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Why<00:00:02.000><c> does</c><00:00:02.320><c> reality</c><00:00:03.040><c> have</c><00:00:03.360><c> a</c><00:00:03.760><c> speed</c><00:00:04.080><c> limit?</c><00:00:05.359><c> It</c>

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Why does reality have a speed limit? It
 

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Why does reality have a speed limit? It
is<00:00:05.759><c> common</c><00:00:06.160><c> knowledge</c><00:00:06.480><c> that</c><00:00:06.720><c> the</c><00:00:06.960><c> speed</c><00:00:07.120><c> of</c>

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is common knowledge that the speed of
 

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is common knowledge that the speed of
light<00:00:07.600><c> is</c><00:00:07.839><c> the</c><00:00:08.080><c> fastest</c><00:00:08.639><c> that</c><00:00:08.960><c> anyone</c><00:00:09.440><c> can</c><00:00:09.679><c> go.</c>

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light is the fastest that anyone can go.
 

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light is the fastest that anyone can go.
But<00:00:10.559><c> why</c><00:00:10.719><c> does</c><00:00:10.880><c> this</c><00:00:11.120><c> cap</c><00:00:11.360><c> on</c><00:00:11.599><c> causality</c>

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But why does this cap on causality
 

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But why does this cap on causality
exist?<00:00:13.440><c> And</c><00:00:13.679><c> why</c><00:00:13.920><c> is</c><00:00:14.160><c> it</c><00:00:14.320><c> exactly</c><00:00:15.200><c> 299,792,458</c>

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m/s?

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m/s?
 

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m/s?
Why<00:00:22.240><c> not</c><00:00:22.400><c> more?</c><00:00:23.199><c> Why</c><00:00:23.439><c> not</c><00:00:23.680><c> less?</c><00:00:24.720><c> If</c><00:00:24.960><c> you're</c>

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Why not more? Why not less? If you're
 

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Why not more? Why not less? If you're
like<00:00:25.359><c> me,</c><00:00:25.840><c> you've</c><00:00:26.160><c> wondered</c><00:00:26.480><c> about</c><00:00:26.720><c> these</c>

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like me, you've wondered about these
 

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like me, you've wondered about these
strange<00:00:27.599><c> properties</c><00:00:28.000><c> of</c><00:00:28.160><c> light.</c><00:00:28.800><c> But</c>

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strange properties of light. But
 

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strange properties of light. But
recently,<00:00:29.760><c> I</c><00:00:30.000><c> think</c><00:00:30.080><c> I</c><00:00:30.320><c> might</c><00:00:30.480><c> have</c><00:00:30.640><c> found</c><00:00:30.880><c> an</c>

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recently, I think I might have found an
 

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recently, I think I might have found an
answer.<00:00:32.079><c> And</c><00:00:32.239><c> it</c><00:00:32.480><c> lies</c><00:00:32.719><c> in</c><00:00:33.040><c> hyperbolic</c>

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answer. And it lies in hyperbolic
 

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answer. And it lies in hyperbolic
geometry.<00:00:35.040><c> And</c><00:00:35.200><c> the</c><00:00:35.440><c> more</c><00:00:35.680><c> I've</c><00:00:36.000><c> considered</c>

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geometry. And the more I've considered
 

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geometry. And the more I've considered
it,<00:00:36.960><c> the</c><00:00:37.200><c> more</c><00:00:37.520><c> it's</c><00:00:37.920><c> blown</c><00:00:38.320><c> my</c><00:00:38.640><c> mind.</c>

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it, the more it's blown my mind.
 

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it, the more it's blown my mind.
I'm<00:00:41.120><c> Alex</c><00:00:41.520><c> Mccoan,</c><00:00:42.160><c> and</c><00:00:42.399><c> you're</c><00:00:42.640><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan, and you're watching
Astramm.<00:00:43.840><c> Join</c><00:00:44.160><c> with</c><00:00:44.399><c> me</c><00:00:44.559><c> today</c><00:00:44.879><c> for</c><00:00:45.120><c> the</c>

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Astramm. Join with me today for the
 

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Astramm. Join with me today for the
third<00:00:45.680><c> part</c><00:00:45.920><c> in</c><00:00:46.160><c> our</c><00:00:46.399><c> series</c><00:00:46.719><c> on</c><00:00:46.879><c> the</c><00:00:47.120><c> unseen</c>

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third part in our series on the unseen
 

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third part in our series on the unseen
world<00:00:48.399><c> and</c><00:00:48.640><c> bring</c><00:00:48.879><c> together</c><00:00:49.200><c> what</c><00:00:49.440><c> we</c><00:00:49.600><c> have</c>

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world and bring together what we have
 

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world and bring together what we have
learned<00:00:50.079><c> so</c><00:00:50.320><c> far</c><00:00:50.719><c> to</c><00:00:50.960><c> try</c><00:00:51.200><c> to</c><00:00:51.440><c> answer</c><00:00:51.840><c> some</c><00:00:52.079><c> of</c>

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learned so far to try to answer some of
 

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learned so far to try to answer some of
the<00:00:52.480><c> biggest</c><00:00:52.960><c> questions</c><00:00:53.600><c> about</c><00:00:54.000><c> why</c><00:00:54.320><c> our</c>

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the biggest questions about why our
 

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the biggest questions about why our
universe<00:00:55.199><c> is</c><00:00:55.440><c> the</c><00:00:55.600><c> way</c><00:00:55.760><c> it</c><00:00:55.920><c> is.</c>

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universe is the way it is.
 

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universe is the way it is.
Before<00:00:58.160><c> we</c><00:00:58.399><c> begin,</c><00:00:58.960><c> I</c><00:00:59.199><c> should</c><00:00:59.359><c> mention</c><00:00:59.680><c> that</c>

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Before we begin, I should mention that
 

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Before we begin, I should mention that
this<00:01:00.079><c> is</c><00:01:00.239><c> a</c><00:01:00.480><c> continuation</c><00:01:00.960><c> of</c><00:01:01.199><c> a</c><00:01:01.359><c> model</c><00:01:01.600><c> that</c>

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this is a continuation of a model that
 

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this is a continuation of a model that
has<00:01:02.000><c> been</c><00:01:02.239><c> developed</c><00:01:02.559><c> in</c><00:01:02.800><c> collaboration</c>

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has been developed in collaboration
 

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has been developed in collaboration
between<00:01:03.600><c> me</c><00:01:03.760><c> and</c><00:01:04.000><c> my</c><00:01:04.159><c> brother,</c><00:01:04.720><c> which</c><00:01:04.960><c> we</c>

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between me and my brother, which we
 

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between me and my brother, which we
began<00:01:05.519><c> in</c><00:01:05.760><c> this</c><00:01:06.000><c> video</c><00:01:06.320><c> about</c><00:01:06.720><c> 4D</c><00:01:07.200><c> space</c><00:01:07.920><c> and</c>

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began in this video about 4D space and
 

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began in this video about 4D space and
continued<00:01:08.640><c> exploring</c><00:01:09.200><c> in</c><00:01:09.520><c> this</c><00:01:09.840><c> video</c><00:01:10.240><c> about</c>

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continued exploring in this video about
 

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continued exploring in this video about
the<00:01:10.640><c> shape</c><00:01:10.880><c> of</c><00:01:11.040><c> our</c><00:01:11.360><c> universe.</c><00:01:12.400><c> If</c><00:01:12.640><c> you</c>

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the shape of our universe. If you
 

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the shape of our universe. If you
haven't<00:01:13.040><c> watched</c><00:01:13.280><c> those</c><00:01:13.520><c> videos</c><00:01:13.840><c> yet,</c><00:01:14.320><c> I</c>

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haven't watched those videos yet, I
 

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haven't watched those videos yet, I
would<00:01:14.640><c> highly</c><00:01:15.040><c> recommend</c><00:01:15.439><c> you</c><00:01:15.680><c> check</c><00:01:15.840><c> them</c>

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would highly recommend you check them
 

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would highly recommend you check them
out<00:01:16.400><c> as</c><00:01:16.640><c> we</c><00:01:16.880><c> will</c><00:01:17.040><c> be</c><00:01:17.200><c> blending</c><00:01:17.680><c> both</c><00:01:18.000><c> concepts</c>

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out as we will be blending both concepts
 

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out as we will be blending both concepts
together<00:01:18.960><c> in</c><00:01:19.280><c> this</c><00:01:19.520><c> video.</c><00:01:20.960><c> Check</c><00:01:21.200><c> the</c><00:01:21.360><c> links</c>

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together in this video. Check the links
 

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together in this video. Check the links
in<00:01:21.759><c> the</c><00:01:21.920><c> description</c><00:01:22.159><c> or</c><00:01:22.400><c> the</c><00:01:22.560><c> top</c><00:01:22.720><c> right</c><00:01:23.119><c> if</c>

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in the description or the top right if
 

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in the description or the top right if
you<00:01:23.439><c> need</c><00:01:23.600><c> a</c><00:01:23.759><c> refresher.</c>

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you need a refresher.
 

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you need a refresher.
With<00:01:25.600><c> that</c><00:01:25.840><c> out</c><00:01:26.000><c> the</c><00:01:26.159><c> way,</c><00:01:26.640><c> let's</c><00:01:27.040><c> talk</c><00:01:27.280><c> a</c>

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With that out the way, let's talk a
 

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With that out the way, let's talk a
little<00:01:27.680><c> bit</c><00:01:27.920><c> about</c><00:01:28.240><c> light.</c><00:01:29.680><c> There</c><00:01:29.920><c> is</c><00:01:30.159><c> an</c>

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little bit about light. There is an
 

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little bit about light. There is an
interesting<00:01:30.880><c> observation</c><00:01:31.439><c> we</c><00:01:31.680><c> can</c><00:01:31.840><c> make</c>

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interesting observation we can make
 

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interesting observation we can make
about<00:01:32.320><c> light.</c><00:01:33.200><c> From</c><00:01:33.520><c> an</c><00:01:33.680><c> external</c>

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about light. From an external
 

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about light. From an external
perspective,<00:01:35.200><c> it</c><00:01:35.439><c> appears</c><00:01:35.759><c> as</c><00:01:36.000><c> if</c><00:01:36.159><c> light</c><00:01:36.479><c> is</c>

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perspective, it appears as if light is
 

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perspective, it appears as if light is
traveling<00:01:37.119><c> at</c><00:01:37.439><c> 299,792,458</c>

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m/s.

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m/s.
 

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m/s.
This<00:01:43.680><c> is</c><00:01:43.840><c> true</c><00:01:44.240><c> no</c><00:01:44.479><c> matter</c><00:01:44.799><c> what</c><00:01:45.119><c> perspective</c>

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This is true no matter what perspective
 

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This is true no matter what perspective
you<00:01:45.920><c> look</c><00:01:46.079><c> at</c><00:01:46.240><c> it</c><00:01:46.399><c> from.</c><00:01:47.040><c> Whether</c><00:01:47.280><c> you</c><00:01:47.520><c> are</c><00:01:47.600><c> at</c>

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you look at it from. Whether you are at
 

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you look at it from. Whether you are at
standstill,<00:01:48.880><c> whether</c><00:01:49.119><c> you</c><00:01:49.280><c> are</c><00:01:49.439><c> moving</c>

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standstill, whether you are moving
 

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standstill, whether you are moving
towards<00:01:50.240><c> it</c><00:01:50.560><c> or</c><00:01:50.880><c> away</c><00:01:51.119><c> from</c><00:01:51.360><c> it,</c><00:01:52.000><c> it</c><00:01:52.399><c> always</c>

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towards it or away from it, it always
 

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towards it or away from it, it always
looks<00:01:53.280><c> as</c><00:01:53.520><c> if</c><00:01:53.680><c> it</c><00:01:53.840><c> is</c><00:01:54.079><c> traveling</c><00:01:54.479><c> at</c><00:01:54.799><c> this</c>

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looks as if it is traveling at this
 

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looks as if it is traveling at this
speed.<00:01:56.399><c> However,</c><00:01:57.280><c> there</c><00:01:57.520><c> is</c><00:01:57.680><c> a</c><00:01:58.000><c> single</c>

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speed. However, there is a single
 

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speed. However, there is a single
interesting<00:01:59.520><c> exception</c><00:01:59.920><c> to</c><00:02:00.079><c> this</c><00:02:00.320><c> rule</c><00:02:00.640><c> which</c>

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interesting exception to this rule which
 

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interesting exception to this rule which
had<00:02:01.200><c> always</c><00:02:01.520><c> puzzled</c><00:02:02.000><c> me.</c><00:02:02.799><c> The</c><00:02:03.040><c> photons</c>

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had always puzzled me. The photons
 

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had always puzzled me. The photons
perspective.<00:02:05.200><c> Einstein</c><00:02:05.759><c> has</c><00:02:06.000><c> proven</c><00:02:06.479><c> that</c>

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perspective. Einstein has proven that
 

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perspective. Einstein has proven that
for<00:02:06.960><c> an</c><00:02:07.200><c> object</c><00:02:07.600><c> traveling</c><00:02:08.080><c> at</c><00:02:08.399><c> light</c><00:02:08.720><c> speed,</c>

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for an object traveling at light speed,
 

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for an object traveling at light speed,
time<00:02:10.080><c> would</c><00:02:10.319><c> slow</c><00:02:10.640><c> down</c><00:02:10.959><c> so</c><00:02:11.360><c> much</c><00:02:11.599><c> that</c><00:02:11.840><c> it</c>

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time would slow down so much that it
 

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time would slow down so much that it
would<00:02:12.239><c> be</c><00:02:12.400><c> at</c><00:02:12.720><c> zero.</c><00:02:14.080><c> If</c><00:02:14.239><c> you</c><00:02:14.400><c> were</c><00:02:14.640><c> to</c>

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would be at zero. If you were to
 

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would be at zero. If you were to
suddenly<00:02:15.360><c> start</c><00:02:15.680><c> traveling</c><00:02:16.080><c> at</c><00:02:16.239><c> the</c><00:02:16.400><c> speed</c><00:02:16.640><c> of</c>

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suddenly start traveling at the speed of
 

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suddenly start traveling at the speed of
light<00:02:16.959><c> towards</c><00:02:17.360><c> Jupiter,</c><00:02:18.239><c> you</c><00:02:18.400><c> would</c><00:02:18.640><c> notice</c>

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light towards Jupiter, you would notice
 

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light towards Jupiter, you would notice
zero<00:02:19.760><c> time</c><00:02:20.000><c> passing,</c><00:02:20.800><c> but</c><00:02:21.040><c> would</c><00:02:21.280><c> observe</c>

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zero time passing, but would observe
 

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zero time passing, but would observe
that<00:02:21.840><c> you</c><00:02:22.080><c> have</c><00:02:22.239><c> traveled</c><00:02:22.879><c> 679</c><00:02:24.160><c> million</c><00:02:24.560><c> km</c>

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that you have traveled 679 million km
 

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that you have traveled 679 million km
and<00:02:26.400><c> then</c><00:02:26.560><c> would</c><00:02:26.720><c> probably</c><00:02:27.040><c> die</c><00:02:27.280><c> of</c><00:02:27.440><c> the</c><00:02:27.599><c> lack</c>

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and then would probably die of the lack
 

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and then would probably die of the lack
of<00:02:28.000><c> air,</c><00:02:28.319><c> the</c><00:02:28.480><c> punishing</c><00:02:28.959><c> G</c><00:02:29.200><c> forces</c><00:02:29.599><c> and</c><00:02:29.840><c> the</c>

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of air, the punishing G forces and the
 

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of air, the punishing G forces and the
friction<00:02:30.319><c> burn</c><00:02:30.640><c> along</c><00:02:30.879><c> the</c><00:02:31.120><c> way.</c><00:02:31.840><c> But</c><00:02:32.080><c> what</c>

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friction burn along the way. But what
 

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friction burn along the way. But what
happens<00:02:32.560><c> if</c><00:02:32.720><c> we</c><00:02:32.879><c> try</c><00:02:33.120><c> to</c><00:02:33.280><c> calculate</c><00:02:33.760><c> your</c>

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happens if we try to calculate your
 

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happens if we try to calculate your
speed<00:02:34.400><c> using</c><00:02:34.640><c> these</c><00:02:34.959><c> figures?</c><00:02:36.080><c> Well,</c><00:02:36.720><c> speed</c>

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speed using these figures? Well, speed
 

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speed using these figures? Well, speed
is<00:02:37.360><c> distance</c><00:02:37.760><c> over</c><00:02:38.000><c> time.</c><00:02:38.959><c> So</c><00:02:39.840><c> 679</c><00:02:41.200><c> million</c><00:02:41.840><c> /</c>

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is distance over time. So 679 million /
 

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is distance over time. So 679 million /
0<00:02:43.280><c> equals.</c>

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0 equals.
 

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0 equals.
If<00:02:45.440><c> you</c><00:02:45.680><c> tried</c><00:02:46.000><c> plugging</c><00:02:46.400><c> this</c><00:02:46.640><c> into</c><00:02:46.879><c> your</c>

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If you tried plugging this into your
 

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If you tried plugging this into your
calculator,<00:02:47.760><c> you</c><00:02:47.920><c> would</c><00:02:48.080><c> quickly</c><00:02:48.480><c> run</c><00:02:48.720><c> into</c>

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calculator, you would quickly run into
 

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calculator, you would quickly run into
an<00:02:49.200><c> error</c><00:02:49.440><c> here.</c><00:02:50.480><c> Calculators</c><00:02:51.200><c> do</c><00:02:51.440><c> not</c><00:02:51.599><c> like</c>

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an error here. Calculators do not like
 

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an error here. Calculators do not like
dividing<00:02:52.319><c> by</c><00:02:52.560><c> zero.</c><00:02:53.440><c> This</c><00:02:53.599><c> is</c><00:02:53.760><c> because</c><00:02:54.080><c> the</c>

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dividing by zero. This is because the
 

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dividing by zero. This is because the
smaller<00:02:54.720><c> the</c><00:02:54.959><c> denominator</c><00:02:55.440><c> becomes</c><00:02:55.840><c> on</c><00:02:56.000><c> a</c>

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smaller the denominator becomes on a
 

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smaller the denominator becomes on a
fraction,<00:02:56.800><c> the</c><00:02:57.040><c> larger</c><00:02:57.360><c> the</c><00:02:57.519><c> total</c><00:02:57.840><c> number</c>

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fraction, the larger the total number
 

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fraction, the larger the total number
becomes.<00:02:59.200><c> If</c><00:02:59.440><c> you</c><00:02:59.599><c> reduce</c><00:02:59.920><c> the</c><00:03:00.239><c> value</c><00:03:00.400><c> of</c><00:03:00.560><c> the</c>

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becomes. If you reduce the value of the
 

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becomes. If you reduce the value of the
denominator<00:03:01.440><c> all</c><00:03:01.680><c> the</c><00:03:01.760><c> way</c><00:03:01.920><c> down</c><00:03:02.080><c> to</c><00:03:02.319><c> zero,</c>

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denominator all the way down to zero,
 

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denominator all the way down to zero,
the<00:03:03.440><c> only</c><00:03:03.599><c> way</c><00:03:03.760><c> this</c><00:03:04.000><c> can</c><00:03:04.159><c> work</c><00:03:04.400><c> is</c><00:03:04.640><c> if</c><00:03:04.879><c> your</c>

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the only way this can work is if your
 

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the only way this can work is if your
total<00:03:05.519><c> answer</c><00:03:06.000><c> becomes</c><00:03:06.720><c> infinity.</c>

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total answer becomes infinity.
 

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total answer becomes infinity.
If<00:03:08.800><c> you</c><00:03:08.959><c> travel</c><00:03:09.280><c> for</c><00:03:09.599><c> zero</c><00:03:10.000><c> time</c><00:03:10.480><c> over</c><00:03:10.800><c> any</c>

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If you travel for zero time over any
 

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If you travel for zero time over any
distance<00:03:11.519><c> greater</c><00:03:11.920><c> than</c><00:03:12.159><c> zero,</c><00:03:13.120><c> you</c><00:03:13.360><c> have</c>

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distance greater than zero, you have
 

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distance greater than zero, you have
just<00:03:13.920><c> traveled</c><00:03:14.400><c> at</c><00:03:14.640><c> infinite</c><00:03:15.120><c> speed.</c><00:03:16.239><c> So</c><00:03:16.480><c> from</c>

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just traveled at infinite speed. So from
 

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just traveled at infinite speed. So from
light's<00:03:17.120><c> perspective,</c><00:03:17.920><c> it</c><00:03:18.159><c> is</c><00:03:18.319><c> traveling</c>

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light's perspective, it is traveling
 

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light's perspective, it is traveling
infinitely<00:03:19.680><c> fast,</c><00:03:20.400><c> not</c><00:03:20.640><c> at</c><00:03:20.959><c> 299,792,458</c>

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m/s.

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m/s.
 

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m/s.
Let's<00:03:26.480><c> call</c><00:03:26.640><c> that</c><00:03:26.879><c> C</c><00:03:27.200><c> from</c><00:03:27.360><c> now</c><00:03:27.599><c> on.</c>

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Let's call that C from now on.
 

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Let's call that C from now on.
So<00:03:29.440><c> why</c><00:03:29.680><c> is</c><00:03:29.840><c> it</c><00:03:30.000><c> that</c><00:03:30.239><c> everyone</c><00:03:30.560><c> else</c><00:03:30.799><c> detects</c>

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So why is it that everyone else detects
 

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So why is it that everyone else detects
light<00:03:31.599><c> traveling</c><00:03:32.000><c> at</c><00:03:32.319><c> C,</c><00:03:32.959><c> but</c><00:03:33.280><c> light</c><00:03:33.599><c> thinks</c>

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light traveling at C, but light thinks
 

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light traveling at C, but light thinks
it's<00:03:34.159><c> going</c><00:03:34.480><c> infinitely</c><00:03:35.120><c> fast?</c>

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it's going infinitely fast?
 

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it's going infinitely fast?
What<00:03:36.799><c> I'm</c><00:03:36.959><c> about</c><00:03:37.200><c> to</c><00:03:37.440><c> share</c><00:03:37.680><c> is</c><00:03:38.000><c> one</c><00:03:38.319><c> possible</c>

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What I'm about to share is one possible
 

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What I'm about to share is one possible
theory.<00:03:39.680><c> It's</c><00:03:40.000><c> going</c><00:03:40.159><c> to</c><00:03:40.319><c> involve</c><00:03:40.720><c> a</c><00:03:41.040><c> 4D</c>

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theory. It's going to involve a 4D
 

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theory. It's going to involve a 4D
hyperbolic<00:03:42.239><c> space.</c><00:03:43.200><c> That's</c><00:03:43.440><c> quite</c><00:03:43.680><c> a</c>

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hyperbolic space. That's quite a
 

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hyperbolic space. That's quite a
mouthful.<00:03:44.640><c> So,</c><00:03:44.799><c> let's</c><00:03:45.040><c> take</c><00:03:45.200><c> our</c><00:03:45.360><c> time</c>

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mouthful. So, let's take our time
 

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mouthful. So, let's take our time
exploring<00:03:46.159><c> this</c><00:03:46.400><c> space</c><00:03:46.799><c> so</c><00:03:47.040><c> we</c><00:03:47.200><c> know</c><00:03:47.360><c> what</c>

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exploring this space so we know what
 

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exploring this space so we know what
we're<00:03:47.760><c> talking</c><00:03:48.080><c> about.</c>

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we're talking about.
 

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we're talking about.
To<00:03:50.080><c> quickly</c><00:03:50.480><c> recap</c><00:03:50.879><c> on</c><00:03:51.040><c> the</c><00:03:51.200><c> rules</c><00:03:51.440><c> of</c><00:03:51.599><c> a</c><00:03:51.760><c> 4D</c>

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To quickly recap on the rules of a 4D
 

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To quickly recap on the rules of a 4D
space,<00:03:52.799><c> let's</c><00:03:53.120><c> imagine</c><00:03:53.440><c> that</c><00:03:53.680><c> all</c><00:03:53.920><c> of</c><00:03:54.080><c> 3D</c>

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space, let's imagine that all of 3D
 

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space, let's imagine that all of 3D
reality<00:03:55.040><c> has</c><00:03:55.360><c> been</c><00:03:55.519><c> compressed</c><00:03:56.000><c> into</c><00:03:56.319><c> a</c>

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reality has been compressed into a
 

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reality has been compressed into a
single<00:03:56.959><c> flat</c><00:03:57.360><c> line</c><00:03:58.000><c> traveling</c><00:03:58.480><c> horizontally</c>

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single flat line traveling horizontally
 

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single flat line traveling horizontally
across<00:03:59.680><c> space.</c><00:04:00.879><c> This</c><00:04:01.120><c> leaves</c><00:04:01.360><c> us</c><00:04:01.519><c> free</c><00:04:01.760><c> to</c>

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across space. This leaves us free to
 

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across space. This leaves us free to
make<00:04:02.159><c> everything</c><00:04:02.640><c> up</c><00:04:02.959><c> or</c><00:04:03.280><c> down</c><00:04:03.599><c> in</c><00:04:03.840><c> this</c><00:04:04.080><c> space</c>

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make everything up or down in this space
 

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make everything up or down in this space
into<00:04:04.799><c> the</c><00:04:05.040><c> future</c><00:04:05.439><c> or</c><00:04:05.760><c> the</c><00:04:05.920><c> past.</c><00:04:06.879><c> To</c><00:04:07.120><c> put</c><00:04:07.280><c> it</c>

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into the future or the past. To put it
 

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into the future or the past. To put it
another<00:04:07.760><c> way,</c><00:04:08.239><c> the</c><00:04:08.560><c> x-axis</c><00:04:09.280><c> represents</c>

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another way, the x-axis represents
 

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another way, the x-axis represents
moving<00:04:10.239><c> through</c><00:04:10.560><c> space</c><00:04:11.120><c> and</c><00:04:11.360><c> the</c><00:04:11.519><c> yaxis</c>

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moving through space and the yaxis
 

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moving through space and the yaxis
represents<00:04:12.799><c> moving</c><00:04:13.120><c> through</c><00:04:13.439><c> time.</c><00:04:14.400><c> This</c><00:04:14.640><c> is</c>

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represents moving through time. This is
 

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represents moving through time. This is
how<00:04:14.959><c> we</c><00:04:15.120><c> can</c><00:04:15.280><c> get</c><00:04:15.519><c> the</c><00:04:15.760><c> extra</c><00:04:16.160><c> dimension,</c><00:04:16.959><c> our</c>

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how we can get the extra dimension, our
 

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how we can get the extra dimension, our
fourth<00:04:17.759><c> D.</c><00:04:18.880><c> Here</c><00:04:19.199><c> in</c><00:04:19.440><c> 4D</c><00:04:19.919><c> space,</c><00:04:20.479><c> time</c><00:04:20.799><c> is</c>

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fourth D. Here in 4D space, time is
 

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fourth D. Here in 4D space, time is
simply<00:04:21.359><c> another</c><00:04:21.759><c> direction</c><00:04:22.079><c> we</c><00:04:22.320><c> can</c><00:04:22.479><c> go</c><00:04:22.560><c> in.</c>

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simply another direction we can go in.
 

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simply another direction we can go in.
Hyperbolic<00:04:24.639><c> might</c><00:04:24.880><c> sound</c><00:04:25.120><c> a</c><00:04:25.360><c> little</c>

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Hyperbolic might sound a little
 

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Hyperbolic might sound a little
intimidating<00:04:26.320><c> too,</c><00:04:26.880><c> but</c><00:04:27.199><c> simply</c><00:04:27.520><c> put,</c><00:04:28.080><c> all</c><00:04:28.320><c> it</c>

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intimidating too, but simply put, all it
 

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intimidating too, but simply put, all it
means<00:04:28.720><c> is</c><00:04:28.880><c> that</c><00:04:29.040><c> the</c><00:04:29.199><c> lines</c><00:04:29.600><c> diverge</c><00:04:30.080><c> away</c>

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means is that the lines diverge away
 

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means is that the lines diverge away
from<00:04:30.560><c> one</c><00:04:30.800><c> another</c><00:04:31.440><c> always.</c><00:04:32.720><c> This</c><00:04:32.960><c> has</c><00:04:33.199><c> the</c>

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from one another always. This has the
 

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from one another always. This has the
effect<00:04:33.759><c> of</c><00:04:34.080><c> warping</c><00:04:34.639><c> space</c><00:04:35.040><c> in</c><00:04:35.280><c> a</c><00:04:35.440><c> way</c><00:04:35.600><c> our</c>

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effect of warping space in a way our
 

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effect of warping space in a way our
brains<00:04:36.479><c> don't</c><00:04:36.720><c> really</c><00:04:37.040><c> process</c><00:04:37.520><c> well,</c><00:04:38.160><c> but</c>

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brains don't really process well, but
 

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brains don't really process well, but
essentially<00:04:39.040><c> means</c><00:04:39.440><c> there's</c><00:04:39.840><c> more</c><00:04:40.160><c> and</c><00:04:40.400><c> more</c>

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essentially means there's more and more
 

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essentially means there's more and more
space<00:04:41.040><c> the</c><00:04:41.360><c> further</c><00:04:41.600><c> out</c><00:04:41.840><c> you</c><00:04:42.080><c> go,</c><00:04:42.639><c> but</c>

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space the further out you go, but
 

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space the further out you go, but
exponentially<00:04:43.840><c> so.</c><00:04:45.280><c> Other</c><00:04:45.600><c> than</c><00:04:45.759><c> that,</c>

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exponentially so. Other than that,
 

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exponentially so. Other than that,
traveling<00:04:46.800><c> through</c><00:04:47.040><c> this</c><00:04:47.280><c> space</c><00:04:47.600><c> obeys</c><00:04:48.080><c> the</c>

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traveling through this space obeys the
 

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traveling through this space obeys the
same<00:04:48.479><c> rules</c><00:04:48.720><c> that</c><00:04:48.960><c> traveling</c><00:04:49.360><c> through</c><00:04:49.680><c> 3D</c>

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same rules that traveling through 3D
 

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same rules that traveling through 3D
space<00:04:50.400><c> uses</c><00:04:51.040><c> in</c><00:04:51.280><c> terms</c><00:04:51.440><c> of</c><00:04:51.520><c> the</c><00:04:51.680><c> physics</c><00:04:52.080><c> rules</c>

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space uses in terms of the physics rules
 

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space uses in terms of the physics rules
involved.<00:04:53.440><c> Objects</c><00:04:53.840><c> that</c><00:04:54.080><c> start</c><00:04:54.400><c> moving</c><00:04:54.800><c> must</c>

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involved. Objects that start moving must
 

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involved. Objects that start moving must
be<00:04:55.199><c> acted</c><00:04:55.520><c> upon</c><00:04:55.759><c> by</c><00:04:56.000><c> another</c><00:04:56.240><c> force</c><00:04:56.639><c> or</c><00:04:56.880><c> they</c>

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be acted upon by another force or they
 

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be acted upon by another force or they
will<00:04:57.280><c> continue</c><00:04:57.600><c> moving</c><00:04:57.840><c> at</c><00:04:58.080><c> the</c><00:04:58.240><c> same</c><00:04:58.320><c> rate.</c>

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will continue moving at the same rate.
 

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will continue moving at the same rate.
Objects<00:04:59.759><c> at</c><00:05:00.000><c> rest</c><00:05:00.400><c> remain</c><00:05:00.639><c> at</c><00:05:00.880><c> rest.</c>

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Objects at rest remain at rest.
 

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Objects at rest remain at rest.
Conservation<00:05:02.400><c> of</c><00:05:02.639><c> momentum</c><00:05:03.199><c> is</c><00:05:03.520><c> maintained.</c>

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Conservation of momentum is maintained.
 

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Conservation of momentum is maintained.
Now<00:05:05.840><c> let's</c><00:05:06.080><c> imagine</c><00:05:06.639><c> for</c><00:05:07.039><c> whatever</c><00:05:07.520><c> reason</c>

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Now let's imagine for whatever reason
 

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Now let's imagine for whatever reason
there<00:05:08.320><c> was</c><00:05:08.479><c> some</c><00:05:08.800><c> big</c><00:05:09.120><c> expansion</c><00:05:09.680><c> event</c><00:05:10.000><c> in</c>

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there was some big expansion event in
 

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there was some big expansion event in
the<00:05:10.400><c> past</c><00:05:10.560><c> that</c><00:05:10.800><c> sent</c><00:05:11.039><c> us</c><00:05:11.280><c> all</c><00:05:11.600><c> moving</c><00:05:11.919><c> in</c><00:05:12.160><c> the</c>

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the past that sent us all moving in the
 

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the past that sent us all moving in the
upwards<00:05:12.800><c> direction.</c><00:05:13.840><c> a</c><00:05:14.160><c> big</c><00:05:14.479><c> bang,</c><00:05:15.120><c> if</c><00:05:15.280><c> you</c>

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upwards direction. a big bang, if you
 

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upwards direction. a big bang, if you
will.<00:05:16.400><c> I</c><00:05:16.720><c> wonder</c><00:05:16.880><c> where</c><00:05:17.120><c> one</c><00:05:17.280><c> of</c><00:05:17.440><c> those</c><00:05:17.600><c> might</c>

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will. I wonder where one of those might
 

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will. I wonder where one of those might
have<00:05:18.000><c> come</c><00:05:18.160><c> from.</c><00:05:19.280><c> But</c><00:05:19.600><c> this</c><00:05:19.919><c> expansion</c><00:05:20.479><c> was</c>

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have come from. But this expansion was
 

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have come from. But this expansion was
not<00:05:20.960><c> simply</c><00:05:21.360><c> in</c><00:05:21.680><c> space,</c><00:05:22.160><c> but</c><00:05:22.479><c> in</c><00:05:22.720><c> time,</c><00:05:23.199><c> too.</c>

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not simply in space, but in time, too.
 

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not simply in space, but in time, too.
It's<00:05:24.080><c> a</c><00:05:24.320><c> 4D</c><00:05:24.880><c> explosion.</c>

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It's a 4D explosion.
 

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It's a 4D explosion.
We<00:05:26.720><c> are</c><00:05:26.960><c> now</c><00:05:27.199><c> in</c><00:05:27.520><c> motion,</c><00:05:28.400><c> moving</c><00:05:28.880><c> solely</c><00:05:29.360><c> up</c>

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We are now in motion, moving solely up
 

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We are now in motion, moving solely up
at<00:05:30.080><c> the</c><00:05:30.240><c> top</c><00:05:30.479><c> of</c><00:05:30.639><c> this</c><00:05:30.960><c> expanding</c><00:05:31.600><c> bubble.</c><00:05:32.639><c> For</c>

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at the top of this expanding bubble. For
 

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at the top of this expanding bubble. For
now,<00:05:33.120><c> we</c><00:05:33.280><c> are</c><00:05:33.440><c> not</c><00:05:33.600><c> moving</c><00:05:33.919><c> anywhere</c><00:05:34.320><c> in</c>

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now, we are not moving anywhere in
 

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now, we are not moving anywhere in
space.<00:05:35.199><c> We</c><00:05:35.360><c> are</c><00:05:35.520><c> simply</c><00:05:36.000><c> moving</c><00:05:36.320><c> forwards</c><00:05:36.800><c> in</c>

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space. We are simply moving forwards in
 

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space. We are simply moving forwards in
time.<00:05:38.240><c> We</c><00:05:38.479><c> travel</c><00:05:38.800><c> consistently</c><00:05:39.840><c> and</c><00:05:40.080><c> will</c>

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time. We travel consistently and will
 

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time. We travel consistently and will
continue<00:05:40.639><c> to</c><00:05:40.880><c> travel</c><00:05:41.199><c> consistently</c><00:05:41.759><c> until</c><00:05:42.080><c> we</c>

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continue to travel consistently until we
 

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continue to travel consistently until we
are<00:05:42.400><c> acted</c><00:05:42.720><c> upon</c><00:05:43.039><c> by</c><00:05:43.280><c> another</c><00:05:43.600><c> object</c><00:05:43.919><c> or</c>

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are acted upon by another object or
 

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are acted upon by another object or
force.<00:05:45.680><c> But</c><00:05:46.000><c> as</c><00:05:46.240><c> we</c><00:05:46.479><c> are</c><00:05:46.639><c> new</c><00:05:47.039><c> and</c><00:05:47.280><c> there</c><00:05:47.520><c> is</c>

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force. But as we are new and there is
 

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force. But as we are new and there is
nothing<00:05:48.000><c> but</c><00:05:48.320><c> empty</c><00:05:48.639><c> space</c><00:05:48.880><c> above</c><00:05:49.280><c> us,</c><00:05:49.680><c> we</c><00:05:49.919><c> are</c>

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nothing but empty space above us, we are
 

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nothing but empty space above us, we are
going<00:05:50.240><c> to</c><00:05:50.479><c> go</c><00:05:50.639><c> up</c><00:05:50.880><c> infinitely.</c><00:05:51.840><c> There's</c>

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going to go up infinitely. There's
 

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going to go up infinitely. There's
nothing<00:05:52.320><c> up</c><00:05:52.560><c> there</c><00:05:52.720><c> to</c><00:05:52.960><c> bump</c><00:05:53.199><c> into.</c>

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nothing up there to bump into.
 

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nothing up there to bump into.
Now<00:05:55.360><c> let's</c><00:05:55.600><c> imagine</c><00:05:56.000><c> for</c><00:05:56.240><c> a</c><00:05:56.479><c> second</c><00:05:56.720><c> that</c><00:05:57.039><c> we</c>

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Now let's imagine for a second that we
 

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Now let's imagine for a second that we
decide<00:05:57.520><c> we</c><00:05:57.840><c> no</c><00:05:58.080><c> longer</c><00:05:58.400><c> want</c><00:05:58.560><c> to</c><00:05:58.720><c> go</c><00:05:58.960><c> straight</c>

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decide we no longer want to go straight
 

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decide we no longer want to go straight
up.<00:06:00.080><c> Let's</c><00:06:00.400><c> try</c><00:06:00.560><c> to</c><00:06:00.800><c> change</c><00:06:01.120><c> direction.</c>

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up. Let's try to change direction.
 

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up. Let's try to change direction.
In<00:06:03.039><c> physics,</c><00:06:03.680><c> any</c><00:06:04.000><c> change</c><00:06:04.160><c> of</c><00:06:04.400><c> direction</c><00:06:04.800><c> is</c><00:06:05.039><c> a</c>

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In physics, any change of direction is a
 

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In physics, any change of direction is a
form<00:06:05.440><c> of</c><00:06:05.680><c> acceleration.</c>

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form of acceleration.
 

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form of acceleration.
This<00:06:07.520><c> may</c><00:06:07.680><c> not</c><00:06:07.919><c> make</c><00:06:08.160><c> much</c><00:06:08.400><c> sense</c>

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This may not make much sense
 

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This may not make much sense
intuitively,<00:06:09.759><c> but</c><00:06:10.000><c> it</c><00:06:10.240><c> becomes</c><00:06:10.560><c> easier</c><00:06:10.880><c> to</c>

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intuitively, but it becomes easier to
 

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intuitively, but it becomes easier to
understand<00:06:11.600><c> if</c><00:06:11.840><c> we</c><00:06:12.080><c> split</c><00:06:12.400><c> our</c><00:06:12.639><c> vector</c><00:06:13.039><c> into</c>

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understand if we split our vector into
 

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understand if we split our vector into
two<00:06:13.759><c> components.</c><00:06:14.960><c> Our</c><00:06:15.280><c> velocity</c><00:06:15.759><c> in</c><00:06:16.000><c> the</c><00:06:16.080><c> x</c>

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two components. Our velocity in the x
 

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two components. Our velocity in the x
direction<00:06:16.960><c> and</c><00:06:17.280><c> our</c><00:06:17.520><c> velocity</c><00:06:18.000><c> in</c><00:06:18.240><c> the</c><00:06:18.400><c> y</c>

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direction and our velocity in the y
 

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direction and our velocity in the y
direction.<00:06:19.840><c> It</c><00:06:20.080><c> then</c><00:06:20.240><c> becomes</c><00:06:20.560><c> easy</c><00:06:20.800><c> to</c><00:06:20.960><c> see</c>

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direction. It then becomes easy to see
 

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direction. It then becomes easy to see
that<00:06:21.360><c> changing</c><00:06:21.840><c> our</c><00:06:22.160><c> direction</c><00:06:22.639><c> comes</c><00:06:22.880><c> about</c>

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that changing our direction comes about
 

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that changing our direction comes about
by<00:06:23.600><c> decelerating</c><00:06:24.319><c> with</c><00:06:24.639><c> one</c><00:06:24.800><c> of</c><00:06:24.960><c> our</c><00:06:25.280><c> values</c>

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by decelerating with one of our values
 

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by decelerating with one of our values
and<00:06:26.160><c> accelerating</c><00:06:26.800><c> with</c><00:06:27.039><c> the</c><00:06:27.199><c> other.</c><00:06:28.639><c> We</c>

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and accelerating with the other. We
 

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and accelerating with the other. We
don't<00:06:29.199><c> have</c><00:06:29.360><c> to</c><00:06:29.520><c> change</c><00:06:29.840><c> both</c><00:06:30.080><c> values</c><00:06:30.560><c> though.</c>

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don't have to change both values though.
 

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don't have to change both values though.
Let's<00:06:31.440><c> just</c><00:06:31.600><c> give</c><00:06:31.759><c> ourselves</c><00:06:32.240><c> a</c><00:06:32.479><c> little</c>

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Let's just give ourselves a little
 

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Let's just give ourselves a little
impetus<00:06:33.120><c> in</c><00:06:33.280><c> the</c><00:06:33.440><c> x</c><00:06:33.759><c> direction.</c><00:06:35.199><c> Obviously,</c>

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impetus in the x direction. Obviously,
 

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impetus in the x direction. Obviously,
the<00:06:36.000><c> more</c><00:06:36.160><c> we</c><00:06:36.400><c> are</c><00:06:36.560><c> pushed,</c><00:06:36.960><c> the</c><00:06:37.199><c> faster</c><00:06:37.520><c> we</c>

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the more we are pushed, the faster we
 

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the more we are pushed, the faster we
are<00:06:37.840><c> going</c><00:06:38.000><c> to</c><00:06:38.160><c> travel</c><00:06:38.720><c> and</c><00:06:38.960><c> the</c><00:06:39.120><c> more</c><00:06:39.280><c> our</c>

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are going to travel and the more our
 

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are going to travel and the more our
total<00:06:39.919><c> vector</c><00:06:40.319><c> begins</c><00:06:40.560><c> to</c><00:06:40.720><c> lean</c><00:06:41.039><c> towards</c><00:06:41.360><c> a</c>

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total vector begins to lean towards a
 

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total vector begins to lean towards a
perfect<00:06:42.080><c> horizontal</c><00:06:42.720><c> line.</c><00:06:43.600><c> The</c><00:06:43.840><c> size</c><00:06:44.160><c> of</c><00:06:44.319><c> our</c>

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perfect horizontal line. The size of our
 

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perfect horizontal line. The size of our
vector<00:06:45.039><c> increases.</c>

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vector increases.
 

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vector increases.
However,<00:06:47.440><c> let's</c><00:06:47.680><c> say</c><00:06:47.840><c> that</c><00:06:48.000><c> we</c><00:06:48.160><c> want</c><00:06:48.319><c> to</c><00:06:48.479><c> go</c>

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However, let's say that we want to go
 

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However, let's say that we want to go
faster.<00:06:49.759><c> In</c><00:06:49.919><c> fact,</c><00:06:50.160><c> we</c><00:06:50.400><c> want</c><00:06:50.560><c> to</c><00:06:50.720><c> go</c><00:06:50.880><c> so</c><00:06:51.120><c> fast</c>

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faster. In fact, we want to go so fast
 

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faster. In fact, we want to go so fast
that<00:06:51.840><c> we</c><00:06:52.000><c> are</c><00:06:52.240><c> no</c><00:06:52.479><c> longer</c><00:06:52.880><c> traveling</c><00:06:53.199><c> in</c><00:06:53.440><c> the</c><00:06:53.520><c> y</c>

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that we are no longer traveling in the y
 

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that we are no longer traveling in the y
direction<00:06:54.560><c> and</c><00:06:54.800><c> are</c><00:06:55.039><c> only</c><00:06:55.360><c> moving</c><00:06:55.600><c> in</c><00:06:55.840><c> the</c><00:06:56.000><c> x</c>

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direction and are only moving in the x
 

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direction and are only moving in the x
direction<00:06:56.960><c> or</c><00:06:57.360><c> space.</c><00:06:58.720><c> Is</c><00:06:58.960><c> there</c><00:06:59.199><c> any</c><00:06:59.440><c> amount</c>

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direction or space. Is there any amount
 

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direction or space. Is there any amount
of<00:06:59.919><c> push</c><00:07:00.240><c> we</c><00:07:00.479><c> can</c><00:07:00.560><c> get</c><00:07:00.720><c> in</c><00:07:00.880><c> the</c><00:07:01.039><c> x</c><00:07:01.360><c> direction</c>

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of push we can get in the x direction
 

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of push we can get in the x direction
that<00:07:02.000><c> will</c><00:07:02.240><c> make</c><00:07:02.400><c> it</c><00:07:02.560><c> so</c><00:07:02.720><c> that</c><00:07:02.960><c> we</c><00:07:03.120><c> are</c>

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that will make it so that we are
 

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that will make it so that we are
actually<00:07:03.680><c> going</c><00:07:04.000><c> completely</c><00:07:04.560><c> horizontally?</c>

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actually going completely horizontally?
 

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actually going completely horizontally?
No.<00:07:06.880><c> You</c><00:07:07.039><c> could</c><00:07:07.280><c> increase</c><00:07:07.520><c> the</c><00:07:07.680><c> distance</c><00:07:08.000><c> in</c><00:07:08.240><c> x</c>

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No. You could increase the distance in x
 

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No. You could increase the distance in x
by<00:07:08.720><c> a</c><00:07:08.880><c> larger</c><00:07:09.199><c> and</c><00:07:09.440><c> larger</c><00:07:09.759><c> amount,</c><00:07:10.400><c> but</c><00:07:10.639><c> as</c>

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by a larger and larger amount, but as
 

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by a larger and larger amount, but as
long<00:07:11.039><c> as</c><00:07:11.199><c> y</c><00:07:11.520><c> has</c><00:07:11.759><c> some</c><00:07:12.080><c> value,</c><00:07:12.800><c> you</c><00:07:12.960><c> will</c><00:07:13.199><c> never</c>

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long as y has some value, you will never
 

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long as y has some value, you will never
actually<00:07:13.840><c> get</c><00:07:14.080><c> that</c><00:07:14.240><c> vector</c><00:07:14.720><c> perfectly</c><00:07:15.280><c> going</c>

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actually get that vector perfectly going
 

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actually get that vector perfectly going
across<00:07:16.080><c> space.</c><00:07:17.520><c> The</c><00:07:17.840><c> only</c><00:07:18.080><c> way</c><00:07:18.240><c> you</c><00:07:18.479><c> could</c><00:07:18.639><c> get</c>

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across space. The only way you could get
 

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across space. The only way you could get
your<00:07:19.039><c> vector</c><00:07:19.360><c> in</c><00:07:19.599><c> the</c><00:07:19.759><c> time</c><00:07:20.160><c> direction</c><00:07:20.560><c> to</c>

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your vector in the time direction to
 

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your vector in the time direction to
slow<00:07:21.199><c> down</c><00:07:21.759><c> is</c><00:07:22.000><c> if</c><00:07:22.160><c> you</c><00:07:22.319><c> pushed</c><00:07:22.639><c> against</c>

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slow down is if you pushed against
 

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slow down is if you pushed against
something<00:07:23.199><c> that's</c><00:07:23.520><c> ahead</c><00:07:23.759><c> of</c><00:07:23.919><c> you</c><00:07:24.400><c> or</c><00:07:24.720><c> pulled</c>

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something that's ahead of you or pulled
 

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something that's ahead of you or pulled
on<00:07:25.280><c> something</c><00:07:25.599><c> behind</c><00:07:25.919><c> you.</c><00:07:27.039><c> But</c><00:07:27.280><c> if</c>

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on something behind you. But if
 

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on something behind you. But if
everything<00:07:27.919><c> near</c><00:07:28.160><c> you</c><00:07:28.400><c> is</c><00:07:28.560><c> in</c><00:07:28.720><c> the</c><00:07:28.880><c> same</c>

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everything near you is in the same
 

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everything near you is in the same
second<00:07:29.360><c> you</c><00:07:29.599><c> are</c><00:07:29.759><c> in,</c><00:07:30.240><c> there's</c><00:07:30.479><c> nothing</c><00:07:30.720><c> to</c>

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second you are in, there's nothing to
 

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second you are in, there's nothing to
push<00:07:31.120><c> against.</c><00:07:32.080><c> You</c><00:07:32.319><c> can</c><00:07:32.479><c> only</c><00:07:32.720><c> push</c><00:07:32.960><c> each</c>

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push against. You can only push each
 

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push against. You can only push each
other<00:07:33.440><c> left</c><00:07:33.759><c> or</c><00:07:34.080><c> right.</c><00:07:34.960><c> Nothing</c><00:07:35.199><c> is</c><00:07:35.440><c> ahead</c><00:07:35.840><c> or</c>

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other left or right. Nothing is ahead or
 

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other left or right. Nothing is ahead or
behind.

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behind.
 

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behind.
Interestingly,<00:07:39.039><c> with</c><00:07:39.280><c> only</c><00:07:39.599><c> this</c><00:07:40.000><c> available</c>

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Interestingly, with only this available
 

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Interestingly, with only this available
to<00:07:40.639><c> you,</c><00:07:41.120><c> your</c><00:07:41.360><c> vector</c><00:07:41.759><c> can</c><00:07:42.000><c> trend</c><00:07:42.400><c> closer</c><00:07:42.800><c> and</c>

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to you, your vector can trend closer and
 

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to you, your vector can trend closer and
closer<00:07:43.360><c> to</c><00:07:43.599><c> flat,</c><00:07:44.160><c> but</c><00:07:44.400><c> it</c><00:07:44.639><c> never</c><00:07:44.880><c> actually</c>

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closer to flat, but it never actually
 

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closer to flat, but it never actually
reaches<00:07:45.599><c> it.</c><00:07:46.720><c> And</c><00:07:47.039><c> increasing</c><00:07:47.520><c> your</c><00:07:47.759><c> speed</c>

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reaches it. And increasing your speed
 

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reaches it. And increasing your speed
produces<00:07:48.560><c> diminishing</c><00:07:49.039><c> returns</c><00:07:49.440><c> on</c><00:07:49.599><c> how</c><00:07:49.840><c> much</c>

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produces diminishing returns on how much
 

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produces diminishing returns on how much
flatter<00:07:50.400><c> you</c><00:07:50.639><c> can</c><00:07:50.800><c> get</c><00:07:50.960><c> your</c><00:07:51.120><c> vector.</c><00:07:52.080><c> You</c>

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flatter you can get your vector. You
 

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flatter you can get your vector. You
have<00:07:52.639><c> a</c><00:07:52.880><c> limit.</c><00:07:54.000><c> You</c><00:07:54.240><c> would</c><00:07:54.479><c> essentially</c><00:07:54.879><c> need</c>

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have a limit. You would essentially need
 

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have a limit. You would essentially need
to<00:07:55.280><c> go</c><00:07:55.599><c> infinite</c><00:07:56.080><c> speed</c><00:07:56.479><c> to</c><00:07:56.800><c> approximate</c><00:07:57.360><c> a</c>

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to go infinite speed to approximate a
 

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to go infinite speed to approximate a
flat<00:07:57.840><c> line.</c><00:07:58.400><c> And</c><00:07:58.560><c> to</c><00:07:58.800><c> go</c><00:07:59.039><c> infinite</c><00:07:59.599><c> speed,</c><00:08:00.240><c> you</c>

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flat line. And to go infinite speed, you
 

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flat line. And to go infinite speed, you
would<00:08:00.639><c> need</c><00:08:00.879><c> infinite</c><00:08:01.440><c> energy.</c><00:08:02.479><c> Difficult</c><00:08:02.800><c> to</c>

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would need infinite energy. Difficult to
 

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would need infinite energy. Difficult to
get<00:08:03.120><c> your</c><00:08:03.280><c> hands</c><00:08:03.520><c> on.</c>

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get your hands on.
 

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get your hands on.
Of<00:08:05.360><c> course,</c><00:08:05.759><c> this</c><00:08:05.919><c> is</c><00:08:06.080><c> where</c><00:08:06.319><c> the</c><00:08:06.560><c> idea</c>

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Of course, this is where the idea
 

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Of course, this is where the idea
diverges<00:08:07.599><c> from</c><00:08:07.840><c> reality.</c><00:08:08.879><c> There's</c><00:08:09.120><c> nothing</c>

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diverges from reality. There's nothing
 

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diverges from reality. There's nothing
here<00:08:09.599><c> so</c><00:08:09.840><c> far</c><00:08:10.000><c> that</c><00:08:10.240><c> imposes</c><00:08:10.720><c> a</c><00:08:10.879><c> speed</c><00:08:11.120><c> limit</c>

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here so far that imposes a speed limit
 

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here so far that imposes a speed limit
on<00:08:11.599><c> our</c><00:08:11.840><c> model.</c><00:08:12.720><c> You</c><00:08:12.960><c> should</c><00:08:13.199><c> easily</c><00:08:13.599><c> be</c><00:08:13.759><c> able</c>

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on our model. You should easily be able
 

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on our model. You should easily be able
to<00:08:14.000><c> go</c><00:08:14.160><c> faster</c><00:08:14.560><c> than</c><00:08:14.720><c> the</c><00:08:14.879><c> usual</c><00:08:15.280><c> light</c><00:08:15.599><c> speed</c>

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to go faster than the usual light speed
 

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to go faster than the usual light speed
limit.<00:08:16.960><c> With</c><00:08:17.199><c> infinite</c><00:08:17.680><c> energy,</c><00:08:18.240><c> you</c><00:08:18.479><c> could</c>

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limit. With infinite energy, you could
 

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limit. With infinite energy, you could
go<00:08:18.879><c> 3</c><00:08:19.120><c> billion</c><00:08:19.520><c> m/s</c><00:08:20.639><c> or</c><00:08:20.960><c> 3</c><00:08:21.199><c> trillion.</c><00:08:22.560><c> But</c><00:08:22.800><c> in</c>

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go 3 billion m/s or 3 trillion. But in
 

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go 3 billion m/s or 3 trillion. But in
the<00:08:23.120><c> real</c><00:08:23.360><c> universe,</c><00:08:24.000><c> we</c><00:08:24.319><c> don't</c><00:08:24.479><c> see</c><00:08:24.639><c> that.</c>

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the real universe, we don't see that.
 

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the real universe, we don't see that.
Everything<00:08:26.080><c> normally</c><00:08:26.560><c> seems</c><00:08:26.879><c> to</c><00:08:27.039><c> be</c><00:08:27.199><c> capped</c>

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Everything normally seems to be capped
 

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Everything normally seems to be capped
at<00:08:27.919><c> C.</c>

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at C.
 

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at C.
There<00:08:30.080><c> is</c><00:08:30.319><c> a</c><00:08:30.560><c> similar</c><00:08:30.879><c> trend</c><00:08:31.199><c> where</c><00:08:31.440><c> the</c><00:08:31.599><c> more</c>

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There is a similar trend where the more
 

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There is a similar trend where the more
energy<00:08:32.080><c> you</c><00:08:32.240><c> put</c><00:08:32.399><c> in,</c><00:08:32.800><c> the</c><00:08:33.039><c> less</c><00:08:33.279><c> additional</c>

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energy you put in, the less additional
 

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energy you put in, the less additional
speed<00:08:34.000><c> you</c><00:08:34.159><c> get.</c><00:08:34.719><c> But</c><00:08:34.880><c> that</c><00:08:35.120><c> occurs</c><00:08:35.440><c> at</c><00:08:35.680><c> close</c>

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speed you get. But that occurs at close
 

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speed you get. But that occurs at close
to<00:08:36.080><c> light</c><00:08:36.320><c> speed,</c><00:08:36.959><c> not</c><00:08:37.279><c> infinite</c><00:08:37.760><c> speed.</c><00:08:38.800><c> So</c>

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to light speed, not infinite speed. So
 

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to light speed, not infinite speed. So
our<00:08:39.360><c> 4D</c><00:08:39.839><c> model</c><00:08:40.240><c> seems</c><00:08:40.479><c> to</c><00:08:40.719><c> have</c><00:08:40.880><c> failed.</c><00:08:42.320><c> But</c>

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our 4D model seems to have failed. But
 

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our 4D model seems to have failed. But
this<00:08:42.880><c> is</c><00:08:43.039><c> not</c><00:08:43.440><c> regular</c><00:08:43.919><c> 4D</c><00:08:44.399><c> space.</c><00:08:45.360><c> This</c><00:08:45.519><c> is</c><00:08:45.680><c> a</c>

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this is not regular 4D space. This is a
 

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this is not regular 4D space. This is a
hyperbolic<00:08:46.640><c> 4D</c><00:08:47.120><c> space.</c><00:08:48.160><c> Let's</c><00:08:48.480><c> observe</c><00:08:48.800><c> what</c>

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hyperbolic 4D space. Let's observe what
 

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hyperbolic 4D space. Let's observe what
happens<00:08:49.360><c> when</c><00:08:49.600><c> you</c><00:08:49.760><c> try</c><00:08:49.920><c> to</c><00:08:50.160><c> travel</c><00:08:50.480><c> at</c><00:08:50.720><c> near</c>

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happens when you try to travel at near
 

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happens when you try to travel at near
infinite<00:08:51.600><c> speeds</c><00:08:51.920><c> when</c><00:08:52.160><c> the</c><00:08:52.320><c> lines</c><00:08:52.720><c> start</c><00:08:52.959><c> to</c>

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infinite speeds when the lines start to
 

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infinite speeds when the lines start to
bend.

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bend.
 

