15:34.399><c> on</c><00:15:35.040><c> 19</c><00:15:35.839><c> nearby</c><00:15:36.320><c> spiral</c>

00:15:36.790 --> 00:15:36.800 align:start position:0%
In 2024, web focused on 19 nearby spiral
 

00:15:36.800 --> 00:15:39.590 align:start position:0%
In 2024, web focused on 19 nearby spiral
galaxies,<00:15:37.760><c> delivering</c><00:15:38.320><c> images</c><00:15:38.720><c> that</c><00:15:39.040><c> are</c>

00:15:39.590 --> 00:15:39.600 align:start position:0%
galaxies, delivering images that are
 

00:15:39.600 --> 00:15:42.150 align:start position:0%
galaxies, delivering images that are
simply<00:15:40.480><c> astounding.</c>

00:15:42.150 --> 00:15:42.160 align:start position:0%
simply astounding.
 

00:15:42.160 --> 00:15:44.790 align:start position:0%
simply astounding.
Forget<00:15:42.560><c> the</c><00:15:42.800><c> science</c><00:15:43.120><c> for</c><00:15:43.279><c> a</c><00:15:43.440><c> moment</c><00:15:44.079><c> and</c><00:15:44.320><c> just</c>

00:15:44.790 --> 00:15:44.800 align:start position:0%
Forget the science for a moment and just
 

00:15:44.800 --> 00:15:47.990 align:start position:0%
Forget the science for a moment and just
look<00:15:45.040><c> at</c><00:15:45.199><c> them.</c>

00:15:47.990 --> 00:15:48.000 align:start position:0%
look at them.
 

00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:52.550 align:start position:0%
look at them.
If<00:15:48.240><c> that</c><00:15:48.639><c> isn't</c><00:15:49.040><c> art,</c><00:15:50.079><c> I</c><00:15:50.399><c> don't</c><00:15:50.639><c> know</c><00:15:51.040><c> what</c><00:15:51.360><c> is.</c>

00:15:52.550 --> 00:15:52.560 align:start position:0%
If that isn't art, I don't know what is.
 

00:15:52.560 --> 00:15:55.509 align:start position:0%
If that isn't art, I don't know what is.
You<00:15:52.720><c> are</c><00:15:52.959><c> looking</c><00:15:53.600><c> at</c><00:15:53.920><c> the</c><00:15:54.160><c> heart</c><00:15:54.639><c> of</c><00:15:54.959><c> cosmic</c>

00:15:55.509 --> 00:15:55.519 align:start position:0%
You are looking at the heart of cosmic
 

00:15:55.519 --> 00:15:57.110 align:start position:0%
You are looking at the heart of cosmic
creation.

00:15:57.110 --> 00:15:57.120 align:start position:0%
creation.
 

00:15:57.120 --> 00:16:01.350 align:start position:0%
creation.
In<00:15:57.360><c> a</c><00:15:57.519><c> galaxy</c><00:15:58.000><c> like</c><00:15:58.399><c> NGC</c><00:15:59.440><c> 628,</c><00:16:00.639><c> also</c><00:16:00.959><c> known</c><00:16:01.199><c> as</c>

00:16:01.350 --> 00:16:01.360 align:start position:0%
In a galaxy like NGC 628, also known as
 

00:16:01.360 --> 00:16:05.189 align:start position:0%
In a galaxy like NGC 628, also known as
the<00:16:01.680><c> Phantom</c><00:16:02.160><c> Galaxy</c><00:16:02.880><c> or</c><00:16:03.360><c> M74,</c><00:16:04.720><c> located</c>

00:16:05.189 --> 00:16:05.199 align:start position:0%
the Phantom Galaxy or M74, located
 

00:16:05.199 --> 00:16:07.350 align:start position:0%
the Phantom Galaxy or M74, located
approximately<00:16:06.000><c> 32</c><00:16:06.639><c> million</c><00:16:06.959><c> lighty</c><00:16:07.199><c> years</c>

00:16:07.350 --> 00:16:07.360 align:start position:0%
approximately 32 million lighty years
 

00:16:07.360 --> 00:16:10.790 align:start position:0%
approximately 32 million lighty years
away.<00:16:08.240><c> Web's</c><00:16:08.720><c> view</c><00:16:09.120><c> is</c><00:16:09.440><c> special</c><00:16:10.240><c> because</c><00:16:10.480><c> it</c>

00:16:10.790 --> 00:16:10.800 align:start position:0%
away. Web's view is special because it
 

00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:13.110 align:start position:0%
away. Web's view is special because it
highlights<00:16:11.680><c> specific</c><00:16:12.480><c> galactic</c>

00:16:13.110 --> 00:16:13.120 align:start position:0%
highlights specific galactic
 

00:16:13.120 --> 00:16:15.910 align:start position:0%
highlights specific galactic
ingredients.<00:16:14.320><c> The</c><00:16:14.639><c> blue</c><00:16:14.880><c> light</c><00:16:15.279><c> marks</c>

00:16:15.910 --> 00:16:15.920 align:start position:0%
ingredients. The blue light marks
 

00:16:15.920 --> 00:16:18.470 align:start position:0%
ingredients. The blue light marks
millions<00:16:16.399><c> of</c><00:16:16.720><c> older</c><00:16:17.360><c> established</c><00:16:18.000><c> stars</c>

00:16:18.470 --> 00:16:18.480 align:start position:0%
millions of older established stars
 

00:16:18.480 --> 00:16:21.269 align:start position:0%
millions of older established stars
clustered<00:16:18.959><c> in</c><00:16:19.120><c> the</c><00:16:19.279><c> galaxy</c><00:16:19.839><c> cores.</c><00:16:20.880><c> But</c><00:16:21.040><c> it's</c>

00:16:21.269 --> 00:16:21.279 align:start position:0%
clustered in the galaxy cores. But it's
 

00:16:21.279 --> 00:16:23.670 align:start position:0%
clustered in the galaxy cores. But it's
the<00:16:21.440><c> incredible</c><00:16:22.160><c> red</c><00:16:22.560><c> and</c><00:16:22.959><c> orange</c><00:16:23.440><c> that</c>

00:16:23.670 --> 00:16:23.680 align:start position:0%
the incredible red and orange that
 

00:16:23.680 --> 00:16:27.269 align:start position:0%
the incredible red and orange that
demands<00:16:24.160><c> attention.</c><00:16:25.440><c> This</c><00:16:25.839><c> is</c><00:16:26.160><c> glowing</c><00:16:26.800><c> dust</c>

00:16:27.269 --> 00:16:27.279 align:start position:0%
demands attention. This is glowing dust
 

00:16:27.279 --> 00:16:30.949 align:start position:0%
demands attention. This is glowing dust
and<00:16:27.600><c> gas,</c><00:16:28.880><c> nursery</c><00:16:29.519><c> material</c><00:16:30.079><c> that</c><00:16:30.399><c> threads</c>

00:16:30.949 --> 00:16:30.959 align:start position:0%
and gas, nursery material that threads
 

00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.350 align:start position:0%
and gas, nursery material that threads
through<00:16:31.279><c> the</c><00:16:31.519><c> spiral</c><00:16:31.920><c> arms</c><00:16:32.320><c> like</c><00:16:32.800><c> fiery</c>

00:16:33.350 --> 00:16:33.360 align:start position:0%
through the spiral arms like fiery
 

00:16:33.360 --> 00:16:35.990 align:start position:0%
through the spiral arms like fiery
motorways.<00:16:34.639><c> The</c><00:16:34.880><c> bright</c><00:16:35.120><c> red</c><00:16:35.440><c> areas</c><00:16:35.759><c> are</c>

00:16:35.990 --> 00:16:36.000 align:start position:0%
motorways. The bright red areas are
 

00:16:36.000 --> 00:16:38.230 align:start position:0%
motorways. The bright red areas are
stars<00:16:36.320><c> that</c><00:16:36.560><c> haven't</c><00:16:36.880><c> fully</c><00:16:37.199><c> formed</c><00:16:37.519><c> yet,</c>

00:16:38.230 --> 00:16:38.240 align:start position:0%
stars that haven't fully formed yet,
 

00:16:38.240 --> 00:16:41.430 align:start position:0%
stars that haven't fully formed yet,
still<00:16:38.560><c> encased</c><00:16:39.199><c> within</c><00:16:39.600><c> their</c><00:16:39.839><c> dusty</c><00:16:40.320><c> peaks.</c>

00:16:41.430 --> 00:16:41.440 align:start position:0%
still encased within their dusty peaks.
 

00:16:41.440 --> 00:16:43.350 align:start position:0%
still encased within their dusty peaks.
You<00:16:41.680><c> can</c><00:16:41.759><c> also</c><00:16:42.079><c> see</c><00:16:42.320><c> that</c><00:16:42.480><c> the</c><00:16:42.720><c> spiral</c><00:16:43.120><c> arms</c>

00:16:43.350 --> 00:16:43.360 align:start position:0%
You can also see that the spiral arms
 

00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:46.150 align:start position:0%
You can also see that the spiral arms
are<00:16:43.519><c> filled</c><00:16:43.839><c> with</c><00:16:44.160><c> giant</c><00:16:44.639><c> spherical</c><00:16:45.279><c> shells</c>

00:16:46.150 --> 00:16:46.160 align:start position:0%
are filled with giant spherical shells
 

00:16:46.160 --> 00:16:50.150 align:start position:0%
are filled with giant spherical shells
or<00:16:46.639><c> bubbles,</c><00:16:48.000><c> massive</c><00:16:48.480><c> holes</c><00:16:49.199><c> carved</c><00:16:49.600><c> out</c><00:16:49.920><c> by</c>

00:16:50.150 --> 00:16:50.160 align:start position:0%
or bubbles, massive holes carved out by
 

00:16:50.160 --> 00:16:53.269 align:start position:0%
or bubbles, massive holes carved out by
the<00:16:50.320><c> shock</c><00:16:50.639><c> waves</c><00:16:51.199><c> from</c><00:16:51.600><c> ancient</c><00:16:52.480><c> exploded</c>

00:16:53.269 --> 00:16:53.279 align:start position:0%
the shock waves from ancient exploded
 

00:16:53.279 --> 00:16:54.790 align:start position:0%
the shock waves from ancient exploded
stars.

00:16:54.790 --> 00:16:54.800 align:start position:0%
stars.
 

00:16:54.800 --> 00:16:57.030 align:start position:0%
stars.
Analyzing<00:16:55.440><c> these</c><00:16:56.000><c> consistent</c><00:16:56.560><c> patterns</c>

00:16:57.030 --> 00:16:57.040 align:start position:0%
Analyzing these consistent patterns
 

00:16:57.040 --> 00:16:59.990 align:start position:0%
Analyzing these consistent patterns
across<00:16:57.680><c> 19</c><00:16:58.000><c> galaxies</c><00:16:59.040><c> help</c><00:16:59.360><c> scientists</c>

00:16:59.990 --> 00:17:00.000 align:start position:0%
across 19 galaxies help scientists
 

00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:03.030 align:start position:0%
across 19 galaxies help scientists
understand<00:17:00.639><c> how</c><00:17:00.880><c> they</c><00:17:01.199><c> build,</c><00:17:02.000><c> maintain,</c><00:17:02.720><c> and</c>

00:17:03.030 --> 00:17:03.040 align:start position:0%
understand how they build, maintain, and
 

00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:04.870 align:start position:0%
understand how they build, maintain, and
distribute<00:17:03.440><c> the</c><00:17:03.680><c> material</c><00:17:04.160><c> necessary</c><00:17:04.640><c> for</c>

00:17:04.870 --> 00:17:04.880 align:start position:0%
distribute the material necessary for
 

00:17:04.880 --> 00:17:09.350 align:start position:0%
distribute the material necessary for
stars,<00:17:05.600><c> planets,</c><00:17:06.400><c> and</c><00:17:06.640><c> with</c><00:17:06.880><c> that</c><00:17:07.760><c> life.</c>

00:17:09.350 --> 00:17:09.360 align:start position:0%
stars, planets, and with that life.
 

00:17:09.360 --> 00:17:13.110 align:start position:0%
stars, planets, and with that life.
But<00:17:09.520><c> even</c><00:17:09.839><c> now</c><00:17:10.640><c> with</c><00:17:11.280><c> all</c><00:17:11.679><c> this</c><00:17:12.000><c> information,</c>

00:17:13.110 --> 00:17:13.120 align:start position:0%
But even now with all this information,
 

00:17:13.120 --> 00:17:16.230 align:start position:0%
But even now with all this information,
we<00:17:13.439><c> still</c><00:17:13.760><c> don't</c><00:17:14.079><c> have</c><00:17:14.319><c> the</c><00:17:14.640><c> full</c><00:17:14.959><c> picture.</c><00:17:15.919><c> We</c>

00:17:16.230 --> 00:17:16.240 align:start position:0%
we still don't have the full picture. We
 

00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:19.990 align:start position:0%
we still don't have the full picture. We
have<00:17:16.640><c> one</c><00:17:17.120><c> step</c><00:17:17.520><c> further</c><00:17:18.000><c> to</c><00:17:18.319><c> go.</c><00:17:19.439><c> Instead</c><00:17:19.839><c> of</c>

00:17:19.990 --> 00:17:20.000 align:start position:0%
have one step further to go. Instead of
 

00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:23.189 align:start position:0%
have one step further to go. Instead of
looking<00:17:20.240><c> at</c><00:17:20.480><c> fully</c><00:17:20.880><c> formed</c><00:17:21.439><c> old</c><00:17:21.839><c> galaxies,</c><00:17:22.959><c> we</c>

00:17:23.189 --> 00:17:23.199 align:start position:0%
looking at fully formed old galaxies, we
 

00:17:23.199 --> 00:17:26.549 align:start position:0%
looking at fully formed old galaxies, we
need<00:17:23.360><c> to</c><00:17:23.520><c> know</c><00:17:23.839><c> how</c><00:17:24.400><c> and</c><00:17:24.799><c> when</c><00:17:25.120><c> they</c><00:17:25.439><c> began.</c>

00:17:26.549 --> 00:17:26.559 align:start position:0%
need to know how and when they began.
 

00:17:26.559 --> 00:17:28.950 align:start position:0%
need to know how and when they began.
For<00:17:26.799><c> that,</c><00:17:27.199><c> we</c><00:17:27.439><c> need</c><00:17:27.520><c> to</c><00:17:27.679><c> go</c><00:17:27.919><c> back</c><00:17:28.559><c> much</c>

00:17:28.950 --> 00:17:28.960 align:start position:0%
For that, we need to go back much
 

00:17:28.960 --> 00:17:32.710 align:start position:0%
For that, we need to go back much
further<00:17:29.840><c> to</c><00:17:30.160><c> the</c><00:17:30.400><c> very</c><00:17:30.880><c> first</c><00:17:31.760><c> stars</c><00:17:32.400><c> and</c>

00:17:32.710 --> 00:17:32.720 align:start position:0%
further to the very first stars and
 

00:17:32.720 --> 00:17:35.830 align:start position:0%
further to the very first stars and
galaxies.<00:17:34.160><c> It's</c><00:17:34.400><c> time</c><00:17:34.559><c> to</c><00:17:34.799><c> travel</c><00:17:35.120><c> back</c><00:17:35.600><c> to</c>

00:17:35.830 --> 00:17:35.840 align:start position:0%
galaxies. It's time to travel back to
 

00:17:35.840 --> 00:17:40.070 align:start position:0%
galaxies. It's time to travel back to
the<00:17:36.080><c> cosmic</c><00:17:36.640><c> dawn.</c><00:17:37.600><c> some</c><00:17:38.400><c> 13.5</c>

00:17:40.070 --> 00:17:40.080 align:start position:0%
the cosmic dawn. some 13.5
 

00:17:40.080 --> 00:17:44.070 align:start position:0%
the cosmic dawn. some 13.5
billion<00:17:40.480><c> years</c><00:17:40.720><c> ago.</c>

00:17:44.070 --> 00:17:44.080 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:17:44.080 --> 00:17:45.830 align:start position:0%
 
Even<00:17:44.480><c> with</c><00:17:44.720><c> the</c><00:17:44.880><c> James</c><00:17:45.200><c> Webb</c><00:17:45.520><c> Space</c>

00:17:45.830 --> 00:17:45.840 align:start position:0%
Even with the James Webb Space
 

00:17:45.840 --> 00:17:48.870 align:start position:0%
Even with the James Webb Space
Telescope,<00:17:46.720><c> with</c><00:17:46.960><c> all</c><00:17:47.280><c> of</c><00:17:47.520><c> its</c><00:17:48.000><c> spectacular</c>

00:17:48.870 --> 00:17:48.880 align:start position:0%
Telescope, with all of its spectacular
 

00:17:48.880 --> 00:17:51.270 align:start position:0%
Telescope, with all of its spectacular
technical<00:17:49.360><c> advances,</c><00:17:50.320><c> there</c><00:17:50.559><c> are</c><00:17:50.720><c> limits</c><00:17:51.039><c> to</c>

00:17:51.270 --> 00:17:51.280 align:start position:0%
technical advances, there are limits to
 

00:17:51.280 --> 00:17:54.070 align:start position:0%
technical advances, there are limits to
what<00:17:51.679><c> light</c><00:17:52.080><c> can</c><00:17:52.320><c> show</c><00:17:52.559><c> us.</c><00:17:53.440><c> The</c><00:17:53.679><c> earliest</c>

00:17:54.070 --> 00:17:54.080 align:start position:0%
what light can show us. The earliest
 

00:17:54.080 --> 00:17:55.990 align:start position:0%
what light can show us. The earliest
light<00:17:54.320><c> in</c><00:17:54.480><c> the</c><00:17:54.640><c> universe</c><00:17:55.039><c> was</c><00:17:55.280><c> released</c><00:17:55.679><c> when</c>

00:17:55.990 --> 00:17:56.000 align:start position:0%
light in the universe was released when
 

00:17:56.000 --> 00:17:58.950 align:start position:0%
light in the universe was released when
space<00:17:56.480><c> first</c><00:17:56.880><c> became</c><00:17:57.360><c> transparent</c><00:17:58.480><c> just</c><00:17:58.720><c> a</c>

00:17:58.950 --> 00:17:58.960 align:start position:0%
space first became transparent just a
 

00:17:58.960 --> 00:18:00.950 align:start position:0%
space first became transparent just a
few<00:17:59.200><c> hundred,000</c><00:18:00.000><c> years</c><00:18:00.320><c> after</c><00:18:00.559><c> the</c><00:18:00.799><c> Big</c>

00:18:00.950 --> 00:18:00.960 align:start position:0%
few hundred,000 years after the Big
 

00:18:00.960 --> 00:18:03.990 align:start position:0%
few hundred,000 years after the Big
Bang.<00:18:01.919><c> Beyond</c><00:18:02.320><c> that</c><00:18:02.559><c> point,</c><00:18:03.120><c> the</c><00:18:03.440><c> universe</c>

00:18:03.990 --> 00:18:04.000 align:start position:0%
Bang. Beyond that point, the universe
 

00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:06.789 align:start position:0%
Bang. Beyond that point, the universe
cannot<00:18:04.640><c> be</c><00:18:04.799><c> observed</c><00:18:05.280><c> with</c><00:18:05.520><c> light.</c><00:18:06.559><c> But</c>

00:18:06.789 --> 00:18:06.799 align:start position:0%
cannot be observed with light. But
 

00:18:06.799 --> 00:18:09.029 align:start position:0%
cannot be observed with light. But
luckily,<00:18:07.280><c> physics</c><00:18:07.679><c> gives</c><00:18:07.919><c> us</c><00:18:08.160><c> ways</c><00:18:08.480><c> to</c><00:18:08.720><c> see</c>

00:18:09.029 --> 00:18:09.039 align:start position:0%
luckily, physics gives us ways to see
 

00:18:09.039 --> 00:18:11.430 align:start position:0%
luckily, physics gives us ways to see
further<00:18:09.520><c> than</c><00:18:09.760><c> we</c><00:18:10.000><c> otherwise</c><00:18:10.480><c> could.</c>

00:18:11.430 --> 00:18:11.440 align:start position:0%
further than we otherwise could.
 

00:18:11.440 --> 00:18:14.070 align:start position:0%
further than we otherwise could.
Gravitational<00:18:12.559><c> lensing.</c>

00:18:14.070 --> 00:18:14.080 align:start position:0%
Gravitational lensing.
 

00:18:14.080 --> 00:18:16.390 align:start position:0%
Gravitational lensing.
We<00:18:14.320><c> see</c><00:18:14.480><c> this</c><00:18:14.720><c> effect</c><00:18:15.039><c> when</c><00:18:15.280><c> a</c><00:18:15.520><c> galaxy</c><00:18:15.919><c> cluster</c>

00:18:16.390 --> 00:18:16.400 align:start position:0%
We see this effect when a galaxy cluster
 

00:18:16.400 --> 00:18:19.510 align:start position:0%
We see this effect when a galaxy cluster
like<00:18:17.039><c> RXJ2129</c>

00:18:19.510 --> 00:18:19.520 align:start position:0%
like RXJ2129
 

00:18:19.520 --> 00:18:22.390 align:start position:0%
like RXJ2129
located<00:18:20.160><c> 3.2</c><00:18:20.960><c> billion</c><00:18:21.360><c> lighty</c><00:18:21.600><c> years</c><00:18:21.760><c> away</c><00:18:22.240><c> is</c>

00:18:22.390 --> 00:18:22.400 align:start position:0%
located 3.2 billion lighty years away is
 

00:18:22.400 --> 00:18:25.590 align:start position:0%
located 3.2 billion lighty years away is
in<00:18:22.559><c> the</c><00:18:22.720><c> James</c><00:18:23.039><c> Webb's</c><00:18:23.440><c> view.</c><00:18:24.720><c> This</c><00:18:25.120><c> cluster</c>

00:18:25.590 --> 00:18:25.600 align:start position:0%
in the James Webb's view. This cluster
 

00:18:25.600 --> 00:18:29.029 align:start position:0%
in the James Webb's view. This cluster
is<00:18:26.000><c> so</c><00:18:26.400><c> heavy</c><00:18:27.200><c> that</c><00:18:27.440><c> its</c><00:18:27.760><c> gravity</c><00:18:28.320><c> warps</c>

00:18:29.029 --> 00:18:29.039 align:start position:0%
is so heavy that its gravity warps
 

00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:31.430 align:start position:0%
is so heavy that its gravity warps
spaceime,<00:18:30.080><c> acting</c><00:18:30.480><c> like</c><00:18:30.640><c> a</c><00:18:30.880><c> cosmic</c>

00:18:31.430 --> 00:18:31.440 align:start position:0%
spaceime, acting like a cosmic
 

00:18:31.440 --> 00:18:34.070 align:start position:0%
spaceime, acting like a cosmic
magnifying<00:18:32.080><c> glass</c><00:18:32.400><c> that</c><00:18:32.880><c> bends</c><00:18:33.360><c> and</c><00:18:33.600><c> focuses</c>

00:18:34.070 --> 00:18:34.080 align:start position:0%
magnifying glass that bends and focuses
 

00:18:34.080 --> 00:18:36.710 align:start position:0%
magnifying glass that bends and focuses
the<00:18:34.320><c> light</c><00:18:34.559><c> from</c><00:18:34.880><c> galaxies</c><00:18:35.360><c> behind</c><00:18:35.679><c> it.</c><00:18:36.400><c> In</c>

00:18:36.710 --> 00:18:36.720 align:start position:0%
the light from galaxies behind it. In
 

00:18:36.720 --> 00:18:40.150 align:start position:0%
the light from galaxies behind it. In
2023,<00:18:37.840><c> Web</c><00:18:38.320><c> captured</c><00:18:38.799><c> a</c><00:18:39.039><c> distant</c><00:18:39.520><c> supernova</c>

00:18:40.150 --> 00:18:40.160 align:start position:0%
2023, Web captured a distant supernova
 

00:18:40.160 --> 00:18:43.830 align:start position:0%
2023, Web captured a distant supernova
explosion<00:18:40.720><c> behind</c><00:18:41.440><c> RXJ29.</c>

00:18:43.830 --> 00:18:43.840 align:start position:0%
explosion behind RXJ29.
 

00:18:43.840 --> 00:18:45.590 align:start position:0%
explosion behind RXJ29.
But<00:18:44.000><c> the</c><00:18:44.160><c> telescope</c><00:18:44.720><c> didn't</c><00:18:45.039><c> just</c><00:18:45.200><c> see</c><00:18:45.360><c> it</c>

00:18:45.590 --> 00:18:45.600 align:start position:0%
But the telescope didn't just see it
 

00:18:45.600 --> 00:18:49.110 align:start position:0%
But the telescope didn't just see it
once.<00:18:46.640><c> Its</c><00:18:46.960><c> light</c><00:18:47.200><c> was</c><00:18:47.520><c> split,</c><00:18:48.400><c> creating</c>

00:18:49.110 --> 00:18:49.120 align:start position:0%
once. Its light was split, creating
 

00:18:49.120 --> 00:18:51.830 align:start position:0%
once. Its light was split, creating
multiple<00:18:49.760><c> images</c><00:18:50.160><c> of</c><00:18:50.480><c> the</c><00:18:50.720><c> same</c><00:18:50.880><c> event.</c>

00:18:51.830 --> 00:18:51.840 align:start position:0%
multiple images of the same event.
 

00:18:51.840 --> 00:18:53.830 align:start position:0%
multiple images of the same event.
Because<00:18:52.080><c> the</c><00:18:52.320><c> light</c><00:18:52.559><c> from</c><00:18:52.720><c> each</c><00:18:52.960><c> image</c><00:18:53.280><c> took</c><00:18:53.600><c> a</c>

00:18:53.830 --> 00:18:53.840 align:start position:0%
Because the light from each image took a
 

00:18:53.840 --> 00:18:56.390 align:start position:0%
Because the light from each image took a
slightly<00:18:54.480><c> different</c><00:18:55.280><c> magnified</c><00:18:56.000><c> route</c>

00:18:56.390 --> 00:18:56.400 align:start position:0%
slightly different magnified route
 

00:18:56.400 --> 00:18:58.390 align:start position:0%
slightly different magnified route
around<00:18:56.640><c> the</c><00:18:56.880><c> cluster,</c><00:18:57.520><c> the</c><00:18:57.760><c> supernova</c>

00:18:58.390 --> 00:18:58.400 align:start position:0%
around the cluster, the supernova
 

00:18:58.400 --> 00:19:02.070 align:start position:0%
around the cluster, the supernova
appears<00:18:58.960><c> as</c><00:18:59.280><c> echoes</c><00:18:59.919><c> across</c><00:19:00.400><c> time.</c><00:19:01.520><c> Analyzing</c>

00:19:02.070 --> 00:19:02.080 align:start position:0%
appears as echoes across time. Analyzing
 

00:19:02.080 --> 00:19:04.789 align:start position:0%
appears as echoes across time. Analyzing
the<00:19:02.240><c> time</c><00:19:02.480><c> delay</c><00:19:02.880><c> between</c><00:19:03.280><c> each</c><00:19:03.600><c> one,</c><00:19:04.240><c> or</c><00:19:04.559><c> how</c>

00:19:04.789 --> 00:19:04.799 align:start position:0%
the time delay between each one, or how
 

00:19:04.799 --> 00:19:06.710 align:start position:0%
the time delay between each one, or how
much<00:19:04.960><c> longer</c><00:19:05.280><c> the</c><00:19:05.440><c> light</c><00:19:05.679><c> took</c><00:19:06.000><c> along</c><00:19:06.320><c> each</c>

00:19:06.710 --> 00:19:06.720 align:start position:0%
much longer the light took along each
 

00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:09.669 align:start position:0%
much longer the light took along each
path,<00:19:07.600><c> allows</c><00:19:08.000><c> astronomers</c><00:19:08.640><c> to</c><00:19:08.960><c> precisely</c>

00:19:09.669 --> 00:19:09.679 align:start position:0%
path, allows astronomers to precisely
 

00:19:09.679 --> 00:19:13.510 align:start position:0%
path, allows astronomers to precisely
measure<00:19:10.400><c> vast</c><00:19:11.039><c> cosmic</c><00:19:11.600><c> distances.</c><00:19:12.799><c> This</c><00:19:13.120><c> data</c>

00:19:13.510 --> 00:19:13.520 align:start position:0%
measure vast cosmic distances. This data
 

00:19:13.520 --> 00:19:15.909 align:start position:0%
measure vast cosmic distances. This data
is<00:19:14.000><c> critical</c><00:19:14.480><c> for</c><00:19:14.720><c> refining</c><00:19:15.200><c> the</c><00:19:15.440><c> expansion</c>

00:19:15.909 --> 00:19:15.919 align:start position:0%
is critical for refining the expansion
 

00:19:15.919 --> 00:19:18.390 align:start position:0%
is critical for refining the expansion
rate<00:19:16.160><c> of</c><00:19:16.320><c> the</c><00:19:16.480><c> universe,</c><00:19:17.360><c> also</c><00:19:17.679><c> known</c><00:19:18.000><c> as</c><00:19:18.240><c> the</c>

00:19:18.390 --> 00:19:18.400 align:start position:0%
rate of the universe, also known as the
 

00:19:18.400 --> 00:19:20.950 align:start position:0%
rate of the universe, also known as the
Hubble<00:19:18.880><c> constant.</c><00:19:20.080><c> There's</c><00:19:20.400><c> been</c><00:19:20.640><c> some</c>

00:19:20.950 --> 00:19:20.960 align:start position:0%
Hubble constant. There's been some
 

00:19:20.960 --> 00:19:22.950 align:start position:0%
Hubble constant. There's been some
disagreement<00:19:21.600><c> over</c><00:19:21.919><c> this</c><00:19:22.160><c> value</c><00:19:22.480><c> in</c><00:19:22.720><c> recent</c>

00:19:22.950 --> 00:19:22.960 align:start position:0%
disagreement over this value in recent
 

00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:25.029 align:start position:0%
disagreement over this value in recent
years.<00:19:23.600><c> You</c><00:19:23.760><c> can</c><00:19:23.919><c> watch</c><00:19:24.080><c> my</c><00:19:24.400><c> video</c><00:19:24.640><c> on</c><00:19:24.799><c> it</c>

00:19:25.029 --> 00:19:25.039 align:start position:0%
years. You can watch my video on it
 

00:19:25.039 --> 00:19:28.230 align:start position:0%
years. You can watch my video on it
here.<00:19:26.000><c> But</c><00:19:26.160><c> who</c><00:19:26.480><c> knows,</c><00:19:27.200><c> maybe</c><00:19:27.520><c> James</c><00:19:27.919><c> Webb</c>

00:19:28.230 --> 00:19:28.240 align:start position:0%
here. But who knows, maybe James Webb
 

00:19:28.240 --> 00:19:29.990 align:start position:0%
here. But who knows, maybe James Webb
can<00:19:28.480><c> help</c><00:19:28.640><c> solve</c><00:19:28.960><c> it</c><00:19:29.120><c> with</c><00:19:29.280><c> measurements</c><00:19:29.840><c> like</c>

00:19:29.990 --> 00:19:30.000 align:start position:0%
can help solve it with measurements like
 

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:31.669 align:start position:0%
can help solve it with measurements like
these.

00:19:31.669 --> 00:19:31.679 align:start position:0%
these.
 

00:19:31.679 --> 00:19:34.950 align:start position:0%
these.
And<00:19:31.919><c> so,</c><00:19:32.720><c> we</c><00:19:32.960><c> have</c><00:19:33.120><c> arrived</c><00:19:33.600><c> at</c><00:19:33.840><c> the</c><00:19:34.080><c> very</c><00:19:34.480><c> edge</c>

00:19:34.950 --> 00:19:34.960 align:start position:0%
And so, we have arrived at the very edge
 

00:19:34.960 --> 00:19:38.150 align:start position:0%
And so, we have arrived at the very edge
of<00:19:35.120><c> the</c><00:19:35.360><c> observable</c><00:19:36.000><c> universe,</c><00:19:37.120><c> close</c><00:19:37.679><c> to</c><00:19:38.000><c> the</c>

00:19:38.150 --> 00:19:38.160 align:start position:0%
of the observable universe, close to the
 

00:19:38.160 --> 00:19:42.070 align:start position:0%
of the observable universe, close to the
dawn<00:19:38.640><c> of</c><00:19:38.880><c> time.</c><00:19:40.160><c> Here,</c><00:19:40.880><c> web's</c><00:19:41.360><c> near</c><00:19:41.919><c> and</c>

00:19:42.070 --> 00:19:42.080 align:start position:0%
dawn of time. Here, web's near and
 

00:19:42.080 --> 00:19:44.710 align:start position:0%
dawn of time. Here, web's near and
nearpec<00:19:42.720><c> instruments</c><00:19:43.440><c> as</c><00:19:43.679><c> part</c><00:19:43.840><c> of</c><00:19:44.000><c> the</c><00:19:44.240><c> jade</c>

00:19:44.710 --> 00:19:44.720 align:start position:0%
nearpec instruments as part of the jade
 

00:19:44.720 --> 00:19:47.510 align:start position:0%
nearpec instruments as part of the jade
survey<00:19:45.440><c> have</c><00:19:45.760><c> pushed</c><00:19:46.240><c> observation</c><00:19:46.960><c> to</c><00:19:47.200><c> its</c>

00:19:47.510 --> 00:19:47.520 align:start position:0%
survey have pushed observation to its
 

00:19:47.520 --> 00:19:50.070 align:start position:0%
survey have pushed observation to its
limit.<00:19:48.799><c> The</c><00:19:49.039><c> challenge</c><00:19:49.280><c> is</c><00:19:49.520><c> that</c><00:19:49.679><c> light</c><00:19:49.919><c> from</c>

00:19:50.070 --> 00:19:50.080 align:start position:0%
limit. The challenge is that light from
 

00:19:50.080 --> 00:19:52.150 align:start position:0%
limit. The challenge is that light from
the<00:19:50.240><c> earliest</c><00:19:50.559><c> galaxies</c><00:19:51.120><c> is</c><00:19:51.440><c> severely</c>

00:19:52.150 --> 00:19:52.160 align:start position:0%
the earliest galaxies is severely
 

00:19:52.160 --> 00:19:54.470 align:start position:0%
the earliest galaxies is severely
affected<00:19:52.640><c> by</c><00:19:52.880><c> the</c><00:19:53.039><c> cosmological</c><00:19:53.840><c> red</c><00:19:54.160><c> shift</c>

00:19:54.470 --> 00:19:54.480 align:start position:0%
affected by the cosmological red shift
 

00:19:54.480 --> 00:19:56.789 align:start position:0%
affected by the cosmological red shift
phenomenon.<00:19:55.600><c> This</c><00:19:55.840><c> occurs</c><00:19:56.240><c> because</c><00:19:56.559><c> the</c>

00:19:56.789 --> 00:19:56.799 align:start position:0%
phenomenon. This occurs because the
 

00:19:56.799 --> 00:19:58.390 align:start position:0%
phenomenon. This occurs because the
expansion<00:19:57.120><c> of</c><00:19:57.280><c> the</c><00:19:57.440><c> universe</c><00:19:57.840><c> stretches</c>

00:19:58.390 --> 00:19:58.400 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe stretches
 

00:19:58.400 --> 00:20:00.950 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe stretches
light<00:19:58.640><c> waves</c><00:19:58.960><c> as</c><00:19:59.200><c> they</c><00:19:59.440><c> travel</c><00:19:59.840><c> across</c><00:20:00.320><c> vast</c>

00:20:00.950 --> 00:20:00.960 align:start position:0%
light waves as they travel across vast
 

00:20:00.960 --> 00:20:03.350 align:start position:0%
light waves as they travel across vast
distances<00:20:01.440><c> of</c><00:20:01.679><c> space,</c><00:20:02.480><c> shifting</c><00:20:02.880><c> the</c><00:20:03.120><c> light</c>

00:20:03.350 --> 00:20:03.360 align:start position:0%
distances of space, shifting the light
 

00:20:03.360 --> 00:20:05.590 align:start position:0%
distances of space, shifting the light
from<00:20:03.520><c> the</c><00:20:03.679><c> visible</c><00:20:04.160><c> spectrum</c><00:20:04.960><c> all</c><00:20:05.200><c> the</c><00:20:05.360><c> way</c><00:20:05.440><c> to</c>

00:20:05.590 --> 00:20:05.600 align:start position:0%
from the visible spectrum all the way to
 

00:20:05.600 --> 00:20:08.150 align:start position:0%
from the visible spectrum all the way to
the<00:20:05.760><c> infrared.</c><00:20:06.880><c> exactly</c><00:20:07.280><c> the</c><00:20:07.520><c> kind</c><00:20:07.679><c> of</c><00:20:07.840><c> light</c>

00:20:08.150 --> 00:20:08.160 align:start position:0%
the infrared. exactly the kind of light
 

00:20:08.160 --> 00:20:11.110 align:start position:0%
the infrared. exactly the kind of light
web<00:20:08.559><c> is</c><00:20:08.799><c> designed</c><00:20:09.039><c> to</c><00:20:09.280><c> capture.</c>

00:20:11.110 --> 00:20:11.120 align:start position:0%
web is designed to capture.
 

00:20:11.120 --> 00:20:13.430 align:start position:0%
web is designed to capture.
It<00:20:11.280><c> has</c><00:20:11.440><c> uncovered</c><00:20:12.000><c> galaxies</c><00:20:12.480><c> that</c><00:20:12.799><c> existed</c>

00:20:13.430 --> 00:20:13.440 align:start position:0%
It has uncovered galaxies that existed
 

00:20:13.440 --> 00:20:16.230 align:start position:0%
It has uncovered galaxies that existed
far<00:20:13.840><c> earlier</c><00:20:14.559><c> and</c><00:20:14.880><c> are</c><00:20:15.039><c> far</c><00:20:15.440><c> brighter</c><00:20:15.840><c> than</c><00:20:16.000><c> we</c>

00:20:16.230 --> 00:20:16.240 align:start position:0%
far earlier and are far brighter than we
 

00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:19.270 align:start position:0%
far earlier and are far brighter than we
expected.<00:20:17.360><c> And</c><00:20:17.600><c> one</c><00:20:18.000><c> in</c><00:20:18.320><c> particular</c><00:20:18.960><c> stood</c>

00:20:19.270 --> 00:20:19.280 align:start position:0%
expected. And one in particular stood
 

00:20:19.280 --> 00:20:22.310 align:start position:0%
expected. And one in particular stood
out.<00:20:20.320><c> Web's</c><00:20:20.720><c> nearspec</c><00:20:21.360><c> instrument</c><00:20:21.919><c> confirmed</c>

00:20:22.310 --> 00:20:22.320 align:start position:0%
out. Web's nearspec instrument confirmed
 

00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:26.710 align:start position:0%
out. Web's nearspec instrument confirmed
its<00:20:22.559><c> red</c><00:20:22.880><c> shift</c><00:20:23.200><c> to</c><00:20:23.360><c> be</c><00:20:24.160><c> 14.32.</c>

00:20:26.710 --> 00:20:26.720 align:start position:0%
its red shift to be 14.32.
 

00:20:26.720 --> 00:20:31.830 align:start position:0%
its red shift to be 14.32.
This<00:20:27.039><c> galaxy,</c><00:20:27.760><c> now</c><00:20:28.159><c> named</c><00:20:28.640><c> Jade's</c><00:20:29.360><c> GSZ140,</c>

00:20:31.830 --> 00:20:31.840 align:start position:0%
This galaxy, now named Jade's GSZ140,
 

00:20:31.840 --> 00:20:35.830 align:start position:0%
This galaxy, now named Jade's GSZ140,
is<00:20:32.080><c> seen</c><00:20:32.400><c> as</c><00:20:32.720><c> it</c><00:20:32.960><c> existed</c><00:20:33.600><c> only</c><00:20:34.320><c> 300</c><00:20:35.440><c> million</c>

00:20:35.830 --> 00:20:35.840 align:start position:0%
is seen as it existed only 300 million
 

00:20:35.840 --> 00:20:39.270 align:start position:0%
is seen as it existed only 300 million
years<00:20:36.400><c> after</c><00:20:36.799><c> the</c><00:20:37.039><c> Big</c><00:20:37.360><c> Bang,</c><00:20:38.400><c> making</c><00:20:38.720><c> it</c><00:20:39.039><c> one</c>

00:20:39.270 --> 00:20:39.280 align:start position:0%
years after the Big Bang, making it one
 

00:20:39.280 --> 00:20:41.750 align:start position:0%
years after the Big Bang, making it one
of<00:20:39.440><c> the</c><00:20:39.679><c> earliest</c><00:20:40.159><c> known</c><00:20:40.480><c> galaxies</c><00:20:41.200><c> in</c><00:20:41.520><c> the</c>

00:20:41.750 --> 00:20:41.760 align:start position:0%
of the earliest known galaxies in the
 

00:20:41.760 --> 00:20:46.310 align:start position:0%
of the earliest known galaxies in the
universe,<00:20:42.880><c> beaten</c><00:20:43.280><c> only</c><00:20:43.600><c> by</c><00:20:44.720><c> Z14,</c><00:20:46.000><c> which</c>

00:20:46.310 --> 00:20:46.320 align:start position:0%
universe, beaten only by Z14, which
 

00:20:46.320 --> 00:20:49.590 align:start position:0%
universe, beaten only by Z14, which
James<00:20:46.640><c> Webb</c><00:20:46.960><c> also</c><00:20:47.280><c> spotted</c><00:20:47.679><c> in</c><00:20:47.919><c> May</c><00:20:48.320><c> 2025</c><00:20:49.360><c> and</c>

00:20:49.590 --> 00:20:49.600 align:start position:0%
James Webb also spotted in May 2025 and
 

00:20:49.600 --> 00:20:52.310 align:start position:0%
James Webb also spotted in May 2025 and
is<00:20:50.080><c> 10</c><00:20:50.480><c> million</c><00:20:50.799><c> years</c><00:20:51.039><c> older.</c><00:20:52.080><c> The</c>

00:20:52.310 --> 00:20:52.320 align:start position:0%
is 10 million years older. The
 

00:20:52.320 --> 00:20:54.630 align:start position:0%
is 10 million years older. The
prevailing<00:20:53.039><c> lambda</c><00:20:53.520><c> cold</c><00:20:53.919><c> dark</c><00:20:54.159><c> matter</c>

00:20:54.630 --> 00:20:54.640 align:start position:0%
prevailing lambda cold dark matter
 

00:20:54.640 --> 00:20:56.710 align:start position:0%
prevailing lambda cold dark matter
cosmological<00:20:55.440><c> model</c><00:20:56.159><c> predicts</c><00:20:56.559><c> that</c>

00:20:56.710 --> 00:20:56.720 align:start position:0%
cosmological model predicts that
 

00:20:56.720 --> 00:20:59.110 align:start position:0%
cosmological model predicts that
galaxies<00:20:57.200><c> at</c><00:20:57.440><c> this</c><00:20:57.679><c> epoch,</c><00:20:58.400><c> often</c><00:20:58.799><c> referred</c>

00:20:59.110 --> 00:20:59.120 align:start position:0%
galaxies at this epoch, often referred
 

00:20:59.120 --> 00:21:02.470 align:start position:0%
galaxies at this epoch, often referred
to<00:20:59.360><c> as</c><00:20:59.600><c> the</c><00:20:59.919><c> cosmic</c><00:21:00.400><c> dawn,</c><00:21:01.200><c> should</c><00:21:01.440><c> be</c><00:21:01.679><c> small,</c>

00:21:02.470 --> 00:21:02.480 align:start position:0%
to as the cosmic dawn, should be small,
 

00:21:02.480 --> 00:21:05.190 align:start position:0%
to as the cosmic dawn, should be small,
dim,<00:21:03.280><c> and</c><00:21:03.520><c> only</c><00:21:03.840><c> just</c><00:21:04.159><c> beginning</c><00:21:04.640><c> to</c><00:21:04.880><c> form</c>

00:21:05.190 --> 00:21:05.200 align:start position:0%
dim, and only just beginning to form
 

00:21:05.200 --> 00:21:08.870 align:start position:0%
dim, and only just beginning to form
their<00:21:05.520><c> first,</c><00:21:06.320><c> simplest</c><00:21:06.960><c> stars,</c><00:21:07.919><c> which</c><00:21:08.240><c> is</c>

00:21:08.870 --> 00:21:08.880 align:start position:0%
their first, simplest stars, which is
 

00:21:08.880 --> 00:21:10.950 align:start position:0%
their first, simplest stars, which is
almost<00:21:09.280><c> the</c><00:21:09.600><c> opposite</c><00:21:10.159><c> of</c><00:21:10.400><c> this</c><00:21:10.640><c> new</c>

00:21:10.950 --> 00:21:10.960 align:start position:0%
almost the opposite of this new
 

00:21:10.960 --> 00:21:15.350 align:start position:0%
almost the opposite of this new
discovery.<00:21:12.240><c> Jade's</c><00:21:12.799><c> GSZ140</c>

00:21:15.350 --> 00:21:15.360 align:start position:0%
discovery. Jade's GSZ140
 

00:21:15.360 --> 00:21:18.870 align:start position:0%
discovery. Jade's GSZ140
is<00:21:15.600><c> too</c><00:21:15.919><c> mature,</c><00:21:16.799><c> too</c><00:21:17.120><c> soon.</c><00:21:18.320><c> To</c><00:21:18.480><c> grow</c><00:21:18.720><c> a</c>

00:21:18.870 --> 00:21:18.880 align:start position:0%
is too mature, too soon. To grow a
 

00:21:18.880 --> 00:21:21.830 align:start position:0%
is too mature, too soon. To grow a
galaxy<00:21:19.280><c> this</c><00:21:19.679><c> large</c><00:21:20.080><c> only</c><00:21:20.559><c> 300</c><00:21:21.280><c> million</c><00:21:21.600><c> years</c>

00:21:21.830 --> 00:21:21.840 align:start position:0%
galaxy this large only 300 million years
 

00:21:21.840 --> 00:21:24.230 align:start position:0%
galaxy this large only 300 million years
after<00:21:22.080><c> the</c><00:21:22.320><c> Big</c><00:21:22.480><c> Bang,</c><00:21:23.120><c> the</c><00:21:23.280><c> early</c><00:21:23.600><c> universe</c>

00:21:24.230 --> 00:21:24.240 align:start position:0%
after the Big Bang, the early universe
 

00:21:24.240 --> 00:21:27.430 align:start position:0%
after the Big Bang, the early universe
must<00:21:24.480><c> have</c><00:21:24.640><c> been</c><00:21:24.880><c> forming</c><00:21:25.280><c> stars</c><00:21:26.000><c> far</c><00:21:26.640><c> faster</c>

00:21:27.430 --> 00:21:27.440 align:start position:0%
must have been forming stars far faster
 

00:21:27.440 --> 00:21:29.830 align:start position:0%
must have been forming stars far faster
and<00:21:27.679><c> more</c><00:21:28.000><c> efficiently</c><00:21:28.720><c> than</c><00:21:29.039><c> any</c><00:21:29.440><c> current</c>

00:21:29.830 --> 00:21:29.840 align:start position:0%
and more efficiently than any current
 

00:21:29.840 --> 00:21:32.870 align:start position:0%
and more efficiently than any current
model<00:21:30.320><c> allows.</c><00:21:31.600><c> The</c><00:21:31.840><c> very</c><00:21:32.080><c> existence</c><00:21:32.480><c> of</c><00:21:32.640><c> this</c>

00:21:32.870 --> 00:21:32.880 align:start position:0%
model allows. The very existence of this
 

00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:36.549 align:start position:0%
model allows. The very existence of this
galaxy<00:21:33.520><c> and</c><00:21:34.000><c> several</c><00:21:34.480><c> other</c><00:21:35.039><c> similar</c><00:21:35.440><c> sources</c>

00:21:36.549 --> 00:21:36.559 align:start position:0%
galaxy and several other similar sources
 

00:21:36.559 --> 00:21:38.470 align:start position:0%
galaxy and several other similar sources
forces<00:21:37.039><c> astronomers</c><00:21:37.679><c> to</c><00:21:37.840><c> confront</c><00:21:38.240><c> the</c>

00:21:38.470 --> 00:21:38.480 align:start position:0%
forces astronomers to confront the
 

00:21:38.480 --> 00:21:40.630 align:start position:0%
forces astronomers to confront the
possibility<00:21:39.280><c> that</c><00:21:39.520><c> the</c><00:21:39.760><c> foundations</c><00:21:40.320><c> of</c>

00:21:40.630 --> 00:21:40.640 align:start position:0%
possibility that the foundations of
 

00:21:40.640 --> 00:21:43.750 align:start position:0%
possibility that the foundations of
modern<00:21:41.120><c> cosmology</c><00:21:42.400><c> need</c><00:21:42.720><c> a</c><00:21:43.120><c> serious</c>

00:21:43.750 --> 00:21:43.760 align:start position:0%
modern cosmology need a serious
 

00:21:43.760 --> 00:21:45.270 align:start position:0%
modern cosmology need a serious
revision.

00:21:45.270 --> 00:21:45.280 align:start position:0%
revision.
 

00:21:45.280 --> 00:21:47.190 align:start position:0%
revision.
One<00:21:45.520><c> explanation</c><00:21:46.000><c> for</c><00:21:46.240><c> this</c><00:21:46.480><c> contradiction</c>

00:21:47.190 --> 00:21:47.200 align:start position:0%
One explanation for this contradiction
 

00:21:47.200 --> 00:21:49.830 align:start position:0%
One explanation for this contradiction
revisits<00:21:47.760><c> a</c><00:21:48.080><c> bold</c><00:21:48.400><c> idea</c><00:21:48.799><c> first</c><00:21:49.120><c> proposed</c><00:21:49.520><c> in</c>

00:21:49.830 --> 00:21:49.840 align:start position:0%
revisits a bold idea first proposed in
 

00:21:49.840 --> 00:21:53.990 align:start position:0%
revisits a bold idea first proposed in
2007<00:21:51.039><c> by</c><00:21:51.280><c> cosmologists</c><00:21:52.240><c> Katherine</c><00:21:52.720><c> F,</c><00:21:53.440><c> Paulo</c>

00:21:53.990 --> 00:21:54.000 align:start position:0%
2007 by cosmologists Katherine F, Paulo
 

00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:57.350 align:start position:0%
2007 by cosmologists Katherine F, Paulo
Gondolo,<00:21:54.960><c> and</c><00:21:55.280><c> Douglas</c><00:21:55.760><c> Spoiler.</c><00:21:57.039><c> The</c>

00:21:57.350 --> 00:21:57.360 align:start position:0%
Gondolo, and Douglas Spoiler. The
 

00:21:57.360 --> 00:22:01.430 align:start position:0%
Gondolo, and Douglas Spoiler. The
existence<00:21:58.320><c> of</c><00:21:59.039><c> dark</c><00:21:59.520><c> stars.</c><00:22:00.960><c> These</c>

00:22:01.430 --> 00:22:01.440 align:start position:0%
existence of dark stars. These
 

00:22:01.440 --> 00:22:04.230 align:start position:0%
existence of dark stars. These
hypothetical<00:22:02.400><c> fair</c><00:22:02.720><c> stars</c><00:22:03.440><c> are</c><00:22:03.679><c> not</c><00:22:03.919><c> powered</c>

00:22:04.230 --> 00:22:04.240 align:start position:0%
hypothetical fair stars are not powered
 

00:22:04.240 --> 00:22:07.190 align:start position:0%
hypothetical fair stars are not powered
by<00:22:04.559><c> nuclear</c><00:22:05.120><c> fusion</c><00:22:05.600><c> like</c><00:22:05.840><c> our</c><00:22:06.159><c> sun,</c><00:22:06.720><c> but</c><00:22:07.039><c> by</c>

00:22:07.190 --> 00:22:07.200 align:start position:0%
by nuclear fusion like our sun, but by
 

00:22:07.200 --> 00:22:10.230 align:start position:0%
by nuclear fusion like our sun, but by
the<00:22:07.440><c> gravitational</c><00:22:08.480><c> annihilation</c><00:22:09.360><c> of</c><00:22:09.760><c> dark</c>

00:22:10.230 --> 00:22:10.240 align:start position:0%
the gravitational annihilation of dark
 

00:22:10.240 --> 00:22:13.909 align:start position:0%
the gravitational annihilation of dark
matter<00:22:10.640><c> particles</c><00:22:11.440><c> within</c><00:22:12.080><c> their</c><00:22:12.480><c> cores.</c>

00:22:13.909 --> 00:22:13.919 align:start position:0%
matter particles within their cores.
 

00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:17.110 align:start position:0%
matter particles within their cores.
These<00:22:14.640><c> potential</c><00:22:15.360><c> fair</c><00:22:15.760><c> stars</c><00:22:16.320><c> could</c><00:22:16.720><c> grow</c>

00:22:17.110 --> 00:22:17.120 align:start position:0%
These potential fair stars could grow
 

00:22:17.120 --> 00:22:19.909 align:start position:0%
These potential fair stars could grow
enormous,<00:22:18.320><c> millions</c><00:22:18.799><c> of</c><00:22:18.960><c> times</c><00:22:19.280><c> the</c><00:22:19.520><c> mass</c><00:22:19.760><c> of</c>

00:22:19.909 --> 00:22:19.919 align:start position:0%
enormous, millions of times the mass of
 

00:22:19.919 --> 00:22:24.549 align:start position:0%
enormous, millions of times the mass of
the<00:22:20.080><c> sun,</c><00:22:21.039><c> cool</c><00:22:22.159><c> and</c><00:22:22.480><c> be</c><00:22:22.720><c> longived,</c><00:22:24.000><c> producing</c>

00:22:24.549 --> 00:22:24.559 align:start position:0%
the sun, cool and be longived, producing
 

00:22:24.559 --> 00:22:28.390 align:start position:0%
the sun, cool and be longived, producing
the<00:22:24.799><c> infrared</c><00:22:25.280><c> light</c><00:22:26.000><c> web</c><00:22:26.400><c> specializes</c><00:22:27.120><c> in.</c>

00:22:28.390 --> 00:22:28.400 align:start position:0%
the infrared light web specializes in.
 

00:22:28.400 --> 00:22:31.029 align:start position:0%
the infrared light web specializes in.
So<00:22:28.720><c> we</c><00:22:29.039><c> could</c><00:22:29.520><c> be</c><00:22:29.760><c> looking</c><00:22:30.000><c> at</c><00:22:30.240><c> the</c><00:22:30.400><c> signatures</c>

00:22:31.029 --> 00:22:31.039 align:start position:0%
So we could be looking at the signatures
 

00:22:31.039 --> 00:22:34.630 align:start position:0%
So we could be looking at the signatures
of<00:22:31.440><c> dark</c><00:22:31.840><c> stars.</c><00:22:33.039><c> This</c><00:22:33.600><c> fundamentally</c>

00:22:34.630 --> 00:22:34.640 align:start position:0%
of dark stars. This fundamentally
 

00:22:34.640 --> 00:22:36.549 align:start position:0%
of dark stars. This fundamentally
connects<00:22:35.039><c> the</c><00:22:35.280><c> most</c><00:22:35.520><c> distant</c><00:22:35.919><c> observations</c>

00:22:36.549 --> 00:22:36.559 align:start position:0%
connects the most distant observations
 

00:22:36.559 --> 00:22:39.590 align:start position:0%
connects the most distant observations
to<00:22:36.799><c> the</c><00:22:37.039><c> least</c><00:22:37.600><c> understood</c><00:22:38.480><c> component</c><00:22:39.039><c> of</c><00:22:39.280><c> our</c>

00:22:39.590 --> 00:22:39.600 align:start position:0%
to the least understood component of our
 

00:22:39.600 --> 00:22:42.950 align:start position:0%
to the least understood component of our
universe.<00:22:40.960><c> So</c><00:22:41.280><c> yes,</c><00:22:41.919><c> the</c><00:22:42.080><c> James</c><00:22:42.400><c> Webb</c><00:22:42.720><c> Space</c>

00:22:42.950 --> 00:22:42.960 align:start position:0%
universe. So yes, the James Webb Space
 

00:22:42.960 --> 00:22:45.590 align:start position:0%
universe. So yes, the James Webb Space
Telescope<00:22:43.760><c> has</c><00:22:44.159><c> literally</c><00:22:44.640><c> shed</c><00:22:45.039><c> light</c><00:22:45.360><c> on</c>

00:22:45.590 --> 00:22:45.600 align:start position:0%
Telescope has literally shed light on
 

00:22:45.600 --> 00:22:49.590 align:start position:0%
Telescope has literally shed light on
our<00:22:45.919><c> universe</c><00:22:46.720><c> in</c><00:22:46.960><c> a</c><00:22:47.280><c> whole</c><00:22:47.760><c> new</c><00:22:48.240><c> way.</c><00:22:49.200><c> It</c><00:22:49.440><c> has</c>

00:22:49.590 --> 00:22:49.600 align:start position:0%
our universe in a whole new way. It has
 

00:22:49.600 --> 00:22:52.070 align:start position:0%
our universe in a whole new way. It has
revealed<00:22:49.919><c> a</c><00:22:50.159><c> cosmos</c><00:22:50.799><c> richer</c><00:22:51.600><c> and</c><00:22:51.760><c> more</c>

00:22:52.070 --> 00:22:52.080 align:start position:0%
revealed a cosmos richer and more
 

00:22:52.080 --> 00:22:55.430 align:start position:0%
revealed a cosmos richer and more
complex<00:22:52.559><c> than</c><00:22:52.799><c> we</c><00:22:53.039><c> ever</c><00:22:53.440><c> dared</c><00:22:53.760><c> to</c><00:22:54.000><c> imagine.</c><00:22:55.200><c> I</c>

00:22:55.430 --> 00:22:55.440 align:start position:0%
complex than we ever dared to imagine. I
 

00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:57.750 align:start position:0%
complex than we ever dared to imagine. I
am<00:22:55.679><c> super</c><00:22:56.159><c> excited</c><00:22:56.559><c> to</c><00:22:56.720><c> see</c><00:22:56.880><c> what</c><00:22:57.039><c> James</c><00:22:57.360><c> Webb</c>

00:22:57.750 --> 00:22:57.760 align:start position:0%
am super excited to see what James Webb
 

00:22:57.760 --> 00:23:00.070 align:start position:0%
am super excited to see what James Webb
finds<00:22:58.080><c> next.</c><00:22:58.799><c> And</c><00:22:58.960><c> with</c><00:22:59.200><c> potentially</c><00:22:59.840><c> more</c>

00:23:00.070 --> 00:23:00.080 align:start position:0%
finds next. And with potentially more
 

00:23:00.080 --> 00:23:02.470 align:start position:0%
finds next. And with potentially more
than<00:23:00.480><c> 20</c><00:23:00.799><c> years</c><00:23:01.039><c> of</c><00:23:01.280><c> functionality</c><00:23:02.000><c> still</c><00:23:02.320><c> on</c>

00:23:02.470 --> 00:23:02.480 align:start position:0%
than 20 years of functionality still on
 

00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:05.190 align:start position:0%
than 20 years of functionality still on
the<00:23:02.640><c> clock,</c><00:23:03.520><c> there's</c><00:23:03.840><c> surely</c><00:23:04.240><c> a</c><00:23:04.559><c> lot</c><00:23:04.720><c> more</c><00:23:04.960><c> to</c>

00:23:05.190 --> 00:23:05.200 align:start position:0%
the clock, there's surely a lot more to
 

00:23:05.200 --> 00:23:08.149 align:start position:0%
the clock, there's surely a lot more to
come.<00:23:06.240><c> Which</c><00:23:06.480><c> of</c><00:23:06.640><c> those</c><00:23:06.880><c> images</c><00:23:07.440><c> did</c><00:23:07.760><c> you</c><00:23:07.919><c> like</c>

00:23:08.149 --> 00:23:08.159 align:start position:0%
come. Which of those images did you like
 

00:23:08.159 --> 00:23:10.630 align:start position:0%
come. Which of those images did you like
best?<00:23:09.039><c> Let</c><00:23:09.280><c> me</c><00:23:09.360><c> know</c><00:23:09.440><c> in</c><00:23:09.679><c> the</c><00:23:09.840><c> comments</c><00:23:10.400><c> what</c>

00:23:10.630 --> 00:23:10.640 align:start position:0%
best? Let me know in the comments what
 

00:23:10.640 --> 00:23:17.909 align:start position:0%
best? Let me know in the comments what
you<00:23:10.799><c> want</c><00:23:11.039><c> James</c><00:23:11.440><c> Webb</c><00:23:11.760><c> to</c><00:23:11.919><c> look</c><00:23:12.080><c> at</c><00:23:12.320><c> next.</c>

00:23:17.909 --> 00:23:17.919 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:23:17.919 --> 00:23:20.870 align:start position:0%
 
Just<00:23:18.240><c> past</c><00:23:18.559><c> Jupiter,</c><00:23:19.440><c> a</c><00:23:19.679><c> comet</c><00:23:20.080><c> has</c><00:23:20.400><c> been</c>

00:23:20.870 --> 00:23:20.880 align:start position:0%
Just past Jupiter, a comet has been
 

00:23:20.880 --> 00:23:24.310 align:start position:0%
Just past Jupiter, a comet has been
randomly<00:23:21.600><c> exploding</c><00:23:22.400><c> for</c><00:23:22.720><c> years,</c><00:23:23.679><c> and</c><00:23:23.919><c> no</c><00:23:24.159><c> one</c>

00:23:24.310 --> 00:23:24.320 align:start position:0%
randomly exploding for years, and no one
 

00:23:24.320 --> 00:23:26.470 align:start position:0%
randomly exploding for years, and no one
knows<00:23:24.640><c> why.</c>

00:23:26.470 --> 00:23:26.480 align:start position:0%
knows why.
 

00:23:26.480 --> 00:23:29.190 align:start position:0%
knows why.
These<00:23:26.799><c> aren't</c><00:23:27.280><c> cute</c><00:23:27.600><c> little</c><00:23:27.919><c> bursts.</c><00:23:28.799><c> This</c><00:23:29.039><c> is</c>

00:23:29.190 --> 00:23:29.200 align:start position:0%
These aren't cute little bursts. This is
 

00:23:29.200 --> 00:23:32.149 align:start position:0%
These aren't cute little bursts. This is
believed<00:23:29.520><c> to</c><00:23:29.760><c> be</c><00:23:30.000><c> the</c><00:23:30.240><c> most</c><00:23:30.720><c> active</c><00:23:31.360><c> comet</c><00:23:31.840><c> in</c>

00:23:32.149 --> 00:23:32.159 align:start position:0%
believed to be the most active comet in
 

00:23:32.159 --> 00:23:34.390 align:start position:0%
believed to be the most active comet in
the<00:23:32.320><c> solar</c><00:23:32.640><c> system.</c><00:23:33.360><c> We've</c><00:23:33.679><c> seen</c><00:23:33.919><c> it</c><00:23:34.159><c> get</c>

00:23:34.390 --> 00:23:34.400 align:start position:0%
the solar system. We've seen it get
 

00:23:34.400 --> 00:23:37.669 align:start position:0%
the solar system. We've seen it get
nearly<00:23:35.200><c> 300</c><00:23:35.919><c> times</c><00:23:36.400><c> brighter</c><00:23:36.880><c> in</c><00:23:37.280><c> just</c><00:23:37.440><c> a</c>

00:23:37.669 --> 00:23:37.679 align:start position:0%
nearly 300 times brighter in just a
 

00:23:37.679 --> 00:23:40.630 align:start position:0%
nearly 300 times brighter in just a
couple<00:23:37.840><c> of</c><00:23:38.080><c> hours,</c><00:23:39.039><c> explode</c><00:23:39.600><c> four</c><00:23:39.919><c> times</c><00:23:40.159><c> in</c><00:23:40.400><c> 2</c>

00:23:40.630 --> 00:23:40.640 align:start position:0%
couple of hours, explode four times in 2
 

00:23:40.640 --> 00:23:43.830 align:start position:0%
couple of hours, explode four times in 2
days<00:23:40.960><c> without</c><00:23:41.360><c> warning,</c><00:23:42.240><c> and</c><00:23:42.559><c> spew</c><00:23:43.120><c> over</c><00:23:43.440><c> a</c>

00:23:43.830 --> 00:23:43.840 align:start position:0%
days without warning, and spew over a
 

00:23:43.840 --> 00:23:46.310 align:start position:0%
days without warning, and spew over a
million<00:23:44.240><c> tons</c><00:23:44.640><c> of</c><00:23:44.799><c> debris</c><00:23:45.280><c> out</c><00:23:45.679><c> faster</c><00:23:46.159><c> than</c>

00:23:46.310 --> 00:23:46.320 align:start position:0%
million tons of debris out faster than
 

00:23:46.320 --> 00:23:49.430 align:start position:0%
million tons of debris out faster than
the<00:23:46.559><c> speed</c><00:23:46.880><c> of</c><00:23:47.200><c> sound.</c><00:23:48.480><c> And</c><00:23:48.720><c> what</c><00:23:48.960><c> makes</c><00:23:49.200><c> it</c>

00:23:49.430 --> 00:23:49.440 align:start position:0%
the speed of sound. And what makes it
 

00:23:49.440 --> 00:23:52.789 align:start position:0%
the speed of sound. And what makes it
even<00:23:49.840><c> stranger</c><00:23:50.799><c> is</c><00:23:51.360><c> there's</c><00:23:51.760><c> no</c><00:23:52.240><c> obvious</c>

00:23:52.789 --> 00:23:52.799 align:start position:0%
even stranger is there's no obvious
 

00:23:52.799 --> 00:23:56.149 align:start position:0%
even stranger is there's no obvious
trigger<00:23:53.280><c> for</c><00:23:53.520><c> the</c><00:23:53.840><c> explosions.</c><00:23:55.120><c> No</c><00:23:55.520><c> dramatic</c>

00:23:56.149 --> 00:23:56.159 align:start position:0%
trigger for the explosions. No dramatic
 

00:23:56.159 --> 00:24:00.149 align:start position:0%
trigger for the explosions. No dramatic
swing<00:23:56.559><c> into</c><00:23:56.880><c> the</c><00:23:57.039><c> sun,</c><00:23:58.000><c> just</c><00:23:58.240><c> a</c><00:23:58.640><c> peculiar</c><00:23:59.760><c> icy</c>

00:24:00.149 --> 00:24:00.159 align:start position:0%
swing into the sun, just a peculiar icy
 

00:24:00.159 --> 00:24:03.350 align:start position:0%
swing into the sun, just a peculiar icy
body<00:24:00.880><c> acting</c><00:24:01.440><c> unlike</c><00:24:02.080><c> anything</c><00:24:02.559><c> we've</c><00:24:03.039><c> ever</c>

00:24:03.350 --> 00:24:03.360 align:start position:0%
body acting unlike anything we've ever
 

00:24:03.360 --> 00:24:04.870 align:start position:0%
body acting unlike anything we've ever
studied.

00:24:04.870 --> 00:24:04.880 align:start position:0%
studied.
 

00:24:04.880 --> 00:24:06.870 align:start position:0%
studied.
I'm<00:24:05.120><c> Alex</c><00:24:05.520><c> Mccoan</c><00:24:06.159><c> and</c><00:24:06.320><c> you're</c><00:24:06.640><c> watching</c>

00:24:06.870 --> 00:24:06.880 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:24:06.880 --> 00:24:09.750 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:24:07.919><c> Join</c><00:24:08.159><c> me</c><00:24:08.400><c> today</c><00:24:08.640><c> on</c><00:24:08.799><c> a</c><00:24:09.039><c> tour</c><00:24:09.440><c> of</c>

00:24:09.750 --> 00:24:09.760 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today on a tour of
 

00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:13.909 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today on a tour of
everything<00:24:10.080><c> we</c><00:24:10.400><c> know</c><00:24:10.799><c> about</c><00:24:11.360><c> Centaur</c><00:24:12.320><c> 29P</c>

00:24:13.909 --> 00:24:13.919 align:start position:0%
everything we know about Centaur 29P
 

00:24:13.919 --> 00:24:16.470 align:start position:0%
everything we know about Centaur 29P
and<00:24:14.159><c> why</c><00:24:14.400><c> we</c><00:24:14.640><c> think</c><00:24:14.799><c> it</c><00:24:15.120><c> acts</c><00:24:15.520><c> out</c><00:24:16.080><c> so</c>

00:24:16.470 --> 00:24:16.480 align:start position:0%
and why we think it acts out so
 

00:24:16.480 --> 00:24:19.269 align:start position:0%
and why we think it acts out so
violently<00:24:17.679><c> and</c><00:24:17.919><c> the</c><00:24:18.159><c> recent</c><00:24:18.400><c> discoveries</c><00:24:19.039><c> of</c>

00:24:19.269 --> 00:24:19.279 align:start position:0%
violently and the recent discoveries of
 

00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:21.510 align:start position:0%
violently and the recent discoveries of
the<00:24:19.440><c> James</c><00:24:19.760><c> Webb</c><00:24:20.080><c> telescope</c><00:24:20.880><c> that</c><00:24:21.200><c> flipped</c>

00:24:21.510 --> 00:24:21.520 align:start position:0%
the James Webb telescope that flipped
 

00:24:21.520 --> 00:24:29.190 align:start position:0%
the James Webb telescope that flipped
these<00:24:21.840><c> assumptions</c><00:24:22.400><c> on</c><00:24:22.640><c> their</c><00:24:22.880><c> head.</c>

00:24:29.190 --> 00:24:29.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:24:29.200 --> 00:24:32.470 align:start position:0%
 
In<00:24:29.520><c> 1927,</c><00:24:30.799><c> two</c><00:24:31.120><c> astronomers</c><00:24:31.679><c> at</c><00:24:31.919><c> Hamburg</c>

00:24:32.470 --> 00:24:32.480 align:start position:0%
In 1927, two astronomers at Hamburg
 

00:24:32.480 --> 00:24:35.830 align:start position:0%
In 1927, two astronomers at Hamburg
Observatory,<00:24:33.600><c> Arnold</c><00:24:34.080><c> Schwasman</c><00:24:35.039><c> and</c><00:24:35.360><c> Arno</c>

00:24:35.830 --> 00:24:35.840 align:start position:0%
Observatory, Arnold Schwasman and Arno
 

00:24:35.840 --> 00:24:39.350 align:start position:0%
Observatory, Arnold Schwasman and Arno
Arto<00:24:36.400><c> Vakman,</c><00:24:37.279><c> discovered</c><00:24:37.919><c> Centaur</c><00:24:38.480><c> 29P</c>

00:24:39.350 --> 00:24:39.360 align:start position:0%
Arto Vakman, discovered Centaur 29P
 

00:24:39.360 --> 00:24:41.350 align:start position:0%
Arto Vakman, discovered Centaur 29P
while<00:24:39.679><c> comparing</c><00:24:40.159><c> a</c><00:24:40.480><c> series</c><00:24:40.720><c> of</c><00:24:40.880><c> photographs</c>

00:24:41.350 --> 00:24:41.360 align:start position:0%
while comparing a series of photographs
 

00:24:41.360 --> 00:24:43.750 align:start position:0%
while comparing a series of photographs
of<00:24:41.520><c> the</c><00:24:41.679><c> night</c><00:24:41.919><c> sky.</c><00:24:42.640><c> Initially</c><00:24:43.200><c> classified</c>

00:24:43.750 --> 00:24:43.760 align:start position:0%
of the night sky. Initially classified
 

00:24:43.760 --> 00:24:47.350 align:start position:0%
of the night sky. Initially classified
as<00:24:44.000><c> a</c><00:24:44.240><c> short</c><00:24:44.640><c> period</c><00:24:45.120><c> comet,</c><00:24:45.919><c> 29P</c><00:24:46.720><c> was</c><00:24:46.960><c> later</c>

00:24:47.350 --> 00:24:47.360 align:start position:0%
as a short period comet, 29P was later
 

00:24:47.360 --> 00:24:49.909 align:start position:0%
as a short period comet, 29P was later
reclassified<00:24:48.159><c> as</c><00:24:48.400><c> a</c><00:24:48.640><c> centaur,</c><00:24:49.440><c> the</c><00:24:49.679><c> name</c>

00:24:49.909 --> 00:24:49.919 align:start position:0%
reclassified as a centaur, the name
 

00:24:49.919 --> 00:24:52.470 align:start position:0%
reclassified as a centaur, the name
given<00:24:50.240><c> to</c><00:24:50.400><c> a</c><00:24:50.720><c> group</c><00:24:50.960><c> of</c><00:24:51.279><c> small</c><00:24:51.840><c> solar</c><00:24:52.159><c> system</c>

00:24:52.470 --> 00:24:52.480 align:start position:0%
given to a group of small solar system
 

00:24:52.480 --> 00:24:55.269 align:start position:0%
given to a group of small solar system
bodies<00:24:52.960><c> orbiting</c><00:24:53.440><c> the</c><00:24:53.600><c> sun</c><00:24:54.080><c> between</c><00:24:54.799><c> Jupiter</c>

00:24:55.269 --> 00:24:55.279 align:start position:0%
bodies orbiting the sun between Jupiter
 

00:24:55.279 --> 00:24:57.350 align:start position:0%
bodies orbiting the sun between Jupiter
and<00:24:55.520><c> Neptune.</c>

00:24:57.350 --> 00:24:57.360 align:start position:0%
and Neptune.
 

00:24:57.360 --> 00:24:59.669 align:start position:0%
and Neptune.
They<00:24:57.679><c> exhibit</c><00:24:58.320><c> characteristics</c><00:24:59.039><c> of</c><00:24:59.360><c> both</c>

00:24:59.669 --> 00:24:59.679 align:start position:0%
They exhibit characteristics of both
 

00:24:59.679 --> 00:25:02.950 align:start position:0%
They exhibit characteristics of both
comets<00:25:00.400><c> and</c><00:25:00.799><c> asteroids.</c><00:25:01.840><c> Much</c><00:25:02.159><c> like</c><00:25:02.480><c> mythical</c>

00:25:02.950 --> 00:25:02.960 align:start position:0%
comets and asteroids. Much like mythical
 

00:25:02.960 --> 00:25:06.950 align:start position:0%
comets and asteroids. Much like mythical
centaurs<00:25:03.760><c> were</c><00:25:04.080><c> half</c><00:25:04.400><c> human,</c><00:25:05.039><c> half</c><00:25:05.360><c> horse,</c>

00:25:06.950 --> 00:25:06.960 align:start position:0%
centaurs were half human, half horse,
 

00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:09.029 align:start position:0%
centaurs were half human, half horse,
it's<00:25:07.279><c> thought</c><00:25:07.520><c> that</c><00:25:07.760><c> centaurs</c><00:25:08.400><c> originated</c><00:25:08.880><c> in</c>

00:25:09.029 --> 00:25:09.039 align:start position:0%
it's thought that centaurs originated in
 

00:25:09.039 --> 00:25:11.269 align:start position:0%
it's thought that centaurs originated in
the<00:25:09.200><c> Kyper</c><00:25:09.600><c> belt,</c><00:25:10.080><c> but</c><00:25:10.400><c> eventually</c><00:25:10.960><c> moved</c>

00:25:11.269 --> 00:25:11.279 align:start position:0%
the Kyper belt, but eventually moved
 

00:25:11.279 --> 00:25:13.669 align:start position:0%
the Kyper belt, but eventually moved
inward<00:25:11.919><c> due</c><00:25:12.240><c> to</c><00:25:12.400><c> the</c><00:25:12.559><c> subtle</c><00:25:12.960><c> gravitational</c>

00:25:13.669 --> 00:25:13.679 align:start position:0%
inward due to the subtle gravitational
 

00:25:13.679 --> 00:25:15.909 align:start position:0%
inward due to the subtle gravitational
influences<00:25:14.400><c> of</c><00:25:14.640><c> the</c><00:25:14.799><c> gas</c><00:25:15.120><c> giants</c><00:25:15.520><c> over</c><00:25:15.760><c> the</c>

00:25:15.909 --> 00:25:15.919 align:start position:0%
influences of the gas giants over the
 

00:25:15.919 --> 00:25:18.950 align:start position:0%
influences of the gas giants over the
last<00:25:16.240><c> few</c><00:25:16.559><c> million</c><00:25:16.880><c> years.</c><00:25:18.240><c> Centaurs</c>

00:25:18.950 --> 00:25:18.960 align:start position:0%
last few million years. Centaurs
 

00:25:18.960 --> 00:25:21.750 align:start position:0%
last few million years. Centaurs
generally<00:25:19.679><c> have</c><00:25:20.080><c> elliptical</c><00:25:20.720><c> and</c><00:25:21.120><c> unstable</c>

00:25:21.750 --> 00:25:21.760 align:start position:0%
generally have elliptical and unstable
 

00:25:21.760 --> 00:25:24.549 align:start position:0%
generally have elliptical and unstable
orbits.<00:25:22.559><c> Most</c><00:25:23.039><c> will</c><00:25:23.440><c> eventually</c><00:25:24.000><c> be</c><00:25:24.159><c> flung</c>

00:25:24.549 --> 00:25:24.559 align:start position:0%
orbits. Most will eventually be flung
 

00:25:24.559 --> 00:25:26.789 align:start position:0%
orbits. Most will eventually be flung
into<00:25:24.799><c> the</c><00:25:24.880><c> inner</c><00:25:25.200><c> solar</c><00:25:25.520><c> system</c><00:25:25.760><c> as</c><00:25:26.159><c> comets</c>

00:25:26.789 --> 00:25:26.799 align:start position:0%
into the inner solar system as comets
 

00:25:26.799 --> 00:25:29.669 align:start position:0%
into the inner solar system as comets
join<00:25:27.120><c> the</c><00:25:27.279><c> Jupiter</c><00:25:27.760><c> family</c><00:25:28.080><c> comets</c><00:25:28.880><c> or</c><00:25:29.440><c> be</c>

00:25:29.669 --> 00:25:29.679 align:start position:0%
join the Jupiter family comets or be
 

00:25:29.679 --> 00:25:31.590 align:start position:0%
join the Jupiter family comets or be
catapulted<00:25:30.400><c> out</c><00:25:30.559><c> of</c><00:25:30.720><c> the</c><00:25:30.960><c> solar</c><00:25:31.279><c> system</c>

00:25:31.590 --> 00:25:31.600 align:start position:0%
catapulted out of the solar system
 

00:25:31.600 --> 00:25:34.470 align:start position:0%
catapulted out of the solar system
entirely.<00:25:32.799><c> Because</c><00:25:33.120><c> of</c><00:25:33.279><c> this,</c><00:25:33.840><c> centaurs</c>

00:25:34.470 --> 00:25:34.480 align:start position:0%
entirely. Because of this, centaurs
 

00:25:34.480 --> 00:25:36.789 align:start position:0%
entirely. Because of this, centaurs
represent<00:25:34.960><c> a</c><00:25:35.279><c> short-lived</c><00:25:36.159><c> transitional</c>

00:25:36.789 --> 00:25:36.799 align:start position:0%
represent a short-lived transitional
 

00:25:36.799 --> 00:25:39.190 align:start position:0%
represent a short-lived transitional
state<00:25:37.200><c> in</c><00:25:37.440><c> a</c><00:25:37.600><c> small</c><00:25:38.000><c> body's</c><00:25:38.480><c> journey</c><00:25:38.880><c> from</c><00:25:39.039><c> the</c>

00:25:39.190 --> 00:25:39.200 align:start position:0%
state in a small body's journey from the
 

00:25:39.200 --> 00:25:42.870 align:start position:0%
state in a small body's journey from the
Kyper<00:25:39.600><c> belt</c><00:25:40.000><c> to</c><00:25:40.240><c> the</c><00:25:40.559><c> Jupiter</c><00:25:41.200><c> family</c><00:25:41.600><c> comets.</c>

00:25:42.870 --> 00:25:42.880 align:start position:0%
Kyper belt to the Jupiter family comets.
 