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bend.
Here<00:08:55.440><c> you</c><00:08:55.680><c> have</c><00:08:55.920><c> zoomed</c><00:08:56.240><c> along</c><00:08:56.560><c> at</c><00:08:56.800><c> a</c><00:08:56.959><c> speed</c>

00:08:57.269 --> 00:08:57.279 align:start position:0%
Here you have zoomed along at a speed
 

00:08:57.279 --> 00:08:59.350 align:start position:0%
Here you have zoomed along at a speed
that's<00:08:57.600><c> as</c><00:08:57.920><c> fast</c><00:08:58.160><c> as</c><00:08:58.399><c> infinite</c><00:08:58.880><c> as</c><00:08:59.040><c> you</c><00:08:59.279><c> can</c>

00:08:59.350 --> 00:08:59.360 align:start position:0%
that's as fast as infinite as you can
 

00:08:59.360 --> 00:09:01.990 align:start position:0%
that's as fast as infinite as you can
imagine.<00:09:00.480><c> Speed</c><00:09:00.880><c> is</c><00:09:01.120><c> a</c><00:09:01.360><c> tricky</c><00:09:01.680><c> little</c>

00:09:01.990 --> 00:09:02.000 align:start position:0%
imagine. Speed is a tricky little
 

00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:04.310 align:start position:0%
imagine. Speed is a tricky little
concept<00:09:02.399><c> here.</c><00:09:03.120><c> But</c><00:09:03.200><c> let's</c><00:09:03.519><c> say</c><00:09:03.680><c> that</c><00:09:04.000><c> from</c>

00:09:04.310 --> 00:09:04.320 align:start position:0%
concept here. But let's say that from
 

00:09:04.320 --> 00:09:06.310 align:start position:0%
concept here. But let's say that from
your<00:09:04.640><c> perspective</c><00:09:05.279><c> you</c><00:09:05.519><c> covered</c><00:09:05.839><c> a</c><00:09:06.000><c> distance</c>

00:09:06.310 --> 00:09:06.320 align:start position:0%
your perspective you covered a distance
 

00:09:06.320 --> 00:09:10.470 align:start position:0%
your perspective you covered a distance
of<00:09:06.640><c> 400</c><00:09:07.279><c> million</c><00:09:07.680><c> m</c><00:09:08.080><c> in</c><00:09:08.320><c> a</c><00:09:08.480><c> second.</c><00:09:09.600><c> So</c><00:09:10.080><c> faster</c>

00:09:10.470 --> 00:09:10.480 align:start position:0%
of 400 million m in a second. So faster
 

00:09:10.480 --> 00:09:14.070 align:start position:0%
of 400 million m in a second. So faster
than<00:09:10.720><c> the</c><00:09:10.880><c> speed</c><00:09:11.120><c> of</c><00:09:11.279><c> light.</c><00:09:12.320><c> What</c><00:09:12.560><c> happens?</c>

00:09:14.070 --> 00:09:14.080 align:start position:0%
than the speed of light. What happens?
 

00:09:14.080 --> 00:09:16.150 align:start position:0%
than the speed of light. What happens?
Well,<00:09:14.399><c> you</c><00:09:14.560><c> hit</c><00:09:14.880><c> this</c><00:09:15.200><c> little</c><00:09:15.440><c> curved</c><00:09:15.839><c> line</c>

00:09:16.150 --> 00:09:16.160 align:start position:0%
Well, you hit this little curved line
 

00:09:16.160 --> 00:09:17.509 align:start position:0%
Well, you hit this little curved line
over<00:09:16.399><c> here.</c>

00:09:17.509 --> 00:09:17.519 align:start position:0%
over here.
 

00:09:17.519 --> 00:09:19.509 align:start position:0%
over here.
Although<00:09:17.839><c> it</c><00:09:18.080><c> is</c><00:09:18.160><c> bent</c><00:09:18.480><c> to</c><00:09:18.720><c> be</c><00:09:18.880><c> almost</c><00:09:19.279><c> a</c>

00:09:19.509 --> 00:09:19.519 align:start position:0%
Although it is bent to be almost a
 

00:09:19.519 --> 00:09:21.829 align:start position:0%
Although it is bent to be almost a
C-shape,<00:09:20.480><c> if</c><00:09:20.640><c> you</c><00:09:20.800><c> follow</c><00:09:21.040><c> the</c><00:09:21.279><c> line</c><00:09:21.519><c> down,</c>

00:09:21.829 --> 00:09:21.839 align:start position:0%
C-shape, if you follow the line down,
 

00:09:21.839 --> 00:09:24.470 align:start position:0%
C-shape, if you follow the line down,
you<00:09:22.000><c> will</c><00:09:22.160><c> see</c><00:09:22.399><c> that</c><00:09:22.640><c> it</c><00:09:22.880><c> is</c><00:09:23.040><c> a</c><00:09:23.279><c> timeline,</c><00:09:24.240><c> not</c>

00:09:24.470 --> 00:09:24.480 align:start position:0%
you will see that it is a timeline, not
 

00:09:24.480 --> 00:09:26.790 align:start position:0%
you will see that it is a timeline, not
a<00:09:24.640><c> space</c><00:09:24.959><c> line.</c><00:09:25.839><c> And</c><00:09:26.000><c> because</c><00:09:26.320><c> it</c><00:09:26.560><c> is</c><00:09:26.640><c> a</c>

00:09:26.790 --> 00:09:26.800 align:start position:0%
a space line. And because it is a
 

00:09:26.800 --> 00:09:29.110 align:start position:0%
a space line. And because it is a
hyperbolic<00:09:27.440><c> space,</c><00:09:28.160><c> there</c><00:09:28.399><c> is</c><00:09:28.560><c> more</c><00:09:28.800><c> here</c>

00:09:29.110 --> 00:09:29.120 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space, there is more here
 

00:09:29.120 --> 00:09:31.509 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space, there is more here
than<00:09:29.200><c> meets</c><00:09:29.440><c> the</c><00:09:29.680><c> eye.</c><00:09:30.640><c> Let's</c><00:09:30.959><c> jump</c><00:09:31.120><c> over</c><00:09:31.360><c> to</c>

00:09:31.509 --> 00:09:31.519 align:start position:0%
than meets the eye. Let's jump over to
 

00:09:31.519 --> 00:09:34.870 align:start position:0%
than meets the eye. Let's jump over to
that<00:09:31.680><c> point</c><00:09:32.000><c> and</c><00:09:32.240><c> see</c><00:09:32.399><c> where</c><00:09:32.640><c> we</c><00:09:32.880><c> ended</c><00:09:33.120><c> up.</c>

00:09:34.870 --> 00:09:34.880 align:start position:0%
that point and see where we ended up.
 

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that point and see where we ended up.
Although<00:09:35.200><c> in</c><00:09:35.440><c> our</c><00:09:35.760><c> movement</c><00:09:36.160><c> vector</c><00:09:36.640><c> by</c><00:09:36.959><c> our</c>

00:09:37.190 --> 00:09:37.200 align:start position:0%
Although in our movement vector by our
 

00:09:37.200 --> 00:09:39.269 align:start position:0%
Although in our movement vector by our
origin,<00:09:37.680><c> we</c><00:09:37.920><c> only</c><00:09:38.160><c> traveled</c><00:09:38.560><c> one</c><00:09:38.880><c> square</c>

00:09:39.269 --> 00:09:39.279 align:start position:0%
origin, we only traveled one square
 

00:09:39.279 --> 00:09:42.230 align:start position:0%
origin, we only traveled one square
high,<00:09:40.240><c> by</c><00:09:40.480><c> our</c><00:09:40.800><c> end</c><00:09:41.120><c> destination,</c><00:09:41.839><c> we</c><00:09:42.080><c> have</c>

00:09:42.230 --> 00:09:42.240 align:start position:0%
high, by our end destination, we have
 

00:09:42.240 --> 00:09:44.389 align:start position:0%
high, by our end destination, we have
ended<00:09:42.480><c> up</c><00:09:42.640><c> at</c><00:09:42.880><c> a</c><00:09:43.040><c> point</c><00:09:43.440><c> multiple</c><00:09:44.000><c> squares</c>

00:09:44.389 --> 00:09:44.399 align:start position:0%
ended up at a point multiple squares
 

00:09:44.399 --> 00:09:48.070 align:start position:0%
ended up at a point multiple squares
high.<00:09:45.839><c> By</c><00:09:46.160><c> taking</c><00:09:46.480><c> a</c><00:09:46.720><c> journey</c><00:09:47.040><c> sideways</c><00:09:47.839><c> and</c>

00:09:48.070 --> 00:09:48.080 align:start position:0%
high. By taking a journey sideways and
 

00:09:48.080 --> 00:09:50.230 align:start position:0%
high. By taking a journey sideways and
by<00:09:48.320><c> only</c><00:09:48.640><c> experiencing</c><00:09:49.200><c> a</c><00:09:49.519><c> second</c><00:09:49.760><c> of</c><00:09:49.920><c> forward</c>

00:09:50.230 --> 00:09:50.240 align:start position:0%
by only experiencing a second of forward
 

00:09:50.240 --> 00:09:52.630 align:start position:0%
by only experiencing a second of forward
momentum<00:09:50.720><c> through</c><00:09:50.959><c> time</c><00:09:51.279><c> ourselves,</c><00:09:52.240><c> we</c><00:09:52.399><c> have</c>

00:09:52.630 --> 00:09:52.640 align:start position:0%
momentum through time ourselves, we have
 

00:09:52.640 --> 00:09:55.350 align:start position:0%
momentum through time ourselves, we have
ended<00:09:52.880><c> up</c><00:09:53.120><c> many</c><00:09:53.519><c> seconds</c><00:09:53.920><c> into</c><00:09:54.240><c> the</c><00:09:54.480><c> future,</c>

00:09:55.350 --> 00:09:55.360 align:start position:0%
ended up many seconds into the future,
 

00:09:55.360 --> 00:09:57.430 align:start position:0%
ended up many seconds into the future,
we<00:09:55.600><c> have</c><00:09:55.760><c> taken</c><00:09:56.080><c> a</c><00:09:56.320><c> shortcut</c><00:09:56.959><c> into</c><00:09:57.279><c> the</c>

00:09:57.430 --> 00:09:57.440 align:start position:0%
we have taken a shortcut into the
 

00:09:57.440 --> 00:09:58.949 align:start position:0%
we have taken a shortcut into the
future.

00:09:58.949 --> 00:09:58.959 align:start position:0%
future.
 

00:09:58.959 --> 00:10:00.790 align:start position:0%
future.
This<00:09:59.279><c> is</c><00:09:59.440><c> what</c><00:09:59.600><c> we</c><00:09:59.760><c> observe</c><00:10:00.160><c> in</c><00:10:00.399><c> the</c><00:10:00.560><c> real</c>

00:10:00.790 --> 00:10:00.800 align:start position:0%
This is what we observe in the real
 

00:10:00.800 --> 00:10:03.269 align:start position:0%
This is what we observe in the real
world.<00:10:01.519><c> Objects</c><00:10:01.920><c> that</c><00:10:02.160><c> move</c><00:10:02.399><c> at</c><00:10:02.640><c> great</c><00:10:02.880><c> speed</c>

00:10:03.269 --> 00:10:03.279 align:start position:0%
world. Objects that move at great speed
 

00:10:03.279 --> 00:10:05.269 align:start position:0%
world. Objects that move at great speed
seem<00:10:03.519><c> to</c><00:10:03.680><c> suddenly</c><00:10:04.160><c> experience</c><00:10:04.800><c> reduced</c>

00:10:05.269 --> 00:10:05.279 align:start position:0%
seem to suddenly experience reduced
 

00:10:05.279 --> 00:10:07.670 align:start position:0%
seem to suddenly experience reduced
time.<00:10:06.240><c> They</c><00:10:06.480><c> believe</c><00:10:06.800><c> only</c><00:10:07.040><c> a</c><00:10:07.279><c> few</c><00:10:07.440><c> seconds</c>

00:10:07.670 --> 00:10:07.680 align:start position:0%
time. They believe only a few seconds
 

00:10:07.680 --> 00:10:10.230 align:start position:0%
time. They believe only a few seconds
have<00:10:07.920><c> passed,</c><00:10:08.560><c> but</c><00:10:08.880><c> far</c><00:10:09.200><c> more</c><00:10:09.519><c> time</c><00:10:09.760><c> can</c><00:10:10.000><c> occur</c>

00:10:10.230 --> 00:10:10.240 align:start position:0%
have passed, but far more time can occur
 

00:10:10.240 --> 00:10:13.269 align:start position:0%
have passed, but far more time can occur
to<00:10:10.399><c> an</c><00:10:10.640><c> external</c><00:10:11.200><c> observer.</c><00:10:12.560><c> And</c><00:10:12.800><c> suddenly,</c>

00:10:13.269 --> 00:10:13.279 align:start position:0%
to an external observer. And suddenly,
 

00:10:13.279 --> 00:10:16.069 align:start position:0%
to an external observer. And suddenly,
it<00:10:13.519><c> really</c><00:10:13.760><c> throws</c><00:10:14.079><c> off</c><00:10:14.320><c> our</c><00:10:14.560><c> maths.</c><00:10:15.680><c> Because</c>

00:10:16.069 --> 00:10:16.079 align:start position:0%
it really throws off our maths. Because
 

00:10:16.079 --> 00:10:18.470 align:start position:0%
it really throws off our maths. Because
how<00:10:16.320><c> does</c><00:10:16.480><c> an</c><00:10:16.720><c> external</c><00:10:17.200><c> observer</c><00:10:17.760><c> record</c><00:10:18.160><c> our</c>

00:10:18.470 --> 00:10:18.480 align:start position:0%
how does an external observer record our
 

00:10:18.480 --> 00:10:21.350 align:start position:0%
how does an external observer record our
speed?<00:10:19.680><c> If</c><00:10:19.920><c> we</c><00:10:20.079><c> started</c><00:10:20.399><c> at</c><00:10:20.640><c> an</c><00:10:20.800><c> origin</c><00:10:21.200><c> point</c>

00:10:21.350 --> 00:10:21.360 align:start position:0%
speed? If we started at an origin point
 

00:10:21.360 --> 00:10:23.670 align:start position:0%
speed? If we started at an origin point
of<00:10:21.519><c> zero,</c><00:10:22.160><c> but</c><00:10:22.480><c> ended</c><00:10:22.720><c> at</c><00:10:22.880><c> an</c><00:10:23.040><c> origin</c><00:10:23.440><c> point</c>

00:10:23.670 --> 00:10:23.680 align:start position:0%
of zero, but ended at an origin point
 

00:10:23.680 --> 00:10:26.310 align:start position:0%
of zero, but ended at an origin point
that's<00:10:24.000><c> 10</c><00:10:24.399><c> seconds</c><00:10:24.720><c> into</c><00:10:24.959><c> the</c><00:10:25.120><c> future,</c><00:10:26.079><c> they</c>

00:10:26.310 --> 00:10:26.320 align:start position:0%
that's 10 seconds into the future, they
 

00:10:26.320 --> 00:10:28.630 align:start position:0%
that's 10 seconds into the future, they
have<00:10:26.480><c> to</c><00:10:26.640><c> say</c><00:10:26.800><c> that</c><00:10:27.040><c> we</c><00:10:27.200><c> have</c><00:10:27.360><c> traveled</c><00:10:27.920><c> 400</c>

00:10:28.630 --> 00:10:28.640 align:start position:0%
have to say that we have traveled 400
 

00:10:28.640 --> 00:10:31.430 align:start position:0%
have to say that we have traveled 400
million<00:10:29.040><c> m</c><00:10:29.519><c> in</c><00:10:29.839><c> 10</c><00:10:30.079><c> seconds</c><00:10:30.640><c> for</c><00:10:30.800><c> a</c><00:10:30.959><c> speed</c><00:10:31.200><c> of</c>

00:10:31.430 --> 00:10:31.440 align:start position:0%
million m in 10 seconds for a speed of
 

00:10:31.440 --> 00:10:34.710 align:start position:0%
million m in 10 seconds for a speed of
40<00:10:31.760><c> million</c><00:10:32.079><c> m/s,</c><00:10:33.440><c> far</c><00:10:33.760><c> below</c><00:10:34.079><c> the</c><00:10:34.320><c> speed</c><00:10:34.560><c> of</c>

00:10:34.710 --> 00:10:34.720 align:start position:0%
40 million m/s, far below the speed of
 

00:10:34.720 --> 00:10:36.710 align:start position:0%
40 million m/s, far below the speed of
light,<00:10:35.279><c> no</c><00:10:35.279><c> matter</c><00:10:35.680><c> what</c><00:10:35.839><c> we</c><00:10:36.079><c> thought</c><00:10:36.240><c> we</c><00:10:36.480><c> were</c>

00:10:36.710 --> 00:10:36.720 align:start position:0%
light, no matter what we thought we were
 

00:10:36.720 --> 00:10:39.910 align:start position:0%
light, no matter what we thought we were
doing,<00:10:37.760><c> which</c><00:10:38.000><c> is</c><00:10:38.240><c> kind</c><00:10:38.480><c> of</c><00:10:38.640><c> like</c><00:10:39.040><c> what</c><00:10:39.440><c> light</c>

00:10:39.910 --> 00:10:39.920 align:start position:0%
doing, which is kind of like what light
 

00:10:39.920 --> 00:10:42.230 align:start position:0%
doing, which is kind of like what light
seems<00:10:40.240><c> to</c><00:10:40.399><c> be</c><00:10:40.560><c> experiencing.</c>

00:10:42.230 --> 00:10:42.240 align:start position:0%
seems to be experiencing.
 

00:10:42.240 --> 00:10:43.990 align:start position:0%
seems to be experiencing.
And<00:10:42.399><c> the</c><00:10:42.640><c> faster</c><00:10:42.959><c> you</c><00:10:43.120><c> push</c><00:10:43.440><c> yourself</c><00:10:43.680><c> in</c><00:10:43.839><c> the</c>

00:10:43.990 --> 00:10:44.000 align:start position:0%
And the faster you push yourself in the
 

00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:46.150 align:start position:0%
And the faster you push yourself in the
x<00:10:44.240><c> direction,</c><00:10:44.959><c> the</c><00:10:45.200><c> more</c><00:10:45.360><c> you</c><00:10:45.600><c> encounter</c><00:10:46.000><c> the</c>

00:10:46.150 --> 00:10:46.160 align:start position:0%
x direction, the more you encounter the
 

00:10:46.160 --> 00:10:48.630 align:start position:0%
x direction, the more you encounter the
warping<00:10:46.640><c> effects</c><00:10:46.880><c> of</c><00:10:47.040><c> hyperbolic</c><00:10:47.680><c> geometry.</c>

00:10:48.630 --> 00:10:48.640 align:start position:0%
warping effects of hyperbolic geometry.
 

00:10:48.640 --> 00:10:50.230 align:start position:0%
warping effects of hyperbolic geometry.
And<00:10:48.800><c> the</c><00:10:48.959><c> more</c><00:10:49.200><c> it</c><00:10:49.360><c> keeps</c><00:10:49.600><c> pulling</c><00:10:49.920><c> you</c><00:10:50.079><c> back</c>

00:10:50.230 --> 00:10:50.240 align:start position:0%
And the more it keeps pulling you back
 

00:10:50.240 --> 00:10:51.910 align:start position:0%
And the more it keeps pulling you back
towards<00:10:50.640><c> the</c><00:10:50.800><c> speed</c><00:10:51.040><c> limit</c><00:10:51.360><c> cap</c><00:10:51.600><c> of</c><00:10:51.760><c> the</c>

00:10:51.910 --> 00:10:51.920 align:start position:0%
towards the speed limit cap of the
 

00:10:51.920 --> 00:10:54.310 align:start position:0%
towards the speed limit cap of the
universe,<00:10:52.800><c> it</c><00:10:52.959><c> will</c><00:10:53.200><c> never</c><00:10:53.519><c> let</c><00:10:53.760><c> you</c><00:10:54.000><c> exceed</c>

00:10:54.310 --> 00:10:54.320 align:start position:0%
universe, it will never let you exceed
 

00:10:54.320 --> 00:10:57.670 align:start position:0%
universe, it will never let you exceed
it.<00:10:55.519><c> This</c><00:10:55.839><c> explains</c><00:10:56.320><c> why</c><00:10:56.640><c> there</c><00:10:56.880><c> is</c><00:10:57.040><c> a</c><00:10:57.279><c> cap</c><00:10:57.519><c> to</c>

00:10:57.670 --> 00:10:57.680 align:start position:0%
it. This explains why there is a cap to
 

00:10:57.680 --> 00:11:00.630 align:start position:0%
it. This explains why there is a cap to
the<00:10:57.920><c> universe.</c><00:10:58.880><c> Not</c><00:10:59.120><c> even</c><00:10:59.360><c> light,</c><00:11:00.079><c> which</c><00:11:00.399><c> as</c>

00:11:00.630 --> 00:11:00.640 align:start position:0%
the universe. Not even light, which as
 

00:11:00.640 --> 00:11:02.630 align:start position:0%
the universe. Not even light, which as
far<00:11:00.800><c> as</c><00:11:00.959><c> it</c><00:11:01.120><c> is</c><00:11:01.360><c> concerned</c><00:11:02.000><c> does</c><00:11:02.320><c> travel</c>

00:11:02.630 --> 00:11:02.640 align:start position:0%
far as it is concerned does travel
 

00:11:02.640 --> 00:11:04.630 align:start position:0%
far as it is concerned does travel
infinitely<00:11:03.200><c> quickly,</c><00:11:03.920><c> would</c><00:11:04.160><c> be</c><00:11:04.320><c> able</c><00:11:04.480><c> to</c>

00:11:04.630 --> 00:11:04.640 align:start position:0%
infinitely quickly, would be able to
 

00:11:04.640 --> 00:11:07.190 align:start position:0%
infinitely quickly, would be able to
overcome<00:11:04.959><c> it,</c><00:11:05.680><c> provided</c><00:11:06.240><c> the</c><00:11:06.560><c> base</c><00:11:06.800><c> we</c><00:11:07.040><c> were</c>

00:11:07.190 --> 00:11:07.200 align:start position:0%
overcome it, provided the base we were
 

00:11:07.200 --> 00:11:10.550 align:start position:0%
overcome it, provided the base we were
resting<00:11:07.440><c> on</c><00:11:07.760><c> was</c><00:11:08.079><c> ever</c><00:11:08.399><c> so</c><00:11:08.640><c> slightly</c><00:11:09.040><c> curved.</c>

00:11:10.550 --> 00:11:10.560 align:start position:0%
resting on was ever so slightly curved.
 

00:11:10.560 --> 00:11:12.470 align:start position:0%
resting on was ever so slightly curved.
As<00:11:10.800><c> soon</c><00:11:10.880><c> as</c><00:11:11.040><c> the</c><00:11:11.200><c> photon</c><00:11:11.680><c> slid</c><00:11:12.079><c> onto</c><00:11:12.320><c> the</c>

00:11:12.470 --> 00:11:12.480 align:start position:0%
As soon as the photon slid onto the
 

00:11:12.480 --> 00:11:15.030 align:start position:0%
As soon as the photon slid onto the
plane<00:11:12.720><c> that</c><00:11:12.959><c> was</c><00:11:13.120><c> space,</c><00:11:14.000><c> it</c><00:11:14.160><c> would</c><00:11:14.399><c> get</c><00:11:14.640><c> swept</c>

00:11:15.030 --> 00:11:15.040 align:start position:0%
plane that was space, it would get swept
 

00:11:15.040 --> 00:11:17.190 align:start position:0%
plane that was space, it would get swept
up<00:11:15.200><c> in</c><00:11:15.440><c> the</c><00:11:15.600><c> curvature</c><00:11:16.000><c> of</c><00:11:16.240><c> this</c><00:11:16.480><c> hyperbolic</c>

00:11:17.190 --> 00:11:17.200 align:start position:0%
up in the curvature of this hyperbolic
 

00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:20.150 align:start position:0%
up in the curvature of this hyperbolic
4D<00:11:17.600><c> space.</c><00:11:18.800><c> It</c><00:11:19.040><c> would</c><00:11:19.279><c> trace</c><00:11:19.600><c> the</c><00:11:19.760><c> limit</c><00:11:20.000><c> of</c>

00:11:20.150 --> 00:11:20.160 align:start position:0%
4D space. It would trace the limit of
 

00:11:20.160 --> 00:11:23.030 align:start position:0%
4D space. It would trace the limit of
it,<00:11:20.399><c> true,</c><00:11:20.959><c> but</c><00:11:21.200><c> it</c><00:11:21.360><c> would</c><00:11:21.519><c> get</c><00:11:21.680><c> caught</c><00:11:21.920><c> in</c><00:11:22.160><c> it.</c>

00:11:23.030 --> 00:11:23.040 align:start position:0%
it, true, but it would get caught in it.
 

00:11:23.040 --> 00:11:25.670 align:start position:0%
it, true, but it would get caught in it.
And<00:11:23.279><c> then</c><00:11:23.760><c> from</c><00:11:24.079><c> our</c><00:11:24.399><c> perspective,</c><00:11:25.279><c> it</c><00:11:25.519><c> would</c>

00:11:25.670 --> 00:11:25.680 align:start position:0%
And then from our perspective, it would
 

00:11:25.680 --> 00:11:27.350 align:start position:0%
And then from our perspective, it would
start<00:11:25.920><c> to</c><00:11:26.079><c> look</c><00:11:26.240><c> as</c><00:11:26.480><c> if</c><00:11:26.640><c> we</c><00:11:26.800><c> were</c><00:11:26.959><c> simply</c>

00:11:27.350 --> 00:11:27.360 align:start position:0%
start to look as if we were simply
 

00:11:27.360 --> 00:11:31.110 align:start position:0%
start to look as if we were simply
moving<00:11:27.760><c> uniformly</c><00:11:28.560><c> at</c><00:11:28.800><c> a</c><00:11:28.959><c> speed</c><00:11:29.200><c> of</c><00:11:29.519><c> C.</c>

00:11:31.110 --> 00:11:31.120 align:start position:0%
moving uniformly at a speed of C.
 

00:11:31.120 --> 00:11:33.590 align:start position:0%
moving uniformly at a speed of C.
After<00:11:31.440><c> all,</c><00:11:32.000><c> we</c><00:11:32.240><c> would</c><00:11:32.399><c> see</c><00:11:32.640><c> it</c><00:11:32.800><c> leave</c><00:11:33.440><c> and</c>

00:11:33.590 --> 00:11:33.600 align:start position:0%
After all, we would see it leave and
 

00:11:33.600 --> 00:11:35.190 align:start position:0%
After all, we would see it leave and
then<00:11:33.839><c> we</c><00:11:34.000><c> would</c><00:11:34.160><c> time</c><00:11:34.480><c> how</c><00:11:34.720><c> long</c><00:11:34.880><c> it</c><00:11:35.040><c> would</c>

00:11:35.190 --> 00:11:35.200 align:start position:0%
then we would time how long it would
 

00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:37.910 align:start position:0%
then we would time how long it would
take<00:11:35.360><c> to</c><00:11:35.600><c> arrive</c><00:11:35.839><c> at</c><00:11:36.079><c> its</c><00:11:36.320><c> destination.</c><00:11:37.600><c> It</c>

00:11:37.910 --> 00:11:37.920 align:start position:0%
take to arrive at its destination. It
 

00:11:37.920 --> 00:11:39.910 align:start position:0%
take to arrive at its destination. It
doesn't<00:11:38.160><c> matter</c><00:11:38.320><c> for</c><00:11:38.720><c> us</c><00:11:39.040><c> that</c><00:11:39.360><c> it</c><00:11:39.600><c> believed</c>

00:11:39.910 --> 00:11:39.920 align:start position:0%
doesn't matter for us that it believed
 

00:11:39.920 --> 00:11:40.790 align:start position:0%
doesn't matter for us that it believed
that<00:11:40.000><c> it</c><00:11:40.079><c> had</c><00:11:40.240><c> arrived</c><00:11:40.560><c> there</c>

00:11:40.790 --> 00:11:40.800 align:start position:0%
that it had arrived there
 

00:11:40.800 --> 00:11:42.870 align:start position:0%
that it had arrived there
instantaneously<00:11:41.680><c> by</c><00:11:41.920><c> taking</c><00:11:42.240><c> a</c><00:11:42.399><c> shortcut</c>

00:11:42.870 --> 00:11:42.880 align:start position:0%
instantaneously by taking a shortcut
 

00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:45.269 align:start position:0%
instantaneously by taking a shortcut
through<00:11:43.120><c> time.</c><00:11:43.839><c> We</c><00:11:44.079><c> would</c><00:11:44.240><c> just</c><00:11:44.480><c> record</c><00:11:44.800><c> it</c><00:11:45.040><c> as</c>

00:11:45.269 --> 00:11:45.279 align:start position:0%
through time. We would just record it as
 

00:11:45.279 --> 00:11:47.110 align:start position:0%
through time. We would just record it as
having<00:11:45.600><c> arrived</c><00:11:46.000><c> after</c><00:11:46.399><c> some</c><00:11:46.640><c> time</c><00:11:46.800><c> had</c>

00:11:47.110 --> 00:11:47.120 align:start position:0%
having arrived after some time had
 

00:11:47.120 --> 00:11:48.870 align:start position:0%
having arrived after some time had
passed.

00:11:48.870 --> 00:11:48.880 align:start position:0%
passed.
 

00:11:48.880 --> 00:11:51.430 align:start position:0%
passed.
So<00:11:49.360><c> there</c><00:11:49.600><c> you</c><00:11:49.839><c> have</c><00:11:50.000><c> it.</c><00:11:50.800><c> Why</c><00:11:51.040><c> is</c><00:11:51.200><c> there</c><00:11:51.279><c> a</c>

00:11:51.430 --> 00:11:51.440 align:start position:0%
So there you have it. Why is there a
 

00:11:51.440 --> 00:11:54.310 align:start position:0%
So there you have it. Why is there a
speed<00:11:51.680><c> limit</c><00:11:51.920><c> for</c><00:11:52.160><c> our</c><00:11:52.480><c> universe?</c><00:11:53.680><c> Perhaps</c>

00:11:54.310 --> 00:11:54.320 align:start position:0%
speed limit for our universe? Perhaps
 

00:11:54.320 --> 00:11:57.430 align:start position:0%
speed limit for our universe? Perhaps
because<00:11:54.720><c> space</c><00:11:55.040><c> is</c><00:11:55.279><c> curved</c><00:11:56.000><c> and</c><00:11:56.320><c> our</c><00:11:56.640><c> 4D</c><00:11:57.120><c> space</c>

00:11:57.430 --> 00:11:57.440 align:start position:0%
because space is curved and our 4D space
 

00:11:57.440 --> 00:12:00.710 align:start position:0%
because space is curved and our 4D space
is<00:11:57.760><c> hyperbolic.</c><00:11:59.200><c> At</c><00:11:59.279><c> least</c><00:11:59.839><c> so</c><00:12:00.079><c> claims</c><00:12:00.480><c> this</c>

00:12:00.710 --> 00:12:00.720 align:start position:0%
is hyperbolic. At least so claims this
 

00:12:00.720 --> 00:12:03.509 align:start position:0%
is hyperbolic. At least so claims this
theory.<00:12:01.680><c> It</c><00:12:01.920><c> is.</c><00:12:02.240><c> It</c><00:12:02.399><c> must</c><00:12:02.560><c> be</c><00:12:02.720><c> stressed.</c><00:12:03.360><c> Just</c>

00:12:03.509 --> 00:12:03.519 align:start position:0%
theory. It is. It must be stressed. Just
 

00:12:03.519 --> 00:12:05.590 align:start position:0%
theory. It is. It must be stressed. Just
a<00:12:03.680><c> theory.</c><00:12:04.480><c> It's</c><00:12:04.720><c> possible</c><00:12:05.040><c> that</c><00:12:05.200><c> smarter</c>

00:12:05.590 --> 00:12:05.600 align:start position:0%
a theory. It's possible that smarter
 

00:12:05.600 --> 00:12:06.949 align:start position:0%
a theory. It's possible that smarter
people<00:12:05.839><c> than</c><00:12:06.000><c> me</c><00:12:06.160><c> in</c><00:12:06.320><c> the</c><00:12:06.480><c> comments</c><00:12:06.720><c> will</c>

00:12:06.949 --> 00:12:06.959 align:start position:0%
people than me in the comments will
 

00:12:06.959 --> 00:12:09.670 align:start position:0%
people than me in the comments will
explain<00:12:07.279><c> why</c><00:12:07.519><c> this</c><00:12:07.839><c> is</c><00:12:08.000><c> wrong.</c><00:12:08.959><c> However,</c><00:12:09.440><c> it</c>

00:12:09.670 --> 00:12:09.680 align:start position:0%
explain why this is wrong. However, it
 

00:12:09.680 --> 00:12:11.750 align:start position:0%
explain why this is wrong. However, it
does<00:12:09.920><c> neatly</c><00:12:10.320><c> explain</c><00:12:10.639><c> to</c><00:12:10.880><c> me</c><00:12:11.120><c> why</c><00:12:11.519><c> time</c>

00:12:11.750 --> 00:12:11.760 align:start position:0%
does neatly explain to me why time
 

00:12:11.760 --> 00:12:14.550 align:start position:0%
does neatly explain to me why time
dilation<00:12:12.320><c> happens</c><00:12:13.120><c> and</c><00:12:13.440><c> why</c><00:12:13.760><c> reality</c><00:12:14.240><c> has</c><00:12:14.399><c> a</c>

00:12:14.550 --> 00:12:14.560 align:start position:0%
dilation happens and why reality has a
 

00:12:14.560 --> 00:12:16.389 align:start position:0%
dilation happens and why reality has a
speed<00:12:14.880><c> limit,</c><00:12:15.360><c> which</c><00:12:15.600><c> I</c><00:12:15.839><c> find</c><00:12:16.079><c> quite</c>

00:12:16.389 --> 00:12:16.399 align:start position:0%
speed limit, which I find quite
 

00:12:16.399 --> 00:12:18.949 align:start position:0%
speed limit, which I find quite
appealing.<00:12:17.519><c> In</c><00:12:17.760><c> fairness,</c><00:12:18.240><c> perhaps</c><00:12:18.560><c> the</c><00:12:18.800><c> only</c>

00:12:18.949 --> 00:12:18.959 align:start position:0%
appealing. In fairness, perhaps the only
 

00:12:18.959 --> 00:12:20.949 align:start position:0%
appealing. In fairness, perhaps the only
way<00:12:19.120><c> to</c><00:12:19.279><c> test</c><00:12:19.519><c> it</c><00:12:19.760><c> would</c><00:12:20.000><c> be</c><00:12:20.160><c> to</c><00:12:20.320><c> try</c><00:12:20.560><c> to</c><00:12:20.720><c> go</c>

00:12:20.949 --> 00:12:20.959 align:start position:0%
way to test it would be to try to go
 

00:12:20.959 --> 00:12:23.030 align:start position:0%
way to test it would be to try to go
faster<00:12:21.279><c> than</c><00:12:21.519><c> the</c><00:12:21.680><c> speed</c><00:12:21.920><c> of</c><00:12:22.079><c> light.</c><00:12:22.639><c> And</c><00:12:22.800><c> we</c>

00:12:23.030 --> 00:12:23.040 align:start position:0%
faster than the speed of light. And we
 

00:12:23.040 --> 00:12:25.110 align:start position:0%
faster than the speed of light. And we
have<00:12:23.200><c> never</c><00:12:23.360><c> gotten</c><00:12:23.760><c> close</c><00:12:24.000><c> to</c><00:12:24.160><c> that</c><00:12:24.399><c> speed.</c>

00:12:25.110 --> 00:12:25.120 align:start position:0%
have never gotten close to that speed.
 

00:12:25.120 --> 00:12:27.430 align:start position:0%
have never gotten close to that speed.
The<00:12:25.360><c> fastest</c><00:12:25.760><c> a</c><00:12:26.000><c> human</c><00:12:26.240><c> has</c><00:12:26.480><c> ever</c><00:12:26.639><c> gone</c><00:12:27.040><c> is</c>

00:12:27.430 --> 00:12:27.440 align:start position:0%
The fastest a human has ever gone is
 

00:12:27.440 --> 00:12:29.030 align:start position:0%
The fastest a human has ever gone is
11,083

00:12:29.030 --> 00:12:29.040 align:start position:0%
11,083
 

00:12:29.040 --> 00:12:32.230 align:start position:0%
11,083
m/s.<00:12:30.320><c> When</c><00:12:30.480><c> NASA</c><00:12:30.880><c> astronauts</c><00:12:31.519><c> returned</c><00:12:31.920><c> in</c><00:12:32.079><c> a</c>

00:12:32.230 --> 00:12:32.240 align:start position:0%
m/s. When NASA astronauts returned in a
 

00:12:32.240 --> 00:12:34.310 align:start position:0%
m/s. When NASA astronauts returned in a
spaceship<00:12:32.639><c> from</c><00:12:32.880><c> the</c><00:12:33.040><c> moon,</c><00:12:33.839><c> it</c><00:12:34.079><c> would</c>

00:12:34.310 --> 00:12:34.320 align:start position:0%
spaceship from the moon, it would
 

00:12:34.320 --> 00:12:36.790 align:start position:0%
spaceship from the moon, it would
require<00:12:34.959><c> incredible</c><00:12:35.680><c> amounts</c><00:12:36.000><c> of</c><00:12:36.160><c> energy</c><00:12:36.560><c> to</c>

00:12:36.790 --> 00:12:36.800 align:start position:0%
require incredible amounts of energy to
 

00:12:36.800 --> 00:12:40.150 align:start position:0%
require incredible amounts of energy to
travel<00:12:37.200><c> sea</c><00:12:37.680><c> from</c><00:12:38.000><c> our</c><00:12:38.240><c> perspective.</c>

00:12:40.150 --> 00:12:40.160 align:start position:0%
travel sea from our perspective.
 

00:12:40.160 --> 00:12:42.550 align:start position:0%
travel sea from our perspective.
If<00:12:40.399><c> it</c><00:12:40.560><c> is</c><00:12:40.720><c> true,</c><00:12:41.120><c> though,</c><00:12:41.680><c> it</c><00:12:41.920><c> would</c><00:12:42.079><c> provide</c>

00:12:42.550 --> 00:12:42.560 align:start position:0%
If it is true, though, it would provide
 

00:12:42.560 --> 00:12:45.110 align:start position:0%
If it is true, though, it would provide
firm<00:12:42.959><c> evidence</c><00:12:43.360><c> that</c><00:12:43.680><c> our</c><00:12:44.000><c> universe</c><00:12:44.720><c> really</c>

00:12:45.110 --> 00:12:45.120 align:start position:0%
firm evidence that our universe really
 

00:12:45.120 --> 00:12:48.310 align:start position:0%
firm evidence that our universe really
was<00:12:45.440><c> hyperbolic</c><00:12:46.079><c> in</c><00:12:46.240><c> nature</c><00:12:47.040><c> and</c><00:12:47.360><c> sadly</c><00:12:47.920><c> quash</c>

00:12:48.310 --> 00:12:48.320 align:start position:0%
was hyperbolic in nature and sadly quash
 

00:12:48.320 --> 00:12:50.230 align:start position:0%
was hyperbolic in nature and sadly quash
any<00:12:48.560><c> hope</c><00:12:48.800><c> of</c><00:12:48.959><c> us</c><00:12:49.200><c> traveling</c><00:12:49.600><c> backwards</c><00:12:50.000><c> in</c>

00:12:50.230 --> 00:12:50.240 align:start position:0%
any hope of us traveling backwards in
 

00:12:50.240 --> 00:12:52.870 align:start position:0%
any hope of us traveling backwards in
time<00:12:50.399><c> at</c><00:12:50.639><c> any</c><00:12:50.880><c> point.</c><00:12:51.839><c> So,</c><00:12:52.240><c> sorry,</c><00:12:52.639><c> time</c>

00:12:52.870 --> 00:12:52.880 align:start position:0%
time at any point. So, sorry, time
 

00:12:52.880 --> 00:12:55.990 align:start position:0%
time at any point. So, sorry, time
travel<00:12:53.279><c> fans.</c><00:12:54.639><c> But</c><00:12:54.880><c> at</c><00:12:54.959><c> least</c><00:12:55.279><c> we</c><00:12:55.440><c> can</c><00:12:55.600><c> console</c>

00:12:55.990 --> 00:12:56.000 align:start position:0%
travel fans. But at least we can console
 

00:12:56.000 --> 00:12:57.750 align:start position:0%
travel fans. But at least we can console
ourselves<00:12:56.480><c> that</c><00:12:56.800><c> although</c><00:12:57.120><c> we</c><00:12:57.360><c> probably</c>

00:12:57.750 --> 00:12:57.760 align:start position:0%
ourselves that although we probably
 

00:12:57.760 --> 00:12:59.829 align:start position:0%
ourselves that although we probably
can't<00:12:58.079><c> travel</c><00:12:58.320><c> to</c><00:12:58.560><c> the</c><00:12:58.720><c> past,</c><00:12:59.440><c> traveling</c>

00:12:59.829 --> 00:12:59.839 align:start position:0%
can't travel to the past, traveling
 

00:12:59.839 --> 00:13:01.910 align:start position:0%
can't travel to the past, traveling
through<00:13:00.079><c> shortcuts</c><00:13:00.639><c> to</c><00:13:00.800><c> the</c><00:13:00.959><c> future</c><00:13:01.600><c> is</c>

00:13:01.910 --> 00:13:01.920 align:start position:0%
through shortcuts to the future is
 

00:13:01.920 --> 00:13:03.269 align:start position:0%
through shortcuts to the future is
definitely<00:13:02.320><c> within</c><00:13:02.639><c> the</c><00:13:02.800><c> realms</c><00:13:03.120><c> of</c>

00:13:03.269 --> 00:13:03.279 align:start position:0%
definitely within the realms of
 

00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:08.710 align:start position:0%
definitely within the realms of
possibility.

00:13:08.710 --> 00:13:08.720 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:13:08.720 --> 00:13:11.269 align:start position:0%
 
What<00:13:09.120><c> is</c><00:13:09.440><c> time?</c>

00:13:11.269 --> 00:13:11.279 align:start position:0%
What is time?
 

00:13:11.279 --> 00:13:13.350 align:start position:0%
What is time?
In<00:13:11.600><c> this</c><00:13:11.760><c> channel,</c><00:13:12.240><c> we've</c><00:13:12.639><c> talked</c><00:13:12.880><c> a</c><00:13:13.200><c> lot</c>

00:13:13.350 --> 00:13:13.360 align:start position:0%
In this channel, we've talked a lot
 

00:13:13.360 --> 00:13:16.790 align:start position:0%
In this channel, we've talked a lot
about<00:13:13.680><c> time.</c><00:13:14.800><c> As</c><00:13:15.120><c> black</c><00:13:15.440><c> holes</c><00:13:16.000><c> warp</c><00:13:16.399><c> space</c>

00:13:16.790 --> 00:13:16.800 align:start position:0%
about time. As black holes warp space
 

00:13:16.800 --> 00:13:18.790 align:start position:0%
about time. As black holes warp space
around<00:13:17.120><c> them,</c><00:13:17.600><c> we've</c><00:13:17.920><c> learned</c><00:13:18.079><c> that</c><00:13:18.399><c> time</c>

00:13:18.790 --> 00:13:18.800 align:start position:0%
around them, we've learned that time
 

00:13:18.800 --> 00:13:21.590 align:start position:0%
around them, we've learned that time
slows<00:13:19.200><c> down.</c><00:13:20.240><c> We've</c><00:13:20.560><c> discovered</c><00:13:21.040><c> the</c><00:13:21.279><c> time</c>

00:13:21.590 --> 00:13:21.600 align:start position:0%
slows down. We've discovered the time
 

00:13:21.600 --> 00:13:24.710 align:start position:0%
slows down. We've discovered the time
influencing<00:13:22.320><c> effects</c><00:13:22.720><c> of</c><00:13:22.959><c> gravity</c><00:13:23.920><c> and</c><00:13:24.240><c> even</c>

00:13:24.710 --> 00:13:24.720 align:start position:0%
influencing effects of gravity and even
 

00:13:24.720 --> 00:13:27.190 align:start position:0%
influencing effects of gravity and even
how<00:13:24.880><c> the</c><00:13:25.120><c> James</c><00:13:25.440><c> Web</c><00:13:25.760><c> telescope</c><00:13:26.560><c> can</c><00:13:26.800><c> peer</c>

00:13:27.190 --> 00:13:27.200 align:start position:0%
how the James Web telescope can peer
 

00:13:27.200 --> 00:13:29.590 align:start position:0%
how the James Web telescope can peer
through<00:13:27.440><c> time</c><00:13:27.760><c> to</c><00:13:28.000><c> the</c><00:13:28.240><c> distant</c><00:13:28.639><c> past</c><00:13:29.279><c> by</c>

00:13:29.590 --> 00:13:29.600 align:start position:0%
through time to the distant past by
 

00:13:29.600 --> 00:13:31.750 align:start position:0%
through time to the distant past by
taking<00:13:30.000><c> advantage</c><00:13:30.480><c> of</c><00:13:30.720><c> the</c><00:13:30.959><c> fixed</c><00:13:31.360><c> speed</c><00:13:31.600><c> of</c>

00:13:31.750 --> 00:13:31.760 align:start position:0%
taking advantage of the fixed speed of
 

00:13:31.760 --> 00:13:35.110 align:start position:0%
taking advantage of the fixed speed of
light.<00:13:32.959><c> All</c><00:13:33.200><c> this</c><00:13:33.360><c> makes</c><00:13:33.600><c> sense</c><00:13:33.920><c> so</c><00:13:34.160><c> far,</c><00:13:34.800><c> but</c>

00:13:35.110 --> 00:13:35.120 align:start position:0%
light. All this makes sense so far, but
 

00:13:35.120 --> 00:13:38.230 align:start position:0%
light. All this makes sense so far, but
what<00:13:35.600><c> actually</c><00:13:36.079><c> is</c><00:13:36.480><c> time?</c><00:13:37.440><c> You</c><00:13:37.680><c> can't</c><00:13:37.920><c> taste</c>

00:13:38.230 --> 00:13:38.240 align:start position:0%
what actually is time? You can't taste
 

00:13:38.240 --> 00:13:41.509 align:start position:0%
what actually is time? You can't taste
it,<00:13:38.720><c> touch</c><00:13:39.040><c> it,</c><00:13:39.360><c> or</c><00:13:39.680><c> feel</c><00:13:39.920><c> it.</c><00:13:40.560><c> Yet,</c><00:13:40.880><c> time</c><00:13:41.279><c> has</c>

00:13:41.509 --> 00:13:41.519 align:start position:0%
it, touch it, or feel it. Yet, time has
 

00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:44.069 align:start position:0%
it, touch it, or feel it. Yet, time has
an<00:13:41.760><c> unstoppable</c><00:13:42.480><c> influence</c><00:13:42.959><c> on</c><00:13:43.200><c> us</c><00:13:43.600><c> and</c><00:13:43.839><c> is</c>

00:13:44.069 --> 00:13:44.079 align:start position:0%
an unstoppable influence on us and is
 

00:13:44.079 --> 00:13:46.230 align:start position:0%
an unstoppable influence on us and is
pushing<00:13:44.399><c> us</c><00:13:44.560><c> forward</c><00:13:45.120><c> whether</c><00:13:45.440><c> we</c><00:13:45.600><c> like</c><00:13:45.839><c> it</c><00:13:46.000><c> or</c>

00:13:46.230 --> 00:13:46.240 align:start position:0%
pushing us forward whether we like it or
 

00:13:46.240 --> 00:13:49.030 align:start position:0%
pushing us forward whether we like it or
not.<00:13:47.600><c> Doesn't</c><00:13:47.920><c> something</c><00:13:48.160><c> that</c><00:13:48.480><c> impacts</c>

00:13:49.030 --> 00:13:49.040 align:start position:0%
not. Doesn't something that impacts
 

00:13:49.040 --> 00:13:51.670 align:start position:0%
not. Doesn't something that impacts
everything<00:13:49.440><c> we</c><00:13:49.760><c> do</c><00:13:50.240><c> deserve</c><00:13:50.720><c> some</c><00:13:51.120><c> additional</c>

00:13:51.670 --> 00:13:51.680 align:start position:0%
everything we do deserve some additional
 

00:13:51.680 --> 00:13:53.509 align:start position:0%
everything we do deserve some additional
understanding?

00:13:53.509 --> 00:13:53.519 align:start position:0%
understanding?
 

00:13:53.519 --> 00:13:55.509 align:start position:0%
understanding?
I'm<00:13:53.839><c> Alex</c><00:13:54.160><c> Mccoan</c><00:13:54.880><c> and</c><00:13:55.040><c> you're</c><00:13:55.279><c> watching</c>

00:13:55.509 --> 00:13:55.519 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:13:55.519 --> 00:13:58.069 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:13:56.560><c> And</c><00:13:56.800><c> while</c><00:13:57.040><c> this</c><00:13:57.279><c> is</c><00:13:57.360><c> an</c><00:13:57.600><c> area</c><00:13:57.839><c> that</c>

00:13:58.069 --> 00:13:58.079 align:start position:0%
Astramm. And while this is an area that
 

00:13:58.079 --> 00:14:00.870 align:start position:0%
Astramm. And while this is an area that
scientists<00:13:58.720><c> have</c><00:13:59.040><c> many</c><00:13:59.360><c> theories</c><00:13:59.760><c> about,</c><00:14:00.639><c> I'd</c>

00:14:00.870 --> 00:14:00.880 align:start position:0%
scientists have many theories about, I'd
 

00:14:00.880 --> 00:14:02.790 align:start position:0%
scientists have many theories about, I'd
like<00:14:00.959><c> to</c><00:14:01.120><c> share</c><00:14:01.360><c> with</c><00:14:01.519><c> you</c><00:14:01.680><c> today</c><00:14:02.160><c> one</c><00:14:02.399><c> model</c>

00:14:02.790 --> 00:14:02.800 align:start position:0%
like to share with you today one model
 

00:14:02.800 --> 00:14:04.470 align:start position:0%
like to share with you today one model
that<00:14:03.040><c> might</c><00:14:03.199><c> help</c><00:14:03.440><c> you</c><00:14:03.680><c> understand</c><00:14:04.160><c> this</c>

00:14:04.470 --> 00:14:04.480 align:start position:0%
that might help you understand this
 

00:14:04.480 --> 00:14:06.790 align:start position:0%
that might help you understand this
mysterious<00:14:05.279><c> concept</c><00:14:05.680><c> that</c><00:14:06.000><c> is</c><00:14:06.160><c> ticking</c><00:14:06.560><c> all</c>

00:14:06.790 --> 00:14:06.800 align:start position:0%
mysterious concept that is ticking all
 

00:14:06.800 --> 00:14:09.590 align:start position:0%
mysterious concept that is ticking all
around<00:14:07.040><c> us.</c><00:14:07.920><c> By</c><00:14:08.240><c> the</c><00:14:08.399><c> end</c><00:14:08.480><c> of</c><00:14:08.639><c> this</c><00:14:08.880><c> video,</c><00:14:09.360><c> we</c>

00:14:09.590 --> 00:14:09.600 align:start position:0%
around us. By the end of this video, we
 

00:14:09.600 --> 00:14:11.829 align:start position:0%
around us. By the end of this video, we
are<00:14:09.760><c> going</c><00:14:09.920><c> to</c><00:14:10.079><c> have</c><00:14:10.240><c> a</c><00:14:10.560><c> possible</c><00:14:11.040><c> explanation</c>

00:14:11.829 --> 00:14:11.839 align:start position:0%
are going to have a possible explanation
 

00:14:11.839 --> 00:14:14.150 align:start position:0%
are going to have a possible explanation
for<00:14:12.079><c> why</c><00:14:12.399><c> time</c><00:14:12.720><c> slows</c><00:14:13.120><c> down</c><00:14:13.360><c> as</c><00:14:13.680><c> velocity</c>

00:14:14.150 --> 00:14:14.160 align:start position:0%
for why time slows down as velocity
 

00:14:14.160 --> 00:14:16.870 align:start position:0%
for why time slows down as velocity
increases<00:14:15.199><c> and</c><00:14:15.440><c> why</c><00:14:15.680><c> shapes</c><00:14:16.160><c> warp</c><00:14:16.560><c> when</c>

00:14:16.870 --> 00:14:16.880 align:start position:0%
increases and why shapes warp when
 

00:14:16.880 --> 00:14:18.949 align:start position:0%
increases and why shapes warp when
undergoing<00:14:17.360><c> velocities</c><00:14:18.079><c> close</c><00:14:18.399><c> to</c><00:14:18.560><c> the</c><00:14:18.720><c> speed</c>

00:14:18.949 --> 00:14:18.959 align:start position:0%
undergoing velocities close to the speed
 

00:14:18.959 --> 00:14:21.750 align:start position:0%
undergoing velocities close to the speed
of<00:14:19.120><c> light.</c><00:14:20.320><c> This</c><00:14:20.560><c> video</c><00:14:20.800><c> is</c><00:14:21.040><c> a</c><00:14:21.199><c> collaboration</c>

00:14:21.750 --> 00:14:21.760 align:start position:0%
of light. This video is a collaboration
 

00:14:21.760 --> 00:14:23.990 align:start position:0%
of light. This video is a collaboration
with<00:14:22.079><c> my</c><00:14:22.320><c> brother</c><00:14:22.800><c> based</c><00:14:23.120><c> on</c><00:14:23.440><c> recognized</c>

00:14:23.990 --> 00:14:24.000 align:start position:0%
with my brother based on recognized
 

00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:26.389 align:start position:0%
with my brother based on recognized
scientific<00:14:24.480><c> theory</c><00:14:25.279><c> where</c><00:14:25.519><c> we</c><00:14:25.680><c> have</c><00:14:25.920><c> taken</c>

00:14:26.389 --> 00:14:26.399 align:start position:0%
scientific theory where we have taken
 

00:14:26.399 --> 00:14:28.470 align:start position:0%
scientific theory where we have taken
scientific<00:14:26.959><c> concepts</c><00:14:27.519><c> and</c><00:14:27.760><c> combined</c><00:14:28.240><c> them</c>

00:14:28.470 --> 00:14:28.480 align:start position:0%
scientific concepts and combined them
 

00:14:28.480 --> 00:14:30.230 align:start position:0%
scientific concepts and combined them
into<00:14:28.800><c> something</c><00:14:29.120><c> you</c><00:14:29.440><c> may</c><00:14:29.600><c> not</c><00:14:29.839><c> have</c><00:14:30.000><c> seen</c>

00:14:30.230 --> 00:14:30.240 align:start position:0%
into something you may not have seen
 

00:14:30.240 --> 00:14:33.189 align:start position:0%
into something you may not have seen
before.<00:14:31.279><c> But</c><00:14:31.519><c> before</c><00:14:31.760><c> we</c><00:14:32.000><c> get</c><00:14:32.160><c> to</c><00:14:32.320><c> that,</c><00:14:32.959><c> we</c>

00:14:33.189 --> 00:14:33.199 align:start position:0%
before. But before we get to that, we
 

00:14:33.199 --> 00:14:34.949 align:start position:0%
before. But before we get to that, we
have<00:14:33.279><c> to</c><00:14:33.440><c> begin</c><00:14:33.760><c> with</c><00:14:34.000><c> one</c><00:14:34.320><c> foundational</c>

00:14:34.949 --> 00:14:34.959 align:start position:0%
have to begin with one foundational
 

00:14:34.959 --> 00:14:38.230 align:start position:0%
have to begin with one foundational
idea.<00:14:36.240><c> time</c><00:14:36.720><c> is</c><00:14:37.040><c> actually</c><00:14:37.760><c> another</c>

00:14:38.230 --> 00:14:38.240 align:start position:0%
idea. time is actually another
 

00:14:38.240 --> 00:14:40.389 align:start position:0%
idea. time is actually another
dimension.

00:14:40.389 --> 00:14:40.399 align:start position:0%
dimension.
 

00:14:40.399 --> 00:14:42.470 align:start position:0%
dimension.
Now,<00:14:40.800><c> before</c><00:14:41.120><c> you</c><00:14:41.440><c> double</c><00:14:41.760><c> check</c><00:14:42.000><c> that</c><00:14:42.240><c> you</c>

00:14:42.470 --> 00:14:42.480 align:start position:0%
Now, before you double check that you
 

00:14:42.480 --> 00:14:44.310 align:start position:0%
Now, before you double check that you
haven't<00:14:42.720><c> logged</c><00:14:43.040><c> into</c><00:14:43.360><c> some</c><00:14:43.519><c> sci-fi</c><00:14:44.000><c> channel</c>

00:14:44.310 --> 00:14:44.320 align:start position:0%
haven't logged into some sci-fi channel
 

00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:46.790 align:start position:0%
haven't logged into some sci-fi channel
by<00:14:44.560><c> mistake,</c><00:14:45.279><c> let's</c><00:14:45.600><c> discuss</c><00:14:45.920><c> what</c><00:14:46.160><c> I</c><00:14:46.399><c> mean</c><00:14:46.560><c> by</c>

00:14:46.790 --> 00:14:46.800 align:start position:0%
by mistake, let's discuss what I mean by
 

00:14:46.800 --> 00:14:48.310 align:start position:0%
by mistake, let's discuss what I mean by
dimensions.

00:14:48.310 --> 00:14:48.320 align:start position:0%
dimensions.
 

00:14:48.320 --> 00:14:50.150 align:start position:0%
dimensions.
While<00:14:48.639><c> in</c><00:14:48.800><c> popular</c><00:14:49.199><c> culture,</c><00:14:49.839><c> different</c>

00:14:50.150 --> 00:14:50.160 align:start position:0%
While in popular culture, different
 

00:14:50.160 --> 00:14:52.069 align:start position:0%
While in popular culture, different
dimensions<00:14:50.720><c> are</c><00:14:50.959><c> often</c><00:14:51.360><c> described</c><00:14:51.760><c> as</c>

00:14:52.069 --> 00:14:52.079 align:start position:0%
dimensions are often described as
 

00:14:52.079 --> 00:14:54.230 align:start position:0%
dimensions are often described as
parallel<00:14:52.639><c> worlds</c><00:14:52.959><c> that</c><00:14:53.199><c> are</c><00:14:53.440><c> very</c><00:14:53.760><c> similar</c><00:14:54.000><c> to</c>

00:14:54.230 --> 00:14:54.240 align:start position:0%
parallel worlds that are very similar to
 

00:14:54.240 --> 00:14:57.030 align:start position:0%
parallel worlds that are very similar to
ours<00:14:54.800><c> yet</c><00:14:55.199><c> subtly</c><00:14:55.680><c> different.</c><00:14:56.560><c> In</c><00:14:56.880><c> this</c>

00:14:57.030 --> 00:14:57.040 align:start position:0%
ours yet subtly different. In this
 

00:14:57.040 --> 00:14:58.790 align:start position:0%
ours yet subtly different. In this
context,<00:14:57.600><c> when</c><00:14:57.839><c> we</c><00:14:58.000><c> talk</c><00:14:58.240><c> of</c><00:14:58.399><c> different</c>

00:14:58.790 --> 00:14:58.800 align:start position:0%
context, when we talk of different
 

00:14:58.800 --> 00:15:00.710 align:start position:0%
context, when we talk of different
dimensions,<00:14:59.600><c> we</c><00:14:59.839><c> are</c><00:15:00.000><c> referring</c><00:15:00.320><c> to</c><00:15:00.560><c> the</c>

00:15:00.710 --> 00:15:00.720 align:start position:0%
dimensions, we are referring to the
 

00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:02.949 align:start position:0%
dimensions, we are referring to the
dimensions<00:15:01.199><c> of</c><00:15:01.519><c> space</c><00:15:02.240><c> as</c><00:15:02.480><c> in</c>

00:15:02.949 --> 00:15:02.959 align:start position:0%
dimensions of space as in
 

00:15:02.959 --> 00:15:06.150 align:start position:0%
dimensions of space as in
three-dimensional<00:15:03.839><c> space</c><00:15:04.560><c> or</c><00:15:04.959><c> 3D</c><00:15:05.440><c> space,</c>

00:15:06.150 --> 00:15:06.160 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional space or 3D space,
 

00:15:06.160 --> 00:15:09.829 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional space or 3D space,
which<00:15:06.560><c> may</c><00:15:06.800><c> be</c><00:15:07.040><c> far</c><00:15:07.360><c> more</c><00:15:07.680><c> familiar</c><00:15:08.079><c> to</c><00:15:08.320><c> you.</c>

00:15:09.829 --> 00:15:09.839 align:start position:0%
which may be far more familiar to you.
 

00:15:09.839 --> 00:15:12.949 align:start position:0%
which may be far more familiar to you.
This<00:15:10.000><c> is</c><00:15:10.160><c> by</c><00:15:10.480><c> no</c><00:15:10.880><c> means</c><00:15:11.199><c> trivial,</c><00:15:11.760><c> though.</c><00:15:12.560><c> 3D</c>

00:15:12.949 --> 00:15:12.959 align:start position:0%
This is by no means trivial, though. 3D
 

00:15:12.959 --> 00:15:15.829 align:start position:0%
This is by no means trivial, though. 3D
space<00:15:13.279><c> is</c><00:15:13.600><c> all</c><00:15:13.760><c> around</c><00:15:14.079><c> you.</c><00:15:14.800><c> It</c><00:15:15.120><c> is</c><00:15:15.440><c> the</c>

00:15:15.829 --> 00:15:15.839 align:start position:0%
space is all around you. It is the
 

00:15:15.839 --> 00:15:18.629 align:start position:0%
space is all around you. It is the
around<00:15:16.240><c> you</c><00:15:16.880><c> and</c><00:15:17.199><c> is</c><00:15:17.519><c> very</c><00:15:17.839><c> relevant</c><00:15:18.240><c> to</c><00:15:18.399><c> our</c>

00:15:18.629 --> 00:15:18.639 align:start position:0%
around you and is very relevant to our
 

00:15:18.639 --> 00:15:21.430 align:start position:0%
around you and is very relevant to our
topic.<00:15:19.680><c> Let's</c><00:15:20.000><c> begin</c><00:15:20.399><c> by</c><00:15:20.720><c> making</c><00:15:20.959><c> sure</c><00:15:21.199><c> we</c>

00:15:21.430 --> 00:15:21.440 align:start position:0%
topic. Let's begin by making sure we
 

00:15:21.440 --> 00:15:24.150 align:start position:0%
topic. Let's begin by making sure we
understand<00:15:21.839><c> the</c><00:15:22.160><c> 3Ds</c><00:15:23.120><c> and</c><00:15:23.360><c> the</c><00:15:23.600><c> relationships</c>

00:15:24.150 --> 00:15:24.160 align:start position:0%
understand the 3Ds and the relationships
 

00:15:24.160 --> 00:15:28.550 align:start position:0%
understand the 3Ds and the relationships
between<00:15:24.560><c> them</c><00:15:25.120><c> before</c><00:15:25.440><c> we</c><00:15:25.760><c> add</c><00:15:26.000><c> the</c><00:15:26.240><c> fourth</c><00:15:26.720><c> D.</c>

00:15:28.550 --> 00:15:28.560 align:start position:0%
between them before we add the fourth D.
 

00:15:28.560 --> 00:15:30.870 align:start position:0%
between them before we add the fourth D.
Broadly<00:15:29.040><c> speaking,</c><00:15:29.760><c> 3D</c><00:15:30.399><c> or</c>

00:15:30.870 --> 00:15:30.880 align:start position:0%
Broadly speaking, 3D or
 

00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:33.430 align:start position:0%
Broadly speaking, 3D or
three-dimensional<00:15:31.680><c> space</c><00:15:32.399><c> simply</c><00:15:32.800><c> refers</c><00:15:33.199><c> to</c>

00:15:33.430 --> 00:15:33.440 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional space simply refers to
 

00:15:33.440 --> 00:15:35.350 align:start position:0%
three-dimensional space simply refers to
space<00:15:33.760><c> that</c><00:15:34.000><c> can</c><00:15:34.160><c> be</c><00:15:34.320><c> measured</c><00:15:34.639><c> in</c><00:15:34.959><c> three</c>

00:15:35.350 --> 00:15:35.360 align:start position:0%
space that can be measured in three
 

00:15:35.360 --> 00:15:38.310 align:start position:0%
space that can be measured in three
different<00:15:35.839><c> perpendicular</c><00:15:36.800><c> directions.</c><00:15:38.079><c> The</c>

00:15:38.310 --> 00:15:38.320 align:start position:0%
different perpendicular directions. The
 

00:15:38.320 --> 00:15:40.389 align:start position:0%
different perpendicular directions. The
perpendicular<00:15:39.120><c> nature</c><00:15:39.440><c> of</c><00:15:39.600><c> these</c><00:15:39.920><c> dimensions</c>

00:15:40.389 --> 00:15:40.399 align:start position:0%
perpendicular nature of these dimensions
 

00:15:40.399 --> 00:15:42.470 align:start position:0%
perpendicular nature of these dimensions
is<00:15:40.720><c> important,</c><00:15:41.519><c> but</c><00:15:41.760><c> we'll</c><00:15:42.000><c> get</c><00:15:42.079><c> to</c><00:15:42.240><c> that</c>

00:15:42.470 --> 00:15:42.480 align:start position:0%
is important, but we'll get to that
 

00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:43.750 align:start position:0%
is important, but we'll get to that
later.

00:15:43.750 --> 00:15:43.760 align:start position:0%
later.
 

00:15:43.760 --> 00:15:45.750 align:start position:0%
later.
Three-dimensional<00:15:44.560><c> space</c><00:15:44.959><c> is</c><00:15:45.279><c> usually</c>

00:15:45.750 --> 00:15:45.760 align:start position:0%
Three-dimensional space is usually
 

00:15:45.760 --> 00:15:48.230 align:start position:0%
Three-dimensional space is usually
described<00:15:46.160><c> as</c><00:15:46.399><c> having</c><00:15:46.720><c> height,</c><00:15:47.440><c> width,</c><00:15:47.920><c> and</c>

00:15:48.230 --> 00:15:48.240 align:start position:0%
described as having height, width, and
 

00:15:48.240 --> 00:15:51.030 align:start position:0%
described as having height, width, and
depth,<00:15:48.959><c> and</c><00:15:49.199><c> they</c><00:15:49.440><c> all</c><00:15:49.680><c> have</c><00:15:49.920><c> 90°</c><00:15:50.560><c> angles</c>

00:15:51.030 --> 00:15:51.040 align:start position:0%
depth, and they all have 90° angles
 

00:15:51.040 --> 00:15:54.069 align:start position:0%
depth, and they all have 90° angles
between<00:15:51.360><c> them.</c><00:15:52.240><c> Simply</c><00:15:52.720><c> put,</c><00:15:53.360><c> objects</c><00:15:53.839><c> like</c>

00:15:54.069 --> 00:15:54.079 align:start position:0%
between them. Simply put, objects like
 

00:15:54.079 --> 00:15:56.870 align:start position:0%
between them. Simply put, objects like
us<00:15:54.320><c> that</c><00:15:54.560><c> exist</c><00:15:54.800><c> in</c><00:15:55.040><c> 3D</c><00:15:55.519><c> space</c><00:15:56.000><c> can</c><00:15:56.240><c> move</c><00:15:56.560><c> left</c>

00:15:56.870 --> 00:15:56.880 align:start position:0%
us that exist in 3D space can move left
 

00:15:56.880 --> 00:15:59.749 align:start position:0%
us that exist in 3D space can move left
and<00:15:57.199><c> right,</c><00:15:57.839><c> up</c><00:15:58.079><c> and</c><00:15:58.399><c> down,</c><00:15:58.800><c> and</c><00:15:59.120><c> forwards</c><00:15:59.519><c> and</c>

00:15:59.749 --> 00:15:59.759 align:start position:0%
and right, up and down, and forwards and
 

00:15:59.759 --> 00:16:01.670 align:start position:0%
and right, up and down, and forwards and
backwards.

00:16:01.670 --> 00:16:01.680 align:start position:0%
backwards.
 

00:16:01.680 --> 00:16:03.350 align:start position:0%
backwards.
We<00:16:02.000><c> are</c><00:16:02.160><c> comfortable</c><00:16:02.480><c> with</c><00:16:02.720><c> this</c><00:16:03.040><c> kind</c><00:16:03.199><c> of</c>

00:16:03.350 --> 00:16:03.360 align:start position:0%
We are comfortable with this kind of
 

00:16:03.360 --> 00:16:06.069 align:start position:0%
We are comfortable with this kind of
space.<00:16:04.240><c> Using</c><00:16:04.639><c> this</c><00:16:04.800><c> as</c><00:16:05.040><c> our</c><00:16:05.360><c> basis,</c><00:16:05.920><c> it</c>

00:16:06.069 --> 00:16:06.079 align:start position:0%
space. Using this as our basis, it
 

00:16:06.079 --> 00:16:08.069 align:start position:0%
space. Using this as our basis, it
becomes<00:16:06.480><c> much</c><00:16:06.720><c> easier</c><00:16:07.040><c> to</c><00:16:07.279><c> imagine</c><00:16:07.680><c> what</c><00:16:07.920><c> we</c>

00:16:08.069 --> 00:16:08.079 align:start position:0%
becomes much easier to imagine what we
 

00:16:08.079 --> 00:16:12.470 align:start position:0%
becomes much easier to imagine what we
mean<00:16:08.240><c> by</c><00:16:08.639><c> 2D</c><00:16:09.040><c> space</c><00:16:09.519><c> and</c><00:16:09.759><c> even</c><00:16:10.079><c> 1D</c><00:16:10.639><c> space.</c>

00:16:12.470 --> 00:16:12.480 align:start position:0%
mean by 2D space and even 1D space.
 

00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:14.629 align:start position:0%
mean by 2D space and even 1D space.
To<00:16:12.720><c> move</c><00:16:12.959><c> from</c><00:16:13.120><c> one</c><00:16:13.440><c> space</c><00:16:13.680><c> to</c><00:16:13.920><c> another,</c><00:16:14.480><c> all</c>

00:16:14.629 --> 00:16:14.639 align:start position:0%
To move from one space to another, all
 

00:16:14.639 --> 00:16:17.030 align:start position:0%
To move from one space to another, all
we<00:16:14.800><c> need</c><00:16:14.880><c> to</c><00:16:15.040><c> do</c><00:16:15.279><c> is</c><00:16:15.519><c> remove</c><00:16:15.920><c> or</c><00:16:16.240><c> add</c><00:16:16.480><c> an</c><00:16:16.720><c> extra</c>

00:16:17.030 --> 00:16:17.040 align:start position:0%
we need to do is remove or add an extra
 

00:16:17.040 --> 00:16:18.870 align:start position:0%
we need to do is remove or add an extra
dimension<00:16:17.360><c> of</c><00:16:17.600><c> measurement</c><00:16:18.000><c> or</c><00:16:18.320><c> movement</c>

00:16:18.870 --> 00:16:18.880 align:start position:0%
dimension of measurement or movement
 

00:16:18.880 --> 00:16:21.350 align:start position:0%
dimension of measurement or movement
that<00:16:19.120><c> must</c><00:16:19.440><c> be</c><00:16:19.600><c> a</c><00:16:19.839><c> 90°</c><00:16:20.480><c> angle</c><00:16:20.800><c> from</c><00:16:21.040><c> all</c>

00:16:21.350 --> 00:16:21.360 align:start position:0%
that must be a 90° angle from all
 

00:16:21.360 --> 00:16:24.550 align:start position:0%
that must be a 90° angle from all
previously<00:16:21.920><c> existing</c><00:16:22.320><c> angles.</c><00:16:23.519><c> So</c><00:16:24.079><c> 2D</c>

00:16:24.550 --> 00:16:24.560 align:start position:0%
previously existing angles. So 2D
 

00:16:24.560 --> 00:16:26.550 align:start position:0%
previously existing angles. So 2D
objects<00:16:25.040><c> move</c><00:16:25.199><c> in</c><00:16:25.440><c> a</c><00:16:25.600><c> plane</c><00:16:25.839><c> that's</c><00:16:26.079><c> bounded</c>

00:16:26.550 --> 00:16:26.560 align:start position:0%
objects move in a plane that's bounded
 

00:16:26.560 --> 00:16:29.430 align:start position:0%
objects move in a plane that's bounded
by<00:16:26.720><c> the</c><00:16:26.880><c> X</c><00:16:27.120><c> and</c><00:16:27.360><c> Y</c><00:16:27.680><c> directions,</c><00:16:28.639><c> or</c><00:16:28.800><c> the</c><00:16:29.040><c> X</c><00:16:29.199><c> and</c>

00:16:29.430 --> 00:16:29.440 align:start position:0%
by the X and Y directions, or the X and
 

00:16:29.440 --> 00:16:32.389 align:start position:0%
by the X and Y directions, or the X and
Z<00:16:29.759><c> directions,</c><00:16:30.560><c> or</c><00:16:30.800><c> the</c><00:16:30.959><c> Y</c><00:16:31.199><c> and</c><00:16:31.360><c> Z</c><00:16:31.680><c> directions,</c>

00:16:32.389 --> 00:16:32.399 align:start position:0%
Z directions, or the Y and Z directions,
 

00:16:32.399 --> 00:16:35.509 align:start position:0%
Z directions, or the Y and Z directions,
but<00:16:32.720><c> not</c><00:16:32.880><c> all</c><00:16:33.120><c> three</c><00:16:33.279><c> at</c><00:16:33.519><c> once.</c><00:16:34.560><c> 1D</c><00:16:35.040><c> objects</c>

00:16:35.509 --> 00:16:35.519 align:start position:0%
but not all three at once. 1D objects
 

00:16:35.519 --> 00:16:40.550 align:start position:0%
but not all three at once. 1D objects
can<00:16:35.759><c> only</c><00:16:36.000><c> move</c><00:16:36.240><c> either</c><00:16:36.639><c> along</c><00:16:37.040><c> X</c><00:16:37.600><c> or</c><00:16:37.920><c> Y</c><00:16:38.560><c> or</c><00:16:38.880><c> Z.</c>

00:16:40.550 --> 00:16:40.560 align:start position:0%
can only move either along X or Y or Z.
 

00:16:40.560 --> 00:16:43.269 align:start position:0%
can only move either along X or Y or Z.
Imagine<00:16:41.120><c> a</c><00:16:41.440><c> person</c><00:16:41.759><c> who</c><00:16:42.000><c> lived</c><00:16:42.240><c> in</c><00:16:42.480><c> such</c><00:16:42.639><c> a</c><00:16:42.800><c> 1D</c>

00:16:43.269 --> 00:16:43.279 align:start position:0%
Imagine a person who lived in such a 1D
 

00:16:43.279 --> 00:16:45.350 align:start position:0%
Imagine a person who lived in such a 1D
world.<00:16:44.079><c> Their</c><00:16:44.320><c> whole</c><00:16:44.560><c> existence</c><00:16:44.959><c> would</c><00:16:45.199><c> be</c>

00:16:45.350 --> 00:16:45.360 align:start position:0%
world. Their whole existence would be
 

00:16:45.360 --> 00:16:47.189 align:start position:0%
world. Their whole existence would be
found<00:16:45.680><c> either</c><00:16:46.000><c> moving</c><00:16:46.320><c> one</c><00:16:46.560><c> way</c><00:16:46.800><c> or</c><00:16:47.040><c> the</c>

00:16:47.189 --> 00:16:47.199 align:start position:0%
found either moving one way or the
 

00:16:47.199 --> 00:16:49.829 align:start position:0%
found either moving one way or the
other.<00:16:48.079><c> All</c><00:16:48.320><c> of</c><00:16:48.480><c> reality</c><00:16:48.959><c> would</c><00:16:49.199><c> exist</c><00:16:49.519><c> either</c>

00:16:49.829 --> 00:16:49.839 align:start position:0%
other. All of reality would exist either
 

00:16:49.839 --> 00:16:51.829 align:start position:0%
other. All of reality would exist either
to<00:16:50.000><c> the</c><00:16:50.160><c> left</c><00:16:50.320><c> or</c><00:16:50.560><c> to</c><00:16:50.720><c> the</c><00:16:50.880><c> right</c><00:16:50.959><c> of</c><00:16:51.199><c> them</c><00:16:51.600><c> and</c>

00:16:51.829 --> 00:16:51.839 align:start position:0%
to the left or to the right of them and
 

00:16:51.839 --> 00:16:54.310 align:start position:0%
to the left or to the right of them and
would<00:16:52.000><c> appear</c><00:16:52.399><c> as</c><00:16:52.560><c> a</c><00:16:52.800><c> singular</c><00:16:53.199><c> dot.</c><00:16:54.079><c> They</c>

00:16:54.310 --> 00:16:54.320 align:start position:0%
would appear as a singular dot. They
 

00:16:54.320 --> 00:16:56.310 align:start position:0%
would appear as a singular dot. They
could<00:16:54.560><c> not</c><00:16:54.720><c> move</c><00:16:55.040><c> or</c><00:16:55.279><c> see</c><00:16:55.519><c> in</c><00:16:55.759><c> any</c><00:16:55.920><c> of</c><00:16:56.079><c> the</c>

00:16:56.310 --> 00:16:56.320 align:start position:0%
could not move or see in any of the
 

00:16:56.320 --> 00:16:58.470 align:start position:0%
could not move or see in any of the
other<00:16:56.560><c> directions</c><00:16:57.279><c> and</c><00:16:57.600><c> probably</c><00:16:58.079><c> could</c><00:16:58.320><c> not</c>

00:16:58.470 --> 00:16:58.480 align:start position:0%
other directions and probably could not
 

00:16:58.480 --> 00:17:00.790 align:start position:0%
other directions and probably could not
even<00:16:58.800><c> comprehend</c><00:16:59.360><c> such</c><00:16:59.759><c> directions</c><00:17:00.240><c> as</c><00:17:00.480><c> even</c>

00:17:00.790 --> 00:17:00.800 align:start position:0%
even comprehend such directions as even
 

00:17:00.800 --> 00:17:03.670 align:start position:0%
even comprehend such directions as even
existing.<00:17:02.079><c> Photons</c><00:17:02.560><c> whizzing</c><00:17:02.959><c> by</c><00:17:03.199><c> them</c><00:17:03.440><c> would</c>

00:17:03.670 --> 00:17:03.680 align:start position:0%
existing. Photons whizzing by them would
 

00:17:03.680 --> 00:17:05.429 align:start position:0%
existing. Photons whizzing by them would
only<00:17:03.920><c> be</c><00:17:04.079><c> visible</c><00:17:04.400><c> if</c><00:17:04.640><c> they</c><00:17:04.880><c> entered</c><00:17:05.199><c> the</c>

00:17:05.429 --> 00:17:05.439 align:start position:0%
only be visible if they entered the
 

00:17:05.439 --> 00:17:07.909 align:start position:0%
only be visible if they entered the
singular<00:17:06.000><c> line</c><00:17:06.400><c> that</c><00:17:06.640><c> was</c><00:17:06.880><c> a</c><00:17:07.120><c> 1D</c><00:17:07.520><c> person's</c>

00:17:07.909 --> 00:17:07.919 align:start position:0%
singular line that was a 1D person's
 

00:17:07.919 --> 00:17:10.949 align:start position:0%
singular line that was a 1D person's
whole<00:17:08.160><c> area</c><00:17:08.559><c> of</c><00:17:08.799><c> existence.</c>

00:17:10.949 --> 00:17:10.959 align:start position:0%
whole area of existence.
 

00:17:10.959 --> 00:17:13.590 align:start position:0%
whole area of existence.
Now,<00:17:11.679><c> adding</c><00:17:12.079><c> extra</c><00:17:12.559><c> directions</c><00:17:13.039><c> of</c><00:17:13.199><c> movement</c>

00:17:13.590 --> 00:17:13.600 align:start position:0%
Now, adding extra directions of movement
 

00:17:13.600 --> 00:17:15.590 align:start position:0%
Now, adding extra directions of movement
is<00:17:13.839><c> what's</c><00:17:14.160><c> needed</c><00:17:14.480><c> to</c><00:17:14.720><c> move</c><00:17:14.880><c> things</c><00:17:15.120><c> up</c><00:17:15.360><c> from</c>

00:17:15.590 --> 00:17:15.600 align:start position:0%
is what's needed to move things up from
 

00:17:15.600 --> 00:17:19.750 align:start position:0%
is what's needed to move things up from
1D<00:17:16.079><c> to</c><00:17:16.319><c> 2D</c><00:17:16.799><c> to</c><00:17:17.120><c> 3D.</c><00:17:18.400><c> So,</c><00:17:18.720><c> in</c><00:17:18.959><c> theory,</c><00:17:19.360><c> we</c><00:17:19.600><c> can</c>

00:17:19.750 --> 00:17:19.760 align:start position:0%
1D to 2D to 3D. So, in theory, we can
 

00:17:19.760 --> 00:17:21.510 align:start position:0%
1D to 2D to 3D. So, in theory, we can
predict<00:17:20.079><c> what</c><00:17:20.240><c> we</c><00:17:20.400><c> need</c><00:17:20.559><c> to</c><00:17:20.720><c> do</c><00:17:20.880><c> if</c><00:17:21.039><c> we</c><00:17:21.199><c> were</c><00:17:21.360><c> to</c>

00:17:21.510 --> 00:17:21.520 align:start position:0%
predict what we need to do if we were to
 

00:17:21.520 --> 00:17:25.669 align:start position:0%
predict what we need to do if we were to
jump<00:17:21.679><c> to</c><00:17:21.919><c> 4D.</c><00:17:22.959><c> However,</c><00:17:23.679><c> here</c><00:17:24.000><c> we</c><00:17:24.240><c> hit</c><00:17:24.400><c> a</c><00:17:24.559><c> snag.</c>

00:17:25.669 --> 00:17:25.679 align:start position:0%
jump to 4D. However, here we hit a snag.
 

00:17:25.679 --> 00:17:27.510 align:start position:0%
jump to 4D. However, here we hit a snag.
While<00:17:25.919><c> it's</c><00:17:26.160><c> easy</c><00:17:26.400><c> to</c><00:17:26.559><c> draw</c><00:17:26.799><c> a</c><00:17:26.959><c> line</c><00:17:27.120><c> that's</c>

00:17:27.510 --> 00:17:27.520 align:start position:0%
While it's easy to draw a line that's
 

00:17:27.520 --> 00:17:29.430 align:start position:0%
While it's easy to draw a line that's
perfectly<00:17:28.000><c> perpendicular</c><00:17:28.720><c> to</c><00:17:28.880><c> a</c><00:17:29.120><c> single</c>

00:17:29.430 --> 00:17:29.440 align:start position:0%
perfectly perpendicular to a single
 

00:17:29.440 --> 00:17:32.070 align:start position:0%
perfectly perpendicular to a single
other<00:17:29.760><c> line,</c><00:17:30.559><c> or</c><00:17:30.799><c> to</c><00:17:30.960><c> draw</c><00:17:31.280><c> another</c><00:17:31.679><c> line</c><00:17:31.919><c> on</c>

00:17:32.070 --> 00:17:32.080 align:start position:0%
other line, or to draw another line on
 

00:17:32.080 --> 00:17:34.150 align:start position:0%
other line, or to draw another line on
top<00:17:32.240><c> of</c><00:17:32.400><c> those</c><00:17:32.640><c> lines</c><00:17:32.960><c> that</c><00:17:33.200><c> is</c><00:17:33.360><c> perpendicular</c>

00:17:34.150 --> 00:17:34.160 align:start position:0%
top of those lines that is perpendicular
 

00:17:34.160 --> 00:17:37.110 align:start position:0%
top of those lines that is perpendicular
to<00:17:34.320><c> the</c><00:17:34.559><c> two</c><00:17:34.799><c> previous</c><00:17:35.200><c> lines,</c><00:17:36.400><c> how</c><00:17:36.640><c> would</c><00:17:36.880><c> we</c>

00:17:37.110 --> 00:17:37.120 align:start position:0%
to the two previous lines, how would we
 

00:17:37.120 --> 00:17:39.430 align:start position:0%
to the two previous lines, how would we
draw<00:17:37.360><c> a</c><00:17:37.679><c> fourth</c><00:17:38.080><c> line</c><00:17:38.400><c> that's</c><00:17:38.720><c> perpendicular</c>

00:17:39.430 --> 00:17:39.440 align:start position:0%
draw a fourth line that's perpendicular
 

00:17:39.440 --> 00:17:41.990 align:start position:0%
draw a fourth line that's perpendicular
to<00:17:39.760><c> all</c><00:17:40.000><c> three?</c><00:17:40.880><c> Surely,</c><00:17:41.280><c> such</c><00:17:41.440><c> a</c><00:17:41.679><c> thing</c><00:17:41.760><c> is</c>

00:17:41.990 --> 00:17:42.000 align:start position:0%
to all three? Surely, such a thing is
 

00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:45.350 align:start position:0%
to all three? Surely, such a thing is
impossible.<00:17:43.200><c> Well,</c><00:17:43.760><c> within</c><00:17:44.160><c> 3D</c><00:17:44.559><c> space,</c><00:17:45.120><c> such</c>

00:17:45.350 --> 00:17:45.360 align:start position:0%
impossible. Well, within 3D space, such
 

00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:47.909 align:start position:0%
impossible. Well, within 3D space, such
a<00:17:45.520><c> thing</c><00:17:45.840><c> is</c><00:17:46.240><c> impossible.</c>

00:17:47.909 --> 00:17:47.919 align:start position:0%
a thing is impossible.
 

00:17:47.919 --> 00:17:49.590 align:start position:0%
a thing is impossible.
The<00:17:48.160><c> best</c><00:17:48.400><c> we</c><00:17:48.640><c> can</c><00:17:48.799><c> do</c><00:17:48.960><c> is</c><00:17:49.280><c> draw</c>

00:17:49.590 --> 00:17:49.600 align:start position:0%
The best we can do is draw
 

00:17:49.600 --> 00:17:52.150 align:start position:0%
The best we can do is draw
approximations.<00:17:51.039><c> For</c><00:17:51.280><c> instance,</c><00:17:51.919><c> it's</c>

00:17:52.150 --> 00:17:52.160 align:start position:0%
approximations. For instance, it's
 

00:17:52.160 --> 00:17:54.230 align:start position:0%
approximations. For instance, it's
possible<00:17:52.480><c> to</c><00:17:52.640><c> draw</c><00:17:52.880><c> an</c><00:17:53.120><c> approximation</c><00:17:53.840><c> of</c><00:17:54.000><c> a</c>

00:17:54.230 --> 00:17:54.240 align:start position:0%
possible to draw an approximation of a
 

00:17:54.240 --> 00:17:56.710 align:start position:0%
possible to draw an approximation of a
3D<00:17:54.640><c> shape</c><00:17:54.880><c> on</c><00:17:55.039><c> 2D</c><00:17:55.520><c> paper</c><00:17:55.840><c> by</c><00:17:56.160><c> doing</c><00:17:56.400><c> something</c>

00:17:56.710 --> 00:17:56.720 align:start position:0%
3D shape on 2D paper by doing something
 

00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:58.549 align:start position:0%
3D shape on 2D paper by doing something
like<00:17:57.039><c> this.</c>

00:17:58.549 --> 00:17:58.559 align:start position:0%
like this.
 

00:17:58.559 --> 00:18:00.710 align:start position:0%
like this.
These<00:17:58.880><c> lines</c><00:17:59.120><c> are</c><00:17:59.280><c> all</c><00:17:59.600><c> two-dimensional,</c><00:18:00.480><c> but</c>

00:18:00.710 --> 00:18:00.720 align:start position:0%
These lines are all two-dimensional, but
 

00:18:00.720 --> 00:18:02.950 align:start position:0%
These lines are all two-dimensional, but
we<00:18:00.880><c> look</c><00:18:01.039><c> at</c><00:18:01.280><c> this</c><00:18:01.520><c> and</c><00:18:01.760><c> our</c><00:18:02.000><c> brain</c><00:18:02.320><c> recognizes</c>

00:18:02.950 --> 00:18:02.960 align:start position:0%
we look at this and our brain recognizes
 

00:18:02.960 --> 00:18:05.669 align:start position:0%
we look at this and our brain recognizes
that<00:18:03.200><c> this</c><00:18:03.440><c> is</c><00:18:03.520><c> a</c><00:18:03.760><c> picture</c><00:18:04.000><c> of</c><00:18:04.160><c> a</c><00:18:04.320><c> 3D</c><00:18:04.720><c> shape.</c>

00:18:05.669 --> 00:18:05.679 align:start position:0%
that this is a picture of a 3D shape.
 

00:18:05.679 --> 00:18:07.750 align:start position:0%
that this is a picture of a 3D shape.
So,<00:18:06.000><c> in</c><00:18:06.160><c> the</c><00:18:06.400><c> same</c><00:18:06.559><c> way,</c><00:18:06.960><c> we</c><00:18:07.200><c> could</c><00:18:07.360><c> probably</c>

00:18:07.750 --> 00:18:07.760 align:start position:0%
So, in the same way, we could probably
 

00:18:07.760 --> 00:18:10.150 align:start position:0%
So, in the same way, we could probably
do<00:18:08.000><c> something</c><00:18:08.240><c> similar</c><00:18:08.559><c> to</c><00:18:08.799><c> what</c><00:18:08.960><c> a</c><00:18:09.200><c> 4D</c><00:18:09.600><c> object</c>

00:18:10.150 --> 00:18:10.160 align:start position:0%
do something similar to what a 4D object
 

00:18:10.160 --> 00:18:13.110 align:start position:0%
do something similar to what a 4D object
might<00:18:10.400><c> look</c><00:18:10.640><c> like</c><00:18:10.880><c> using</c><00:18:11.200><c> just</c><00:18:11.520><c> 3D</c><00:18:12.000><c> lines.</c>

00:18:13.110 --> 00:18:13.120 align:start position:0%
might look like using just 3D lines.
 

00:18:13.120 --> 00:18:15.029 align:start position:0%
might look like using just 3D lines.
Mathematicians<00:18:14.000><c> have</c><00:18:14.240><c> attempted</c><00:18:14.720><c> to</c><00:18:14.880><c> do</c>

00:18:15.029 --> 00:18:15.039 align:start position:0%
Mathematicians have attempted to do
 

00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:17.110 align:start position:0%
Mathematicians have attempted to do
this,<00:18:15.600><c> although</c><00:18:16.000><c> their</c><00:18:16.240><c> results</c><00:18:16.640><c> tend</c><00:18:16.880><c> to</c><00:18:17.039><c> be</c>

00:18:17.110 --> 00:18:17.120 align:start position:0%
this, although their results tend to be
 

00:18:17.120 --> 00:18:19.270 align:start position:0%
this, although their results tend to be
a<00:18:17.360><c> little</c><00:18:17.600><c> confusing.</c>

00:18:19.270 --> 00:18:19.280 align:start position:0%
a little confusing.
 

00:18:19.280 --> 00:18:21.510 align:start position:0%
a little confusing.
Although<00:18:19.600><c> this</c><00:18:19.840><c> is</c><00:18:20.080><c> mathematically</c><00:18:20.960><c> sound</c><00:18:21.280><c> as</c>

00:18:21.510 --> 00:18:21.520 align:start position:0%
Although this is mathematically sound as
 

00:18:21.520 --> 00:18:24.230 align:start position:0%
Although this is mathematically sound as
a<00:18:21.679><c> basis</c><00:18:21.919><c> for</c><00:18:22.080><c> a</c><00:18:22.320><c> 4D</c><00:18:22.720><c> object,</c><00:18:23.600><c> I</c><00:18:23.840><c> personally</c>

00:18:24.230 --> 00:18:24.240 align:start position:0%
a basis for a 4D object, I personally
 

00:18:24.240 --> 00:18:26.390 align:start position:0%
a basis for a 4D object, I personally
don't<00:18:24.480><c> find</c><00:18:24.720><c> my</c><00:18:24.960><c> understanding</c><00:18:25.440><c> of</c><00:18:25.600><c> 4D</c><00:18:26.080><c> space</c>

00:18:26.390 --> 00:18:26.400 align:start position:0%
don't find my understanding of 4D space
 

00:18:26.400 --> 00:18:28.789 align:start position:0%
don't find my understanding of 4D space
deepened<00:18:26.880><c> by</c><00:18:27.039><c> looking</c><00:18:27.280><c> at</c><00:18:27.440><c> it.</c><00:18:28.160><c> So</c><00:18:28.320><c> I</c><00:18:28.559><c> won't</c>

00:18:28.789 --> 00:18:28.799 align:start position:0%
deepened by looking at it. So I won't
 

00:18:28.799 --> 00:18:32.070 align:start position:0%
deepened by looking at it. So I won't
focus<00:18:29.039><c> on</c><00:18:29.200><c> it</c><00:18:29.360><c> in</c><00:18:29.600><c> this</c><00:18:29.840><c> video.</c><00:18:31.200><c> There</c><00:18:31.520><c> is</c><00:18:31.840><c> some</c>

00:18:32.070 --> 00:18:32.080 align:start position:0%
focus on it in this video. There is some
 

00:18:32.080 --> 00:18:33.830 align:start position:0%
focus on it in this video. There is some
evidence,<00:18:32.559><c> however,</c><00:18:32.960><c> that</c><00:18:33.200><c> a</c><00:18:33.440><c> fourth</c>

00:18:33.830 --> 00:18:33.840 align:start position:0%
evidence, however, that a fourth
 

00:18:33.840 --> 00:18:36.390 align:start position:0%
evidence, however, that a fourth
direction<00:18:34.320><c> exists</c><00:18:35.120><c> and</c><00:18:35.440><c> we</c><00:18:35.600><c> are</c><00:18:35.760><c> moving</c><00:18:36.080><c> along</c>

00:18:36.390 --> 00:18:36.400 align:start position:0%
direction exists and we are moving along
 

00:18:36.400 --> 00:18:39.590 align:start position:0%
direction exists and we are moving along
it<00:18:36.640><c> right</c><00:18:36.960><c> now.</c><00:18:38.000><c> That</c><00:18:38.240><c> fourth</c><00:18:38.720><c> direction</c><00:18:39.280><c> or</c>

00:18:39.590 --> 00:18:39.600 align:start position:0%
it right now. That fourth direction or
 

00:18:39.600 --> 00:18:42.549 align:start position:0%
it right now. That fourth direction or
dimension<00:18:40.160><c> is</c><00:18:40.480><c> time.</c><00:18:41.600><c> Einstein</c><00:18:42.160><c> predicted</c>

00:18:42.549 --> 00:18:42.559 align:start position:0%
dimension is time. Einstein predicted
 

00:18:42.559 --> 00:18:44.470 align:start position:0%
dimension is time. Einstein predicted
this<00:18:42.799><c> connection</c><00:18:43.120><c> when</c><00:18:43.360><c> he</c><00:18:43.600><c> linked</c><00:18:43.919><c> space</c><00:18:44.240><c> and</c>

00:18:44.470 --> 00:18:44.480 align:start position:0%
this connection when he linked space and
 

00:18:44.480 --> 00:18:47.190 align:start position:0%
this connection when he linked space and
time<00:18:44.799><c> into</c><00:18:45.120><c> one</c><00:18:45.360><c> unified</c><00:18:46.080><c> spaceime</c><00:18:46.799><c> in</c><00:18:47.039><c> his</c>

00:18:47.190 --> 00:18:47.200 align:start position:0%
time into one unified spaceime in his
 

00:18:47.200 --> 00:18:49.750 align:start position:0%
time into one unified spaceime in his
theories<00:18:47.600><c> of</c><00:18:47.760><c> relativity.</c><00:18:48.559><c> According</c><00:18:49.600><c> to</c>

00:18:49.750 --> 00:18:49.760 align:start position:0%
theories of relativity. According to
 

00:18:49.760 --> 00:18:52.150 align:start position:0%
theories of relativity. According to
him,<00:18:50.240><c> time</c><00:18:50.480><c> and</c><00:18:50.720><c> space</c><00:18:51.039><c> are</c><00:18:51.200><c> two</c><00:18:51.520><c> parts</c><00:18:51.760><c> of</c><00:18:51.919><c> the</c>

00:18:52.150 --> 00:18:52.160 align:start position:0%
him, time and space are two parts of the
 

00:18:52.160 --> 00:18:54.950 align:start position:0%
him, time and space are two parts of the
same<00:18:52.320><c> thing.</c><00:18:53.280><c> To</c><00:18:53.520><c> me,</c><00:18:53.760><c> this</c><00:18:54.000><c> connects</c><00:18:54.320><c> with</c><00:18:54.480><c> 4D</c>

00:18:54.950 --> 00:18:54.960 align:start position:0%
same thing. To me, this connects with 4D
 

00:18:54.960 --> 00:18:57.510 align:start position:0%
same thing. To me, this connects with 4D
space<00:18:55.280><c> very</c><00:18:55.600><c> nicely.</c><00:18:56.559><c> Just</c><00:18:56.799><c> as</c><00:18:56.960><c> there</c><00:18:57.120><c> is</c><00:18:57.280><c> no</c>

00:18:57.510 --> 00:18:57.520 align:start position:0%
space very nicely. Just as there is no
 

00:18:57.520 --> 00:18:59.669 align:start position:0%
space very nicely. Just as there is no
real<00:18:57.760><c> difference</c><00:18:58.080><c> between</c><00:18:58.320><c> the</c><00:18:58.559><c> zed</c><00:18:59.039><c> and</c><00:18:59.360><c> the</c>

00:18:59.669 --> 00:18:59.679 align:start position:0%
real difference between the zed and the
 

00:18:59.679 --> 00:19:02.870 align:start position:0%
real difference between the zed and the
x<00:19:00.000><c> or</c><00:19:00.320><c> y</c><00:19:00.640><c> directions,</c><00:19:01.679><c> so</c><00:19:02.000><c> too</c><00:19:02.400><c> would</c><00:19:02.640><c> there</c>

00:19:02.870 --> 00:19:02.880 align:start position:0%
x or y directions, so too would there
 

00:19:02.880 --> 00:19:05.110 align:start position:0%
x or y directions, so too would there
not<00:19:03.120><c> be</c><00:19:03.360><c> any</c><00:19:03.679><c> difference</c><00:19:04.000><c> between</c><00:19:04.480><c> time</c><00:19:04.799><c> and</c>

00:19:05.110 --> 00:19:05.120 align:start position:0%
not be any difference between time and
 

00:19:05.120 --> 00:19:07.909 align:start position:0%
not be any difference between time and
space<00:19:05.679><c> if</c><00:19:06.000><c> time</c><00:19:06.240><c> is</c><00:19:06.480><c> just</c><00:19:06.720><c> another</c><00:19:07.120><c> direction,</c>

00:19:07.909 --> 00:19:07.919 align:start position:0%
space if time is just another direction,
 

00:19:07.919 --> 00:19:10.630 align:start position:0%
space if time is just another direction,
albeit<00:19:08.400><c> one</c><00:19:08.559><c> that</c><00:19:08.799><c> we</c><00:19:08.960><c> can't</c><00:19:09.200><c> see.</c><00:19:10.160><c> And</c><00:19:10.400><c> time</c>

00:19:10.630 --> 00:19:10.640 align:start position:0%
albeit one that we can't see. And time
 

00:19:10.640 --> 00:19:13.750 align:start position:0%
albeit one that we can't see. And time
is<00:19:10.880><c> important.</c><00:19:11.840><c> Without</c><00:19:12.240><c> time,</c><00:19:12.720><c> our</c><00:19:13.039><c> 3D</c><00:19:13.440><c> space</c>

00:19:13.750 --> 00:19:13.760 align:start position:0%
is important. Without time, our 3D space
 

00:19:13.760 --> 00:19:16.310 align:start position:0%
is important. Without time, our 3D space
wouldn't<00:19:14.080><c> move.</c><00:19:14.880><c> it</c><00:19:15.120><c> would</c><00:19:15.440><c> perpetually</c><00:19:16.160><c> be</c>

00:19:16.310 --> 00:19:16.320 align:start position:0%
wouldn't move. it would perpetually be
 

00:19:16.320 --> 00:19:18.390 align:start position:0%
wouldn't move. it would perpetually be
in<00:19:16.640><c> one</c><00:19:16.880><c> state</c><00:19:17.360><c> because</c><00:19:17.679><c> it's</c><00:19:18.000><c> time</c><00:19:18.160><c> that</c>

00:19:18.390 --> 00:19:18.400 align:start position:0%
in one state because it's time that
 

00:19:18.400 --> 00:19:21.430 align:start position:0%
in one state because it's time that
allows<00:19:18.720><c> us</c><00:19:18.880><c> to</c><00:19:19.039><c> move</c><00:19:19.200><c> about</c><00:19:19.440><c> in</c><00:19:19.679><c> it.</c><00:19:20.960><c> But</c><00:19:21.200><c> why</c>

00:19:21.430 --> 00:19:21.440 align:start position:0%
allows us to move about in it. But why
 

00:19:21.440 --> 00:19:23.750 align:start position:0%
allows us to move about in it. But why
can't<00:19:21.679><c> we</c><00:19:21.919><c> see</c><00:19:22.080><c> it?</c><00:19:22.720><c> Why</c><00:19:22.960><c> can't</c><00:19:23.200><c> we</c><00:19:23.360><c> look</c><00:19:23.520><c> in</c>

00:19:23.750 --> 00:19:23.760 align:start position:0%
can't we see it? Why can't we look in
 

00:19:23.760 --> 00:19:26.710 align:start position:0%
can't we see it? Why can't we look in
the<00:19:23.919><c> direction</c><00:19:24.240><c> of</c><00:19:24.480><c> time?</c><00:19:25.600><c> To</c><00:19:25.840><c> explain</c><00:19:26.240><c> this,</c>

00:19:26.710 --> 00:19:26.720 align:start position:0%
the direction of time? To explain this,
 

00:19:26.720 --> 00:19:28.870 align:start position:0%
the direction of time? To explain this,
let's<00:19:27.039><c> look</c><00:19:27.200><c> at</c><00:19:27.440><c> the</c><00:19:27.760><c> difference</c><00:19:28.160><c> between</c><00:19:28.559><c> the</c>

00:19:28.870 --> 00:19:28.880 align:start position:0%
let's look at the difference between the
 

00:19:28.880 --> 00:19:31.510 align:start position:0%
let's look at the difference between the
different<00:19:29.280><c> dimensional</c><00:19:29.919><c> spaces.</c>

00:19:31.510 --> 00:19:31.520 align:start position:0%
different dimensional spaces.
 

00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:33.270 align:start position:0%
different dimensional spaces.
We<00:19:31.760><c> best</c><00:19:32.000><c> notice</c><00:19:32.320><c> this</c><00:19:32.559><c> when</c><00:19:32.799><c> we</c><00:19:32.960><c> consider</c>

00:19:33.270 --> 00:19:33.280 align:start position:0%
We best notice this when we consider
 

00:19:33.280 --> 00:19:35.510 align:start position:0%
We best notice this when we consider
what<00:19:33.600><c> 2D</c><00:19:34.000><c> objects</c><00:19:34.480><c> might</c><00:19:34.720><c> look</c><00:19:34.960><c> like</c><00:19:35.200><c> if</c><00:19:35.360><c> they</c>

00:19:35.510 --> 00:19:35.520 align:start position:0%
what 2D objects might look like if they
 

00:19:35.520 --> 00:19:38.470 align:start position:0%
what 2D objects might look like if they
were<00:19:35.679><c> to</c><00:19:35.840><c> move</c><00:19:36.000><c> around</c><00:19:36.240><c> in</c><00:19:36.480><c> 3D</c><00:19:36.960><c> space.</c><00:19:38.160><c> This</c><00:19:38.400><c> is</c>

00:19:38.470 --> 00:19:38.480 align:start position:0%
were to move around in 3D space. This is
 

00:19:38.480 --> 00:19:40.950 align:start position:0%
were to move around in 3D space. This is
where<00:19:38.720><c> we</c><00:19:38.960><c> start</c><00:19:39.120><c> to</c><00:19:39.360><c> delve</c><00:19:39.679><c> into</c><00:19:39.840><c> the</c><00:19:40.080><c> model.</c>

00:19:40.950 --> 00:19:40.960 align:start position:0%
where we start to delve into the model.
 

00:19:40.960 --> 00:19:43.750 align:start position:0%
where we start to delve into the model.
Let's<00:19:41.360><c> begin</c><00:19:41.600><c> by</c><00:19:41.919><c> visualizing</c><00:19:42.640><c> a</c><00:19:42.960><c> standard</c><00:19:43.280><c> 3D</c>

00:19:43.750 --> 00:19:43.760 align:start position:0%
Let's begin by visualizing a standard 3D
 

00:19:43.760 --> 00:19:46.150 align:start position:0%
Let's begin by visualizing a standard 3D
space.<00:19:44.559><c> But</c><00:19:44.720><c> because</c><00:19:44.960><c> we</c><00:19:45.200><c> want</c><00:19:45.360><c> to</c><00:19:45.520><c> eventually</c>

00:19:46.150 --> 00:19:46.160 align:start position:0%
space. But because we want to eventually
 

00:19:46.160 --> 00:19:48.390 align:start position:0%
space. But because we want to eventually
see<00:19:46.320><c> all</c><00:19:46.559><c> of</c><00:19:46.720><c> space</c><00:19:46.960><c> and</c><00:19:47.200><c> time</c><00:19:47.360><c> in</c><00:19:47.600><c> one</c><00:19:47.840><c> model,</c>

00:19:48.390 --> 00:19:48.400 align:start position:0%
see all of space and time in one model,
 

00:19:48.400 --> 00:19:51.270 align:start position:0%
see all of space and time in one model,
let's<00:19:48.720><c> cheat</c><00:19:49.039><c> a</c><00:19:49.280><c> little.</c><00:19:50.240><c> Let's</c><00:19:50.559><c> compress</c><00:19:51.039><c> all</c>

00:19:51.270 --> 00:19:51.280 align:start position:0%
let's cheat a little. Let's compress all
 

00:19:51.280 --> 00:19:54.549 align:start position:0%
let's cheat a little. Let's compress all
of<00:19:51.520><c> 3D</c><00:19:51.919><c> reality</c><00:19:52.400><c> as</c><00:19:52.640><c> we</c><00:19:52.799><c> know</c><00:19:52.960><c> it</c><00:19:53.280><c> into</c><00:19:53.600><c> a</c><00:19:53.919><c> flat</c>

00:19:54.549 --> 00:19:54.559 align:start position:0%
of 3D reality as we know it into a flat
 

00:19:54.559 --> 00:19:57.590 align:start position:0%
of 3D reality as we know it into a flat
two-dimensional<00:19:55.440><c> place.</c><00:19:56.480><c> In</c><00:19:56.720><c> this</c><00:19:56.960><c> plane,</c>

00:19:57.590 --> 00:19:57.600 align:start position:0%
two-dimensional place. In this plane,
 

00:19:57.600 --> 00:20:00.310 align:start position:0%
two-dimensional place. In this plane,
let's<00:19:57.840><c> make</c><00:19:58.080><c> that</c><00:19:58.400><c> our</c><00:19:58.799><c> XY</c><00:19:59.360><c> plane,</c><00:19:59.840><c> which</c><00:20:00.080><c> we</c>

00:20:00.310 --> 00:20:00.320 align:start position:0%
let's make that our XY plane, which we
 

00:20:00.320 --> 00:20:03.029 align:start position:0%
let's make that our XY plane, which we
will<00:20:00.480><c> label</c><00:20:00.960><c> space,</c><00:20:01.679><c> which</c><00:20:02.000><c> frees</c><00:20:02.320><c> up</c><00:20:02.480><c> the</c><00:20:02.640><c> Z</c>

00:20:03.029 --> 00:20:03.039 align:start position:0%
will label space, which frees up the Z
 

00:20:03.039 --> 00:20:06.230 align:start position:0%
will label space, which frees up the Z
dimension<00:20:03.440><c> for</c><00:20:03.760><c> time.</c><00:20:04.799><c> In</c><00:20:05.039><c> this</c><00:20:05.280><c> model,</c><00:20:05.919><c> all</c>

00:20:06.230 --> 00:20:06.240 align:start position:0%
dimension for time. In this model, all
 

00:20:06.240 --> 00:20:09.750 align:start position:0%
dimension for time. In this model, all
3D<00:20:06.640><c> people</c><00:20:06.960><c> are</c><00:20:07.200><c> now</c><00:20:07.440><c> just</c><00:20:07.679><c> 2D.</c><00:20:08.799><c> A</c><00:20:09.039><c> 2D</c><00:20:09.440><c> person</c>

00:20:09.750 --> 00:20:09.760 align:start position:0%
3D people are now just 2D. A 2D person
 

00:20:09.760 --> 00:20:11.590 align:start position:0%
3D people are now just 2D. A 2D person
could<00:20:10.000><c> exist</c><00:20:10.320><c> and</c><00:20:10.559><c> live</c><00:20:10.799><c> their</c><00:20:11.039><c> lives</c><00:20:11.280><c> in</c><00:20:11.440><c> the</c>

00:20:11.590 --> 00:20:11.600 align:start position:0%
could exist and live their lives in the
 

00:20:11.600 --> 00:20:13.669 align:start position:0%
could exist and live their lives in the
place<00:20:11.919><c> marked</c><00:20:12.320><c> space</c><00:20:12.720><c> at</c><00:20:12.960><c> the</c><00:20:13.039><c> bottom</c><00:20:13.280><c> of</c><00:20:13.440><c> our</c>

00:20:13.669 --> 00:20:13.679 align:start position:0%
place marked space at the bottom of our
 

00:20:13.679 --> 00:20:16.789 align:start position:0%
place marked space at the bottom of our
chart.<00:20:14.799><c> However,</c><00:20:15.360><c> by</c><00:20:15.679><c> moving</c><00:20:15.919><c> them</c><00:20:16.160><c> up</c><00:20:16.480><c> on</c><00:20:16.640><c> the</c>

00:20:16.789 --> 00:20:16.799 align:start position:0%
chart. However, by moving them up on the
 

00:20:16.799 --> 00:20:19.350 align:start position:0%
chart. However, by moving them up on the
chart<00:20:17.120><c> at</c><00:20:17.280><c> a</c><00:20:17.520><c> constant</c><00:20:17.840><c> rate,</c><00:20:18.480><c> they</c><00:20:18.720><c> are</c><00:20:18.880><c> also</c>

00:20:19.350 --> 00:20:19.360 align:start position:0%
chart at a constant rate, they are also
 

00:20:19.360 --> 00:20:21.669 align:start position:0%
chart at a constant rate, they are also
moving<00:20:19.679><c> through</c><00:20:20.000><c> time.</c>

00:20:21.669 --> 00:20:21.679 align:start position:0%
moving through time.
 

00:20:21.679 --> 00:20:23.830 align:start position:0%
moving through time.
Let's<00:20:22.000><c> for</c><00:20:22.240><c> ease</c><00:20:22.559><c> and</c><00:20:22.799><c> convenience</c><00:20:23.360><c> say</c><00:20:23.600><c> that</c>

00:20:23.830 --> 00:20:23.840 align:start position:0%
Let's for ease and convenience say that
 

00:20:23.840 --> 00:20:26.230 align:start position:0%
Let's for ease and convenience say that
the<00:20:24.080><c> top</c><00:20:24.240><c> of</c><00:20:24.400><c> our</c><00:20:24.640><c> diagram</c><00:20:25.120><c> is</c><00:20:25.360><c> the</c><00:20:25.520><c> future</c>

00:20:26.230 --> 00:20:26.240 align:start position:0%
the top of our diagram is the future
 

00:20:26.240 --> 00:20:28.549 align:start position:0%
the top of our diagram is the future
while<00:20:26.480><c> the</c><00:20:26.640><c> bottom</c><00:20:26.960><c> is</c><00:20:27.200><c> the</c><00:20:27.440><c> past.</c><00:20:28.240><c> So,</c><00:20:28.400><c> the</c>

00:20:28.549 --> 00:20:28.559 align:start position:0%
while the bottom is the past. So, the
 

00:20:28.559 --> 00:20:30.870 align:start position:0%
while the bottom is the past. So, the
higher<00:20:28.880><c> up</c><00:20:29.120><c> our</c><00:20:29.440><c> 2D</c><00:20:29.919><c> person</c><00:20:30.240><c> goes</c><00:20:30.480><c> in</c><00:20:30.720><c> this</c>

00:20:30.870 --> 00:20:30.880 align:start position:0%
higher up our 2D person goes in this
 

00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:33.990 align:start position:0%
higher up our 2D person goes in this
diagram,<00:20:31.600><c> the</c><00:20:31.840><c> older</c><00:20:32.159><c> they</c><00:20:32.400><c> get.</c><00:20:33.440><c> As</c><00:20:33.600><c> we</c><00:20:33.840><c> don't</c>

00:20:33.990 --> 00:20:34.000 align:start position:0%
diagram, the older they get. As we don't
 

00:20:34.000 --> 00:20:36.070 align:start position:0%
diagram, the older they get. As we don't
seem<00:20:34.159><c> to</c><00:20:34.320><c> have</c><00:20:34.480><c> a</c><00:20:34.720><c> whole</c><00:20:34.960><c> lot</c><00:20:35.120><c> of</c><00:20:35.360><c> control</c><00:20:35.760><c> over</c>

00:20:36.070 --> 00:20:36.080 align:start position:0%
seem to have a whole lot of control over
 

00:20:36.080 --> 00:20:38.310 align:start position:0%
seem to have a whole lot of control over
our<00:20:36.480><c> ability</c><00:20:36.960><c> to</c><00:20:37.200><c> travel</c><00:20:37.440><c> through</c><00:20:37.760><c> time,</c>

00:20:38.310 --> 00:20:38.320 align:start position:0%
our ability to travel through time,
 

00:20:38.320 --> 00:20:40.470 align:start position:0%
our ability to travel through time,
let's<00:20:38.559><c> imagine</c><00:20:38.880><c> for</c><00:20:39.120><c> a</c><00:20:39.280><c> second</c><00:20:39.440><c> that</c><00:20:39.760><c> our</c><00:20:40.000><c> 2D</c>

00:20:40.470 --> 00:20:40.480 align:start position:0%
let's imagine for a second that our 2D
 

00:20:40.480 --> 00:20:42.470 align:start position:0%
let's imagine for a second that our 2D
person<00:20:40.880><c> travels</c><00:20:41.360><c> upwards</c><00:20:41.760><c> at</c><00:20:42.000><c> a</c><00:20:42.159><c> constant</c>

00:20:42.470 --> 00:20:42.480 align:start position:0%
person travels upwards at a constant
 

00:20:42.480 --> 00:20:44.549 align:start position:0%
person travels upwards at a constant
rate<00:20:43.120><c> as</c><00:20:43.280><c> if</c><00:20:43.440><c> there</c><00:20:43.600><c> is</c><00:20:43.760><c> some</c><00:20:44.080><c> consistent</c>

00:20:44.549 --> 00:20:44.559 align:start position:0%
rate as if there is some consistent
 

00:20:44.559 --> 00:20:46.549 align:start position:0%
rate as if there is some consistent
force<00:20:44.960><c> or</c><00:20:45.200><c> wind</c><00:20:45.520><c> at</c><00:20:45.679><c> play</c><00:20:46.000><c> pushing</c><00:20:46.400><c> them</c>

00:20:46.549 --> 00:20:46.559 align:start position:0%
force or wind at play pushing them
 

00:20:46.559 --> 00:20:49.750 align:start position:0%
force or wind at play pushing them
upwards<00:20:47.039><c> towards</c><00:20:47.440><c> the</c><00:20:47.600><c> future.</c><00:20:48.799><c> Sadly,</c><00:20:49.440><c> we</c>

00:20:49.750 --> 00:20:49.760 align:start position:0%
upwards towards the future. Sadly, we
 

00:20:49.760 --> 00:20:51.669 align:start position:0%
upwards towards the future. Sadly, we
cannot<00:20:50.080><c> slow</c><00:20:50.320><c> down</c><00:20:50.640><c> time</c><00:20:50.880><c> for</c><00:20:51.120><c> ourselves</c>

00:20:51.669 --> 00:20:51.679 align:start position:0%
cannot slow down time for ourselves
 

00:20:51.679 --> 00:20:53.830 align:start position:0%
cannot slow down time for ourselves
simply<00:20:52.000><c> through</c><00:20:52.320><c> willpower,</c><00:20:53.200><c> no</c><00:20:53.280><c> matter</c><00:20:53.679><c> how</c>

00:20:53.830 --> 00:20:53.840 align:start position:0%
simply through willpower, no matter how
 

00:20:53.840 --> 00:20:56.710 align:start position:0%
simply through willpower, no matter how
much<00:20:54.080><c> we</c><00:20:54.320><c> might</c><00:20:54.559><c> want</c><00:20:54.720><c> to</c><00:20:54.880><c> do</c><00:20:55.120><c> so.</c><00:20:56.080><c> However,</c><00:20:56.480><c> it</c>

00:20:56.710 --> 00:20:56.720 align:start position:0%
much we might want to do so. However, it
 

00:20:56.720 --> 00:20:58.470 align:start position:0%
much we might want to do so. However, it
is<00:20:56.880><c> misleading</c><00:20:57.520><c> to</c><00:20:57.679><c> say</c><00:20:57.840><c> that</c><00:20:58.080><c> we</c><00:20:58.240><c> can't</c>

00:20:58.470 --> 00:20:58.480 align:start position:0%
is misleading to say that we can't
 

00:20:58.480 --> 00:21:00.310 align:start position:0%
is misleading to say that we can't
change<00:20:58.720><c> it</c><00:20:58.960><c> at</c><00:20:59.120><c> all.</c>

00:21:00.310 --> 00:21:00.320 align:start position:0%
change it at all.
 