00:25:42.880 --> 00:25:45.830 align:start position:0%
Kyper belt to the Jupiter family comets.
We<00:25:43.120><c> think</c><00:25:43.440><c> Centaur</c><00:25:44.000><c> 29P</c><00:25:45.120><c> could</c><00:25:45.360><c> be</c><00:25:45.520><c> launched</c>

00:25:45.830 --> 00:25:45.840 align:start position:0%
We think Centaur 29P could be launched
 

00:25:45.840 --> 00:25:48.390 align:start position:0%
We think Centaur 29P could be launched
into<00:25:46.000><c> the</c><00:25:46.159><c> inner</c><00:25:46.400><c> solar</c><00:25:46.720><c> system</c><00:25:47.120><c> as</c><00:25:47.440><c> early</c><00:25:47.840><c> as</c>

00:25:48.390 --> 00:25:48.400 align:start position:0%
into the inner solar system as early as
 

00:25:48.400 --> 00:25:51.669 align:start position:0%
into the inner solar system as early as
2038<00:25:49.760><c> when</c><00:25:50.000><c> a</c><00:25:50.159><c> conjunction</c><00:25:50.640><c> with</c><00:25:50.880><c> Jupiter</c>

00:25:51.669 --> 00:25:51.679 align:start position:0%
2038 when a conjunction with Jupiter
 

00:25:51.679 --> 00:25:54.710 align:start position:0%
2038 when a conjunction with Jupiter
will<00:25:52.000><c> change</c><00:25:52.240><c> the</c><00:25:52.480><c> path</c><00:25:52.799><c> of</c><00:25:52.960><c> its</c><00:25:53.200><c> orbit.</c>

00:25:54.710 --> 00:25:54.720 align:start position:0%
will change the path of its orbit.
 

00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:57.590 align:start position:0%
will change the path of its orbit.
But<00:25:55.200><c> Centaur</c><00:25:55.840><c> 29P</c><00:25:56.640><c> is</c><00:25:56.880><c> different</c><00:25:57.120><c> from</c><00:25:57.360><c> most</c>

00:25:57.590 --> 00:25:57.600 align:start position:0%
But Centaur 29P is different from most
 

00:25:57.600 --> 00:26:00.470 align:start position:0%
But Centaur 29P is different from most
centaurs<00:25:58.320><c> in</c><00:25:58.640><c> two</c><00:25:59.039><c> big</c><00:25:59.360><c> ways</c><00:25:59.840><c> that</c><00:26:00.159><c> will</c><00:26:00.320><c> be</c>

00:26:00.470 --> 00:26:00.480 align:start position:0%
centaurs in two big ways that will be
 

00:26:00.480 --> 00:26:04.549 align:start position:0%
centaurs in two big ways that will be
relevant<00:26:00.880><c> later.</c><00:26:02.159><c> Firstly,</c><00:26:03.120><c> its</c><00:26:03.440><c> orbit</c><00:26:04.000><c> isn't</c>

00:26:04.549 --> 00:26:04.559 align:start position:0%
relevant later. Firstly, its orbit isn't
 

00:26:04.559 --> 00:26:07.750 align:start position:0%
relevant later. Firstly, its orbit isn't
elliptical.<00:26:05.600><c> It</c><00:26:05.840><c> traces</c><00:26:06.400><c> an</c><00:26:06.720><c> almost</c><00:26:07.279><c> perfect</c>

00:26:07.750 --> 00:26:07.760 align:start position:0%
elliptical. It traces an almost perfect
 

00:26:07.760 --> 00:26:11.190 align:start position:0%
elliptical. It traces an almost perfect
circle<00:26:08.159><c> around</c><00:26:08.480><c> the</c><00:26:08.640><c> sun.</c><00:26:09.760><c> And</c><00:26:10.000><c> secondly,</c><00:26:10.960><c> it</c>

00:26:11.190 --> 00:26:11.200 align:start position:0%
circle around the sun. And secondly, it
 

00:26:11.200 --> 00:26:15.909 align:start position:0%
circle around the sun. And secondly, it
is<00:26:11.520><c> big.</c><00:26:12.559><c> Measuring</c><00:26:13.440><c> 60</c><00:26:13.919><c> km</c><00:26:14.559><c> in</c><00:26:14.799><c> diameter,</c><00:26:15.679><c> it</c>

00:26:15.909 --> 00:26:15.919 align:start position:0%
is big. Measuring 60 km in diameter, it
 

00:26:15.919 --> 00:26:19.990 align:start position:0%
is big. Measuring 60 km in diameter, it
is<00:26:16.080><c> wider</c><00:26:16.480><c> than</c><00:26:16.799><c> 96%</c><00:26:17.919><c> of</c><00:26:18.240><c> all</c><00:26:18.559><c> centaurs</c><00:26:19.600><c> and</c><00:26:19.840><c> is</c>

00:26:19.990 --> 00:26:20.000 align:start position:0%
is wider than 96% of all centaurs and is
 

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:23.269 align:start position:0%
is wider than 96% of all centaurs and is
one<00:26:20.159><c> of</c><00:26:20.320><c> the</c><00:26:20.480><c> largest</c><00:26:20.960><c> known</c><00:26:21.440><c> cometry</c><00:26:22.000><c> bodies.</c>

00:26:23.269 --> 00:26:23.279 align:start position:0%
one of the largest known cometry bodies.
 

00:26:23.279 --> 00:26:27.190 align:start position:0%
one of the largest known cometry bodies.
Oh,<00:26:23.760><c> and</c><00:26:24.000><c> it</c><00:26:24.240><c> explodes</c><00:26:25.360><c> a</c><00:26:25.679><c> lot.</c><00:26:26.720><c> It's</c><00:26:26.960><c> the</c>

00:26:27.190 --> 00:26:27.200 align:start position:0%
Oh, and it explodes a lot. It's the
 

00:26:27.200 --> 00:26:29.909 align:start position:0%
Oh, and it explodes a lot. It's the
second<00:26:27.600><c> most</c><00:26:28.080><c> active</c><00:26:28.559><c> body</c><00:26:28.960><c> in</c><00:26:29.360><c> the</c><00:26:29.520><c> solar</c>

00:26:29.909 --> 00:26:29.919 align:start position:0%
second most active body in the solar
 

00:26:29.919 --> 00:26:33.269 align:start position:0%
second most active body in the solar
system<00:26:30.400><c> after</c><00:26:30.799><c> Io,</c><00:26:31.760><c> exploding</c><00:26:32.400><c> on</c><00:26:32.720><c> average</c>

00:26:33.269 --> 00:26:33.279 align:start position:0%
system after Io, exploding on average
 

00:26:33.279 --> 00:26:37.590 align:start position:0%
system after Io, exploding on average
about<00:26:33.919><c> 30</c><00:26:34.400><c> times</c><00:26:34.799><c> per</c><00:26:35.120><c> year.</c><00:26:36.080><c> And</c><00:26:36.559><c> 40%</c><00:26:37.440><c> of</c>

00:26:37.590 --> 00:26:37.600 align:start position:0%
about 30 times per year. And 40% of
 

00:26:37.600 --> 00:26:40.789 align:start position:0%
about 30 times per year. And 40% of
these<00:26:38.080><c> strong</c><00:26:38.559><c> outbursts</c><00:26:39.679><c> don't</c><00:26:40.000><c> happen</c><00:26:40.320><c> in</c>

00:26:40.789 --> 00:26:40.799 align:start position:0%
these strong outbursts don't happen in
 

00:26:40.799 --> 00:26:44.149 align:start position:0%
these strong outbursts don't happen in
any<00:26:41.120><c> kind</c><00:26:41.520><c> of</c><00:26:41.840><c> predictable</c><00:26:42.400><c> fashion.</c>

00:26:44.149 --> 00:26:44.159 align:start position:0%
any kind of predictable fashion.
 

00:26:44.159 --> 00:26:47.350 align:start position:0%
any kind of predictable fashion.
These<00:26:44.559><c> explosions</c><00:26:45.200><c> are</c><00:26:45.679><c> erratic,</c><00:26:46.559><c> sudden,</c>

00:26:47.350 --> 00:26:47.360 align:start position:0%
These explosions are erratic, sudden,
 

00:26:47.360 --> 00:26:50.310 align:start position:0%
These explosions are erratic, sudden,
and<00:26:47.679><c> very</c><00:26:48.080><c> intense.</c><00:26:49.279><c> Following</c><00:26:49.679><c> an</c><00:26:49.840><c> outburst,</c>

00:26:50.310 --> 00:26:50.320 align:start position:0%
and very intense. Following an outburst,
 

00:26:50.320 --> 00:26:52.310 align:start position:0%
and very intense. Following an outburst,
the<00:26:50.480><c> comet</c><00:26:50.880><c> reaches</c><00:26:51.279><c> peak</c><00:26:51.600><c> brightness</c><00:26:52.080><c> in</c>

00:26:52.310 --> 00:26:52.320 align:start position:0%
the comet reaches peak brightness in
 

00:26:52.320 --> 00:26:55.269 align:start position:0%
the comet reaches peak brightness in
about<00:26:52.720><c> 2</c><00:26:53.039><c> to</c><00:26:53.360><c> 3</c><00:26:53.679><c> hours.</c>

00:26:55.269 --> 00:26:55.279 align:start position:0%
about 2 to 3 hours.
 

00:26:55.279 --> 00:26:57.750 align:start position:0%
about 2 to 3 hours.
In<00:26:55.600><c> 2024,</c><00:26:56.400><c> it</c><00:26:56.559><c> made</c><00:26:56.720><c> headlines</c><00:26:57.200><c> when</c><00:26:57.440><c> it</c>

00:26:57.750 --> 00:26:57.760 align:start position:0%
In 2024, it made headlines when it
 

00:26:57.760 --> 00:27:01.430 align:start position:0%
In 2024, it made headlines when it
erupted<00:26:58.400><c> four</c><00:26:58.720><c> times</c><00:26:59.039><c> in</c><00:26:59.279><c> a</c><00:26:59.520><c> 48hour</c><00:27:00.559><c> period,</c>

00:27:01.430 --> 00:27:01.440 align:start position:0%
erupted four times in a 48hour period,
 

00:27:01.440 --> 00:27:04.390 align:start position:0%
erupted four times in a 48hour period,
appearing<00:27:02.000><c> almost</c><00:27:02.720><c> 300</c><00:27:03.440><c> times</c><00:27:03.760><c> brighter</c><00:27:04.159><c> than</c>

00:27:04.390 --> 00:27:04.400 align:start position:0%
appearing almost 300 times brighter than
 

00:27:04.400 --> 00:27:07.830 align:start position:0%
appearing almost 300 times brighter than
normal.<00:27:05.679><c> Two</c><00:27:05.919><c> years</c><00:27:06.159><c> earlier,</c><00:27:06.960><c> it</c><00:27:07.200><c> shot</c><00:27:07.600><c> more</c>

00:27:07.830 --> 00:27:07.840 align:start position:0%
normal. Two years earlier, it shot more
 

00:27:07.840 --> 00:27:10.950 align:start position:0%
normal. Two years earlier, it shot more
than<00:27:08.159><c> 1</c><00:27:08.720><c> million</c><00:27:09.200><c> tons</c><00:27:09.520><c> of</c><00:27:09.760><c> debris</c><00:27:10.159><c> into</c><00:27:10.480><c> space</c>

00:27:10.950 --> 00:27:10.960 align:start position:0%
than 1 million tons of debris into space
 

00:27:10.960 --> 00:27:13.190 align:start position:0%
than 1 million tons of debris into space
faster<00:27:11.360><c> than</c><00:27:11.520><c> the</c><00:27:11.760><c> speed</c><00:27:11.919><c> of</c><00:27:12.080><c> sound,</c><00:27:12.880><c> like</c>

00:27:13.190 --> 00:27:13.200 align:start position:0%
faster than the speed of sound, like
 

00:27:13.200 --> 00:27:15.190 align:start position:0%
faster than the speed of sound, like
popping<00:27:13.600><c> the</c><00:27:13.760><c> cork</c><00:27:14.159><c> out</c><00:27:14.320><c> of</c><00:27:14.480><c> the</c><00:27:14.640><c> world's</c><00:27:14.960><c> most</c>

00:27:15.190 --> 00:27:15.200 align:start position:0%
popping the cork out of the world's most
 

00:27:15.200 --> 00:27:17.590 align:start position:0%
popping the cork out of the world's most
pressurized<00:27:15.840><c> champagne</c><00:27:16.320><c> bottle.</c><00:27:17.120><c> The</c><00:27:17.360><c> main</c>

00:27:17.590 --> 00:27:17.600 align:start position:0%
pressurized champagne bottle. The main
 

00:27:17.600 --> 00:27:20.549 align:start position:0%
pressurized champagne bottle. The main
outburst<00:27:18.240><c> then</c><00:27:18.559><c> triggered</c><00:27:19.120><c> two</c><00:27:19.520><c> smaller</c><00:27:19.919><c> ones</c>

00:27:20.549 --> 00:27:20.559 align:start position:0%
outburst then triggered two smaller ones
 

00:27:20.559 --> 00:27:23.830 align:start position:0%
outburst then triggered two smaller ones
5<00:27:20.880><c> and</c><00:27:21.200><c> 7</c><00:27:21.520><c> days</c><00:27:21.760><c> later,</c><00:27:22.640><c> which</c><00:27:22.960><c> seems</c><00:27:23.200><c> to</c><00:27:23.360><c> be</c><00:27:23.600><c> a</c>

00:27:23.830 --> 00:27:23.840 align:start position:0%
5 and 7 days later, which seems to be a
 

00:27:23.840 --> 00:27:26.230 align:start position:0%
5 and 7 days later, which seems to be a
common<00:27:24.159><c> occurrence</c><00:27:24.559><c> for</c><00:27:24.720><c> the</c><00:27:24.880><c> comet.</c><00:27:26.000><c> And</c>

00:27:26.230 --> 00:27:26.240 align:start position:0%
common occurrence for the comet. And
 

00:27:26.240 --> 00:27:28.470 align:start position:0%
common occurrence for the comet. And
even<00:27:26.480><c> though</c><00:27:26.799><c> those</c><00:27:27.200><c> sound</c><00:27:27.679><c> incredibly</c>

00:27:28.470 --> 00:27:28.480 align:start position:0%
even though those sound incredibly
 

00:27:28.480 --> 00:27:31.350 align:start position:0%
even though those sound incredibly
violent<00:27:28.960><c> and</c><00:27:29.279><c> powerful,</c><00:27:30.320><c> things</c><00:27:30.720><c> get</c><00:27:31.039><c> even</c>

00:27:31.350 --> 00:27:31.360 align:start position:0%
violent and powerful, things get even
 

00:27:31.360 --> 00:27:33.750 align:start position:0%
violent and powerful, things get even
bigger.

00:27:33.750 --> 00:27:33.760 align:start position:0%
bigger.
 

00:27:33.760 --> 00:27:37.750 align:start position:0%
bigger.
In<00:27:34.080><c> September</c><00:27:34.640><c> 2021,</c><00:27:35.760><c> Centaur</c><00:27:36.400><c> 29P</c><00:27:37.200><c> underwent</c>

00:27:37.750 --> 00:27:37.760 align:start position:0%
In September 2021, Centaur 29P underwent
 

00:27:37.760 --> 00:27:41.350 align:start position:0%
In September 2021, Centaur 29P underwent
the<00:27:38.080><c> largest</c><00:27:38.559><c> outburst</c><00:27:39.200><c> in</c><00:27:39.600><c> 40</c><00:27:40.000><c> years</c><00:27:40.799><c> when</c><00:27:41.039><c> it</c>

00:27:41.350 --> 00:27:41.360 align:start position:0%
the largest outburst in 40 years when it
 

00:27:41.360 --> 00:27:44.789 align:start position:0%
the largest outburst in 40 years when it
blew<00:27:41.760><c> its</c><00:27:42.080><c> top</c><00:27:42.640><c> five</c><00:27:43.120><c> times</c><00:27:43.440><c> in</c><00:27:43.600><c> a</c><00:27:43.919><c> row.</c>

00:27:44.789 --> 00:27:44.799 align:start position:0%
blew its top five times in a row.
 

00:27:44.799 --> 00:27:47.830 align:start position:0%
blew its top five times in a row.
Despite<00:27:45.279><c> the</c><00:27:45.600><c> massive</c><00:27:46.159><c> blast,</c><00:27:47.200><c> it</c><00:27:47.440><c> wasn't</c>

00:27:47.830 --> 00:27:47.840 align:start position:0%
Despite the massive blast, it wasn't
 

00:27:47.840 --> 00:27:50.710 align:start position:0%
Despite the massive blast, it wasn't
scientists<00:27:48.480><c> who</c><00:27:48.720><c> initially</c><00:27:49.200><c> noticed.</c><00:27:50.240><c> It</c><00:27:50.400><c> was</c>

00:27:50.710 --> 00:27:50.720 align:start position:0%
scientists who initially noticed. It was
 

00:27:50.720 --> 00:27:52.789 align:start position:0%
scientists who initially noticed. It was
amateur<00:27:51.200><c> astronomers.</c>

00:27:52.789 --> 00:27:52.799 align:start position:0%
amateur astronomers.
 

00:27:52.799 --> 00:27:54.549 align:start position:0%
amateur astronomers.
This<00:27:53.039><c> is</c><00:27:53.120><c> one</c><00:27:53.360><c> of</c><00:27:53.360><c> the</c><00:27:53.600><c> curiosities</c><00:27:54.240><c> of</c>

00:27:54.549 --> 00:27:54.559 align:start position:0%
This is one of the curiosities of
 

00:27:54.559 --> 00:27:57.990 align:start position:0%
This is one of the curiosities of
Centaur<00:27:55.200><c> 29P's</c><00:27:56.159><c> history.</c><00:27:57.200><c> Most</c><00:27:57.440><c> of</c><00:27:57.600><c> its</c>

00:27:57.990 --> 00:27:58.000 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P's history. Most of its
 

00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:00.950 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P's history. Most of its
eruptions<00:27:58.559><c> are</c><00:27:58.799><c> first</c><00:27:59.120><c> observed</c><00:27:59.679><c> by</c><00:28:00.080><c> hobbyist</c>

00:28:00.950 --> 00:28:00.960 align:start position:0%
eruptions are first observed by hobbyist
 

00:28:00.960 --> 00:28:02.549 align:start position:0%
eruptions are first observed by hobbyist
stargazers.

00:28:02.549 --> 00:28:02.559 align:start position:0%
stargazers.
 

00:28:02.559 --> 00:28:04.630 align:start position:0%
stargazers.
It's<00:28:02.799><c> easier</c><00:28:03.200><c> to</c><00:28:03.440><c> pull</c><00:28:03.679><c> out</c><00:28:03.840><c> your</c><00:28:04.080><c> backyard</c>

00:28:04.630 --> 00:28:04.640 align:start position:0%
It's easier to pull out your backyard
 

00:28:04.640 --> 00:28:06.950 align:start position:0%
It's easier to pull out your backyard
telescope<00:28:05.200><c> and</c><00:28:05.440><c> get</c><00:28:05.600><c> approval</c><00:28:06.000><c> to</c><00:28:06.240><c> point</c><00:28:06.559><c> a</c>

00:28:06.950 --> 00:28:06.960 align:start position:0%
telescope and get approval to point a
 

00:28:06.960 --> 00:28:09.190 align:start position:0%
telescope and get approval to point a
multi-million<00:28:07.919><c> dollar</c><00:28:08.399><c> public</c><00:28:08.880><c> funded</c>

00:28:09.190 --> 00:28:09.200 align:start position:0%
multi-million dollar public funded
 

00:28:09.200 --> 00:28:11.669 align:start position:0%
multi-million dollar public funded
instrument<00:28:10.000><c> on</c><00:28:10.240><c> your</c><00:28:10.640><c> special</c><00:28:11.120><c> interest</c>

00:28:11.669 --> 00:28:11.679 align:start position:0%
instrument on your special interest
 

00:28:11.679 --> 00:28:14.470 align:start position:0%
instrument on your special interest
randomly<00:28:12.240><c> exploding</c><00:28:12.799><c> centaur.</c><00:28:14.159><c> When</c>

00:28:14.470 --> 00:28:14.480 align:start position:0%
randomly exploding centaur. When
 

00:28:14.480 --> 00:28:16.630 align:start position:0%
randomly exploding centaur. When
scientists<00:28:15.039><c> heard</c><00:28:15.360><c> what</c><00:28:15.520><c> had</c><00:28:15.760><c> happened,</c><00:28:16.320><c> they</c>

00:28:16.630 --> 00:28:16.640 align:start position:0%
scientists heard what had happened, they
 

00:28:16.640 --> 00:28:18.870 align:start position:0%
scientists heard what had happened, they
managed<00:28:17.039><c> to</c><00:28:17.279><c> secure</c><00:28:17.840><c> precious</c><00:28:18.240><c> Hubble</c><00:28:18.640><c> time</c>

00:28:18.870 --> 00:28:18.880 align:start position:0%
managed to secure precious Hubble time
 

00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:21.350 align:start position:0%
managed to secure precious Hubble time
to<00:28:19.120><c> take</c><00:28:19.279><c> a</c><00:28:19.440><c> closer</c><00:28:19.760><c> look.</c><00:28:20.399><c> But</c><00:28:20.640><c> the</c><00:28:20.880><c> universe</c>

00:28:21.350 --> 00:28:21.360 align:start position:0%
to take a closer look. But the universe
 

00:28:21.360 --> 00:28:24.470 align:start position:0%
to take a closer look. But the universe
had<00:28:21.679><c> other</c><00:28:22.000><c> plans.</c><00:28:23.200><c> As</c><00:28:23.520><c> bad</c><00:28:23.840><c> luck</c><00:28:24.080><c> would</c><00:28:24.320><c> have</c>

00:28:24.470 --> 00:28:24.480 align:start position:0%
had other plans. As bad luck would have
 

00:28:24.480 --> 00:28:26.470 align:start position:0%
had other plans. As bad luck would have
it,<00:28:25.039><c> the</c><00:28:25.279><c> day</c><00:28:25.440><c> before</c><00:28:25.760><c> the</c><00:28:26.000><c> scheduled</c>

00:28:26.470 --> 00:28:26.480 align:start position:0%
it, the day before the scheduled
 

00:28:26.480 --> 00:28:29.510 align:start position:0%
it, the day before the scheduled
observation<00:28:26.960><c> of</c><00:28:27.200><c> Centaur</c><00:28:27.760><c> 29P,</c><00:28:28.960><c> Hubble</c>

00:28:29.510 --> 00:28:29.520 align:start position:0%
observation of Centaur 29P, Hubble
 

00:28:29.520 --> 00:28:31.750 align:start position:0%
observation of Centaur 29P, Hubble
experienced<00:28:30.159><c> a</c><00:28:30.399><c> technical</c><00:28:30.880><c> glitch</c><00:28:31.440><c> and</c>

00:28:31.750 --> 00:28:31.760 align:start position:0%
experienced a technical glitch and
 

00:28:31.760 --> 00:28:35.990 align:start position:0%
experienced a technical glitch and
couldn't<00:28:32.080><c> be</c><00:28:32.240><c> used.</c>

00:28:35.990 --> 00:28:36.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:39.510 align:start position:0%
 
So,<00:28:36.640><c> what</c><00:28:37.039><c> causes</c><00:28:37.600><c> these</c><00:28:38.000><c> outbursts?</c><00:28:39.200><c> How</c><00:28:39.360><c> do</c>

00:28:39.510 --> 00:28:39.520 align:start position:0%
So, what causes these outbursts? How do
 

00:28:39.520 --> 00:28:42.389 align:start position:0%
So, what causes these outbursts? How do
we<00:28:39.679><c> know</c><00:28:39.919><c> about</c><00:28:40.240><c> Centaur</c><00:28:40.799><c> 29P's</c><00:28:41.760><c> properties</c>

00:28:42.389 --> 00:28:42.399 align:start position:0%
we know about Centaur 29P's properties
 

00:28:42.399 --> 00:28:45.029 align:start position:0%
we know about Centaur 29P's properties
that<00:28:42.880><c> could</c><00:28:43.120><c> possibly</c><00:28:43.600><c> explain</c><00:28:44.000><c> them?</c><00:28:44.640><c> If</c><00:28:44.880><c> you</c>

00:28:45.029 --> 00:28:45.039 align:start position:0%
that could possibly explain them? If you
 

00:28:45.039 --> 00:28:48.310 align:start position:0%
that could possibly explain them? If you
suspect<00:28:45.679><c> volcanoes,</c><00:28:46.799><c> you're</c><00:28:47.200><c> kind</c><00:28:47.440><c> of</c><00:28:47.600><c> right.</c>

00:28:48.310 --> 00:28:48.320 align:start position:0%
suspect volcanoes, you're kind of right.
 

00:28:48.320 --> 00:28:51.350 align:start position:0%
suspect volcanoes, you're kind of right.
But<00:28:48.480><c> not</c><00:28:48.640><c> the</c><00:28:48.880><c> hot,</c><00:28:49.279><c> fiery</c><00:28:49.760><c> kind.</c><00:28:50.640><c> They</c><00:28:50.960><c> are</c>

00:28:51.350 --> 00:28:51.360 align:start position:0%
But not the hot, fiery kind. They are
 

00:28:51.360 --> 00:28:53.590 align:start position:0%
But not the hot, fiery kind. They are
ice<00:28:51.840><c> volcanoes.</c>

00:28:53.590 --> 00:28:53.600 align:start position:0%
ice volcanoes.
 

00:28:53.600 --> 00:28:56.950 align:start position:0%
ice volcanoes.
Centaur<00:28:54.159><c> 29P</c><00:28:54.960><c> is</c><00:28:55.200><c> what</c><00:28:55.360><c> we</c><00:28:55.600><c> call</c><00:28:56.000><c> a</c><00:28:56.399><c> cryo</c>

00:28:56.950 --> 00:28:56.960 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P is what we call a cryo
 

00:28:56.960 --> 00:28:59.430 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P is what we call a cryo
volcanic<00:28:57.600><c> comet.</c><00:28:58.480><c> These</c><00:28:58.799><c> are</c><00:28:59.039><c> generally</c>

00:28:59.430 --> 00:28:59.440 align:start position:0%
volcanic comet. These are generally
 

00:28:59.440 --> 00:29:02.470 align:start position:0%
volcanic comet. These are generally
covered<00:28:59.679><c> in</c><00:28:59.919><c> an</c><00:29:00.159><c> icy</c><00:29:00.480><c> shell</c><00:29:00.799><c> with</c><00:29:01.360><c> ice,</c><00:29:02.000><c> dust,</c>

00:29:02.470 --> 00:29:02.480 align:start position:0%
covered in an icy shell with ice, dust,
 

00:29:02.480 --> 00:29:05.750 align:start position:0%
covered in an icy shell with ice, dust,
and<00:29:02.720><c> gas</c><00:29:03.120><c> inside.</c><00:29:04.000><c> Mainly</c><00:29:04.480><c> carbon</c><00:29:04.880><c> dioxide,</c>

00:29:05.750 --> 00:29:05.760 align:start position:0%
and gas inside. Mainly carbon dioxide,
 

00:29:05.760 --> 00:29:08.710 align:start position:0%
and gas inside. Mainly carbon dioxide,
carbon<00:29:06.159><c> monoxide,</c><00:29:07.120><c> and</c><00:29:07.360><c> nitrogen</c><00:29:07.840><c> gases</c><00:29:08.320><c> in</c><00:29:08.559><c> a</c>

00:29:08.710 --> 00:29:08.720 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen gases in a
 

00:29:08.720 --> 00:29:11.990 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen gases in a
frozen<00:29:09.520><c> icy</c><00:29:09.840><c> state.</c><00:29:10.559><c> Over</c><00:29:10.880><c> time,</c><00:29:11.360><c> radiation</c>

00:29:11.990 --> 00:29:12.000 align:start position:0%
frozen icy state. Over time, radiation
 

00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:14.870 align:start position:0%
frozen icy state. Over time, radiation
causes<00:29:12.399><c> the</c><00:29:12.559><c> crust</c><00:29:12.880><c> to</c><00:29:13.120><c> weaken</c><00:29:13.840><c> from</c><00:29:14.240><c> solid</c><00:29:14.640><c> to</c>

00:29:14.870 --> 00:29:14.880 align:start position:0%
causes the crust to weaken from solid to
 

00:29:14.880 --> 00:29:17.430 align:start position:0%
causes the crust to weaken from solid to
gas.<00:29:15.760><c> This</c><00:29:16.000><c> forces</c><00:29:16.480><c> internal</c><00:29:16.960><c> pressure</c><00:29:17.279><c> to</c>

00:29:17.430 --> 00:29:17.440 align:start position:0%
gas. This forces internal pressure to
 

00:29:17.440 --> 00:29:20.470 align:start position:0%
gas. This forces internal pressure to
rise.<00:29:18.240><c> Eventually,</c><00:29:18.960><c> it</c><00:29:19.200><c> gets</c><00:29:19.520><c> too</c><00:29:19.840><c> much</c><00:29:20.240><c> and</c>

00:29:20.470 --> 00:29:20.480 align:start position:0%
rise. Eventually, it gets too much and
 

00:29:20.480 --> 00:29:22.950 align:start position:0%
rise. Eventually, it gets too much and
the<00:29:20.640><c> outer</c><00:29:20.960><c> shell</c><00:29:21.279><c> cracks,</c><00:29:22.000><c> unleashing</c><00:29:22.640><c> a</c>

00:29:22.950 --> 00:29:22.960 align:start position:0%
the outer shell cracks, unleashing a
 

00:29:22.960 --> 00:29:25.510 align:start position:0%
the outer shell cracks, unleashing a
visceral<00:29:23.760><c> eruption</c><00:29:24.080><c> of</c><00:29:24.399><c> cryomagma</c><00:29:25.200><c> from</c><00:29:25.360><c> the</c>

00:29:25.510 --> 00:29:25.520 align:start position:0%
visceral eruption of cryomagma from the
 

00:29:25.520 --> 00:29:28.230 align:start position:0%
visceral eruption of cryomagma from the
inside<00:29:25.840><c> of</c><00:29:25.919><c> the</c><00:29:26.159><c> comet.</c><00:29:27.039><c> A</c><00:29:27.279><c> mix</c><00:29:27.520><c> of</c><00:29:27.840><c> frozen</c>

00:29:28.230 --> 00:29:28.240 align:start position:0%
inside of the comet. A mix of frozen
 

00:29:28.240 --> 00:29:31.430 align:start position:0%
inside of the comet. A mix of frozen
water,<00:29:29.120><c> ammonia,</c><00:29:30.000><c> salts,</c><00:29:30.640><c> and</c><00:29:30.880><c> volatile</c>

00:29:31.430 --> 00:29:31.440 align:start position:0%
water, ammonia, salts, and volatile
 

00:29:31.440 --> 00:29:34.950 align:start position:0%
water, ammonia, salts, and volatile
gases<00:29:31.919><c> like</c><00:29:32.320><c> methane</c><00:29:32.880><c> and</c><00:29:33.200><c> nitrogen</c><00:29:33.760><c> gas.</c>

00:29:34.950 --> 00:29:34.960 align:start position:0%
gases like methane and nitrogen gas.
 

00:29:34.960 --> 00:29:39.590 align:start position:0%
gases like methane and nitrogen gas.
See,<00:29:35.679><c> ice</c><00:29:36.000><c> volcano</c>

00:29:39.590 --> 00:29:39.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:29:39.600 --> 00:29:43.029 align:start position:0%
 
cent's<00:29:41.039><c> nucleus</c><00:29:41.679><c> has</c><00:29:41.919><c> a</c><00:29:42.240><c> high</c><00:29:42.640><c> escape</c>

00:29:43.029 --> 00:29:43.039 align:start position:0%
cent's nucleus has a high escape
 

00:29:43.039 --> 00:29:45.990 align:start position:0%
cent's nucleus has a high escape
velocity,<00:29:44.159><c> and</c><00:29:44.399><c> most</c><00:29:44.720><c> debris</c><00:29:45.120><c> isn't</c><00:29:45.440><c> ejected</c>

00:29:45.990 --> 00:29:46.000 align:start position:0%
velocity, and most debris isn't ejected
 

00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:47.830 align:start position:0%
velocity, and most debris isn't ejected
fast<00:29:46.320><c> enough</c><00:29:46.559><c> to</c><00:29:46.799><c> break</c><00:29:47.120><c> free</c><00:29:47.360><c> from</c><00:29:47.520><c> it.</c>

00:29:47.830 --> 00:29:47.840 align:start position:0%
fast enough to break free from it.
 

00:29:47.840 --> 00:29:51.190 align:start position:0%
fast enough to break free from it.
gravity.<00:29:48.880><c> The</c><00:29:49.200><c> result</c><00:29:49.520><c> is</c><00:29:50.080><c> most</c><00:29:50.480><c> falls</c><00:29:50.960><c> back</c>

00:29:51.190 --> 00:29:51.200 align:start position:0%
gravity. The result is most falls back
 

00:29:51.200 --> 00:29:53.750 align:start position:0%
gravity. The result is most falls back
onto<00:29:51.600><c> the</c><00:29:51.840><c> centaur's</c><00:29:52.399><c> surface</c><00:29:52.799><c> to</c><00:29:53.039><c> reform</c><00:29:53.520><c> its</c>

00:29:53.750 --> 00:29:53.760 align:start position:0%
onto the centaur's surface to reform its
 

00:29:53.760 --> 00:29:56.070 align:start position:0%
onto the centaur's surface to reform its
crust.<00:29:54.799><c> This</c><00:29:55.039><c> may</c><00:29:55.200><c> then</c><00:29:55.440><c> trigger</c><00:29:55.840><c> the</c>

00:29:56.070 --> 00:29:56.080 align:start position:0%
crust. This may then trigger the
 

00:29:56.080 --> 00:29:58.710 align:start position:0%
crust. This may then trigger the
knock-on<00:29:56.720><c> outbursts</c><00:29:57.679><c> five</c><00:29:58.000><c> or</c><00:29:58.240><c> so</c><00:29:58.480><c> days</c>

00:29:58.710 --> 00:29:58.720 align:start position:0%
knock-on outbursts five or so days
 

00:29:58.720 --> 00:30:03.590 align:start position:0%
knock-on outbursts five or so days
later,<00:29:59.360><c> as</c><00:29:59.600><c> we</c><00:29:59.760><c> saw</c><00:30:00.000><c> in</c><00:30:00.240><c> the</c><00:30:00.399><c> 2021</c><00:30:01.200><c> outburst.</c>

00:30:03.590 --> 00:30:03.600 align:start position:0%
later, as we saw in the 2021 outburst.
 

00:30:03.600 --> 00:30:05.830 align:start position:0%
later, as we saw in the 2021 outburst.
Around<00:30:03.919><c> the</c><00:30:04.080><c> comet</c><00:30:04.399><c> nucleus,</c><00:30:05.039><c> the</c><00:30:05.279><c> ejected</c>

00:30:05.830 --> 00:30:05.840 align:start position:0%
Around the comet nucleus, the ejected
 

00:30:05.840 --> 00:30:08.789 align:start position:0%
Around the comet nucleus, the ejected
dust<00:30:06.320><c> and</c><00:30:06.720><c> ice</c><00:30:07.039><c> particles</c><00:30:07.520><c> form</c><00:30:07.840><c> a</c><00:30:08.080><c> hazy</c>

00:30:08.789 --> 00:30:08.799 align:start position:0%
dust and ice particles form a hazy
 

00:30:08.799 --> 00:30:11.909 align:start position:0%
dust and ice particles form a hazy
reflective<00:30:09.360><c> cloud,</c><00:30:10.080><c> lingering</c><00:30:10.559><c> for</c><00:30:10.799><c> days</c><00:30:11.679><c> up</c>

00:30:11.909 --> 00:30:11.919 align:start position:0%
reflective cloud, lingering for days up
 

00:30:11.919 --> 00:30:14.470 align:start position:0%
reflective cloud, lingering for days up
to<00:30:12.080><c> a</c><00:30:12.320><c> couple</c><00:30:12.480><c> of</c><00:30:12.640><c> weeks,</c><00:30:13.600><c> making</c><00:30:13.840><c> the</c><00:30:14.080><c> comet</c>

00:30:14.470 --> 00:30:14.480 align:start position:0%
to a couple of weeks, making the comet
 

00:30:14.480 --> 00:30:16.950 align:start position:0%
to a couple of weeks, making the comet
look<00:30:14.720><c> brighter,</c><00:30:15.520><c> sometimes</c><00:30:16.000><c> by</c><00:30:16.399><c> several</c>

00:30:16.950 --> 00:30:16.960 align:start position:0%
look brighter, sometimes by several
 

00:30:16.960 --> 00:30:20.230 align:start position:0%
look brighter, sometimes by several
orders<00:30:17.360><c> of</c><00:30:17.600><c> magnitude.</c><00:30:19.039><c> Some</c><00:30:19.360><c> cryovcanic</c>

00:30:20.230 --> 00:30:20.240 align:start position:0%
orders of magnitude. Some cryovcanic
 

00:30:20.240 --> 00:30:23.029 align:start position:0%
orders of magnitude. Some cryovcanic
comets,<00:30:20.720><c> like</c><00:30:21.120><c> 12p,</c><00:30:22.159><c> also</c><00:30:22.480><c> known</c><00:30:22.640><c> as</c><00:30:22.799><c> the</c>

00:30:23.029 --> 00:30:23.039 align:start position:0%
comets, like 12p, also known as the
 

00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:25.590 align:start position:0%
comets, like 12p, also known as the
devil<00:30:23.440><c> comet</c><00:30:24.000><c> for</c><00:30:24.159><c> the</c><00:30:24.320><c> hornlike</c><00:30:24.960><c> plumes</c><00:30:25.360><c> that</c>

00:30:25.590 --> 00:30:25.600 align:start position:0%
devil comet for the hornlike plumes that
 

00:30:25.600 --> 00:30:28.549 align:start position:0%
devil comet for the hornlike plumes that
form<00:30:26.000><c> during</c><00:30:26.320><c> its</c><00:30:26.559><c> outbursts,</c><00:30:27.520><c> are</c><00:30:27.760><c> on</c><00:30:28.080><c> highly</c>

00:30:28.549 --> 00:30:28.559 align:start position:0%
form during its outbursts, are on highly
 

00:30:28.559 --> 00:30:31.590 align:start position:0%
form during its outbursts, are on highly
elliptical<00:30:29.039><c> orbits</c><00:30:29.440><c> around</c><00:30:29.679><c> the</c><00:30:29.840><c> sun.</c><00:30:31.120><c> As</c><00:30:31.440><c> you</c>

00:30:31.590 --> 00:30:31.600 align:start position:0%
elliptical orbits around the sun. As you
 

00:30:31.600 --> 00:30:33.669 align:start position:0%
elliptical orbits around the sun. As you
might<00:30:31.840><c> expect,</c><00:30:32.480><c> the</c><00:30:32.720><c> closer</c><00:30:33.039><c> to</c><00:30:33.120><c> the</c><00:30:33.279><c> sun</c><00:30:33.440><c> they</c>

00:30:33.669 --> 00:30:33.679 align:start position:0%
might expect, the closer to the sun they
 

00:30:33.679 --> 00:30:36.389 align:start position:0%
might expect, the closer to the sun they
get,<00:30:34.240><c> the</c><00:30:34.480><c> more</c><00:30:34.720><c> active</c><00:30:35.120><c> and</c><00:30:35.440><c> volatile</c><00:30:36.080><c> their</c>

00:30:36.389 --> 00:30:36.399 align:start position:0%
get, the more active and volatile their
 

00:30:36.399 --> 00:30:40.710 align:start position:0%
get, the more active and volatile their
behavior<00:30:36.880><c> becomes.</c><00:30:38.320><c> But</c><00:30:38.799><c> Centaur</c><00:30:39.360><c> 29P</c><00:30:40.240><c> is</c><00:30:40.480><c> on</c>

00:30:40.710 --> 00:30:40.720 align:start position:0%
behavior becomes. But Centaur 29P is on
 

00:30:40.720 --> 00:30:44.389 align:start position:0%
behavior becomes. But Centaur 29P is on
a<00:30:41.120><c> circular,</c><00:30:42.159><c> not</c><00:30:42.480><c> an</c><00:30:42.880><c> elliptical</c><00:30:43.440><c> orbit.</c>

00:30:44.389 --> 00:30:44.399 align:start position:0%
a circular, not an elliptical orbit.
 