00:21:00.320 --> 00:21:02.549 align:start position:0%
change it at all.
The<00:21:00.480><c> faster</c><00:21:00.880><c> we</c><00:21:01.120><c> travel</c><00:21:01.360><c> in</c><00:21:01.600><c> space,</c><00:21:02.320><c> the</c>

00:21:02.549 --> 00:21:02.559 align:start position:0%
The faster we travel in space, the
 

00:21:02.559 --> 00:21:05.190 align:start position:0%
The faster we travel in space, the
slower<00:21:02.880><c> we</c><00:21:03.120><c> travel</c><00:21:03.440><c> in</c><00:21:03.679><c> time.</c><00:21:04.640><c> This</c><00:21:04.799><c> is</c><00:21:04.960><c> one</c><00:21:05.120><c> of</c>

00:21:05.190 --> 00:21:05.200 align:start position:0%
slower we travel in time. This is one of
 

00:21:05.200 --> 00:21:07.029 align:start position:0%
slower we travel in time. This is one of
the<00:21:05.360><c> guiding</c><00:21:05.760><c> principles</c><00:21:06.159><c> of</c><00:21:06.400><c> Einstein's</c>

00:21:07.029 --> 00:21:07.039 align:start position:0%
the guiding principles of Einstein's
 

00:21:07.039 --> 00:21:09.590 align:start position:0%
the guiding principles of Einstein's
relativity.<00:21:08.159><c> This</c><00:21:08.400><c> model</c><00:21:08.720><c> can</c><00:21:08.960><c> express</c><00:21:09.360><c> this</c>

00:21:09.590 --> 00:21:09.600 align:start position:0%
relativity. This model can express this
 

00:21:09.600 --> 00:21:12.549 align:start position:0%
relativity. This model can express this
idea<00:21:10.000><c> through</c><00:21:10.240><c> the</c><00:21:10.480><c> power</c><00:21:10.720><c> of</c><00:21:10.960><c> vectors.</c>

00:21:12.549 --> 00:21:12.559 align:start position:0%
idea through the power of vectors.
 

00:21:12.559 --> 00:21:15.190 align:start position:0%
idea through the power of vectors.
As<00:21:12.799><c> our</c><00:21:13.120><c> 2D</c><00:21:13.600><c> person</c><00:21:14.000><c> tries</c><00:21:14.320><c> to</c><00:21:14.480><c> move</c><00:21:14.720><c> to</c><00:21:14.960><c> their</c>

00:21:15.190 --> 00:21:15.200 align:start position:0%
As our 2D person tries to move to their
 

00:21:15.200 --> 00:21:17.510 align:start position:0%
As our 2D person tries to move to their
left<00:21:15.520><c> or</c><00:21:15.760><c> to</c><00:21:15.919><c> their</c><00:21:16.159><c> right,</c><00:21:16.720><c> their</c><00:21:17.039><c> vector</c><00:21:17.360><c> of</c>

00:21:17.510 --> 00:21:17.520 align:start position:0%
left or to their right, their vector of
 

00:21:17.520 --> 00:21:20.230 align:start position:0%
left or to their right, their vector of
travel<00:21:17.919><c> changes.</c><00:21:19.280><c> While</c><00:21:19.600><c> traveling</c><00:21:19.919><c> at</c><00:21:20.080><c> a</c>

00:21:20.230 --> 00:21:20.240 align:start position:0%
travel changes. While traveling at a
 

00:21:20.240 --> 00:21:22.230 align:start position:0%
travel changes. While traveling at a
fixed<00:21:20.559><c> rate,</c><00:21:20.960><c> like</c><00:21:21.200><c> a</c><00:21:21.360><c> sail</c><00:21:21.679><c> on</c><00:21:21.840><c> a</c><00:21:22.000><c> ship</c>

00:21:22.230 --> 00:21:22.240 align:start position:0%
fixed rate, like a sail on a ship
 

00:21:22.240 --> 00:21:24.549 align:start position:0%
fixed rate, like a sail on a ship
catching<00:21:22.559><c> a</c><00:21:22.720><c> breeze,</c><00:21:23.440><c> we</c><00:21:23.679><c> can</c><00:21:23.840><c> only</c><00:21:24.080><c> go</c><00:21:24.320><c> as</c>

00:21:24.549 --> 00:21:24.559 align:start position:0%
catching a breeze, we can only go as
 

00:21:24.559 --> 00:21:26.870 align:start position:0%
catching a breeze, we can only go as
fast<00:21:24.799><c> as</c><00:21:24.960><c> the</c><00:21:25.120><c> wind</c><00:21:25.360><c> takes</c><00:21:25.600><c> us.</c><00:21:26.159><c> So</c><00:21:26.400><c> the</c><00:21:26.559><c> vector</c>

00:21:26.870 --> 00:21:26.880 align:start position:0%
fast as the wind takes us. So the vector
 

00:21:26.880 --> 00:21:28.710 align:start position:0%
fast as the wind takes us. So the vector
coming<00:21:27.120><c> out</c><00:21:27.360><c> from</c><00:21:27.520><c> their</c><00:21:27.760><c> front</c><00:21:28.080><c> must</c><00:21:28.400><c> always</c>

00:21:28.710 --> 00:21:28.720 align:start position:0%
coming out from their front must always
 

00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:31.350 align:start position:0%
coming out from their front must always
remain<00:21:29.039><c> the</c><00:21:29.280><c> same.</c><00:21:30.159><c> To</c><00:21:30.400><c> travel</c><00:21:30.640><c> the</c><00:21:30.880><c> fastest</c>

00:21:31.350 --> 00:21:31.360 align:start position:0%
remain the same. To travel the fastest
 

00:21:31.360 --> 00:21:33.669 align:start position:0%
remain the same. To travel the fastest
through<00:21:31.600><c> time,</c><00:21:32.080><c> our</c><00:21:32.320><c> 2D</c><00:21:32.720><c> person</c><00:21:33.039><c> must</c><00:21:33.280><c> orient</c>

00:21:33.669 --> 00:21:33.679 align:start position:0%
through time, our 2D person must orient
 

00:21:33.679 --> 00:21:35.909 align:start position:0%
through time, our 2D person must orient
his<00:21:34.000><c> vector</c><00:21:34.480><c> completely</c><00:21:35.120><c> in</c><00:21:35.280><c> the</c><00:21:35.520><c> future</c>

00:21:35.909 --> 00:21:35.919 align:start position:0%
his vector completely in the future
 

00:21:35.919 --> 00:21:39.350 align:start position:0%
his vector completely in the future
direction<00:21:36.640><c> or</c><00:21:36.960><c> upwards.</c><00:21:38.320><c> However,</c><00:21:38.880><c> if</c><00:21:39.120><c> they</c>

00:21:39.350 --> 00:21:39.360 align:start position:0%
direction or upwards. However, if they
 

00:21:39.360 --> 00:21:41.270 align:start position:0%
direction or upwards. However, if they
are<00:21:39.520><c> to</c><00:21:39.679><c> travel</c><00:21:40.000><c> any</c><00:21:40.320><c> amount</c><00:21:40.640><c> in</c><00:21:40.880><c> either</c>

00:21:41.270 --> 00:21:41.280 align:start position:0%
are to travel any amount in either
 

00:21:41.280 --> 00:21:43.350 align:start position:0%
are to travel any amount in either
direction<00:21:41.600><c> to</c><00:21:41.840><c> their</c><00:21:42.080><c> sides,</c><00:21:42.720><c> they</c><00:21:42.960><c> can</c><00:21:43.120><c> only</c>

00:21:43.350 --> 00:21:43.360 align:start position:0%
direction to their sides, they can only
 

00:21:43.360 --> 00:21:45.510 align:start position:0%
direction to their sides, they can only
do<00:21:43.600><c> so</c><00:21:43.840><c> by</c><00:21:44.159><c> pointing</c><00:21:44.480><c> their</c><00:21:44.720><c> vector</c><00:21:45.120><c> away</c><00:21:45.360><c> from</c>

00:21:45.510 --> 00:21:45.520 align:start position:0%
do so by pointing their vector away from
 

00:21:45.520 --> 00:21:47.830 align:start position:0%
do so by pointing their vector away from
their<00:21:45.760><c> direction</c><00:21:46.080><c> of</c><00:21:46.320><c> travel.</c><00:21:47.360><c> They</c><00:21:47.679><c> have</c>

00:21:47.830 --> 00:21:47.840 align:start position:0%
their direction of travel. They have
 

00:21:47.840 --> 00:21:50.310 align:start position:0%
their direction of travel. They have
motion<00:21:48.159><c> in</c><00:21:48.400><c> the</c><00:21:48.559><c> x</c><00:21:48.880><c> direction</c><00:21:49.360><c> now,</c><00:21:49.919><c> but</c><00:21:50.159><c> they</c>

00:21:50.310 --> 00:21:50.320 align:start position:0%
motion in the x direction now, but they
 

00:21:50.320 --> 00:21:52.549 align:start position:0%
motion in the x direction now, but they
have<00:21:50.559><c> done</c><00:21:50.799><c> so</c><00:21:51.039><c> by</c><00:21:51.280><c> reducing</c><00:21:51.760><c> their</c><00:21:52.000><c> motion</c><00:21:52.320><c> in</c>

00:21:52.549 --> 00:21:52.559 align:start position:0%
have done so by reducing their motion in
 

00:21:52.559 --> 00:21:55.190 align:start position:0%
have done so by reducing their motion in
the<00:21:52.720><c> z</c><00:21:53.120><c> direction.</c><00:21:54.159><c> They</c><00:21:54.400><c> are</c><00:21:54.640><c> moving</c><00:21:54.880><c> through</c>

00:21:55.190 --> 00:21:55.200 align:start position:0%
the z direction. They are moving through
 

00:21:55.200 --> 00:21:57.590 align:start position:0%
the z direction. They are moving through
space<00:21:55.840><c> but</c><00:21:56.080><c> at</c><00:21:56.240><c> the</c><00:21:56.400><c> cost</c><00:21:56.640><c> of</c><00:21:56.880><c> moving</c><00:21:57.200><c> a</c><00:21:57.440><c> little</c>

00:21:57.590 --> 00:21:57.600 align:start position:0%
space but at the cost of moving a little
 

00:21:57.600 --> 00:22:00.230 align:start position:0%
space but at the cost of moving a little
slower<00:21:58.000><c> through</c><00:21:58.240><c> time.</c><00:21:59.280><c> Taking</c><00:21:59.600><c> this</c><00:21:59.840><c> to</c><00:22:00.080><c> its</c>

00:22:00.230 --> 00:22:00.240 align:start position:0%
slower through time. Taking this to its
 

00:22:00.240 --> 00:22:02.950 align:start position:0%
slower through time. Taking this to its
furthest<00:22:00.720><c> extreme,</c><00:22:01.600><c> our</c><00:22:01.919><c> individual</c><00:22:02.640><c> has</c>

00:22:02.950 --> 00:22:02.960 align:start position:0%
furthest extreme, our individual has
 

00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:05.190 align:start position:0%
furthest extreme, our individual has
completely<00:22:03.440><c> flipped</c><00:22:03.760><c> on</c><00:22:03.919><c> their</c><00:22:04.159><c> side</c><00:22:04.640><c> and</c><00:22:04.880><c> now</c>

00:22:05.190 --> 00:22:05.200 align:start position:0%
completely flipped on their side and now
 

00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:07.430 align:start position:0%
completely flipped on their side and now
only<00:22:05.520><c> has</c><00:22:05.840><c> motion</c><00:22:06.159><c> in</c><00:22:06.400><c> the</c><00:22:06.559><c> direction</c><00:22:06.799><c> of</c><00:22:07.039><c> X</c>

00:22:07.430 --> 00:22:07.440 align:start position:0%
only has motion in the direction of X
 

00:22:07.440 --> 00:22:09.990 align:start position:0%
only has motion in the direction of X
and<00:22:07.760><c> none</c><00:22:08.000><c> in</c><00:22:08.240><c> the</c><00:22:08.400><c> direction</c><00:22:08.720><c> of</c><00:22:08.880><c> zed.</c><00:22:09.760><c> They</c>

00:22:09.990 --> 00:22:10.000 align:start position:0%
and none in the direction of zed. They
 

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:13.190 align:start position:0%
and none in the direction of zed. They
have<00:22:10.159><c> velocity</c><00:22:10.720><c> in</c><00:22:11.039><c> space</c><00:22:11.600><c> but</c><00:22:11.919><c> not</c><00:22:12.159><c> time.</c><00:22:12.960><c> So</c>

00:22:13.190 --> 00:22:13.200 align:start position:0%
have velocity in space but not time. So
 

00:22:13.200 --> 00:22:15.430 align:start position:0%
have velocity in space but not time. So
I<00:22:13.360><c> suppose</c><00:22:13.679><c> this</c><00:22:13.919><c> implies</c><00:22:14.320><c> our</c><00:22:14.640><c> vector</c><00:22:15.039><c> is</c><00:22:15.200><c> the</c>

00:22:15.430 --> 00:22:15.440 align:start position:0%
I suppose this implies our vector is the
 

00:22:15.440 --> 00:22:17.510 align:start position:0%
I suppose this implies our vector is the
speed<00:22:15.679><c> of</c><00:22:15.919><c> causality</c><00:22:16.799><c> or</c><00:22:17.039><c> the</c><00:22:17.200><c> speed</c><00:22:17.360><c> of</c>

00:22:17.510 --> 00:22:17.520 align:start position:0%
speed of causality or the speed of
 

00:22:17.520 --> 00:22:19.270 align:start position:0%
speed of causality or the speed of
light.

00:22:19.270 --> 00:22:19.280 align:start position:0%
light.
 

00:22:19.280 --> 00:22:21.110 align:start position:0%
light.
If<00:22:19.600><c> this</c><00:22:19.840><c> is</c><00:22:20.000><c> the</c><00:22:20.240><c> speed</c><00:22:20.480><c> we're</c><00:22:20.880><c> talking</c>

00:22:21.110 --> 00:22:21.120 align:start position:0%
If this is the speed we're talking
 

00:22:21.120 --> 00:22:23.669 align:start position:0%
If this is the speed we're talking
about,<00:22:21.760><c> then</c><00:22:22.080><c> moving</c><00:22:22.400><c> at</c><00:22:22.640><c> low</c><00:22:22.960><c> speeds</c><00:22:23.360><c> through</c>

00:22:23.669 --> 00:22:23.679 align:start position:0%
about, then moving at low speeds through
 

00:22:23.679 --> 00:22:25.510 align:start position:0%
about, then moving at low speeds through
space<00:22:24.080><c> would</c><00:22:24.320><c> not</c><00:22:24.559><c> have</c><00:22:24.720><c> any</c><00:22:24.960><c> noticeable</c>

00:22:25.510 --> 00:22:25.520 align:start position:0%
space would not have any noticeable
 

00:22:25.520 --> 00:22:27.830 align:start position:0%
space would not have any noticeable
difference<00:22:25.840><c> in</c><00:22:26.080><c> our</c><00:22:26.320><c> speed</c><00:22:26.640><c> through</c><00:22:26.960><c> time.</c>

00:22:27.830 --> 00:22:27.840 align:start position:0%
difference in our speed through time.
 

00:22:27.840 --> 00:22:30.070 align:start position:0%
difference in our speed through time.
We'd<00:22:28.159><c> have</c><00:22:28.320><c> to</c><00:22:28.400><c> go</c><00:22:28.720><c> really</c><00:22:29.200><c> fast</c><00:22:29.600><c> before</c><00:22:29.840><c> we</c>

00:22:30.070 --> 00:22:30.080 align:start position:0%
We'd have to go really fast before we
 

00:22:30.080 --> 00:22:32.390 align:start position:0%
We'd have to go really fast before we
started<00:22:30.320><c> to</c><00:22:30.480><c> notice</c><00:22:30.880><c> anything.</c><00:22:31.760><c> The</c><00:22:31.919><c> vector</c>

00:22:32.390 --> 00:22:32.400 align:start position:0%
started to notice anything. The vector
 

00:22:32.400 --> 00:22:35.029 align:start position:0%
started to notice anything. The vector
still<00:22:32.640><c> mostly</c><00:22:33.039><c> points</c><00:22:33.360><c> upwards.</c><00:22:34.720><c> An</c>

00:22:35.029 --> 00:22:35.039 align:start position:0%
still mostly points upwards. An
 

00:22:35.039 --> 00:22:37.029 align:start position:0%
still mostly points upwards. An
interesting<00:22:35.520><c> result</c><00:22:35.760><c> of</c><00:22:35.919><c> this</c><00:22:36.159><c> model</c><00:22:36.480><c> is</c><00:22:36.720><c> that</c>

00:22:37.029 --> 00:22:37.039 align:start position:0%
interesting result of this model is that
 

00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:39.510 align:start position:0%
interesting result of this model is that
from<00:22:37.280><c> the</c><00:22:37.520><c> 2D</c><00:22:37.919><c> man's</c><00:22:38.240><c> perspective,</c><00:22:39.200><c> nothing</c>

00:22:39.510 --> 00:22:39.520 align:start position:0%
from the 2D man's perspective, nothing
 

00:22:39.520 --> 00:22:42.310 align:start position:0%
from the 2D man's perspective, nothing
has<00:22:39.760><c> really</c><00:22:40.080><c> changed.</c><00:22:41.039><c> He</c><00:22:41.280><c> has</c><00:22:41.520><c> his</c><00:22:41.760><c> own</c><00:22:42.000><c> view</c>

00:22:42.310 --> 00:22:42.320 align:start position:0%
has really changed. He has his own view
 

00:22:42.320 --> 00:22:45.029 align:start position:0%
has really changed. He has his own view
of<00:22:42.559><c> what</c><00:22:42.880><c> reality</c><00:22:43.360><c> is.</c>

00:22:45.029 --> 00:22:45.039 align:start position:0%
of what reality is.
 

00:22:45.039 --> 00:22:46.950 align:start position:0%
of what reality is.
For<00:22:45.280><c> him,</c><00:22:45.600><c> the</c><00:22:45.840><c> vector</c><00:22:46.240><c> coming</c><00:22:46.480><c> out</c><00:22:46.640><c> of</c><00:22:46.720><c> his</c>

00:22:46.950 --> 00:22:46.960 align:start position:0%
For him, the vector coming out of his
 

00:22:46.960 --> 00:22:49.750 align:start position:0%
For him, the vector coming out of his
chest<00:22:47.280><c> is</c><00:22:47.600><c> still</c><00:22:47.919><c> time.</c><00:22:48.960><c> The</c><00:22:49.200><c> dimensions</c><00:22:49.600><c> of</c>

00:22:49.750 --> 00:22:49.760 align:start position:0%
chest is still time. The dimensions of
 

00:22:49.760 --> 00:22:52.070 align:start position:0%
chest is still time. The dimensions of
the<00:22:49.919><c> plane</c><00:22:50.240><c> he's</c><00:22:50.559><c> lying</c><00:22:50.880><c> flat</c><00:22:51.120><c> on</c><00:22:51.440><c> is</c><00:22:51.760><c> his</c>

00:22:52.070 --> 00:22:52.080 align:start position:0%
the plane he's lying flat on is his
 

00:22:52.080 --> 00:22:54.630 align:start position:0%
the plane he's lying flat on is his
space.<00:22:53.039><c> To</c><00:22:53.280><c> him,</c><00:22:53.600><c> it's</c><00:22:53.919><c> the</c><00:22:54.159><c> rest</c><00:22:54.320><c> of</c><00:22:54.400><c> the</c>

00:22:54.630 --> 00:22:54.640 align:start position:0%
space. To him, it's the rest of the
 

00:22:54.640 --> 00:22:56.470 align:start position:0%
space. To him, it's the rest of the
universe<00:22:54.960><c> that's</c><00:22:55.200><c> gone</c><00:22:55.360><c> a</c><00:22:55.520><c> little</c><00:22:55.679><c> weird,</c><00:22:56.240><c> but</c>

00:22:56.470 --> 00:22:56.480 align:start position:0%
universe that's gone a little weird, but
 

00:22:56.480 --> 00:22:59.909 align:start position:0%
universe that's gone a little weird, but
he<00:22:56.799><c> himself</c><00:22:57.280><c> is</c><00:22:57.600><c> perfectly</c><00:22:58.080><c> normal.</c><00:22:59.440><c> However,</c>

00:22:59.909 --> 00:22:59.919 align:start position:0%
he himself is perfectly normal. However,
 

00:22:59.919 --> 00:23:02.470 align:start position:0%
he himself is perfectly normal. However,
once<00:23:00.159><c> he</c><00:23:00.480><c> reorients</c><00:23:01.120><c> himself,</c><00:23:01.840><c> it</c><00:23:02.080><c> is</c><00:23:02.240><c> clear</c>

00:23:02.470 --> 00:23:02.480 align:start position:0%
once he reorients himself, it is clear
 

00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:04.230 align:start position:0%
once he reorients himself, it is clear
that<00:23:02.720><c> the</c><00:23:02.880><c> rest</c><00:23:03.039><c> of</c><00:23:03.200><c> the</c><00:23:03.360><c> universe</c><00:23:03.760><c> has</c><00:23:04.000><c> moved</c>

00:23:04.230 --> 00:23:04.240 align:start position:0%
that the rest of the universe has moved
 

00:23:04.240 --> 00:23:06.950 align:start position:0%
that the rest of the universe has moved
on<00:23:04.400><c> without</c><00:23:04.799><c> him.</c><00:23:05.600><c> This</c><00:23:05.840><c> is</c><00:23:06.000><c> clearer</c><00:23:06.559><c> if</c><00:23:06.799><c> we</c>

00:23:06.950 --> 00:23:06.960 align:start position:0%
on without him. This is clearer if we
 

00:23:06.960 --> 00:23:09.909 align:start position:0%
on without him. This is clearer if we
add<00:23:07.200><c> a</c><00:23:07.520><c> second</c><00:23:07.919><c> 2D</c><00:23:08.400><c> person.</c>

00:23:09.909 --> 00:23:09.919 align:start position:0%
add a second 2D person.
 

00:23:09.919 --> 00:23:12.070 align:start position:0%
add a second 2D person.
Initially,<00:23:10.480><c> both</c><00:23:10.720><c> of</c><00:23:10.880><c> our</c><00:23:11.200><c> individuals</c><00:23:11.840><c> do</c>

00:23:12.070 --> 00:23:12.080 align:start position:0%
Initially, both of our individuals do
 

00:23:12.080 --> 00:23:14.230 align:start position:0%
Initially, both of our individuals do
not<00:23:12.320><c> move</c><00:23:12.480><c> in</c><00:23:12.720><c> space.</c><00:23:13.360><c> All</c><00:23:13.520><c> of</c><00:23:13.679><c> their</c><00:23:13.840><c> vector</c>

00:23:14.230 --> 00:23:14.240 align:start position:0%
not move in space. All of their vector
 

00:23:14.240 --> 00:23:16.390 align:start position:0%
not move in space. All of their vector
is<00:23:14.480><c> pointing</c><00:23:14.799><c> in</c><00:23:14.960><c> the</c><00:23:15.200><c> direction</c><00:23:15.440><c> of</c><00:23:15.679><c> time.</c>

00:23:16.390 --> 00:23:16.400 align:start position:0%
is pointing in the direction of time.
 

00:23:16.400 --> 00:23:18.470 align:start position:0%
is pointing in the direction of time.
Nothing<00:23:16.720><c> that</c><00:23:17.039><c> strange</c><00:23:17.360><c> seems</c><00:23:17.679><c> to</c><00:23:17.840><c> happen</c><00:23:18.159><c> so</c>

00:23:18.470 --> 00:23:18.480 align:start position:0%
Nothing that strange seems to happen so
 

00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:21.270 align:start position:0%
Nothing that strange seems to happen so
far.<00:23:19.600><c> However,</c><00:23:20.000><c> if</c><00:23:20.240><c> our</c><00:23:20.480><c> stick</c><00:23:20.799><c> man</c><00:23:20.960><c> on</c><00:23:21.200><c> the</c>

00:23:21.270 --> 00:23:21.280 align:start position:0%
far. However, if our stick man on the
 

00:23:21.280 --> 00:23:23.510 align:start position:0%
far. However, if our stick man on the
right<00:23:21.600><c> turns</c><00:23:22.000><c> and</c><00:23:22.320><c> vectors</c><00:23:22.799><c> at</c><00:23:23.039><c> near</c><00:23:23.360><c> the</c>

00:23:23.510 --> 00:23:23.520 align:start position:0%
right turns and vectors at near the
 

00:23:23.520 --> 00:23:25.750 align:start position:0%
right turns and vectors at near the
speed<00:23:23.679><c> of</c><00:23:23.840><c> light</c><00:23:24.080><c> for</c><00:23:24.240><c> a</c><00:23:24.400><c> bit,</c><00:23:24.799><c> then</c><00:23:25.120><c> reorients</c>

00:23:25.750 --> 00:23:25.760 align:start position:0%
speed of light for a bit, then reorients
 

00:23:25.760 --> 00:23:27.830 align:start position:0%
speed of light for a bit, then reorients
himself<00:23:26.320><c> while</c><00:23:26.559><c> the</c><00:23:26.720><c> second</c><00:23:26.960><c> 2D</c><00:23:27.360><c> man</c><00:23:27.600><c> on</c><00:23:27.760><c> the</c>

00:23:27.830 --> 00:23:27.840 align:start position:0%
himself while the second 2D man on the
 

00:23:27.840 --> 00:23:29.990 align:start position:0%
himself while the second 2D man on the
left<00:23:28.080><c> just</c><00:23:28.320><c> stays</c><00:23:28.559><c> where</c><00:23:28.799><c> he</c><00:23:28.960><c> is,</c><00:23:29.440><c> it</c><00:23:29.679><c> becomes</c>

00:23:29.990 --> 00:23:30.000 align:start position:0%
left just stays where he is, it becomes
 

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:32.710 align:start position:0%
left just stays where he is, it becomes
clear<00:23:30.240><c> that</c><00:23:30.559><c> our</c><00:23:30.799><c> 2D</c><00:23:31.280><c> men</c><00:23:31.600><c> have</c><00:23:31.919><c> not</c><00:23:32.159><c> moved</c><00:23:32.480><c> at</c>

00:23:32.710 --> 00:23:32.720 align:start position:0%
clear that our 2D men have not moved at
 

00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:35.350 align:start position:0%
clear that our 2D men have not moved at
the<00:23:32.880><c> same</c><00:23:33.039><c> rate</c><00:23:33.360><c> through</c><00:23:33.679><c> time.</c><00:23:34.880><c> Assuming</c>

00:23:35.350 --> 00:23:35.360 align:start position:0%
the same rate through time. Assuming
 

00:23:35.360 --> 00:23:37.430 align:start position:0%
the same rate through time. Assuming
that<00:23:35.600><c> our</c><00:23:35.919><c> two</c><00:23:36.159><c> stickmen</c><00:23:36.720><c> can</c><00:23:36.880><c> somehow</c><00:23:37.200><c> still</c>

00:23:37.430 --> 00:23:37.440 align:start position:0%
that our two stickmen can somehow still
 

00:23:37.440 --> 00:23:39.510 align:start position:0%
that our two stickmen can somehow still
see<00:23:37.679><c> each</c><00:23:37.919><c> other,</c><00:23:38.480><c> let's</c><00:23:38.799><c> imagine</c><00:23:39.120><c> that</c><00:23:39.280><c> they</c>

00:23:39.510 --> 00:23:39.520 align:start position:0%
see each other, let's imagine that they
 

00:23:39.520 --> 00:23:41.270 align:start position:0%
see each other, let's imagine that they
somehow<00:23:39.919><c> project</c><00:23:40.240><c> an</c><00:23:40.480><c> image</c><00:23:40.640><c> of</c><00:23:40.799><c> themselves</c>

00:23:41.270 --> 00:23:41.280 align:start position:0%
somehow project an image of themselves
 

00:23:41.280 --> 00:23:44.070 align:start position:0%
somehow project an image of themselves
onto<00:23:41.679><c> the</c><00:23:41.919><c> other</c><00:23:42.159><c> person's</c><00:23:42.640><c> space</c><00:23:42.960><c> plane,</c>

00:23:44.070 --> 00:23:44.080 align:start position:0%
onto the other person's space plane,
 

00:23:44.080 --> 00:23:45.990 align:start position:0%
onto the other person's space plane,
they<00:23:44.320><c> immediately</c><00:23:44.880><c> notice</c><00:23:45.280><c> that</c><00:23:45.440><c> there</c><00:23:45.679><c> is</c><00:23:45.840><c> a</c>

00:23:45.990 --> 00:23:46.000 align:start position:0%
they immediately notice that there is a
 

00:23:46.000 --> 00:23:48.470 align:start position:0%
they immediately notice that there is a
difference<00:23:46.240><c> in</c><00:23:46.480><c> age.</c><00:23:47.520><c> The</c><00:23:47.760><c> one</c><00:23:47.919><c> who</c><00:23:48.159><c> traveled</c>

00:23:48.470 --> 00:23:48.480 align:start position:0%
difference in age. The one who traveled
 

00:23:48.480 --> 00:23:50.630 align:start position:0%
difference in age. The one who traveled
at<00:23:48.640><c> the</c><00:23:48.799><c> speed</c><00:23:48.960><c> of</c><00:23:49.120><c> light</c><00:23:49.520><c> did</c><00:23:49.760><c> not</c><00:23:49.919><c> advance</c><00:23:50.320><c> so</c>

00:23:50.630 --> 00:23:50.640 align:start position:0%
at the speed of light did not advance so
 

00:23:50.640 --> 00:23:52.630 align:start position:0%
at the speed of light did not advance so
quickly<00:23:50.960><c> through</c><00:23:51.200><c> time</c><00:23:51.440><c> as</c><00:23:51.760><c> the</c><00:23:51.919><c> other</c><00:23:52.400><c> who</c>

00:23:52.630 --> 00:23:52.640 align:start position:0%
quickly through time as the other who
 

00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:56.070 align:start position:0%
quickly through time as the other who
remains<00:23:53.039><c> stationary</c><00:23:53.600><c> and</c><00:23:53.919><c> so</c><00:23:54.159><c> is</c><00:23:54.400><c> younger.</c>

00:23:56.070 --> 00:23:56.080 align:start position:0%
remains stationary and so is younger.
 

00:23:56.080 --> 00:23:57.750 align:start position:0%
remains stationary and so is younger.
But<00:23:56.240><c> why</c><00:23:56.480><c> do</c><00:23:56.640><c> we</c><00:23:56.799><c> find</c><00:23:56.960><c> this</c><00:23:57.200><c> model</c><00:23:57.520><c> so</c>

00:23:57.750 --> 00:23:57.760 align:start position:0%
But why do we find this model so
 

00:23:57.760 --> 00:24:00.149 align:start position:0%
But why do we find this model so
compelling?<00:23:58.799><c> Well,</c><00:23:59.120><c> it</c><00:23:59.360><c> is</c><00:23:59.520><c> because</c><00:23:59.760><c> of</c><00:24:00.000><c> what</c>

00:24:00.149 --> 00:24:00.159 align:start position:0%
compelling? Well, it is because of what
 

00:24:00.159 --> 00:24:02.310 align:start position:0%
compelling? Well, it is because of what
those<00:24:00.480><c> projections</c><00:24:01.039><c> would</c><00:24:01.360><c> look</c><00:24:01.520><c> like</c><00:24:01.919><c> during</c>

00:24:02.310 --> 00:24:02.320 align:start position:0%
those projections would look like during
 

00:24:02.320 --> 00:24:04.549 align:start position:0%
those projections would look like during
changes<00:24:02.720><c> in</c><00:24:03.039><c> direction.</c>

00:24:04.549 --> 00:24:04.559 align:start position:0%
changes in direction.
 

00:24:04.559 --> 00:24:06.149 align:start position:0%
changes in direction.
From<00:24:04.880><c> the</c><00:24:05.039><c> point</c><00:24:05.200><c> of</c><00:24:05.360><c> view</c><00:24:05.520><c> of</c><00:24:05.679><c> the</c><00:24:05.919><c> first</c>

00:24:06.149 --> 00:24:06.159 align:start position:0%
From the point of view of the first
 

00:24:06.159 --> 00:24:08.390 align:start position:0%
From the point of view of the first
stickman,<00:24:07.039><c> initially</c><00:24:07.600><c> the</c><00:24:07.840><c> projection</c><00:24:08.240><c> of</c>

00:24:08.390 --> 00:24:08.400 align:start position:0%
stickman, initially the projection of
 

00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:10.549 align:start position:0%
stickman, initially the projection of
their<00:24:08.640><c> friends</c><00:24:08.960><c> seems</c><00:24:09.280><c> fairly</c><00:24:09.679><c> normal.</c>

00:24:10.549 --> 00:24:10.559 align:start position:0%
their friends seems fairly normal.
 

00:24:10.559 --> 00:24:12.630 align:start position:0%
their friends seems fairly normal.
However,<00:24:10.960><c> as</c><00:24:11.200><c> they</c><00:24:11.520><c> start</c><00:24:11.840><c> traveling</c><00:24:12.320><c> very</c>

00:24:12.630 --> 00:24:12.640 align:start position:0%
However, as they start traveling very
 

00:24:12.640 --> 00:24:14.630 align:start position:0%
However, as they start traveling very
quickly<00:24:12.880><c> in</c><00:24:13.200><c> space</c><00:24:13.760><c> and</c><00:24:14.000><c> their</c><00:24:14.240><c> vector</c>

00:24:14.630 --> 00:24:14.640 align:start position:0%
quickly in space and their vector
 

00:24:14.640 --> 00:24:17.430 align:start position:0%
quickly in space and their vector
oriented<00:24:15.200><c> in</c><00:24:15.440><c> a</c><00:24:15.600><c> direction</c><00:24:16.000><c> away</c><00:24:16.320><c> from</c><00:24:16.559><c> time,</c>

00:24:17.430 --> 00:24:17.440 align:start position:0%
oriented in a direction away from time,
 

00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:19.590 align:start position:0%
oriented in a direction away from time,
a<00:24:17.679><c> 2D</c><00:24:18.080><c> shape</c><00:24:18.400><c> reveals</c><00:24:18.880><c> its</c><00:24:19.120><c> inherent</c>

00:24:19.590 --> 00:24:19.600 align:start position:0%
a 2D shape reveals its inherent
 

00:24:19.600 --> 00:24:21.830 align:start position:0%
a 2D shape reveals its inherent
flatness.<00:24:20.720><c> And</c><00:24:20.960><c> from</c><00:24:21.120><c> a</c><00:24:21.360><c> face</c><00:24:21.600><c> on</c>

00:24:21.830 --> 00:24:21.840 align:start position:0%
flatness. And from a face on
 

00:24:21.840 --> 00:24:26.630 align:start position:0%
flatness. And from a face on
perspective,<00:24:22.559><c> it</c><00:24:22.799><c> goes</c><00:24:22.960><c> from</c><00:24:23.279><c> this</c><00:24:23.919><c> to</c><00:24:24.159><c> this.</c>

00:24:26.630 --> 00:24:26.640 align:start position:0%
perspective, it goes from this to this.
 

00:24:26.640 --> 00:24:29.029 align:start position:0%
perspective, it goes from this to this.
The<00:24:26.880><c> speedily</c><00:24:27.520><c> traveling</c><00:24:28.000><c> stickman</c><00:24:28.640><c> appears</c>

00:24:29.029 --> 00:24:29.039 align:start position:0%
The speedily traveling stickman appears
 

00:24:29.039 --> 00:24:31.269 align:start position:0%
The speedily traveling stickman appears
to<00:24:29.200><c> flatten</c><00:24:30.000><c> with</c><00:24:30.240><c> an</c><00:24:30.480><c> effect</c><00:24:30.799><c> that's</c><00:24:31.039><c> more</c>

00:24:31.269 --> 00:24:31.279 align:start position:0%
to flatten with an effect that's more
 

00:24:31.279 --> 00:24:33.830 align:start position:0%
to flatten with an effect that's more
pronounced<00:24:31.840><c> the</c><00:24:32.159><c> faster</c><00:24:32.480><c> they</c><00:24:32.720><c> go.</c><00:24:33.440><c> and</c><00:24:33.679><c> the</c>

00:24:33.830 --> 00:24:33.840 align:start position:0%
pronounced the faster they go. and the
 

00:24:33.840 --> 00:24:35.510 align:start position:0%
pronounced the faster they go. and the
flattening<00:24:34.400><c> takes</c><00:24:34.720><c> place</c><00:24:34.880><c> in</c><00:24:35.039><c> the</c><00:24:35.279><c> direction</c>

00:24:35.510 --> 00:24:35.520 align:start position:0%
flattening takes place in the direction
 

00:24:35.520 --> 00:24:37.510 align:start position:0%
flattening takes place in the direction
of<00:24:35.679><c> their</c><00:24:35.919><c> travel.</c><00:24:36.640><c> The</c><00:24:36.880><c> stickman</c><00:24:37.360><c> who</c>

00:24:37.510 --> 00:24:37.520 align:start position:0%
of their travel. The stickman who
 

00:24:37.520 --> 00:24:39.350 align:start position:0%
of their travel. The stickman who
remains<00:24:37.919><c> stationary</c><00:24:38.480><c> might</c><00:24:38.720><c> wonder</c><00:24:39.039><c> at</c><00:24:39.120><c> the</c>

00:24:39.350 --> 00:24:39.360 align:start position:0%
remains stationary might wonder at the
 

00:24:39.360 --> 00:24:41.029 align:start position:0%
remains stationary might wonder at the
strange<00:24:39.840><c> change</c><00:24:40.159><c> that</c><00:24:40.400><c> is</c><00:24:40.559><c> occurring</c><00:24:40.880><c> to</c>

00:24:41.029 --> 00:24:41.039 align:start position:0%
strange change that is occurring to
 

00:24:41.039 --> 00:24:43.350 align:start position:0%
strange change that is occurring to
their<00:24:41.360><c> friend,</c><00:24:42.080><c> never</c><00:24:42.480><c> comprehending</c><00:24:43.120><c> that</c>

00:24:43.350 --> 00:24:43.360 align:start position:0%
their friend, never comprehending that
 

00:24:43.360 --> 00:24:46.070 align:start position:0%
their friend, never comprehending that
it<00:24:43.600><c> represents</c><00:24:44.159><c> a</c><00:24:44.400><c> reorientation</c><00:24:45.360><c> of</c><00:24:45.520><c> a</c><00:24:45.679><c> 2D</c>

00:24:46.070 --> 00:24:46.080 align:start position:0%
it represents a reorientation of a 2D
 

00:24:46.080 --> 00:24:49.350 align:start position:0%
it represents a reorientation of a 2D
figure<00:24:46.480><c> in</c><00:24:46.799><c> 3D</c><00:24:47.279><c> space.</c><00:24:48.480><c> Now,</c><00:24:48.720><c> what</c><00:24:48.960><c> captures</c>

00:24:49.350 --> 00:24:49.360 align:start position:0%
figure in 3D space. Now, what captures
 

00:24:49.360 --> 00:24:51.669 align:start position:0%
figure in 3D space. Now, what captures
my<00:24:49.600><c> imagination</c><00:24:50.240><c> about</c><00:24:50.559><c> this</c><00:24:50.880><c> is</c><00:24:51.120><c> that</c><00:24:51.360><c> this</c>

00:24:51.669 --> 00:24:51.679 align:start position:0%
my imagination about this is that this
 

00:24:51.679 --> 00:24:53.830 align:start position:0%
my imagination about this is that this
same<00:24:51.919><c> thing</c><00:24:52.320><c> happens</c><00:24:52.640><c> in</c><00:24:52.960><c> real</c><00:24:53.200><c> life.</c>

00:24:53.830 --> 00:24:53.840 align:start position:0%
same thing happens in real life.
 

00:24:53.840 --> 00:24:55.990 align:start position:0%
same thing happens in real life.
According<00:24:54.720><c> to</c><00:24:54.880><c> Einstein's</c><00:24:55.440><c> theories</c><00:24:55.840><c> of</c>

00:24:55.990 --> 00:24:56.000 align:start position:0%
According to Einstein's theories of
 

00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:58.470 align:start position:0%
According to Einstein's theories of
relativity,<00:24:57.039><c> objects</c><00:24:57.520><c> traveling</c><00:24:57.919><c> at</c><00:24:58.159><c> great</c>

00:24:58.470 --> 00:24:58.480 align:start position:0%
relativity, objects traveling at great
 

00:24:58.480 --> 00:25:01.110 align:start position:0%
relativity, objects traveling at great
speeds<00:24:58.880><c> in</c><00:24:59.120><c> 3D</c><00:24:59.520><c> space</c><00:25:00.080><c> would</c><00:25:00.320><c> appear</c><00:25:00.640><c> from</c><00:25:00.880><c> an</c>

00:25:01.110 --> 00:25:01.120 align:start position:0%
speeds in 3D space would appear from an
 

00:25:01.120 --> 00:25:03.350 align:start position:0%
speeds in 3D space would appear from an
external<00:25:01.600><c> observer</c><00:25:02.240><c> to</c><00:25:02.480><c> flatten</c><00:25:02.960><c> in</c><00:25:03.200><c> the</c>

00:25:03.350 --> 00:25:03.360 align:start position:0%
external observer to flatten in the
 

00:25:03.360 --> 00:25:05.350 align:start position:0%
external observer to flatten in the
direction<00:25:03.679><c> of</c><00:25:03.840><c> their</c><00:25:04.080><c> travel.</c><00:25:05.120><c> This</c>

00:25:05.350 --> 00:25:05.360 align:start position:0%
direction of their travel. This
 

00:25:05.360 --> 00:25:07.669 align:start position:0%
direction of their travel. This
squishing<00:25:05.840><c> effect</c><00:25:06.240><c> happens</c><00:25:06.720><c> exactly</c><00:25:07.200><c> in</c><00:25:07.440><c> line</c>

00:25:07.669 --> 00:25:07.679 align:start position:0%
squishing effect happens exactly in line
 

00:25:07.679 --> 00:25:09.909 align:start position:0%
squishing effect happens exactly in line
with<00:25:07.840><c> this</c><00:25:08.080><c> model</c><00:25:08.640><c> and</c><00:25:08.880><c> is</c><00:25:09.120><c> to</c><00:25:09.279><c> do</c><00:25:09.440><c> with</c><00:25:09.679><c> time</c>

00:25:09.909 --> 00:25:09.919 align:start position:0%
with this model and is to do with time
 

00:25:09.919 --> 00:25:11.590 align:start position:0%
with this model and is to do with time
dilation.

00:25:11.590 --> 00:25:11.600 align:start position:0%
dilation.
 

00:25:11.600 --> 00:25:13.430 align:start position:0%
dilation.
However,<00:25:12.080><c> from</c><00:25:12.320><c> the</c><00:25:12.559><c> person</c><00:25:12.960><c> whose</c>

00:25:13.430 --> 00:25:13.440 align:start position:0%
However, from the person whose
 

00:25:13.440 --> 00:25:15.590 align:start position:0%
However, from the person whose
traveling's<00:25:14.080><c> perspective,</c><00:25:14.960><c> they</c><00:25:15.200><c> do</c><00:25:15.360><c> not</c>

00:25:15.590 --> 00:25:15.600 align:start position:0%
traveling's perspective, they do not
 

00:25:15.600 --> 00:25:17.510 align:start position:0%
traveling's perspective, they do not
flatten,<00:25:16.240><c> but</c><00:25:16.480><c> it</c><00:25:16.720><c> is</c><00:25:16.799><c> the</c><00:25:17.039><c> rest</c><00:25:17.200><c> of</c><00:25:17.360><c> the</c>

00:25:17.510 --> 00:25:17.520 align:start position:0%
flatten, but it is the rest of the
 

00:25:17.520 --> 00:25:19.909 align:start position:0%
flatten, but it is the rest of the
universe<00:25:17.919><c> that</c><00:25:18.159><c> warps.</c><00:25:19.039><c> I</c><00:25:19.360><c> talk</c><00:25:19.520><c> about</c><00:25:19.679><c> this</c>

00:25:19.909 --> 00:25:19.919 align:start position:0%
universe that warps. I talk about this
 

00:25:19.919 --> 00:25:21.750 align:start position:0%
universe that warps. I talk about this
in<00:25:20.159><c> greater</c><00:25:20.480><c> depth</c><00:25:20.720><c> in</c><00:25:20.960><c> another</c><00:25:21.279><c> video</c><00:25:21.520><c> of</c>

00:25:21.750 --> 00:25:21.760 align:start position:0%
in greater depth in another video of
 

00:25:21.760 --> 00:25:23.669 align:start position:0%
in greater depth in another video of
mine<00:25:22.080><c> where</c><00:25:22.400><c> we</c><00:25:22.559><c> can</c><00:25:22.720><c> see</c><00:25:22.880><c> the</c><00:25:23.120><c> effects</c><00:25:23.440><c> of</c>

00:25:23.669 --> 00:25:23.679 align:start position:0%
mine where we can see the effects of
 

00:25:23.679 --> 00:25:26.310 align:start position:0%
mine where we can see the effects of
spatial<00:25:24.159><c> warping</c><00:25:24.559><c> in</c><00:25:24.799><c> a</c><00:25:24.960><c> computer</c><00:25:25.360><c> model.</c>

00:25:26.310 --> 00:25:26.320 align:start position:0%
spatial warping in a computer model.
 

00:25:26.320 --> 00:25:28.310 align:start position:0%
spatial warping in a computer model.
From<00:25:26.640><c> their</c><00:25:26.880><c> perspective,</c><00:25:27.679><c> everything</c><00:25:28.080><c> would</c>

00:25:28.310 --> 00:25:28.320 align:start position:0%
From their perspective, everything would
 

00:25:28.320 --> 00:25:30.149 align:start position:0%
From their perspective, everything would
stretch<00:25:28.640><c> at</c><00:25:28.799><c> the</c><00:25:28.960><c> edges</c><00:25:29.200><c> of</c><00:25:29.360><c> their</c><00:25:29.600><c> vision</c>

00:25:30.149 --> 00:25:30.159 align:start position:0%
stretch at the edges of their vision
 

00:25:30.159 --> 00:25:31.830 align:start position:0%
stretch at the edges of their vision
while<00:25:30.400><c> their</c><00:25:30.640><c> destination</c><00:25:31.279><c> would</c><00:25:31.520><c> seem</c>

00:25:31.830 --> 00:25:31.840 align:start position:0%
while their destination would seem
 

00:25:31.840 --> 00:25:34.310 align:start position:0%
while their destination would seem
further<00:25:32.240><c> away,</c><00:25:32.960><c> which</c><00:25:33.279><c> is</c><00:25:33.520><c> again</c><00:25:33.840><c> what</c><00:25:34.080><c> this</c>

00:25:34.310 --> 00:25:34.320 align:start position:0%
further away, which is again what this
 

00:25:34.320 --> 00:25:36.630 align:start position:0%
further away, which is again what this
model<00:25:34.559><c> would</c><00:25:34.799><c> predict.</c><00:25:35.919><c> The</c><00:25:36.080><c> only</c><00:25:36.320><c> difference</c>

00:25:36.630 --> 00:25:36.640 align:start position:0%
model would predict. The only difference
 

00:25:36.640 --> 00:25:38.789 align:start position:0%
model would predict. The only difference
is<00:25:37.200><c> that</c><00:25:37.520><c> in</c><00:25:37.760><c> this</c><00:25:37.919><c> model,</c><00:25:38.320><c> we're</c><00:25:38.559><c> just</c>

00:25:38.789 --> 00:25:38.799 align:start position:0%
is that in this model, we're just
 

00:25:38.799 --> 00:25:41.990 align:start position:0%
is that in this model, we're just
exploring<00:25:39.279><c> a</c><00:25:39.520><c> 2D</c><00:25:39.919><c> object</c><00:25:40.320><c> stretching.</c><00:25:41.600><c> So</c><00:25:41.760><c> the</c>

00:25:41.990 --> 00:25:42.000 align:start position:0%
exploring a 2D object stretching. So the
 

00:25:42.000 --> 00:25:44.390 align:start position:0%
exploring a 2D object stretching. So the
stretch<00:25:42.320><c> is</c><00:25:42.559><c> only</c><00:25:42.720><c> in</c><00:25:42.960><c> one</c><00:25:43.200><c> direction</c><00:25:44.080><c> while</c>

00:25:44.390 --> 00:25:44.400 align:start position:0%
stretch is only in one direction while
 

00:25:44.400 --> 00:25:47.350 align:start position:0%
stretch is only in one direction while
in<00:25:44.640><c> real</c><00:25:44.880><c> life</c><00:25:45.200><c> it's</c><00:25:45.600><c> 3D</c><00:25:46.720><c> which</c><00:25:46.960><c> means</c><00:25:47.120><c> it</c>

00:25:47.350 --> 00:25:47.360 align:start position:0%
in real life it's 3D which means it
 

00:25:47.360 --> 00:25:50.390 align:start position:0%
in real life it's 3D which means it
stretches<00:25:47.760><c> in</c><00:25:48.000><c> two</c><00:25:48.320><c> directions</c><00:25:48.799><c> instead.</c><00:25:50.159><c> But</c>

00:25:50.390 --> 00:25:50.400 align:start position:0%
stretches in two directions instead. But
 

00:25:50.400 --> 00:25:52.470 align:start position:0%
stretches in two directions instead. But
that<00:25:50.640><c> is</c><00:25:50.799><c> what</c><00:25:50.960><c> you</c><00:25:51.200><c> might</c><00:25:51.360><c> expect</c><00:25:52.080><c> as</c><00:25:52.320><c> you</c>

00:25:52.470 --> 00:25:52.480 align:start position:0%
that is what you might expect as you
 

00:25:52.480 --> 00:25:54.390 align:start position:0%
that is what you might expect as you
turn<00:25:52.720><c> away</c><00:25:52.960><c> from</c><00:25:53.200><c> our</c><00:25:53.520><c> conventional</c><00:25:54.080><c> three</c>

00:25:54.390 --> 00:25:54.400 align:start position:0%
turn away from our conventional three
 

00:25:54.400 --> 00:25:56.789 align:start position:0%
turn away from our conventional three
dimensions<00:25:55.120><c> and</c><00:25:55.440><c> start</c><00:25:55.760><c> orienting</c><00:25:56.320><c> yourself</c>

00:25:56.789 --> 00:25:56.799 align:start position:0%
dimensions and start orienting yourself
 

00:25:56.799 --> 00:25:59.990 align:start position:0%
dimensions and start orienting yourself
away<00:25:57.120><c> from</c><00:25:57.360><c> time.</c><00:25:58.480><c> But</c><00:25:58.640><c> if</c><00:25:58.880><c> this</c><00:25:59.039><c> is</c><00:25:59.200><c> correct,</c>

00:25:59.990 --> 00:26:00.000 align:start position:0%
away from time. But if this is correct,
 

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:03.590 align:start position:0%
away from time. But if this is correct,
so<00:26:00.240><c> what?</c><00:26:00.960><c> Why</c><00:26:01.200><c> does</c><00:26:01.360><c> it</c><00:26:01.520><c> matter?</c><00:26:02.799><c> If</c><00:26:03.039><c> time</c><00:26:03.360><c> is</c>

00:26:03.590 --> 00:26:03.600 align:start position:0%
so what? Why does it matter? If time is
 

00:26:03.600 --> 00:26:06.310 align:start position:0%
so what? Why does it matter? If time is
truly<00:26:03.919><c> a</c><00:26:04.240><c> direction,</c><00:26:05.120><c> then</c><00:26:05.360><c> it</c><00:26:05.520><c> deepens</c><00:26:06.000><c> our</c>

00:26:06.310 --> 00:26:06.320 align:start position:0%
truly a direction, then it deepens our
 

00:26:06.320 --> 00:26:08.870 align:start position:0%
truly a direction, then it deepens our
understanding<00:26:06.880><c> of</c><00:26:07.039><c> the</c><00:26:07.279><c> universe.</c><00:26:08.320><c> It</c><00:26:08.559><c> also</c>

00:26:08.870 --> 00:26:08.880 align:start position:0%
understanding of the universe. It also
 

00:26:08.880 --> 00:26:11.669 align:start position:0%
understanding of the universe. It also
raises<00:26:09.279><c> more</c><00:26:09.600><c> questions.</c><00:26:10.720><c> What</c><00:26:10.960><c> is</c><00:26:11.120><c> the</c><00:26:11.279><c> force</c>

00:26:11.669 --> 00:26:11.679 align:start position:0%
raises more questions. What is the force
 

00:26:11.679 --> 00:26:14.390 align:start position:0%
raises more questions. What is the force
that<00:26:11.919><c> pushes</c><00:26:12.240><c> us</c><00:26:12.480><c> ever</c><00:26:12.720><c> forward</c><00:26:13.039><c> in</c><00:26:13.360><c> time?</c><00:26:14.159><c> Why</c>

00:26:14.390 --> 00:26:14.400 align:start position:0%
that pushes us ever forward in time? Why
 

00:26:14.400 --> 00:26:16.070 align:start position:0%
that pushes us ever forward in time? Why
does<00:26:14.559><c> it</c><00:26:14.799><c> seem</c><00:26:14.960><c> that</c><00:26:15.200><c> we</c><00:26:15.440><c> can</c><00:26:15.600><c> never</c><00:26:15.840><c> move</c>

00:26:16.070 --> 00:26:16.080 align:start position:0%
does it seem that we can never move
 

00:26:16.080 --> 00:26:18.549 align:start position:0%
does it seem that we can never move
against<00:26:16.400><c> it?</c><00:26:17.360><c> Although</c><00:26:17.679><c> in</c><00:26:17.840><c> this</c><00:26:18.080><c> model</c><00:26:18.400><c> there</c>

00:26:18.549 --> 00:26:18.559 align:start position:0%
against it? Although in this model there
 

00:26:18.559 --> 00:26:20.149 align:start position:0%
against it? Although in this model there
is<00:26:18.720><c> no</c><00:26:18.880><c> reason</c><00:26:19.120><c> why</c><00:26:19.279><c> a</c><00:26:19.440><c> vector</c><00:26:19.760><c> could</c><00:26:20.000><c> not</c>

00:26:20.149 --> 00:26:20.159 align:start position:0%
is no reason why a vector could not
 

00:26:20.159 --> 00:26:22.149 align:start position:0%
is no reason why a vector could not
point<00:26:20.400><c> downwards,</c><00:26:21.120><c> in</c><00:26:21.360><c> real</c><00:26:21.600><c> life</c><00:26:21.919><c> that</c>

00:26:22.149 --> 00:26:22.159 align:start position:0%
point downwards, in real life that
 

00:26:22.159 --> 00:26:24.789 align:start position:0%
point downwards, in real life that
doesn't<00:26:22.320><c> seem</c><00:26:22.559><c> to</c><00:26:22.720><c> ever</c><00:26:22.960><c> happen.</c><00:26:24.240><c> This</c><00:26:24.480><c> model</c>

00:26:24.789 --> 00:26:24.799 align:start position:0%
doesn't seem to ever happen. This model
 

00:26:24.799 --> 00:26:27.269 align:start position:0%
doesn't seem to ever happen. This model
also<00:26:25.120><c> answers</c><00:26:25.440><c> the</c><00:26:25.679><c> question</c><00:26:25.919><c> of</c><00:26:26.480><c> if</c><00:26:26.799><c> time</c><00:26:27.120><c> is</c>

00:26:27.269 --> 00:26:27.279 align:start position:0%
also answers the question of if time is
 

00:26:27.279 --> 00:26:30.630 align:start position:0%
also answers the question of if time is
a<00:26:27.520><c> direction.</c><00:26:28.400><c> What</c><00:26:28.640><c> is</c><00:26:28.880><c> our</c><00:26:29.120><c> shape</c><00:26:29.440><c> in</c><00:26:29.679><c> time?</c>

00:26:30.630 --> 00:26:30.640 align:start position:0%
a direction. What is our shape in time?
 

00:26:30.640 --> 00:26:32.870 align:start position:0%
a direction. What is our shape in time?
Does<00:26:30.880><c> part</c><00:26:31.120><c> of</c><00:26:31.279><c> us</c><00:26:31.520><c> protrude</c><00:26:32.000><c> into</c><00:26:32.240><c> the</c><00:26:32.480><c> past</c>

00:26:32.870 --> 00:26:32.880 align:start position:0%
Does part of us protrude into the past
 

00:26:32.880 --> 00:26:35.510 align:start position:0%
Does part of us protrude into the past
or<00:26:33.200><c> into</c><00:26:33.520><c> the</c><00:26:33.679><c> future?</c><00:26:34.720><c> According</c><00:26:35.120><c> to</c><00:26:35.279><c> this</c>

00:26:35.510 --> 00:26:35.520 align:start position:0%
or into the future? According to this
 

00:26:35.520 --> 00:26:38.230 align:start position:0%
or into the future? According to this
model,<00:26:35.919><c> that</c><00:26:36.240><c> does</c><00:26:36.480><c> not</c><00:26:36.720><c> happen.</c><00:26:37.520><c> We</c><00:26:37.760><c> are</c><00:26:37.919><c> flat</c>

00:26:38.230 --> 00:26:38.240 align:start position:0%
model, that does not happen. We are flat
 

00:26:38.240 --> 00:26:40.149 align:start position:0%
model, that does not happen. We are flat
pancakes<00:26:38.720><c> in</c><00:26:38.880><c> the</c><00:26:39.039><c> fourth</c><00:26:39.360><c> dimension.</c>

00:26:40.149 --> 00:26:40.159 align:start position:0%
pancakes in the fourth dimension.
 

00:26:40.159 --> 00:26:41.830 align:start position:0%
pancakes in the fourth dimension.
Pennies<00:26:40.559><c> that</c><00:26:40.720><c> look</c><00:26:40.960><c> round</c><00:26:41.200><c> when</c><00:26:41.440><c> you</c><00:26:41.600><c> look</c><00:26:41.679><c> at</c>

00:26:41.830 --> 00:26:41.840 align:start position:0%
Pennies that look round when you look at
 

00:26:41.840 --> 00:26:44.149 align:start position:0%
Pennies that look round when you look at
us<00:26:42.000><c> head</c><00:26:42.240><c> on,</c><00:26:42.640><c> but</c><00:26:42.960><c> revealing</c><00:26:43.440><c> our</c><00:26:43.760><c> thinness</c>

00:26:44.149 --> 00:26:44.159 align:start position:0%
us head on, but revealing our thinness
 

00:26:44.159 --> 00:26:46.549 align:start position:0%
us head on, but revealing our thinness
when<00:26:44.400><c> we</c><00:26:44.640><c> turn</c><00:26:44.880><c> away</c><00:26:45.120><c> from</c><00:26:45.279><c> you.</c><00:26:46.080><c> That's</c><00:26:46.320><c> a</c>

00:26:46.549 --> 00:26:46.559 align:start position:0%
when we turn away from you. That's a
 

00:26:46.559 --> 00:26:48.390 align:start position:0%
when we turn away from you. That's a
strange<00:26:46.880><c> thought,</c><00:26:47.360><c> but</c><00:26:47.600><c> it</c><00:26:47.760><c> may</c><00:26:47.919><c> just</c><00:26:48.159><c> be</c>

00:26:48.390 --> 00:26:48.400 align:start position:0%
strange thought, but it may just be
 

00:26:48.400 --> 00:26:50.789 align:start position:0%
strange thought, but it may just be
true.<00:26:49.200><c> This</c><00:26:49.440><c> might</c><00:26:49.760><c> explain</c><00:26:50.159><c> why</c><00:26:50.400><c> we</c><00:26:50.640><c> are</c>

00:26:50.789 --> 00:26:50.799 align:start position:0%
true. This might explain why we are
 

00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:53.190 align:start position:0%
true. This might explain why we are
unable<00:26:51.200><c> to</c><00:26:51.440><c> see</c><00:26:51.679><c> through</c><00:26:52.000><c> time.</c><00:26:52.799><c> We</c><00:26:53.039><c> just</c>

00:26:53.190 --> 00:26:53.200 align:start position:0%
unable to see through time. We just
 

00:26:53.200 --> 00:26:54.710 align:start position:0%
unable to see through time. We just
don't<00:26:53.440><c> extend</c><00:26:53.840><c> enough</c><00:26:54.000><c> in</c><00:26:54.240><c> that</c><00:26:54.480><c> direction</c>

00:26:54.710 --> 00:26:54.720 align:start position:0%
don't extend enough in that direction
 

00:26:54.720 --> 00:26:57.350 align:start position:0%
don't extend enough in that direction
for<00:26:54.960><c> it</c><00:26:55.120><c> to</c><00:26:55.279><c> be</c><00:26:55.360><c> visible.</c><00:26:56.320><c> Your</c><00:26:56.559><c> form</c><00:26:56.960><c> might</c><00:26:57.200><c> be</c>

00:26:57.350 --> 00:26:57.360 align:start position:0%
for it to be visible. Your form might be
 

00:26:57.360 --> 00:26:59.590 align:start position:0%
for it to be visible. Your form might be
quite<00:26:57.679><c> different</c><00:26:58.000><c> than</c><00:26:58.159><c> you</c><00:26:58.400><c> first</c><00:26:58.720><c> thought.</c>

00:26:59.590 --> 00:26:59.600 align:start position:0%
quite different than you first thought.
 

00:26:59.600 --> 00:27:02.390 align:start position:0%
quite different than you first thought.
Of<00:27:00.480><c> course,</c><00:27:00.799><c> this</c><00:27:01.120><c> model</c><00:27:01.440><c> is</c><00:27:01.679><c> just</c><00:27:01.919><c> a</c><00:27:02.159><c> theory</c>

00:27:02.390 --> 00:27:02.400 align:start position:0%
Of course, this model is just a theory
 

00:27:02.400 --> 00:27:04.470 align:start position:0%
Of course, this model is just a theory
of<00:27:02.640><c> ours,</c><00:27:03.279><c> although</c><00:27:03.600><c> we</c><00:27:03.840><c> have</c><00:27:03.919><c> tried</c><00:27:04.159><c> to</c><00:27:04.240><c> base</c>

00:27:04.470 --> 00:27:04.480 align:start position:0%
of ours, although we have tried to base
 

00:27:04.480 --> 00:27:06.230 align:start position:0%
of ours, although we have tried to base
it<00:27:04.640><c> on</c><00:27:04.799><c> scientific</c><00:27:05.360><c> observations</c><00:27:05.919><c> and</c>

00:27:06.230 --> 00:27:06.240 align:start position:0%
it on scientific observations and
 

00:27:06.240 --> 00:27:08.230 align:start position:0%
it on scientific observations and
conventional<00:27:06.720><c> theory.</c><00:27:07.520><c> But</c><00:27:07.679><c> what</c><00:27:07.919><c> do</c><00:27:08.080><c> you</c>

00:27:08.230 --> 00:27:08.240 align:start position:0%
conventional theory. But what do you
 

00:27:08.240 --> 00:27:10.070 align:start position:0%
conventional theory. But what do you
think?<00:27:08.799><c> Does</c><00:27:09.039><c> this</c><00:27:09.200><c> model</c><00:27:09.520><c> help</c><00:27:09.679><c> you</c><00:27:09.919><c> make</c>

00:27:10.070 --> 00:27:10.080 align:start position:0%
think? Does this model help you make
 

00:27:10.080 --> 00:27:12.470 align:start position:0%
think? Does this model help you make
sense<00:27:10.320><c> of</c><00:27:10.480><c> time</c><00:27:10.720><c> as</c><00:27:10.880><c> a</c><00:27:11.039><c> fourth</c><00:27:11.360><c> dimension?</c>

00:27:12.470 --> 00:27:12.480 align:start position:0%
sense of time as a fourth dimension?
 

00:27:12.480 --> 00:27:14.149 align:start position:0%
sense of time as a fourth dimension?
Please<00:27:12.720><c> leave</c><00:27:12.960><c> your</c><00:27:13.200><c> ideas</c><00:27:13.520><c> in</c><00:27:13.760><c> the</c><00:27:13.840><c> comments</c>

00:27:14.149 --> 00:27:14.159 align:start position:0%
Please leave your ideas in the comments
 

00:27:14.159 --> 00:27:16.230 align:start position:0%
Please leave your ideas in the comments
below<00:27:14.400><c> on</c><00:27:14.640><c> the</c><00:27:14.799><c> nature</c><00:27:15.039><c> of</c><00:27:15.279><c> time</c><00:27:15.600><c> and</c><00:27:15.840><c> what</c><00:27:16.000><c> it</c>

00:27:16.230 --> 00:27:16.240 align:start position:0%
below on the nature of time and what it
 

00:27:16.240 --> 00:27:18.870 align:start position:0%
below on the nature of time and what it
might<00:27:16.480><c> actually</c><00:27:16.799><c> be</c><00:27:17.120><c> instead.</c><00:27:18.320><c> I</c><00:27:18.559><c> hope</c><00:27:18.720><c> to</c>

00:27:18.870 --> 00:27:18.880 align:start position:0%
might actually be instead. I hope to
 

00:27:18.880 --> 00:27:20.870 align:start position:0%
might actually be instead. I hope to
explore<00:27:19.279><c> more</c><00:27:19.600><c> strange</c><00:27:20.000><c> concepts</c><00:27:20.480><c> like</c><00:27:20.720><c> this</c>

00:27:20.870 --> 00:27:20.880 align:start position:0%
explore more strange concepts like this
 

00:27:20.880 --> 00:27:23.510 align:start position:0%
explore more strange concepts like this
in<00:27:21.120><c> a</c><00:27:21.360><c> new</c><00:27:21.520><c> series</c><00:27:21.840><c> called</c><00:27:22.080><c> The</c><00:27:22.320><c> Unseen</c><00:27:22.799><c> World,</c>

00:27:23.510 --> 00:27:23.520 align:start position:0%
in a new series called The Unseen World,
 

00:27:23.520 --> 00:27:25.269 align:start position:0%
in a new series called The Unseen World,
where<00:27:23.679><c> I</c><00:27:23.919><c> want</c><00:27:24.080><c> to</c><00:27:24.240><c> explore</c><00:27:24.640><c> the</c><00:27:24.880><c> shape</c><00:27:25.120><c> of</c>

00:27:25.269 --> 00:27:25.279 align:start position:0%
where I want to explore the shape of
 

00:27:25.279 --> 00:27:28.070 align:start position:0%
where I want to explore the shape of
reality<00:27:25.760><c> around</c><00:27:26.080><c> us.</c><00:27:26.960><c> While</c><00:27:27.279><c> it's</c><00:27:27.679><c> normally</c>

00:27:28.070 --> 00:27:28.080 align:start position:0%
reality around us. While it's normally
 

00:27:28.080 --> 00:27:29.990 align:start position:0%
reality around us. While it's normally
invisible<00:27:28.559><c> to</c><00:27:28.799><c> us,</c><00:27:29.200><c> the</c><00:27:29.440><c> shape</c><00:27:29.679><c> and</c>

00:27:29.990 --> 00:27:30.000 align:start position:0%
invisible to us, the shape and
 

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:31.909 align:start position:0%
invisible to us, the shape and
dimensions<00:27:30.400><c> of</c><00:27:30.640><c> the</c><00:27:30.799><c> universe</c><00:27:31.279><c> can</c><00:27:31.520><c> explain</c>

00:27:31.909 --> 00:27:31.919 align:start position:0%
dimensions of the universe can explain
 

00:27:31.919 --> 00:27:34.310 align:start position:0%
dimensions of the universe can explain
why<00:27:32.320><c> things</c><00:27:32.559><c> are</c><00:27:32.720><c> the</c><00:27:32.960><c> way</c><00:27:33.120><c> they</c><00:27:33.360><c> are.</c><00:27:33.919><c> And</c><00:27:34.080><c> I'm</c>

00:27:34.310 --> 00:27:34.320 align:start position:0%
why things are the way they are. And I'm
 

00:27:34.320 --> 00:27:36.230 align:start position:0%
why things are the way they are. And I'm
excited<00:27:34.640><c> to</c><00:27:34.880><c> explore</c><00:27:35.200><c> it</c><00:27:35.440><c> with</c><00:27:35.600><c> you.</c><00:27:35.919><c> If</c><00:27:36.159><c> you</c>

00:27:36.230 --> 00:27:36.240 align:start position:0%
excited to explore it with you. If you
 

00:27:36.240 --> 00:27:43.990 align:start position:0%
excited to explore it with you. If you
are<00:27:36.480><c> interested</c><00:27:36.799><c> in</c><00:27:36.960><c> it,</c><00:27:37.600><c> let</c><00:27:37.840><c> me</c><00:27:38.000><c> know.</c>

00:27:43.990 --> 00:27:44.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:46.390 align:start position:0%
 
Have<00:27:44.240><c> you</c><00:27:44.480><c> ever</c><00:27:44.799><c> wondered</c><00:27:45.279><c> if</c><00:27:45.520><c> it</c><00:27:45.760><c> is</c><00:27:45.919><c> possible</c>

00:27:46.390 --> 00:27:46.400 align:start position:0%
Have you ever wondered if it is possible
 

00:27:46.400 --> 00:27:48.870 align:start position:0%
Have you ever wondered if it is possible
to<00:27:46.720><c> see</c><00:27:47.039><c> the</c><00:27:47.360><c> future?</c>

00:27:48.870 --> 00:27:48.880 align:start position:0%
to see the future?
 

00:27:48.880 --> 00:27:50.870 align:start position:0%
to see the future?
Humans<00:27:49.279><c> throughout</c><00:27:49.679><c> time</c><00:27:50.000><c> have</c><00:27:50.320><c> certainly</c>

00:27:50.870 --> 00:27:50.880 align:start position:0%
Humans throughout time have certainly
 

00:27:50.880 --> 00:27:53.990 align:start position:0%
Humans throughout time have certainly
hoped<00:27:51.120><c> so.</c><00:27:52.480><c> But</c><00:27:52.640><c> for</c><00:27:52.880><c> most</c><00:27:53.039><c> of</c><00:27:53.200><c> us,</c><00:27:53.679><c> that's</c>

00:27:53.990 --> 00:27:54.000 align:start position:0%
hoped so. But for most of us, that's
 

00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:56.470 align:start position:0%
hoped so. But for most of us, that's
something<00:27:54.320><c> in</c><00:27:54.559><c> the</c><00:27:54.720><c> realms</c><00:27:55.200><c> of</c><00:27:55.679><c> mystics</c><00:27:56.159><c> and</c>

00:27:56.470 --> 00:27:56.480 align:start position:0%
something in the realms of mystics and
 

00:27:56.480 --> 00:27:58.870 align:start position:0%
something in the realms of mystics and
fortune<00:27:56.960><c> tellers.</c><00:27:57.919><c> The</c><00:27:58.159><c> idea</c><00:27:58.399><c> that</c><00:27:58.640><c> there</c>

00:27:58.870 --> 00:27:58.880 align:start position:0%
fortune tellers. The idea that there
 

00:27:58.880 --> 00:28:01.590 align:start position:0%
fortune tellers. The idea that there
might<00:27:59.039><c> be</c><00:27:59.200><c> some</c><00:27:59.440><c> way</c><00:27:59.600><c> to</c><00:28:00.000><c> actually</c><00:28:00.640><c> glimpse</c><00:28:01.120><c> it</c>

00:28:01.590 --> 00:28:01.600 align:start position:0%
might be some way to actually glimpse it
 

00:28:01.600 --> 00:28:03.590 align:start position:0%
might be some way to actually glimpse it
is<00:28:01.919><c> usually</c><00:28:02.399><c> considered</c><00:28:02.799><c> the</c><00:28:03.039><c> stuff</c><00:28:03.279><c> of</c>

00:28:03.590 --> 00:28:03.600 align:start position:0%
is usually considered the stuff of
 

00:28:03.600 --> 00:28:05.269 align:start position:0%
is usually considered the stuff of
superstition.

00:28:05.269 --> 00:28:05.279 align:start position:0%
superstition.
 

00:28:05.279 --> 00:28:08.710 align:start position:0%
superstition.
But<00:28:05.760><c> that</c><00:28:06.080><c> perspective</c><00:28:06.799><c> might</c><00:28:07.200><c> be</c><00:28:07.360><c> wrong.</c>

00:28:08.710 --> 00:28:08.720 align:start position:0%
But that perspective might be wrong.
 

00:28:08.720 --> 00:28:11.590 align:start position:0%
But that perspective might be wrong.
What<00:28:08.960><c> if</c><00:28:09.200><c> you</c><00:28:09.440><c> were</c><00:28:09.919><c> already</c><00:28:10.559><c> seeing</c><00:28:11.120><c> parts</c><00:28:11.440><c> of</c>

00:28:11.590 --> 00:28:11.600 align:start position:0%
What if you were already seeing parts of
 

00:28:11.600 --> 00:28:14.950 align:start position:0%
What if you were already seeing parts of
the<00:28:11.840><c> future</c><00:28:12.640><c> just</c><00:28:12.960><c> in</c><00:28:13.279><c> fragments?</c><00:28:14.559><c> What</c><00:28:14.799><c> if</c>

00:28:14.950 --> 00:28:14.960 align:start position:0%
the future just in fragments? What if
 

00:28:14.960 --> 00:28:17.750 align:start position:0%
the future just in fragments? What if
time<00:28:15.360><c> could</c><00:28:15.600><c> be</c><00:28:15.760><c> viewed</c><00:28:16.080><c> with</c><00:28:16.480><c> past,</c><00:28:17.120><c> present,</c>

00:28:17.750 --> 00:28:17.760 align:start position:0%
time could be viewed with past, present,
 

00:28:17.760 --> 00:28:21.350 align:start position:0%
time could be viewed with past, present,
and<00:28:18.240><c> future</c><00:28:18.640><c> at</c><00:28:18.880><c> once?</c><00:28:19.679><c> Before</c><00:28:20.399><c> you</c><00:28:20.640><c> worry,</c>

00:28:21.350 --> 00:28:21.360 align:start position:0%
and future at once? Before you worry,
 

00:28:21.360 --> 00:28:24.310 align:start position:0%
and future at once? Before you worry,
this<00:28:21.679><c> is</c><00:28:22.000><c> an</c><00:28:22.240><c> Astramm</c><00:28:22.799><c> video.</c><00:28:23.600><c> I</c><00:28:23.840><c> originally</c>

00:28:24.310 --> 00:28:24.320 align:start position:0%
this is an Astramm video. I originally
 

00:28:24.320 --> 00:28:25.909 align:start position:0%
this is an Astramm video. I originally
intended<00:28:24.720><c> this</c><00:28:24.960><c> video</c><00:28:25.120><c> to</c><00:28:25.360><c> be</c><00:28:25.440><c> the</c><00:28:25.600><c> last</c><00:28:25.760><c> one</c>

00:28:25.909 --> 00:28:25.919 align:start position:0%
intended this video to be the last one
 

00:28:25.919 --> 00:28:27.750 align:start position:0%
intended this video to be the last one
in<00:28:26.080><c> my</c><00:28:26.320><c> unified</c><00:28:26.799><c> theory</c><00:28:27.120><c> of</c><00:28:27.279><c> everything</c>

00:28:27.750 --> 00:28:27.760 align:start position:0%
in my unified theory of everything
 

00:28:27.760 --> 00:28:30.630 align:start position:0%
in my unified theory of everything
series,<00:28:28.720><c> but</c><00:28:29.039><c> as</c><00:28:29.279><c> I</c><00:28:29.520><c> was</c><00:28:29.679><c> preparing</c><00:28:30.159><c> the</c><00:28:30.480><c> best</c>

00:28:30.630 --> 00:28:30.640 align:start position:0%
series, but as I was preparing the best
 

00:28:30.640 --> 00:28:32.549 align:start position:0%
series, but as I was preparing the best
way<00:28:30.880><c> to</c><00:28:31.120><c> demonstrate</c><00:28:31.679><c> how</c><00:28:31.919><c> strings</c><00:28:32.399><c> could</c>

00:28:32.549 --> 00:28:32.559 align:start position:0%
way to demonstrate how strings could
 

00:28:32.559 --> 00:28:34.070 align:start position:0%
way to demonstrate how strings could
explain<00:28:32.960><c> the</c><00:28:33.120><c> principles</c><00:28:33.520><c> of</c><00:28:33.760><c> special</c>

00:28:34.070 --> 00:28:34.080 align:start position:0%
explain the principles of special
 

00:28:34.080 --> 00:28:37.669 align:start position:0%
explain the principles of special
relativity,<00:28:35.200><c> I</c><00:28:35.440><c> took</c><00:28:35.679><c> another</c><00:28:36.480><c> closer</c><00:28:36.960><c> look</c>

00:28:37.669 --> 00:28:37.679 align:start position:0%
relativity, I took another closer look
 

00:28:37.679 --> 00:28:39.909 align:start position:0%
relativity, I took another closer look
and<00:28:37.919><c> I</c><00:28:38.159><c> realized</c><00:28:38.799><c> that</c><00:28:39.120><c> there</c><00:28:39.360><c> were</c><00:28:39.520><c> some</c>

00:28:39.909 --> 00:28:39.919 align:start position:0%
and I realized that there were some
 

00:28:39.919 --> 00:28:42.870 align:start position:0%
and I realized that there were some
mindbending<00:28:41.039><c> implications</c><00:28:41.679><c> of</c><00:28:41.919><c> relativity</c>

00:28:42.870 --> 00:28:42.880 align:start position:0%
mindbending implications of relativity
 

00:28:42.880 --> 00:28:45.909 align:start position:0%
mindbending implications of relativity
that<00:28:43.279><c> contradict</c><00:28:44.000><c> our</c><00:28:44.399><c> perception</c><00:28:45.120><c> of</c><00:28:45.440><c> what</c>

00:28:45.909 --> 00:28:45.919 align:start position:0%
that contradict our perception of what
 

00:28:45.919 --> 00:28:49.110 align:start position:0%
that contradict our perception of what
really<00:28:46.480><c> exists</c><00:28:46.960><c> in</c><00:28:47.200><c> the</c><00:28:47.440><c> now,</c><00:28:48.320><c> which</c><00:28:48.559><c> we</c><00:28:48.880><c> had</c>

00:28:49.110 --> 00:28:49.120 align:start position:0%
really exists in the now, which we had
 

00:28:49.120 --> 00:28:51.110 align:start position:0%
really exists in the now, which we had
to<00:28:49.360><c> tackle</c><00:28:49.760><c> first.</c>

00:28:51.110 --> 00:28:51.120 align:start position:0%
to tackle first.
 

00:28:51.120 --> 00:28:53.750 align:start position:0%
to tackle first.
As<00:28:51.360><c> it</c><00:28:51.600><c> turns</c><00:28:51.840><c> out,</c><00:28:52.559><c> you</c><00:28:52.880><c> might</c><00:28:53.120><c> be</c><00:28:53.279><c> seeing</c>

00:28:53.750 --> 00:28:53.760 align:start position:0%
As it turns out, you might be seeing
 

00:28:53.760 --> 00:28:56.870 align:start position:0%
As it turns out, you might be seeing
parts<00:28:54.080><c> of</c><00:28:54.240><c> the</c><00:28:54.399><c> future</c><00:28:54.880><c> already.</c><00:28:56.000><c> And</c><00:28:56.240><c> yes,</c>

00:28:56.870 --> 00:28:56.880 align:start position:0%
parts of the future already. And yes,
 

00:28:56.880 --> 00:28:59.190 align:start position:0%
parts of the future already. And yes,
it's<00:28:57.120><c> time</c><00:28:57.360><c> for</c><00:28:57.520><c> me</c><00:28:57.679><c> to</c><00:28:57.919><c> explain</c><00:28:58.559><c> with</c><00:28:58.880><c> another</c>

00:28:59.190 --> 00:28:59.200 align:start position:0%
it's time for me to explain with another
 

00:28:59.200 --> 00:29:02.070 align:start position:0%
it's time for me to explain with another
diagram.<00:29:00.480><c> I'm</c><00:29:00.799><c> Alex</c><00:29:01.120><c> Mcolgan,</c><00:29:01.679><c> and</c><00:29:01.840><c> you're</c>

00:29:02.070 --> 00:29:02.080 align:start position:0%
diagram. I'm Alex Mcolgan, and you're
 

00:29:02.080 --> 00:29:04.710 align:start position:0%
diagram. I'm Alex Mcolgan, and you're
watching<00:29:02.320><c> Astramm.</c><00:29:03.360><c> And</c><00:29:03.520><c> to</c><00:29:03.840><c> understand</c>

00:29:04.710 --> 00:29:04.720 align:start position:0%
watching Astramm. And to understand
 

00:29:04.720 --> 00:29:07.269 align:start position:0%
watching Astramm. And to understand
everything,<00:29:05.760><c> it's</c><00:29:06.080><c> time</c><00:29:06.240><c> to</c><00:29:06.559><c> scrutinize</c>

00:29:07.269 --> 00:29:07.279 align:start position:0%
everything, it's time to scrutinize
 

00:29:07.279 --> 00:29:13.110 align:start position:0%
everything, it's time to scrutinize
time,<00:29:08.159><c> space,</c><00:29:08.640><c> and</c><00:29:08.960><c> relativity.</c>

00:29:13.110 --> 00:29:13.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:29:13.120 --> 00:29:15.110 align:start position:0%
 
We<00:29:13.360><c> don't</c><00:29:13.600><c> tend</c><00:29:13.840><c> to</c><00:29:14.000><c> think</c><00:29:14.080><c> of</c><00:29:14.320><c> relativity</c><00:29:14.880><c> in</c>

00:29:15.110 --> 00:29:15.120 align:start position:0%
We don't tend to think of relativity in
 

00:29:15.120 --> 00:29:17.430 align:start position:0%
We don't tend to think of relativity in
the<00:29:15.200><c> way</c><00:29:15.360><c> I'm</c><00:29:15.600><c> about</c><00:29:15.840><c> to</c><00:29:16.000><c> show</c><00:29:16.240><c> you,</c><00:29:16.880><c> but</c><00:29:17.039><c> it's</c>

00:29:17.430 --> 00:29:17.440 align:start position:0%
the way I'm about to show you, but it's
 

00:29:17.440 --> 00:29:19.669 align:start position:0%
the way I'm about to show you, but it's
vital<00:29:17.760><c> that</c><00:29:18.000><c> we</c><00:29:18.240><c> improve</c><00:29:18.720><c> our</c><00:29:19.039><c> intuitive</c>

00:29:19.669 --> 00:29:19.679 align:start position:0%
vital that we improve our intuitive
 

00:29:19.679 --> 00:29:22.070 align:start position:0%
vital that we improve our intuitive
understanding<00:29:20.159><c> of</c><00:29:20.320><c> this</c><00:29:20.559><c> topic</c><00:29:21.360><c> or</c><00:29:21.760><c> no</c>

00:29:22.070 --> 00:29:22.080 align:start position:0%
understanding of this topic or no
 

00:29:22.080 --> 00:29:24.070 align:start position:0%
understanding of this topic or no
attempt<00:29:22.399><c> to</c><00:29:22.640><c> explain</c><00:29:23.200><c> why</c><00:29:23.679><c> special</c>

00:29:24.070 --> 00:29:24.080 align:start position:0%
attempt to explain why special
 

00:29:24.080 --> 00:29:26.549 align:start position:0%
attempt to explain why special
relativity<00:29:25.120><c> really</c><00:29:25.520><c> happens</c><00:29:26.080><c> will</c><00:29:26.399><c> make</c>

00:29:26.549 --> 00:29:26.559 align:start position:0%
relativity really happens will make
 

00:29:26.559 --> 00:29:30.149 align:start position:0%
relativity really happens will make
sense.<00:29:28.000><c> Besides,</c><00:29:28.880><c> who</c><00:29:29.279><c> doesn't</c><00:29:29.600><c> like</c><00:29:29.840><c> having</c>

00:29:30.149 --> 00:29:30.159 align:start position:0%
sense. Besides, who doesn't like having
 

00:29:30.159 --> 00:29:32.870 align:start position:0%
sense. Besides, who doesn't like having
their<00:29:30.480><c> mind</c><00:29:30.960><c> blown</c><00:29:31.679><c> by</c><00:29:31.919><c> cosmic</c><00:29:32.399><c> weirdness</c>

00:29:32.870 --> 00:29:32.880 align:start position:0%
their mind blown by cosmic weirdness
 

00:29:32.880 --> 00:29:35.269 align:start position:0%
their mind blown by cosmic weirdness
from<00:29:33.120><c> time</c><00:29:33.360><c> to</c><00:29:33.600><c> time?</c>

00:29:35.269 --> 00:29:35.279 align:start position:0%
from time to time?
 

00:29:35.279 --> 00:29:37.669 align:start position:0%
from time to time?
When<00:29:35.520><c> it</c><00:29:35.679><c> comes</c><00:29:35.919><c> to</c><00:29:36.080><c> special</c><00:29:36.480><c> relativity,</c><00:29:37.440><c> you</c>

00:29:37.669 --> 00:29:37.679 align:start position:0%
When it comes to special relativity, you
 

00:29:37.679 --> 00:29:39.510 align:start position:0%
When it comes to special relativity, you
might<00:29:37.919><c> have</c><00:29:38.080><c> felt</c><00:29:38.399><c> like</c><00:29:38.640><c> you</c><00:29:38.880><c> understood</c><00:29:39.279><c> the</c>

00:29:39.510 --> 00:29:39.520 align:start position:0%
might have felt like you understood the
 

00:29:39.520 --> 00:29:42.149 align:start position:0%
might have felt like you understood the
gist<00:29:39.679><c> of</c><00:29:39.840><c> it.</c><00:29:40.640><c> When</c><00:29:40.880><c> an</c><00:29:41.120><c> object</c><00:29:41.520><c> travels</c><00:29:41.919><c> at</c>

00:29:42.149 --> 00:29:42.159 align:start position:0%
gist of it. When an object travels at
 

00:29:42.159 --> 00:29:44.710 align:start position:0%
gist of it. When an object travels at
high<00:29:42.399><c> enough</c><00:29:42.720><c> speeds,</c><00:29:43.600><c> time</c><00:29:43.919><c> slows</c><00:29:44.320><c> down</c><00:29:44.480><c> for</c>

00:29:44.710 --> 00:29:44.720 align:start position:0%
high enough speeds, time slows down for
 

00:29:44.720 --> 00:29:46.870 align:start position:0%
high enough speeds, time slows down for
it.<00:29:45.440><c> At</c><00:29:45.520><c> least</c><00:29:46.000><c> it</c><00:29:46.240><c> does</c><00:29:46.480><c> from</c><00:29:46.720><c> the</c>

00:29:46.870 --> 00:29:46.880 align:start position:0%
it. At least it does from the
 

00:29:46.880 --> 00:29:49.190 align:start position:0%
it. At least it does from the
perspective<00:29:47.279><c> of</c><00:29:47.520><c> an</c><00:29:47.840><c> outside</c><00:29:48.320><c> observer</c><00:29:48.960><c> at</c>

00:29:49.190 --> 00:29:49.200 align:start position:0%
perspective of an outside observer at
 

00:29:49.200 --> 00:29:52.870 align:start position:0%
perspective of an outside observer at
rest.<00:29:50.240><c> For</c><00:29:50.480><c> the</c><00:29:50.640><c> object</c><00:29:51.120><c> itself,</c><00:29:52.159><c> time</c><00:29:52.559><c> seems</c>

00:29:52.870 --> 00:29:52.880 align:start position:0%
rest. For the object itself, time seems
 

00:29:52.880 --> 00:29:54.950 align:start position:0%
rest. For the object itself, time seems
to<00:29:53.039><c> go</c><00:29:53.200><c> the</c><00:29:53.440><c> same</c><00:29:53.679><c> speed</c><00:29:54.159><c> in</c><00:29:54.399><c> a</c><00:29:54.559><c> principle</c>

00:29:54.950 --> 00:29:54.960 align:start position:0%
to go the same speed in a principle
 

00:29:54.960 --> 00:29:57.430 align:start position:0%
to go the same speed in a principle
known<00:29:55.200><c> as</c><00:29:55.440><c> time</c><00:29:55.760><c> dilation.</c>

00:29:57.430 --> 00:29:57.440 align:start position:0%
known as time dilation.
 

00:29:57.440 --> 00:30:00.549 align:start position:0%
known as time dilation.
And<00:29:57.919><c> curiously,</c><00:29:59.039><c> if</c><00:29:59.279><c> you</c><00:29:59.600><c> travel</c><00:30:00.000><c> at</c><00:30:00.240><c> light</c>

00:30:00.549 --> 00:30:00.559 align:start position:0%
And curiously, if you travel at light
 

00:30:00.559 --> 00:30:03.510 align:start position:0%
And curiously, if you travel at light
speed,<00:30:01.360><c> from</c><00:30:01.679><c> your</c><00:30:01.919><c> perspective,</c><00:30:02.960><c> you'd</c><00:30:03.360><c> be</c>

00:30:03.510 --> 00:30:03.520 align:start position:0%
speed, from your perspective, you'd be
 

00:30:03.520 --> 00:30:06.149 align:start position:0%
speed, from your perspective, you'd be
ticking<00:30:04.000><c> along</c><00:30:04.399><c> as</c><00:30:04.640><c> normal,</c><00:30:05.360><c> but</c><00:30:05.679><c> everything</c>

00:30:06.149 --> 00:30:06.159 align:start position:0%
ticking along as normal, but everything
 

00:30:06.159 --> 00:30:09.990 align:start position:0%
ticking along as normal, but everything
else<00:30:06.799><c> would</c><00:30:07.200><c> suddenly</c><00:30:07.919><c> be</c><00:30:08.159><c> slowing</c><00:30:08.640><c> down.</c><00:30:09.679><c> not</c>

00:30:09.990 --> 00:30:10.000 align:start position:0%
else would suddenly be slowing down. not
 

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:13.110 align:start position:0%
else would suddenly be slowing down. not
you.<00:30:11.360><c> It</c><00:30:11.679><c> feels</c><00:30:12.080><c> the</c><00:30:12.399><c> universe</c><00:30:12.720><c> shouldn't</c>

00:30:13.110 --> 00:30:13.120 align:start position:0%
you. It feels the universe shouldn't
 

00:30:13.120 --> 00:30:15.830 align:start position:0%
you. It feels the universe shouldn't
work<00:30:13.360><c> this</c><00:30:13.600><c> way</c><00:30:14.399><c> with</c><00:30:14.720><c> both</c><00:30:15.039><c> sides</c><00:30:15.440><c> thinking</c>

00:30:15.830 --> 00:30:15.840 align:start position:0%
work this way with both sides thinking
 

00:30:15.840 --> 00:30:18.630 align:start position:0%
work this way with both sides thinking
the<00:30:16.080><c> other</c><00:30:16.320><c> is</c><00:30:16.559><c> moving</c><00:30:16.880><c> slower.</c><00:30:18.159><c> But</c><00:30:18.399><c> this</c>

00:30:18.630 --> 00:30:18.640 align:start position:0%
the other is moving slower. But this
 

00:30:18.640 --> 00:30:20.549 align:start position:0%
the other is moving slower. But this
does<00:30:18.880><c> appear</c><00:30:19.279><c> to</c><00:30:19.440><c> be</c><00:30:19.520><c> the</c><00:30:19.760><c> fundamental</c><00:30:20.240><c> rule</c>

00:30:20.549 --> 00:30:20.559 align:start position:0%
does appear to be the fundamental rule
 

00:30:20.559 --> 00:30:23.190 align:start position:0%
does appear to be the fundamental rule
of<00:30:20.799><c> our</c><00:30:21.039><c> universe.</c><00:30:22.080><c> An</c><00:30:22.320><c> object's</c><00:30:22.799><c> rate</c><00:30:23.039><c> of</c>

00:30:23.190 --> 00:30:23.200 align:start position:0%
of our universe. An object's rate of
 

00:30:23.200 --> 00:30:25.269 align:start position:0%
of our universe. An object's rate of
travel<00:30:23.600><c> through</c><00:30:23.840><c> time</c><00:30:24.240><c> seems</c><00:30:24.559><c> to</c><00:30:24.720><c> be</c><00:30:24.880><c> down</c><00:30:25.120><c> to</c>

00:30:25.269 --> 00:30:25.279 align:start position:0%
travel through time seems to be down to
 

00:30:25.279 --> 00:30:27.110 align:start position:0%
travel through time seems to be down to
the<00:30:25.520><c> relative</c><00:30:26.080><c> position</c><00:30:26.480><c> of</c><00:30:26.799><c> your</c>

00:30:27.110 --> 00:30:27.120 align:start position:0%
the relative position of your
 

00:30:27.120 --> 00:30:29.990 align:start position:0%
the relative position of your
perspective.<00:30:28.240><c> There</c><00:30:28.399><c> is</c><00:30:28.559><c> no</c><00:30:29.039><c> true</c><00:30:29.360><c> rate</c><00:30:29.760><c> at</c>

00:30:29.990 --> 00:30:30.000 align:start position:0%
perspective. There is no true rate at
 

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:33.510 align:start position:0%
perspective. There is no true rate at
which<00:30:30.320><c> things</c><00:30:30.799><c> travel</c><00:30:31.200><c> through</c><00:30:31.520><c> time.</c><00:30:32.960><c> Weird</c>

00:30:33.510 --> 00:30:33.520 align:start position:0%
which things travel through time. Weird
 

00:30:33.520 --> 00:30:36.230 align:start position:0%
which things travel through time. Weird
already,<00:30:34.480><c> but</c><00:30:34.720><c> I</c><00:30:34.960><c> wonder</c><00:30:35.279><c> if</c><00:30:35.520><c> you</c><00:30:35.760><c> are</c><00:30:35.840><c> aware</c>

00:30:36.230 --> 00:30:36.240 align:start position:0%
already, but I wonder if you are aware
 

00:30:36.240 --> 00:30:39.590 align:start position:0%
already, but I wonder if you are aware
of<00:30:36.640><c> just</c><00:30:36.960><c> how</c><00:30:37.279><c> far</c><00:30:37.520><c> this</c><00:30:37.919><c> principle</c><00:30:38.399><c> goes.</c><00:30:39.360><c> the</c>

00:30:39.590 --> 00:30:39.600 align:start position:0%
of just how far this principle goes. the
 

00:30:39.600 --> 00:30:45.269 align:start position:0%
of just how far this principle goes. the
implications<00:30:40.399><c> get</c><00:30:40.720><c> pretty</c><00:30:41.120><c> mind-bending.</c>

00:30:45.269 --> 00:30:45.279 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:30:45.279 --> 00:30:47.110 align:start position:0%
 
Let's<00:30:45.679><c> talk</c><00:30:45.919><c> about</c><00:30:46.080><c> a</c><00:30:46.399><c> second</c><00:30:46.640><c> element</c><00:30:46.960><c> of</c>

00:30:47.110 --> 00:30:47.120 align:start position:0%
Let's talk about a second element of
 

00:30:47.120 --> 00:30:50.789 align:start position:0%
Let's talk about a second element of
special<00:30:47.440><c> relativity,</c><00:30:48.640><c> length</c><00:30:49.120><c> contraction.</c>

00:30:50.789 --> 00:30:50.799 align:start position:0%
special relativity, length contraction.
 

00:30:50.799 --> 00:30:53.750 align:start position:0%
special relativity, length contraction.
This<00:30:51.120><c> is</c><00:30:51.279><c> a</c><00:30:51.600><c> bit</c><00:30:51.760><c> of</c><00:30:51.840><c> a</c><00:30:52.000><c> weird</c><00:30:52.320><c> one.</c><00:30:53.360><c> From</c><00:30:53.600><c> the</c>

00:30:53.750 --> 00:30:53.760 align:start position:0%
This is a bit of a weird one. From the
 

00:30:53.760 --> 00:30:55.990 align:start position:0%
This is a bit of a weird one. From the
point<00:30:53.919><c> of</c><00:30:54.080><c> view</c><00:30:54.320><c> of</c><00:30:54.559><c> an</c><00:30:54.799><c> outside</c><00:30:55.279><c> observer</c><00:30:55.760><c> at</c>

00:30:55.990 --> 00:30:56.000 align:start position:0%
point of view of an outside observer at
 

00:30:56.000 --> 00:30:58.950 align:start position:0%
point of view of an outside observer at
rest,<00:30:56.720><c> if</c><00:30:56.960><c> an</c><00:30:57.200><c> object</c><00:30:57.600><c> were</c><00:30:57.760><c> to</c><00:30:58.080><c> travel</c><00:30:58.480><c> at</c><00:30:58.720><c> a</c>

00:30:58.950 --> 00:30:58.960 align:start position:0%
rest, if an object were to travel at a
 

00:30:58.960 --> 00:31:00.789 align:start position:0%
rest, if an object were to travel at a
large<00:30:59.200><c> enough</c><00:30:59.520><c> percentage</c><00:31:00.000><c> of</c><00:31:00.240><c> the</c><00:31:00.399><c> speed</c><00:31:00.640><c> of</c>

00:31:00.789 --> 00:31:00.799 align:start position:0%
large enough percentage of the speed of
 

00:31:00.799 --> 00:31:03.190 align:start position:0%
large enough percentage of the speed of
light,<00:31:01.520><c> the</c><00:31:01.760><c> observer</c><00:31:02.320><c> would</c><00:31:02.559><c> start</c><00:31:02.799><c> to</c><00:31:02.960><c> see</c>

00:31:03.190 --> 00:31:03.200 align:start position:0%
light, the observer would start to see
 

00:31:03.200 --> 00:31:06.389 align:start position:0%
light, the observer would start to see
the<00:31:03.520><c> object</c><00:31:04.080><c> flatten.</c><00:31:05.279><c> A</c><00:31:05.520><c> ball</c><00:31:05.840><c> would</c><00:31:06.080><c> become</c>

00:31:06.389 --> 00:31:06.399 align:start position:0%
the object flatten. A ball would become
 

00:31:06.399 --> 00:31:09.350 align:start position:0%
the object flatten. A ball would become
a<00:31:06.640><c> giant</c><00:31:06.880><c> pancake.</c><00:31:08.159><c> This</c><00:31:08.399><c> flattening</c><00:31:08.960><c> occurs</c>

00:31:09.350 --> 00:31:09.360 align:start position:0%
a giant pancake. This flattening occurs
 

00:31:09.360 --> 00:31:11.510 align:start position:0%
a giant pancake. This flattening occurs
in<00:31:09.520><c> the</c><00:31:09.679><c> direction</c><00:31:10.000><c> of</c><00:31:10.159><c> the</c><00:31:10.399><c> object's</c><00:31:10.880><c> travel,</c>

00:31:11.510 --> 00:31:11.520 align:start position:0%
in the direction of the object's travel,
 

00:31:11.520 --> 00:31:13.269 align:start position:0%
in the direction of the object's travel,
and<00:31:11.760><c> it</c><00:31:11.919><c> has</c><00:31:12.159><c> been</c><00:31:12.320><c> shown</c><00:31:12.559><c> to</c><00:31:12.720><c> occur</c><00:31:13.039><c> both</c>

00:31:13.269 --> 00:31:13.279 align:start position:0%
and it has been shown to occur both
 

00:31:13.279 --> 00:31:16.389 align:start position:0%
and it has been shown to occur both
mathematically<00:31:14.320><c> and</c><00:31:14.799><c> experimentally.</c>

00:31:16.389 --> 00:31:16.399 align:start position:0%
mathematically and experimentally.
 

00:31:16.399 --> 00:31:18.710 align:start position:0%
mathematically and experimentally.
We<00:31:16.720><c> fired</c><00:31:17.120><c> protons</c><00:31:17.679><c> in</c><00:31:17.840><c> the</c><00:31:18.000><c> Large</c><00:31:18.240><c> Hadron</c>

00:31:18.710 --> 00:31:18.720 align:start position:0%
We fired protons in the Large Hadron
 

00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:20.870 align:start position:0%
We fired protons in the Large Hadron
Collider,<00:31:19.440><c> and</c><00:31:19.679><c> their</c><00:31:19.919><c> collision</c><00:31:20.320><c> patterns</c>

00:31:20.870 --> 00:31:20.880 align:start position:0%
Collider, and their collision patterns
 

00:31:20.880 --> 00:31:23.110 align:start position:0%
Collider, and their collision patterns
only<00:31:21.200><c> make</c><00:31:21.440><c> sense</c><00:31:21.679><c> if</c><00:31:22.000><c> this</c><00:31:22.240><c> pancaking</c><00:31:22.960><c> is</c>

00:31:23.110 --> 00:31:23.120 align:start position:0%
only make sense if this pancaking is
 

00:31:23.120 --> 00:31:26.870 align:start position:0%
only make sense if this pancaking is
occurring.<00:31:24.480><c> It's</c><00:31:25.200><c> very</c><00:31:25.520><c> weird,</c><00:31:26.240><c> but</c><00:31:26.480><c> it</c><00:31:26.720><c> does</c>

00:31:26.870 --> 00:31:26.880 align:start position:0%
occurring. It's very weird, but it does
 

00:31:26.880 --> 00:31:29.430 align:start position:0%
occurring. It's very weird, but it does
seem<00:31:27.200><c> to</c><00:31:27.360><c> be</c><00:31:27.520><c> real.</c><00:31:28.320><c> Multiple</c><00:31:28.880><c> experiments</c>

00:31:29.430 --> 00:31:29.440 align:start position:0%
seem to be real. Multiple experiments
 

00:31:29.440 --> 00:31:31.830 align:start position:0%
seem to be real. Multiple experiments
seem<00:31:29.760><c> to</c><00:31:29.919><c> confirm</c><00:31:30.399><c> length</c><00:31:30.799><c> contraction,</c>

00:31:31.830 --> 00:31:31.840 align:start position:0%
seem to confirm length contraction,
 

00:31:31.840 --> 00:31:33.909 align:start position:0%
seem to confirm length contraction,
including<00:31:32.480><c> the</c><00:31:32.720><c> Kennedy</c><00:31:33.200><c> Thorndikeke</c>

00:31:33.909 --> 00:31:33.919 align:start position:0%
including the Kennedy Thorndikeke
 

00:31:33.919 --> 00:31:36.149 align:start position:0%
including the Kennedy Thorndikeke
experiment<00:31:34.720><c> and</c><00:31:34.960><c> experiments</c><00:31:35.520><c> with</c><00:31:35.679><c> muon</c>

00:31:36.149 --> 00:31:36.159 align:start position:0%
experiment and experiments with muon
 

00:31:36.159 --> 00:31:38.710 align:start position:0%
experiment and experiments with muon
decay,<00:31:36.799><c> where</c><00:31:37.039><c> muon</c><00:31:37.519><c> particles</c><00:31:38.240><c> falling</c>

00:31:38.710 --> 00:31:38.720 align:start position:0%
decay, where muon particles falling
 

00:31:38.720 --> 00:31:40.870 align:start position:0%
decay, where muon particles falling
through<00:31:38.960><c> our</c><00:31:39.279><c> atmosphere</c><00:31:40.080><c> don't</c><00:31:40.320><c> decay</c><00:31:40.640><c> as</c>

00:31:40.870 --> 00:31:40.880 align:start position:0%
through our atmosphere don't decay as
 

00:31:40.880 --> 00:31:42.870 align:start position:0%
through our atmosphere don't decay as
fast<00:31:41.120><c> as</c><00:31:41.279><c> they</c><00:31:41.519><c> should</c><00:31:42.159><c> thanks</c><00:31:42.480><c> to</c><00:31:42.720><c> this</c>

00:31:42.870 --> 00:31:42.880 align:start position:0%
fast as they should thanks to this
 

00:31:42.880 --> 00:31:44.710 align:start position:0%
fast as they should thanks to this
effect.

00:31:44.710 --> 00:31:44.720 align:start position:0%
effect.
 

00:31:44.720 --> 00:31:47.590 align:start position:0%
effect.
It's<00:31:45.120><c> worth</c><00:31:45.519><c> noting,</c><00:31:46.080><c> however,</c><00:31:46.880><c> that</c><00:31:47.279><c> just</c>

00:31:47.590 --> 00:31:47.600 align:start position:0%
It's worth noting, however, that just
 

00:31:47.600 --> 00:31:49.909 align:start position:0%
It's worth noting, however, that just
like<00:31:47.919><c> with</c><00:31:48.159><c> time</c><00:31:48.399><c> dilation,</c><00:31:49.440><c> length</c>

00:31:49.909 --> 00:31:49.919 align:start position:0%
like with time dilation, length
 

00:31:49.919 --> 00:31:53.029 align:start position:0%
like with time dilation, length
contraction<00:31:50.480><c> is</c><00:31:50.720><c> a</c><00:31:50.960><c> matter</c><00:31:51.279><c> of</c><00:31:51.600><c> perspective.</c>

00:31:53.029 --> 00:31:53.039 align:start position:0%
contraction is a matter of perspective.
 

00:31:53.039 --> 00:31:55.029 align:start position:0%
contraction is a matter of perspective.
If<00:31:53.279><c> you</c><00:31:53.519><c> were</c><00:31:53.679><c> the</c><00:31:54.000><c> thing</c><00:31:54.320><c> that</c><00:31:54.559><c> had</c><00:31:54.799><c> been</c>

00:31:55.029 --> 00:31:55.039 align:start position:0%
If you were the thing that had been
 

00:31:55.039 --> 00:31:57.750 align:start position:0%
If you were the thing that had been
accelerated<00:31:55.679><c> to</c><00:31:55.919><c> near</c><00:31:56.240><c> the</c><00:31:56.480><c> speed</c><00:31:56.720><c> of</c><00:31:56.880><c> light,</c>

00:31:57.750 --> 00:31:57.760 align:start position:0%
accelerated to near the speed of light,
 

00:31:57.760 --> 00:32:00.630 align:start position:0%
accelerated to near the speed of light,
you<00:31:58.000><c> would</c><00:31:58.240><c> not</c><00:31:58.720><c> see</c><00:31:58.960><c> yourself</c><00:31:59.440><c> contract.</c>

00:32:00.630 --> 00:32:00.640 align:start position:0%
you would not see yourself contract.
 

00:32:00.640 --> 00:32:03.110 align:start position:0%
you would not see yourself contract.
Instead,<00:32:01.440><c> just</c><00:32:01.679><c> like</c><00:32:01.919><c> with</c><00:32:02.240><c> time,</c><00:32:02.720><c> you</c><00:32:02.960><c> would</c>

00:32:03.110 --> 00:32:03.120 align:start position:0%
Instead, just like with time, you would
 

00:32:03.120 --> 00:32:05.990 align:start position:0%
Instead, just like with time, you would
start<00:32:03.360><c> to</c><00:32:03.519><c> see</c><00:32:03.760><c> everything</c><00:32:04.320><c> else</c><00:32:04.799><c> contract</c><00:32:05.679><c> in</c>

00:32:05.990 --> 00:32:06.000 align:start position:0%
start to see everything else contract in
 

00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:08.549 align:start position:0%
start to see everything else contract in
the<00:32:06.159><c> direction</c><00:32:06.480><c> of</c><00:32:06.640><c> your</c><00:32:06.880><c> acceleration.</c>

00:32:08.549 --> 00:32:08.559 align:start position:0%
the direction of your acceleration.
 

00:32:08.559 --> 00:32:10.549 align:start position:0%
the direction of your acceleration.
There's<00:32:08.880><c> some</c><00:32:09.120><c> good</c><00:32:09.360><c> maths</c><00:32:09.679><c> that</c><00:32:09.919><c> talks</c><00:32:10.240><c> about</c>

00:32:10.549 --> 00:32:10.559 align:start position:0%
There's some good maths that talks about
 

00:32:10.559 --> 00:32:12.710 align:start position:0%
There's some good maths that talks about
why<00:32:10.799><c> this</c><00:32:11.120><c> is,</c><00:32:11.679><c> but</c><00:32:11.840><c> I</c><00:32:12.000><c> won't</c><00:32:12.159><c> get</c><00:32:12.320><c> into</c><00:32:12.559><c> that</c>

00:32:12.710 --> 00:32:12.720 align:start position:0%
why this is, but I won't get into that
 

00:32:12.720 --> 00:32:15.350 align:start position:0%
why this is, but I won't get into that
today<00:32:13.360><c> as</c><00:32:13.600><c> it's</c><00:32:13.840><c> the</c><00:32:14.080><c> consequences</c><00:32:14.720><c> of</c><00:32:15.039><c> length</c>

00:32:15.350 --> 00:32:15.360 align:start position:0%
today as it's the consequences of length
 

00:32:15.360 --> 00:32:17.830 align:start position:0%
today as it's the consequences of length
contraction<00:32:15.919><c> I</c><00:32:16.159><c> want</c><00:32:16.320><c> to</c><00:32:16.480><c> talk</c><00:32:16.640><c> about,</c><00:32:17.360><c> not</c><00:32:17.600><c> so</c>

00:32:17.830 --> 00:32:17.840 align:start position:0%
contraction I want to talk about, not so
 

00:32:17.840 --> 00:32:20.710 align:start position:0%
contraction I want to talk about, not so
much<00:32:18.000><c> its</c><00:32:18.320><c> causes.</c><00:32:19.519><c> After</c><00:32:19.840><c> all,</c><00:32:20.320><c> we</c><00:32:20.480><c> want</c><00:32:20.640><c> to</c>

00:32:20.710 --> 00:32:20.720 align:start position:0%
much its causes. After all, we want to
 

00:32:20.720 --> 00:32:22.310 align:start position:0%
much its causes. After all, we want to
get<00:32:20.880><c> to</c><00:32:20.960><c> the</c><00:32:21.200><c> part</c><00:32:21.360><c> where</c><00:32:21.600><c> we</c><00:32:21.840><c> start</c><00:32:22.080><c> seeing</c>

00:32:22.310 --> 00:32:22.320 align:start position:0%
get to the part where we start seeing
 

00:32:22.320 --> 00:32:25.990 align:start position:0%
get to the part where we start seeing
the<00:32:22.559><c> future.</c>

00:32:25.990 --> 00:32:26.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:28.149 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:32:26.240><c> for</c><00:32:26.480><c> that,</c><00:32:26.880><c> we</c><00:32:27.200><c> are</c><00:32:27.360><c> going</c><00:32:27.440><c> to</c><00:32:27.600><c> need</c><00:32:27.919><c> a</c>

00:32:28.149 --> 00:32:28.159 align:start position:0%
And for that, we are going to need a
 

00:32:28.159 --> 00:32:30.630 align:start position:0%
And for that, we are going to need a
thought<00:32:28.480><c> experiment.</c><00:32:29.919><c> This</c><00:32:30.320><c> thought</c>

00:32:30.630 --> 00:32:30.640 align:start position:0%
thought experiment. This thought
 

00:32:30.640 --> 00:32:33.110 align:start position:0%
thought experiment. This thought
experiment<00:32:31.200><c> is</c><00:32:31.440><c> known</c><00:32:31.679><c> as</c><00:32:31.919><c> the</c><00:32:32.240><c> barn</c><00:32:32.640><c> pole</c>

00:32:33.110 --> 00:32:33.120 align:start position:0%
experiment is known as the barn pole
 

00:32:33.120 --> 00:32:36.470 align:start position:0%
experiment is known as the barn pole
paradox.<00:32:34.080><c> And</c><00:32:34.240><c> it</c><00:32:34.399><c> goes</c><00:32:34.640><c> like</c><00:32:34.880><c> this.</c><00:32:36.159><c> What</c>

00:32:36.470 --> 00:32:36.480 align:start position:0%
paradox. And it goes like this. What
 

00:32:36.480 --> 00:32:39.750 align:start position:0%
paradox. And it goes like this. What
happens<00:32:36.880><c> if</c><00:32:37.120><c> you</c><00:32:37.279><c> try</c><00:32:37.519><c> to</c><00:32:37.679><c> fit</c><00:32:38.080><c> a</c><00:32:38.480><c> 40</c><00:32:38.960><c> m</c><00:32:39.279><c> pole</c>

00:32:39.750 --> 00:32:39.760 align:start position:0%
happens if you try to fit a 40 m pole
 

00:32:39.760 --> 00:32:43.350 align:start position:0%
happens if you try to fit a 40 m pole
inside<00:32:40.240><c> a</c><00:32:40.559><c> 20</c><00:32:40.960><c> m</c><00:32:41.279><c> barn?</c><00:32:42.559><c> Let's</c><00:32:42.799><c> imagine</c><00:32:43.120><c> the</c>

00:32:43.350 --> 00:32:43.360 align:start position:0%
inside a 20 m barn? Let's imagine the
 

00:32:43.360 --> 00:32:45.590 align:start position:0%
inside a 20 m barn? Let's imagine the
barn<00:32:43.679><c> has</c><00:32:43.840><c> a</c><00:32:44.000><c> door</c><00:32:44.240><c> on</c><00:32:44.399><c> each</c><00:32:44.640><c> side</c><00:32:45.120><c> which</c><00:32:45.360><c> you</c>

00:32:45.590 --> 00:32:45.600 align:start position:0%
barn has a door on each side which you
 

00:32:45.600 --> 00:32:48.149 align:start position:0%
barn has a door on each side which you
can<00:32:45.679><c> slide</c><00:32:46.000><c> the</c><00:32:46.159><c> pole</c><00:32:46.480><c> through.</c><00:32:47.600><c> Now</c>

00:32:48.149 --> 00:32:48.159 align:start position:0%
can slide the pole through. Now
 

00:32:48.159 --> 00:32:50.710 align:start position:0%
can slide the pole through. Now
obviously<00:32:49.200><c> normally</c><00:32:49.679><c> this</c><00:32:49.919><c> task</c><00:32:50.320><c> would</c><00:32:50.559><c> be</c>

00:32:50.710 --> 00:32:50.720 align:start position:0%
obviously normally this task would be
 

00:32:50.720 --> 00:32:52.549 align:start position:0%
obviously normally this task would be
difficult<00:32:50.960><c> to</c><00:32:51.200><c> do</c><00:32:51.360><c> without</c><00:32:51.679><c> bending</c><00:32:52.240><c> or</c>

00:32:52.549 --> 00:32:52.559 align:start position:0%
difficult to do without bending or
 

00:32:52.559 --> 00:32:55.190 align:start position:0%
difficult to do without bending or
breaking<00:32:52.880><c> the</c><00:32:53.120><c> pole.</c><00:32:54.240><c> However,</c><00:32:54.640><c> if</c><00:32:54.880><c> we</c><00:32:55.039><c> take</c>

00:32:55.190 --> 00:32:55.200 align:start position:0%
breaking the pole. However, if we take
 

00:32:55.200 --> 00:32:58.389 align:start position:0%
breaking the pole. However, if we take
advantage<00:32:55.679><c> of</c><00:32:56.000><c> special</c><00:32:56.399><c> relativity,</c><00:32:57.440><c> it</c><00:32:57.840><c> is</c>

00:32:58.389 --> 00:32:58.399 align:start position:0%
advantage of special relativity, it is
 

00:32:58.399 --> 00:33:01.269 align:start position:0%
advantage of special relativity, it is
possible<00:32:58.799><c> to</c><00:32:59.039><c> do</c><00:32:59.279><c> this.</c><00:33:00.159><c> All</c><00:33:00.399><c> you</c><00:33:00.559><c> have</c><00:33:00.720><c> to</c><00:33:00.880><c> do</c>

00:33:01.269 --> 00:33:01.279 align:start position:0%
possible to do this. All you have to do
 

00:33:01.279 --> 00:33:03.990 align:start position:0%
possible to do this. All you have to do
is<00:33:01.600><c> fire</c><00:33:01.919><c> the</c><00:33:02.080><c> pole</c><00:33:02.559><c> into</c><00:33:02.960><c> one</c><00:33:03.360><c> open</c><00:33:03.679><c> door</c><00:33:03.840><c> of</c>

00:33:03.990 --> 00:33:04.000 align:start position:0%
is fire the pole into one open door of
 

00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:06.630 align:start position:0%
is fire the pole into one open door of
the<00:33:04.159><c> barn</c><00:33:04.559><c> at</c><00:33:04.880><c> near</c><00:33:05.200><c> light</c><00:33:05.519><c> speed.</c><00:33:06.320><c> Let's</c>

00:33:06.630 --> 00:33:06.640 align:start position:0%
the barn at near light speed. Let's
 

00:33:06.640 --> 00:33:08.230 align:start position:0%
the barn at near light speed. Let's
pretend<00:33:06.880><c> for</c><00:33:07.120><c> a</c><00:33:07.279><c> moment</c><00:33:07.440><c> that</c><00:33:07.679><c> you</c><00:33:07.840><c> can</c><00:33:08.080><c> do</c>

00:33:08.230 --> 00:33:08.240 align:start position:0%
pretend for a moment that you can do
 

00:33:08.240 --> 00:33:11.830 align:start position:0%
pretend for a moment that you can do
that.<00:33:08.960><c> And</c><00:33:09.440><c> hey</c><00:33:09.679><c> presto,</c><00:33:10.799><c> as</c><00:33:11.120><c> long</c><00:33:11.360><c> as</c><00:33:11.519><c> it's</c>

00:33:11.830 --> 00:33:11.840 align:start position:0%
that. And hey presto, as long as it's
 

00:33:11.840 --> 00:33:14.310 align:start position:0%
that. And hey presto, as long as it's
going<00:33:12.159><c> fast</c><00:33:12.559><c> enough,</c><00:33:13.360><c> length</c><00:33:13.760><c> contraction</c>

00:33:14.310 --> 00:33:14.320 align:start position:0%
going fast enough, length contraction
 

00:33:14.320 --> 00:33:16.710 align:start position:0%
going fast enough, length contraction
would<00:33:14.640><c> occur,</c><00:33:15.519><c> causing</c><00:33:15.919><c> the</c><00:33:16.159><c> length</c><00:33:16.399><c> of</c><00:33:16.559><c> the</c>

00:33:16.710 --> 00:33:16.720 align:start position:0%
would occur, causing the length of the
 

00:33:16.720 --> 00:33:19.990 align:start position:0%
would occur, causing the length of the
pole<00:33:17.039><c> to</c><00:33:17.200><c> diminish</c><00:33:17.600><c> to</c><00:33:17.840><c> our</c><00:33:18.159><c> necessary</c><00:33:18.720><c> 20</c><00:33:19.039><c> m.</c>

00:33:19.990 --> 00:33:20.000 align:start position:0%
pole to diminish to our necessary 20 m.
 