00:30:44.399 --> 00:30:46.070 align:start position:0%
a circular, not an elliptical orbit.
It's<00:30:44.640><c> always</c><00:30:44.960><c> roughly</c><00:30:45.360><c> the</c><00:30:45.600><c> same</c><00:30:45.760><c> distance</c>

00:30:46.070 --> 00:30:46.080 align:start position:0%
It's always roughly the same distance
 

00:30:46.080 --> 00:30:48.950 align:start position:0%
It's always roughly the same distance
from<00:30:46.320><c> the</c><00:30:46.480><c> sun.</c><00:30:47.279><c> So,</c><00:30:47.520><c> you'd</c><00:30:47.840><c> expect</c><00:30:48.240><c> a</c><00:30:48.559><c> pretty</c>

00:30:48.950 --> 00:30:48.960 align:start position:0%
from the sun. So, you'd expect a pretty
 

00:30:48.960 --> 00:30:52.230 align:start position:0%
from the sun. So, you'd expect a pretty
even<00:30:49.360><c> absorption</c><00:30:50.000><c> of</c><00:30:50.320><c> solar</c><00:30:50.720><c> radiation</c><00:30:51.760><c> and</c>

00:30:52.230 --> 00:30:52.240 align:start position:0%
even absorption of solar radiation and
 

00:30:52.240 --> 00:30:55.510 align:start position:0%
even absorption of solar radiation and
regular<00:30:52.960><c> predictable</c><00:30:53.520><c> activity.</c><00:30:54.799><c> However,</c>

00:30:55.510 --> 00:30:55.520 align:start position:0%
regular predictable activity. However,
 

00:30:55.520 --> 00:30:58.310 align:start position:0%
regular predictable activity. However,
as<00:30:55.760><c> we've</c><00:30:56.080><c> seen,</c><00:30:56.880><c> that's</c><00:30:57.279><c> not</c><00:30:57.520><c> the</c><00:30:57.760><c> case</c><00:30:58.080><c> at</c>

00:30:58.310 --> 00:30:58.320 align:start position:0%
as we've seen, that's not the case at
 

00:30:58.320 --> 00:31:01.750 align:start position:0%
as we've seen, that's not the case at
all.<00:30:59.520><c> So,</c><00:30:59.919><c> why</c><00:31:00.159><c> are</c><00:31:00.399><c> these</c><00:31:00.880><c> eruptions</c><00:31:01.360><c> so</c>

00:31:01.750 --> 00:31:01.760 align:start position:0%
all. So, why are these eruptions so
 

00:31:01.760 --> 00:31:04.310 align:start position:0%
all. So, why are these eruptions so
erratic<00:31:02.320><c> when</c><00:31:02.640><c> they</c><00:31:02.799><c> shouldn't</c><00:31:03.120><c> be?</c><00:31:03.919><c> What's</c>

00:31:04.310 --> 00:31:04.320 align:start position:0%
erratic when they shouldn't be? What's
 

00:31:04.320 --> 00:31:07.029 align:start position:0%
erratic when they shouldn't be? What's
going<00:31:04.480><c> on</c><00:31:04.720><c> here?</c><00:31:06.159><c> Scientists</c><00:31:06.640><c> have</c><00:31:06.880><c> been</c>

00:31:07.029 --> 00:31:07.039 align:start position:0%
going on here? Scientists have been
 

00:31:07.039 --> 00:31:08.789 align:start position:0%
going on here? Scientists have been
trying<00:31:07.279><c> to</c><00:31:07.440><c> work</c><00:31:07.679><c> out</c><00:31:07.919><c> if</c><00:31:08.159><c> there</c><00:31:08.320><c> is</c><00:31:08.559><c> any</c>

00:31:08.789 --> 00:31:08.799 align:start position:0%
trying to work out if there is any
 

00:31:08.799 --> 00:31:10.789 align:start position:0%
trying to work out if there is any
method<00:31:09.039><c> to</c><00:31:09.200><c> the</c><00:31:09.360><c> madness</c><00:31:09.760><c> of</c><00:31:09.919><c> the</c><00:31:10.080><c> centaur's</c>

00:31:10.789 --> 00:31:10.799 align:start position:0%
method to the madness of the centaur's
 

00:31:10.799 --> 00:31:13.510 align:start position:0%
method to the madness of the centaur's
eruptions<00:31:11.520><c> for</c><00:31:11.840><c> years.</c><00:31:13.039><c> Some</c><00:31:13.279><c> have</c>

00:31:13.510 --> 00:31:13.520 align:start position:0%
eruptions for years. Some have
 

00:31:13.520 --> 00:31:15.590 align:start position:0%
eruptions for years. Some have
speculated<00:31:14.159><c> that</c><00:31:14.320><c> the</c><00:31:14.640><c> eruptions</c><00:31:15.120><c> may</c><00:31:15.360><c> be</c>

00:31:15.590 --> 00:31:15.600 align:start position:0%
speculated that the eruptions may be
 

00:31:15.600 --> 00:31:17.909 align:start position:0%
speculated that the eruptions may be
related<00:31:16.000><c> to</c><00:31:16.240><c> its</c><00:31:16.559><c> slow</c><00:31:16.799><c> rotation</c><00:31:17.360><c> period</c><00:31:17.679><c> of</c>

00:31:17.909 --> 00:31:17.919 align:start position:0%
related to its slow rotation period of
 

00:31:17.919 --> 00:31:21.029 align:start position:0%
related to its slow rotation period of
57<00:31:18.480><c> days.</c><00:31:19.600><c> More</c><00:31:19.919><c> specifically,</c><00:31:20.720><c> they</c>

00:31:21.029 --> 00:31:21.039 align:start position:0%
57 days. More specifically, they
 

00:31:21.039 --> 00:31:23.269 align:start position:0%
57 days. More specifically, they
observed<00:31:21.440><c> that</c><00:31:21.840><c> major</c><00:31:22.240><c> outbursts</c><00:31:22.799><c> were</c><00:31:23.039><c> more</c>

00:31:23.269 --> 00:31:23.279 align:start position:0%
observed that major outbursts were more
 

00:31:23.279 --> 00:31:26.789 align:start position:0%
observed that major outbursts were more
likely<00:31:23.520><c> to</c><00:31:23.760><c> happen</c><00:31:24.080><c> every</c><00:31:24.559><c> 52</c><00:31:25.120><c> to</c><00:31:25.440><c> 60</c><00:31:25.760><c> days.</c>

00:31:26.789 --> 00:31:26.799 align:start position:0%
likely to happen every 52 to 60 days.
 

00:31:26.799 --> 00:31:28.630 align:start position:0%
likely to happen every 52 to 60 days.
But<00:31:27.039><c> smaller</c><00:31:27.440><c> outburst</c><00:31:27.919><c> events</c><00:31:28.320><c> also</c>

00:31:28.630 --> 00:31:28.640 align:start position:0%
But smaller outburst events also
 

00:31:28.640 --> 00:31:31.909 align:start position:0%
But smaller outburst events also
occurred<00:31:29.120><c> every</c><00:31:29.520><c> 30</c><00:31:30.000><c> and</c><00:31:30.320><c> every</c><00:31:30.640><c> 90</c><00:31:30.960><c> days</c><00:31:31.679><c> with</c>

00:31:31.909 --> 00:31:31.919 align:start position:0%
occurred every 30 and every 90 days with
 

00:31:31.919 --> 00:31:33.750 align:start position:0%
occurred every 30 and every 90 days with
enough<00:31:32.240><c> regularity</c><00:31:32.799><c> to</c><00:31:33.039><c> make</c><00:31:33.200><c> scientists</c>

00:31:33.750 --> 00:31:33.760 align:start position:0%
enough regularity to make scientists
 

00:31:33.760 --> 00:31:35.990 align:start position:0%
enough regularity to make scientists
think<00:31:34.000><c> that</c><00:31:34.240><c> there</c><00:31:34.559><c> might</c><00:31:34.880><c> be</c><00:31:35.120><c> some</c><00:31:35.440><c> kind</c><00:31:35.679><c> of</c>

00:31:35.990 --> 00:31:36.000 align:start position:0%
think that there might be some kind of
 

00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:39.509 align:start position:0%
think that there might be some kind of
seasonal<00:31:36.480><c> cycle</c><00:31:37.279><c> governing</c><00:31:37.760><c> the</c><00:31:38.000><c> comet.</c>

00:31:39.509 --> 00:31:39.519 align:start position:0%
seasonal cycle governing the comet.
 

00:31:39.519 --> 00:31:42.230 align:start position:0%
seasonal cycle governing the comet.
While<00:31:39.760><c> Centaur</c><00:31:40.320><c> 29P's</c><00:31:41.200><c> eruptions</c><00:31:41.760><c> seem</c><00:31:42.080><c> to</c>

00:31:42.230 --> 00:31:42.240 align:start position:0%
While Centaur 29P's eruptions seem to
 

00:31:42.240 --> 00:31:45.190 align:start position:0%
While Centaur 29P's eruptions seem to
happen<00:31:42.559><c> quasi</c><00:31:43.120><c> periodically,</c><00:31:44.399><c> they</c><00:31:44.720><c> are</c>

00:31:45.190 --> 00:31:45.200 align:start position:0%
happen quasi periodically, they are
 

00:31:45.200 --> 00:31:47.509 align:start position:0%
happen quasi periodically, they are
utterly<00:31:45.679><c> unpredictable</c><00:31:46.880><c> in</c><00:31:47.120><c> terms</c><00:31:47.360><c> of</c>

00:31:47.509 --> 00:31:47.519 align:start position:0%
utterly unpredictable in terms of
 

00:31:47.519 --> 00:31:51.029 align:start position:0%
utterly unpredictable in terms of
intensity<00:31:48.559><c> or</c><00:31:48.880><c> precise</c><00:31:49.440><c> timing.</c>

00:31:51.029 --> 00:31:51.039 align:start position:0%
intensity or precise timing.
 

00:31:51.039 --> 00:31:52.710 align:start position:0%
intensity or precise timing.
That<00:31:51.279><c> didn't</c><00:31:51.519><c> stop</c><00:31:51.679><c> astronomers</c><00:31:52.240><c> from</c><00:31:52.480><c> trying</c>

00:31:52.710 --> 00:31:52.720 align:start position:0%
That didn't stop astronomers from trying
 

00:31:52.720 --> 00:31:54.870 align:start position:0%
That didn't stop astronomers from trying
to<00:31:52.880><c> anticipate</c><00:31:53.519><c> when</c><00:31:53.840><c> our</c><00:31:54.080><c> feisty</c><00:31:54.640><c> friend</c>

00:31:54.870 --> 00:31:54.880 align:start position:0%
to anticipate when our feisty friend
 

00:31:54.880 --> 00:31:58.470 align:start position:0%
to anticipate when our feisty friend
would<00:31:55.039><c> blow.</c><00:31:56.000><c> In</c><00:31:56.320><c> April</c><00:31:56.960><c> 2023,</c>

00:31:58.470 --> 00:31:58.480 align:start position:0%
would blow. In April 2023,
 

00:31:58.480 --> 00:32:00.310 align:start position:0%
would blow. In April 2023,
scientists<00:31:58.960><c> noticed</c><00:31:59.360><c> the</c><00:31:59.600><c> light</c><00:31:59.919><c> surrounding</c>

00:32:00.310 --> 00:32:00.320 align:start position:0%
scientists noticed the light surrounding
 

00:32:00.320 --> 00:32:02.470 align:start position:0%
scientists noticed the light surrounding
the<00:32:00.480><c> comet's</c><00:32:00.880><c> nucleus</c><00:32:01.360><c> had</c><00:32:01.600><c> become</c><00:32:02.000><c> fainter</c>

00:32:02.470 --> 00:32:02.480 align:start position:0%
the comet's nucleus had become fainter
 

00:32:02.480 --> 00:32:05.269 align:start position:0%
the comet's nucleus had become fainter
than<00:32:02.720><c> ever,</c><00:32:03.360><c> suggesting</c><00:32:03.919><c> a</c><00:32:04.320><c> slowed</c><00:32:04.799><c> rate</c><00:32:05.039><c> of</c>

00:32:05.269 --> 00:32:05.279 align:start position:0%
than ever, suggesting a slowed rate of
 

00:32:05.279 --> 00:32:07.830 align:start position:0%
than ever, suggesting a slowed rate of
outgassing.<00:32:06.480><c> They</c><00:32:06.720><c> predicted</c><00:32:07.200><c> pressure</c><00:32:07.519><c> was</c>

00:32:07.830 --> 00:32:07.840 align:start position:0%
outgassing. They predicted pressure was
 

00:32:07.840 --> 00:32:09.750 align:start position:0%
outgassing. They predicted pressure was
building<00:32:08.159><c> up</c><00:32:08.399><c> inside</c><00:32:08.720><c> the</c><00:32:08.960><c> nucleus</c><00:32:09.360><c> at</c><00:32:09.600><c> a</c>

00:32:09.750 --> 00:32:09.760 align:start position:0%
building up inside the nucleus at a
 

00:32:09.760 --> 00:32:11.990 align:start position:0%
building up inside the nucleus at a
faster<00:32:10.159><c> and</c><00:32:10.399><c> faster</c><00:32:10.799><c> rate,</c><00:32:11.360><c> making</c><00:32:11.679><c> an</c>

00:32:11.990 --> 00:32:12.000 align:start position:0%
faster and faster rate, making an
 

00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:15.110 align:start position:0%
faster and faster rate, making an
eruption<00:32:12.480><c> highly</c><00:32:12.960><c> likely.</c><00:32:14.240><c> And</c><00:32:14.640><c> just</c><00:32:14.960><c> like</c>

00:32:15.110 --> 00:32:15.120 align:start position:0%
eruption highly likely. And just like
 

00:32:15.120 --> 00:32:18.870 align:start position:0%
eruption highly likely. And just like
that,<00:32:15.840><c> Centaur</c><00:32:16.480><c> 29P</c><00:32:17.440><c> gave</c><00:32:17.760><c> off</c><00:32:18.000><c> a</c><00:32:18.399><c> mini</c>

00:32:18.870 --> 00:32:18.880 align:start position:0%
that, Centaur 29P gave off a mini
 

00:32:18.880 --> 00:32:22.070 align:start position:0%
that, Centaur 29P gave off a mini
outburst<00:32:19.519><c> later</c><00:32:19.840><c> that</c><00:32:20.240><c> very</c><00:32:20.559><c> same</c><00:32:20.880><c> day.</c><00:32:21.840><c> It</c>

00:32:22.070 --> 00:32:22.080 align:start position:0%
outburst later that very same day. It
 

00:32:22.080 --> 00:32:24.630 align:start position:0%
outburst later that very same day. It
was<00:32:22.240><c> the</c><00:32:22.559><c> first</c><00:32:23.039><c> successful</c><00:32:23.840><c> prediction</c><00:32:24.399><c> of</c>

00:32:24.630 --> 00:32:24.640 align:start position:0%
was the first successful prediction of
 

00:32:24.640 --> 00:32:27.909 align:start position:0%
was the first successful prediction of
an<00:32:24.960><c> eruption</c><00:32:25.679><c> on</c><00:32:26.080><c> this</c><00:32:26.399><c> weird</c><00:32:26.880><c> and</c><00:32:27.279><c> volatile</c>

00:32:27.909 --> 00:32:27.919 align:start position:0%
an eruption on this weird and volatile
 

00:32:27.919 --> 00:32:31.029 align:start position:0%
an eruption on this weird and volatile
little<00:32:28.320><c> world.</c><00:32:29.600><c> For</c><00:32:29.840><c> the</c><00:32:30.000><c> first</c><00:32:30.240><c> time,</c><00:32:30.799><c> we</c>

00:32:31.029 --> 00:32:31.039 align:start position:0%
little world. For the first time, we
 

00:32:31.039 --> 00:32:33.830 align:start position:0%
little world. For the first time, we
weren't<00:32:31.360><c> just</c><00:32:31.600><c> reacting</c><00:32:32.159><c> to</c><00:32:32.399><c> randomness.</c><00:32:33.600><c> We</c>

00:32:33.830 --> 00:32:33.840 align:start position:0%
weren't just reacting to randomness. We
 

00:32:33.840 --> 00:32:36.870 align:start position:0%
weren't just reacting to randomness. We
got<00:32:34.080><c> on</c><00:32:34.320><c> the</c><00:32:34.559><c> inside</c><00:32:35.039><c> track.</c><00:32:36.000><c> It</c><00:32:36.240><c> felt</c><00:32:36.480><c> like</c><00:32:36.640><c> a</c>

00:32:36.870 --> 00:32:36.880 align:start position:0%
got on the inside track. It felt like a
 

00:32:36.880 --> 00:32:39.669 align:start position:0%
got on the inside track. It felt like a
breakthrough.<00:32:38.000><c> And</c><00:32:38.240><c> thanks</c><00:32:38.480><c> to</c><00:32:38.640><c> James</c><00:32:39.039><c> Webb,</c>

00:32:39.669 --> 00:32:39.679 align:start position:0%
breakthrough. And thanks to James Webb,
 

00:32:39.679 --> 00:32:43.110 align:start position:0%
breakthrough. And thanks to James Webb,
we<00:32:40.000><c> were</c><00:32:40.240><c> about</c><00:32:40.559><c> to</c><00:32:40.799><c> have</c><00:32:41.120><c> another.</c>

00:32:43.110 --> 00:32:43.120 align:start position:0%
we were about to have another.
 

00:32:43.120 --> 00:32:45.830 align:start position:0%
we were about to have another.
Until<00:32:43.519><c> recently,</c><00:32:44.159><c> we</c><00:32:44.399><c> had</c><00:32:44.799><c> never</c><00:32:45.279><c> detected</c>

00:32:45.830 --> 00:32:45.840 align:start position:0%
Until recently, we had never detected
 

00:32:45.840 --> 00:32:49.590 align:start position:0%
Until recently, we had never detected
carbon<00:32:46.159><c> dioxide</c><00:32:46.720><c> on</c><00:32:47.120><c> Centaur</c><00:32:47.679><c> 29P.</c><00:32:49.120><c> Carbon</c>

00:32:49.590 --> 00:32:49.600 align:start position:0%
carbon dioxide on Centaur 29P. Carbon
 

00:32:49.600 --> 00:32:51.909 align:start position:0%
carbon dioxide on Centaur 29P. Carbon
monoxide<00:32:50.399><c> was</c><00:32:50.640><c> always</c><00:32:50.960><c> seen</c><00:32:51.200><c> as</c><00:32:51.440><c> the</c><00:32:51.600><c> driver</c>

00:32:51.909 --> 00:32:51.919 align:start position:0%
monoxide was always seen as the driver
 

00:32:51.919 --> 00:32:54.549 align:start position:0%
monoxide was always seen as the driver
of<00:32:52.000><c> these</c><00:32:52.399><c> eruptions,</c><00:32:53.279><c> mainly</c><00:32:53.679><c> because</c><00:32:54.080><c> it</c><00:32:54.320><c> is</c>

00:32:54.549 --> 00:32:54.559 align:start position:0%
of these eruptions, mainly because it is
 

00:32:54.559 --> 00:32:56.389 align:start position:0%
of these eruptions, mainly because it is
consistently<00:32:55.279><c> found</c><00:32:55.519><c> in</c><00:32:55.760><c> high</c><00:32:56.000><c> amounts</c>

00:32:56.389 --> 00:32:56.399 align:start position:0%
consistently found in high amounts
 

00:32:56.399 --> 00:32:59.750 align:start position:0%
consistently found in high amounts
around<00:32:56.640><c> the</c><00:32:56.880><c> comet.</c><00:32:57.840><c> But</c><00:32:58.000><c> in</c><00:32:58.240><c> 2024,</c><00:32:59.200><c> data</c><00:32:59.519><c> from</c>

00:32:59.750 --> 00:32:59.760 align:start position:0%
around the comet. But in 2024, data from
 

00:32:59.760 --> 00:33:02.070 align:start position:0%
around the comet. But in 2024, data from
the<00:32:59.919><c> James</c><00:33:00.240><c> Web</c><00:33:00.559><c> Space</c><00:33:00.799><c> Telescope</c><00:33:01.600><c> showed</c><00:33:01.919><c> us</c>

00:33:02.070 --> 00:33:02.080 align:start position:0%
the James Web Space Telescope showed us
 

00:33:02.080 --> 00:33:05.430 align:start position:0%
the James Web Space Telescope showed us
that<00:33:02.240><c> that</c><00:33:02.559><c> was</c><00:33:02.799><c> only</c><00:33:03.120><c> half</c><00:33:03.519><c> the</c><00:33:03.760><c> answer.</c><00:33:05.039><c> Data</c>

00:33:05.430 --> 00:33:05.440 align:start position:0%
that that was only half the answer. Data
 

00:33:05.440 --> 00:33:07.350 align:start position:0%
that that was only half the answer. Data
from<00:33:05.600><c> the</c><00:33:05.840><c> previous</c><00:33:06.399><c> radio</c><00:33:06.799><c> wavelength</c>

00:33:07.350 --> 00:33:07.360 align:start position:0%
from the previous radio wavelength
 

00:33:07.360 --> 00:33:10.470 align:start position:0%
from the previous radio wavelength
observations<00:33:07.919><c> of</c><00:33:08.159><c> Centaur</c><00:33:08.720><c> 29P</c><00:33:09.840><c> showed</c><00:33:10.159><c> a</c>

00:33:10.470 --> 00:33:10.480 align:start position:0%
observations of Centaur 29P showed a
 

00:33:10.480 --> 00:33:13.350 align:start position:0%
observations of Centaur 29P showed a
carbon<00:33:10.880><c> monoxide</c><00:33:11.679><c> gas</c><00:33:12.080><c> jet</c><00:33:12.480><c> pointed</c><00:33:12.880><c> towards</c>

00:33:13.350 --> 00:33:13.360 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide gas jet pointed towards
 

00:33:13.360 --> 00:33:15.909 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide gas jet pointed towards
Earth.<00:33:14.320><c> But</c><00:33:14.640><c> web's</c><00:33:15.039><c> near</c><00:33:15.360><c> infrared</c>

00:33:15.909 --> 00:33:15.919 align:start position:0%
Earth. But web's near infrared
 

00:33:15.919 --> 00:33:17.669 align:start position:0%
Earth. But web's near infrared
spectrograph<00:33:16.880><c> brought</c><00:33:17.120><c> the</c><00:33:17.279><c> jet's</c>

00:33:17.669 --> 00:33:17.679 align:start position:0%
spectrograph brought the jet's
 

00:33:17.679 --> 00:33:19.990 align:start position:0%
spectrograph brought the jet's
composition<00:33:18.320><c> into</c><00:33:18.640><c> greater</c><00:33:19.039><c> focus,</c>

00:33:19.990 --> 00:33:20.000 align:start position:0%
composition into greater focus,
 

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:22.870 align:start position:0%
composition into greater focus,
revealing<00:33:20.640><c> not</c><00:33:20.880><c> just</c><00:33:21.120><c> one</c><00:33:21.840><c> but</c><00:33:22.159><c> two</c><00:33:22.399><c> jets</c><00:33:22.720><c> of</c>

00:33:22.870 --> 00:33:22.880 align:start position:0%
revealing not just one but two jets of
 

00:33:22.880 --> 00:33:25.990 align:start position:0%
revealing not just one but two jets of
carbon<00:33:23.279><c> monoxide.</c><00:33:24.399><c> One</c><00:33:24.640><c> pointing</c><00:33:25.039><c> to</c><00:33:25.279><c> Earth</c>

00:33:25.990 --> 00:33:26.000 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide. One pointing to Earth
 

00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:28.789 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide. One pointing to Earth
and<00:33:26.240><c> one</c><00:33:26.559><c> pointing</c><00:33:27.039><c> towards</c><00:33:27.519><c> the</c><00:33:27.760><c> north.</c><00:33:28.559><c> And</c>

00:33:28.789 --> 00:33:28.799 align:start position:0%
and one pointing towards the north. And
 

00:33:28.799 --> 00:33:30.950 align:start position:0%
and one pointing towards the north. And
that<00:33:28.960><c> wasn't</c><00:33:29.279><c> all.</c><00:33:29.840><c> The</c><00:33:30.080><c> James</c><00:33:30.399><c> Web</c><00:33:30.640><c> Space</c>

00:33:30.950 --> 00:33:30.960 align:start position:0%
that wasn't all. The James Web Space
 

00:33:30.960 --> 00:33:33.590 align:start position:0%
that wasn't all. The James Web Space
Telescope<00:33:31.600><c> also</c><00:33:32.000><c> revealed</c><00:33:32.640><c> two</c><00:33:32.960><c> jets</c><00:33:33.360><c> of</c>

00:33:33.590 --> 00:33:33.600 align:start position:0%
Telescope also revealed two jets of
 

00:33:33.600 --> 00:33:36.230 align:start position:0%
Telescope also revealed two jets of
carbon<00:33:34.159><c> dioxide</c><00:33:34.960><c> emanating</c><00:33:35.519><c> from</c><00:33:35.760><c> the</c><00:33:36.000><c> north</c>

00:33:36.230 --> 00:33:36.240 align:start position:0%
carbon dioxide emanating from the north
 

00:33:36.240 --> 00:33:38.870 align:start position:0%
carbon dioxide emanating from the north
and<00:33:36.559><c> south</c><00:33:37.039><c> directions.</c><00:33:38.080><c> The</c><00:33:38.399><c> first</c>

00:33:38.870 --> 00:33:38.880 align:start position:0%
and south directions. The first
 

00:33:38.880 --> 00:33:41.509 align:start position:0%
and south directions. The first
definitive<00:33:39.600><c> detection</c><00:33:40.320><c> of</c><00:33:40.559><c> the</c><00:33:40.799><c> gas</c><00:33:41.120><c> on</c><00:33:41.360><c> the</c>

00:33:41.509 --> 00:33:41.519 align:start position:0%
definitive detection of the gas on the
 

00:33:41.519 --> 00:33:43.830 align:start position:0%
definitive detection of the gas on the
comet.<00:33:42.480><c> The</c><00:33:42.720><c> difference</c><00:33:42.960><c> in</c><00:33:43.200><c> abundance</c><00:33:43.600><c> of</c>

00:33:43.830 --> 00:33:43.840 align:start position:0%
comet. The difference in abundance of
 

00:33:43.840 --> 00:33:46.630 align:start position:0%
comet. The difference in abundance of
carbon<00:33:44.159><c> monoxide</c><00:33:44.880><c> and</c><00:33:45.039><c> dioxide</c><00:33:46.000><c> suggests</c>

00:33:46.630 --> 00:33:46.640 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide and dioxide suggests
 

00:33:46.640 --> 00:33:50.310 align:start position:0%
carbon monoxide and dioxide suggests
Centaur<00:33:47.120><c> 29P</c><00:33:48.080><c> might</c><00:33:48.399><c> not</c><00:33:48.640><c> be</c><00:33:48.880><c> one</c><00:33:49.120><c> object,</c><00:33:50.000><c> but</c>

00:33:50.310 --> 00:33:50.320 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P might not be one object, but
 

00:33:50.320 --> 00:33:52.710 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P might not be one object, but
several<00:33:50.799><c> objects</c><00:33:51.279><c> that</c><00:33:51.519><c> have</c><00:33:51.760><c> become</c><00:33:52.240><c> stuck</c>

00:33:52.710 --> 00:33:52.720 align:start position:0%
several objects that have become stuck
 

00:33:52.720 --> 00:33:54.310 align:start position:0%
several objects that have become stuck
together.

00:33:54.310 --> 00:33:54.320 align:start position:0%
together.
 

00:33:54.320 --> 00:33:56.789 align:start position:0%
together.
The<00:33:54.559><c> cause</c><00:33:54.799><c> of</c><00:33:54.880><c> the</c><00:33:55.039><c> outgassing</c><00:33:55.600><c> itself?</c>

00:33:56.789 --> 00:33:56.799 align:start position:0%
The cause of the outgassing itself?
 

00:33:56.799 --> 00:33:59.110 align:start position:0%
The cause of the outgassing itself?
Well,<00:33:57.120><c> scientists</c><00:33:57.760><c> still</c><00:33:58.159><c> can't</c><00:33:58.559><c> say</c><00:33:58.799><c> for</c>

00:33:59.110 --> 00:33:59.120 align:start position:0%
Well, scientists still can't say for
 

00:33:59.120 --> 00:34:01.750 align:start position:0%
Well, scientists still can't say for
sure,<00:34:00.080><c> but</c><00:34:00.320><c> one</c><00:34:00.640><c> interesting</c><00:34:01.120><c> theory</c><00:34:01.519><c> has</c>

00:34:01.750 --> 00:34:01.760 align:start position:0%
sure, but one interesting theory has
 

00:34:01.760 --> 00:34:04.310 align:start position:0%
sure, but one interesting theory has
been<00:34:01.919><c> put</c><00:34:02.159><c> forth</c><00:34:02.559><c> to</c><00:34:02.799><c> explain</c><00:34:03.200><c> the</c><00:34:03.519><c> unusually</c>

00:34:04.310 --> 00:34:04.320 align:start position:0%
been put forth to explain the unusually
 

00:34:04.320 --> 00:34:07.110 align:start position:0%
been put forth to explain the unusually
high<00:34:04.720><c> carbon</c><00:34:05.120><c> monoxide</c><00:34:05.679><c> levels</c><00:34:06.399><c> associated</c>

00:34:07.110 --> 00:34:07.120 align:start position:0%
high carbon monoxide levels associated
 

00:34:07.120 --> 00:34:09.909 align:start position:0%
high carbon monoxide levels associated
with<00:34:07.360><c> Centaur</c><00:34:08.000><c> 29P.</c>

00:34:09.909 --> 00:34:09.919 align:start position:0%
with Centaur 29P.
 

00:34:09.919 --> 00:34:13.510 align:start position:0%
with Centaur 29P.
Carbon<00:34:10.320><c> monoxide</c><00:34:11.200><c> is</c><00:34:11.679><c> extremely</c><00:34:12.480><c> volatile,</c>

00:34:13.510 --> 00:34:13.520 align:start position:0%
Carbon monoxide is extremely volatile,
 

00:34:13.520 --> 00:34:16.069 align:start position:0%
Carbon monoxide is extremely volatile,
and<00:34:13.839><c> pure</c><00:34:14.240><c> carbon</c><00:34:14.639><c> monoxide</c><00:34:15.280><c> ice</c><00:34:15.839><c> can</c>

00:34:16.069 --> 00:34:16.079 align:start position:0%
and pure carbon monoxide ice can
 

00:34:16.079 --> 00:34:19.109 align:start position:0%
and pure carbon monoxide ice can
sublimate<00:34:16.720><c> at</c><00:34:16.960><c> temperatures</c><00:34:17.440><c> as</c><00:34:17.679><c> low</c><00:34:17.919><c> as</c><00:34:18.399><c> 25</c>

00:34:19.109 --> 00:34:19.119 align:start position:0%
sublimate at temperatures as low as 25
 

00:34:19.119 --> 00:34:22.230 align:start position:0%
sublimate at temperatures as low as 25
Kelvin.<00:34:20.480><c> If</c><00:34:20.720><c> it</c><00:34:20.960><c> were</c><00:34:21.119><c> stored</c><00:34:21.679><c> near</c><00:34:22.000><c> the</c>

00:34:22.230 --> 00:34:22.240 align:start position:0%
Kelvin. If it were stored near the
 

00:34:22.240 --> 00:34:24.710 align:start position:0%
Kelvin. If it were stored near the
centaur's<00:34:22.800><c> surface,</c><00:34:23.599><c> it</c><00:34:23.839><c> would</c><00:34:24.079><c> have</c><00:34:24.399><c> all</c>

00:34:24.710 --> 00:34:24.720 align:start position:0%
centaur's surface, it would have all
 

00:34:24.720 --> 00:34:27.589 align:start position:0%
centaur's surface, it would have all
escaped<00:34:25.280><c> a</c><00:34:25.599><c> long</c><00:34:25.760><c> time</c><00:34:26.000><c> ago.</c><00:34:26.960><c> So,</c><00:34:27.119><c> it</c><00:34:27.359><c> must</c>

00:34:27.589 --> 00:34:27.599 align:start position:0%
escaped a long time ago. So, it must
 

00:34:27.599 --> 00:34:29.829 align:start position:0%
escaped a long time ago. So, it must
instead<00:34:28.000><c> be</c><00:34:28.240><c> trapped</c><00:34:28.720><c> or</c><00:34:29.040><c> preserved</c><00:34:29.599><c> deep</c>

00:34:29.829 --> 00:34:29.839 align:start position:0%
instead be trapped or preserved deep
 

00:34:29.839 --> 00:34:32.710 align:start position:0%
instead be trapped or preserved deep
below<00:34:30.159><c> the</c><00:34:30.320><c> surface</c><00:34:30.720><c> somehow.</c><00:34:32.000><c> One</c><00:34:32.240><c> possible</c>

00:34:32.710 --> 00:34:32.720 align:start position:0%
below the surface somehow. One possible
 

00:34:32.720 --> 00:34:36.790 align:start position:0%
below the surface somehow. One possible
solution<00:34:33.280><c> is</c><00:34:33.760><c> amorphous</c><00:34:34.639><c> water</c><00:34:34.960><c> ice.</c><00:34:36.399><c> Almost</c>

00:34:36.790 --> 00:34:36.800 align:start position:0%
solution is amorphous water ice. Almost
 

00:34:36.800 --> 00:34:39.270 align:start position:0%
solution is amorphous water ice. Almost
all<00:34:36.960><c> the</c><00:34:37.119><c> ice</c><00:34:37.440><c> we</c><00:34:37.679><c> know</c><00:34:37.839><c> of</c><00:34:38.000><c> on</c><00:34:38.320><c> Earth</c><00:34:38.720><c> is</c><00:34:38.960><c> in</c>

00:34:39.270 --> 00:34:39.280 align:start position:0%
all the ice we know of on Earth is in
 

00:34:39.280 --> 00:34:41.990 align:start position:0%
all the ice we know of on Earth is in
crystalline<00:34:39.919><c> form.</c><00:34:40.800><c> Crystalline</c><00:34:41.440><c> ice</c><00:34:41.839><c> is</c>

00:34:41.990 --> 00:34:42.000 align:start position:0%
crystalline form. Crystalline ice is
 

00:34:42.000 --> 00:34:44.869 align:start position:0%
crystalline form. Crystalline ice is
characterized<00:34:42.720><c> by</c><00:34:43.040><c> a</c><00:34:43.440><c> structured</c><00:34:44.399><c> ordered</c>

00:34:44.869 --> 00:34:44.879 align:start position:0%
characterized by a structured ordered
 

00:34:44.879 --> 00:34:48.310 align:start position:0%
characterized by a structured ordered
arrangement<00:34:45.359><c> of</c><00:34:45.599><c> molecules.</c><00:34:47.040><c> Amorphous</c><00:34:47.839><c> ice</c>

00:34:48.310 --> 00:34:48.320 align:start position:0%
arrangement of molecules. Amorphous ice
 

00:34:48.320 --> 00:34:51.190 align:start position:0%
arrangement of molecules. Amorphous ice
on<00:34:48.480><c> the</c><00:34:48.560><c> other</c><00:34:48.720><c> hand</c><00:34:49.200><c> is</c><00:34:49.599><c> not</c><00:34:49.919><c> tightly</c><00:34:50.320><c> packed.</c>

00:34:51.190 --> 00:34:51.200 align:start position:0%
on the other hand is not tightly packed.
 

00:34:51.200 --> 00:34:52.629 align:start position:0%
on the other hand is not tightly packed.
This<00:34:51.440><c> makes</c><00:34:51.599><c> it</c><00:34:51.839><c> less</c><00:34:52.079><c> dense</c><00:34:52.399><c> than</c>

00:34:52.629 --> 00:34:52.639 align:start position:0%
This makes it less dense than
 

00:34:52.639 --> 00:34:55.270 align:start position:0%
This makes it less dense than
crystalline<00:34:53.200><c> ice</c><00:34:53.839><c> and</c><00:34:54.079><c> it</c><00:34:54.320><c> also</c><00:34:54.560><c> means</c><00:34:54.879><c> it</c><00:34:55.119><c> can</c>

00:34:55.270 --> 00:34:55.280 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice and it also means it can
 

00:34:55.280 --> 00:34:58.710 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice and it also means it can
hold<00:34:55.679><c> gases</c><00:34:56.240><c> within</c><00:34:56.879><c> its</c><00:34:57.200><c> structure.</c>

00:34:58.710 --> 00:34:58.720 align:start position:0%
hold gases within its structure.
 

00:34:58.720 --> 00:35:01.750 align:start position:0%
hold gases within its structure.
At<00:34:59.040><c> temperatures</c><00:34:59.599><c> above</c><00:35:00.160><c> 77</c><00:35:00.880><c> Kelvin,</c>

00:35:01.750 --> 00:35:01.760 align:start position:0%
At temperatures above 77 Kelvin,
 

00:35:01.760 --> 00:35:04.550 align:start position:0%
At temperatures above 77 Kelvin,
amorphous<00:35:02.400><c> ice</c><00:35:02.720><c> turns</c><00:35:03.119><c> spontaneously</c><00:35:04.079><c> into</c>

00:35:04.550 --> 00:35:04.560 align:start position:0%
amorphous ice turns spontaneously into
 

00:35:04.560 --> 00:35:06.870 align:start position:0%
amorphous ice turns spontaneously into
crystalline<00:35:05.200><c> ice.</c><00:35:06.160><c> The</c><00:35:06.400><c> higher</c><00:35:06.640><c> the</c>

00:35:06.870 --> 00:35:06.880 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice. The higher the
 

00:35:06.880 --> 00:35:09.109 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice. The higher the
temperature,<00:35:07.599><c> the</c><00:35:07.839><c> faster</c><00:35:08.240><c> this</c><00:35:08.560><c> conversion</c>

00:35:09.109 --> 00:35:09.119 align:start position:0%
temperature, the faster this conversion
 

00:35:09.119 --> 00:35:12.630 align:start position:0%
temperature, the faster this conversion
occurs.<00:35:10.400><c> In</c><00:35:10.720><c> this</c><00:35:10.960><c> process,</c><00:35:11.760><c> trapped</c><00:35:12.160><c> gases</c>

00:35:12.630 --> 00:35:12.640 align:start position:0%
occurs. In this process, trapped gases
 

00:35:12.640 --> 00:35:15.670 align:start position:0%
occurs. In this process, trapped gases
are<00:35:12.800><c> released.</c><00:35:13.680><c> So</c><00:35:14.000><c> in</c><00:35:14.160><c> theory,</c><00:35:14.720><c> if</c><00:35:15.119><c> Centaur</c>

00:35:15.670 --> 00:35:15.680 align:start position:0%
are released. So in theory, if Centaur
 

00:35:15.680 --> 00:35:19.190 align:start position:0%
are released. So in theory, if Centaur
29P<00:35:16.560><c> still</c><00:35:16.880><c> has</c><00:35:17.119><c> amorphous</c><00:35:17.920><c> ice</c><00:35:18.160><c> in</c><00:35:18.400><c> its</c><00:35:18.640><c> core</c>

00:35:19.190 --> 00:35:19.200 align:start position:0%
29P still has amorphous ice in its core
 

00:35:19.200 --> 00:35:22.069 align:start position:0%
29P still has amorphous ice in its core
along<00:35:19.520><c> with</c><00:35:19.839><c> trapped</c><00:35:20.240><c> carbon</c><00:35:20.640><c> monoxide</c><00:35:21.760><c> and</c>

00:35:22.069 --> 00:35:22.079 align:start position:0%
along with trapped carbon monoxide and
 

00:35:22.079 --> 00:35:24.310 align:start position:0%
along with trapped carbon monoxide and
that<00:35:22.240><c> ice</c><00:35:22.480><c> is</c><00:35:22.720><c> undergoing</c><00:35:23.359><c> conversion</c><00:35:23.920><c> into</c>

00:35:24.310 --> 00:35:24.320 align:start position:0%
that ice is undergoing conversion into
 

00:35:24.320 --> 00:35:26.630 align:start position:0%
that ice is undergoing conversion into
crystalline<00:35:24.960><c> form,</c><00:35:25.760><c> then</c><00:35:26.000><c> that</c><00:35:26.240><c> could</c><00:35:26.480><c> be</c>

00:35:26.630 --> 00:35:26.640 align:start position:0%
crystalline form, then that could be
 

00:35:26.640 --> 00:35:29.190 align:start position:0%
crystalline form, then that could be
where<00:35:27.040><c> the</c><00:35:27.280><c> high</c><00:35:27.599><c> levels</c><00:35:27.920><c> of</c><00:35:28.160><c> carbon</c><00:35:28.560><c> monoxide</c>

00:35:29.190 --> 00:35:29.200 align:start position:0%
where the high levels of carbon monoxide
 

00:35:29.200 --> 00:35:31.270 align:start position:0%
where the high levels of carbon monoxide
are<00:35:29.440><c> coming</c><00:35:29.599><c> from.</c>

00:35:31.270 --> 00:35:31.280 align:start position:0%
are coming from.
 

00:35:31.280 --> 00:35:33.829 align:start position:0%
are coming from.
How<00:35:31.680><c> plausible</c><00:35:32.160><c> is</c><00:35:32.320><c> this</c><00:35:32.480><c> theory?</c><00:35:33.520><c> Let's</c>

00:35:33.829 --> 00:35:33.839 align:start position:0%
How plausible is this theory? Let's
 

00:35:33.839 --> 00:35:37.270 align:start position:0%
How plausible is this theory? Let's
break<00:35:34.000><c> it</c><00:35:34.160><c> down.</c><00:35:35.200><c> Cent</c><00:35:35.760><c> 29P</c><00:35:36.640><c> started</c><00:35:36.960><c> in</c><00:35:37.200><c> the</c>

00:35:37.270 --> 00:35:37.280 align:start position:0%
break it down. Cent 29P started in the
 

00:35:37.280 --> 00:35:39.589 align:start position:0%
break it down. Cent 29P started in the
Kyper<00:35:37.760><c> belt</c><00:35:38.240><c> with</c><00:35:38.560><c> temperatures</c><00:35:39.040><c> ranging</c>

00:35:39.589 --> 00:35:39.599 align:start position:0%
Kyper belt with temperatures ranging
 

00:35:39.599 --> 00:35:42.870 align:start position:0%
Kyper belt with temperatures ranging
from<00:35:40.000><c> 30</c><00:35:40.400><c> to</c><00:35:40.800><c> 40</c><00:35:41.119><c> Kelvin.</c><00:35:42.320><c> At</c><00:35:42.640><c> this</c>

00:35:42.870 --> 00:35:42.880 align:start position:0%
from 30 to 40 Kelvin. At this
 

00:35:42.880 --> 00:35:46.069 align:start position:0%
from 30 to 40 Kelvin. At this
temperature,<00:35:43.680><c> all</c><00:35:44.000><c> ice</c><00:35:44.320><c> would</c><00:35:44.560><c> be</c><00:35:44.720><c> amorphous</c>

00:35:46.069 --> 00:35:46.079 align:start position:0%
temperature, all ice would be amorphous
 

00:35:46.079 --> 00:35:48.710 align:start position:0%
temperature, all ice would be amorphous
since<00:35:46.400><c> it</c><00:35:46.640><c> only</c><00:35:46.960><c> starts</c><00:35:47.359><c> crystallizing</c><00:35:48.160><c> above</c>

00:35:48.710 --> 00:35:48.720 align:start position:0%
since it only starts crystallizing above
 

00:35:48.720 --> 00:35:52.550 align:start position:0%
since it only starts crystallizing above
77<00:35:49.359><c> Kelvin.</c><00:35:50.480><c> As</c><00:35:50.720><c> it</c><00:35:50.960><c> traveled</c><00:35:51.359><c> inward</c><00:35:51.839><c> over</c><00:35:52.240><c> 10</c>

00:35:52.550 --> 00:35:52.560 align:start position:0%
77 Kelvin. As it traveled inward over 10
 

00:35:52.560 --> 00:35:55.030 align:start position:0%
77 Kelvin. As it traveled inward over 10
million<00:35:53.040><c> years</c><00:35:53.440><c> to</c><00:35:53.680><c> its</c><00:35:53.920><c> current</c><00:35:54.240><c> location</c><00:35:54.720><c> at</c>

00:35:55.030 --> 00:35:55.040 align:start position:0%
million years to its current location at
 

00:35:55.040 --> 00:35:57.510 align:start position:0%
million years to its current location at
six<00:35:55.280><c> astronomical</c><00:35:56.000><c> units</c><00:35:56.320><c> from</c><00:35:56.560><c> the</c><00:35:56.720><c> sun,</c>

00:35:57.510 --> 00:35:57.520 align:start position:0%
six astronomical units from the sun,
 

00:35:57.520 --> 00:36:01.670 align:start position:0%
six astronomical units from the sun,
temperatures<00:35:58.160><c> rose</c><00:35:58.640><c> to</c><00:35:59.280><c> 115</c><00:36:00.240><c> Kelvin</c><00:36:01.119><c> and</c><00:36:01.359><c> its</c>

00:36:01.670 --> 00:36:01.680 align:start position:0%
temperatures rose to 115 Kelvin and its
 

00:36:01.680 --> 00:36:04.470 align:start position:0%
temperatures rose to 115 Kelvin and its
amorphous<00:36:02.480><c> ice</c><00:36:02.960><c> started</c><00:36:03.520><c> converting</c><00:36:04.079><c> to</c>

00:36:04.470 --> 00:36:04.480 align:start position:0%
amorphous ice started converting to
 

00:36:04.480 --> 00:36:07.190 align:start position:0%
amorphous ice started converting to
crystalline<00:36:05.119><c> ice.</c><00:36:06.079><c> But</c><00:36:06.400><c> how</c><00:36:06.640><c> long</c><00:36:06.800><c> will</c><00:36:07.040><c> it</c>

00:36:07.190 --> 00:36:07.200 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice. But how long will it
 

00:36:07.200 --> 00:36:09.349 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice. But how long will it
take<00:36:07.440><c> for</c><00:36:07.839><c> all</c><00:36:08.000><c> of</c><00:36:08.160><c> its</c><00:36:08.320><c> amorphous</c><00:36:08.960><c> ice</c><00:36:09.200><c> to</c>

00:36:09.349 --> 00:36:09.359 align:start position:0%
take for all of its amorphous ice to
 

00:36:09.359 --> 00:36:11.829 align:start position:0%
take for all of its amorphous ice to
turn<00:36:09.680><c> crystalline?</c><00:36:10.960><c> I</c><00:36:11.200><c> mentioned</c><00:36:11.520><c> earlier</c>

00:36:11.829 --> 00:36:11.839 align:start position:0%
turn crystalline? I mentioned earlier
 

00:36:11.839 --> 00:36:15.030 align:start position:0%
turn crystalline? I mentioned earlier
that<00:36:12.160><c> centur</c><00:36:12.720><c> 29P</c><00:36:13.440><c> size</c><00:36:13.839><c> was</c><00:36:14.160><c> going</c><00:36:14.400><c> to</c><00:36:14.560><c> play</c><00:36:14.800><c> a</c>

00:36:15.030 --> 00:36:15.040 align:start position:0%
that centur 29P size was going to play a
 

00:36:15.040 --> 00:36:18.950 align:start position:0%
that centur 29P size was going to play a
role.<00:36:15.599><c> Remember</c><00:36:16.640><c> this</c><00:36:16.960><c> is</c><00:36:17.119><c> that</c><00:36:17.440><c> part.</c>

00:36:18.950 --> 00:36:18.960 align:start position:0%
role. Remember this is that part.
 

00:36:18.960 --> 00:36:22.470 align:start position:0%
role. Remember this is that part.
First<00:36:19.520><c> researchers</c><00:36:20.240><c> took</c><00:36:20.800><c> four</c><00:36:21.280><c> known</c><00:36:22.000><c> small</c>

00:36:22.470 --> 00:36:22.480 align:start position:0%
First researchers took four known small
 

00:36:22.480 --> 00:36:25.109 align:start position:0%
First researchers took four known small
centaurs.<00:36:23.440><c> They</c><00:36:23.760><c> all</c><00:36:23.920><c> measured</c><00:36:24.320><c> between</c><00:36:24.800><c> 1</c>

00:36:25.109 --> 00:36:25.119 align:start position:0%
centaurs. They all measured between 1
 

00:36:25.119 --> 00:36:28.470 align:start position:0%
centaurs. They all measured between 1
and<00:36:25.440><c> 6</c><00:36:25.680><c> km</c><00:36:26.160><c> across</c><00:36:26.960><c> and</c><00:36:27.280><c> were</c><00:36:27.520><c> in</c><00:36:27.839><c> a</c><00:36:28.079><c> similar</c>

00:36:28.470 --> 00:36:28.480 align:start position:0%
and 6 km across and were in a similar
 

00:36:28.480 --> 00:36:31.990 align:start position:0%
and 6 km across and were in a similar
orbital<00:36:29.040><c> position</c><00:36:29.440><c> to</c><00:36:29.760><c> centaur</c><00:36:30.320><c> 29P.</c><00:36:31.599><c> They</c>

00:36:31.990 --> 00:36:32.000 align:start position:0%
orbital position to centaur 29P. They
 

00:36:32.000 --> 00:36:33.510 align:start position:0%
orbital position to centaur 29P. They
calculated<00:36:32.480><c> that</c><00:36:32.720><c> it</c><00:36:32.960><c> would</c><00:36:33.040><c> take</c><00:36:33.280><c> those</c>

00:36:33.510 --> 00:36:33.520 align:start position:0%
calculated that it would take those
 

00:36:33.520 --> 00:36:36.870 align:start position:0%
calculated that it would take those
centaurs<00:36:34.079><c> between</c><00:36:34.480><c> 0.1</c><00:36:35.520><c> to</c><00:36:35.920><c> 6</c><00:36:36.240><c> million</c><00:36:36.560><c> years</c>

00:36:36.870 --> 00:36:36.880 align:start position:0%
centaurs between 0.1 to 6 million years
 

00:36:36.880 --> 00:36:38.950 align:start position:0%
centaurs between 0.1 to 6 million years
to<00:36:37.119><c> convert</c><00:36:37.440><c> their</c><00:36:37.680><c> amorphous</c><00:36:38.320><c> ice</c><00:36:38.640><c> into</c>

00:36:38.950 --> 00:36:38.960 align:start position:0%
to convert their amorphous ice into
 

00:36:38.960 --> 00:36:41.990 align:start position:0%
to convert their amorphous ice into
crystalline<00:36:39.599><c> ice.</c><00:36:40.640><c> In</c><00:36:40.880><c> other</c><00:36:41.119><c> words,</c><00:36:41.599><c> by</c><00:36:41.839><c> the</c>

00:36:41.990 --> 00:36:42.000 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice. In other words, by the
 

00:36:42.000 --> 00:36:44.230 align:start position:0%
crystalline ice. In other words, by the
time<00:36:42.160><c> they</c><00:36:42.480><c> arrive</c><00:36:42.800><c> in</c><00:36:43.040><c> this</c><00:36:43.200><c> position,</c><00:36:44.000><c> they</c>

00:36:44.230 --> 00:36:44.240 align:start position:0%
time they arrive in this position, they
 

00:36:44.240 --> 00:36:47.349 align:start position:0%
time they arrive in this position, they
are<00:36:44.480><c> already</c><00:36:45.040><c> fully</c><00:36:45.440><c> crystalline</c><00:36:46.160><c> inside.</c>

00:36:47.349 --> 00:36:47.359 align:start position:0%
are already fully crystalline inside.
 

00:36:47.359 --> 00:36:50.470 align:start position:0%
are already fully crystalline inside.
All<00:36:47.839><c> trapped</c><00:36:48.160><c> gases</c><00:36:48.720><c> released.</c><00:36:49.599><c> No</c><00:36:49.839><c> aces</c><00:36:50.240><c> up</c>

00:36:50.470 --> 00:36:50.480 align:start position:0%
All trapped gases released. No aces up
 

00:36:50.480 --> 00:36:53.430 align:start position:0%
All trapped gases released. No aces up
their<00:36:50.640><c> sleeves.</c><00:36:51.440><c> Predictable</c><00:36:52.079><c> behavior.</c>

00:36:53.430 --> 00:36:53.440 align:start position:0%
their sleeves. Predictable behavior.
 

00:36:53.440 --> 00:36:56.550 align:start position:0%
their sleeves. Predictable behavior.
However,<00:36:53.839><c> a</c><00:36:54.079><c> centaur</c><00:36:54.640><c> the</c><00:36:54.880><c> size</c><00:36:55.119><c> of</c><00:36:55.440><c> 29P</c><00:36:56.240><c> would</c>

00:36:56.550 --> 00:36:56.560 align:start position:0%
However, a centaur the size of 29P would
 

00:36:56.560 --> 00:36:59.349 align:start position:0%
However, a centaur the size of 29P would
take<00:36:56.800><c> between</c><00:36:57.359><c> 60</c><00:36:57.760><c> and</c><00:36:58.160><c> 100</c><00:36:58.560><c> million</c><00:36:58.960><c> years</c><00:36:59.200><c> to</c>

00:36:59.349 --> 00:36:59.359 align:start position:0%
take between 60 and 100 million years to
 

00:36:59.359 --> 00:37:02.310 align:start position:0%
take between 60 and 100 million years to
convert<00:36:59.839><c> all</c><00:37:00.079><c> its</c><00:37:00.320><c> amorphous</c><00:37:00.960><c> ice.</c><00:37:01.760><c> If</c><00:37:02.000><c> these</c>

00:37:02.310 --> 00:37:02.320 align:start position:0%
convert all its amorphous ice. If these
 

00:37:02.320 --> 00:37:04.790 align:start position:0%
convert all its amorphous ice. If these
calculations<00:37:02.960><c> are</c><00:37:03.200><c> correct,</c><00:37:04.079><c> it</c><00:37:04.240><c> is</c><00:37:04.480><c> possible</c>

00:37:04.790 --> 00:37:04.800 align:start position:0%
calculations are correct, it is possible
 

00:37:04.800 --> 00:37:08.790 align:start position:0%
calculations are correct, it is possible
the<00:37:05.040><c> centaur</c><00:37:05.599><c> has</c><00:37:05.839><c> only</c><00:37:06.160><c> converted</c><00:37:06.960><c> 50</c><00:37:07.440><c> to</c><00:37:07.839><c> 65%</c>

00:37:08.790 --> 00:37:08.800 align:start position:0%
the centaur has only converted 50 to 65%
 

00:37:08.800 --> 00:37:12.069 align:start position:0%
the centaur has only converted 50 to 65%
of<00:37:08.960><c> its</c><00:37:09.119><c> amorphous</c><00:37:09.839><c> ice.</c><00:37:10.640><c> And</c><00:37:10.880><c> this</c><00:37:11.200><c> has</c><00:37:11.599><c> huge</c>

00:37:12.069 --> 00:37:12.079 align:start position:0%
of its amorphous ice. And this has huge
 

00:37:12.079 --> 00:37:14.470 align:start position:0%
of its amorphous ice. And this has huge
implications<00:37:12.640><c> for</c><00:37:12.880><c> its</c><00:37:13.200><c> behavior.</c>

00:37:14.470 --> 00:37:14.480 align:start position:0%
implications for its behavior.
 

00:37:14.480 --> 00:37:16.790 align:start position:0%
implications for its behavior.
Converting<00:37:15.119><c> lower</c><00:37:15.520><c> density</c><00:37:15.920><c> amorphous</c><00:37:16.560><c> ice</c>

00:37:16.790 --> 00:37:16.800 align:start position:0%
Converting lower density amorphous ice
 

00:37:16.800 --> 00:37:19.430 align:start position:0%
Converting lower density amorphous ice
into<00:37:17.200><c> higher</c><00:37:17.599><c> density</c><00:37:18.160><c> crystalline</c><00:37:18.800><c> ice</c>

00:37:19.430 --> 00:37:19.440 align:start position:0%
into higher density crystalline ice
 

00:37:19.440 --> 00:37:21.430 align:start position:0%
into higher density crystalline ice
would<00:37:19.680><c> shrink</c><00:37:20.000><c> the</c><00:37:20.240><c> overall</c><00:37:20.720><c> volume</c><00:37:21.040><c> of</c><00:37:21.200><c> the</c>

00:37:21.430 --> 00:37:21.440 align:start position:0%
would shrink the overall volume of the
 

00:37:21.440 --> 00:37:24.150 align:start position:0%
would shrink the overall volume of the
nucleus.<00:37:22.400><c> This</c><00:37:22.640><c> could</c><00:37:22.800><c> induce</c><00:37:23.599><c> structural</c>

00:37:24.150 --> 00:37:24.160 align:start position:0%
nucleus. This could induce structural
 

00:37:24.160 --> 00:37:26.150 align:start position:0%
nucleus. This could induce structural
failures<00:37:24.640><c> in</c><00:37:24.800><c> the</c><00:37:24.880><c> central</c><00:37:25.440><c> surface</c><00:37:25.839><c> and</c>

00:37:26.150 --> 00:37:26.160 align:start position:0%
failures in the central surface and
 

00:37:26.160 --> 00:37:28.870 align:start position:0%
failures in the central surface and
interior.<00:37:27.280><c> Some</c><00:37:27.520><c> believe</c><00:37:27.920><c> the</c><00:37:28.240><c> subsequent</c>

00:37:28.870 --> 00:37:28.880 align:start position:0%
interior. Some believe the subsequent
 

00:37:28.880 --> 00:37:31.750 align:start position:0%
interior. Some believe the subsequent
cave-ins,<00:37:29.839><c> landslides,</c><00:37:30.800><c> and</c><00:37:31.119><c> sinkhole</c>

00:37:31.750 --> 00:37:31.760 align:start position:0%
cave-ins, landslides, and sinkhole
 

00:37:31.760 --> 00:37:33.910 align:start position:0%
cave-ins, landslides, and sinkhole
creation<00:37:32.160><c> events</c><00:37:32.880><c> could</c><00:37:33.119><c> be</c><00:37:33.280><c> the</c><00:37:33.520><c> driving</c>

00:37:33.910 --> 00:37:33.920 align:start position:0%
creation events could be the driving
 

00:37:33.920 --> 00:37:36.310 align:start position:0%
creation events could be the driving
forces<00:37:34.400><c> behind</c><00:37:34.800><c> the</c><00:37:35.040><c> Centaur's</c><00:37:35.839><c> erratic</c>

00:37:36.310 --> 00:37:36.320 align:start position:0%
forces behind the Centaur's erratic
 

00:37:36.320 --> 00:37:39.589 align:start position:0%
forces behind the Centaur's erratic
outbursts.<00:37:37.599><c> But</c><00:37:37.839><c> regardless</c><00:37:38.560><c> of</c><00:37:38.800><c> the</c><00:37:39.040><c> elegant</c>

00:37:39.589 --> 00:37:39.599 align:start position:0%
outbursts. But regardless of the elegant
 

00:37:39.599 --> 00:37:42.710 align:start position:0%
outbursts. But regardless of the elegant
explanation,<00:37:40.720><c> another</c><00:37:41.119><c> problem</c><00:37:41.520><c> exists.</c>

00:37:42.710 --> 00:37:42.720 align:start position:0%
explanation, another problem exists.
 

00:37:42.720 --> 00:37:47.510 align:start position:0%
explanation, another problem exists.
Centaur<00:37:43.359><c> 29P</c><00:37:44.480><c> doesn't</c><00:37:45.040><c> slowly</c><00:37:45.599><c> leak</c><00:37:46.000><c> gas.</c><00:37:47.119><c> It</c>

00:37:47.510 --> 00:37:47.520 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P doesn't slowly leak gas. It
 

00:37:47.520 --> 00:37:50.790 align:start position:0%
Centaur 29P doesn't slowly leak gas. It
erupts<00:37:48.320><c> explosively,</c><00:37:49.599><c> sometimes</c><00:37:50.240><c> multiple</c>

00:37:50.790 --> 00:37:50.800 align:start position:0%
erupts explosively, sometimes multiple
 

00:37:50.800 --> 00:37:54.069 align:start position:0%
erupts explosively, sometimes multiple
times<00:37:51.119><c> per</c><00:37:51.440><c> year.</c><00:37:52.560><c> How</c><00:37:52.960><c> that</c><00:37:53.359><c> pressure</c><00:37:53.839><c> is</c>

00:37:54.069 --> 00:37:54.079 align:start position:0%
times per year. How that pressure is
 

00:37:54.079 --> 00:37:56.390 align:start position:0%
times per year. How that pressure is
able<00:37:54.320><c> to</c><00:37:54.480><c> build</c><00:37:54.720><c> up</c><00:37:54.960><c> fast</c><00:37:55.280><c> enough</c><00:37:55.520><c> to</c><00:37:55.760><c> elicit</c>

00:37:56.390 --> 00:37:56.400 align:start position:0%
able to build up fast enough to elicit
 

00:37:56.400 --> 00:37:59.349 align:start position:0%
able to build up fast enough to elicit
several<00:37:56.960><c> explosions</c><00:37:57.839><c> back</c><00:37:58.079><c> to</c><00:37:58.320><c> back</c><00:37:58.720><c> in</c><00:37:59.040><c> quick</c>

00:37:59.349 --> 00:37:59.359 align:start position:0%
several explosions back to back in quick
 

00:37:59.359 --> 00:38:01.829 align:start position:0%
several explosions back to back in quick
succession<00:38:00.480><c> is</c><00:38:00.800><c> still</c><00:38:01.119><c> not</c><00:38:01.440><c> fully</c>

00:38:01.829 --> 00:38:01.839 align:start position:0%
succession is still not fully
 

00:38:01.839 --> 00:38:03.510 align:start position:0%
succession is still not fully
understood.

00:38:03.510 --> 00:38:03.520 align:start position:0%
understood.
 

00:38:03.520 --> 00:38:07.670 align:start position:0%
understood.
Why<00:38:04.000><c> Centaur</c><00:38:04.720><c> 29P</c><00:38:05.680><c> undergoes</c><00:38:06.480><c> such</c><00:38:07.040><c> bursts</c><00:38:07.520><c> of</c>

00:38:07.670 --> 00:38:07.680 align:start position:0%
Why Centaur 29P undergoes such bursts of
 

00:38:07.680 --> 00:38:10.310 align:start position:0%
Why Centaur 29P undergoes such bursts of
brightness<00:38:08.640><c> and</c><00:38:08.880><c> how</c><00:38:09.200><c> its</c><00:38:09.440><c> outgassing</c>

00:38:10.310 --> 00:38:10.320 align:start position:0%
brightness and how its outgassing
 

00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:13.349 align:start position:0%
brightness and how its outgassing
actually<00:38:10.800><c> works</c><00:38:11.680><c> remain</c><00:38:12.160><c> two</c><00:38:12.480><c> of</c><00:38:12.640><c> the</c><00:38:12.880><c> biggest</c>

00:38:13.349 --> 00:38:13.359 align:start position:0%
actually works remain two of the biggest
 

00:38:13.359 --> 00:38:16.069 align:start position:0%
actually works remain two of the biggest
areas<00:38:13.760><c> of</c><00:38:14.000><c> investigation</c><00:38:15.040><c> relating</c><00:38:15.520><c> to</c><00:38:15.760><c> this</c>

00:38:16.069 --> 00:38:16.079 align:start position:0%
areas of investigation relating to this
 

00:38:16.079 --> 00:38:19.349 align:start position:0%
areas of investigation relating to this
highly<00:38:16.640><c> active</c><00:38:17.119><c> cosmic</c><00:38:17.599><c> body.</c><00:38:18.560><c> It</c><00:38:18.880><c> challenges</c>

00:38:19.349 --> 00:38:19.359 align:start position:0%
highly active cosmic body. It challenges
 

00:38:19.359 --> 00:38:22.310 align:start position:0%
highly active cosmic body. It challenges
our<00:38:19.680><c> assumptions</c><00:38:20.160><c> of</c><00:38:20.480><c> just</c><00:38:20.720><c> how</c><00:38:21.119><c> fiery</c><00:38:22.000><c> icy</c>

00:38:22.310 --> 00:38:22.320 align:start position:0%
our assumptions of just how fiery icy
 

00:38:22.320 --> 00:38:24.870 align:start position:0%
our assumptions of just how fiery icy
bodies<00:38:22.720><c> can</c><00:38:22.880><c> be</c><00:38:23.040><c> in</c><00:38:23.280><c> the</c><00:38:23.359><c> outer</c><00:38:23.680><c> solar</c><00:38:24.000><c> system.</c>

00:38:24.870 --> 00:38:24.880 align:start position:0%
bodies can be in the outer solar system.
 

00:38:24.880 --> 00:38:26.950 align:start position:0%
bodies can be in the outer solar system.
And<00:38:25.040><c> we</c><00:38:25.280><c> still</c><00:38:25.520><c> don't</c><00:38:25.760><c> know</c><00:38:26.000><c> as</c><00:38:26.240><c> much</c><00:38:26.480><c> about</c><00:38:26.720><c> it</c>

00:38:26.950 --> 00:38:26.960 align:start position:0%
And we still don't know as much about it
 

00:38:26.960 --> 00:38:30.390 align:start position:0%
And we still don't know as much about it
as<00:38:27.119><c> we'd</c><00:38:27.440><c> like.</c><00:38:28.400><c> But</c><00:38:28.720><c> we've</c><00:38:29.040><c> made</c><00:38:29.200><c> progress.</c>

00:38:30.390 --> 00:38:30.400 align:start position:0%
as we'd like. But we've made progress.
 

00:38:30.400 --> 00:38:32.710 align:start position:0%
as we'd like. But we've made progress.
We're<00:38:30.800><c> slowly</c><00:38:31.440><c> starting</c><00:38:31.760><c> to</c><00:38:32.000><c> unravel</c><00:38:32.480><c> its</c>

00:38:32.710 --> 00:38:32.720 align:start position:0%
We're slowly starting to unravel its
 

00:38:32.720 --> 00:38:35.190 align:start position:0%
We're slowly starting to unravel its
mysteries.<00:38:33.760><c> And</c><00:38:33.920><c> thanks</c><00:38:34.240><c> to</c><00:38:34.560><c> incredible</c>

00:38:35.190 --> 00:38:35.200 align:start position:0%
mysteries. And thanks to incredible
 

00:38:35.200 --> 00:38:37.109 align:start position:0%
mysteries. And thanks to incredible
tools<00:38:35.599><c> like</c><00:38:35.839><c> the</c><00:38:36.000><c> James</c><00:38:36.400><c> Webb</c><00:38:36.800><c> Space</c>

00:38:37.109 --> 00:38:37.119 align:start position:0%
tools like the James Webb Space
 

00:38:37.119 --> 00:38:39.750 align:start position:0%
tools like the James Webb Space
Telescope,<00:38:38.160><c> we're</c><00:38:38.480><c> only</c><00:38:38.880><c> going</c><00:38:39.200><c> to</c><00:38:39.440><c> keep</c>

00:38:39.750 --> 00:38:39.760 align:start position:0%
Telescope, we're only going to keep
 

00:38:39.760 --> 00:38:44.069 align:start position:0%
Telescope, we're only going to keep
learning.

00:38:44.069 --> 00:38:44.079 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:38:44.079 --> 00:38:50.069 align:start position:0%
 
Picture

00:38:50.069 --> 00:38:50.079 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:38:50.079 --> 00:38:53.910 align:start position:0%
 
this.<00:38:51.040><c> It's</c><00:38:51.280><c> the</c><00:38:51.440><c> year</c><00:38:51.920><c> 2500.</c><00:38:53.359><c> The</c><00:38:53.599><c> first</c>

00:38:53.910 --> 00:38:53.920 align:start position:0%
this. It's the year 2500. The first
 

00:38:53.920 --> 00:38:56.630 align:start position:0%
this. It's the year 2500. The first
probe<00:38:54.320><c> to</c><00:38:54.480><c> leave</c><00:38:54.720><c> the</c><00:38:54.880><c> Milky</c><00:38:55.280><c> Way</c><00:38:55.599><c> is</c><00:38:56.000><c> finally</c>

00:38:56.630 --> 00:38:56.640 align:start position:0%
probe to leave the Milky Way is finally
 

00:38:56.640 --> 00:39:00.470 align:start position:0%
probe to leave the Milky Way is finally
passing<00:38:57.119><c> our</c><00:38:57.440><c> galaxy's</c><00:38:58.160><c> outermost</c><00:38:58.880><c> star.</c><00:39:00.160><c> A</c>

00:39:00.470 --> 00:39:00.480 align:start position:0%
passing our galaxy's outermost star. A
 

00:39:00.480 --> 00:39:03.109 align:start position:0%
passing our galaxy's outermost star. A
historic<00:39:00.960><c> moment</c><00:39:01.599><c> is</c><00:39:01.920><c> being</c><00:39:02.240><c> broadcast</c><00:39:02.800><c> to</c>

00:39:03.109 --> 00:39:03.119 align:start position:0%
historic moment is being broadcast to
 

00:39:03.119 --> 00:39:06.950 align:start position:0%
historic moment is being broadcast to
every<00:39:03.680><c> settled</c><00:39:04.240><c> planet.</c><00:39:05.359><c> The</c><00:39:05.520><c> prob's</c><00:39:06.079><c> name</c><00:39:06.560><c> is</c>

00:39:06.950 --> 00:39:06.960 align:start position:0%
every settled planet. The prob's name is
 

00:39:06.960 --> 00:39:10.470 align:start position:0%
every settled planet. The prob's name is
Wonderlust<00:39:07.760><c> One.</c><00:39:08.640><c> Its</c><00:39:08.960><c> destination,</c><00:39:10.079><c> our</c>

00:39:10.470 --> 00:39:10.480 align:start position:0%
Wonderlust One. Its destination, our
 

00:39:10.480 --> 00:39:14.069 align:start position:0%
Wonderlust One. Its destination, our
closest<00:39:11.119><c> neighboring</c><00:39:11.760><c> galaxy,</c><00:39:12.480><c> Andromeda.</c>

00:39:14.069 --> 00:39:14.079 align:start position:0%
closest neighboring galaxy, Andromeda.
 

00:39:14.079 --> 00:39:17.109 align:start position:0%
closest neighboring galaxy, Andromeda.
But<00:39:14.320><c> just</c><00:39:14.560><c> as</c><00:39:14.880><c> onlookers</c><00:39:15.599><c> celebrate,</c>

00:39:17.109 --> 00:39:17.119 align:start position:0%
But just as onlookers celebrate,
 

00:39:17.119 --> 00:39:19.829 align:start position:0%
But just as onlookers celebrate,
something<00:39:17.520><c> strange</c><00:39:18.079><c> happens.</c>

00:39:19.829 --> 00:39:19.839 align:start position:0%
something strange happens.
 

00:39:19.839 --> 00:39:23.190 align:start position:0%
something strange happens.
Impact.

00:39:23.190 --> 00:39:23.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:39:23.200 --> 00:39:25.910 align:start position:0%
 
Worlds<00:39:23.680><c> watch</c><00:39:24.079><c> in</c><00:39:24.400><c> shock</c><00:39:25.040><c> as</c><00:39:25.280><c> the</c><00:39:25.520><c> middle</c><00:39:25.760><c> of</c>

00:39:25.910 --> 00:39:25.920 align:start position:0%
Worlds watch in shock as the middle of
 

00:39:25.920 --> 00:39:29.190 align:start position:0%
Worlds watch in shock as the middle of
the<00:39:26.079><c> probe</c><00:39:26.720><c> crumples</c><00:39:27.280><c> in</c><00:39:27.599><c> on</c><00:39:27.760><c> itself,</c><00:39:28.720><c> causing</c>

00:39:29.190 --> 00:39:29.200 align:start position:0%
the probe crumples in on itself, causing
 

00:39:29.200 --> 00:39:34.069 align:start position:0%
the probe crumples in on itself, causing
its<00:39:29.440><c> metal</c><00:39:29.839><c> to</c><00:39:30.079><c> distort,</c><00:39:31.359><c> buckle,</c><00:39:32.320><c> tear,</c><00:39:33.599><c> some</c>

00:39:34.069 --> 00:39:34.079 align:start position:0%
its metal to distort, buckle, tear, some
 

00:39:34.079 --> 00:39:36.790 align:start position:0%
its metal to distort, buckle, tear, some
vanishing<00:39:34.720><c> entirely.</c><00:39:35.920><c> The</c><00:39:36.160><c> remains</c><00:39:36.560><c> of</c><00:39:36.640><c> the</c>

00:39:36.790 --> 00:39:36.800 align:start position:0%
vanishing entirely. The remains of the
 

00:39:36.800 --> 00:39:39.670 align:start position:0%
vanishing entirely. The remains of the
probe<00:39:37.599><c> start</c><00:39:38.000><c> spinning</c><00:39:38.400><c> in</c><00:39:38.720><c> space.</c><00:39:39.359><c> Its</c>

00:39:39.670 --> 00:39:39.680 align:start position:0%
probe start spinning in space. Its
 

00:39:39.680 --> 00:39:43.430 align:start position:0%
probe start spinning in space. Its
systems<00:39:40.160><c> dead.</c><00:39:41.520><c> And</c><00:39:41.760><c> then</c><00:39:42.320><c> the</c><00:39:42.640><c> culprit</c>

00:39:43.430 --> 00:39:43.440 align:start position:0%
systems dead. And then the culprit
 

00:39:43.440 --> 00:39:45.670 align:start position:0%
systems dead. And then the culprit
becomes<00:39:43.920><c> clear.</c>

00:39:45.670 --> 00:39:45.680 align:start position:0%
becomes clear.
 

00:39:45.680 --> 00:39:49.670 align:start position:0%
becomes clear.
Wonderust<00:39:46.400><c> one</c><00:39:46.960><c> was</c><00:39:47.280><c> hit</c><00:39:48.000><c> by</c><00:39:48.240><c> a</c><00:39:48.560><c> primordial</c>

00:39:49.670 --> 00:39:49.680 align:start position:0%
Wonderust one was hit by a primordial
 

00:39:49.680 --> 00:39:52.470 align:start position:0%
Wonderust one was hit by a primordial
black<00:39:50.000><c> hole.</c>

00:39:52.470 --> 00:39:52.480 align:start position:0%
black hole.
 

00:39:52.480 --> 00:39:54.870 align:start position:0%
black hole.
Of<00:39:52.800><c> course,</c><00:39:53.200><c> what</c><00:39:53.440><c> I</c><00:39:53.599><c> just</c><00:39:53.839><c> told</c><00:39:54.000><c> you</c><00:39:54.480><c> is</c>

00:39:54.870 --> 00:39:54.880 align:start position:0%
Of course, what I just told you is
 

00:39:54.880 --> 00:39:58.150 align:start position:0%
Of course, what I just told you is
fiction.<00:39:56.000><c> But</c><00:39:56.400><c> tiny</c><00:39:56.800><c> black</c><00:39:57.119><c> holes</c><00:39:57.839><c> with</c>

00:39:58.150 --> 00:39:58.160 align:start position:0%
fiction. But tiny black holes with
 

00:39:58.160 --> 00:40:01.349 align:start position:0%
fiction. But tiny black holes with
masses<00:39:58.880><c> so</c><00:39:59.280><c> small</c><00:39:59.760><c> they</c><00:40:00.079><c> are</c><00:40:00.480><c> comparable</c><00:40:01.119><c> to</c>

00:40:01.349 --> 00:40:01.359 align:start position:0%
masses so small they are comparable to
 

00:40:01.359 --> 00:40:05.510 align:start position:0%
masses so small they are comparable to
an<00:40:01.599><c> adult</c><00:40:02.000><c> rhino</c><00:40:03.040><c> might</c><00:40:03.280><c> not</c><00:40:03.520><c> be.</c><00:40:04.640><c> They</c><00:40:05.119><c> could</c>

00:40:05.510 --> 00:40:05.520 align:start position:0%
an adult rhino might not be. They could
 

00:40:05.520 --> 00:40:08.230 align:start position:0%
an adult rhino might not be. They could
be<00:40:05.839><c> out</c><00:40:06.160><c> there</c><00:40:06.720><c> circling</c><00:40:07.359><c> our</c><00:40:07.680><c> galaxy's</c>

00:40:08.230 --> 00:40:08.240 align:start position:0%
be out there circling our galaxy's
 

00:40:08.240 --> 00:40:12.069 align:start position:0%
be out there circling our galaxy's
edges.<00:40:09.280><c> and</c><00:40:09.520><c> we</c><00:40:09.839><c> may</c><00:40:10.480><c> have</c><00:40:10.720><c> just</c><00:40:11.040><c> found</c><00:40:11.359><c> proof</c>

00:40:12.069 --> 00:40:12.079 align:start position:0%
edges. and we may have just found proof
 

00:40:12.079 --> 00:40:15.190 align:start position:0%
edges. and we may have just found proof
that<00:40:12.320><c> they</c><00:40:12.640><c> actually</c><00:40:13.040><c> exist.</c>

00:40:15.190 --> 00:40:15.200 align:start position:0%
that they actually exist.
 

00:40:15.200 --> 00:40:17.270 align:start position:0%
that they actually exist.
I'm<00:40:15.440><c> Alex</c><00:40:15.760><c> Mccoan</c><00:40:16.480><c> and</c><00:40:16.800><c> you're</c><00:40:17.040><c> watching</c>

00:40:17.270 --> 00:40:17.280 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:40:17.280 --> 00:40:20.630 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:40:18.240><c> Join</c><00:40:18.560><c> with</c><00:40:18.800><c> me</c><00:40:19.200><c> as</c><00:40:19.440><c> we</c><00:40:19.760><c> delve</c><00:40:20.320><c> into</c>

00:40:20.630 --> 00:40:20.640 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join with me as we delve into
 

00:40:20.640 --> 00:40:22.950 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join with me as we delve into
the<00:40:20.800><c> darkness</c><00:40:21.440><c> to</c><00:40:21.680><c> solve</c><00:40:22.000><c> the</c><00:40:22.160><c> mysteries</c><00:40:22.640><c> of</c>

00:40:22.950 --> 00:40:22.960 align:start position:0%
the darkness to solve the mysteries of
 

00:40:22.960 --> 00:40:25.990 align:start position:0%
the darkness to solve the mysteries of
primordial<00:40:23.680><c> black</c><00:40:23.920><c> holes.</c><00:40:24.880><c> What</c><00:40:25.040><c> are</c><00:40:25.200><c> they?</c>

00:40:25.990 --> 00:40:26.000 align:start position:0%
primordial black holes. What are they?
 

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:28.710 align:start position:0%
primordial black holes. What are they?
Where<00:40:26.240><c> do</c><00:40:26.400><c> they</c><00:40:26.640><c> come</c><00:40:26.800><c> from?</c><00:40:27.839><c> And</c><00:40:28.079><c> should</c><00:40:28.480><c> we</c>

00:40:28.710 --> 00:40:28.720 align:start position:0%
Where do they come from? And should we
 

00:40:28.720 --> 00:40:31.750 align:start position:0%
Where do they come from? And should we
be<00:40:28.880><c> worried?</c>

00:40:31.750 --> 00:40:31.760 align:start position:0%
be worried?
 