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:23.110 align:start position:0%
pole to diminish to our necessary 20 m.
The<00:33:20.159><c> pole</c><00:33:20.559><c> would</c><00:33:20.720><c> fit</c><00:33:21.039><c> in</c><00:33:21.200><c> the</c><00:33:21.440><c> barn</c><00:33:22.399><c> for</c><00:33:22.799><c> a</c>

00:33:23.110 --> 00:33:23.120 align:start position:0%
The pole would fit in the barn for a
 

00:33:23.120 --> 00:33:25.190 align:start position:0%
The pole would fit in the barn for a
tiny<00:33:23.519><c> fraction</c><00:33:23.840><c> of</c><00:33:24.000><c> a</c><00:33:24.159><c> second</c><00:33:24.559><c> at</c><00:33:24.559><c> least</c>

00:33:25.190 --> 00:33:25.200 align:start position:0%
tiny fraction of a second at least
 

00:33:25.200 --> 00:33:27.909 align:start position:0%
tiny fraction of a second at least
before<00:33:25.679><c> blasting</c><00:33:26.240><c> out</c><00:33:26.480><c> the</c><00:33:26.720><c> other</c><00:33:26.880><c> end.</c>

00:33:27.909 --> 00:33:27.919 align:start position:0%
before blasting out the other end.
 

00:33:27.919 --> 00:33:30.549 align:start position:0%
before blasting out the other end.
Mission<00:33:28.559><c> success.</c>

00:33:30.549 --> 00:33:30.559 align:start position:0%
Mission success.
 

00:33:30.559 --> 00:33:32.470 align:start position:0%
Mission success.
It<00:33:30.880><c> would</c><00:33:31.120><c> even</c><00:33:31.360><c> be</c><00:33:31.600><c> possible</c><00:33:32.000><c> if</c><00:33:32.240><c> you</c><00:33:32.399><c> could</c>

00:33:32.470 --> 00:33:32.480 align:start position:0%
It would even be possible if you could
 

00:33:32.480 --> 00:33:35.029 align:start position:0%
It would even be possible if you could
do<00:33:32.640><c> it</c><00:33:32.799><c> fast</c><00:33:33.039><c> enough</c><00:33:33.679><c> for</c><00:33:33.919><c> you</c><00:33:34.080><c> to</c><00:33:34.320><c> close</c><00:33:34.799><c> and</c>

00:33:35.029 --> 00:33:35.039 align:start position:0%
do it fast enough for you to close and
 

00:33:35.039 --> 00:33:37.269 align:start position:0%
do it fast enough for you to close and
then<00:33:35.360><c> open</c><00:33:35.760><c> both</c><00:33:36.080><c> doors</c><00:33:36.399><c> of</c><00:33:36.480><c> the</c><00:33:36.640><c> barn</c><00:33:36.880><c> at</c><00:33:37.039><c> once</c>

00:33:37.269 --> 00:33:37.279 align:start position:0%
then open both doors of the barn at once
 

00:33:37.279 --> 00:33:39.669 align:start position:0%
then open both doors of the barn at once
while<00:33:37.519><c> the</c><00:33:37.600><c> pole</c><00:33:37.919><c> was</c><00:33:38.080><c> still</c><00:33:38.320><c> inside,</c><00:33:39.279><c> proving</c>

00:33:39.669 --> 00:33:39.679 align:start position:0%
while the pole was still inside, proving
 

00:33:39.679 --> 00:33:41.350 align:start position:0%
while the pole was still inside, proving
once<00:33:39.919><c> and</c><00:33:40.159><c> for</c><00:33:40.320><c> all</c><00:33:40.480><c> that</c><00:33:40.640><c> the</c><00:33:40.799><c> pole</c><00:33:41.120><c> was</c>

00:33:41.350 --> 00:33:41.360 align:start position:0%
once and for all that the pole was
 

00:33:41.360 --> 00:33:43.029 align:start position:0%
once and for all that the pole was
inside<00:33:41.600><c> the</c><00:33:41.840><c> barn</c><00:33:42.159><c> completely</c><00:33:42.640><c> for</c><00:33:42.799><c> that</c>

00:33:43.029 --> 00:33:43.039 align:start position:0%
inside the barn completely for that
 

00:33:43.039 --> 00:33:44.710 align:start position:0%
inside the barn completely for that
nancond.

00:33:44.710 --> 00:33:44.720 align:start position:0%
nancond.
 

00:33:44.720 --> 00:33:46.870 align:start position:0%
nancond.
But<00:33:45.039><c> what</c><00:33:45.440><c> happens</c><00:33:45.840><c> from</c><00:33:46.080><c> the</c><00:33:46.320><c> pole's</c>

00:33:46.870 --> 00:33:46.880 align:start position:0%
But what happens from the pole's
 

00:33:46.880 --> 00:33:48.870 align:start position:0%
But what happens from the pole's
perspective?

00:33:48.870 --> 00:33:48.880 align:start position:0%
perspective?
 

00:33:48.880 --> 00:33:51.590 align:start position:0%
perspective?
Remember<00:33:49.279><c> what</c><00:33:49.519><c> I</c><00:33:49.679><c> said</c><00:33:49.919><c> earlier.</c><00:33:50.960><c> Objects</c>

00:33:51.590 --> 00:33:51.600 align:start position:0%
Remember what I said earlier. Objects
 

00:33:51.600 --> 00:33:53.830 align:start position:0%
Remember what I said earlier. Objects
traveling<00:33:52.080><c> at</c><00:33:52.399><c> speed</c><00:33:52.880><c> do</c><00:33:53.120><c> not</c><00:33:53.279><c> see</c><00:33:53.519><c> length</c>

00:33:53.830 --> 00:33:53.840 align:start position:0%
traveling at speed do not see length
 

00:33:53.840 --> 00:33:55.990 align:start position:0%
traveling at speed do not see length
contraction<00:33:54.399><c> occurring</c><00:33:54.799><c> to</c><00:33:54.960><c> them,</c><00:33:55.760><c> but</c>

00:33:55.990 --> 00:33:56.000 align:start position:0%
contraction occurring to them, but
 

00:33:56.000 --> 00:33:58.549 align:start position:0%
contraction occurring to them, but
rather<00:33:56.640><c> everything</c><00:33:57.200><c> else</c><00:33:57.760><c> existing</c><00:33:58.159><c> in</c><00:33:58.399><c> the</c>

00:33:58.549 --> 00:33:58.559 align:start position:0%
rather everything else existing in the
 

00:33:58.559 --> 00:34:00.710 align:start position:0%
rather everything else existing in the
universe<00:33:58.960><c> contracts</c><00:33:59.600><c> in</c><00:33:59.919><c> the</c><00:34:00.080><c> direction</c><00:34:00.480><c> of</c>

00:34:00.710 --> 00:34:00.720 align:start position:0%
universe contracts in the direction of
 

00:34:00.720 --> 00:34:03.430 align:start position:0%
universe contracts in the direction of
the<00:34:00.880><c> object's</c><00:34:01.440><c> travel.</c><00:34:02.320><c> So,</c><00:34:02.720><c> we</c><00:34:02.960><c> hit</c><00:34:03.200><c> a</c>

00:34:03.430 --> 00:34:03.440 align:start position:0%
the object's travel. So, we hit a
 

00:34:03.440 --> 00:34:05.909 align:start position:0%
the object's travel. So, we hit a
problem<00:34:03.760><c> here.</c><00:34:04.559><c> The</c><00:34:04.799><c> pole</c><00:34:05.200><c> would</c><00:34:05.440><c> still</c><00:34:05.679><c> see</c>

00:34:05.909 --> 00:34:05.919 align:start position:0%
problem here. The pole would still see
 

00:34:05.919 --> 00:34:09.909 align:start position:0%
problem here. The pole would still see
itself<00:34:06.320><c> as</c><00:34:06.480><c> a</c><00:34:06.720><c> 40</c><00:34:07.039><c> m</c><00:34:07.279><c> pole,</c><00:34:08.079><c> never</c><00:34:08.320><c> a</c><00:34:08.560><c> 20</c><00:34:08.800><c> m</c><00:34:09.119><c> one.</c>

00:34:09.909 --> 00:34:09.919 align:start position:0%
itself as a 40 m pole, never a 20 m one.
 

00:34:09.919 --> 00:34:12.629 align:start position:0%
itself as a 40 m pole, never a 20 m one.
Even<00:34:10.240><c> worse,</c><00:34:11.119><c> now</c><00:34:11.520><c> length</c><00:34:11.919><c> contraction</c><00:34:12.399><c> is</c>

00:34:12.629 --> 00:34:12.639 align:start position:0%
Even worse, now length contraction is
 

00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:14.790 align:start position:0%
Even worse, now length contraction is
happening<00:34:12.960><c> to</c><00:34:13.119><c> the</c><00:34:13.280><c> barn.</c><00:34:13.919><c> So,</c><00:34:14.159><c> the</c><00:34:14.320><c> barn</c><00:34:14.639><c> is</c>

00:34:14.790 --> 00:34:14.800 align:start position:0%
happening to the barn. So, the barn is
 

00:34:14.800 --> 00:34:17.510 align:start position:0%
happening to the barn. So, the barn is
even<00:34:15.040><c> less</c><00:34:15.359><c> than</c><00:34:15.599><c> its</c><00:34:15.839><c> original</c><00:34:16.240><c> 20</c><00:34:16.480><c> m</c><00:34:16.879><c> length,</c>

00:34:17.510 --> 00:34:17.520 align:start position:0%
even less than its original 20 m length,
 

00:34:17.520 --> 00:34:19.829 align:start position:0%
even less than its original 20 m length,
now<00:34:17.839><c> just</c><00:34:18.240><c> 10</c><00:34:18.480><c> m</c><00:34:18.879><c> from</c><00:34:19.119><c> the</c><00:34:19.280><c> perspective</c><00:34:19.679><c> of</c>

00:34:19.829 --> 00:34:19.839 align:start position:0%
now just 10 m from the perspective of
 

00:34:19.839 --> 00:34:24.710 align:start position:0%
now just 10 m from the perspective of
the<00:34:20.000><c> pole.</c><00:34:21.200><c> So,</c><00:34:21.520><c> how</c><00:34:21.839><c> does</c><00:34:22.399><c> a</c><00:34:22.720><c> 40</c><00:34:23.200><c> m</c><00:34:23.599><c> pole</c><00:34:24.320><c> fit</c>

00:34:24.710 --> 00:34:24.720 align:start position:0%
the pole. So, how does a 40 m pole fit
 

00:34:24.720 --> 00:34:28.149 align:start position:0%
the pole. So, how does a 40 m pole fit
inside<00:34:25.119><c> a</c><00:34:25.440><c> 10</c><00:34:25.839><c> m</c><00:34:26.240><c> barn</c><00:34:26.960><c> with</c><00:34:27.280><c> both</c><00:34:27.679><c> doors</c>

00:34:28.149 --> 00:34:28.159 align:start position:0%
inside a 10 m barn with both doors
 

00:34:28.159 --> 00:34:29.750 align:start position:0%
inside a 10 m barn with both doors
closed?

00:34:29.750 --> 00:34:29.760 align:start position:0%
closed?
 

00:34:29.760 --> 00:34:32.790 align:start position:0%
closed?
It<00:34:30.079><c> sounds</c><00:34:30.560><c> impossible.</c><00:34:32.000><c> Surely,</c><00:34:32.399><c> this</c><00:34:32.560><c> would</c>

00:34:32.790 --> 00:34:32.800 align:start position:0%
It sounds impossible. Surely, this would
 

00:34:32.800 --> 00:34:36.149 align:start position:0%
It sounds impossible. Surely, this would
result<00:34:33.119><c> in</c><00:34:33.440><c> broken</c><00:34:33.839><c> poles</c><00:34:34.240><c> or</c><00:34:34.560><c> barn</c><00:34:34.879><c> doors.</c>

00:34:36.149 --> 00:34:36.159 align:start position:0%
result in broken poles or barn doors.
 

00:34:36.159 --> 00:34:38.950 align:start position:0%
result in broken poles or barn doors.
But<00:34:36.399><c> this</c><00:34:36.720><c> is</c><00:34:36.879><c> not</c><00:34:37.200><c> what</c><00:34:37.440><c> the</c><00:34:37.599><c> barn</c><00:34:38.000><c> sees.</c><00:34:38.720><c> So,</c>

00:34:38.950 --> 00:34:38.960 align:start position:0%
But this is not what the barn sees. So,
 

00:34:38.960 --> 00:34:41.109 align:start position:0%
But this is not what the barn sees. So,
how<00:34:39.200><c> can</c><00:34:39.440><c> two</c><00:34:39.760><c> different</c><00:34:40.079><c> observers</c><00:34:40.879><c> looking</c>

00:34:41.109 --> 00:34:41.119 align:start position:0%
how can two different observers looking
 

00:34:41.119 --> 00:34:43.909 align:start position:0%
how can two different observers looking
at<00:34:41.280><c> the</c><00:34:41.520><c> same</c><00:34:41.679><c> event</c><00:34:42.320><c> see</c><00:34:42.639><c> two</c><00:34:43.200><c> completely</c>

00:34:43.909 --> 00:34:43.919 align:start position:0%
at the same event see two completely
 

00:34:43.919 --> 00:34:46.470 align:start position:0%
at the same event see two completely
different<00:34:44.320><c> things</c><00:34:44.720><c> happen?</c><00:34:45.599><c> Have</c><00:34:45.839><c> we</c><00:34:46.079><c> entered</c>

00:34:46.470 --> 00:34:46.480 align:start position:0%
different things happen? Have we entered
 

00:34:46.480 --> 00:34:49.030 align:start position:0%
different things happen? Have we entered
a<00:34:46.639><c> state</c><00:34:46.879><c> of</c><00:34:47.119><c> quantum</c><00:34:47.679><c> superp</c><00:34:48.000><c> position</c><00:34:48.800><c> where</c>

00:34:49.030 --> 00:34:49.040 align:start position:0%
a state of quantum superp position where
 

00:34:49.040 --> 00:34:52.710 align:start position:0%
a state of quantum superp position where
the<00:34:49.280><c> pole</c><00:34:49.599><c> is</c><00:34:49.760><c> both</c><00:34:50.000><c> in</c><00:34:50.480><c> and</c><00:34:50.960><c> not</c><00:34:51.280><c> in</c><00:34:51.440><c> the</c><00:34:51.679><c> barn?</c>

00:34:52.710 --> 00:34:52.720 align:start position:0%
the pole is both in and not in the barn?
 

00:34:52.720 --> 00:34:54.869 align:start position:0%
the pole is both in and not in the barn?
Are<00:34:52.879><c> we</c><00:34:53.119><c> about</c><00:34:53.359><c> to</c><00:34:53.679><c> split</c><00:34:54.000><c> apart</c><00:34:54.320><c> the</c><00:34:54.560><c> universe</c>

00:34:54.869 --> 00:34:54.879 align:start position:0%
Are we about to split apart the universe
 

00:34:54.879 --> 00:34:57.190 align:start position:0%
Are we about to split apart the universe
into<00:34:55.200><c> differing</c><00:34:55.679><c> multiverses?</c>

00:34:57.190 --> 00:34:57.200 align:start position:0%
into differing multiverses?
 

00:34:57.200 --> 00:35:00.310 align:start position:0%
into differing multiverses?
Or<00:34:57.359><c> is</c><00:34:57.680><c> special</c><00:34:58.079><c> relativity</c><00:34:58.720><c> wrong?</c>

00:35:00.310 --> 00:35:00.320 align:start position:0%
Or is special relativity wrong?
 

00:35:00.320 --> 00:35:04.550 align:start position:0%
Or is special relativity wrong?
No.<00:35:01.520><c> Our</c><00:35:01.920><c> perception</c><00:35:02.480><c> of</c><00:35:02.720><c> reality</c><00:35:03.200><c> is</c><00:35:03.520><c> wrong.</c>

00:35:04.550 --> 00:35:04.560 align:start position:0%
No. Our perception of reality is wrong.
 

00:35:04.560 --> 00:35:07.990 align:start position:0%
No. Our perception of reality is wrong.
There<00:35:04.880><c> is</c><00:35:05.200><c> an</c><00:35:05.520><c> answer</c><00:35:05.760><c> to</c><00:35:06.000><c> this,</c><00:35:06.880><c> but</c><00:35:07.599><c> you're</c>

00:35:07.990 --> 00:35:08.000 align:start position:0%
There is an answer to this, but you're
 

00:35:08.000 --> 00:35:11.910 align:start position:0%
There is an answer to this, but you're
not<00:35:08.320><c> going</c><00:35:08.480><c> to</c><00:35:08.640><c> like</c><00:35:08.880><c> it.</c><00:35:10.079><c> Watch</c><00:35:10.640><c> closely.</c>

00:35:11.910 --> 00:35:11.920 align:start position:0%
not going to like it. Watch closely.
 

00:35:11.920 --> 00:35:14.630 align:start position:0%
not going to like it. Watch closely.
According<00:35:12.400><c> to</c><00:35:12.560><c> relativity,</c><00:35:13.760><c> this</c><00:35:14.079><c> is</c><00:35:14.320><c> what</c>

00:35:14.630 --> 00:35:14.640 align:start position:0%
According to relativity, this is what
 

00:35:14.640 --> 00:35:16.470 align:start position:0%
According to relativity, this is what
would<00:35:14.960><c> happen</c><00:35:15.280><c> from</c><00:35:15.440><c> the</c><00:35:15.599><c> pole's</c><00:35:16.079><c> point</c><00:35:16.240><c> of</c>

00:35:16.470 --> 00:35:16.480 align:start position:0%
would happen from the pole's point of
 

00:35:16.480 --> 00:35:19.829 align:start position:0%
would happen from the pole's point of
view.<00:35:17.599><c> The</c><00:35:17.839><c> pole</c><00:35:18.320><c> enters</c><00:35:18.640><c> the</c><00:35:18.880><c> barn</c><00:35:19.359><c> just</c><00:35:19.599><c> like</c>

00:35:19.829 --> 00:35:19.839 align:start position:0%
view. The pole enters the barn just like
 

00:35:19.839 --> 00:35:24.150 align:start position:0%
view. The pole enters the barn just like
we<00:35:20.160><c> would</c><00:35:20.320><c> expect.</c><00:35:21.200><c> And</c><00:35:21.440><c> then</c><00:35:22.560><c> there,</c>

00:35:24.150 --> 00:35:24.160 align:start position:0%
we would expect. And then there,
 

00:35:24.160 --> 00:35:28.230 align:start position:0%
we would expect. And then there,
did<00:35:24.320><c> you</c><00:35:24.560><c> see</c><00:35:24.720><c> it?</c><00:35:26.160><c> Perhaps.</c><00:35:26.880><c> But</c><00:35:27.520><c> what</c><00:35:28.000><c> did</c>

00:35:28.230 --> 00:35:28.240 align:start position:0%
did you see it? Perhaps. But what did
 

00:35:28.240 --> 00:35:30.230 align:start position:0%
did you see it? Perhaps. But what did
you<00:35:28.400><c> just</c><00:35:28.640><c> see?</c>

00:35:30.230 --> 00:35:30.240 align:start position:0%
you just see?
 

00:35:30.240 --> 00:35:33.030 align:start position:0%
you just see?
You<00:35:30.560><c> just</c><00:35:30.720><c> saw</c><00:35:31.040><c> an</c><00:35:31.280><c> example</c><00:35:31.760><c> of</c><00:35:32.000><c> the</c><00:35:32.240><c> myth</c><00:35:32.720><c> of</c>

00:35:33.030 --> 00:35:33.040 align:start position:0%
You just saw an example of the myth of
 

00:35:33.040 --> 00:35:35.030 align:start position:0%
You just saw an example of the myth of
simultaneity.

00:35:35.030 --> 00:35:35.040 align:start position:0%
simultaneity.
 

00:35:35.040 --> 00:35:37.589 align:start position:0%
simultaneity.
And<00:35:35.280><c> remember,</c><00:35:36.079><c> this</c><00:35:36.400><c> is</c><00:35:36.720><c> really</c><00:35:37.200><c> what</c>

00:35:37.589 --> 00:35:37.599 align:start position:0%
And remember, this is really what
 

00:35:37.599 --> 00:35:40.550 align:start position:0%
And remember, this is really what
happens<00:35:38.240><c> according</c><00:35:38.640><c> to</c><00:35:38.800><c> special</c><00:35:39.200><c> relativity.</c>

00:35:40.550 --> 00:35:40.560 align:start position:0%
happens according to special relativity.
 

00:35:40.560 --> 00:35:43.030 align:start position:0%
happens according to special relativity.
Events<00:35:40.960><c> that</c><00:35:41.280><c> are</c><00:35:41.599><c> simultaneous</c><00:35:42.480><c> from</c><00:35:42.800><c> one</c>

00:35:43.030 --> 00:35:43.040 align:start position:0%
Events that are simultaneous from one
 

00:35:43.040 --> 00:35:45.990 align:start position:0%
Events that are simultaneous from one
point<00:35:43.280><c> of</c><00:35:43.440><c> view</c><00:35:44.079><c> are</c><00:35:44.400><c> not</c><00:35:44.880><c> simultaneous</c><00:35:45.760><c> from</c>

00:35:45.990 --> 00:35:46.000 align:start position:0%
point of view are not simultaneous from
 

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:47.510 align:start position:0%
point of view are not simultaneous from
another.

00:35:47.510 --> 00:35:47.520 align:start position:0%
another.
 

00:35:47.520 --> 00:35:49.910 align:start position:0%
another.
To<00:35:47.839><c> be</c><00:35:48.000><c> clear,</c><00:35:48.640><c> this</c><00:35:48.880><c> is</c><00:35:49.040><c> not</c><00:35:49.200><c> just</c><00:35:49.359><c> a</c><00:35:49.599><c> weird</c>

00:35:49.910 --> 00:35:49.920 align:start position:0%
To be clear, this is not just a weird
 

00:35:49.920 --> 00:35:51.990 align:start position:0%
To be clear, this is not just a weird
consequence<00:35:50.400><c> of</c><00:35:50.720><c> light</c><00:35:51.119><c> taking</c><00:35:51.359><c> its</c><00:35:51.680><c> time</c><00:35:51.839><c> to</c>

00:35:51.990 --> 00:35:52.000 align:start position:0%
consequence of light taking its time to
 

00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:54.550 align:start position:0%
consequence of light taking its time to
reach<00:35:52.240><c> us.</c><00:35:53.119><c> If</c><00:35:53.359><c> we</c><00:35:53.520><c> were</c><00:35:53.760><c> just</c><00:35:54.079><c> dealing</c><00:35:54.400><c> with</c>

00:35:54.550 --> 00:35:54.560 align:start position:0%
reach us. If we were just dealing with
 

00:35:54.560 --> 00:35:56.790 align:start position:0%
reach us. If we were just dealing with
an<00:35:54.800><c> optical</c><00:35:55.440><c> illusion</c><00:35:55.760><c> caused</c><00:35:56.079><c> by</c><00:35:56.320><c> light</c>

00:35:56.790 --> 00:35:56.800 align:start position:0%
an optical illusion caused by light
 

00:35:56.800 --> 00:35:59.510 align:start position:0%
an optical illusion caused by light
taking<00:35:57.119><c> its</c><00:35:57.440><c> time</c><00:35:57.599><c> to</c><00:35:57.839><c> move</c><00:35:58.079><c> to</c><00:35:58.400><c> our</c><00:35:58.640><c> eyes,</c>

00:35:59.510 --> 00:35:59.520 align:start position:0%
taking its time to move to our eyes,
 

00:35:59.520 --> 00:36:01.510 align:start position:0%
taking its time to move to our eyes,
then<00:35:59.680><c> we'd</c><00:36:00.000><c> see</c><00:36:00.160><c> the</c><00:36:00.400><c> closer</c><00:36:00.800><c> event</c><00:36:01.119><c> happen</c>

00:36:01.510 --> 00:36:01.520 align:start position:0%
then we'd see the closer event happen
 

00:36:01.520 --> 00:36:04.470 align:start position:0%
then we'd see the closer event happen
first<00:36:02.400><c> and</c><00:36:02.720><c> the</c><00:36:02.960><c> more</c><00:36:03.280><c> distant</c><00:36:03.680><c> event</c><00:36:04.079><c> happen</c>

00:36:04.470 --> 00:36:04.480 align:start position:0%
first and the more distant event happen
 

00:36:04.480 --> 00:36:07.430 align:start position:0%
first and the more distant event happen
second.<00:36:05.839><c> But</c><00:36:06.000><c> this</c><00:36:06.320><c> is</c><00:36:06.560><c> happening</c><00:36:07.040><c> the</c>

00:36:07.430 --> 00:36:07.440 align:start position:0%
second. But this is happening the
 

00:36:07.440 --> 00:36:10.790 align:start position:0%
second. But this is happening the
opposite<00:36:07.920><c> way</c><00:36:08.240><c> around.</c><00:36:09.359><c> In</c><00:36:09.599><c> this</c><00:36:09.760><c> case,</c><00:36:10.480><c> and</c>

00:36:10.790 --> 00:36:10.800 align:start position:0%
opposite way around. In this case, and
 

00:36:10.800 --> 00:36:12.950 align:start position:0%
opposite way around. In this case, and
from<00:36:10.960><c> the</c><00:36:11.119><c> point</c><00:36:11.280><c> of</c><00:36:11.440><c> view</c><00:36:11.599><c> of</c><00:36:11.760><c> the</c><00:36:11.920><c> pole,</c><00:36:12.720><c> the</c>

00:36:12.950 --> 00:36:12.960 align:start position:0%
from the point of view of the pole, the
 

00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:15.750 align:start position:0%
from the point of view of the pole, the
more<00:36:13.359><c> distant</c><00:36:13.920><c> event</c><00:36:14.640><c> spatially</c><00:36:15.280><c> happens</c>

00:36:15.750 --> 00:36:15.760 align:start position:0%
more distant event spatially happens
 

00:36:15.760 --> 00:36:18.710 align:start position:0%
more distant event spatially happens
first<00:36:16.800><c> and</c><00:36:17.040><c> the</c><00:36:17.359><c> closer</c><00:36:17.839><c> event</c><00:36:18.320><c> happens</c>

00:36:18.710 --> 00:36:18.720 align:start position:0%
first and the closer event happens
 

00:36:18.720 --> 00:36:21.670 align:start position:0%
first and the closer event happens
second.<00:36:19.920><c> In</c><00:36:20.160><c> other</c><00:36:20.320><c> words,</c><00:36:20.960><c> this</c><00:36:21.119><c> is</c><00:36:21.280><c> not</c><00:36:21.520><c> just</c>

00:36:21.670 --> 00:36:21.680 align:start position:0%
second. In other words, this is not just
 

00:36:21.680 --> 00:36:23.910 align:start position:0%
second. In other words, this is not just
a<00:36:21.839><c> trick</c><00:36:22.000><c> of</c><00:36:22.160><c> the</c><00:36:22.400><c> light,</c><00:36:22.960><c> but</c><00:36:23.200><c> the</c><00:36:23.440><c> suggestion</c>

00:36:23.910 --> 00:36:23.920 align:start position:0%
a trick of the light, but the suggestion
 

00:36:23.920 --> 00:36:26.150 align:start position:0%
a trick of the light, but the suggestion
that<00:36:24.240><c> something</c><00:36:24.640><c> more</c><00:36:24.960><c> fundamental</c><00:36:25.680><c> is</c><00:36:25.920><c> going</c>

00:36:26.150 --> 00:36:26.160 align:start position:0%
that something more fundamental is going
 

00:36:26.160 --> 00:36:30.310 align:start position:0%
that something more fundamental is going
on.<00:36:27.599><c> And</c><00:36:27.839><c> what</c><00:36:28.240><c> is</c><00:36:28.560><c> going</c><00:36:28.800><c> on?</c>

00:36:30.310 --> 00:36:30.320 align:start position:0%
on. And what is going on?
 

00:36:30.320 --> 00:36:32.310 align:start position:0%
on. And what is going on?
When<00:36:30.560><c> I</c><00:36:30.800><c> first</c><00:36:31.040><c> learned</c><00:36:31.359><c> about</c><00:36:31.599><c> this,</c><00:36:32.000><c> it</c>

00:36:32.310 --> 00:36:32.320 align:start position:0%
When I first learned about this, it
 

00:36:32.320 --> 00:36:35.109 align:start position:0%
When I first learned about this, it
boggled<00:36:32.800><c> my</c><00:36:33.040><c> mind.</c><00:36:33.839><c> It</c><00:36:34.079><c> seemed</c><00:36:34.400><c> wrong</c><00:36:34.640><c> as</c><00:36:34.880><c> a</c>

00:36:35.109 --> 00:36:35.119 align:start position:0%
boggled my mind. It seemed wrong as a
 

00:36:35.119 --> 00:36:37.109 align:start position:0%
boggled my mind. It seemed wrong as a
matter<00:36:35.280><c> of</c><00:36:35.520><c> principle.</c><00:36:36.480><c> But</c><00:36:36.560><c> the</c><00:36:36.800><c> more</c><00:36:36.880><c> I</c>

00:36:37.109 --> 00:36:37.119 align:start position:0%
matter of principle. But the more I
 

00:36:37.119 --> 00:36:39.030 align:start position:0%
matter of principle. But the more I
thought<00:36:37.359><c> about</c><00:36:37.520><c> it,</c><00:36:37.920><c> the</c><00:36:38.079><c> more</c><00:36:38.320><c> it</c><00:36:38.560><c> started</c><00:36:38.880><c> to</c>

00:36:39.030 --> 00:36:39.040 align:start position:0%
thought about it, the more it started to
 

00:36:39.040 --> 00:36:41.030 align:start position:0%
thought about it, the more it started to
make<00:36:39.200><c> sense</c><00:36:39.760><c> based</c><00:36:40.000><c> on</c><00:36:40.240><c> my</c><00:36:40.480><c> understanding</c><00:36:40.880><c> of</c>

00:36:41.030 --> 00:36:41.040 align:start position:0%
make sense based on my understanding of
 

00:36:41.040 --> 00:36:43.510 align:start position:0%
make sense based on my understanding of
the<00:36:41.200><c> universe,</c><00:36:42.079><c> and</c><00:36:42.320><c> the</c><00:36:42.560><c> more</c><00:36:42.880><c> startling</c>

00:36:43.510 --> 00:36:43.520 align:start position:0%
the universe, and the more startling
 

00:36:43.520 --> 00:36:46.390 align:start position:0%
the universe, and the more startling
implications<00:36:44.240><c> started</c><00:36:44.480><c> to</c><00:36:44.720><c> arise.</c><00:36:46.160><c> Don't</c>

00:36:46.390 --> 00:36:46.400 align:start position:0%
implications started to arise. Don't
 

00:36:46.400 --> 00:36:48.390 align:start position:0%
implications started to arise. Don't
worry,<00:36:46.960><c> I've</c><00:36:47.280><c> not</c><00:36:47.440><c> forgotten</c><00:36:47.839><c> about</c><00:36:48.079><c> that.</c>

00:36:48.390 --> 00:36:48.400 align:start position:0%
worry, I've not forgotten about that.
 

00:36:48.400 --> 00:36:51.750 align:start position:0%
worry, I've not forgotten about that.
seeing<00:36:48.800><c> the</c><00:36:48.960><c> future</c><00:36:49.359><c> thing.</c><00:36:49.839><c> I'll</c><00:36:50.160><c> get</c><00:36:50.320><c> to</c><00:36:50.480><c> it.</c>

00:36:51.750 --> 00:36:51.760 align:start position:0%
seeing the future thing. I'll get to it.
 

00:36:51.760 --> 00:36:53.589 align:start position:0%
seeing the future thing. I'll get to it.
Let's<00:36:52.160><c> take</c><00:36:52.480><c> another</c><00:36:52.880><c> look</c><00:36:53.040><c> at</c><00:36:53.280><c> what's</c>

00:36:53.589 --> 00:36:53.599 align:start position:0%
Let's take another look at what's
 

00:36:53.599 --> 00:36:55.589 align:start position:0%
Let's take another look at what's
happening<00:36:53.920><c> here,</c><00:36:54.640><c> but</c><00:36:54.800><c> this</c><00:36:55.040><c> time</c><00:36:55.280><c> let's</c>

00:36:55.589 --> 00:36:55.599 align:start position:0%
happening here, but this time let's
 

00:36:55.599 --> 00:36:58.069 align:start position:0%
happening here, but this time let's
bring<00:36:55.760><c> in</c><00:36:56.000><c> a</c><00:36:56.240><c> little</c><00:36:56.480><c> color</c><00:36:56.800><c> coding</c><00:36:57.520><c> and</c><00:36:57.760><c> our</c>

00:36:58.069 --> 00:36:58.079 align:start position:0%
bring in a little color coding and our
 

00:36:58.079 --> 00:37:01.510 align:start position:0%
bring in a little color coding and our
old<00:36:58.320><c> friend,</c><00:36:58.880><c> a</c><00:36:59.119><c> 4D</c><00:36:59.680><c> space-time</c><00:37:00.320><c> diagram.</c>

00:37:01.510 --> 00:37:01.520 align:start position:0%
old friend, a 4D space-time diagram.
 

00:37:01.520 --> 00:37:03.270 align:start position:0%
old friend, a 4D space-time diagram.
Hopefully,<00:37:02.000><c> you</c><00:37:02.240><c> are</c><00:37:02.480><c> familiar</c><00:37:02.800><c> with</c><00:37:02.960><c> these</c>

00:37:03.270 --> 00:37:03.280 align:start position:0%
Hopefully, you are familiar with these
 

00:37:03.280 --> 00:37:05.109 align:start position:0%
Hopefully, you are familiar with these
already,<00:37:03.760><c> as</c><00:37:03.920><c> I've</c><00:37:04.160><c> done</c><00:37:04.320><c> a</c><00:37:04.480><c> few</c><00:37:04.640><c> videos</c><00:37:04.880><c> that</c>

00:37:05.109 --> 00:37:05.119 align:start position:0%
already, as I've done a few videos that
 

00:37:05.119 --> 00:37:07.670 align:start position:0%
already, as I've done a few videos that
have<00:37:05.280><c> included</c><00:37:05.680><c> them.</c><00:37:06.480><c> If</c><00:37:06.720><c> not,</c><00:37:07.200><c> here's</c><00:37:07.440><c> a</c>

00:37:07.670 --> 00:37:07.680 align:start position:0%
have included them. If not, here's a
 

00:37:07.680 --> 00:37:09.670 align:start position:0%
have included them. If not, here's a
great<00:37:08.000><c> video</c><00:37:08.240><c> we</c><00:37:08.480><c> did</c><00:37:08.640><c> on</c><00:37:08.800><c> the</c><00:37:08.960><c> subject,</c><00:37:09.440><c> which</c>

00:37:09.670 --> 00:37:09.680 align:start position:0%
great video we did on the subject, which
 

00:37:09.680 --> 00:37:12.230 align:start position:0%
great video we did on the subject, which
you<00:37:09.920><c> should</c><00:37:10.160><c> have</c><00:37:10.240><c> a</c><00:37:10.400><c> look</c><00:37:10.560><c> at.</c><00:37:11.520><c> To</c><00:37:11.760><c> recap</c>

00:37:12.230 --> 00:37:12.240 align:start position:0%
you should have a look at. To recap
 

00:37:12.240 --> 00:37:14.630 align:start position:0%
you should have a look at. To recap
though,<00:37:12.960><c> just</c><00:37:13.200><c> imagine</c><00:37:13.599><c> that</c><00:37:13.920><c> all</c><00:37:14.160><c> of</c><00:37:14.400><c> space</c>

00:37:14.630 --> 00:37:14.640 align:start position:0%
though, just imagine that all of space
 

00:37:14.640 --> 00:37:17.190 align:start position:0%
though, just imagine that all of space
has<00:37:14.880><c> been</c><00:37:15.040><c> flattened</c><00:37:15.520><c> down</c><00:37:15.920><c> to</c><00:37:16.160><c> the</c><00:37:16.400><c> one</c><00:37:16.800><c> line</c>

00:37:17.190 --> 00:37:17.200 align:start position:0%
has been flattened down to the one line
 

00:37:17.200 --> 00:37:19.750 align:start position:0%
has been flattened down to the one line
along<00:37:17.599><c> the</c><00:37:17.760><c> bottom</c><00:37:18.000><c> of</c><00:37:18.160><c> our</c><00:37:18.400><c> graph,</c><00:37:19.200><c> while</c><00:37:19.440><c> an</c>

00:37:19.750 --> 00:37:19.760 align:start position:0%
along the bottom of our graph, while an
 

00:37:19.760 --> 00:37:22.069 align:start position:0%
along the bottom of our graph, while an
object's<00:37:20.240><c> motion</c><00:37:20.560><c> in</c><00:37:20.800><c> time</c><00:37:21.119><c> is</c><00:37:21.359><c> tracked</c><00:37:21.760><c> along</c>

00:37:22.069 --> 00:37:22.079 align:start position:0%
object's motion in time is tracked along
 

00:37:22.079 --> 00:37:24.630 align:start position:0%
object's motion in time is tracked along
the<00:37:22.240><c> side</c><00:37:22.480><c> of</c><00:37:22.560><c> the</c><00:37:22.720><c> graph.</c><00:37:23.920><c> Here</c><00:37:24.240><c> is</c><00:37:24.480><c> the</c>

00:37:24.630 --> 00:37:24.640 align:start position:0%
the side of the graph. Here is the
 

00:37:24.640 --> 00:37:26.790 align:start position:0%
the side of the graph. Here is the
barn's<00:37:25.119><c> timeline</c><00:37:25.680><c> according</c><00:37:26.079><c> to</c><00:37:26.240><c> its</c><00:37:26.480><c> motion</c>

00:37:26.790 --> 00:37:26.800 align:start position:0%
barn's timeline according to its motion
 

00:37:26.800 --> 00:37:29.589 align:start position:0%
barn's timeline according to its motion
in<00:37:27.119><c> space</c><00:37:27.359><c> and</c><00:37:27.680><c> time.</c><00:37:28.960><c> From</c><00:37:29.200><c> the</c><00:37:29.359><c> point</c><00:37:29.440><c> of</c>

00:37:29.589 --> 00:37:29.599 align:start position:0%
in space and time. From the point of
 

00:37:29.599 --> 00:37:31.910 align:start position:0%
in space and time. From the point of
view<00:37:29.760><c> of</c><00:37:29.839><c> the</c><00:37:30.000><c> barn,</c><00:37:30.640><c> it</c><00:37:30.880><c> is</c><00:37:31.040><c> not</c><00:37:31.280><c> moving</c><00:37:31.599><c> in</c>

00:37:31.910 --> 00:37:31.920 align:start position:0%
view of the barn, it is not moving in
 

00:37:31.920 --> 00:37:34.390 align:start position:0%
view of the barn, it is not moving in
space.<00:37:32.720><c> So,</c><00:37:32.880><c> we</c><00:37:33.040><c> draw</c><00:37:33.280><c> the</c><00:37:33.520><c> arrow</c><00:37:33.839><c> directly</c>

00:37:34.390 --> 00:37:34.400 align:start position:0%
space. So, we draw the arrow directly
 

00:37:34.400 --> 00:37:37.510 align:start position:0%
space. So, we draw the arrow directly
up.<00:37:35.119><c> It</c><00:37:35.280><c> is</c><00:37:35.440><c> only</c><00:37:35.680><c> moving</c><00:37:36.000><c> into</c><00:37:36.240><c> the</c><00:37:36.400><c> future.</c>

00:37:37.510 --> 00:37:37.520 align:start position:0%
up. It is only moving into the future.
 

00:37:37.520 --> 00:37:39.670 align:start position:0%
up. It is only moving into the future.
I've<00:37:37.839><c> painted</c><00:37:38.160><c> the</c><00:37:38.480><c> shutting</c><00:37:38.880><c> and</c><00:37:39.200><c> opening</c><00:37:39.520><c> of</c>

00:37:39.670 --> 00:37:39.680 align:start position:0%
I've painted the shutting and opening of
 

00:37:39.680 --> 00:37:41.349 align:start position:0%
I've painted the shutting and opening of
the<00:37:39.839><c> two</c><00:37:40.000><c> doors</c><00:37:40.400><c> as</c><00:37:40.640><c> two</c><00:37:40.880><c> different</c><00:37:41.040><c> colors</c>

00:37:41.349 --> 00:37:41.359 align:start position:0%
the two doors as two different colors
 

00:37:41.359 --> 00:37:43.750 align:start position:0%
the two doors as two different colors
here<00:37:41.599><c> on</c><00:37:41.760><c> the</c><00:37:41.920><c> graph.</c><00:37:42.800><c> Note</c><00:37:43.119><c> that</c><00:37:43.359><c> they</c><00:37:43.599><c> are</c>

00:37:43.750 --> 00:37:43.760 align:start position:0%
here on the graph. Note that they are
 

00:37:43.760 --> 00:37:46.550 align:start position:0%
here on the graph. Note that they are
separated<00:37:44.240><c> by</c><00:37:44.560><c> space,</c><00:37:45.359><c> but</c><00:37:45.599><c> they</c><00:37:45.839><c> occur</c><00:37:46.240><c> at</c>

00:37:46.550 --> 00:37:46.560 align:start position:0%
separated by space, but they occur at
 

00:37:46.560 --> 00:37:49.109 align:start position:0%
separated by space, but they occur at
the<00:37:46.720><c> same</c><00:37:46.960><c> moment</c><00:37:47.280><c> in</c><00:37:47.599><c> time,</c><00:37:48.400><c> at</c><00:37:48.400><c> least</c><00:37:48.880><c> from</c>

00:37:49.109 --> 00:37:49.119 align:start position:0%
the same moment in time, at least from
 

00:37:49.119 --> 00:37:51.430 align:start position:0%
the same moment in time, at least from
the<00:37:49.280><c> barn's</c><00:37:49.760><c> perspective.</c>

00:37:51.430 --> 00:37:51.440 align:start position:0%
the barn's perspective.
 

00:37:51.440 --> 00:37:53.910 align:start position:0%
the barn's perspective.
Now,<00:37:52.079><c> for</c><00:37:52.400><c> our</c><00:37:52.720><c> first</c><00:37:53.040><c> complete</c><00:37:53.520><c> perspective</c>

00:37:53.910 --> 00:37:53.920 align:start position:0%
Now, for our first complete perspective
 

00:37:53.920 --> 00:37:56.950 align:start position:0%
Now, for our first complete perspective
of<00:37:54.160><c> this</c><00:37:54.320><c> event,</c><00:37:55.119><c> let's</c><00:37:55.520><c> add</c><00:37:55.920><c> the</c><00:37:56.160><c> path</c><00:37:56.480><c> of</c><00:37:56.720><c> our</c>

00:37:56.950 --> 00:37:56.960 align:start position:0%
of this event, let's add the path of our
 

00:37:56.960 --> 00:38:00.790 align:start position:0%
of this event, let's add the path of our
pole.<00:37:58.160><c> As</c><00:37:58.480><c> our</c><00:37:58.720><c> pole</c><00:37:59.200><c> starts</c><00:37:59.599><c> moving,</c><00:38:00.320><c> length</c>

00:38:00.790 --> 00:38:00.800 align:start position:0%
pole. As our pole starts moving, length
 

00:38:00.800 --> 00:38:03.190 align:start position:0%
pole. As our pole starts moving, length
contraction<00:38:01.359><c> occurs</c><00:38:02.079><c> and</c><00:38:02.320><c> the</c><00:38:02.560><c> pole</c><00:38:02.880><c> drops</c>

00:38:03.190 --> 00:38:03.200 align:start position:0%
contraction occurs and the pole drops
 

00:38:03.200 --> 00:38:06.630 align:start position:0%
contraction occurs and the pole drops
down<00:38:03.440><c> to</c><00:38:03.680><c> 20</c><00:38:04.000><c> m.</c><00:38:05.200><c> Eventually,</c><00:38:05.920><c> it</c><00:38:06.160><c> arrives</c><00:38:06.480><c> at</c>

00:38:06.630 --> 00:38:06.640 align:start position:0%
down to 20 m. Eventually, it arrives at
 

00:38:06.640 --> 00:38:10.310 align:start position:0%
down to 20 m. Eventually, it arrives at
the<00:38:06.800><c> barn</c><00:38:07.440><c> and</c><00:38:07.760><c> our</c><00:38:08.079><c> two</c><00:38:08.480><c> events</c><00:38:08.880><c> occur.</c><00:38:09.920><c> Both</c>

00:38:10.310 --> 00:38:10.320 align:start position:0%
the barn and our two events occur. Both
 

00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:13.109 align:start position:0%
the barn and our two events occur. Both
barn<00:38:10.640><c> doors</c><00:38:11.200><c> shut</c><00:38:11.520><c> at</c><00:38:11.760><c> the</c><00:38:11.920><c> same</c><00:38:12.079><c> time</c><00:38:12.720><c> and</c><00:38:12.960><c> the</c>

00:38:13.109 --> 00:38:13.119 align:start position:0%
barn doors shut at the same time and the
 

00:38:13.119 --> 00:38:16.710 align:start position:0%
barn doors shut at the same time and the
pole<00:38:13.520><c> is</c><00:38:13.839><c> snugly</c><00:38:14.400><c> inside.</c><00:38:15.599><c> All</c><00:38:15.839><c> good</c><00:38:16.079><c> so</c><00:38:16.400><c> far</c>

00:38:16.710 --> 00:38:16.720 align:start position:0%
pole is snugly inside. All good so far
 

00:38:16.720 --> 00:38:19.190 align:start position:0%
pole is snugly inside. All good so far
from<00:38:17.040><c> the</c><00:38:17.200><c> barn's</c><00:38:17.599><c> point</c><00:38:17.760><c> of</c><00:38:17.920><c> view.</c><00:38:18.720><c> But</c><00:38:18.960><c> what</c>

00:38:19.190 --> 00:38:19.200 align:start position:0%
from the barn's point of view. But what
 

00:38:19.200 --> 00:38:22.550 align:start position:0%
from the barn's point of view. But what
does<00:38:19.359><c> the</c><00:38:19.520><c> pole</c><00:38:20.000><c> see?</c><00:38:21.440><c> Let's</c><00:38:21.680><c> make</c><00:38:21.920><c> our</c><00:38:22.240><c> pole</c>

00:38:22.550 --> 00:38:22.560 align:start position:0%
does the pole see? Let's make our pole
 

00:38:22.560 --> 00:38:24.710 align:start position:0%
does the pole see? Let's make our pole
the<00:38:22.800><c> stationary</c><00:38:23.280><c> object</c><00:38:23.599><c> in</c><00:38:23.839><c> this</c><00:38:24.000><c> diagram.</c>

00:38:24.710 --> 00:38:24.720 align:start position:0%
the stationary object in this diagram.
 

00:38:24.720 --> 00:38:26.870 align:start position:0%
the stationary object in this diagram.
After<00:38:25.040><c> all,</c><00:38:25.359><c> this</c><00:38:25.520><c> is</c><00:38:25.680><c> relativity.</c><00:38:26.560><c> And</c><00:38:26.720><c> from</c>

00:38:26.870 --> 00:38:26.880 align:start position:0%
After all, this is relativity. And from
 

00:38:26.880 --> 00:38:28.790 align:start position:0%
After all, this is relativity. And from
the<00:38:27.040><c> pole's</c><00:38:27.440><c> perspective,</c><00:38:28.000><c> it</c><00:38:28.240><c> is</c><00:38:28.320><c> the</c><00:38:28.560><c> barn</c>

00:38:28.790 --> 00:38:28.800 align:start position:0%
the pole's perspective, it is the barn
 

00:38:28.800 --> 00:38:30.710 align:start position:0%
the pole's perspective, it is the barn
that<00:38:28.960><c> is</c><00:38:29.119><c> moving</c><00:38:29.440><c> quickly</c><00:38:29.760><c> towards</c><00:38:30.160><c> it,</c><00:38:30.560><c> not</c>

00:38:30.710 --> 00:38:30.720 align:start position:0%
that is moving quickly towards it, not
 

00:38:30.720 --> 00:38:32.870 align:start position:0%
that is moving quickly towards it, not
the<00:38:30.880><c> other</c><00:38:31.040><c> way</c><00:38:31.200><c> round.</c><00:38:32.240><c> This</c><00:38:32.480><c> makes</c><00:38:32.640><c> it</c>

00:38:32.870 --> 00:38:32.880 align:start position:0%
the other way round. This makes it
 

00:38:32.880 --> 00:38:34.630 align:start position:0%
the other way round. This makes it
easier<00:38:33.200><c> to</c><00:38:33.359><c> assign</c><00:38:33.760><c> length</c><00:38:34.079><c> contraction</c><00:38:34.560><c> to</c>

00:38:34.630 --> 00:38:34.640 align:start position:0%
easier to assign length contraction to
 

00:38:34.640 --> 00:38:36.790 align:start position:0%
easier to assign length contraction to
the<00:38:34.800><c> barn,</c><00:38:35.359><c> which</c><00:38:35.599><c> is</c><00:38:35.680><c> what</c><00:38:36.000><c> relativity</c><00:38:36.560><c> says</c>

00:38:36.790 --> 00:38:36.800 align:start position:0%
the barn, which is what relativity says
 

00:38:36.800 --> 00:38:39.670 align:start position:0%
the barn, which is what relativity says
we<00:38:37.040><c> should</c><00:38:37.200><c> be</c><00:38:37.359><c> getting.</c><00:38:38.480><c> We</c><00:38:38.960><c> cannot</c><00:38:39.359><c> simply</c>

00:38:39.670 --> 00:38:39.680 align:start position:0%
we should be getting. We cannot simply
 

00:38:39.680 --> 00:38:41.589 align:start position:0%
we should be getting. We cannot simply
add<00:38:39.920><c> the</c><00:38:40.079><c> barn</c><00:38:40.320><c> to</c><00:38:40.480><c> this</c><00:38:40.640><c> diagram</c><00:38:41.119><c> as</c><00:38:41.440><c> an</c>

00:38:41.589 --> 00:38:41.599 align:start position:0%
add the barn to this diagram as an
 

00:38:41.599 --> 00:38:43.990 align:start position:0%
add the barn to this diagram as an
object<00:38:42.079><c> that's</c><00:38:42.480><c> parallel</c><00:38:42.960><c> in</c><00:38:43.280><c> orientation</c><00:38:43.760><c> to</c>

00:38:43.990 --> 00:38:44.000 align:start position:0%
object that's parallel in orientation to
 

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:47.430 align:start position:0%
object that's parallel in orientation to
the<00:38:44.160><c> pole.</c><00:38:45.119><c> It</c><00:38:45.440><c> just</c><00:38:45.680><c> wouldn't</c><00:38:46.079><c> work.</c><00:38:47.119><c> The</c>

00:38:47.430 --> 00:38:47.440 align:start position:0%
the pole. It just wouldn't work. The
 

00:38:47.440 --> 00:38:50.230 align:start position:0%
the pole. It just wouldn't work. The
barn,<00:38:48.079><c> now</c><00:38:48.400><c> narrower,</c><00:38:49.280><c> would</c><00:38:49.599><c> intersect</c><00:38:50.079><c> with</c>

00:38:50.230 --> 00:38:50.240 align:start position:0%
barn, now narrower, would intersect with
 

00:38:50.240 --> 00:38:52.710 align:start position:0%
barn, now narrower, would intersect with
the<00:38:50.400><c> pole</c><00:38:50.960><c> with</c><00:38:51.280><c> both</c><00:38:51.599><c> doors</c><00:38:52.000><c> closing</c><00:38:52.480><c> and</c>

00:38:52.710 --> 00:38:52.720 align:start position:0%
the pole with both doors closing and
 

00:38:52.720 --> 00:38:54.950 align:start position:0%
the pole with both doors closing and
opening<00:38:53.040><c> at</c><00:38:53.280><c> the</c><00:38:53.440><c> same</c><00:38:53.599><c> time.</c><00:38:54.160><c> So,</c><00:38:54.400><c> the</c><00:38:54.560><c> pole</c>

00:38:54.950 --> 00:38:54.960 align:start position:0%
opening at the same time. So, the pole
 

00:38:54.960 --> 00:38:58.069 align:start position:0%
opening at the same time. So, the pole
wouldn't<00:38:55.200><c> fit.</c><00:38:56.400><c> But</c><00:38:56.640><c> what</c><00:38:56.880><c> if</c><00:38:57.040><c> we</c><00:38:57.359><c> pivot</c><00:38:57.760><c> our</c>

00:38:58.069 --> 00:38:58.079 align:start position:0%
wouldn't fit. But what if we pivot our
 

00:38:58.079 --> 00:39:01.109 align:start position:0%
wouldn't fit. But what if we pivot our
barn<00:38:58.480><c> slightly</c><00:38:59.359><c> from</c><00:38:59.599><c> this</c><00:39:00.079><c> to</c><00:39:00.400><c> this?</c>

00:39:01.109 --> 00:39:01.119 align:start position:0%
barn slightly from this to this?
 

00:39:01.119 --> 00:39:04.150 align:start position:0%
barn slightly from this to this?
Essentially,<00:39:02.480><c> this</c><00:39:02.720><c> isn't</c><00:39:03.040><c> too</c><00:39:03.280><c> unreasonable</c>

00:39:04.150 --> 00:39:04.160 align:start position:0%
Essentially, this isn't too unreasonable
 

00:39:04.160 --> 00:39:06.069 align:start position:0%
Essentially, this isn't too unreasonable
as<00:39:04.400><c> we've</c><00:39:04.640><c> just</c><00:39:04.880><c> turned</c><00:39:05.119><c> the</c><00:39:05.280><c> first</c><00:39:05.520><c> diagram</c>

00:39:06.069 --> 00:39:06.079 align:start position:0%
as we've just turned the first diagram
 

00:39:06.079 --> 00:39:08.630 align:start position:0%
as we've just turned the first diagram
slightly<00:39:06.480><c> on</c><00:39:06.720><c> its</c><00:39:06.960><c> side.</c>

00:39:08.630 --> 00:39:08.640 align:start position:0%
slightly on its side.
 

00:39:08.640 --> 00:39:12.550 align:start position:0%
slightly on its side.
Now,<00:39:09.359><c> the</c><00:39:09.599><c> sequence</c><00:39:10.079><c> works</c><00:39:11.359><c> with</c><00:39:11.599><c> this.</c><00:39:12.320><c> The</c>

00:39:12.550 --> 00:39:12.560 align:start position:0%
Now, the sequence works with this. The
 

00:39:12.560 --> 00:39:14.870 align:start position:0%
Now, the sequence works with this. The
part<00:39:12.800><c> of</c><00:39:12.960><c> the</c><00:39:13.119><c> barn</c><00:39:13.520><c> furthest</c><00:39:14.000><c> from</c><00:39:14.160><c> the</c><00:39:14.320><c> pole</c>

00:39:14.870 --> 00:39:14.880 align:start position:0%
part of the barn furthest from the pole
 

00:39:14.880 --> 00:39:17.349 align:start position:0%
part of the barn furthest from the pole
meets<00:39:15.200><c> it</c><00:39:15.440><c> first,</c><00:39:16.160><c> and</c><00:39:16.320><c> the</c><00:39:16.480><c> pole</c><00:39:16.800><c> sees</c><00:39:17.119><c> the</c>

00:39:17.349 --> 00:39:17.359 align:start position:0%
meets it first, and the pole sees the
 

00:39:17.359 --> 00:39:20.710 align:start position:0%
meets it first, and the pole sees the
orange<00:39:17.760><c> door</c><00:39:18.160><c> shut</c><00:39:18.640><c> and</c><00:39:18.960><c> open.</c>

00:39:20.710 --> 00:39:20.720 align:start position:0%
orange door shut and open.
 