00:40:31.760 --> 00:40:34.470 align:start position:0%
be worried?
For<00:40:32.000><c> a</c><00:40:32.160><c> long</c><00:40:32.400><c> time,</c><00:40:32.960><c> tiny</c><00:40:33.359><c> black</c><00:40:33.520><c> holes,</c><00:40:34.240><c> what</c>

00:40:34.470 --> 00:40:34.480 align:start position:0%
For a long time, tiny black holes, what
 

00:40:34.480 --> 00:40:37.270 align:start position:0%
For a long time, tiny black holes, what
I'm<00:40:34.720><c> going</c><00:40:34.880><c> to</c><00:40:35.040><c> call</c><00:40:35.599><c> black</c><00:40:35.920><c> hole</c><00:40:36.320><c> rhinos,</c>

00:40:37.270 --> 00:40:37.280 align:start position:0%
I'm going to call black hole rhinos,
 

00:40:37.280 --> 00:40:39.510 align:start position:0%
I'm going to call black hole rhinos,
seeing<00:40:37.680><c> as</c><00:40:37.920><c> they</c><00:40:38.240><c> could</c><00:40:38.720><c> have</c><00:40:38.960><c> around</c><00:40:39.280><c> the</c>

00:40:39.510 --> 00:40:39.520 align:start position:0%
seeing as they could have around the
 

00:40:39.520 --> 00:40:41.430 align:start position:0%
seeing as they could have around the
same<00:40:39.680><c> mass,</c><00:40:40.480><c> were</c><00:40:40.800><c> thought</c><00:40:41.040><c> to</c><00:40:41.280><c> be</c>

00:40:41.430 --> 00:40:41.440 align:start position:0%
same mass, were thought to be
 

00:40:41.440 --> 00:40:44.790 align:start position:0%
same mass, were thought to be
impossible.<00:40:42.480><c> Until</c><00:40:42.800><c> the</c><00:40:43.040><c> 1960s,</c><00:40:44.000><c> we</c><00:40:44.240><c> knew</c><00:40:44.480><c> of</c>

00:40:44.790 --> 00:40:44.800 align:start position:0%
impossible. Until the 1960s, we knew of
 

00:40:44.800 --> 00:40:47.670 align:start position:0%
impossible. Until the 1960s, we knew of
exactly<00:40:45.520><c> one</c><00:40:45.760><c> way</c><00:40:46.079><c> to</c><00:40:46.320><c> make</c><00:40:46.480><c> a</c><00:40:46.640><c> black</c><00:40:46.880><c> hole,</c>

00:40:47.670 --> 00:40:47.680 align:start position:0%
exactly one way to make a black hole,
 

00:40:47.680 --> 00:40:50.470 align:start position:0%
exactly one way to make a black hole,
and<00:40:47.839><c> that</c><00:40:48.079><c> was</c><00:40:48.320><c> through</c><00:40:48.880><c> stellar</c><00:40:49.359><c> collapse.</c><00:40:50.240><c> A</c>

00:40:50.470 --> 00:40:50.480 align:start position:0%
and that was through stellar collapse. A
 

00:40:50.480 --> 00:40:52.950 align:start position:0%
and that was through stellar collapse. A
star<00:40:50.960><c> 20</c><00:40:51.280><c> times</c><00:40:51.520><c> the</c><00:40:51.680><c> mass</c><00:40:51.839><c> of</c><00:40:52.000><c> our</c><00:40:52.320><c> sun</c><00:40:52.640><c> or</c>

00:40:52.950 --> 00:40:52.960 align:start position:0%
star 20 times the mass of our sun or
 

00:40:52.960 --> 00:40:55.430 align:start position:0%
star 20 times the mass of our sun or
greater<00:40:53.839><c> running</c><00:40:54.160><c> out</c><00:40:54.320><c> of</c><00:40:54.480><c> fuel</c><00:40:55.119><c> and</c>

00:40:55.430 --> 00:40:55.440 align:start position:0%
greater running out of fuel and
 

00:40:55.440 --> 00:40:58.069 align:start position:0%
greater running out of fuel and
exploding<00:40:56.000><c> in</c><00:40:56.319><c> a</c><00:40:56.480><c> supernova.</c>

00:40:58.069 --> 00:40:58.079 align:start position:0%
exploding in a supernova.
 

00:40:58.079 --> 00:41:00.630 align:start position:0%
exploding in a supernova.
All<00:40:58.400><c> that</c><00:40:58.720><c> exploded</c><00:40:59.280><c> matter</c><00:40:59.680><c> collapses,</c>

00:41:00.630 --> 00:41:00.640 align:start position:0%
All that exploded matter collapses,
 

00:41:00.640 --> 00:41:03.270 align:start position:0%
All that exploded matter collapses,
leaving<00:41:00.960><c> behind</c><00:41:01.280><c> an</c><00:41:01.520><c> object</c><00:41:01.920><c> so</c><00:41:02.240><c> dense,</c><00:41:02.960><c> not</c>

00:41:03.270 --> 00:41:03.280 align:start position:0%
leaving behind an object so dense, not
 

00:41:03.280 --> 00:41:05.109 align:start position:0%
leaving behind an object so dense, not
even<00:41:03.599><c> light</c><00:41:04.000><c> could</c><00:41:04.240><c> escape</c><00:41:04.640><c> from</c><00:41:04.800><c> its</c>

00:41:05.109 --> 00:41:05.119 align:start position:0%
even light could escape from its
 

00:41:05.119 --> 00:41:07.030 align:start position:0%
even light could escape from its
crushing<00:41:05.520><c> gravity.</c>

00:41:07.030 --> 00:41:07.040 align:start position:0%
crushing gravity.
 

00:41:07.040 --> 00:41:10.710 align:start position:0%
crushing gravity.
This<00:41:07.520><c> is</c><00:41:07.680><c> a</c><00:41:07.920><c> black</c><00:41:08.160><c> hole.</c><00:41:09.599><c> And</c><00:41:10.079><c> because</c><00:41:10.480><c> it</c>

00:41:10.710 --> 00:41:10.720 align:start position:0%
This is a black hole. And because it
 

00:41:10.720 --> 00:41:13.829 align:start position:0%
This is a black hole. And because it
formed<00:41:11.040><c> from</c><00:41:11.280><c> a</c><00:41:11.520><c> star,</c><00:41:12.400><c> it's</c><00:41:12.720><c> a</c><00:41:13.040><c> stellar</c><00:41:13.599><c> black</c>

00:41:13.829 --> 00:41:13.839 align:start position:0%
formed from a star, it's a stellar black
 

00:41:13.839 --> 00:41:17.990 align:start position:0%
formed from a star, it's a stellar black
hole.<00:41:15.280><c> But</c><00:41:15.520><c> this</c><00:41:15.760><c> isn't</c><00:41:16.079><c> how</c><00:41:16.319><c> all</c><00:41:16.640><c> stars</c><00:41:16.960><c> end.</c>

00:41:17.990 --> 00:41:18.000 align:start position:0%
hole. But this isn't how all stars end.
 

00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:20.390 align:start position:0%
hole. But this isn't how all stars end.
If<00:41:18.240><c> their</c><00:41:18.480><c> mass</c><00:41:18.800><c> is</c><00:41:19.040><c> less</c><00:41:19.280><c> than</c><00:41:19.599><c> 20</c><00:41:19.920><c> times</c><00:41:20.160><c> that</c>

00:41:20.390 --> 00:41:20.400 align:start position:0%
If their mass is less than 20 times that
 

00:41:20.400 --> 00:41:23.190 align:start position:0%
If their mass is less than 20 times that
of<00:41:20.560><c> the</c><00:41:20.720><c> sun,</c><00:41:21.359><c> it</c><00:41:21.680><c> still</c><00:41:21.920><c> goes</c><00:41:22.160><c> supernova,</c><00:41:22.960><c> but</c>

00:41:23.190 --> 00:41:23.200 align:start position:0%
of the sun, it still goes supernova, but
 

00:41:23.200 --> 00:41:25.670 align:start position:0%
of the sun, it still goes supernova, but
the<00:41:23.440><c> collapse</c><00:41:24.000><c> isn't</c><00:41:24.480><c> quite</c><00:41:24.960><c> powerful</c><00:41:25.440><c> enough</c>

00:41:25.670 --> 00:41:25.680 align:start position:0%
the collapse isn't quite powerful enough
 

00:41:25.680 --> 00:41:29.109 align:start position:0%
the collapse isn't quite powerful enough
to<00:41:26.000><c> create</c><00:41:26.240><c> a</c><00:41:26.560><c> black</c><00:41:26.800><c> hole.</c><00:41:27.760><c> Instead,</c><00:41:28.480><c> we</c><00:41:28.800><c> see</c>

00:41:29.109 --> 00:41:29.119 align:start position:0%
to create a black hole. Instead, we see
 

00:41:29.119 --> 00:41:32.309 align:start position:0%
to create a black hole. Instead, we see
a<00:41:29.359><c> neutron</c><00:41:29.839><c> star,</c><00:41:30.640><c> a</c><00:41:30.960><c> tiny</c><00:41:31.359><c> celestial</c><00:41:31.920><c> object</c>

00:41:32.309 --> 00:41:32.319 align:start position:0%
a neutron star, a tiny celestial object
 

00:41:32.319 --> 00:41:34.710 align:start position:0%
a neutron star, a tiny celestial object
that's<00:41:32.640><c> still</c><00:41:33.040><c> incredibly</c><00:41:33.680><c> dense</c><00:41:34.240><c> and</c><00:41:34.560><c> made</c>

00:41:34.710 --> 00:41:34.720 align:start position:0%
that's still incredibly dense and made
 

00:41:34.720 --> 00:41:38.470 align:start position:0%
that's still incredibly dense and made
up<00:41:34.960><c> almost</c><00:41:35.440><c> entirely</c><00:41:36.079><c> of</c><00:41:36.480><c> neutrons.</c><00:41:37.839><c> And</c><00:41:38.160><c> for</c>

00:41:38.470 --> 00:41:38.480 align:start position:0%
up almost entirely of neutrons. And for
 

00:41:38.480 --> 00:41:41.109 align:start position:0%
up almost entirely of neutrons. And for
stars<00:41:38.880><c> smaller</c><00:41:39.200><c> than</c><00:41:39.359><c> eight</c><00:41:39.599><c> stellar</c><00:41:39.920><c> masses,</c>

00:41:41.109 --> 00:41:41.119 align:start position:0%
stars smaller than eight stellar masses,
 

00:41:41.119 --> 00:41:43.750 align:start position:0%
stars smaller than eight stellar masses,
they<00:41:41.359><c> don't</c><00:41:41.520><c> go</c><00:41:41.680><c> supernova</c><00:41:42.319><c> at</c><00:41:42.480><c> all.</c>

00:41:43.750 --> 00:41:43.760 align:start position:0%
they don't go supernova at all.
 

00:41:43.760 --> 00:41:46.309 align:start position:0%
they don't go supernova at all.
So<00:41:44.079><c> there</c><00:41:44.319><c> is</c><00:41:44.480><c> a</c><00:41:44.640><c> limit</c><00:41:44.880><c> to</c><00:41:45.119><c> how</c><00:41:45.440><c> big</c><00:41:45.920><c> stellar</c>

00:41:46.309 --> 00:41:46.319 align:start position:0%
So there is a limit to how big stellar
 

00:41:46.319 --> 00:41:49.109 align:start position:0%
So there is a limit to how big stellar
black<00:41:46.560><c> holes</c><00:41:46.960><c> can</c><00:41:47.119><c> be</c><00:41:47.200><c> at</c><00:41:47.440><c> birth.</c><00:41:48.240><c> No</c><00:41:48.560><c> larger</c>

00:41:49.109 --> 00:41:49.119 align:start position:0%
black holes can be at birth. No larger
 

00:41:49.119 --> 00:41:51.670 align:start position:0%
black holes can be at birth. No larger
than<00:41:49.359><c> the</c><00:41:49.520><c> largest</c><00:41:49.920><c> stars.</c><00:41:50.960><c> Maybe</c><00:41:51.280><c> a</c><00:41:51.520><c> few</c>

00:41:51.670 --> 00:41:51.680 align:start position:0%
than the largest stars. Maybe a few
 

00:41:51.680 --> 00:41:54.550 align:start position:0%
than the largest stars. Maybe a few
hundred<00:41:52.000><c> times</c><00:41:52.319><c> the</c><00:41:52.480><c> mass</c><00:41:52.640><c> of</c><00:41:52.800><c> our</c><00:41:53.119><c> sun</c><00:41:53.839><c> and</c><00:41:54.240><c> no</c>

00:41:54.550 --> 00:41:54.560 align:start position:0%
hundred times the mass of our sun and no
 

00:41:54.560 --> 00:41:57.349 align:start position:0%
hundred times the mass of our sun and no
smaller<00:41:55.040><c> than</c><00:41:55.200><c> a</c><00:41:55.440><c> few</c><00:41:55.599><c> times</c><00:41:55.839><c> more</c><00:41:56.079><c> massive.</c>

00:41:57.349 --> 00:41:57.359 align:start position:0%
smaller than a few times more massive.
 

00:41:57.359 --> 00:42:00.630 align:start position:0%
smaller than a few times more massive.
So<00:41:58.000><c> why</c><00:41:58.319><c> do</c><00:41:58.480><c> we</c><00:41:58.800><c> think</c><00:41:59.119><c> that</c><00:41:59.839><c> smaller</c><00:42:00.319><c> than</c>

00:42:00.630 --> 00:42:00.640 align:start position:0%
So why do we think that smaller than
 

00:42:00.640 --> 00:42:03.109 align:start position:0%
So why do we think that smaller than
possible<00:42:01.200><c> black</c><00:42:01.520><c> holes</c><00:42:02.160><c> could</c><00:42:02.720><c> actually</c>

00:42:03.109 --> 00:42:03.119 align:start position:0%
possible black holes could actually
 

00:42:03.119 --> 00:42:04.630 align:start position:0%
possible black holes could actually
exist?

00:42:04.630 --> 00:42:04.640 align:start position:0%
exist?
 

00:42:04.640 --> 00:42:07.430 align:start position:0%
exist?
Strangely,<00:42:05.599><c> the</c><00:42:05.920><c> answer</c><00:42:06.240><c> is</c><00:42:06.720><c> that</c><00:42:07.040><c> we</c>

00:42:07.430 --> 00:42:07.440 align:start position:0%
Strangely, the answer is that we
 

00:42:07.440 --> 00:42:11.270 align:start position:0%
Strangely, the answer is that we
discovered<00:42:08.319><c> bigger</c><00:42:08.880><c> than</c><00:42:09.119><c> possible</c><00:42:09.599><c> ones.</c>

00:42:11.270 --> 00:42:11.280 align:start position:0%
discovered bigger than possible ones.
 

00:42:11.280 --> 00:42:13.190 align:start position:0%
discovered bigger than possible ones.
Today<00:42:11.599><c> we</c><00:42:11.920><c> know</c><00:42:12.160><c> that</c><00:42:12.400><c> at</c><00:42:12.640><c> the</c><00:42:12.800><c> heart</c><00:42:12.960><c> of</c>

00:42:13.190 --> 00:42:13.200 align:start position:0%
Today we know that at the heart of
 

00:42:13.200 --> 00:42:15.829 align:start position:0%
Today we know that at the heart of
almost<00:42:13.599><c> every</c><00:42:14.079><c> large</c><00:42:14.400><c> galaxy</c><00:42:15.119><c> lies</c><00:42:15.599><c> a</c>

00:42:15.829 --> 00:42:15.839 align:start position:0%
almost every large galaxy lies a
 

00:42:15.839 --> 00:42:18.870 align:start position:0%
almost every large galaxy lies a
gargantuan<00:42:16.800><c> monster,</c><00:42:17.760><c> a</c><00:42:18.079><c> super</c><00:42:18.400><c> massive</c>

00:42:18.870 --> 00:42:18.880 align:start position:0%
gargantuan monster, a super massive
 

00:42:18.880 --> 00:42:22.069 align:start position:0%
gargantuan monster, a super massive
black<00:42:19.119><c> hole.</c><00:42:20.160><c> Back</c><00:42:20.400><c> in</c><00:42:20.560><c> the</c><00:42:20.800><c> 60s,</c><00:42:21.520><c> we</c><00:42:21.760><c> were</c>

00:42:22.069 --> 00:42:22.079 align:start position:0%
black hole. Back in the 60s, we were
 

00:42:22.079 --> 00:42:23.670 align:start position:0%
black hole. Back in the 60s, we were
just<00:42:22.400><c> beginning</c><00:42:22.720><c> to</c><00:42:22.960><c> discover</c><00:42:23.359><c> these</c>

00:42:23.670 --> 00:42:23.680 align:start position:0%
just beginning to discover these
 

00:42:23.680 --> 00:42:27.190 align:start position:0%
just beginning to discover these
enormous<00:42:24.160><c> beasts.</c><00:42:25.440><c> The</c><00:42:25.680><c> first</c><00:42:25.920><c> quazar,</c><00:42:26.960><c> a</c>

00:42:27.190 --> 00:42:27.200 align:start position:0%
enormous beasts. The first quazar, a
 

00:42:27.200 --> 00:42:29.990 align:start position:0%
enormous beasts. The first quazar, a
highly<00:42:27.680><c> luminous</c><00:42:28.319><c> and</c><00:42:28.720><c> redshifted</c><00:42:29.440><c> galactic</c>

00:42:29.990 --> 00:42:30.000 align:start position:0%
highly luminous and redshifted galactic
 

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:33.670 align:start position:0%
highly luminous and redshifted galactic
center,<00:42:30.640><c> was</c><00:42:30.880><c> found</c><00:42:31.200><c> in</c><00:42:31.520><c> 1963,</c><00:42:32.960><c> kickstarting</c>

00:42:33.670 --> 00:42:33.680 align:start position:0%
center, was found in 1963, kickstarting
 

00:42:33.680 --> 00:42:36.470 align:start position:0%
center, was found in 1963, kickstarting
a<00:42:34.000><c> roughly</c><00:42:34.480><c> decadel</c><00:42:35.119><c> long</c><00:42:35.520><c> golden</c><00:42:35.920><c> age</c><00:42:36.240><c> of</c>

00:42:36.470 --> 00:42:36.480 align:start position:0%
a roughly decadel long golden age of
 

00:42:36.480 --> 00:42:38.790 align:start position:0%
a roughly decadel long golden age of
black<00:42:36.720><c> hole</c><00:42:37.119><c> research.</c><00:42:38.240><c> The</c><00:42:38.560><c> first</c>

00:42:38.790 --> 00:42:38.800 align:start position:0%
black hole research. The first
 

00:42:38.800 --> 00:42:41.030 align:start position:0%
black hole research. The first
predictions<00:42:39.280><c> of</c><00:42:39.520><c> a</c><00:42:39.920><c> massive</c><00:42:40.400><c> black</c><00:42:40.560><c> hole</c><00:42:40.800><c> at</c>

00:42:41.030 --> 00:42:41.040 align:start position:0%
predictions of a massive black hole at
 

00:42:41.040 --> 00:42:45.589 align:start position:0%
predictions of a massive black hole at
the<00:42:41.119><c> center</c><00:42:41.359><c> of</c><00:42:41.520><c> a</c><00:42:41.680><c> galaxy</c><00:42:42.560><c> came</c><00:42:42.800><c> in</c><00:42:43.119><c> 1971.</c>

00:42:45.589 --> 00:42:45.599 align:start position:0%
the center of a galaxy came in 1971.
 

00:42:45.599 --> 00:42:48.069 align:start position:0%
the center of a galaxy came in 1971.
As<00:42:45.839><c> the</c><00:42:46.079><c> years</c><00:42:46.400><c> passed</c><00:42:46.880><c> and</c><00:42:47.280><c> more</c><00:42:47.520><c> evidence</c><00:42:47.839><c> of</c>

00:42:48.069 --> 00:42:48.079 align:start position:0%
As the years passed and more evidence of
 

00:42:48.079 --> 00:42:51.270 align:start position:0%
As the years passed and more evidence of
these<00:42:48.480><c> titans</c><00:42:49.040><c> came</c><00:42:49.280><c> to</c><00:42:49.520><c> light,</c><00:42:50.319><c> we</c><00:42:50.560><c> realized</c>

00:42:51.270 --> 00:42:51.280 align:start position:0%
these titans came to light, we realized
 

00:42:51.280 --> 00:42:54.309 align:start position:0%
these titans came to light, we realized
they<00:42:51.599><c> were</c><00:42:52.240><c> mindbogglingly</c><00:42:53.440><c> massive,</c>

00:42:54.309 --> 00:42:54.319 align:start position:0%
they were mindbogglingly massive,
 

00:42:54.319 --> 00:42:57.349 align:start position:0%
they were mindbogglingly massive,
hundreds<00:42:54.720><c> of</c><00:42:54.960><c> thousands</c><00:42:55.839><c> to</c><00:42:56.480><c> billions</c><00:42:57.040><c> of</c>

00:42:57.349 --> 00:42:57.359 align:start position:0%
hundreds of thousands to billions of
 

00:42:57.359 --> 00:43:00.150 align:start position:0%
hundreds of thousands to billions of
times<00:42:57.680><c> the</c><00:42:57.920><c> mass</c><00:42:58.079><c> of</c><00:42:58.240><c> our</c><00:42:58.480><c> sun.</c><00:42:59.200><c> But</c><00:42:59.359><c> they</c><00:42:59.680><c> are</c>

00:43:00.150 --> 00:43:00.160 align:start position:0%
times the mass of our sun. But they are
 

00:43:00.160 --> 00:43:02.309 align:start position:0%
times the mass of our sun. But they are
something<00:43:00.560><c> of</c><00:43:00.800><c> an</c><00:43:00.960><c> enigma</c><00:43:01.839><c> and</c><00:43:02.079><c> left</c>

00:43:02.309 --> 00:43:02.319 align:start position:0%
something of an enigma and left
 

00:43:02.319 --> 00:43:04.710 align:start position:0%
something of an enigma and left
scientists<00:43:02.880><c> with</c><00:43:03.280><c> one</c><00:43:03.839><c> question</c><00:43:04.400><c> in</c>

00:43:04.710 --> 00:43:04.720 align:start position:0%
scientists with one question in
 

00:43:04.720 --> 00:43:06.309 align:start position:0%
scientists with one question in
particular.

00:43:06.309 --> 00:43:06.319 align:start position:0%
particular.
 

00:43:06.319 --> 00:43:09.030 align:start position:0%
particular.
How<00:43:06.720><c> do</c><00:43:06.880><c> they</c><00:43:07.119><c> form?</c>

00:43:09.030 --> 00:43:09.040 align:start position:0%
How do they form?
 

00:43:09.040 --> 00:43:10.950 align:start position:0%
How do they form?
While<00:43:09.440><c> it's</c><00:43:09.760><c> technically</c><00:43:10.240><c> possible</c><00:43:10.640><c> that</c><00:43:10.800><c> a</c>

00:43:10.950 --> 00:43:10.960 align:start position:0%
While it's technically possible that a
 

00:43:10.960 --> 00:43:12.950 align:start position:0%
While it's technically possible that a
stellar<00:43:11.359><c> black</c><00:43:11.520><c> hole</c><00:43:11.920><c> could</c><00:43:12.160><c> consume</c><00:43:12.640><c> mass</c>

00:43:12.950 --> 00:43:12.960 align:start position:0%
stellar black hole could consume mass
 

00:43:12.960 --> 00:43:15.030 align:start position:0%
stellar black hole could consume mass
and<00:43:13.200><c> eventually</c><00:43:13.680><c> grow</c><00:43:14.000><c> this</c><00:43:14.240><c> big,</c><00:43:14.800><c> this</c>

00:43:15.030 --> 00:43:15.040 align:start position:0%
and eventually grow this big, this
 

00:43:15.040 --> 00:43:17.349 align:start position:0%
and eventually grow this big, this
explanation<00:43:15.760><c> started</c><00:43:16.079><c> to</c><00:43:16.240><c> break</c><00:43:16.480><c> down</c><00:43:17.040><c> as</c>

00:43:17.349 --> 00:43:17.359 align:start position:0%
explanation started to break down as
 

00:43:17.359 --> 00:43:19.270 align:start position:0%
explanation started to break down as
examples<00:43:17.839><c> of</c><00:43:18.079><c> super</c><00:43:18.319><c> massive</c><00:43:18.720><c> black</c><00:43:18.880><c> holes</c>

00:43:19.270 --> 00:43:19.280 align:start position:0%
examples of super massive black holes
 

00:43:19.280 --> 00:43:21.109 align:start position:0%
examples of super massive black holes
from<00:43:19.520><c> earlier</c><00:43:20.000><c> and</c><00:43:20.319><c> earlier</c><00:43:20.720><c> in</c><00:43:20.960><c> the</c>

00:43:21.109 --> 00:43:21.119 align:start position:0%
from earlier and earlier in the
 

00:43:21.119 --> 00:43:23.670 align:start position:0%
from earlier and earlier in the
universe's<00:43:21.680><c> history</c><00:43:22.400><c> started</c><00:43:22.800><c> showing</c><00:43:23.119><c> up</c><00:43:23.359><c> in</c>

00:43:23.670 --> 00:43:23.680 align:start position:0%
universe's history started showing up in
 

00:43:23.680 --> 00:43:26.309 align:start position:0%
universe's history started showing up in
our<00:43:24.160><c> increasingly</c><00:43:25.040><c> distant</c><00:43:25.520><c> images</c><00:43:25.920><c> of</c><00:43:26.160><c> the</c>

00:43:26.309 --> 00:43:26.319 align:start position:0%
our increasingly distant images of the
 

00:43:26.319 --> 00:43:29.270 align:start position:0%
our increasingly distant images of the
cosmos.<00:43:27.599><c> But</c><00:43:27.760><c> for</c><00:43:27.920><c> now,</c><00:43:28.160><c> at</c><00:43:28.160><c> least,</c><00:43:29.040><c> there</c>

00:43:29.270 --> 00:43:29.280 align:start position:0%
cosmos. But for now, at least, there
 

00:43:29.280 --> 00:43:31.670 align:start position:0%
cosmos. But for now, at least, there
wasn't<00:43:29.520><c> a</c><00:43:29.680><c> better</c><00:43:29.920><c> explanation.</c>

00:43:31.670 --> 00:43:31.680 align:start position:0%
wasn't a better explanation.
 

00:43:31.680 --> 00:43:33.750 align:start position:0%
wasn't a better explanation.
Then<00:43:32.400><c> came</c><00:43:32.640><c> the</c><00:43:32.880><c> James</c><00:43:33.200><c> Webb</c><00:43:33.440><c> Space</c>

00:43:33.750 --> 00:43:33.760 align:start position:0%
Then came the James Webb Space
 

00:43:33.760 --> 00:43:35.349 align:start position:0%
Then came the James Webb Space
Telescope,

00:43:35.349 --> 00:43:35.359 align:start position:0%
Telescope,
 

00:43:35.359 --> 00:43:38.470 align:start position:0%
Telescope,
launched<00:43:35.760><c> on</c><00:43:35.920><c> the</c><00:43:36.079><c> 25th</c><00:43:36.480><c> of</c><00:43:36.640><c> December,</c><00:43:37.280><c> 2021</c>

00:43:38.470 --> 00:43:38.480 align:start position:0%
launched on the 25th of December, 2021
 

00:43:38.480 --> 00:43:41.670 align:start position:0%
launched on the 25th of December, 2021
and<00:43:38.800><c> switched</c><00:43:39.119><c> on</c><00:43:39.359><c> in</c><00:43:39.680><c> 2022.</c><00:43:40.960><c> It</c><00:43:41.200><c> promised</c><00:43:41.520><c> to</c>

00:43:41.670 --> 00:43:41.680 align:start position:0%
and switched on in 2022. It promised to
 

00:43:41.680 --> 00:43:44.230 align:start position:0%
and switched on in 2022. It promised to
see<00:43:42.000><c> further</c><00:43:42.640><c> and</c><00:43:42.880><c> in</c><00:43:43.119><c> better</c><00:43:43.440><c> detail</c><00:43:43.920><c> than</c>

00:43:44.230 --> 00:43:44.240 align:start position:0%
see further and in better detail than
 

00:43:44.240 --> 00:43:47.270 align:start position:0%
see further and in better detail than
any<00:43:44.640><c> telescope</c><00:43:45.200><c> had</c><00:43:45.520><c> ever</c><00:43:45.760><c> seen</c><00:43:46.000><c> before.</c><00:43:47.040><c> It</c>

00:43:47.270 --> 00:43:47.280 align:start position:0%
any telescope had ever seen before. It
 

00:43:47.280 --> 00:43:49.990 align:start position:0%
any telescope had ever seen before. It
would<00:43:47.440><c> look</c><00:43:47.680><c> for</c><00:43:47.920><c> stars</c><00:43:48.560><c> so</c><00:43:48.880><c> distant,</c><00:43:49.680><c> their</c>

00:43:49.990 --> 00:43:50.000 align:start position:0%
would look for stars so distant, their
 

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:52.230 align:start position:0%
would look for stars so distant, their
light<00:43:50.240><c> had</c><00:43:50.560><c> started</c><00:43:50.960><c> traveling</c><00:43:51.520><c> at</c><00:43:51.920><c> almost</c>

00:43:52.230 --> 00:43:52.240 align:start position:0%
light had started traveling at almost
 

00:43:52.240 --> 00:43:55.750 align:start position:0%
light had started traveling at almost
the<00:43:52.560><c> dawn</c><00:43:53.040><c> of</c><00:43:53.280><c> the</c><00:43:53.520><c> universe.</c><00:43:54.400><c> And</c><00:43:54.640><c> James</c><00:43:54.960><c> Webb</c>

00:43:55.750 --> 00:43:55.760 align:start position:0%
the dawn of the universe. And James Webb
 

00:43:55.760 --> 00:43:57.910 align:start position:0%
the dawn of the universe. And James Webb
did<00:43:56.000><c> not</c><00:43:56.319><c> disappoint.</c>

00:43:57.910 --> 00:43:57.920 align:start position:0%
did not disappoint.
 

00:43:57.920 --> 00:44:01.510 align:start position:0%
did not disappoint.
These<00:43:58.560><c> little</c><00:43:58.960><c> red</c><00:43:59.359><c> dots</c><00:44:00.079><c> represent</c><00:44:00.640><c> galaxies</c>

00:44:01.510 --> 00:44:01.520 align:start position:0%
These little red dots represent galaxies
 

00:44:01.520 --> 00:44:04.230 align:start position:0%
These little red dots represent galaxies
with<00:44:01.920><c> super</c><00:44:02.319><c> massive</c><00:44:02.720><c> black</c><00:44:02.880><c> holes</c><00:44:03.359><c> from</c><00:44:03.680><c> just</c>

00:44:04.230 --> 00:44:04.240 align:start position:0%
with super massive black holes from just
 

00:44:04.240 --> 00:44:08.230 align:start position:0%
with super massive black holes from just
500<00:44:04.960><c> million</c><00:44:05.440><c> years</c><00:44:05.920><c> after</c><00:44:06.240><c> the</c><00:44:06.400><c> Big</c><00:44:06.640><c> Bang.</c>

00:44:08.230 --> 00:44:08.240 align:start position:0%
500 million years after the Big Bang.
 

00:44:08.240 --> 00:44:10.390 align:start position:0%
500 million years after the Big Bang.
Scientists<00:44:08.720><c> realized</c><00:44:09.440><c> this</c><00:44:09.680><c> was</c><00:44:09.920><c> not</c><00:44:10.079><c> enough</c>

00:44:10.390 --> 00:44:10.400 align:start position:0%
Scientists realized this was not enough
 

00:44:10.400 --> 00:44:12.630 align:start position:0%
Scientists realized this was not enough
time<00:44:10.560><c> for</c><00:44:10.880><c> stellar</c><00:44:11.280><c> black</c><00:44:11.440><c> holes</c><00:44:11.920><c> to</c><00:44:12.160><c> grow</c><00:44:12.400><c> to</c>

00:44:12.630 --> 00:44:12.640 align:start position:0%
time for stellar black holes to grow to
 

00:44:12.640 --> 00:44:15.750 align:start position:0%
time for stellar black holes to grow to
that<00:44:12.880><c> size.</c><00:44:13.760><c> Not</c><00:44:14.000><c> without</c><00:44:14.480><c> devouring</c><00:44:15.119><c> matter</c>

00:44:15.750 --> 00:44:15.760 align:start position:0%
that size. Not without devouring matter
 

00:44:15.760 --> 00:44:17.829 align:start position:0%
that size. Not without devouring matter
faster<00:44:16.240><c> than</c><00:44:16.400><c> the</c><00:44:16.560><c> laws</c><00:44:16.880><c> of</c><00:44:17.040><c> physics</c><00:44:17.520><c> should</c>

00:44:17.829 --> 00:44:17.839 align:start position:0%
faster than the laws of physics should
 

00:44:17.839 --> 00:44:20.470 align:start position:0%
faster than the laws of physics should
allow.<00:44:18.960><c> Now,</c><00:44:19.359><c> I've</c><00:44:19.599><c> made</c><00:44:19.760><c> a</c><00:44:19.920><c> video</c><00:44:20.079><c> on</c><00:44:20.240><c> this</c>

00:44:20.470 --> 00:44:20.480 align:start position:0%
allow. Now, I've made a video on this
 

00:44:20.480 --> 00:44:23.190 align:start position:0%
allow. Now, I've made a video on this
idea<00:44:20.800><c> before,</c><00:44:21.680><c> and</c><00:44:22.000><c> there</c><00:44:22.240><c> is</c><00:44:22.560><c> some</c><00:44:22.880><c> evidence</c>

00:44:23.190 --> 00:44:23.200 align:start position:0%
idea before, and there is some evidence
 

00:44:23.200 --> 00:44:26.069 align:start position:0%
idea before, and there is some evidence
that<00:44:23.520><c> this</c><00:44:23.920><c> can</c><00:44:24.240><c> happen,</c><00:44:24.960><c> that</c><00:44:25.359><c> black</c><00:44:25.680><c> holes</c>

00:44:26.069 --> 00:44:26.079 align:start position:0%
that this can happen, that black holes
 

00:44:26.079 --> 00:44:28.630 align:start position:0%
that this can happen, that black holes
can<00:44:26.400><c> disregard</c><00:44:27.119><c> our</c><00:44:27.440><c> speed</c><00:44:27.680><c> limits</c><00:44:28.079><c> on</c><00:44:28.319><c> how</c>

00:44:28.630 --> 00:44:28.640 align:start position:0%
can disregard our speed limits on how
 

00:44:28.640 --> 00:44:31.030 align:start position:0%
can disregard our speed limits on how
fast<00:44:28.960><c> they</c><00:44:29.200><c> can</c><00:44:29.359><c> eat</c><00:44:29.680><c> to</c><00:44:29.920><c> grow</c><00:44:30.160><c> at</c><00:44:30.400><c> rates</c><00:44:30.720><c> we</c>

00:44:31.030 --> 00:44:31.040 align:start position:0%
fast they can eat to grow at rates we
 

00:44:31.040 --> 00:44:32.470 align:start position:0%
fast they can eat to grow at rates we
wouldn't<00:44:31.520><c> initially</c><00:44:32.000><c> have</c><00:44:32.160><c> thought</c>

00:44:32.470 --> 00:44:32.480 align:start position:0%
wouldn't initially have thought
 

00:44:32.480 --> 00:44:35.030 align:start position:0%
wouldn't initially have thought
possible.<00:44:33.440><c> That</c><00:44:33.680><c> is,</c><00:44:34.160><c> if</c><00:44:34.400><c> we</c><00:44:34.560><c> hadn't</c><00:44:34.800><c> seen</c>

00:44:35.030 --> 00:44:35.040 align:start position:0%
possible. That is, if we hadn't seen
 

00:44:35.040 --> 00:44:37.510 align:start position:0%
possible. That is, if we hadn't seen
them<00:44:35.280><c> doing</c><00:44:35.520><c> it,</c><00:44:36.240><c> but</c><00:44:36.560><c> there</c><00:44:36.800><c> are</c><00:44:37.040><c> plenty</c><00:44:37.359><c> of</c>

00:44:37.510 --> 00:44:37.520 align:start position:0%
them doing it, but there are plenty of
 

00:44:37.520 --> 00:44:39.430 align:start position:0%
them doing it, but there are plenty of
scientists<00:44:38.079><c> who</c><00:44:38.240><c> are</c><00:44:38.480><c> skeptical</c><00:44:38.960><c> of</c><00:44:39.200><c> this</c>

00:44:39.430 --> 00:44:39.440 align:start position:0%
scientists who are skeptical of this
 

00:44:39.440 --> 00:44:41.670 align:start position:0%
scientists who are skeptical of this
answer.<00:44:40.240><c> And</c><00:44:40.480><c> there's</c><00:44:40.880><c> an</c><00:44:41.119><c> alternative</c>

00:44:41.670 --> 00:44:41.680 align:start position:0%
answer. And there's an alternative
 

00:44:41.680 --> 00:44:44.470 align:start position:0%
answer. And there's an alternative
theory,<00:44:42.480><c> one</c><00:44:42.720><c> that</c><00:44:43.119><c> another</c><00:44:43.760><c> recent</c><00:44:44.160><c> James</c>

00:44:44.470 --> 00:44:44.480 align:start position:0%
theory, one that another recent James
 

00:44:44.480 --> 00:44:47.349 align:start position:0%
theory, one that another recent James
Web<00:44:44.800><c> discovery</c><00:44:45.440><c> may</c><00:44:45.760><c> have</c><00:44:46.000><c> just</c><00:44:46.480><c> confirmed</c><00:44:47.040><c> as</c>

00:44:47.349 --> 00:44:47.359 align:start position:0%
Web discovery may have just confirmed as
 

00:44:47.359 --> 00:44:48.710 align:start position:0%
Web discovery may have just confirmed as
true.

00:44:48.710 --> 00:44:48.720 align:start position:0%
true.
 

00:44:48.720 --> 00:44:51.030 align:start position:0%
true.
When<00:44:48.960><c> it</c><00:44:49.119><c> comes</c><00:44:49.280><c> to</c><00:44:49.520><c> forming</c><00:44:49.839><c> a</c><00:44:50.079><c> black</c><00:44:50.319><c> hole,</c>

00:44:51.030 --> 00:44:51.040 align:start position:0%
When it comes to forming a black hole,
 

00:44:51.040 --> 00:44:54.630 align:start position:0%
When it comes to forming a black hole,
the<00:44:51.280><c> key</c><00:44:51.680><c> is</c><00:44:52.160><c> density.</c><00:44:53.520><c> When</c><00:44:53.839><c> density</c><00:44:54.319><c> is</c><00:44:54.480><c> high</c>

00:44:54.630 --> 00:44:54.640 align:start position:0%
the key is density. When density is high
 

00:44:54.640 --> 00:44:57.349 align:start position:0%
the key is density. When density is high
enough,<00:44:55.119><c> mass</c><00:44:55.520><c> becomes</c><00:44:55.920><c> so</c><00:44:56.319><c> compact</c><00:44:56.800><c> that</c><00:44:57.119><c> its</c>

00:44:57.349 --> 00:44:57.359 align:start position:0%
enough, mass becomes so compact that its
 

00:44:57.359 --> 00:44:59.510 align:start position:0%
enough, mass becomes so compact that its
localized<00:44:57.920><c> field</c><00:44:58.240><c> of</c><00:44:58.400><c> gravity</c><00:44:58.880><c> passes</c><00:44:59.280><c> a</c>

00:44:59.510 --> 00:44:59.520 align:start position:0%
localized field of gravity passes a
 

00:44:59.520 --> 00:45:02.150 align:start position:0%
localized field of gravity passes a
tipping<00:44:59.920><c> point.</c><00:45:00.800><c> And</c><00:45:01.119><c> the</c><00:45:01.359><c> speed</c><00:45:01.680><c> at</c><00:45:02.000><c> which</c>

00:45:02.150 --> 00:45:02.160 align:start position:0%
tipping point. And the speed at which
 

00:45:02.160 --> 00:45:03.829 align:start position:0%
tipping point. And the speed at which
you<00:45:02.319><c> would</c><00:45:02.560><c> have</c><00:45:02.720><c> to</c><00:45:02.880><c> move</c><00:45:03.119><c> to</c><00:45:03.359><c> get</c><00:45:03.440><c> away</c><00:45:03.680><c> from</c>

00:45:03.829 --> 00:45:03.839 align:start position:0%
you would have to move to get away from
 

00:45:03.839 --> 00:45:07.430 align:start position:0%
you would have to move to get away from
it<00:45:04.160><c> becomes</c><00:45:04.720><c> impossibly</c><00:45:05.520><c> fast.</c><00:45:06.480><c> I.e.</c><00:45:07.119><c> you'd</c>

00:45:07.430 --> 00:45:07.440 align:start position:0%
it becomes impossibly fast. I.e. you'd
 

00:45:07.440 --> 00:45:09.510 align:start position:0%
it becomes impossibly fast. I.e. you'd
have<00:45:07.599><c> to</c><00:45:07.760><c> travel</c><00:45:08.240><c> faster</c><00:45:08.720><c> than</c><00:45:08.960><c> the</c><00:45:09.119><c> speed</c><00:45:09.280><c> of</c>

00:45:09.510 --> 00:45:09.520 align:start position:0%
have to travel faster than the speed of
 

00:45:09.520 --> 00:45:13.190 align:start position:0%
have to travel faster than the speed of
light.<00:45:10.400><c> The</c><00:45:10.640><c> question</c><00:45:10.960><c> is,</c><00:45:12.079><c> how</c><00:45:12.400><c> does</c><00:45:12.640><c> matter</c>

00:45:13.190 --> 00:45:13.200 align:start position:0%
light. The question is, how does matter
 

00:45:13.200 --> 00:45:16.630 align:start position:0%
light. The question is, how does matter
get<00:45:13.520><c> that</c><00:45:13.920><c> dense</c><00:45:14.400><c> in</c><00:45:14.640><c> the</c><00:45:14.880><c> first</c><00:45:15.040><c> place?</c>

00:45:16.630 --> 00:45:16.640 align:start position:0%
get that dense in the first place?
 

00:45:16.640 --> 00:45:19.510 align:start position:0%
get that dense in the first place?
For<00:45:16.880><c> that,</c><00:45:17.440><c> you</c><00:45:17.760><c> need</c><00:45:18.160><c> a</c><00:45:18.560><c> huge</c><00:45:19.040><c> amount</c><00:45:19.359><c> of</c>

00:45:19.510 --> 00:45:19.520 align:start position:0%
For that, you need a huge amount of
 

00:45:19.520 --> 00:45:21.589 align:start position:0%
For that, you need a huge amount of
energy,<00:45:20.319><c> enough</c><00:45:20.640><c> to</c><00:45:20.880><c> overcome</c><00:45:21.280><c> the</c>

00:45:21.589 --> 00:45:21.599 align:start position:0%
energy, enough to overcome the
 

00:45:21.599 --> 00:45:23.349 align:start position:0%
energy, enough to overcome the
electromagnetic<00:45:22.480><c> force</c><00:45:22.720><c> that</c><00:45:22.960><c> stops</c>

00:45:23.349 --> 00:45:23.359 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic force that stops
 

00:45:23.359 --> 00:45:25.990 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic force that stops
electrons<00:45:24.000><c> or</c><00:45:24.240><c> protons</c><00:45:24.960><c> from</c><00:45:25.280><c> getting</c><00:45:25.680><c> too</c>

00:45:25.990 --> 00:45:26.000 align:start position:0%
electrons or protons from getting too
 

00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:28.550 align:start position:0%
electrons or protons from getting too
close<00:45:26.240><c> to</c><00:45:26.480><c> each</c><00:45:26.640><c> other.</c><00:45:27.520><c> Then</c><00:45:28.079><c> there's</c><00:45:28.400><c> the</c>

00:45:28.550 --> 00:45:28.560 align:start position:0%
close to each other. Then there's the
 

00:45:28.560 --> 00:45:31.190 align:start position:0%
close to each other. Then there's the
neutron<00:45:29.040><c> degeneracy</c><00:45:29.680><c> pressure,</c><00:45:30.400><c> a</c><00:45:30.640><c> quantum</c>

00:45:31.190 --> 00:45:31.200 align:start position:0%
neutron degeneracy pressure, a quantum
 

00:45:31.200 --> 00:45:33.270 align:start position:0%
neutron degeneracy pressure, a quantum
mechanical<00:45:31.680><c> force</c><00:45:32.160><c> that</c><00:45:32.400><c> says</c><00:45:32.720><c> that</c><00:45:32.960><c> two</c>

00:45:33.270 --> 00:45:33.280 align:start position:0%
mechanical force that says that two
 

00:45:33.280 --> 00:45:36.790 align:start position:0%
mechanical force that says that two
subatomic<00:45:34.000><c> particles,</c><00:45:34.960><c> two</c><00:45:35.359><c> neutrons,</c><00:45:36.400><c> can't</c>

00:45:36.790 --> 00:45:36.800 align:start position:0%
subatomic particles, two neutrons, can't
 

00:45:36.800 --> 00:45:40.150 align:start position:0%
subatomic particles, two neutrons, can't
occupy<00:45:37.280><c> the</c><00:45:37.599><c> same</c><00:45:37.839><c> space</c><00:45:38.160><c> at</c><00:45:38.400><c> once.</c><00:45:39.680><c> Neutron</c>

00:45:40.150 --> 00:45:40.160 align:start position:0%
occupy the same space at once. Neutron
 

00:45:40.160 --> 00:45:42.230 align:start position:0%
occupy the same space at once. Neutron
stars<00:45:40.560><c> are</c><00:45:40.880><c> not</c><00:45:41.280><c> dense</c><00:45:41.599><c> enough</c><00:45:41.839><c> for</c><00:45:42.000><c> their</c>

00:45:42.230 --> 00:45:42.240 align:start position:0%
stars are not dense enough for their
 

00:45:42.240 --> 00:45:44.790 align:start position:0%
stars are not dense enough for their
gravity<00:45:42.640><c> to</c><00:45:42.880><c> overcome</c><00:45:43.440><c> this</c><00:45:43.760><c> pressure.</c><00:45:44.640><c> But</c>

00:45:44.790 --> 00:45:44.800 align:start position:0%
gravity to overcome this pressure. But
 

00:45:44.800 --> 00:45:47.829 align:start position:0%
gravity to overcome this pressure. But
they<00:45:45.040><c> are</c><00:45:45.280><c> still</c><00:45:45.760><c> so</c><00:45:46.160><c> dense</c><00:45:46.720><c> that</c><00:45:47.040><c> a</c><00:45:47.280><c> spoonful</c>

00:45:47.829 --> 00:45:47.839 align:start position:0%
they are still so dense that a spoonful
 

00:45:47.839 --> 00:45:50.069 align:start position:0%
they are still so dense that a spoonful
of<00:45:48.000><c> this</c><00:45:48.240><c> matter</c><00:45:48.640><c> would</c><00:45:48.880><c> weigh</c><00:45:49.200><c> as</c><00:45:49.520><c> much</c><00:45:49.680><c> as</c>

00:45:50.069 --> 00:45:50.079 align:start position:0%
of this matter would weigh as much as
 

00:45:50.079 --> 00:45:55.750 align:start position:0%
of this matter would weigh as much as
Mount<00:45:50.480><c> Everest.</c><00:45:51.680><c> Over</c><00:45:52.319><c> 900</c><00:45:53.520><c> billion</c><00:45:54.240><c> kg.</c>

00:45:55.750 --> 00:45:55.760 align:start position:0%
Mount Everest. Over 900 billion kg.
 

00:45:55.760 --> 00:45:58.470 align:start position:0%
Mount Everest. Over 900 billion kg.
To<00:45:56.160><c> make</c><00:45:56.319><c> a</c><00:45:56.480><c> black</c><00:45:56.720><c> hole,</c><00:45:57.280><c> you</c><00:45:57.520><c> need</c><00:45:57.760><c> forces</c>

00:45:58.470 --> 00:45:58.480 align:start position:0%
To make a black hole, you need forces
 

00:45:58.480 --> 00:46:01.510 align:start position:0%
To make a black hole, you need forces
able<00:45:58.880><c> to</c><00:45:59.200><c> crush</c><00:45:59.599><c> the</c><00:46:00.000><c> whole</c><00:46:00.240><c> of</c><00:46:00.480><c> Mount</c><00:46:00.800><c> Everest</c>

00:46:01.510 --> 00:46:01.520 align:start position:0%
able to crush the whole of Mount Everest
 

00:46:01.520 --> 00:46:04.950 align:start position:0%
able to crush the whole of Mount Everest
into<00:46:02.000><c> that</c><00:46:02.400><c> teaspoon</c><00:46:03.200><c> and</c><00:46:03.440><c> then</c><00:46:03.760><c> some.</c><00:46:04.800><c> In</c>

00:46:04.950 --> 00:46:04.960 align:start position:0%
into that teaspoon and then some. In
 

00:46:04.960 --> 00:46:06.870 align:start position:0%
into that teaspoon and then some. In
fact,<00:46:05.359><c> Mount</c><00:46:05.680><c> Everest</c><00:46:06.160><c> would</c><00:46:06.400><c> have</c><00:46:06.560><c> to</c><00:46:06.720><c> be</c>

00:46:06.870 --> 00:46:06.880 align:start position:0%
fact, Mount Everest would have to be
 

00:46:06.880 --> 00:46:09.670 align:start position:0%
fact, Mount Everest would have to be
squashed<00:46:07.280><c> into</c><00:46:07.520><c> a</c><00:46:07.760><c> space</c><00:46:08.160><c> more</c><00:46:08.400><c> than</c><00:46:08.800><c> 1,000</c>

00:46:09.670 --> 00:46:09.680 align:start position:0%
squashed into a space more than 1,000
 

00:46:09.680 --> 00:46:12.230 align:start position:0%
squashed into a space more than 1,000
times<00:46:10.000><c> smaller</c><00:46:10.400><c> than</c><00:46:10.560><c> an</c><00:46:10.880><c> atom</c><00:46:11.520><c> to</c><00:46:11.760><c> become</c><00:46:12.000><c> a</c>

00:46:12.230 --> 00:46:12.240 align:start position:0%
times smaller than an atom to become a
 

00:46:12.240 --> 00:46:14.950 align:start position:0%
times smaller than an atom to become a
black<00:46:12.400><c> hole.</c><00:46:13.599><c> In</c><00:46:13.839><c> the</c><00:46:14.000><c> universe,</c><00:46:14.480><c> as</c><00:46:14.720><c> it</c>

00:46:14.950 --> 00:46:14.960 align:start position:0%
black hole. In the universe, as it
 

00:46:14.960 --> 00:46:18.309 align:start position:0%
black hole. In the universe, as it
exists<00:46:15.280><c> today,</c><00:46:16.160><c> such</c><00:46:16.400><c> forces</c><00:46:17.119><c> only</c><00:46:17.440><c> exist</c><00:46:17.920><c> in</c>

00:46:18.309 --> 00:46:18.319 align:start position:0%
exists today, such forces only exist in
 

00:46:18.319 --> 00:46:21.190 align:start position:0%
exists today, such forces only exist in
very<00:46:18.720><c> specific</c><00:46:19.200><c> circumstances</c><00:46:20.560><c> inside</c>

00:46:21.190 --> 00:46:21.200 align:start position:0%
very specific circumstances inside
 

00:46:21.200 --> 00:46:24.390 align:start position:0%
very specific circumstances inside
collapsing<00:46:21.760><c> stars</c><00:46:22.240><c> as</c><00:46:22.480><c> they</c><00:46:22.720><c> turn</c><00:46:22.960><c> supernova.</c>

00:46:24.390 --> 00:46:24.400 align:start position:0%
collapsing stars as they turn supernova.
 

00:46:24.400 --> 00:46:27.190 align:start position:0%
collapsing stars as they turn supernova.
But<00:46:24.720><c> go</c><00:46:24.960><c> back</c><00:46:25.119><c> in</c><00:46:25.359><c> time,</c><00:46:26.000><c> and</c><00:46:26.480><c> that</c><00:46:26.880><c> wasn't</c>

00:46:27.190 --> 00:46:27.200 align:start position:0%
But go back in time, and that wasn't
 

00:46:27.200 --> 00:46:29.430 align:start position:0%
But go back in time, and that wasn't
always<00:46:27.599><c> so.</c>

00:46:29.430 --> 00:46:29.440 align:start position:0%
always so.
 

00:46:29.440 --> 00:46:31.910 align:start position:0%
always so.
Let's<00:46:29.760><c> rewind</c><00:46:30.240><c> to</c><00:46:30.400><c> the</c><00:46:30.640><c> earliest</c><00:46:31.200><c> moments</c><00:46:31.680><c> of</c>

00:46:31.910 --> 00:46:31.920 align:start position:0%
Let's rewind to the earliest moments of
 

00:46:31.920 --> 00:46:34.550 align:start position:0%
Let's rewind to the earliest moments of
the<00:46:32.160><c> universe.</c><00:46:33.119><c> Within</c><00:46:33.440><c> the</c><00:46:33.680><c> first</c><00:46:34.000><c> second</c>

00:46:34.550 --> 00:46:34.560 align:start position:0%
the universe. Within the first second
 

00:46:34.560 --> 00:46:37.990 align:start position:0%
the universe. Within the first second
after<00:46:34.880><c> the</c><00:46:35.119><c> big</c><00:46:35.359><c> bang</c><00:46:36.640><c> there,</c><00:46:37.599><c> those</c>

00:46:37.990 --> 00:46:38.000 align:start position:0%
after the big bang there, those
 

00:46:38.000 --> 00:46:41.270 align:start position:0%
after the big bang there, those
pressures<00:46:38.640><c> did</c><00:46:38.960><c> exist,</c><00:46:39.839><c> albeit</c><00:46:40.560><c> just</c><00:46:40.800><c> for</c><00:46:41.040><c> a</c>

00:46:41.270 --> 00:46:41.280 align:start position:0%
pressures did exist, albeit just for a
 

00:46:41.280 --> 00:46:45.190 align:start position:0%
pressures did exist, albeit just for a
moment.<00:46:42.560><c> In</c><00:46:42.800><c> this</c><00:46:43.119><c> hot,</c><00:46:43.760><c> dense</c><00:46:44.640><c> particle</c>

00:46:45.190 --> 00:46:45.200 align:start position:0%
moment. In this hot, dense particle
 

00:46:45.200 --> 00:46:47.750 align:start position:0%
moment. In this hot, dense particle
soup,<00:46:45.839><c> the</c><00:46:46.079><c> distribution</c><00:46:46.560><c> of</c><00:46:46.800><c> matter</c><00:46:47.200><c> was</c><00:46:47.440><c> not</c>

00:46:47.750 --> 00:46:47.760 align:start position:0%
soup, the distribution of matter was not
 

00:46:47.760 --> 00:46:50.230 align:start position:0%
soup, the distribution of matter was not
completely<00:46:48.240><c> homogeneous</c><00:46:49.119><c> or</c><00:46:49.680><c> evenly</c>

00:46:50.230 --> 00:46:50.240 align:start position:0%
completely homogeneous or evenly
 

00:46:50.240 --> 00:46:53.109 align:start position:0%
completely homogeneous or evenly
distributed.<00:46:51.440><c> There</c><00:46:51.680><c> were</c><00:46:51.920><c> areas</c><00:46:52.319><c> of</c><00:46:52.720><c> high</c>

00:46:53.109 --> 00:46:53.119 align:start position:0%
distributed. There were areas of high
 

00:46:53.119 --> 00:46:55.910 align:start position:0%
distributed. There were areas of high
particle<00:46:53.599><c> density</c><00:46:54.480><c> and</c><00:46:54.800><c> others</c><00:46:55.280><c> where</c><00:46:55.520><c> it</c><00:46:55.760><c> was</c>

00:46:55.910 --> 00:46:55.920 align:start position:0%
particle density and others where it was
 

00:46:55.920 --> 00:46:59.190 align:start position:0%
particle density and others where it was
lower.<00:46:57.280><c> Scientists</c><00:46:57.839><c> believe</c><00:46:58.240><c> it's</c><00:46:58.560><c> possible</c>

00:46:59.190 --> 00:46:59.200 align:start position:0%
lower. Scientists believe it's possible
 

00:46:59.200 --> 00:47:01.670 align:start position:0%
lower. Scientists believe it's possible
that<00:46:59.520><c> in</c><00:46:59.920><c> particularly</c><00:47:00.640><c> dense</c><00:47:01.040><c> patches</c><00:47:01.440><c> of</c>

00:47:01.670 --> 00:47:01.680 align:start position:0%
that in particularly dense patches of
 

00:47:01.680 --> 00:47:04.309 align:start position:0%
that in particularly dense patches of
space,<00:47:02.480><c> black</c><00:47:02.720><c> holes</c><00:47:03.280><c> could</c><00:47:03.680><c> have</c><00:47:03.839><c> formed</c>

00:47:04.309 --> 00:47:04.319 align:start position:0%
space, black holes could have formed
 

00:47:04.319 --> 00:47:07.430 align:start position:0%
space, black holes could have formed
from<00:47:04.640><c> primordial</c><00:47:05.440><c> matter</c><00:47:05.839><c> itself,</c><00:47:06.960><c> skipping</c>

00:47:07.430 --> 00:47:07.440 align:start position:0%
from primordial matter itself, skipping
 

00:47:07.440 --> 00:47:09.910 align:start position:0%
from primordial matter itself, skipping
the<00:47:07.680><c> star</c><00:47:08.000><c> phase</c><00:47:08.400><c> entirely.</c>

00:47:09.910 --> 00:47:09.920 align:start position:0%
the star phase entirely.
 

00:47:09.920 --> 00:47:12.309 align:start position:0%
the star phase entirely.
The<00:47:10.160><c> result</c><00:47:10.480><c> is</c><00:47:10.800><c> called</c><00:47:11.440><c> primordial</c><00:47:12.079><c> black</c>

00:47:12.309 --> 00:47:12.319 align:start position:0%
The result is called primordial black
 

00:47:12.319 --> 00:47:15.030 align:start position:0%
The result is called primordial black
holes.<00:47:13.200><c> And</c><00:47:13.440><c> surprisingly,</c><00:47:14.240><c> they</c><00:47:14.640><c> aren't</c>

00:47:15.030 --> 00:47:15.040 align:start position:0%
holes. And surprisingly, they aren't
 

00:47:15.040 --> 00:47:17.430 align:start position:0%
holes. And surprisingly, they aren't
actually<00:47:15.359><c> a</c><00:47:15.599><c> new</c><00:47:15.760><c> idea.</c><00:47:16.800><c> They</c><00:47:17.040><c> were</c><00:47:17.119><c> first</c>

00:47:17.430 --> 00:47:17.440 align:start position:0%
actually a new idea. They were first
 

00:47:17.440 --> 00:47:21.349 align:start position:0%
actually a new idea. They were first
predicted<00:47:17.839><c> in</c><00:47:18.160><c> 1966</c><00:47:19.440><c> by</c><00:47:19.680><c> Yakov</c><00:47:20.319><c> Zeldovich</c><00:47:21.119><c> and</c>

00:47:21.349 --> 00:47:21.359 align:start position:0%
predicted in 1966 by Yakov Zeldovich and
 

00:47:21.359 --> 00:47:24.309 align:start position:0%
predicted in 1966 by Yakov Zeldovich and
Igor<00:47:21.839><c> Noikov.</c><00:47:23.119><c> What's</c><00:47:23.599><c> interesting</c><00:47:24.079><c> about</c>

00:47:24.309 --> 00:47:24.319 align:start position:0%
Igor Noikov. What's interesting about
 

00:47:24.319 --> 00:47:26.390 align:start position:0%
Igor Noikov. What's interesting about
them<00:47:24.720><c> is</c><00:47:24.960><c> that</c><00:47:25.200><c> they</c><00:47:25.440><c> could</c><00:47:25.599><c> have</c><00:47:25.839><c> formed</c><00:47:26.160><c> with</c>

00:47:26.390 --> 00:47:26.400 align:start position:0%
them is that they could have formed with
 

00:47:26.400 --> 00:47:29.510 align:start position:0%
them is that they could have formed with
masses<00:47:27.280><c> 100,000</c><00:47:28.400><c> times</c><00:47:28.800><c> greater</c><00:47:29.119><c> than</c><00:47:29.359><c> that</c>

00:47:29.510 --> 00:47:29.520 align:start position:0%
masses 100,000 times greater than that
 

00:47:29.520 --> 00:47:32.069 align:start position:0%
masses 100,000 times greater than that
of<00:47:29.680><c> our</c><00:47:30.000><c> sun.</c><00:47:30.720><c> This</c><00:47:30.960><c> would</c><00:47:31.200><c> be</c><00:47:31.599><c> more</c><00:47:31.839><c> than</c>

00:47:32.069 --> 00:47:32.079 align:start position:0%
of our sun. This would be more than
 

00:47:32.079 --> 00:47:33.750 align:start position:0%
of our sun. This would be more than
enough<00:47:32.319><c> to</c><00:47:32.560><c> account</c><00:47:32.800><c> for</c><00:47:32.960><c> the</c><00:47:33.119><c> super</c><00:47:33.359><c> massive</c>

00:47:33.750 --> 00:47:33.760 align:start position:0%
enough to account for the super massive
 

00:47:33.760 --> 00:47:35.829 align:start position:0%
enough to account for the super massive
black<00:47:34.000><c> holes</c><00:47:34.319><c> that</c><00:47:34.560><c> we</c><00:47:34.720><c> see</c><00:47:34.960><c> today,</c>

00:47:35.829 --> 00:47:35.839 align:start position:0%
black holes that we see today,
 

00:47:35.839 --> 00:47:37.829 align:start position:0%
black holes that we see today,
especially<00:47:36.400><c> given</c><00:47:36.800><c> the</c><00:47:37.040><c> billions</c><00:47:37.440><c> of</c><00:47:37.599><c> years</c>

00:47:37.829 --> 00:47:37.839 align:start position:0%
especially given the billions of years
 

00:47:37.839 --> 00:47:40.150 align:start position:0%
especially given the billions of years
they've<00:47:38.160><c> had</c><00:47:38.319><c> to</c><00:47:38.480><c> grow.</c>

00:47:40.150 --> 00:47:40.160 align:start position:0%
they've had to grow.
 

00:47:40.160 --> 00:47:42.950 align:start position:0%
they've had to grow.
Curiously,<00:47:41.040><c> they</c><00:47:41.359><c> didn't</c><00:47:41.839><c> have</c><00:47:42.079><c> to</c><00:47:42.400><c> form</c><00:47:42.720><c> as</c>

00:47:42.950 --> 00:47:42.960 align:start position:0%
Curiously, they didn't have to form as
 

00:47:42.960 --> 00:47:46.309 align:start position:0%
Curiously, they didn't have to form as
giants.<00:47:44.079><c> They</c><00:47:44.319><c> could</c><00:47:44.560><c> also</c><00:47:45.200><c> have</c><00:47:45.520><c> been</c><00:47:46.000><c> much</c>

00:47:46.309 --> 00:47:46.319 align:start position:0%
giants. They could also have been much
 

00:47:46.319 --> 00:47:48.950 align:start position:0%
giants. They could also have been much
smaller.<00:47:47.280><c> a</c><00:47:47.599><c> black</c><00:47:47.760><c> hole</c><00:47:48.079><c> the</c><00:47:48.400><c> size</c><00:47:48.640><c> of</c><00:47:48.800><c> a</c>

00:47:48.950 --> 00:47:48.960 align:start position:0%
smaller. a black hole the size of a
 

00:47:48.960 --> 00:47:51.670 align:start position:0%
smaller. a black hole the size of a
single<00:47:49.200><c> atom</c><00:47:50.000><c> with</c><00:47:50.319><c> mass</c><00:47:50.720><c> comparable</c><00:47:51.280><c> to</c><00:47:51.520><c> an</c>

00:47:51.670 --> 00:47:51.680 align:start position:0%
single atom with mass comparable to an
 

00:47:51.680 --> 00:47:55.430 align:start position:0%
single atom with mass comparable to an
asteroid<00:47:52.640><c> or</c><00:47:52.880><c> a</c><00:47:53.040><c> so-called</c><00:47:53.920><c> black</c><00:47:54.240><c> hole</c><00:47:54.640><c> rhino</c>

00:47:55.430 --> 00:47:55.440 align:start position:0%
asteroid or a so-called black hole rhino
 

00:47:55.440 --> 00:47:57.750 align:start position:0%
asteroid or a so-called black hole rhino
that<00:47:55.599><c> would</c><00:47:55.839><c> be</c><00:47:56.000><c> no</c><00:47:56.319><c> bigger</c><00:47:56.560><c> than</c><00:47:56.720><c> a</c><00:47:56.880><c> proton</c>

00:47:57.750 --> 00:47:57.760 align:start position:0%
that would be no bigger than a proton
 

00:47:57.760 --> 00:48:00.870 align:start position:0%
that would be no bigger than a proton
but<00:47:58.000><c> the</c><00:47:58.160><c> mass</c><00:47:58.560><c> of</c><00:47:58.720><c> a</c><00:47:58.880><c> rhinoceros.</c>

00:48:00.870 --> 00:48:00.880 align:start position:0%
but the mass of a rhinoceros.
 

00:48:00.880 --> 00:48:04.230 align:start position:0%
but the mass of a rhinoceros.
However,<00:48:01.359><c> this</c><00:48:01.680><c> was</c><00:48:02.319><c> 13.8</c><00:48:03.599><c> billion</c><00:48:04.079><c> years</c>

00:48:04.230 --> 00:48:04.240 align:start position:0%
However, this was 13.8 billion years
 

00:48:04.240 --> 00:48:06.790 align:start position:0%
However, this was 13.8 billion years
ago.<00:48:05.119><c> And</c><00:48:05.280><c> there</c><00:48:05.520><c> are</c><00:48:05.760><c> two</c><00:48:06.079><c> problems</c><00:48:06.400><c> with</c><00:48:06.560><c> the</c>

00:48:06.790 --> 00:48:06.800 align:start position:0%
ago. And there are two problems with the
 

00:48:06.800 --> 00:48:09.589 align:start position:0%
ago. And there are two problems with the
theory<00:48:07.119><c> that</c><00:48:07.359><c> such</c><00:48:07.760><c> tiny</c><00:48:08.240><c> black</c><00:48:08.560><c> holes</c><00:48:09.200><c> exist</c>

00:48:09.589 --> 00:48:09.599 align:start position:0%
theory that such tiny black holes exist
 

00:48:09.599 --> 00:48:13.670 align:start position:0%
theory that such tiny black holes exist
today.<00:48:10.880><c> The</c><00:48:11.200><c> first</c><00:48:11.680><c> is</c><00:48:12.240><c> Hawking</c><00:48:12.720><c> radiation.</c>

00:48:13.670 --> 00:48:13.680 align:start position:0%
today. The first is Hawking radiation.
 

00:48:13.680 --> 00:48:15.829 align:start position:0%
today. The first is Hawking radiation.
An<00:48:13.920><c> extremely</c><00:48:14.640><c> long</c><00:48:15.040><c> wavelength</c><00:48:15.599><c> of</c>

00:48:15.829 --> 00:48:15.839 align:start position:0%
An extremely long wavelength of
 

00:48:15.839 --> 00:48:17.670 align:start position:0%
An extremely long wavelength of
radiation<00:48:16.400><c> that</c><00:48:16.800><c> Steven</c><00:48:17.200><c> Hawking</c>

00:48:17.670 --> 00:48:17.680 align:start position:0%
radiation that Steven Hawking
 

00:48:17.680 --> 00:48:20.470 align:start position:0%
radiation that Steven Hawking
hypothesized<00:48:18.480><c> black</c><00:48:18.720><c> holes</c><00:48:19.040><c> emit</c><00:48:19.839><c> gradually</c>

00:48:20.470 --> 00:48:20.480 align:start position:0%
hypothesized black holes emit gradually
 

00:48:20.480 --> 00:48:23.750 align:start position:0%
hypothesized black holes emit gradually
shrinking<00:48:20.880><c> them</c><00:48:21.280><c> over</c><00:48:21.599><c> vast</c><00:48:22.079><c> time</c><00:48:22.319><c> frames.</c><00:48:23.440><c> It</c>

00:48:23.750 --> 00:48:23.760 align:start position:0%
shrinking them over vast time frames. It
 

00:48:23.760 --> 00:48:26.790 align:start position:0%
shrinking them over vast time frames. It
essentially<00:48:24.160><c> tells</c><00:48:24.480><c> us</c><00:48:24.640><c> that</c><00:48:25.280><c> by</c><00:48:25.520><c> now</c><00:48:26.240><c> all</c>

00:48:26.790 --> 00:48:26.800 align:start position:0%
essentially tells us that by now all
 

00:48:26.800 --> 00:48:29.670 align:start position:0%
essentially tells us that by now all
tiny<00:48:27.280><c> black</c><00:48:27.520><c> holes</c><00:48:28.400><c> should</c><00:48:28.800><c> have</c><00:48:28.960><c> evaporated</c>

00:48:29.670 --> 00:48:29.680 align:start position:0%
tiny black holes should have evaporated
 

00:48:29.680 --> 00:48:32.790 align:start position:0%
tiny black holes should have evaporated
away.<00:48:31.040><c> The</c><00:48:31.200><c> second</c><00:48:31.440><c> problem</c><00:48:31.760><c> is</c><00:48:32.240><c> that</c><00:48:32.480><c> we</c>

00:48:32.790 --> 00:48:32.800 align:start position:0%
away. The second problem is that we
 

00:48:32.800 --> 00:48:34.470 align:start position:0%
away. The second problem is that we
haven't<00:48:33.119><c> proven</c><00:48:33.359><c> that</c><00:48:33.599><c> primordial</c><00:48:34.240><c> black</c>

00:48:34.470 --> 00:48:34.480 align:start position:0%
haven't proven that primordial black
 

00:48:34.480 --> 00:48:36.309 align:start position:0%
haven't proven that primordial black
holes<00:48:35.040><c> actually</c><00:48:35.359><c> existed</c><00:48:35.760><c> in</c><00:48:36.000><c> the</c><00:48:36.160><c> first</c>

00:48:36.309 --> 00:48:36.319 align:start position:0%
holes actually existed in the first
 

00:48:36.319 --> 00:48:38.950 align:start position:0%
holes actually existed in the first
place.<00:48:37.040><c> We've</c><00:48:37.599><c> never</c><00:48:37.920><c> seen</c><00:48:38.240><c> a</c><00:48:38.400><c> black</c><00:48:38.640><c> hole</c>

00:48:38.950 --> 00:48:38.960 align:start position:0%
place. We've never seen a black hole
 

00:48:38.960 --> 00:48:41.109 align:start position:0%
place. We've never seen a black hole
arise<00:48:39.359><c> out</c><00:48:39.520><c> of</c><00:48:39.599><c> the</c><00:48:39.760><c> interstellar</c><00:48:40.400><c> dust,</c><00:48:40.960><c> or</c>

00:48:41.109 --> 00:48:41.119 align:start position:0%
arise out of the interstellar dust, or
 

00:48:41.119 --> 00:48:46.150 align:start position:0%
arise out of the interstellar dust, or
at least<00:48:41.920><c> we</c><00:48:42.160><c> hadn't</c><00:48:43.200><c> until</c><00:48:43.680><c> recently.</c>

00:48:46.150 --> 00:48:46.160 align:start position:0%
at least we hadn't until recently.
 

00:48:46.160 --> 00:48:49.829 align:start position:0%
at least we hadn't until recently.
In<00:48:46.480><c> July</c><00:48:47.200><c> 2025,</c><00:48:48.480><c> NASA</c><00:48:48.960><c> reported</c><00:48:49.359><c> that</c><00:48:49.599><c> the</c>

00:48:49.829 --> 00:48:49.839 align:start position:0%
In July 2025, NASA reported that the
 

00:48:49.839 --> 00:48:53.030 align:start position:0%
In July 2025, NASA reported that the
James<00:48:50.240><c> Web</c><00:48:50.559><c> Space</c><00:48:50.880><c> Telescope</c><00:48:51.680><c> had</c><00:48:51.920><c> seen</c><00:48:52.480><c> two</c>

00:48:53.030 --> 00:48:53.040 align:start position:0%
James Web Space Telescope had seen two
 

00:48:53.040 --> 00:48:55.750 align:start position:0%
James Web Space Telescope had seen two
early<00:48:53.520><c> disc</c><00:48:53.920><c> galaxies,</c><00:48:54.960><c> likely</c><00:48:55.359><c> in</c><00:48:55.599><c> the</c>

00:48:55.750 --> 00:48:55.760 align:start position:0%
early disc galaxies, likely in the
 

00:48:55.760 --> 00:48:58.790 align:start position:0%
early disc galaxies, likely in the
process<00:48:56.160><c> of</c><00:48:56.559><c> crashing</c><00:48:57.040><c> into</c><00:48:57.359><c> each</c><00:48:57.520><c> other.</c><00:48:58.559><c> But</c>

00:48:58.790 --> 00:48:58.800 align:start position:0%
process of crashing into each other. But
 

00:48:58.800 --> 00:49:02.150 align:start position:0%
process of crashing into each other. But
strangely<00:48:59.760><c> between</c><00:49:00.160><c> them</c><00:49:00.960><c> and</c><00:49:01.440><c> not</c><00:49:01.760><c> in</c><00:49:02.000><c> the</c>

00:49:02.150 --> 00:49:02.160 align:start position:0%
strangely between them and not in the
 

00:49:02.160 --> 00:49:05.270 align:start position:0%
strangely between them and not in the
center<00:49:02.400><c> of</c><00:49:02.559><c> a</c><00:49:02.720><c> galaxy</c><00:49:03.200><c> of</c><00:49:03.440><c> its</c><00:49:03.680><c> own</c><00:49:04.559><c> was</c><00:49:04.880><c> a</c>

00:49:05.270 --> 00:49:05.280 align:start position:0%
center of a galaxy of its own was a
 

00:49:05.280 --> 00:49:08.950 align:start position:0%
center of a galaxy of its own was a
super<00:49:05.599><c> massive</c><00:49:06.240><c> black</c><00:49:06.559><c> hole.</c><00:49:08.000><c> It</c><00:49:08.319><c> had</c><00:49:08.559><c> not</c>

00:49:08.950 --> 00:49:08.960 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole. It had not
 

00:49:08.960 --> 00:49:11.589 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole. It had not
somehow<00:49:09.440><c> been</c><00:49:09.680><c> ejected</c><00:49:10.160><c> from</c><00:49:10.400><c> either</c><00:49:10.800><c> galaxy.</c>

00:49:11.589 --> 00:49:11.599 align:start position:0%
somehow been ejected from either galaxy.
 

00:49:11.599 --> 00:49:13.349 align:start position:0%
somehow been ejected from either galaxy.
They<00:49:11.839><c> also</c><00:49:12.240><c> have</c><00:49:12.400><c> their</c><00:49:12.640><c> own</c><00:49:12.800><c> super</c><00:49:13.040><c> massive</c>

00:49:13.349 --> 00:49:13.359 align:start position:0%
They also have their own super massive
 

00:49:13.359 --> 00:49:16.870 align:start position:0%
They also have their own super massive
black<00:49:13.599><c> holes</c><00:49:14.640><c> which</c><00:49:15.200><c> left</c><00:49:15.599><c> this</c><00:49:15.920><c> third</c><00:49:16.240><c> one</c>

00:49:16.870 --> 00:49:16.880 align:start position:0%
black holes which left this third one
 

00:49:16.880 --> 00:49:19.430 align:start position:0%
black holes which left this third one
completely<00:49:17.680><c> inexplicable.</c>

00:49:19.430 --> 00:49:19.440 align:start position:0%
completely inexplicable.
 

00:49:19.440 --> 00:49:21.430 align:start position:0%
completely inexplicable.
The<00:49:19.680><c> team</c><00:49:19.839><c> who</c><00:49:20.079><c> found</c><00:49:20.319><c> it</c><00:49:20.559><c> proposed</c><00:49:21.040><c> that</c><00:49:21.200><c> the</c>

00:49:21.430 --> 00:49:21.440 align:start position:0%
The team who found it proposed that the
 

00:49:21.440 --> 00:49:24.790 align:start position:0%
The team who found it proposed that the
black<00:49:21.680><c> hole</c><00:49:22.000><c> formed</c><00:49:22.400><c> in</c><00:49:22.720><c> situ</c><00:49:23.680><c> via</c><00:49:24.079><c> the</c><00:49:24.319><c> direct</c>

00:49:24.790 --> 00:49:24.800 align:start position:0%
black hole formed in situ via the direct
 

00:49:24.800 --> 00:49:28.470 align:start position:0%
black hole formed in situ via the direct
collapse<00:49:25.440><c> of</c><00:49:25.680><c> a</c><00:49:25.839><c> gas</c><00:49:26.240><c> cloud.</c><00:49:27.599><c> But</c><00:49:27.920><c> this</c><00:49:28.240><c> isn't</c>

00:49:28.470 --> 00:49:28.480 align:start position:0%
collapse of a gas cloud. But this isn't
 

00:49:28.480 --> 00:49:30.390 align:start position:0%
collapse of a gas cloud. But this isn't
the<00:49:28.720><c> only</c><00:49:28.880><c> evidence</c><00:49:29.280><c> that</c><00:49:29.599><c> black</c><00:49:29.839><c> holes</c><00:49:30.240><c> can</c>

00:49:30.390 --> 00:49:30.400 align:start position:0%
the only evidence that black holes can
 

00:49:30.400 --> 00:49:32.470 align:start position:0%
the only evidence that black holes can
simply<00:49:31.040><c> appear</c><00:49:31.760><c> given</c><00:49:32.079><c> the</c><00:49:32.240><c> right</c>

00:49:32.470 --> 00:49:32.480 align:start position:0%
simply appear given the right
 

00:49:32.480 --> 00:49:35.510 align:start position:0%
simply appear given the right
conditions.<00:49:33.920><c> QS01</c>

00:49:35.510 --> 00:49:35.520 align:start position:0%
conditions. QS01
 

00:49:35.520 --> 00:49:37.349 align:start position:0%
conditions. QS01
is<00:49:35.680><c> a</c><00:49:35.920><c> super</c><00:49:36.160><c> massive</c><00:49:36.559><c> black</c><00:49:36.720><c> hole</c><00:49:36.960><c> that</c><00:49:37.200><c> was</c>

00:49:37.349 --> 00:49:37.359 align:start position:0%
is a super massive black hole that was
 

00:49:37.359 --> 00:49:40.230 align:start position:0%
is a super massive black hole that was
also<00:49:37.680><c> spotted</c><00:49:38.000><c> by</c><00:49:38.240><c> web.</c><00:49:39.040><c> It</c><00:49:39.359><c> inhabits</c><00:49:39.920><c> a</c>

00:49:40.230 --> 00:49:40.240 align:start position:0%
also spotted by web. It inhabits a
 

00:49:40.240 --> 00:49:42.950 align:start position:0%
also spotted by web. It inhabits a
surprisingly<00:49:40.960><c> small</c><00:49:41.280><c> galaxy.</c><00:49:42.480><c> Scientists</c>

00:49:42.950 --> 00:49:42.960 align:start position:0%
surprisingly small galaxy. Scientists
 

00:49:42.960 --> 00:49:45.349 align:start position:0%
surprisingly small galaxy. Scientists
were<00:49:43.200><c> able</c><00:49:43.359><c> to</c><00:49:43.520><c> do</c><00:49:43.839><c> spectral</c><00:49:44.319><c> analysis</c><00:49:45.040><c> and</c>

00:49:45.349 --> 00:49:45.359 align:start position:0%
were able to do spectral analysis and
 

00:49:45.359 --> 00:49:48.069 align:start position:0%
were able to do spectral analysis and
found<00:49:45.599><c> that</c><00:49:45.839><c> it's</c><00:49:46.240><c> incredibly</c><00:49:47.040><c> low</c><00:49:47.440><c> in</c><00:49:47.760><c> heavy</c>

00:49:48.069 --> 00:49:48.079 align:start position:0%
found that it's incredibly low in heavy
 

00:49:48.079 --> 00:49:50.790 align:start position:0%
found that it's incredibly low in heavy
metals,<00:49:48.960><c> elements</c><00:49:49.440><c> other</c><00:49:49.839><c> than</c><00:49:50.079><c> hydrogen</c><00:49:50.559><c> and</c>

00:49:50.790 --> 00:49:50.800 align:start position:0%
metals, elements other than hydrogen and
 

00:49:50.800 --> 00:49:54.950 align:start position:0%
metals, elements other than hydrogen and
helium.<00:49:52.000><c> This</c><00:49:52.240><c> galaxy</c><00:49:52.800><c> had</c><00:49:53.119><c> less</c><00:49:53.440><c> than</c><00:49:53.920><c> 1%</c><00:49:54.800><c> of</c>

00:49:54.950 --> 00:49:54.960 align:start position:0%
helium. This galaxy had less than 1% of
 

00:49:54.960 --> 00:49:57.910 align:start position:0%
helium. This galaxy had less than 1% of
the<00:49:55.200><c> oxygen</c><00:49:55.680><c> that</c><00:49:56.000><c> we</c><00:49:56.319><c> see</c><00:49:56.480><c> in</c><00:49:56.720><c> our</c><00:49:56.960><c> own</c><00:49:57.599><c> and</c>

00:49:57.910 --> 00:49:57.920 align:start position:0%
the oxygen that we see in our own and
 

00:49:57.920 --> 00:50:00.230 align:start position:0%
the oxygen that we see in our own and
researchers<00:49:58.480><c> called</c><00:49:58.800><c> it</c><00:49:59.280><c> one</c><00:49:59.440><c> of</c><00:49:59.599><c> the</c><00:49:59.760><c> most</c>

00:50:00.230 --> 00:50:00.240 align:start position:0%
researchers called it one of the most
 

00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:02.790 align:start position:0%
researchers called it one of the most
chemically<00:50:00.960><c> unevolved</c><00:50:01.599><c> systems</c><00:50:02.240><c> found</c><00:50:02.559><c> in</c>

00:50:02.790 --> 00:50:02.800 align:start position:0%
chemically unevolved systems found in
 

00:50:02.800 --> 00:50:06.230 align:start position:0%
chemically unevolved systems found in
the<00:50:02.960><c> early</c><00:50:03.280><c> universe</c><00:50:04.400><c> which</c><00:50:04.640><c> is</c><00:50:04.880><c> telling.</c>

00:50:06.230 --> 00:50:06.240 align:start position:0%
the early universe which is telling.
 