00:39:20.720 --> 00:39:23.030 align:start position:0%
orange door shut and open.
Then,<00:39:21.040><c> as</c><00:39:21.280><c> time</c><00:39:21.599><c> goes</c><00:39:21.839><c> on</c><00:39:22.079><c> and</c><00:39:22.320><c> the</c><00:39:22.480><c> pole</c><00:39:22.880><c> and</c>

00:39:23.030 --> 00:39:23.040 align:start position:0%
Then, as time goes on and the pole and
 

00:39:23.040 --> 00:39:24.790 align:start position:0%
Then, as time goes on and the pole and
the<00:39:23.119><c> barn</c><00:39:23.520><c> proceed</c><00:39:24.000><c> further</c><00:39:24.320><c> into</c><00:39:24.560><c> the</c>

00:39:24.790 --> 00:39:24.800 align:start position:0%
the barn proceed further into the
 

00:39:24.800 --> 00:39:27.510 align:start position:0%
the barn proceed further into the
future,<00:39:25.520><c> the</c><00:39:25.760><c> pole's</c><00:39:26.240><c> other</c><00:39:26.560><c> end</c><00:39:26.880><c> reaches</c><00:39:27.359><c> the</c>

00:39:27.510 --> 00:39:27.520 align:start position:0%
future, the pole's other end reaches the
 

00:39:27.520 --> 00:39:32.150 align:start position:0%
future, the pole's other end reaches the
blue<00:39:27.839><c> door,</c><00:39:28.560><c> which</c><00:39:29.040><c> also</c><00:39:29.520><c> shuts,</c><00:39:30.320><c> then</c><00:39:30.720><c> opens.</c>

00:39:32.150 --> 00:39:32.160 align:start position:0%
blue door, which also shuts, then opens.
 

00:39:32.160 --> 00:39:34.870 align:start position:0%
blue door, which also shuts, then opens.
Thanks<00:39:32.400><c> to</c><00:39:32.640><c> this</c><00:39:32.880><c> vector</c><00:39:33.280><c> in</c><00:39:33.520><c> time</c><00:39:33.839><c> and</c><00:39:34.079><c> space,</c>

00:39:34.870 --> 00:39:34.880 align:start position:0%
Thanks to this vector in time and space,
 

00:39:34.880 --> 00:39:37.109 align:start position:0%
Thanks to this vector in time and space,
it's<00:39:35.119><c> possible</c><00:39:35.440><c> for</c><00:39:35.680><c> the</c><00:39:35.839><c> barn</c><00:39:36.160><c> to</c><00:39:36.400><c> not</c><00:39:36.720><c> hit</c>

00:39:37.109 --> 00:39:37.119 align:start position:0%
it's possible for the barn to not hit
 

00:39:37.119 --> 00:39:39.030 align:start position:0%
it's possible for the barn to not hit
either<00:39:37.520><c> end</c><00:39:37.680><c> of</c><00:39:37.839><c> the</c><00:39:38.000><c> pole</c><00:39:38.320><c> with</c><00:39:38.480><c> its</c><00:39:38.720><c> shutting</c>

00:39:39.030 --> 00:39:39.040 align:start position:0%
either end of the pole with its shutting
 

00:39:39.040 --> 00:39:41.990 align:start position:0%
either end of the pole with its shutting
doors.<00:39:40.240><c> The</c><00:39:40.480><c> order</c><00:39:40.720><c> of</c><00:39:40.960><c> events</c><00:39:41.280><c> is</c><00:39:41.520><c> right</c><00:39:41.839><c> from</c>

00:39:41.990 --> 00:39:42.000 align:start position:0%
doors. The order of events is right from
 

00:39:42.000 --> 00:39:44.230 align:start position:0%
doors. The order of events is right from
the<00:39:42.160><c> pole's</c><00:39:42.480><c> point</c><00:39:42.640><c> of</c><00:39:42.800><c> view.</c><00:39:43.440><c> The</c><00:39:43.680><c> barn's</c>

00:39:44.230 --> 00:39:44.240 align:start position:0%
the pole's point of view. The barn's
 

00:39:44.240 --> 00:39:47.030 align:start position:0%
the pole's point of view. The barn's
further<00:39:44.880><c> orange</c><00:39:45.440><c> back</c><00:39:45.760><c> door</c><00:39:46.160><c> shuts</c><00:39:46.400><c> and</c><00:39:46.640><c> opens</c>

00:39:47.030 --> 00:39:47.040 align:start position:0%
further orange back door shuts and opens
 

00:39:47.040 --> 00:39:50.550 align:start position:0%
further orange back door shuts and opens
before<00:39:47.359><c> the</c><00:39:47.599><c> barn's</c><00:39:48.160><c> blue</c><00:39:48.640><c> front</c><00:39:49.040><c> door</c><00:39:49.440><c> does.</c>

00:39:50.550 --> 00:39:50.560 align:start position:0%
before the barn's blue front door does.
 

00:39:50.560 --> 00:39:53.030 align:start position:0%
before the barn's blue front door does.
This<00:39:50.800><c> is</c><00:39:50.960><c> what</c><00:39:51.359><c> special</c><00:39:51.760><c> relativity</c><00:39:52.480><c> tells</c><00:39:52.800><c> us</c>

00:39:53.030 --> 00:39:53.040 align:start position:0%
This is what special relativity tells us
 

00:39:53.040 --> 00:39:55.829 align:start position:0%
This is what special relativity tells us
should<00:39:53.280><c> occur.</c><00:39:54.640><c> But</c><00:39:54.880><c> do</c><00:39:55.040><c> you</c><00:39:55.200><c> see</c><00:39:55.359><c> why</c><00:39:55.599><c> this</c>

00:39:55.829 --> 00:39:55.839 align:start position:0%
should occur. But do you see why this
 

00:39:55.839 --> 00:39:58.550 align:start position:0%
should occur. But do you see why this
configuration<00:39:56.480><c> is</c><00:39:56.720><c> so</c><00:39:56.960><c> strange?</c><00:39:57.920><c> It</c><00:39:58.160><c> implies</c>

00:39:58.550 --> 00:39:58.560 align:start position:0%
configuration is so strange? It implies
 

00:39:58.560 --> 00:40:01.349 align:start position:0%
configuration is so strange? It implies
to<00:39:58.800><c> me</c><00:39:59.280><c> that</c><00:39:59.520><c> the</c><00:39:59.680><c> barn</c><00:40:00.079><c> itself</c><00:40:00.560><c> is</c><00:40:00.880><c> not</c>

00:40:01.349 --> 00:40:01.359 align:start position:0%
to me that the barn itself is not
 

00:40:01.359 --> 00:40:04.790 align:start position:0%
to me that the barn itself is not
simultaneous<00:40:02.400><c> while</c><00:40:02.720><c> it</c><00:40:02.880><c> is</c><00:40:03.040><c> in</c><00:40:03.200><c> motion.</c><00:40:04.480><c> And</c>

00:40:04.790 --> 00:40:04.800 align:start position:0%
simultaneous while it is in motion. And
 

00:40:04.800 --> 00:40:06.470 align:start position:0%
simultaneous while it is in motion. And
here's<00:40:05.200><c> where</c><00:40:05.440><c> we're</c><00:40:05.599><c> jumping</c><00:40:06.000><c> from</c><00:40:06.240><c> the</c>

00:40:06.470 --> 00:40:06.480 align:start position:0%
here's where we're jumping from the
 

00:40:06.480 --> 00:40:09.750 align:start position:0%
here's where we're jumping from the
paradox<00:40:07.359><c> into</c><00:40:07.680><c> my</c><00:40:07.920><c> own</c><00:40:08.160><c> thoughts</c><00:40:08.480><c> about</c><00:40:08.720><c> it.</c>

00:40:09.750 --> 00:40:09.760 align:start position:0%
paradox into my own thoughts about it.
 

00:40:09.760 --> 00:40:12.390 align:start position:0%
paradox into my own thoughts about it.
What<00:40:10.000><c> do</c><00:40:10.160><c> I</c><00:40:10.400><c> mean</c><00:40:10.560><c> by</c><00:40:10.880><c> simultaneous?</c>

00:40:12.390 --> 00:40:12.400 align:start position:0%
What do I mean by simultaneous?
 

00:40:12.400 --> 00:40:15.109 align:start position:0%
What do I mean by simultaneous?
I<00:40:12.720><c> mean</c><00:40:12.960><c> that</c><00:40:13.200><c> we</c><00:40:13.520><c> expect</c><00:40:13.920><c> the</c><00:40:14.160><c> barn</c><00:40:14.560><c> to</c><00:40:14.720><c> exist</c>

00:40:15.109 --> 00:40:15.119 align:start position:0%
I mean that we expect the barn to exist
 

00:40:15.119 --> 00:40:17.829 align:start position:0%
I mean that we expect the barn to exist
as<00:40:15.359><c> a</c><00:40:15.599><c> discrete</c><00:40:16.160><c> entity</c><00:40:16.960><c> at</c><00:40:17.200><c> a</c><00:40:17.359><c> single</c><00:40:17.680><c> point</c>

00:40:17.829 --> 00:40:17.839 align:start position:0%
as a discrete entity at a single point
 

00:40:17.839 --> 00:40:20.870 align:start position:0%
as a discrete entity at a single point
in<00:40:18.160><c> time.</c><00:40:18.960><c> It</c><00:40:19.200><c> does</c><00:40:19.440><c> exist</c><00:40:20.079><c> with</c><00:40:20.400><c> every</c><00:40:20.640><c> part</c>

00:40:20.870 --> 00:40:20.880 align:start position:0%
in time. It does exist with every part
 

00:40:20.880 --> 00:40:23.270 align:start position:0%
in time. It does exist with every part
of<00:40:21.040><c> it</c><00:40:21.200><c> happening</c><00:40:21.520><c> at</c><00:40:21.760><c> the</c><00:40:21.920><c> same</c><00:40:22.160><c> now</c><00:40:22.880><c> even</c><00:40:23.119><c> if</c>

00:40:23.270 --> 00:40:23.280 align:start position:0%
of it happening at the same now even if
 

00:40:23.280 --> 00:40:25.109 align:start position:0%
of it happening at the same now even if
it's<00:40:23.520><c> undergoing</c><00:40:23.920><c> a</c><00:40:24.160><c> little</c><00:40:24.320><c> time</c><00:40:24.560><c> dilation</c>

00:40:25.109 --> 00:40:25.119 align:start position:0%
it's undergoing a little time dilation
 

00:40:25.119 --> 00:40:27.750 align:start position:0%
it's undergoing a little time dilation
here<00:40:25.359><c> and</c><00:40:25.599><c> there.</c><00:40:26.560><c> But</c><00:40:26.720><c> the</c><00:40:26.880><c> barn</c><00:40:27.280><c> the</c><00:40:27.440><c> pole</c>

00:40:27.750 --> 00:40:27.760 align:start position:0%
here and there. But the barn the pole
 

00:40:27.760 --> 00:40:31.270 align:start position:0%
here and there. But the barn the pole
sees<00:40:28.480><c> is</c><00:40:28.800><c> not</c><00:40:29.280><c> happening</c><00:40:29.680><c> in</c><00:40:29.839><c> a</c><00:40:30.079><c> single</c><00:40:30.400><c> now.</c>

00:40:31.270 --> 00:40:31.280 align:start position:0%
sees is not happening in a single now.
 

00:40:31.280 --> 00:40:34.470 align:start position:0%
sees is not happening in a single now.
Part<00:40:31.520><c> of</c><00:40:31.680><c> it</c><00:40:32.000><c> is</c><00:40:32.400><c> ahead</c><00:40:32.880><c> in</c><00:40:33.200><c> time</c><00:40:33.839><c> and</c><00:40:34.160><c> part</c><00:40:34.400><c> of</c>

00:40:34.470 --> 00:40:34.480 align:start position:0%
Part of it is ahead in time and part of
 

00:40:34.480 --> 00:40:38.310 align:start position:0%
Part of it is ahead in time and part of
it<00:40:34.720><c> is</c><00:40:34.960><c> lagging</c><00:40:35.440><c> behind.</c><00:40:36.800><c> And</c><00:40:37.119><c> you</c><00:40:37.440><c> can</c><00:40:37.680><c> see</c>

00:40:38.310 --> 00:40:38.320 align:start position:0%
it is lagging behind. And you can see
 

00:40:38.320 --> 00:40:41.750 align:start position:0%
it is lagging behind. And you can see
both<00:40:38.800><c> parts</c><00:40:39.200><c> at</c><00:40:39.440><c> once.</c><00:40:40.480><c> The</c><00:40:40.720><c> barn</c><00:40:41.119><c> is</c><00:40:41.440><c> not</c>

00:40:41.750 --> 00:40:41.760 align:start position:0%
both parts at once. The barn is not
 

00:40:41.760 --> 00:40:44.230 align:start position:0%
both parts at once. The barn is not
simultaneous<00:40:43.040><c> because</c><00:40:43.359><c> you</c><00:40:43.599><c> can</c><00:40:43.680><c> see</c><00:40:43.839><c> it</c>

00:40:44.230 --> 00:40:44.240 align:start position:0%
simultaneous because you can see it
 

00:40:44.240 --> 00:40:47.910 align:start position:0%
simultaneous because you can see it
across<00:40:44.880><c> a</c><00:40:45.200><c> range</c><00:40:45.520><c> of</c><00:40:45.839><c> times.</c><00:40:47.280><c> Its</c><00:40:47.520><c> length</c>

00:40:47.910 --> 00:40:47.920 align:start position:0%
across a range of times. Its length
 

00:40:47.920 --> 00:40:49.990 align:start position:0%
across a range of times. Its length
might<00:40:48.240><c> be</c><00:40:48.480><c> contracting,</c><00:40:49.520><c> but</c><00:40:49.760><c> the</c>

00:40:49.990 --> 00:40:50.000 align:start position:0%
might be contracting, but the
 

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:52.630 align:start position:0%
might be contracting, but the
dimensional<00:40:50.640><c> space</c><00:40:50.960><c> you</c><00:40:51.280><c> see</c><00:40:51.440><c> it</c><00:40:51.839><c> occupy</c><00:40:52.400><c> in</c>

00:40:52.630 --> 00:40:52.640 align:start position:0%
dimensional space you see it occupy in
 

00:40:52.640 --> 00:40:56.550 align:start position:0%
dimensional space you see it occupy in
time<00:40:53.280><c> seems</c><00:40:53.680><c> to</c><00:40:53.920><c> you</c><00:40:54.480><c> to</c><00:40:54.720><c> be</c><00:40:54.880><c> growing.</c>

00:40:56.550 --> 00:40:56.560 align:start position:0%
time seems to you to be growing.
 

00:40:56.560 --> 00:40:59.670 align:start position:0%
time seems to you to be growing.
We<00:40:57.119><c> do</c><00:40:57.359><c> not</c><00:40:57.599><c> think</c><00:40:57.839><c> like</c><00:40:58.160><c> this,</c><00:40:58.800><c> but</c><00:40:59.040><c> the</c><00:40:59.280><c> idea</c>

00:40:59.670 --> 00:40:59.680 align:start position:0%
We do not think like this, but the idea
 

00:40:59.680 --> 00:41:02.790 align:start position:0%
We do not think like this, but the idea
has<00:40:59.920><c> a</c><00:41:00.240><c> beautiful</c><00:41:00.800><c> sensor</c>

00:41:02.790 --> 00:41:02.800 align:start position:0%
has a beautiful sensor
 

00:41:02.800 --> 00:41:05.589 align:start position:0%
has a beautiful sensor
of<00:41:03.200><c> 4D</c><00:41:03.760><c> space.</c>

00:41:05.589 --> 00:41:05.599 align:start position:0%
of 4D space.
 

00:41:05.599 --> 00:41:07.990 align:start position:0%
of 4D space.
Like<00:41:05.839><c> when</c><00:41:06.079><c> a</c><00:41:06.319><c> racing</c><00:41:06.640><c> car</c><00:41:07.040><c> swerving</c><00:41:07.599><c> to</c><00:41:07.839><c> the</c>

00:41:07.990 --> 00:41:08.000 align:start position:0%
Like when a racing car swerving to the
 

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:10.309 align:start position:0%
Like when a racing car swerving to the
left<00:41:08.240><c> causes</c><00:41:08.640><c> its</c><00:41:08.960><c> right</c><00:41:09.280><c> wheel</c><00:41:09.520><c> to</c><00:41:09.760><c> protrude</c>

00:41:10.309 --> 00:41:10.319 align:start position:0%
left causes its right wheel to protrude
 

00:41:10.319 --> 00:41:12.790 align:start position:0%
left causes its right wheel to protrude
further<00:41:10.720><c> forward.</c><00:41:11.760><c> When</c><00:41:12.000><c> you</c><00:41:12.160><c> move</c><00:41:12.400><c> to</c><00:41:12.640><c> the</c>

00:41:12.790 --> 00:41:12.800 align:start position:0%
further forward. When you move to the
 

00:41:12.800 --> 00:41:15.349 align:start position:0%
further forward. When you move to the
left<00:41:13.040><c> on</c><00:41:13.280><c> our</c><00:41:13.599><c> space-time</c><00:41:14.160><c> diagram,</c><00:41:15.119><c> it</c>

00:41:15.349 --> 00:41:15.359 align:start position:0%
left on our space-time diagram, it
 

00:41:15.359 --> 00:41:17.270 align:start position:0%
left on our space-time diagram, it
causes<00:41:15.760><c> the</c><00:41:16.000><c> part</c><00:41:16.160><c> of</c><00:41:16.319><c> you</c><00:41:16.560><c> furthest</c><00:41:17.040><c> away</c>

00:41:17.270 --> 00:41:17.280 align:start position:0%
causes the part of you furthest away
 

00:41:17.280 --> 00:41:19.829 align:start position:0%
causes the part of you furthest away
from<00:41:17.440><c> the</c><00:41:17.680><c> direction</c><00:41:18.000><c> of</c><00:41:18.160><c> motion</c><00:41:18.960><c> to</c><00:41:19.200><c> protrude</c>

00:41:19.829 --> 00:41:19.839 align:start position:0%
from the direction of motion to protrude
 

00:41:19.839 --> 00:41:21.910 align:start position:0%
from the direction of motion to protrude
into<00:41:20.079><c> the</c><00:41:20.319><c> future</c><00:41:20.720><c> more</c><00:41:21.119><c> than</c><00:41:21.440><c> the</c><00:41:21.680><c> part</c>

00:41:21.910 --> 00:41:21.920 align:start position:0%
into the future more than the part
 

00:41:21.920 --> 00:41:25.510 align:start position:0%
into the future more than the part
that's<00:41:22.319><c> closer.</c><00:41:23.440><c> That's</c><00:41:23.760><c> just</c><00:41:24.000><c> geometry.</c><00:41:25.280><c> For</c>

00:41:25.510 --> 00:41:25.520 align:start position:0%
that's closer. That's just geometry. For
 

00:41:25.520 --> 00:41:27.829 align:start position:0%
that's closer. That's just geometry. For
the<00:41:25.760><c> record,</c><00:41:26.400><c> this</c><00:41:26.640><c> seems</c><00:41:26.960><c> to</c><00:41:27.119><c> happen</c><00:41:27.440><c> as</c><00:41:27.680><c> a</c>

00:41:27.829 --> 00:41:27.839 align:start position:0%
the record, this seems to happen as a
 

00:41:27.839 --> 00:41:30.390 align:start position:0%
the record, this seems to happen as a
gradient<00:41:28.640><c> along</c><00:41:29.040><c> the</c><00:41:29.359><c> whole</c><00:41:29.599><c> of</c><00:41:29.839><c> the</c><00:41:30.079><c> object</c>

00:41:30.390 --> 00:41:30.400 align:start position:0%
gradient along the whole of the object
 

00:41:30.400 --> 00:41:32.309 align:start position:0%
gradient along the whole of the object
in<00:41:30.720><c> motion.</c>

00:41:32.309 --> 00:41:32.319 align:start position:0%
in motion.
 

00:41:32.319 --> 00:41:34.790 align:start position:0%
in motion.
This<00:41:32.640><c> way</c><00:41:32.880><c> of</c><00:41:33.040><c> thinking</c><00:41:33.520><c> also</c><00:41:33.920><c> allows</c><00:41:34.400><c> length</c>

00:41:34.790 --> 00:41:34.800 align:start position:0%
This way of thinking also allows length
 

00:41:34.800 --> 00:41:36.950 align:start position:0%
This way of thinking also allows length
contraction<00:41:35.359><c> to</c><00:41:35.680><c> conceptually</c><00:41:36.480><c> make</c><00:41:36.640><c> a</c><00:41:36.800><c> lot</c>

00:41:36.950 --> 00:41:36.960 align:start position:0%
contraction to conceptually make a lot
 

00:41:36.960 --> 00:41:40.230 align:start position:0%
contraction to conceptually make a lot
more<00:41:37.119><c> sense.</c><00:41:38.079><c> After</c><00:41:38.480><c> all,</c><00:41:39.040><c> if</c><00:41:39.280><c> our</c><00:41:39.520><c> pole</c><00:41:39.920><c> is</c><00:41:40.079><c> in</c>

00:41:40.230 --> 00:41:40.240 align:start position:0%
more sense. After all, if our pole is in
 

00:41:40.240 --> 00:41:42.150 align:start position:0%
more sense. After all, if our pole is in
motion<00:41:40.720><c> and</c><00:41:40.960><c> the</c><00:41:41.119><c> front</c><00:41:41.359><c> of</c><00:41:41.440><c> the</c><00:41:41.599><c> pole</c><00:41:41.920><c> is</c>

00:41:42.150 --> 00:41:42.160 align:start position:0%
motion and the front of the pole is
 

00:41:42.160 --> 00:41:44.230 align:start position:0%
motion and the front of the pole is
further<00:41:42.480><c> in</c><00:41:42.720><c> the</c><00:41:42.880><c> past</c><00:41:43.440><c> and</c><00:41:43.680><c> the</c><00:41:43.839><c> back</c><00:41:44.000><c> of</c><00:41:44.160><c> the</c>

00:41:44.230 --> 00:41:44.240 align:start position:0%
further in the past and the back of the
 

00:41:44.240 --> 00:41:46.630 align:start position:0%
further in the past and the back of the
pole<00:41:44.560><c> is</c><00:41:44.800><c> further</c><00:41:45.119><c> in</c><00:41:45.280><c> the</c><00:41:45.440><c> future,</c><00:41:46.240><c> then</c><00:41:46.480><c> it</c>

00:41:46.630 --> 00:41:46.640 align:start position:0%
pole is further in the future, then it
 

00:41:46.640 --> 00:41:48.630 align:start position:0%
pole is further in the future, then it
makes<00:41:46.800><c> sense</c><00:41:47.040><c> to</c><00:41:47.359><c> consider</c><00:41:47.760><c> where</c><00:41:48.079><c> each</c><00:41:48.400><c> part</c>

00:41:48.630 --> 00:41:48.640 align:start position:0%
makes sense to consider where each part
 

00:41:48.640 --> 00:41:50.790 align:start position:0%
makes sense to consider where each part
of<00:41:48.720><c> the</c><00:41:48.880><c> pole</c><00:41:49.280><c> exists</c><00:41:49.680><c> in</c><00:41:49.920><c> space</c><00:41:50.240><c> during</c><00:41:50.560><c> those</c>

00:41:50.790 --> 00:41:50.800 align:start position:0%
of the pole exists in space during those
 

00:41:50.800 --> 00:41:53.270 align:start position:0%
of the pole exists in space during those
moments<00:41:51.119><c> in</c><00:41:51.359><c> time.</c><00:41:52.319><c> The</c><00:41:52.560><c> front</c><00:41:52.720><c> of</c><00:41:52.880><c> the</c><00:41:52.960><c> pole</c>

00:41:53.270 --> 00:41:53.280 align:start position:0%
moments in time. The front of the pole
 

00:41:53.280 --> 00:41:55.829 align:start position:0%
moments in time. The front of the pole
that<00:41:53.520><c> exists</c><00:41:53.839><c> further</c><00:41:54.160><c> back</c><00:41:54.400><c> in</c><00:41:54.640><c> time</c><00:41:55.119><c> has</c><00:41:55.520><c> not</c>

00:41:55.829 --> 00:41:55.839 align:start position:0%
that exists further back in time has not
 

00:41:55.839 --> 00:41:58.550 align:start position:0%
that exists further back in time has not
traveled<00:41:56.240><c> as</c><00:41:56.480><c> far</c><00:41:56.640><c> as</c><00:41:56.880><c> the</c><00:41:57.040><c> rest</c><00:41:57.200><c> of</c><00:41:57.359><c> the</c><00:41:57.520><c> pole.</c>

00:41:58.550 --> 00:41:58.560 align:start position:0%
traveled as far as the rest of the pole.
 

00:41:58.560 --> 00:42:01.030 align:start position:0%
traveled as far as the rest of the pole.
So<00:41:59.200><c> the</c><00:41:59.520><c> start</c><00:41:59.760><c> of</c><00:41:59.839><c> the</c><00:42:00.000><c> pole</c><00:42:00.400><c> is</c><00:42:00.640><c> further</c>

00:42:01.030 --> 00:42:01.040 align:start position:0%
So the start of the pole is further
 

00:42:01.040 --> 00:42:04.550 align:start position:0%
So the start of the pole is further
back.<00:42:02.319><c> Similarly,</c><00:42:03.280><c> if</c><00:42:03.599><c> the</c><00:42:03.760><c> back</c><00:42:04.000><c> of</c><00:42:04.079><c> the</c><00:42:04.240><c> pole</c>

00:42:04.550 --> 00:42:04.560 align:start position:0%
back. Similarly, if the back of the pole
 

00:42:04.560 --> 00:42:06.950 align:start position:0%
back. Similarly, if the back of the pole
which<00:42:04.800><c> exists</c><00:42:05.200><c> further</c><00:42:05.599><c> forward</c><00:42:05.920><c> in</c><00:42:06.160><c> time</c><00:42:06.720><c> has</c>

00:42:06.950 --> 00:42:06.960 align:start position:0%
which exists further forward in time has
 

00:42:06.960 --> 00:42:09.510 align:start position:0%
which exists further forward in time has
by<00:42:07.280><c> then</c><00:42:07.760><c> moved</c><00:42:08.079><c> further</c><00:42:08.560><c> through</c><00:42:08.960><c> space</c>

00:42:09.510 --> 00:42:09.520 align:start position:0%
by then moved further through space
 

00:42:09.520 --> 00:42:12.230 align:start position:0%
by then moved further through space
compared<00:42:09.839><c> to</c><00:42:10.000><c> the</c><00:42:10.240><c> rest</c><00:42:10.319><c> of</c><00:42:10.480><c> the</c><00:42:10.640><c> pole.</c><00:42:11.760><c> So</c><00:42:12.000><c> the</c>

00:42:12.230 --> 00:42:12.240 align:start position:0%
compared to the rest of the pole. So the
 

00:42:12.240 --> 00:42:15.510 align:start position:0%
compared to the rest of the pole. So the
back<00:42:12.400><c> of</c><00:42:12.560><c> the</c><00:42:12.720><c> pole</c><00:42:13.040><c> is</c><00:42:13.200><c> further</c><00:42:13.520><c> forward.</c>

00:42:15.510 --> 00:42:15.520 align:start position:0%
back of the pole is further forward.
 

00:42:15.520 --> 00:42:18.150 align:start position:0%
back of the pole is further forward.
What<00:42:15.839><c> happens</c><00:42:16.240><c> when</c><00:42:16.480><c> you</c><00:42:16.720><c> combine</c><00:42:17.119><c> a</c><00:42:17.520><c> dordling</c>

00:42:18.150 --> 00:42:18.160 align:start position:0%
What happens when you combine a dordling
 

00:42:18.160 --> 00:42:20.950 align:start position:0%
What happens when you combine a dordling
front<00:42:18.560><c> with</c><00:42:18.720><c> a</c><00:42:18.960><c> further</c><00:42:19.280><c> ahead</c><00:42:19.680><c> back</c><00:42:20.480><c> length</c>

00:42:20.950 --> 00:42:20.960 align:start position:0%
front with a further ahead back length
 

00:42:20.960 --> 00:42:23.750 align:start position:0%
front with a further ahead back length
contraction?<00:42:22.160><c> The</c><00:42:22.400><c> only</c><00:42:22.640><c> surprise</c><00:42:23.280><c> is</c><00:42:23.520><c> that</c>

00:42:23.750 --> 00:42:23.760 align:start position:0%
contraction? The only surprise is that
 

00:42:23.760 --> 00:42:26.309 align:start position:0%
contraction? The only surprise is that
it<00:42:24.000><c> seems</c><00:42:24.240><c> that</c><00:42:24.480><c> we</c><00:42:24.800><c> can</c><00:42:25.119><c> see</c><00:42:25.359><c> this</c><00:42:26.000><c> in</c>

00:42:26.309 --> 00:42:26.319 align:start position:0%
it seems that we can see this in
 

00:42:26.319 --> 00:42:27.910 align:start position:0%
it seems that we can see this in
experiments<00:42:26.880><c> in</c><00:42:27.040><c> the</c><00:42:27.200><c> Large</c><00:42:27.440><c> Hydrron</c>

00:42:27.910 --> 00:42:27.920 align:start position:0%
experiments in the Large Hydrron
 

00:42:27.920 --> 00:42:30.950 align:start position:0%
experiments in the Large Hydrron
Collider<00:42:28.319><c> and</c><00:42:28.560><c> other</c><00:42:28.800><c> places.</c><00:42:29.920><c> Somehow</c><00:42:30.720><c> we</c>

00:42:30.950 --> 00:42:30.960 align:start position:0%
Collider and other places. Somehow we
 

00:42:30.960 --> 00:42:33.589 align:start position:0%
Collider and other places. Somehow we
are<00:42:31.119><c> seeing</c><00:42:31.680><c> across</c><00:42:32.240><c> a</c><00:42:32.560><c> cross-section</c><00:42:33.280><c> of</c>

00:42:33.589 --> 00:42:33.599 align:start position:0%
are seeing across a cross-section of
 

00:42:33.599 --> 00:42:35.109 align:start position:0%
are seeing across a cross-section of
time.

00:42:35.109 --> 00:42:35.119 align:start position:0%
time.
 

00:42:35.119 --> 00:42:38.630 align:start position:0%
time.
So<00:42:35.680><c> it</c><00:42:36.079><c> works.</c><00:42:37.280><c> It</c><00:42:37.520><c> just</c><00:42:37.760><c> feels</c><00:42:38.079><c> like</c><00:42:38.319><c> it</c>

00:42:38.630 --> 00:42:38.640 align:start position:0%
So it works. It just feels like it
 

00:42:38.640 --> 00:42:41.510 align:start position:0%
So it works. It just feels like it
shouldn't.<00:42:40.079><c> You</c><00:42:40.319><c> might</c><00:42:40.560><c> think</c><00:42:40.880><c> this</c><00:42:41.119><c> is</c><00:42:41.280><c> a</c>

00:42:41.510 --> 00:42:41.520 align:start position:0%
shouldn't. You might think this is a
 

00:42:41.520 --> 00:42:44.470 align:start position:0%
shouldn't. You might think this is a
little<00:42:41.760><c> out</c><00:42:42.000><c> there,</c><00:42:42.720><c> but</c><00:42:43.040><c> consider</c><00:42:44.240><c> what</c>

00:42:44.470 --> 00:42:44.480 align:start position:0%
little out there, but consider what
 

00:42:44.480 --> 00:42:47.030 align:start position:0%
little out there, but consider what
would<00:42:44.640><c> an</c><00:42:44.960><c> object</c><00:42:45.280><c> that</c><00:42:45.680><c> didn't</c><00:42:46.079><c> exist</c><00:42:46.560><c> in</c><00:42:46.800><c> all</c>

00:42:47.030 --> 00:42:47.040 align:start position:0%
would an object that didn't exist in all
 

00:42:47.040 --> 00:42:48.950 align:start position:0%
would an object that didn't exist in all
the<00:42:47.280><c> same</c><00:42:47.440><c> moment</c><00:42:47.760><c> in</c><00:42:48.000><c> time</c><00:42:48.240><c> look</c><00:42:48.480><c> like</c><00:42:48.720><c> to</c>

00:42:48.950 --> 00:42:48.960 align:start position:0%
the same moment in time look like to
 

00:42:48.960 --> 00:42:51.670 align:start position:0%
the same moment in time look like to
you?<00:42:49.920><c> Could</c><00:42:50.319><c> you</c><00:42:50.400><c> tell</c><00:42:50.640><c> it</c><00:42:50.800><c> apart</c><00:42:51.119><c> from</c><00:42:51.440><c> any</c>

00:42:51.670 --> 00:42:51.680 align:start position:0%
you? Could you tell it apart from any
 

00:42:51.680 --> 00:42:54.870 align:start position:0%
you? Could you tell it apart from any
other<00:42:51.920><c> object?</c><00:42:53.280><c> Well,</c><00:42:53.839><c> it</c><00:42:54.160><c> would</c><00:42:54.400><c> probably</c>

00:42:54.870 --> 00:42:54.880 align:start position:0%
other object? Well, it would probably
 

00:42:54.880 --> 00:42:57.510 align:start position:0%
other object? Well, it would probably
look<00:42:55.200><c> mostly</c><00:42:55.680><c> the</c><00:42:56.000><c> same,</c><00:42:56.720><c> right</c><00:42:56.960><c> up</c><00:42:57.119><c> until</c>

00:42:57.510 --> 00:42:57.520 align:start position:0%
look mostly the same, right up until
 

00:42:57.520 --> 00:42:59.349 align:start position:0%
look mostly the same, right up until
some<00:42:57.839><c> part</c><00:42:58.000><c> of</c><00:42:58.160><c> it</c><00:42:58.400><c> changed</c><00:42:58.720><c> what</c><00:42:58.960><c> it</c><00:42:59.200><c> was</c>

00:42:59.349 --> 00:42:59.359 align:start position:0%
some part of it changed what it was
 

00:42:59.359 --> 00:43:01.430 align:start position:0%
some part of it changed what it was
doing<00:42:59.920><c> and</c><00:43:00.160><c> you</c><00:43:00.400><c> watched</c><00:43:00.640><c> as</c><00:43:00.880><c> the</c><00:43:01.040><c> rest</c><00:43:01.119><c> of</c><00:43:01.280><c> it</c>

00:43:01.430 --> 00:43:01.440 align:start position:0%
doing and you watched as the rest of it
 

00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:05.190 align:start position:0%
doing and you watched as the rest of it
caught<00:43:01.760><c> up,</c><00:43:02.880><c> which</c><00:43:03.119><c> is</c><00:43:03.440><c> what</c><00:43:03.760><c> we</c><00:43:03.920><c> see</c><00:43:04.160><c> here.</c>

00:43:05.190 --> 00:43:05.200 align:start position:0%
caught up, which is what we see here.
 

00:43:05.200 --> 00:43:07.270 align:start position:0%
caught up, which is what we see here.
It's<00:43:05.599><c> not</c><00:43:05.760><c> so</c><00:43:06.000><c> unreasonable</c><00:43:06.560><c> to</c><00:43:06.800><c> think</c><00:43:06.960><c> of</c><00:43:07.119><c> it</c>

00:43:07.270 --> 00:43:07.280 align:start position:0%
It's not so unreasonable to think of it
 

00:43:07.280 --> 00:43:09.430 align:start position:0%
It's not so unreasonable to think of it
this<00:43:07.520><c> way,</c><00:43:08.079><c> and</c><00:43:08.319><c> it</c><00:43:08.480><c> certainly</c><00:43:08.880><c> helps</c><00:43:09.200><c> our</c>

00:43:09.430 --> 00:43:09.440 align:start position:0%
this way, and it certainly helps our
 

00:43:09.440 --> 00:43:12.710 align:start position:0%
this way, and it certainly helps our
intuition.<00:43:10.880><c> This</c><00:43:11.119><c> is</c><00:43:11.359><c> the</c><00:43:11.680><c> state</c><00:43:12.000><c> of</c><00:43:12.240><c> affairs</c>

00:43:12.710 --> 00:43:12.720 align:start position:0%
intuition. This is the state of affairs
 

00:43:12.720 --> 00:43:15.589 align:start position:0%
intuition. This is the state of affairs
for<00:43:12.960><c> objects</c><00:43:13.440><c> that</c><00:43:13.760><c> are</c><00:43:14.000><c> moving.</c><00:43:15.040><c> If</c><00:43:15.280><c> we</c><00:43:15.440><c> are</c>

00:43:15.589 --> 00:43:15.599 align:start position:0%
for objects that are moving. If we are
 

00:43:15.599 --> 00:43:18.150 align:start position:0%
for objects that are moving. If we are
moving,<00:43:16.319><c> that's</c><00:43:16.560><c> the</c><00:43:16.800><c> way</c><00:43:17.040><c> we</c><00:43:17.280><c> see</c><00:43:17.760><c> everything</c>

00:43:18.150 --> 00:43:18.160 align:start position:0%
moving, that's the way we see everything
 

00:43:18.160 --> 00:43:21.270 align:start position:0%
moving, that's the way we see everything
else,<00:43:19.200><c> which</c><00:43:19.520><c> has</c><00:43:19.760><c> some</c><00:43:20.000><c> pretty</c><00:43:20.480><c> mindbending</c>

00:43:21.270 --> 00:43:21.280 align:start position:0%
else, which has some pretty mindbending
 

00:43:21.280 --> 00:43:23.190 align:start position:0%
else, which has some pretty mindbending
implications<00:43:22.000><c> about</c><00:43:22.319><c> what</c><00:43:22.560><c> we</c><00:43:22.720><c> are</c><00:43:22.880><c> seeing</c>

00:43:23.190 --> 00:43:23.200 align:start position:0%
implications about what we are seeing
 

00:43:23.200 --> 00:43:26.470 align:start position:0%
implications about what we are seeing
right<00:43:23.440><c> now</c><00:43:24.000><c> across</c><00:43:24.560><c> the</c><00:43:24.800><c> universe.</c>

00:43:26.470 --> 00:43:26.480 align:start position:0%
right now across the universe.
 

00:43:26.480 --> 00:43:28.630 align:start position:0%
right now across the universe.
Of<00:43:26.720><c> course,</c><00:43:27.280><c> this</c><00:43:27.599><c> only</c><00:43:27.839><c> applies</c><00:43:28.160><c> when</c><00:43:28.480><c> things</c>

00:43:28.630 --> 00:43:28.640 align:start position:0%
Of course, this only applies when things
 

00:43:28.640 --> 00:43:31.030 align:start position:0%
Of course, this only applies when things
are<00:43:28.880><c> moving</c><00:43:29.119><c> at</c><00:43:29.359><c> a</c><00:43:29.680><c> substantial</c><00:43:30.480><c> portion</c><00:43:30.880><c> of</c>

00:43:31.030 --> 00:43:31.040 align:start position:0%
are moving at a substantial portion of
 

00:43:31.040 --> 00:43:33.190 align:start position:0%
are moving at a substantial portion of
the<00:43:31.280><c> speed</c><00:43:31.440><c> of</c><00:43:31.599><c> light.</c><00:43:32.640><c> So,</c><00:43:32.880><c> in</c><00:43:33.040><c> the</c>

00:43:33.190 --> 00:43:33.200 align:start position:0%
the speed of light. So, in the
 

00:43:33.200 --> 00:43:35.270 align:start position:0%
the speed of light. So, in the
dayto-day,<00:43:33.920><c> you</c><00:43:34.319><c> probably</c><00:43:34.640><c> wouldn't</c><00:43:34.960><c> notice</c>

00:43:35.270 --> 00:43:35.280 align:start position:0%
dayto-day, you probably wouldn't notice
 

00:43:35.280 --> 00:43:37.910 align:start position:0%
dayto-day, you probably wouldn't notice
it.<00:43:36.319><c> And</c><00:43:36.560><c> because</c><00:43:36.880><c> of</c><00:43:37.040><c> the</c><00:43:37.200><c> great</c><00:43:37.520><c> speeds</c>

00:43:37.910 --> 00:43:37.920 align:start position:0%
it. And because of the great speeds
 

00:43:37.920 --> 00:43:40.069 align:start position:0%
it. And because of the great speeds
involved,<00:43:38.720><c> it's</c><00:43:38.960><c> difficult</c><00:43:39.280><c> to</c><00:43:39.520><c> imagine</c><00:43:39.839><c> a</c>

00:43:40.069 --> 00:43:40.079 align:start position:0%
involved, it's difficult to imagine a
 

00:43:40.079 --> 00:43:41.829 align:start position:0%
involved, it's difficult to imagine a
scenario<00:43:40.640><c> where</c><00:43:40.880><c> you</c><00:43:41.119><c> could</c><00:43:41.280><c> take</c><00:43:41.440><c> advantage</c>

00:43:41.829 --> 00:43:41.839 align:start position:0%
scenario where you could take advantage
 

00:43:41.839 --> 00:43:44.790 align:start position:0%
scenario where you could take advantage
of<00:43:42.000><c> this</c><00:43:42.240><c> principle.</c><00:43:43.200><c> Even</c><00:43:43.440><c> if</c><00:43:43.680><c> you</c><00:43:44.000><c> could</c><00:43:44.560><c> use</c>

00:43:44.790 --> 00:43:44.800 align:start position:0%
of this principle. Even if you could use
 

00:43:44.800 --> 00:43:47.349 align:start position:0%
of this principle. Even if you could use
the<00:43:45.040><c> first</c><00:43:45.280><c> barn</c><00:43:45.599><c> door</c><00:43:46.000><c> closing</c><00:43:46.720><c> to</c><00:43:47.040><c> predict</c>

00:43:47.349 --> 00:43:47.359 align:start position:0%
the first barn door closing to predict
 

00:43:47.359 --> 00:43:50.550 align:start position:0%
the first barn door closing to predict
the<00:43:47.680><c> future</c><00:43:48.160><c> of</c><00:43:48.400><c> the</c><00:43:48.640><c> second,</c><00:43:50.079><c> there</c><00:43:50.319><c> are</c>

00:43:50.550 --> 00:43:50.560 align:start position:0%
the future of the second, there are
 

00:43:50.560 --> 00:43:52.470 align:start position:0%
the future of the second, there are
limits<00:43:50.960><c> on</c><00:43:51.200><c> how</c><00:43:51.440><c> fast</c><00:43:51.839><c> information</c><00:43:52.240><c> can</c>

00:43:52.470 --> 00:43:52.480 align:start position:0%
limits on how fast information can
 

00:43:52.480 --> 00:43:54.870 align:start position:0%
limits on how fast information can
travel<00:43:52.880><c> after</c><00:43:53.200><c> all.</c><00:43:53.839><c> And</c><00:43:54.079><c> this</c><00:43:54.400><c> time</c>

00:43:54.870 --> 00:43:54.880 align:start position:0%
travel after all. And this time
 

00:43:54.880 --> 00:43:57.030 align:start position:0%
travel after all. And this time
stretching<00:43:55.599><c> is</c><00:43:55.920><c> only</c><00:43:56.240><c> noticeable</c><00:43:56.720><c> when</c>

00:43:57.030 --> 00:43:57.040 align:start position:0%
stretching is only noticeable when
 

00:43:57.040 --> 00:43:59.030 align:start position:0%
stretching is only noticeable when
objects<00:43:57.440><c> are</c><00:43:57.680><c> traveling</c><00:43:58.319><c> near</c><00:43:58.640><c> to</c><00:43:58.800><c> that</c>

00:43:59.030 --> 00:43:59.040 align:start position:0%
objects are traveling near to that
 

00:43:59.040 --> 00:44:01.910 align:start position:0%
objects are traveling near to that
limit.<00:44:00.160><c> And</c><00:44:00.560><c> while</c><00:44:00.880><c> I've</c><00:44:01.119><c> talked</c><00:44:01.359><c> about</c><00:44:01.599><c> the</c>

00:44:01.910 --> 00:44:01.920 align:start position:0%
limit. And while I've talked about the
 

00:44:01.920 --> 00:44:03.990 align:start position:0%
limit. And while I've talked about the
future<00:44:02.240><c> of</c><00:44:02.480><c> the</c><00:44:02.640><c> barn</c><00:44:02.960><c> and</c><00:44:03.200><c> the</c><00:44:03.440><c> past</c><00:44:03.680><c> of</c><00:44:03.839><c> the</c>

00:44:03.990 --> 00:44:04.000 align:start position:0%
future of the barn and the past of the
 

00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:06.550 align:start position:0%
future of the barn and the past of the
barn,<00:44:04.880><c> perhaps</c><00:44:05.359><c> that's</c><00:44:05.680><c> the</c><00:44:05.920><c> wrong</c><00:44:06.160><c> point</c><00:44:06.319><c> of</c>

00:44:06.550 --> 00:44:06.560 align:start position:0%
barn, perhaps that's the wrong point of
 

00:44:06.560 --> 00:44:09.670 align:start position:0%
barn, perhaps that's the wrong point of
view.<00:44:07.440><c> To</c><00:44:07.680><c> you,</c><00:44:08.160><c> these</c><00:44:08.480><c> events</c><00:44:08.800><c> are</c><00:44:09.040><c> all</c><00:44:09.359><c> in</c>

00:44:09.670 --> 00:44:09.680 align:start position:0%
view. To you, these events are all in
 

00:44:09.680 --> 00:44:13.430 align:start position:0%
view. To you, these events are all in
the<00:44:09.839><c> now,</c><00:44:10.800><c> your</c><00:44:11.200><c> now.</c><00:44:12.240><c> It's</c><00:44:12.560><c> just</c><00:44:12.880><c> the</c><00:44:13.119><c> barn</c>

00:44:13.430 --> 00:44:13.440 align:start position:0%
the now, your now. It's just the barn
 

00:44:13.440 --> 00:44:15.109 align:start position:0%
the now, your now. It's just the barn
that<00:44:13.599><c> might</c><00:44:13.839><c> see</c><00:44:14.079><c> things</c><00:44:14.319><c> differently</c><00:44:14.880><c> with</c>

00:44:15.109 --> 00:44:15.119 align:start position:0%
that might see things differently with
 

00:44:15.119 --> 00:44:17.829 align:start position:0%
that might see things differently with
its<00:44:15.440><c> own</c><00:44:15.760><c> now,</c><00:44:16.480><c> where</c><00:44:16.720><c> it's</c><00:44:17.040><c> closing</c><00:44:17.520><c> and</c>

00:44:17.829 --> 00:44:17.839 align:start position:0%
its own now, where it's closing and
 

00:44:17.839 --> 00:44:20.630 align:start position:0%
its own now, where it's closing and
opening<00:44:18.160><c> its</c><00:44:18.480><c> doors</c><00:44:18.800><c> simultaneously.</c><00:44:20.240><c> And</c>

00:44:20.630 --> 00:44:20.640 align:start position:0%
opening its doors simultaneously. And
 

00:44:20.640 --> 00:44:23.510 align:start position:0%
opening its doors simultaneously. And
you<00:44:21.040><c> are</c><00:44:21.280><c> the</c><00:44:21.440><c> one</c><00:44:21.760><c> who</c><00:44:22.079><c> spled</c><00:44:22.560><c> out</c><00:44:22.800><c> as</c><00:44:23.040><c> a</c><00:44:23.200><c> range</c>

00:44:23.510 --> 00:44:23.520 align:start position:0%
you are the one who spled out as a range
 

00:44:23.520 --> 00:44:26.550 align:start position:0%
you are the one who spled out as a range
across<00:44:23.920><c> time.</c><00:44:25.200><c> But</c><00:44:25.440><c> it</c><00:44:25.680><c> just</c><00:44:25.839><c> causes</c><00:44:26.240><c> me</c><00:44:26.400><c> to</c>

00:44:26.550 --> 00:44:26.560 align:start position:0%
across time. But it just causes me to
 

00:44:26.560 --> 00:44:28.150 align:start position:0%
across time. But it just causes me to
think<00:44:26.720><c> about</c><00:44:26.880><c> the</c><00:44:27.119><c> universe</c><00:44:27.440><c> in</c><00:44:27.680><c> a</c><00:44:27.839><c> very</c>

00:44:28.150 --> 00:44:28.160 align:start position:0%
think about the universe in a very
 

00:44:28.160 --> 00:44:31.670 align:start position:0%
think about the universe in a very
different<00:44:28.480><c> light.</c><00:44:29.599><c> Space</c><00:44:30.079><c> and</c><00:44:30.480><c> time</c><00:44:31.200><c> really</c>

00:44:31.670 --> 00:44:31.680 align:start position:0%
different light. Space and time really
 

00:44:31.680 --> 00:44:35.190 align:start position:0%
different light. Space and time really
are<00:44:32.319><c> just</c><00:44:32.640><c> a</c><00:44:32.960><c> matter</c><00:44:33.280><c> of</c><00:44:33.599><c> perspective</c><00:44:34.880><c> because</c>

00:44:35.190 --> 00:44:35.200 align:start position:0%
are just a matter of perspective because
 

00:44:35.200 --> 00:44:40.150 align:start position:0%
are just a matter of perspective because
there<00:44:35.520><c> is</c><00:44:36.000><c> no</c><00:44:36.480><c> one</c><00:44:37.119><c> true</c><00:44:37.760><c> now.</c><00:44:39.119><c> There's</c><00:44:39.440><c> just</c>

00:44:40.150 --> 00:44:40.160 align:start position:0%
there is no one true now. There's just
 

00:44:40.160 --> 00:44:43.430 align:start position:0%
there is no one true now. There's just
your<00:44:40.720><c> own</c><00:44:41.200><c> personal</c><00:44:41.680><c> path</c><00:44:42.400><c> and</c><00:44:42.640><c> the</c><00:44:42.880><c> paths</c>

00:44:43.430 --> 00:44:43.440 align:start position:0%
your own personal path and the paths
 

00:44:43.440 --> 00:44:46.790 align:start position:0%
your own personal path and the paths
other<00:44:43.760><c> objects</c><00:44:44.319><c> take</c><00:44:44.560><c> in</c><00:44:44.800><c> 4D</c><00:44:45.280><c> space.</c><00:44:46.319><c> And</c><00:44:46.560><c> just</c>

00:44:46.790 --> 00:44:46.800 align:start position:0%
other objects take in 4D space. And just
 

00:44:46.800 --> 00:44:49.430 align:start position:0%
other objects take in 4D space. And just
because<00:44:47.200><c> I</c><00:44:47.599><c> see</c><00:44:47.839><c> time</c><00:44:48.160><c> as</c><00:44:48.400><c> being</c><00:44:48.720><c> one</c><00:44:48.960><c> thing</c><00:44:49.200><c> in</c>

00:44:49.430 --> 00:44:49.440 align:start position:0%
because I see time as being one thing in
 

00:44:49.440 --> 00:44:52.470 align:start position:0%
because I see time as being one thing in
my<00:44:49.760><c> reference</c><00:44:50.160><c> frame</c><00:44:51.119><c> doesn't</c><00:44:51.599><c> mean</c><00:44:51.839><c> it</c><00:44:52.160><c> works</c>

00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:52.480 align:start position:0%
my reference frame doesn't mean it works
 

00:44:52.480 --> 00:44:56.150 align:start position:0%
my reference frame doesn't mean it works
that<00:44:52.720><c> way</c><00:44:52.960><c> for</c><00:44:53.200><c> you</c><00:44:53.599><c> in</c><00:44:53.839><c> yours.</c><00:44:54.960><c> In</c><00:44:55.280><c> yours,</c>

00:44:56.150 --> 00:44:56.160 align:start position:0%
that way for you in yours. In yours,
 

00:44:56.160 --> 00:44:59.670 align:start position:0%
that way for you in yours. In yours,
time<00:44:56.720><c> might</c><00:44:57.119><c> just</c><00:44:57.359><c> be</c><00:44:57.599><c> more</c><00:44:57.920><c> space.</c>

00:44:59.670 --> 00:44:59.680 align:start position:0%
time might just be more space.
 

00:44:59.680 --> 00:45:02.550 align:start position:0%
time might just be more space.
So<00:45:00.319><c> when</c><00:45:00.560><c> I</c><00:45:00.880><c> finally</c><00:45:01.359><c> release</c><00:45:01.760><c> part</c><00:45:02.079><c> four</c><00:45:02.319><c> of</c>

00:45:02.550 --> 00:45:02.560 align:start position:0%
So when I finally release part four of
 

00:45:02.560 --> 00:45:05.190 align:start position:0%
So when I finally release part four of
my<00:45:02.720><c> unified</c><00:45:03.280><c> theory</c><00:45:03.520><c> of</c><00:45:03.760><c> everything,</c><00:45:04.640><c> that</c><00:45:05.040><c> is</c>

00:45:05.190 --> 00:45:05.200 align:start position:0%
my unified theory of everything, that is
 

00:45:05.200 --> 00:45:07.270 align:start position:0%
my unified theory of everything, that is
the<00:45:05.520><c> strange</c><00:45:05.920><c> universe</c><00:45:06.400><c> that</c><00:45:06.720><c> I</c><00:45:06.960><c> will</c><00:45:07.119><c> be</c>

00:45:07.270 --> 00:45:07.280 align:start position:0%
the strange universe that I will be
 

00:45:07.280 --> 00:45:10.630 align:start position:0%
the strange universe that I will be
trying<00:45:07.520><c> to</c><00:45:07.680><c> explain.</c><00:45:08.880><c> One</c><00:45:09.280><c> where</c><00:45:09.680><c> time</c><00:45:10.319><c> and</c>

00:45:10.630 --> 00:45:10.640 align:start position:0%
trying to explain. One where time and
 

00:45:10.640 --> 00:45:14.150 align:start position:0%
trying to explain. One where time and
space<00:45:11.359><c> really</c><00:45:12.079><c> are</c><00:45:13.040><c> relative</c><00:45:13.599><c> points</c><00:45:14.000><c> of</c>

00:45:14.150 --> 00:45:14.160 align:start position:0%
space really are relative points of
 

00:45:14.160 --> 00:45:16.470 align:start position:0%
space really are relative points of
view.

00:45:16.470 --> 00:45:16.480 align:start position:0%
view.
 

00:45:16.480 --> 00:45:21.270 align:start position:0%
view.
Wish<00:45:16.800><c> me</c><00:45:17.040><c> luck.</c>

00:45:21.270 --> 00:45:21.280 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:45:21.280 --> 00:45:24.470 align:start position:0%
 
Is<00:45:21.520><c> the</c><00:45:21.760><c> universe</c><00:45:22.480><c> inescapable?</c>

00:45:24.470 --> 00:45:24.480 align:start position:0%
Is the universe inescapable?
 

00:45:24.480 --> 00:45:26.630 align:start position:0%
Is the universe inescapable?
If<00:45:24.720><c> we</c><00:45:24.880><c> were</c><00:45:25.040><c> to</c><00:45:25.200><c> conquer</c><00:45:25.599><c> the</c><00:45:25.839><c> limitations</c><00:45:26.400><c> of</c>

00:45:26.630 --> 00:45:26.640 align:start position:0%
If we were to conquer the limitations of
 

00:45:26.640 --> 00:45:28.550 align:start position:0%
If we were to conquer the limitations of
light<00:45:26.960><c> speed</c><00:45:27.359><c> and</c><00:45:27.520><c> were</c><00:45:27.760><c> to</c><00:45:28.000><c> travel</c><00:45:28.319><c> to</c>

00:45:28.550 --> 00:45:28.560 align:start position:0%
light speed and were to travel to
 

00:45:28.560 --> 00:45:30.870 align:start position:0%
light speed and were to travel to
space's<00:45:29.119><c> furthest</c><00:45:29.599><c> edge,</c><00:45:30.240><c> what</c><00:45:30.400><c> might</c><00:45:30.640><c> we</c>

00:45:30.870 --> 00:45:30.880 align:start position:0%
space's furthest edge, what might we
 

00:45:30.880 --> 00:45:34.950 align:start position:0%
space's furthest edge, what might we
find?<00:45:32.160><c> Just</c><00:45:32.480><c> more</c><00:45:32.720><c> space,</c><00:45:33.920><c> infinite</c><00:45:34.480><c> planets</c>

00:45:34.950 --> 00:45:34.960 align:start position:0%
find? Just more space, infinite planets
 

00:45:34.960 --> 00:45:37.670 align:start position:0%
find? Just more space, infinite planets
and<00:45:35.200><c> planetary</c><00:45:35.760><c> systems,</c><00:45:36.960><c> or</c><00:45:37.200><c> would</c><00:45:37.440><c> we</c>

00:45:37.670 --> 00:45:37.680 align:start position:0%
and planetary systems, or would we
 

00:45:37.680 --> 00:45:40.710 align:start position:0%
and planetary systems, or would we
somehow<00:45:38.160><c> come</c><00:45:38.400><c> back</c><00:45:38.560><c> to</c><00:45:38.720><c> where</c><00:45:38.960><c> we</c><00:45:39.200><c> started?</c>

00:45:40.710 --> 00:45:40.720 align:start position:0%
somehow come back to where we started?
 