00:50:06.240 --> 00:50:08.710 align:start position:0%
the early universe which is telling.
Stars<00:50:06.800><c> usually</c><00:50:07.359><c> produce</c><00:50:07.680><c> these</c><00:50:07.920><c> elements</c><00:50:08.400><c> in</c>

00:50:08.710 --> 00:50:08.720 align:start position:0%
Stars usually produce these elements in
 

00:50:08.720 --> 00:50:11.510 align:start position:0%
Stars usually produce these elements in
just<00:50:08.960><c> their</c><00:50:09.280><c> first</c><00:50:09.680><c> few</c><00:50:10.000><c> generations.</c><00:50:11.040><c> So</c><00:50:11.280><c> the</c>

00:50:11.510 --> 00:50:11.520 align:start position:0%
just their first few generations. So the
 

00:50:11.520 --> 00:50:14.309 align:start position:0%
just their first few generations. So the
fact<00:50:11.599><c> that</c><00:50:11.839><c> they</c><00:50:12.079><c> are</c><00:50:12.240><c> absent</c><00:50:12.720><c> in</c><00:50:13.119><c> QSO1's</c>

00:50:14.309 --> 00:50:14.319 align:start position:0%
fact that they are absent in QSO1's
 

00:50:14.319 --> 00:50:17.030 align:start position:0%
fact that they are absent in QSO1's
galaxy<00:50:15.040><c> suggests</c><00:50:15.520><c> that</c><00:50:15.920><c> very</c><00:50:16.319><c> little</c><00:50:16.640><c> stellar</c>

00:50:17.030 --> 00:50:17.040 align:start position:0%
galaxy suggests that very little stellar
 

00:50:17.040 --> 00:50:19.190 align:start position:0%
galaxy suggests that very little stellar
formation<00:50:17.599><c> has</c><00:50:17.920><c> taken</c><00:50:18.319><c> place</c><00:50:18.559><c> yet.</c>

00:50:19.190 --> 00:50:19.200 align:start position:0%
formation has taken place yet.
 

00:50:19.200 --> 00:50:22.630 align:start position:0%
formation has taken place yet.
compelling<00:50:19.760><c> evidence</c><00:50:20.480><c> that</c><00:50:20.960><c> wherever</c><00:50:21.599><c> QS01</c>

00:50:22.630 --> 00:50:22.640 align:start position:0%
compelling evidence that wherever QS01
 

00:50:22.640 --> 00:50:25.750 align:start position:0%
compelling evidence that wherever QS01
had<00:50:22.960><c> come</c><00:50:23.200><c> from,</c><00:50:24.079><c> it</c><00:50:24.319><c> had</c><00:50:24.640><c> likely</c><00:50:25.119><c> not</c><00:50:25.520><c> been</c>

00:50:25.750 --> 00:50:25.760 align:start position:0%
had come from, it had likely not been
 

00:50:25.760 --> 00:50:28.710 align:start position:0%
had come from, it had likely not been
birthed<00:50:26.240><c> by</c><00:50:26.400><c> a</c><00:50:26.640><c> star.</c>

00:50:28.710 --> 00:50:28.720 align:start position:0%
birthed by a star.
 

00:50:28.720 --> 00:50:31.510 align:start position:0%
birthed by a star.
Now,<00:50:29.119><c> although</c><00:50:29.520><c> not</c><00:50:29.839><c> smoking</c><00:50:30.319><c> guns,</c><00:50:31.119><c> these</c>

00:50:31.510 --> 00:50:31.520 align:start position:0%
Now, although not smoking guns, these
 

00:50:31.520 --> 00:50:33.510 align:start position:0%
Now, although not smoking guns, these
two<00:50:31.760><c> examples</c><00:50:32.319><c> lend</c><00:50:32.640><c> weight</c><00:50:32.880><c> to</c><00:50:33.040><c> the</c><00:50:33.200><c> idea</c>

00:50:33.510 --> 00:50:33.520 align:start position:0%
two examples lend weight to the idea
 

00:50:33.520 --> 00:50:35.670 align:start position:0%
two examples lend weight to the idea
that<00:50:33.760><c> the</c><00:50:34.000><c> early</c><00:50:34.240><c> universe</c><00:50:34.720><c> was</c><00:50:35.040><c> capable</c><00:50:35.440><c> of</c>

00:50:35.670 --> 00:50:35.680 align:start position:0%
that the early universe was capable of
 

00:50:35.680 --> 00:50:38.630 align:start position:0%
that the early universe was capable of
producing<00:50:36.400><c> primordial</c><00:50:37.200><c> black</c><00:50:37.440><c> holes.</c><00:50:38.400><c> In</c>

00:50:38.630 --> 00:50:38.640 align:start position:0%
producing primordial black holes. In
 

00:50:38.640 --> 00:50:41.829 align:start position:0%
producing primordial black holes. In
fact,<00:50:39.200><c> this</c><00:50:39.520><c> finding</c><00:50:40.240><c> may</c><00:50:40.559><c> explain</c><00:50:40.960><c> where</c><00:50:41.440><c> all</c>

00:50:41.829 --> 00:50:41.839 align:start position:0%
fact, this finding may explain where all
 

00:50:41.839 --> 00:50:44.390 align:start position:0%
fact, this finding may explain where all
super<00:50:42.160><c> massive</c><00:50:42.559><c> black</c><00:50:42.800><c> holes</c><00:50:43.200><c> came</c><00:50:43.359><c> from.</c><00:50:44.240><c> And</c>

00:50:44.390 --> 00:50:44.400 align:start position:0%
super massive black holes came from. And
 

00:50:44.400 --> 00:50:47.270 align:start position:0%
super massive black holes came from. And
if<00:50:44.640><c> that's</c><00:50:44.960><c> true,</c><00:50:45.599><c> then</c><00:50:45.920><c> it's</c><00:50:46.160><c> almost</c><00:50:46.559><c> certain</c>

00:50:47.270 --> 00:50:47.280 align:start position:0%
if that's true, then it's almost certain
 

00:50:47.280 --> 00:50:49.829 align:start position:0%
if that's true, then it's almost certain
that<00:50:47.599><c> super</c><00:50:48.160><c> tiny</c><00:50:48.640><c> black</c><00:50:48.960><c> holes</c><00:50:49.359><c> used</c><00:50:49.680><c> to</c>

00:50:49.829 --> 00:50:49.839 align:start position:0%
that super tiny black holes used to
 

00:50:49.839 --> 00:50:53.670 align:start position:0%
that super tiny black holes used to
exist,<00:50:50.240><c> too.</c><00:50:51.680><c> But</c><00:50:52.160><c> they're</c><00:50:52.480><c> all</c><00:50:52.720><c> gone,</c><00:50:53.119><c> right?</c>

00:50:53.670 --> 00:50:53.680 align:start position:0%
exist, too. But they're all gone, right?
 

00:50:53.680 --> 00:50:56.630 align:start position:0%
exist, too. But they're all gone, right?
By<00:50:54.000><c> now,</c><00:50:54.240><c> they</c><00:50:54.640><c> should</c><00:50:54.800><c> have</c><00:50:55.040><c> dissolved.</c>

00:50:56.630 --> 00:50:56.640 align:start position:0%
By now, they should have dissolved.
 

00:50:56.640 --> 00:50:59.510 align:start position:0%
By now, they should have dissolved.
Well,<00:50:57.200><c> according</c><00:50:57.599><c> to</c><00:50:57.760><c> one</c><00:50:58.079><c> theory,</c><00:50:59.040><c> perhaps</c>

00:50:59.510 --> 00:50:59.520 align:start position:0%
Well, according to one theory, perhaps
 

00:50:59.520 --> 00:51:01.670 align:start position:0%
Well, according to one theory, perhaps
not.

00:51:01.670 --> 00:51:01.680 align:start position:0%
not.
 

00:51:01.680 --> 00:51:05.030 align:start position:0%
not.
Astronomy<00:51:02.400><c> has</c><00:51:02.800><c> a</c><00:51:03.200><c> problem</c><00:51:03.440><c> on</c><00:51:03.680><c> its</c><00:51:03.839><c> hands.</c><00:51:04.800><c> As</c>

00:51:05.030 --> 00:51:05.040 align:start position:0%
Astronomy has a problem on its hands. As
 

00:51:05.040 --> 00:51:06.790 align:start position:0%
Astronomy has a problem on its hands. As
we<00:51:05.200><c> track</c><00:51:05.520><c> the</c><00:51:05.680><c> amount</c><00:51:05.920><c> of</c><00:51:06.160><c> gravitational</c>

00:51:06.790 --> 00:51:06.800 align:start position:0%
we track the amount of gravitational
 

00:51:06.800 --> 00:51:09.510 align:start position:0%
we track the amount of gravitational
pole<00:51:07.119><c> in</c><00:51:07.280><c> the</c><00:51:07.440><c> universe,</c><00:51:08.240><c> it</c><00:51:08.480><c> is</c><00:51:08.800><c> much</c><00:51:09.119><c> higher</c>

00:51:09.510 --> 00:51:09.520 align:start position:0%
pole in the universe, it is much higher
 

00:51:09.520 --> 00:51:11.829 align:start position:0%
pole in the universe, it is much higher
than<00:51:09.680><c> it</c><00:51:09.920><c> should</c><00:51:10.079><c> be.</c><00:51:10.880><c> Scientists</c><00:51:11.440><c> conclude</c>

00:51:11.829 --> 00:51:11.839 align:start position:0%
than it should be. Scientists conclude
 

00:51:11.839 --> 00:51:14.309 align:start position:0%
than it should be. Scientists conclude
that<00:51:12.079><c> there</c><00:51:12.400><c> is</c><00:51:12.800><c> additional</c><00:51:13.440><c> matter</c><00:51:13.839><c> inside</c>

00:51:14.309 --> 00:51:14.319 align:start position:0%
that there is additional matter inside
 

00:51:14.319 --> 00:51:16.950 align:start position:0%
that there is additional matter inside
galaxies<00:51:15.200><c> or</c><00:51:15.599><c> circling</c><00:51:16.160><c> them</c><00:51:16.319><c> in</c><00:51:16.640><c> large</c>

00:51:16.950 --> 00:51:16.960 align:start position:0%
galaxies or circling them in large
 

00:51:16.960 --> 00:51:19.589 align:start position:0%
galaxies or circling them in large
halos.<00:51:17.920><c> Something</c><00:51:18.319><c> they've</c><00:51:18.720><c> dubbed</c><00:51:19.280><c> dark</c>

00:51:19.589 --> 00:51:19.599 align:start position:0%
halos. Something they've dubbed dark
 

00:51:19.599 --> 00:51:22.710 align:start position:0%
halos. Something they've dubbed dark
matter<00:51:20.400><c> because</c><00:51:20.720><c> we</c><00:51:20.960><c> can't</c><00:51:21.200><c> see</c><00:51:21.359><c> it.</c><00:51:22.319><c> But</c><00:51:22.480><c> you</c>

00:51:22.710 --> 00:51:22.720 align:start position:0%
matter because we can't see it. But you
 

00:51:22.720 --> 00:51:25.430 align:start position:0%
matter because we can't see it. But you
know<00:51:22.800><c> what</c><00:51:23.040><c> else</c><00:51:23.440><c> carries</c><00:51:24.160><c> serious</c><00:51:24.720><c> mass</c><00:51:25.119><c> and</c>

00:51:25.430 --> 00:51:25.440 align:start position:0%
know what else carries serious mass and
 

00:51:25.440 --> 00:51:29.430 align:start position:0%
know what else carries serious mass and
is<00:51:25.680><c> quite</c><00:51:26.000><c> hard</c><00:51:26.319><c> to</c><00:51:26.480><c> see?</c><00:51:27.680><c> Black</c><00:51:28.000><c> holes,</c>

00:51:29.430 --> 00:51:29.440 align:start position:0%
is quite hard to see? Black holes,
 

00:51:29.440 --> 00:51:32.069 align:start position:0%
is quite hard to see? Black holes,
particularly<00:51:30.240><c> ones</c><00:51:30.720><c> with</c><00:51:31.119><c> no</c><00:51:31.520><c> accretion</c>

00:51:32.069 --> 00:51:32.079 align:start position:0%
particularly ones with no accretion
 

00:51:32.079 --> 00:51:35.349 align:start position:0%
particularly ones with no accretion
discs<00:51:32.880><c> because</c><00:51:33.280><c> they</c><00:51:33.599><c> formed</c><00:51:34.240><c> directly</c><00:51:35.040><c> out</c>

00:51:35.349 --> 00:51:35.359 align:start position:0%
discs because they formed directly out
 

00:51:35.359 --> 00:51:38.549 align:start position:0%
discs because they formed directly out
of<00:51:35.599><c> interstellar</c><00:51:36.319><c> matter.</c><00:51:37.680><c> Of</c><00:51:38.000><c> course,</c>

00:51:38.549 --> 00:51:38.559 align:start position:0%
of interstellar matter. Of course,
 

00:51:38.559 --> 00:51:41.270 align:start position:0%
of interstellar matter. Of course,
scientists<00:51:39.119><c> have</c><00:51:39.520><c> investigated</c><00:51:40.240><c> this</c><00:51:40.480><c> idea,</c>

00:51:41.270 --> 00:51:41.280 align:start position:0%
scientists have investigated this idea,
 

00:51:41.280 --> 00:51:43.750 align:start position:0%
scientists have investigated this idea,
and<00:51:41.599><c> there's</c><00:51:41.920><c> no</c><00:51:42.160><c> evidence</c><00:51:42.640><c> of</c><00:51:42.960><c> large</c><00:51:43.440><c> black</c>

00:51:43.750 --> 00:51:43.760 align:start position:0%
and there's no evidence of large black
 

00:51:43.760 --> 00:51:45.430 align:start position:0%
and there's no evidence of large black
holes<00:51:44.079><c> surrounding</c><00:51:44.480><c> the</c><00:51:44.640><c> Milky</c><00:51:45.040><c> Way.</c>

00:51:45.430 --> 00:51:45.440 align:start position:0%
holes surrounding the Milky Way.
 

00:51:45.440 --> 00:51:47.910 align:start position:0%
holes surrounding the Milky Way.
Thankfully,<00:51:46.240><c> if</c><00:51:46.480><c> there</c><00:51:46.640><c> were,</c><00:51:47.280><c> stars</c><00:51:47.680><c> would</c>

00:51:47.910 --> 00:51:47.920 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, if there were, stars would
 

00:51:47.920 --> 00:51:50.069 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, if there were, stars would
go<00:51:48.160><c> flying</c><00:51:48.480><c> like</c><00:51:48.800><c> bowling</c><00:51:49.200><c> pins</c><00:51:49.520><c> every</c><00:51:49.839><c> time</c>

00:51:50.069 --> 00:51:50.079 align:start position:0%
go flying like bowling pins every time
 

00:51:50.079 --> 00:51:53.829 align:start position:0%
go flying like bowling pins every time
one<00:51:50.400><c> fell</c><00:51:50.800><c> into</c><00:51:51.119><c> our</c><00:51:51.440><c> galaxy.</c><00:51:52.800><c> We'd</c><00:51:53.200><c> also</c><00:51:53.599><c> see</c>

00:51:53.829 --> 00:51:53.839 align:start position:0%
one fell into our galaxy. We'd also see
 

00:51:53.839 --> 00:51:55.589 align:start position:0%
one fell into our galaxy. We'd also see
the<00:51:54.079><c> light</c><00:51:54.240><c> from</c><00:51:54.559><c> stars</c><00:51:54.960><c> behind</c><00:51:55.359><c> them</c>

00:51:55.589 --> 00:51:55.599 align:start position:0%
the light from stars behind them
 

00:51:55.599 --> 00:51:58.150 align:start position:0%
the light from stars behind them
behaving<00:51:56.160><c> strangely</c><00:51:57.040><c> through</c><00:51:57.359><c> the</c><00:51:57.520><c> power</c><00:51:57.839><c> of</c>

00:51:58.150 --> 00:51:58.160 align:start position:0%
behaving strangely through the power of
 

00:51:58.160 --> 00:52:00.630 align:start position:0%
behaving strangely through the power of
gravitational<00:51:58.800><c> lensing,</c><00:51:59.680><c> as</c><00:52:00.000><c> the</c><00:52:00.160><c> intense</c>

00:52:00.630 --> 00:52:00.640 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing, as the intense
 

00:52:00.640 --> 00:52:02.870 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing, as the intense
gravity<00:52:01.040><c> of</c><00:52:01.200><c> these</c><00:52:01.520><c> black</c><00:52:01.680><c> holes</c><00:52:02.319><c> distorts</c>

00:52:02.870 --> 00:52:02.880 align:start position:0%
gravity of these black holes distorts
 

00:52:02.880 --> 00:52:05.990 align:start position:0%
gravity of these black holes distorts
the<00:52:03.119><c> space</c><00:52:03.359><c> around</c><00:52:03.680><c> them.</c><00:52:04.480><c> And</c><00:52:04.880><c> we</c><00:52:05.200><c> simply</c>

00:52:05.990 --> 00:52:06.000 align:start position:0%
the space around them. And we simply
 

00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:07.910 align:start position:0%
the space around them. And we simply
don't<00:52:06.240><c> see</c><00:52:06.559><c> anything</c><00:52:06.960><c> that</c><00:52:07.200><c> matches</c><00:52:07.599><c> up</c><00:52:07.760><c> to</c>

00:52:07.910 --> 00:52:07.920 align:start position:0%
don't see anything that matches up to
 

00:52:07.920 --> 00:52:12.230 align:start position:0%
don't see anything that matches up to
this.<00:52:09.040><c> But</c><00:52:09.839><c> tiny</c><00:52:10.319><c> black</c><00:52:10.559><c> holes,</c><00:52:11.440><c> our</c><00:52:12.000><c> black</c>

00:52:12.230 --> 00:52:12.240 align:start position:0%
this. But tiny black holes, our black
 

00:52:12.240 --> 00:52:15.270 align:start position:0%
this. But tiny black holes, our black
hole<00:52:12.800><c> rhinos,</c><00:52:13.839><c> would</c><00:52:14.079><c> be</c><00:52:14.400><c> very</c><00:52:14.800><c> hard</c><00:52:15.040><c> to</c>

00:52:15.270 --> 00:52:15.280 align:start position:0%
hole rhinos, would be very hard to
 

00:52:15.280 --> 00:52:18.150 align:start position:0%
hole rhinos, would be very hard to
detect<00:52:15.760><c> through</c><00:52:16.079><c> either</c><00:52:16.480><c> means.</c><00:52:17.599><c> There's</c><00:52:17.920><c> no</c>

00:52:18.150 --> 00:52:18.160 align:start position:0%
detect through either means. There's no
 

00:52:18.160 --> 00:52:21.430 align:start position:0%
detect through either means. There's no
proof<00:52:18.640><c> they</c><00:52:18.960><c> are</c><00:52:19.200><c> not</c><00:52:19.520><c> there.</c><00:52:20.800><c> The</c><00:52:21.119><c> only</c>

00:52:21.430 --> 00:52:21.440 align:start position:0%
proof they are not there. The only
 

00:52:21.440 --> 00:52:23.750 align:start position:0%
proof they are not there. The only
argument<00:52:21.839><c> is</c><00:52:22.079><c> to</c><00:52:22.319><c> say</c><00:52:22.720><c> that</c><00:52:23.040><c> they</c><00:52:23.359><c> would</c><00:52:23.599><c> have</c>

00:52:23.750 --> 00:52:23.760 align:start position:0%
argument is to say that they would have
 

00:52:23.760 --> 00:52:26.630 align:start position:0%
argument is to say that they would have
all<00:52:23.920><c> dissolved</c><00:52:24.400><c> by</c><00:52:24.559><c> now.</c><00:52:25.599><c> But</c><00:52:26.000><c> this</c><00:52:26.240><c> might</c><00:52:26.480><c> not</c>

00:52:26.630 --> 00:52:26.640 align:start position:0%
all dissolved by now. But this might not
 

00:52:26.640 --> 00:52:28.549 align:start position:0%
all dissolved by now. But this might not
be<00:52:26.800><c> the</c><00:52:27.040><c> case.</c>

00:52:28.549 --> 00:52:28.559 align:start position:0%
be the case.
 

00:52:28.559 --> 00:52:31.670 align:start position:0%
be the case.
In<00:52:28.880><c> April</c><00:52:29.440><c> 2024,</c><00:52:30.400><c> a</c><00:52:30.640><c> study</c><00:52:30.960><c> published</c><00:52:31.359><c> in</c><00:52:31.520><c> the</c>

00:52:31.670 --> 00:52:31.680 align:start position:0%
In April 2024, a study published in the
 

00:52:31.680 --> 00:52:33.510 align:start position:0%
In April 2024, a study published in the
monthly<00:52:32.079><c> notices</c><00:52:32.720><c> of</c><00:52:32.960><c> the</c><00:52:33.119><c> Royal</c>

00:52:33.510 --> 00:52:33.520 align:start position:0%
monthly notices of the Royal
 

00:52:33.520 --> 00:52:36.870 align:start position:0%
monthly notices of the Royal
Astronomical<00:52:34.240><c> Society</c><00:52:35.280><c> found</c><00:52:35.520><c> that</c><00:52:35.920><c> at</c><00:52:36.319><c> tiny</c>

00:52:36.870 --> 00:52:36.880 align:start position:0%
Astronomical Society found that at tiny
 

00:52:36.880 --> 00:52:39.430 align:start position:0%
Astronomical Society found that at tiny
levels,<00:52:37.680><c> Hawking</c><00:52:38.160><c> radiation</c><00:52:38.720><c> might</c><00:52:39.119><c> slow</c>

00:52:39.430 --> 00:52:39.440 align:start position:0%
levels, Hawking radiation might slow
 

00:52:39.440 --> 00:52:42.230 align:start position:0%
levels, Hawking radiation might slow
down<00:52:39.760><c> considerably,</c><00:52:40.880><c> almost</c><00:52:41.680><c> stopping</c>

00:52:42.230 --> 00:52:42.240 align:start position:0%
down considerably, almost stopping
 

00:52:42.240 --> 00:52:45.030 align:start position:0%
down considerably, almost stopping
entirely,<00:52:43.440><c> which</c><00:52:43.680><c> means</c><00:52:43.920><c> these</c><00:52:44.319><c> black</c><00:52:44.559><c> holes</c>

00:52:45.030 --> 00:52:45.040 align:start position:0%
entirely, which means these black holes
 

00:52:45.040 --> 00:52:47.990 align:start position:0%
entirely, which means these black holes
might<00:52:45.520><c> shrink</c><00:52:46.000><c> and</c><00:52:46.400><c> shrink</c><00:52:47.040><c> until</c><00:52:47.599><c> they</c>

00:52:47.990 --> 00:52:48.000 align:start position:0%
might shrink and shrink until they
 

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:52.549 align:start position:0%
might shrink and shrink until they
eventually<00:52:49.119><c> stop.</c><00:52:50.400><c> which</c><00:52:50.880><c> if</c><00:52:51.280><c> true</c><00:52:52.240><c> means</c>

00:52:52.549 --> 00:52:52.559 align:start position:0%
eventually stop. which if true means
 

00:52:52.559 --> 00:52:55.430 align:start position:0%
eventually stop. which if true means
that<00:52:52.880><c> black</c><00:52:53.200><c> hole</c><00:52:53.599><c> rhinos</c><00:52:54.640><c> might</c><00:52:55.040><c> be</c><00:52:55.200><c> out</c>

00:52:55.430 --> 00:52:55.440 align:start position:0%
that black hole rhinos might be out
 

00:52:55.440 --> 00:52:57.750 align:start position:0%
that black hole rhinos might be out
there.

00:52:57.750 --> 00:52:57.760 align:start position:0%
there.
 

00:52:57.760 --> 00:52:59.910 align:start position:0%
there.
Many<00:52:58.079><c> believe</c><00:52:58.559><c> dark</c><00:52:58.880><c> matter</c><00:52:59.280><c> circles</c><00:52:59.599><c> our</c>

00:52:59.910 --> 00:52:59.920 align:start position:0%
Many believe dark matter circles our
 

00:52:59.920 --> 00:53:02.950 align:start position:0%
Many believe dark matter circles our
galaxy<00:53:00.319><c> in</c><00:53:00.559><c> a</c><00:53:00.720><c> massive</c><00:53:00.960><c> halo.</c><00:53:02.079><c> What</c><00:53:02.319><c> if</c>

00:53:02.950 --> 00:53:02.960 align:start position:0%
galaxy in a massive halo. What if
 

00:53:02.960 --> 00:53:06.150 align:start position:0%
galaxy in a massive halo. What if
instead<00:53:03.359><c> of</c><00:53:03.599><c> all</c><00:53:03.839><c> of</c><00:53:04.000><c> that</c><00:53:04.800><c> it</c><00:53:05.040><c> was</c><00:53:05.200><c> tiny</c><00:53:05.920><c> black</c>

00:53:06.150 --> 00:53:06.160 align:start position:0%
instead of all of that it was tiny black
 

00:53:06.160 --> 00:53:07.990 align:start position:0%
instead of all of that it was tiny black
hole<00:53:06.480><c> rhinos?</c>

00:53:07.990 --> 00:53:08.000 align:start position:0%
hole rhinos?
 

00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:10.549 align:start position:0%
hole rhinos?
There<00:53:08.240><c> could</c><00:53:08.559><c> be</c><00:53:08.960><c> millions</c><00:53:09.599><c> and</c><00:53:09.920><c> millions</c><00:53:10.400><c> of</c>

00:53:10.549 --> 00:53:10.559 align:start position:0%
There could be millions and millions of
 

00:53:10.559 --> 00:53:13.829 align:start position:0%
There could be millions and millions of
them<00:53:10.800><c> out</c><00:53:11.040><c> there.</c><00:53:11.760><c> A</c><00:53:12.000><c> black</c><00:53:12.319><c> hole</c><00:53:12.880><c> minefield</c>

00:53:13.829 --> 00:53:13.839 align:start position:0%
them out there. A black hole minefield
 

00:53:13.839 --> 00:53:17.109 align:start position:0%
them out there. A black hole minefield
lying<00:53:14.319><c> invisible</c><00:53:14.960><c> and</c><00:53:15.280><c> deadly.</c><00:53:16.160><c> a</c><00:53:16.400><c> swarm</c><00:53:16.800><c> we</c>

00:53:17.109 --> 00:53:17.119 align:start position:0%
lying invisible and deadly. a swarm we
 

00:53:17.119 --> 00:53:19.430 align:start position:0%
lying invisible and deadly. a swarm we
could<00:53:17.520><c> someday</c><00:53:18.000><c> encounter</c><00:53:18.800><c> if</c><00:53:19.040><c> we</c><00:53:19.200><c> ever</c>

00:53:19.430 --> 00:53:19.440 align:start position:0%
could someday encounter if we ever
 

00:53:19.440 --> 00:53:21.430 align:start position:0%
could someday encounter if we ever
attempted<00:53:19.920><c> to</c><00:53:20.079><c> leave</c><00:53:20.240><c> the</c><00:53:20.480><c> galaxy</c><00:53:20.800><c> to</c><00:53:21.119><c> explore</c>

00:53:21.430 --> 00:53:21.440 align:start position:0%
attempted to leave the galaxy to explore
 

00:53:21.440 --> 00:53:24.230 align:start position:0%
attempted to leave the galaxy to explore
another.<00:53:22.319><c> We</c><00:53:22.559><c> might</c><00:53:22.720><c> be</c><00:53:22.960><c> caged</c><00:53:23.359><c> here</c><00:53:23.839><c> without</c>

00:53:24.230 --> 00:53:24.240 align:start position:0%
another. We might be caged here without
 

00:53:24.240 --> 00:53:26.790 align:start position:0%
another. We might be caged here without
knowing<00:53:24.559><c> it.</c>

00:53:26.790 --> 00:53:26.800 align:start position:0%
knowing it.
 

00:53:26.800 --> 00:53:29.430 align:start position:0%
knowing it.
Of<00:53:27.040><c> course,</c><00:53:27.839><c> space</c><00:53:28.240><c> exploration</c><00:53:28.880><c> has</c><00:53:29.119><c> plenty</c>

00:53:29.430 --> 00:53:29.440 align:start position:0%
Of course, space exploration has plenty
 

00:53:29.440 --> 00:53:32.150 align:start position:0%
Of course, space exploration has plenty
of<00:53:29.599><c> dangers</c><00:53:30.000><c> all</c><00:53:30.319><c> of</c><00:53:30.480><c> its</c><00:53:30.720><c> own.</c><00:53:31.520><c> But</c><00:53:31.599><c> it's</c><00:53:31.920><c> more</c>

00:53:32.150 --> 00:53:32.160 align:start position:0%
of dangers all of its own. But it's more
 

00:53:32.160 --> 00:53:34.710 align:start position:0%
of dangers all of its own. But it's more
than<00:53:32.400><c> unsettling</c><00:53:33.119><c> to</c><00:53:33.440><c> consider</c><00:53:33.839><c> that</c><00:53:34.240><c> as</c><00:53:34.480><c> we</c>

00:53:34.710 --> 00:53:34.720 align:start position:0%
than unsettling to consider that as we
 

00:53:34.720 --> 00:53:37.910 align:start position:0%
than unsettling to consider that as we
voyage<00:53:35.200><c> out</c><00:53:35.520><c> into</c><00:53:35.839><c> the</c><00:53:36.079><c> dark,</c><00:53:36.880><c> we</c><00:53:37.200><c> could</c><00:53:37.520><c> be</c><00:53:37.760><c> on</c>

00:53:37.910 --> 00:53:37.920 align:start position:0%
voyage out into the dark, we could be on
 

00:53:37.920 --> 00:53:40.230 align:start position:0%
voyage out into the dark, we could be on
a<00:53:38.079><c> collision</c><00:53:38.480><c> course</c><00:53:38.880><c> with</c><00:53:39.119><c> a</c><00:53:39.359><c> tiny</c>

00:53:40.230 --> 00:53:40.240 align:start position:0%
a collision course with a tiny
 

00:53:40.240 --> 00:53:42.870 align:start position:0%
a collision course with a tiny
microscopic<00:53:41.040><c> black</c><00:53:41.280><c> hole</c><00:53:41.920><c> with</c><00:53:42.160><c> the</c><00:53:42.319><c> mass</c><00:53:42.720><c> of</c>

00:53:42.870 --> 00:53:42.880 align:start position:0%
microscopic black hole with the mass of
 

00:53:42.880 --> 00:53:46.230 align:start position:0%
microscopic black hole with the mass of
a<00:53:43.040><c> rhino.</c><00:53:44.319><c> or</c><00:53:44.720><c> that</c><00:53:44.960><c> one</c><00:53:45.280><c> could</c><00:53:45.440><c> be</c><00:53:45.599><c> hurtling</c>

00:53:46.230 --> 00:53:46.240 align:start position:0%
a rhino. or that one could be hurtling
 

00:53:46.240 --> 00:53:50.230 align:start position:0%
a rhino. or that one could be hurtling
through<00:53:46.559><c> space</c><00:53:47.280><c> on</c><00:53:47.520><c> its</c><00:53:47.760><c> way</c><00:53:48.000><c> towards</c><00:53:48.480><c> us.</c>

00:53:50.230 --> 00:53:50.240 align:start position:0%
through space on its way towards us.
 

00:53:50.240 --> 00:53:51.990 align:start position:0%
through space on its way towards us.
Let's<00:53:50.559><c> hope</c><00:53:50.720><c> we</c><00:53:50.960><c> find</c><00:53:51.200><c> some</c><00:53:51.440><c> evidence</c><00:53:51.760><c> that</c>

00:53:51.990 --> 00:53:52.000 align:start position:0%
Let's hope we find some evidence that
 

00:53:52.000 --> 00:53:54.549 align:start position:0%
Let's hope we find some evidence that
this<00:53:52.319><c> particular</c><00:53:52.880><c> theory</c><00:53:53.359><c> isn't</c><00:53:53.760><c> true,</c><00:53:54.319><c> or</c><00:53:54.480><c> at</c>

00:53:54.549 --> 00:53:54.559 align:start position:0%
this particular theory isn't true, or at
 

00:53:54.559 --> 00:53:56.549 align:start position:0%
this particular theory isn't true, or at
least<00:53:55.119><c> forget</c><00:53:55.440><c> the</c><00:53:55.680><c> idea</c><00:53:55.920><c> of</c><00:53:56.079><c> leaving</c><00:53:56.319><c> the</c>

00:53:56.549 --> 00:53:56.559 align:start position:0%
least forget the idea of leaving the
 

00:53:56.559 --> 00:54:02.950 align:start position:0%
least forget the idea of leaving the
galaxy.<00:53:57.359><c> I</c><00:53:57.599><c> think</c><00:53:57.839><c> I'd</c><00:53:58.160><c> rather</c><00:53:58.480><c> stay</c><00:53:58.640><c> at</c><00:53:58.880><c> home.</c>

00:54:02.950 --> 00:54:02.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:54:02.960 --> 00:54:04.790 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:54:03.119><c> may</c><00:54:03.280><c> have</c><00:54:03.440><c> noticed</c><00:54:03.839><c> this</c><00:54:04.160><c> video</c><00:54:04.480><c> didn't</c>

00:54:04.790 --> 00:54:04.800 align:start position:0%
You may have noticed this video didn't
 

00:54:04.800 --> 00:54:07.270 align:start position:0%
You may have noticed this video didn't
have<00:54:05.040><c> any</c><00:54:05.359><c> sponsors,</c><00:54:06.319><c> and</c><00:54:06.480><c> that's</c><00:54:06.720><c> because</c><00:54:07.040><c> it</c>

00:54:07.270 --> 00:54:07.280 align:start position:0%
have any sponsors, and that's because it
 

00:54:07.280 --> 00:54:09.589 align:start position:0%
have any sponsors, and that's because it
was<00:54:07.440><c> brought</c><00:54:07.760><c> to</c><00:54:07.920><c> you</c><00:54:08.160><c> by</c><00:54:08.400><c> our</c><00:54:08.720><c> astronauts</c><00:54:09.440><c> on</c>

00:54:09.589 --> 00:54:09.599 align:start position:0%
was brought to you by our astronauts on
 

00:54:09.599 --> 00:54:12.309 align:start position:0%
was brought to you by our astronauts on
Patreon.<00:54:10.559><c> Consider</c><00:54:11.040><c> joining</c><00:54:11.359><c> our</c><00:54:11.599><c> Patreon</c><00:54:12.079><c> to</c>

00:54:12.309 --> 00:54:12.319 align:start position:0%
Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to
 

00:54:12.319 --> 00:54:14.230 align:start position:0%
Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to
keep<00:54:12.480><c> these</c><00:54:12.720><c> videos</c><00:54:13.119><c> thriving,</c><00:54:13.760><c> even</c><00:54:14.000><c> when</c>

00:54:14.230 --> 00:54:14.240 align:start position:0%
keep these videos thriving, even when
 

00:54:14.240 --> 00:54:16.549 align:start position:0%
keep these videos thriving, even when
they're<00:54:14.559><c> sponsor</c><00:54:14.960><c> free.</c><00:54:15.680><c> It's</c><00:54:15.920><c> the</c><00:54:16.160><c> reason</c><00:54:16.319><c> we</c>

00:54:16.549 --> 00:54:16.559 align:start position:0%
they're sponsor free. It's the reason we
 

00:54:16.559 --> 00:54:18.549 align:start position:0%
they're sponsor free. It's the reason we
can<00:54:16.720><c> research</c><00:54:17.280><c> deep</c><00:54:17.599><c> into</c><00:54:17.839><c> the</c><00:54:18.000><c> topics</c><00:54:18.319><c> we</c>

00:54:18.549 --> 00:54:18.559 align:start position:0%
can research deep into the topics we
 

00:54:18.559 --> 00:54:20.950 align:start position:0%
can research deep into the topics we
love<00:54:19.040><c> without</c><00:54:19.440><c> cutting</c><00:54:19.760><c> corners</c><00:54:20.160><c> or</c><00:54:20.480><c> chasing</c>

00:54:20.950 --> 00:54:20.960 align:start position:0%
love without cutting corners or chasing
 

00:54:20.960 --> 00:54:23.910 align:start position:0%
love without cutting corners or chasing
clicks.<00:54:21.920><c> Every</c><00:54:22.240><c> new</c><00:54:22.480><c> astronaut</c><00:54:23.280><c> allows</c><00:54:23.599><c> us</c><00:54:23.760><c> to</c>

00:54:23.910 --> 00:54:23.920 align:start position:0%
clicks. Every new astronaut allows us to
 

00:54:23.920 --> 00:54:26.549 align:start position:0%
clicks. Every new astronaut allows us to
explore<00:54:24.400><c> bigger</c><00:54:24.800><c> ideas</c><00:54:25.680><c> and</c><00:54:26.000><c> make</c><00:54:26.240><c> every</c>

00:54:26.549 --> 00:54:26.559 align:start position:0%
explore bigger ideas and make every
 

00:54:26.559 --> 00:54:29.589 align:start position:0%
explore bigger ideas and make every
upload<00:54:27.200><c> even</c><00:54:27.520><c> better</c><00:54:27.760><c> than</c><00:54:28.000><c> the</c><00:54:28.160><c> last.</c><00:54:29.040><c> So,</c><00:54:29.359><c> if</c>

00:54:29.589 --> 00:54:29.599 align:start position:0%
upload even better than the last. So, if
 

00:54:29.599 --> 00:54:31.190 align:start position:0%
upload even better than the last. So, if
you've<00:54:29.839><c> ever</c><00:54:30.079><c> thought</c><00:54:30.319><c> about</c><00:54:30.559><c> being</c><00:54:30.800><c> a</c><00:54:30.960><c> bigger</c>

00:54:31.190 --> 00:54:31.200 align:start position:0%
you've ever thought about being a bigger
 

00:54:31.200 --> 00:54:33.349 align:start position:0%
you've ever thought about being a bigger
part<00:54:31.359><c> of</c><00:54:31.520><c> this</c><00:54:31.760><c> channel,</c><00:54:32.319><c> join</c><00:54:32.640><c> the</c><00:54:32.800><c> crew</c><00:54:33.200><c> to</c>

00:54:33.349 --> 00:54:33.359 align:start position:0%
part of this channel, join the crew to
 

00:54:33.359 --> 00:54:36.309 align:start position:0%
part of this channel, join the crew to
power<00:54:33.680><c> Astramm</c><00:54:34.480><c> and</c><00:54:34.800><c> keep</c><00:54:35.119><c> space</c><00:54:35.599><c> curiosity</c>

00:54:36.309 --> 00:54:36.319 align:start position:0%
power Astramm and keep space curiosity
 

00:54:36.319 --> 00:54:39.319 align:start position:0%
power Astramm and keep space curiosity
alive.