00:45:40.720 --> 00:45:43.510 align:start position:0%
somehow come back to where we started?
Amazingly,<00:45:41.599><c> according</c><00:45:42.000><c> to</c><00:45:42.240><c> scientists,</c><00:45:43.280><c> all</c>

00:45:43.510 --> 00:45:43.520 align:start position:0%
Amazingly, according to scientists, all
 

00:45:43.520 --> 00:45:45.750 align:start position:0%
Amazingly, according to scientists, all
of<00:45:43.680><c> these</c><00:45:44.000><c> are</c><00:45:44.160><c> possible.</c><00:45:44.960><c> But</c><00:45:45.119><c> which</c><00:45:45.359><c> one</c><00:45:45.520><c> is</c>

00:45:45.750 --> 00:45:45.760 align:start position:0%
of these are possible. But which one is
 

00:45:45.760 --> 00:45:48.069 align:start position:0%
of these are possible. But which one is
correct<00:45:46.240><c> comes</c><00:45:46.480><c> down</c><00:45:46.720><c> to</c><00:45:46.880><c> the</c><00:45:47.040><c> nature</c><00:45:47.440><c> of</c><00:45:47.680><c> that</c>

00:45:48.069 --> 00:45:48.079 align:start position:0%
correct comes down to the nature of that
 

00:45:48.079 --> 00:45:51.510 align:start position:0%
correct comes down to the nature of that
unseen<00:45:48.640><c> world</c><00:45:48.960><c> all</c><00:45:49.200><c> around</c><00:45:49.520><c> us.</c>

00:45:51.510 --> 00:45:51.520 align:start position:0%
unseen world all around us.
 

00:45:51.520 --> 00:45:53.589 align:start position:0%
unseen world all around us.
I'm<00:45:51.760><c> Alex</c><00:45:52.160><c> Mccoan</c><00:45:52.800><c> and</c><00:45:53.040><c> you're</c><00:45:53.280><c> watching</c>

00:45:53.589 --> 00:45:53.599 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

00:45:53.599 --> 00:45:56.069 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:45:54.400><c> Join</c><00:45:54.720><c> me</c><00:45:54.880><c> today</c><00:45:55.200><c> as</c><00:45:55.440><c> we</c><00:45:55.680><c> continue</c>

00:45:56.069 --> 00:45:56.079 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we continue
 

00:45:56.079 --> 00:45:58.710 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we continue
our<00:45:56.480><c> series</c><00:45:56.960><c> exploring</c><00:45:57.440><c> the</c><00:45:57.680><c> unseen</c><00:45:58.240><c> world</c><00:45:58.480><c> of</c>

00:45:58.710 --> 00:45:58.720 align:start position:0%
our series exploring the unseen world of
 

00:45:58.720 --> 00:46:01.589 align:start position:0%
our series exploring the unseen world of
4D<00:45:59.200><c> space</c><00:45:59.839><c> and</c><00:46:00.160><c> discuss</c><00:46:00.560><c> possible</c><00:46:01.040><c> answers</c><00:46:01.359><c> to</c>

00:46:01.589 --> 00:46:01.599 align:start position:0%
4D space and discuss possible answers to
 

00:46:01.599 --> 00:46:04.230 align:start position:0%
4D space and discuss possible answers to
the<00:46:01.839><c> question,</c><00:46:02.720><c> what</c><00:46:03.040><c> is</c><00:46:03.359><c> the</c><00:46:03.599><c> shape</c><00:46:03.839><c> of</c><00:46:04.000><c> the</c>

00:46:04.230 --> 00:46:04.240 align:start position:0%
the question, what is the shape of the
 

00:46:04.240 --> 00:46:06.710 align:start position:0%
the question, what is the shape of the
universe<00:46:04.640><c> itself?</c>

00:46:06.710 --> 00:46:06.720 align:start position:0%
universe itself?
 

00:46:06.720 --> 00:46:09.349 align:start position:0%
universe itself?
But<00:46:06.960><c> first,</c><00:46:07.520><c> let's</c><00:46:07.839><c> begin</c><00:46:08.240><c> by</c><00:46:08.480><c> talking</c><00:46:08.880><c> about</c>

00:46:09.349 --> 00:46:09.359 align:start position:0%
But first, let's begin by talking about
 

00:46:09.359 --> 00:46:11.030 align:start position:0%
But first, let's begin by talking about
infinity.

00:46:11.030 --> 00:46:11.040 align:start position:0%
infinity.
 

00:46:11.040 --> 00:46:12.790 align:start position:0%
infinity.
You<00:46:11.200><c> are</c><00:46:11.359><c> likely</c><00:46:11.760><c> already</c><00:46:12.160><c> familiar</c><00:46:12.560><c> with</c>

00:46:12.790 --> 00:46:12.800 align:start position:0%
You are likely already familiar with
 

00:46:12.800 --> 00:46:15.589 align:start position:0%
You are likely already familiar with
infinity.<00:46:13.839><c> In</c><00:46:14.160><c> maths,</c><00:46:14.560><c> it</c><00:46:14.720><c> is</c><00:46:14.880><c> the</c><00:46:15.040><c> concept</c><00:46:15.440><c> of</c>

00:46:15.589 --> 00:46:15.599 align:start position:0%
infinity. In maths, it is the concept of
 

00:46:15.599 --> 00:46:18.150 align:start position:0%
infinity. In maths, it is the concept of
a<00:46:15.760><c> number</c><00:46:16.079><c> so</c><00:46:16.400><c> large</c><00:46:16.880><c> it</c><00:46:17.119><c> cannot</c><00:46:17.520><c> possibly</c><00:46:18.000><c> be</c>

00:46:18.150 --> 00:46:18.160 align:start position:0%
a number so large it cannot possibly be
 

00:46:18.160 --> 00:46:20.790 align:start position:0%
a number so large it cannot possibly be
beaten.<00:46:19.119><c> Of</c><00:46:19.520><c> course,</c><00:46:19.920><c> no</c><00:46:20.240><c> such</c><00:46:20.480><c> number</c>

00:46:20.790 --> 00:46:20.800 align:start position:0%
beaten. Of course, no such number
 

00:46:20.800 --> 00:46:23.430 align:start position:0%
beaten. Of course, no such number
exists.<00:46:21.599><c> For</c><00:46:21.920><c> any</c><00:46:22.079><c> number</c><00:46:22.400><c> you</c><00:46:22.640><c> can</c><00:46:22.800><c> name,</c><00:46:23.200><c> I</c>

00:46:23.430 --> 00:46:23.440 align:start position:0%
exists. For any number you can name, I
 

00:46:23.440 --> 00:46:24.870 align:start position:0%
exists. For any number you can name, I
could<00:46:23.599><c> come</c><00:46:23.760><c> up</c><00:46:23.920><c> with</c><00:46:24.079><c> a</c><00:46:24.319><c> number</c><00:46:24.480><c> that</c><00:46:24.720><c> is</c><00:46:24.880><c> at</c>

00:46:24.870 --> 00:46:24.880 align:start position:0%
could come up with a number that is at
 

00:46:24.880 --> 00:46:27.589 align:start position:0%
could come up with a number that is at
least<00:46:25.200><c> one</c><00:46:25.520><c> larger</c><00:46:25.839><c> than</c><00:46:26.000><c> it.</c><00:46:26.880><c> But</c><00:46:27.040><c> in</c><00:46:27.200><c> a</c><00:46:27.359><c> way,</c>

00:46:27.589 --> 00:46:27.599 align:start position:0%
least one larger than it. But in a way,
 

00:46:27.599 --> 00:46:30.069 align:start position:0%
least one larger than it. But in a way,
that's<00:46:27.839><c> sort</c><00:46:28.079><c> of</c><00:46:28.160><c> the</c><00:46:28.400><c> point.</c><00:46:29.040><c> In</c><00:46:29.359><c> infinity,</c>

00:46:30.069 --> 00:46:30.079 align:start position:0%
that's sort of the point. In infinity,
 

00:46:30.079 --> 00:46:32.470 align:start position:0%
that's sort of the point. In infinity,
there<00:46:30.319><c> is</c><00:46:30.480><c> always</c><00:46:30.880><c> another</c><00:46:31.280><c> number.</c><00:46:32.160><c> And</c><00:46:32.319><c> when</c>

00:46:32.470 --> 00:46:32.480 align:start position:0%
there is always another number. And when
 

00:46:32.480 --> 00:46:35.270 align:start position:0%
there is always another number. And when
it<00:46:32.720><c> comes</c><00:46:32.880><c> to</c><00:46:33.200><c> our</c><00:46:33.520><c> universe,</c><00:46:34.240><c> we</c><00:46:34.480><c> have</c><00:46:34.640><c> so</c><00:46:34.960><c> far</c>

00:46:35.270 --> 00:46:35.280 align:start position:0%
it comes to our universe, we have so far
 

00:46:35.280 --> 00:46:38.390 align:start position:0%
it comes to our universe, we have so far
discovered<00:46:35.839><c> no</c><00:46:36.160><c> edges.</c><00:46:37.119><c> There</c><00:46:37.359><c> may</c><00:46:37.599><c> always</c><00:46:38.079><c> be</c>

00:46:38.390 --> 00:46:38.400 align:start position:0%
discovered no edges. There may always be
 

00:46:38.400 --> 00:46:41.109 align:start position:0%
discovered no edges. There may always be
another<00:46:38.880><c> star</c><00:46:39.280><c> or</c><00:46:39.599><c> planet.</c>

00:46:41.109 --> 00:46:41.119 align:start position:0%
another star or planet.
 

00:46:41.119 --> 00:46:42.950 align:start position:0%
another star or planet.
An<00:46:41.440><c> infinite</c><00:46:41.920><c> universe</c><00:46:42.319><c> is</c><00:46:42.560><c> a</c><00:46:42.800><c> little</c>

00:46:42.950 --> 00:46:42.960 align:start position:0%
An infinite universe is a little
 

00:46:42.960 --> 00:46:45.510 align:start position:0%
An infinite universe is a little
mind-boggling<00:46:43.599><c> for</c><00:46:43.920><c> us.</c><00:46:44.480><c> We</c><00:46:44.720><c> live</c><00:46:44.880><c> in</c><00:46:45.119><c> a</c><00:46:45.280><c> very</c>

00:46:45.510 --> 00:46:45.520 align:start position:0%
mind-boggling for us. We live in a very
 

00:46:45.520 --> 00:46:48.550 align:start position:0%
mind-boggling for us. We live in a very
finite<00:46:46.079><c> world</c><00:46:46.480><c> with</c><00:46:46.720><c> edges</c><00:46:47.119><c> and</c><00:46:47.440><c> endings.</c><00:46:48.319><c> So,</c>

00:46:48.550 --> 00:46:48.560 align:start position:0%
finite world with edges and endings. So,
 

00:46:48.560 --> 00:46:50.630 align:start position:0%
finite world with edges and endings. So,
the<00:46:48.800><c> idea</c><00:46:48.960><c> that</c><00:46:49.200><c> there</c><00:46:49.440><c> might</c><00:46:49.680><c> be</c><00:46:50.079><c> literally</c>

00:46:50.630 --> 00:46:50.640 align:start position:0%
the idea that there might be literally
 

00:46:50.640 --> 00:46:52.950 align:start position:0%
the idea that there might be literally
infinite<00:46:51.200><c> more</c><00:46:51.520><c> planets</c><00:46:51.920><c> out</c><00:46:52.160><c> there</c><00:46:52.480><c> is</c><00:46:52.720><c> a</c>

00:46:52.950 --> 00:46:52.960 align:start position:0%
infinite more planets out there is a
 

00:46:52.960 --> 00:46:55.589 align:start position:0%
infinite more planets out there is a
little<00:46:53.119><c> bewildering.</c><00:46:54.560><c> However,</c><00:46:55.119><c> as</c><00:46:55.359><c> we</c>

00:46:55.589 --> 00:46:55.599 align:start position:0%
little bewildering. However, as we
 

00:46:55.599 --> 00:46:57.349 align:start position:0%
little bewildering. However, as we
develop<00:46:56.079><c> more</c><00:46:56.319><c> and</c><00:46:56.640><c> more</c><00:46:56.880><c> powerful</c>

00:46:57.349 --> 00:46:57.359 align:start position:0%
develop more and more powerful
 

00:46:57.359 --> 00:46:59.670 align:start position:0%
develop more and more powerful
telescopes<00:46:58.079><c> and</c><00:46:58.400><c> pushed</c><00:46:58.720><c> back</c><00:46:58.960><c> the</c><00:46:59.200><c> darkness</c>

00:46:59.670 --> 00:46:59.680 align:start position:0%
telescopes and pushed back the darkness
 

00:46:59.680 --> 00:47:01.589 align:start position:0%
telescopes and pushed back the darkness
further<00:47:00.079><c> and</c><00:47:00.240><c> further</c><00:47:00.640><c> at</c><00:47:00.880><c> the</c><00:47:00.960><c> edges</c><00:47:01.280><c> of</c><00:47:01.440><c> what</c>

00:47:01.589 --> 00:47:01.599 align:start position:0%
further and further at the edges of what
 

00:47:01.599 --> 00:47:03.990 align:start position:0%
further and further at the edges of what
we<00:47:01.760><c> can</c><00:47:01.920><c> observe</c><00:47:02.240><c> in</c><00:47:02.480><c> our</c><00:47:02.800><c> universe,</c><00:47:03.599><c> all</c><00:47:03.760><c> we</c>

00:47:03.990 --> 00:47:04.000 align:start position:0%
we can observe in our universe, all we
 

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:06.150 align:start position:0%
we can observe in our universe, all we
are<00:47:04.160><c> finding</c><00:47:04.640><c> is</c><00:47:04.880><c> that</c><00:47:05.119><c> even</c><00:47:05.440><c> the</c><00:47:05.680><c> darkest</c>

00:47:06.150 --> 00:47:06.160 align:start position:0%
are finding is that even the darkest
 

00:47:06.160 --> 00:47:08.309 align:start position:0%
are finding is that even the darkest
patches<00:47:06.560><c> of</c><00:47:06.720><c> the</c><00:47:06.800><c> night</c><00:47:07.119><c> sky</c><00:47:07.520><c> are</c><00:47:07.839><c> turning</c><00:47:08.079><c> out</c>

00:47:08.309 --> 00:47:08.319 align:start position:0%
patches of the night sky are turning out
 

00:47:08.319 --> 00:47:10.870 align:start position:0%
patches of the night sky are turning out
to<00:47:08.560><c> be</c><00:47:08.720><c> brimming</c><00:47:09.200><c> with</c><00:47:09.440><c> stars.</c><00:47:10.640><c> So,</c>

00:47:10.870 --> 00:47:10.880 align:start position:0%
to be brimming with stars. So,
 

00:47:10.880 --> 00:47:13.349 align:start position:0%
to be brimming with stars. So,
increasingly,<00:47:11.839><c> an</c><00:47:12.160><c> infinite</c><00:47:12.560><c> universe</c><00:47:13.119><c> might</c>

00:47:13.349 --> 00:47:13.359 align:start position:0%
increasingly, an infinite universe might
 

00:47:13.359 --> 00:47:14.790 align:start position:0%
increasingly, an infinite universe might
be<00:47:13.599><c> something</c><00:47:13.839><c> we</c><00:47:14.079><c> are</c><00:47:14.240><c> forced</c><00:47:14.640><c> to</c>

00:47:14.790 --> 00:47:14.800 align:start position:0%
be something we are forced to
 

00:47:14.800 --> 00:47:16.390 align:start position:0%
be something we are forced to
contemplate.

00:47:16.390 --> 00:47:16.400 align:start position:0%
contemplate.
 

00:47:16.400 --> 00:47:18.550 align:start position:0%
contemplate.
But<00:47:16.720><c> that</c><00:47:16.960><c> is</c><00:47:17.119><c> not</c><00:47:17.280><c> to</c><00:47:17.520><c> say</c><00:47:17.680><c> that</c><00:47:18.000><c> just</c><00:47:18.240><c> because</c>

00:47:18.550 --> 00:47:18.560 align:start position:0%
But that is not to say that just because
 

00:47:18.560 --> 00:47:20.470 align:start position:0%
But that is not to say that just because
the<00:47:18.880><c> universe</c><00:47:19.200><c> is</c><00:47:19.359><c> infinite,</c><00:47:19.920><c> there</c><00:47:20.160><c> are</c><00:47:20.319><c> not</c>

00:47:20.470 --> 00:47:20.480 align:start position:0%
the universe is infinite, there are not
 

00:47:20.480 --> 00:47:23.270 align:start position:0%
the universe is infinite, there are not
a<00:47:20.720><c> finite</c><00:47:21.200><c> number</c><00:47:21.359><c> of</c><00:47:21.599><c> things</c><00:47:21.839><c> in</c><00:47:22.160><c> it.</c><00:47:23.040><c> That</c>

00:47:23.270 --> 00:47:23.280 align:start position:0%
a finite number of things in it. That
 

00:47:23.280 --> 00:47:25.670 align:start position:0%
a finite number of things in it. That
may<00:47:23.520><c> sound</c><00:47:23.760><c> a</c><00:47:24.079><c> little</c><00:47:24.240><c> counterintuitive,</c><00:47:25.440><c> but</c>

00:47:25.670 --> 00:47:25.680 align:start position:0%
may sound a little counterintuitive, but
 

00:47:25.680 --> 00:47:28.390 align:start position:0%
may sound a little counterintuitive, but
let<00:47:25.839><c> me</c><00:47:26.000><c> show</c><00:47:26.160><c> you</c><00:47:26.319><c> what</c><00:47:26.480><c> I</c><00:47:26.720><c> mean.</c><00:47:28.000><c> Believe</c><00:47:28.240><c> it</c>

00:47:28.390 --> 00:47:28.400 align:start position:0%
let me show you what I mean. Believe it
 

00:47:28.400 --> 00:47:30.470 align:start position:0%
let me show you what I mean. Believe it
or<00:47:28.560><c> not,</c><00:47:29.200><c> there</c><00:47:29.440><c> are</c><00:47:29.680><c> different</c><00:47:30.000><c> kinds</c><00:47:30.319><c> of</c>

00:47:30.470 --> 00:47:30.480 align:start position:0%
or not, there are different kinds of
 

00:47:30.480 --> 00:47:33.349 align:start position:0%
or not, there are different kinds of
infinity<00:47:31.119><c> when</c><00:47:31.359><c> it</c><00:47:31.520><c> comes</c><00:47:31.680><c> to</c><00:47:31.920><c> our</c><00:47:32.240><c> universe.</c>

00:47:33.349 --> 00:47:33.359 align:start position:0%
infinity when it comes to our universe.
 

00:47:33.359 --> 00:47:35.829 align:start position:0%
infinity when it comes to our universe.
Three<00:47:33.760><c> possible</c><00:47:34.240><c> scenarios</c><00:47:34.800><c> could</c><00:47:34.960><c> be</c><00:47:35.119><c> true.</c>

00:47:35.829 --> 00:47:35.839 align:start position:0%
Three possible scenarios could be true.
 

00:47:35.839 --> 00:47:39.030 align:start position:0%
Three possible scenarios could be true.
A<00:47:36.079><c> flat</c><00:47:36.480><c> universe,</c><00:47:37.359><c> a</c><00:47:37.520><c> spherical</c><00:47:38.079><c> one,</c><00:47:38.640><c> or</c><00:47:38.880><c> a</c>

00:47:39.030 --> 00:47:39.040 align:start position:0%
A flat universe, a spherical one, or a
 

00:47:39.040 --> 00:47:41.990 align:start position:0%
A flat universe, a spherical one, or a
hyperbolic<00:47:39.839><c> universe.</c><00:47:41.280><c> Allow</c><00:47:41.599><c> me</c><00:47:41.760><c> to</c>

00:47:41.990 --> 00:47:42.000 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic universe. Allow me to
 

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:45.109 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic universe. Allow me to
explain.<00:47:42.960><c> In</c><00:47:43.200><c> a</c><00:47:43.359><c> flat</c><00:47:43.680><c> universe,</c><00:47:44.480><c> if</c><00:47:44.720><c> we</c><00:47:44.960><c> were</c>

00:47:45.109 --> 00:47:45.119 align:start position:0%
explain. In a flat universe, if we were
 

00:47:45.119 --> 00:47:47.430 align:start position:0%
explain. In a flat universe, if we were
to<00:47:45.280><c> form</c><00:47:45.520><c> a</c><00:47:45.680><c> grid</c><00:47:46.079><c> to</c><00:47:46.319><c> broadly</c><00:47:46.880><c> represent</c>

00:47:47.430 --> 00:47:47.440 align:start position:0%
to form a grid to broadly represent
 

00:47:47.440 --> 00:47:49.670 align:start position:0%
to form a grid to broadly represent
reality,<00:47:48.400><c> everything</c><00:47:48.800><c> would</c><00:47:49.040><c> seem</c><00:47:49.280><c> fairly</c>

00:47:49.670 --> 00:47:49.680 align:start position:0%
reality, everything would seem fairly
 

00:47:49.680 --> 00:47:51.990 align:start position:0%
reality, everything would seem fairly
standard.<00:47:50.640><c> All</c><00:47:50.800><c> the</c><00:47:51.040><c> lines</c><00:47:51.359><c> would</c><00:47:51.520><c> either</c><00:47:51.760><c> be</c>

00:47:51.990 --> 00:47:52.000 align:start position:0%
standard. All the lines would either be
 

00:47:52.000 --> 00:47:54.630 align:start position:0%
standard. All the lines would either be
parallel<00:47:52.400><c> to</c><00:47:52.560><c> each</c><00:47:52.800><c> other</c><00:47:53.040><c> or</c><00:47:53.359><c> perpendicular.</c>

00:47:54.630 --> 00:47:54.640 align:start position:0%
parallel to each other or perpendicular.
 

00:47:54.640 --> 00:47:56.710 align:start position:0%
parallel to each other or perpendicular.
An<00:47:54.880><c> infinite</c><00:47:55.359><c> universe</c><00:47:55.760><c> of</c><00:47:55.920><c> this</c><00:47:56.160><c> variety</c>

00:47:56.710 --> 00:47:56.720 align:start position:0%
An infinite universe of this variety
 

00:47:56.720 --> 00:47:58.790 align:start position:0%
An infinite universe of this variety
would<00:47:56.960><c> simply</c><00:47:57.359><c> extend</c><00:47:57.760><c> outwards</c><00:47:58.240><c> in</c><00:47:58.480><c> all</c>

00:47:58.790 --> 00:47:58.800 align:start position:0%
would simply extend outwards in all
 

00:47:58.800 --> 00:48:01.990 align:start position:0%
would simply extend outwards in all
directions<00:47:59.359><c> forever</c><00:47:59.839><c> and</c><00:48:00.160><c> ever.</c><00:48:01.440><c> This</c><00:48:01.599><c> is</c><00:48:01.760><c> a</c>

00:48:01.990 --> 00:48:02.000 align:start position:0%
directions forever and ever. This is a
 

00:48:02.000 --> 00:48:03.990 align:start position:0%
directions forever and ever. This is a
little<00:48:02.240><c> boring,</c><00:48:02.800><c> so</c><00:48:02.960><c> I</c><00:48:03.200><c> won't</c><00:48:03.359><c> spend</c><00:48:03.599><c> too</c><00:48:03.839><c> much</c>

00:48:03.990 --> 00:48:04.000 align:start position:0%
little boring, so I won't spend too much
 

00:48:04.000 --> 00:48:06.470 align:start position:0%
little boring, so I won't spend too much
time<00:48:04.160><c> on</c><00:48:04.400><c> it.</c><00:48:05.040><c> However,</c><00:48:05.520><c> this</c><00:48:05.680><c> is</c><00:48:05.839><c> a</c><00:48:06.079><c> lot</c><00:48:06.240><c> like</c>

00:48:06.470 --> 00:48:06.480 align:start position:0%
time on it. However, this is a lot like
 

00:48:06.480 --> 00:48:08.870 align:start position:0%
time on it. However, this is a lot like
we<00:48:06.720><c> perceive</c><00:48:07.119><c> the</c><00:48:07.280><c> universe</c><00:48:07.599><c> to</c><00:48:07.839><c> be.</c><00:48:08.480><c> For</c><00:48:08.720><c> the</c>

00:48:08.870 --> 00:48:08.880 align:start position:0%
we perceive the universe to be. For the
 

00:48:08.880 --> 00:48:10.950 align:start position:0%
we perceive the universe to be. For the
most<00:48:09.040><c> part,</c><00:48:09.440><c> all</c><00:48:09.760><c> lines</c><00:48:10.000><c> of</c><00:48:10.160><c> direction</c><00:48:10.560><c> appear</c>

00:48:10.950 --> 00:48:10.960 align:start position:0%
most part, all lines of direction appear
 

00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:13.030 align:start position:0%
most part, all lines of direction appear
straight<00:48:11.200><c> to</c><00:48:11.359><c> us.</c><00:48:11.920><c> We</c><00:48:12.160><c> can</c><00:48:12.319><c> distinctly</c><00:48:12.800><c> see</c>

00:48:13.030 --> 00:48:13.040 align:start position:0%
straight to us. We can distinctly see
 

00:48:13.040 --> 00:48:15.270 align:start position:0%
straight to us. We can distinctly see
the<00:48:13.280><c> planets</c><00:48:13.599><c> and</c><00:48:13.839><c> stars</c><00:48:14.160><c> around</c><00:48:14.400><c> us</c><00:48:14.880><c> and</c><00:48:15.119><c> we</c>

00:48:15.270 --> 00:48:15.280 align:start position:0%
the planets and stars around us and we
 

00:48:15.280 --> 00:48:18.230 align:start position:0%
the planets and stars around us and we
notice<00:48:15.599><c> no</c><00:48:15.839><c> real</c><00:48:16.160><c> curving</c><00:48:16.640><c> or</c><00:48:16.960><c> warping.</c>

00:48:18.230 --> 00:48:18.240 align:start position:0%
notice no real curving or warping.
 

00:48:18.240 --> 00:48:20.309 align:start position:0%
notice no real curving or warping.
However,<00:48:18.800><c> this</c><00:48:18.960><c> is</c><00:48:19.119><c> not</c><00:48:19.359><c> the</c><00:48:19.599><c> only</c><00:48:19.920><c> way</c><00:48:20.079><c> that</c>

00:48:20.309 --> 00:48:20.319 align:start position:0%
However, this is not the only way that
 

00:48:20.319 --> 00:48:22.950 align:start position:0%
However, this is not the only way that
the<00:48:20.480><c> lines</c><00:48:20.800><c> can</c><00:48:20.960><c> be</c><00:48:21.119><c> drawn.</c><00:48:22.160><c> Consider</c><00:48:22.640><c> for</c><00:48:22.800><c> a</c>

00:48:22.950 --> 00:48:22.960 align:start position:0%
the lines can be drawn. Consider for a
 

00:48:22.960 --> 00:48:25.829 align:start position:0%
the lines can be drawn. Consider for a
moment<00:48:23.359><c> a</c><00:48:23.599><c> black</c><00:48:23.839><c> hole.</c><00:48:24.960><c> You</c><00:48:25.200><c> may</c><00:48:25.359><c> immediately</c>

00:48:25.829 --> 00:48:25.839 align:start position:0%
moment a black hole. You may immediately
 

00:48:25.839 --> 00:48:27.829 align:start position:0%
moment a black hole. You may immediately
notice<00:48:26.160><c> the</c><00:48:26.480><c> strange</c><00:48:26.800><c> rings</c><00:48:27.119><c> that</c><00:48:27.359><c> appear</c><00:48:27.599><c> to</c>

00:48:27.829 --> 00:48:27.839 align:start position:0%
notice the strange rings that appear to
 

00:48:27.839 --> 00:48:30.230 align:start position:0%
notice the strange rings that appear to
run<00:48:28.079><c> around</c><00:48:28.319><c> its</c><00:48:28.640><c> equator</c><00:48:29.359><c> as</c><00:48:29.520><c> well</c><00:48:29.680><c> as</c><00:48:29.839><c> across</c>

00:48:30.230 --> 00:48:30.240 align:start position:0%
run around its equator as well as across
 

00:48:30.240 --> 00:48:32.790 align:start position:0%
run around its equator as well as across
the<00:48:30.400><c> top</c><00:48:30.559><c> of</c><00:48:30.720><c> it</c><00:48:30.880><c> and</c><00:48:31.200><c> along</c><00:48:31.440><c> the</c><00:48:31.599><c> bottom.</c><00:48:32.559><c> This</c>

00:48:32.790 --> 00:48:32.800 align:start position:0%
the top of it and along the bottom. This
 

00:48:32.800 --> 00:48:34.710 align:start position:0%
the top of it and along the bottom. This
is<00:48:32.960><c> something</c><00:48:33.200><c> of</c><00:48:33.359><c> an</c><00:48:33.680><c> illusion.</c><00:48:34.400><c> There</c><00:48:34.559><c> are</c>

00:48:34.710 --> 00:48:34.720 align:start position:0%
is something of an illusion. There are
 

00:48:34.720 --> 00:48:36.870 align:start position:0%
is something of an illusion. There are
no<00:48:34.960><c> rings</c><00:48:35.280><c> across</c><00:48:35.599><c> the</c><00:48:35.839><c> top</c><00:48:36.079><c> or</c><00:48:36.400><c> bottom</c><00:48:36.640><c> of</c>

00:48:36.870 --> 00:48:36.880 align:start position:0%
no rings across the top or bottom of
 

00:48:36.880 --> 00:48:39.270 align:start position:0%
no rings across the top or bottom of
this<00:48:37.040><c> black</c><00:48:37.280><c> hole.</c><00:48:38.160><c> What</c><00:48:38.400><c> you</c><00:48:38.559><c> are</c><00:48:38.720><c> seeing</c><00:48:39.040><c> is</c>

00:48:39.270 --> 00:48:39.280 align:start position:0%
this black hole. What you are seeing is
 

00:48:39.280 --> 00:48:41.589 align:start position:0%
this black hole. What you are seeing is
the<00:48:39.520><c> equatorial</c><00:48:40.240><c> ring</c><00:48:40.640><c> that's</c><00:48:40.960><c> on</c><00:48:41.200><c> the</c><00:48:41.359><c> other</c>

00:48:41.589 --> 00:48:41.599 align:start position:0%
the equatorial ring that's on the other
 

00:48:41.599 --> 00:48:44.230 align:start position:0%
the equatorial ring that's on the other
side<00:48:41.839><c> of</c><00:48:42.000><c> the</c><00:48:42.160><c> black</c><00:48:42.400><c> hole.</c><00:48:43.280><c> However,</c><00:48:43.920><c> due</c><00:48:44.079><c> to</c>

00:48:44.230 --> 00:48:44.240 align:start position:0%
side of the black hole. However, due to
 

00:48:44.240 --> 00:48:46.390 align:start position:0%
side of the black hole. However, due to
the<00:48:44.480><c> powerful</c><00:48:44.960><c> gravity</c><00:48:45.359><c> of</c><00:48:45.520><c> the</c><00:48:45.680><c> black</c><00:48:45.920><c> hole,</c>

00:48:46.390 --> 00:48:46.400 align:start position:0%
the powerful gravity of the black hole,
 

00:48:46.400 --> 00:48:48.069 align:start position:0%
the powerful gravity of the black hole,
the<00:48:46.640><c> light</c><00:48:46.800><c> that</c><00:48:47.040><c> is</c><00:48:47.200><c> hitting</c><00:48:47.440><c> it</c><00:48:47.680><c> is</c><00:48:47.839><c> not</c>

00:48:48.069 --> 00:48:48.079 align:start position:0%
the light that is hitting it is not
 

00:48:48.079 --> 00:48:50.710 align:start position:0%
the light that is hitting it is not
bouncing<00:48:48.480><c> off</c><00:48:48.880><c> upwards</c><00:48:49.520><c> or</c><00:48:49.839><c> downwards</c><00:48:50.400><c> into</c>

00:48:50.710 --> 00:48:50.720 align:start position:0%
bouncing off upwards or downwards into
 

00:48:50.720 --> 00:48:53.270 align:start position:0%
bouncing off upwards or downwards into
space.<00:48:51.680><c> Instead,</c><00:48:52.000><c> the</c><00:48:52.240><c> rays</c><00:48:52.640><c> are</c><00:48:52.880><c> curving</c>

00:48:53.270 --> 00:48:53.280 align:start position:0%
space. Instead, the rays are curving
 

00:48:53.280 --> 00:48:55.589 align:start position:0%
space. Instead, the rays are curving
towards<00:48:53.760><c> us</c><00:48:54.160><c> as</c><00:48:54.400><c> the</c><00:48:54.559><c> black</c><00:48:54.720><c> hole's</c><00:48:55.119><c> gravity</c>

00:48:55.589 --> 00:48:55.599 align:start position:0%
towards us as the black hole's gravity
 

00:48:55.599 --> 00:48:57.829 align:start position:0%
towards us as the black hole's gravity
pulls<00:48:55.920><c> them</c><00:48:56.079><c> in.</c><00:48:56.800><c> You</c><00:48:57.040><c> are</c><00:48:57.200><c> seeing</c><00:48:57.359><c> the</c><00:48:57.599><c> top</c>

00:48:57.829 --> 00:48:57.839 align:start position:0%
pulls them in. You are seeing the top
 

00:48:57.839 --> 00:49:01.589 align:start position:0%
pulls them in. You are seeing the top
and<00:48:58.160><c> bottom</c><00:48:58.480><c> of</c><00:48:58.640><c> the</c><00:48:58.800><c> ring</c><00:48:59.280><c> at</c><00:48:59.520><c> the</c><00:48:59.760><c> same</c><00:49:00.079><c> time.</c>

00:49:01.589 --> 00:49:01.599 align:start position:0%
and bottom of the ring at the same time.
 

00:49:01.599 --> 00:49:03.910 align:start position:0%
and bottom of the ring at the same time.
Light<00:49:01.839><c> being</c><00:49:02.079><c> bent</c><00:49:02.400><c> by</c><00:49:02.720><c> gravity.</c><00:49:03.440><c> What</c><00:49:03.599><c> do</c><00:49:03.760><c> I</c>

00:49:03.910 --> 00:49:03.920 align:start position:0%
Light being bent by gravity. What do I
 

00:49:03.920 --> 00:49:06.470 align:start position:0%
Light being bent by gravity. What do I
mean<00:49:04.079><c> by</c><00:49:04.319><c> that?</c><00:49:05.359><c> Actually,</c><00:49:05.839><c> this</c><00:49:06.079><c> is</c><00:49:06.240><c> an</c>

00:49:06.470 --> 00:49:06.480 align:start position:0%
mean by that? Actually, this is an
 

00:49:06.480 --> 00:49:08.630 align:start position:0%
mean by that? Actually, this is an
excellent<00:49:06.960><c> example</c><00:49:07.359><c> of</c><00:49:07.599><c> our</c><00:49:07.920><c> second</c><00:49:08.240><c> kind</c><00:49:08.480><c> of</c>

00:49:08.630 --> 00:49:08.640 align:start position:0%
excellent example of our second kind of
 

00:49:08.640 --> 00:49:11.270 align:start position:0%
excellent example of our second kind of
universe.<00:49:09.599><c> In</c><00:49:09.760><c> a</c><00:49:09.920><c> flat</c><00:49:10.240><c> universe,</c><00:49:10.960><c> all</c><00:49:11.119><c> the</c>

00:49:11.270 --> 00:49:11.280 align:start position:0%
universe. In a flat universe, all the
 

00:49:11.280 --> 00:49:13.190 align:start position:0%
universe. In a flat universe, all the
lines<00:49:11.520><c> that</c><00:49:11.680><c> make</c><00:49:11.839><c> up</c><00:49:12.079><c> reality</c><00:49:12.559><c> are</c><00:49:12.800><c> fairly</c>

00:49:13.190 --> 00:49:13.200 align:start position:0%
lines that make up reality are fairly
 

00:49:13.200 --> 00:49:15.510 align:start position:0%
lines that make up reality are fairly
straight.<00:49:14.160><c> But</c><00:49:14.319><c> what</c><00:49:14.559><c> if</c><00:49:14.800><c> we</c><00:49:14.960><c> were</c><00:49:15.119><c> to</c><00:49:15.280><c> come</c><00:49:15.359><c> up</c>

00:49:15.510 --> 00:49:15.520 align:start position:0%
straight. But what if we were to come up
 

00:49:15.520 --> 00:49:18.150 align:start position:0%
straight. But what if we were to come up
with<00:49:15.599><c> a</c><00:49:15.839><c> rule?</c><00:49:16.480><c> All</c><00:49:16.640><c> the</c><00:49:16.800><c> lines</c><00:49:17.200><c> must</c><00:49:17.520><c> instead</c>

00:49:18.150 --> 00:49:18.160 align:start position:0%
with a rule? All the lines must instead
 

00:49:18.160 --> 00:49:20.950 align:start position:0%
with a rule? All the lines must instead
curve<00:49:18.559><c> towards</c><00:49:19.040><c> each</c><00:49:19.280><c> other.</c><00:49:20.240><c> There</c><00:49:20.400><c> is</c><00:49:20.640><c> only</c>

00:49:20.950 --> 00:49:20.960 align:start position:0%
curve towards each other. There is only
 

00:49:20.960 --> 00:49:23.349 align:start position:0%
curve towards each other. There is only
one<00:49:21.280><c> way</c><00:49:21.599><c> such</c><00:49:21.839><c> a</c><00:49:22.000><c> universe</c><00:49:22.400><c> could</c><00:49:22.640><c> be</c><00:49:22.800><c> drawn,</c>

00:49:23.349 --> 00:49:23.359 align:start position:0%
one way such a universe could be drawn,
 

00:49:23.359 --> 00:49:26.390 align:start position:0%
one way such a universe could be drawn,
and<00:49:23.599><c> that</c><00:49:23.839><c> is</c><00:49:24.000><c> in</c><00:49:24.160><c> a</c><00:49:24.400><c> sphere.</c><00:49:25.760><c> Consider</c><00:49:26.160><c> trying</c>

00:49:26.390 --> 00:49:26.400 align:start position:0%
and that is in a sphere. Consider trying
 

00:49:26.400 --> 00:49:29.349 align:start position:0%
and that is in a sphere. Consider trying
to<00:49:26.559><c> draw</c><00:49:26.880><c> two</c><00:49:27.200><c> parallel</c><00:49:27.680><c> lines</c><00:49:28.000><c> on</c><00:49:28.160><c> a</c><00:49:28.319><c> sphere.</c>

00:49:29.349 --> 00:49:29.359 align:start position:0%
to draw two parallel lines on a sphere.
 

00:49:29.359 --> 00:49:31.190 align:start position:0%
to draw two parallel lines on a sphere.
You<00:49:29.520><c> might</c><00:49:29.760><c> start</c><00:49:30.000><c> off</c><00:49:30.319><c> well,</c><00:49:30.720><c> but</c><00:49:30.960><c> will</c>

00:49:31.190 --> 00:49:31.200 align:start position:0%
You might start off well, but will
 

00:49:31.200 --> 00:49:32.870 align:start position:0%
You might start off well, but will
quickly<00:49:31.599><c> realize</c><00:49:31.920><c> that</c><00:49:32.160><c> your</c><00:49:32.400><c> task</c><00:49:32.640><c> is</c>

00:49:32.870 --> 00:49:32.880 align:start position:0%
quickly realize that your task is
 

00:49:32.880 --> 00:49:35.349 align:start position:0%
quickly realize that your task is
impossible.<00:49:34.079><c> All</c><00:49:34.319><c> lines</c><00:49:34.720><c> would</c><00:49:34.960><c> converge</c>

00:49:35.349 --> 00:49:35.359 align:start position:0%
impossible. All lines would converge
 

00:49:35.359 --> 00:49:37.270 align:start position:0%
impossible. All lines would converge
towards<00:49:35.760><c> each</c><00:49:35.920><c> other,</c><00:49:36.480><c> intersecting</c><00:49:37.200><c> at</c>

00:49:37.270 --> 00:49:37.280 align:start position:0%
towards each other, intersecting at
 

00:49:37.280 --> 00:49:39.349 align:start position:0%
towards each other, intersecting at
least<00:49:37.599><c> twice</c><00:49:38.079><c> as</c><00:49:38.400><c> they</c><00:49:38.559><c> returned</c><00:49:38.960><c> back</c><00:49:39.119><c> to</c>

00:49:39.349 --> 00:49:39.359 align:start position:0%
least twice as they returned back to
 

00:49:39.359 --> 00:49:41.430 align:start position:0%
least twice as they returned back to
where<00:49:39.520><c> they</c><00:49:39.760><c> started.</c><00:49:40.880><c> What</c><00:49:41.119><c> would</c><00:49:41.280><c> a</c>

00:49:41.430 --> 00:49:41.440 align:start position:0%
where they started. What would a
 

00:49:41.440 --> 00:49:43.349 align:start position:0%
where they started. What would a
universe<00:49:41.839><c> that</c><00:49:42.000><c> was</c><00:49:42.160><c> based</c><00:49:42.480><c> on</c><00:49:42.720><c> these</c><00:49:43.040><c> kind</c><00:49:43.280><c> of</c>

00:49:43.349 --> 00:49:43.359 align:start position:0%
universe that was based on these kind of
 

00:49:43.359 --> 00:49:46.069 align:start position:0%
universe that was based on these kind of
lines<00:49:43.760><c> look</c><00:49:44.000><c> like?</c><00:49:44.960><c> Essentially,</c><00:49:45.839><c> rather</c>

00:49:46.069 --> 00:49:46.079 align:start position:0%
lines look like? Essentially, rather
 

00:49:46.079 --> 00:49:47.910 align:start position:0%
lines look like? Essentially, rather
than<00:49:46.319><c> going</c><00:49:46.559><c> in</c><00:49:46.800><c> the</c><00:49:46.960><c> straight</c><00:49:47.359><c> line</c><00:49:47.680><c> you</c>

00:49:47.910 --> 00:49:47.920 align:start position:0%
than going in the straight line you
 

00:49:47.920 --> 00:49:49.910 align:start position:0%
than going in the straight line you
thought<00:49:48.079><c> you</c><00:49:48.319><c> were</c><00:49:48.480><c> going</c><00:49:48.640><c> in,</c><00:49:49.200><c> you</c><00:49:49.520><c> actually</c>

00:49:49.910 --> 00:49:49.920 align:start position:0%
thought you were going in, you actually
 

00:49:49.920 --> 00:49:52.390 align:start position:0%
thought you were going in, you actually
would<00:49:50.160><c> be</c><00:49:50.400><c> traveling</c><00:49:50.720><c> in</c><00:49:50.960><c> a</c><00:49:51.119><c> massive</c><00:49:51.520><c> curve.</c>

00:49:52.390 --> 00:49:52.400 align:start position:0%
would be traveling in a massive curve.
 

00:49:52.400 --> 00:49:53.990 align:start position:0%
would be traveling in a massive curve.
It's<00:49:52.640><c> a</c><00:49:52.800><c> bit</c><00:49:52.960><c> like</c><00:49:53.119><c> those</c><00:49:53.359><c> computer</c><00:49:53.680><c> games</c>

00:49:53.990 --> 00:49:54.000 align:start position:0%
It's a bit like those computer games
 

00:49:54.000 --> 00:49:55.829 align:start position:0%
It's a bit like those computer games
where<00:49:54.319><c> you</c><00:49:54.559><c> travel</c><00:49:54.880><c> off</c><00:49:55.119><c> one</c><00:49:55.359><c> end</c><00:49:55.520><c> of</c><00:49:55.680><c> the</c>

00:49:55.829 --> 00:49:55.839 align:start position:0%
where you travel off one end of the
 

00:49:55.839 --> 00:49:57.829 align:start position:0%
where you travel off one end of the
screen<00:49:56.240><c> only</c><00:49:56.480><c> to</c><00:49:56.720><c> reappear</c><00:49:57.280><c> from</c><00:49:57.520><c> the</c><00:49:57.680><c> other</c>

00:49:57.829 --> 00:49:57.839 align:start position:0%
screen only to reappear from the other
 

00:49:57.839 --> 00:50:00.790 align:start position:0%
screen only to reappear from the other
side.<00:49:58.880><c> In</c><00:49:59.040><c> a</c><00:49:59.200><c> spherical</c><00:49:59.760><c> universe,</c><00:50:00.400><c> you</c><00:50:00.640><c> could</c>

00:50:00.790 --> 00:50:00.800 align:start position:0%
side. In a spherical universe, you could
 

00:50:00.800 --> 00:50:03.349 align:start position:0%
side. In a spherical universe, you could
travel<00:50:01.119><c> infinitely,</c><00:50:02.079><c> but</c><00:50:02.480><c> ultimately</c><00:50:03.119><c> you</c>

00:50:03.349 --> 00:50:03.359 align:start position:0%
travel infinitely, but ultimately you
 

00:50:03.359 --> 00:50:05.109 align:start position:0%
travel infinitely, but ultimately you
would<00:50:03.520><c> only</c><00:50:03.760><c> end</c><00:50:03.920><c> up</c><00:50:04.079><c> arriving</c><00:50:04.559><c> back</c><00:50:04.880><c> where</c>

00:50:05.109 --> 00:50:05.119 align:start position:0%
would only end up arriving back where
 

00:50:05.119 --> 00:50:07.910 align:start position:0%
would only end up arriving back where
you<00:50:05.359><c> started</c><00:50:06.800><c> with</c><00:50:07.040><c> a</c><00:50:07.280><c> powerful</c><00:50:07.599><c> enough</c>

00:50:07.910 --> 00:50:07.920 align:start position:0%
you started with a powerful enough
 

00:50:07.920 --> 00:50:10.309 align:start position:0%
you started with a powerful enough
telescope.<00:50:08.800><c> And</c><00:50:08.960><c> if</c><00:50:09.200><c> light</c><00:50:09.440><c> were</c><00:50:09.680><c> to</c><00:50:09.839><c> travel</c><00:50:10.079><c> a</c>

00:50:10.309 --> 00:50:10.319 align:start position:0%
telescope. And if light were to travel a
 

00:50:10.319 --> 00:50:12.309 align:start position:0%
telescope. And if light were to travel a
whole<00:50:10.480><c> lot</c><00:50:10.640><c> faster</c><00:50:11.119><c> all</c><00:50:11.280><c> of</c><00:50:11.359><c> a</c><00:50:11.520><c> sudden,</c><00:50:12.079><c> it</c>

00:50:12.309 --> 00:50:12.319 align:start position:0%
whole lot faster all of a sudden, it
 

00:50:12.319 --> 00:50:13.910 align:start position:0%
whole lot faster all of a sudden, it
would<00:50:12.480><c> be</c><00:50:12.640><c> possible</c><00:50:12.960><c> to</c><00:50:13.119><c> look</c><00:50:13.280><c> at</c><00:50:13.440><c> the</c><00:50:13.599><c> back</c><00:50:13.760><c> of</c>

00:50:13.910 --> 00:50:13.920 align:start position:0%
would be possible to look at the back of
 

00:50:13.920 --> 00:50:16.230 align:start position:0%
would be possible to look at the back of
your<00:50:14.079><c> own</c><00:50:14.240><c> head.</c><00:50:15.200><c> This</c><00:50:15.440><c> kind</c><00:50:15.599><c> of</c><00:50:15.760><c> universe</c>

00:50:16.230 --> 00:50:16.240 align:start position:0%
your own head. This kind of universe
 

00:50:16.240 --> 00:50:18.710 align:start position:0%
your own head. This kind of universe
contains<00:50:16.720><c> a</c><00:50:16.960><c> finite</c><00:50:17.440><c> amount</c><00:50:17.760><c> of</c><00:50:17.920><c> things,</c><00:50:18.480><c> but</c>

00:50:18.710 --> 00:50:18.720 align:start position:0%
contains a finite amount of things, but
 

00:50:18.720 --> 00:50:20.710 align:start position:0%
contains a finite amount of things, but
it<00:50:18.960><c> appears</c><00:50:19.359><c> infinite</c><00:50:19.920><c> because</c><00:50:20.240><c> you</c><00:50:20.480><c> just</c>

00:50:20.710 --> 00:50:20.720 align:start position:0%
it appears infinite because you just
 

00:50:20.720 --> 00:50:22.390 align:start position:0%
it appears infinite because you just
keep<00:50:20.880><c> bumping</c><00:50:21.359><c> into</c><00:50:21.599><c> the</c><00:50:21.839><c> same</c><00:50:22.000><c> things</c>

00:50:22.390 --> 00:50:22.400 align:start position:0%
keep bumping into the same things
 

00:50:22.400 --> 00:50:24.470 align:start position:0%
keep bumping into the same things
infinite<00:50:22.880><c> times.</c>

00:50:24.470 --> 00:50:24.480 align:start position:0%
infinite times.
 

00:50:24.480 --> 00:50:26.549 align:start position:0%
infinite times.
Thanks<00:50:24.720><c> to</c><00:50:24.880><c> objects</c><00:50:25.359><c> like</c><00:50:25.599><c> black</c><00:50:25.839><c> holes</c><00:50:26.240><c> and</c>

00:50:26.549 --> 00:50:26.559 align:start position:0%
Thanks to objects like black holes and
 

00:50:26.559 --> 00:50:28.710 align:start position:0%
Thanks to objects like black holes and
powerful<00:50:27.040><c> stars,</c><00:50:27.760><c> we</c><00:50:27.920><c> do</c><00:50:28.160><c> indeed</c><00:50:28.559><c> have</c>

00:50:28.710 --> 00:50:28.720 align:start position:0%
powerful stars, we do indeed have
 

00:50:28.720 --> 00:50:31.190 align:start position:0%
powerful stars, we do indeed have
evidence<00:50:29.040><c> that</c><00:50:29.280><c> our</c><00:50:29.599><c> reality</c><00:50:30.160><c> sometimes</c><00:50:30.640><c> is</c><00:50:30.960><c> a</c>

00:50:31.190 --> 00:50:31.200 align:start position:0%
evidence that our reality sometimes is a
 

00:50:31.200 --> 00:50:33.750 align:start position:0%
evidence that our reality sometimes is a
curved<00:50:31.680><c> spherical</c><00:50:32.160><c> one,</c><00:50:33.040><c> at</c><00:50:33.040><c> least</c><00:50:33.440><c> near</c>

00:50:33.750 --> 00:50:33.760 align:start position:0%
curved spherical one, at least near
 

00:50:33.760 --> 00:50:36.390 align:start position:0%
curved spherical one, at least near
large<00:50:34.079><c> bodies</c><00:50:34.400><c> of</c><00:50:34.559><c> mass.</c><00:50:35.599><c> The</c><00:50:35.760><c> inside</c><00:50:36.079><c> of</c><00:50:36.240><c> a</c>

00:50:36.390 --> 00:50:36.400 align:start position:0%
large bodies of mass. The inside of a
 

00:50:36.400 --> 00:50:39.030 align:start position:0%
large bodies of mass. The inside of a
black<00:50:36.640><c> hole's</c><00:50:36.960><c> event</c><00:50:37.280><c> horizon</c><00:50:37.920><c> is</c><00:50:38.319><c> this</c><00:50:38.640><c> kind</c>

00:50:39.030 --> 00:50:39.040 align:start position:0%
black hole's event horizon is this kind
 

00:50:39.040 --> 00:50:41.670 align:start position:0%
black hole's event horizon is this kind
of<00:50:39.280><c> infinite</c><00:50:39.760><c> space.</c><00:50:40.640><c> No</c><00:50:40.720><c> matter</c><00:50:41.119><c> what</c><00:50:41.359><c> path</c>

00:50:41.670 --> 00:50:41.680 align:start position:0%
of infinite space. No matter what path
 

00:50:41.680 --> 00:50:44.950 align:start position:0%
of infinite space. No matter what path
you<00:50:41.920><c> take,</c><00:50:42.480><c> you</c><00:50:42.640><c> can</c><00:50:42.800><c> never</c><00:50:43.119><c> get</c><00:50:43.359><c> out</c><00:50:43.520><c> of</c><00:50:43.680><c> it.</c>

00:50:44.950 --> 00:50:44.960 align:start position:0%
you take, you can never get out of it.
 

00:50:44.960 --> 00:50:46.950 align:start position:0%
you take, you can never get out of it.
However,<00:50:45.440><c> let's</c><00:50:45.760><c> consider</c><00:50:46.240><c> our</c><00:50:46.640><c> last</c>

00:50:46.950 --> 00:50:46.960 align:start position:0%
However, let's consider our last
 

00:50:46.960 --> 00:50:50.230 align:start position:0%
However, let's consider our last
example,<00:50:47.599><c> the</c><00:50:47.839><c> hyperbolic</c><00:50:48.640><c> universe.</c><00:50:49.920><c> This</c>

00:50:50.230 --> 00:50:50.240 align:start position:0%
example, the hyperbolic universe. This
 

00:50:50.240 --> 00:50:52.950 align:start position:0%
example, the hyperbolic universe. This
one<00:50:50.480><c> is</c><00:50:50.720><c> the</c><00:50:50.960><c> hardest</c><00:50:51.359><c> to</c><00:50:51.599><c> visualize,</c><00:50:52.480><c> but</c><00:50:52.720><c> the</c>

00:50:52.950 --> 00:50:52.960 align:start position:0%
one is the hardest to visualize, but the
 

00:50:52.960 --> 00:50:55.430 align:start position:0%
one is the hardest to visualize, but the
idea<00:50:53.280><c> is</c><00:50:53.520><c> simple.</c><00:50:54.400><c> Instead</c><00:50:54.720><c> of</c><00:50:54.880><c> having</c><00:50:55.200><c> all</c>

00:50:55.430 --> 00:50:55.440 align:start position:0%
idea is simple. Instead of having all
 

00:50:55.440 --> 00:50:57.910 align:start position:0%
idea is simple. Instead of having all
lines<00:50:55.839><c> remain</c><00:50:56.160><c> parallel</c><00:50:56.880><c> or</c><00:50:57.200><c> move</c><00:50:57.440><c> towards</c>

00:50:57.910 --> 00:50:57.920 align:start position:0%
lines remain parallel or move towards
 

00:50:57.920 --> 00:51:01.190 align:start position:0%
lines remain parallel or move towards
each<00:50:58.079><c> other,</c><00:50:58.880><c> every</c><00:50:59.200><c> line</c><00:50:59.520><c> must</c><00:50:59.920><c> move</c><00:51:00.160><c> away</c>

00:51:01.190 --> 00:51:01.200 align:start position:0%
each other, every line must move away
 

00:51:01.200 --> 00:51:03.190 align:start position:0%
each other, every line must move away
from<00:51:01.599><c> everything.</c>

00:51:03.190 --> 00:51:03.200 align:start position:0%
from everything.
 

00:51:03.200 --> 00:51:05.349 align:start position:0%
from everything.
Drawing<00:51:03.599><c> this</c><00:51:03.920><c> is</c><00:51:04.160><c> inherently</c><00:51:04.880><c> tricky</c>

00:51:05.349 --> 00:51:05.359 align:start position:0%
Drawing this is inherently tricky
 

00:51:05.359 --> 00:51:07.270 align:start position:0%
Drawing this is inherently tricky
because<00:51:05.760><c> everything</c><00:51:06.160><c> keeps</c><00:51:06.480><c> getting</c><00:51:06.800><c> wider</c>

00:51:07.270 --> 00:51:07.280 align:start position:0%
because everything keeps getting wider
 

00:51:07.280 --> 00:51:09.750 align:start position:0%
because everything keeps getting wider
exponentially.<00:51:08.640><c> The</c><00:51:08.880><c> only</c><00:51:09.040><c> way</c><00:51:09.200><c> you</c><00:51:09.440><c> can</c><00:51:09.599><c> do</c>

00:51:09.750 --> 00:51:09.760 align:start position:0%
exponentially. The only way you can do
 

00:51:09.760 --> 00:51:11.990 align:start position:0%
exponentially. The only way you can do
that<00:51:10.000><c> is</c><00:51:10.240><c> to</c><00:51:10.400><c> either</c><00:51:10.720><c> buckle</c><00:51:11.119><c> your</c><00:51:11.359><c> nice</c><00:51:11.680><c> flat</c>

00:51:11.990 --> 00:51:12.000 align:start position:0%
that is to either buckle your nice flat
 

00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:13.670 align:start position:0%
that is to either buckle your nice flat
disc<00:51:12.319><c> until</c><00:51:12.640><c> it</c><00:51:12.800><c> becomes</c><00:51:13.119><c> something</c><00:51:13.440><c> like</c>

00:51:13.670 --> 00:51:13.680 align:start position:0%
disc until it becomes something like
 

00:51:13.680 --> 00:51:16.630 align:start position:0%
disc until it becomes something like
this<00:51:14.720><c> or</c><00:51:15.040><c> warp</c><00:51:15.440><c> what</c><00:51:15.680><c> you</c><00:51:15.839><c> are</c><00:51:16.000><c> seeing</c><00:51:16.400><c> like</c>

00:51:16.630 --> 00:51:16.640 align:start position:0%
this or warp what you are seeing like
 

00:51:16.640 --> 00:51:17.990 align:start position:0%
this or warp what you are seeing like
this.

00:51:17.990 --> 00:51:18.000 align:start position:0%
this.
 

00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:19.990 align:start position:0%
this.
All<00:51:18.240><c> of</c><00:51:18.400><c> the</c><00:51:18.559><c> objects</c><00:51:18.960><c> in</c><00:51:19.200><c> this</c><00:51:19.359><c> image</c><00:51:19.680><c> are</c>

00:51:19.990 --> 00:51:20.000 align:start position:0%
All of the objects in this image are
 

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:22.790 align:start position:0%
All of the objects in this image are
squares.<00:51:21.200><c> However,</c><00:51:21.680><c> they</c><00:51:21.920><c> are</c><00:51:22.160><c> squares</c><00:51:22.559><c> that</c>

00:51:22.790 --> 00:51:22.800 align:start position:0%
squares. However, they are squares that
 

00:51:22.800 --> 00:51:24.790 align:start position:0%
squares. However, they are squares that
are<00:51:22.960><c> obeying</c><00:51:23.440><c> our</c><00:51:23.760><c> rule</c><00:51:24.000><c> that</c><00:51:24.400><c> all</c><00:51:24.559><c> their</c>

00:51:24.790 --> 00:51:24.800 align:start position:0%
are obeying our rule that all their
 

00:51:24.800 --> 00:51:26.950 align:start position:0%
are obeying our rule that all their
lines<00:51:25.200><c> must</c><00:51:25.440><c> be</c><00:51:25.599><c> diverging</c><00:51:26.240><c> away</c><00:51:26.480><c> from</c><00:51:26.720><c> each</c>

00:51:26.950 --> 00:51:26.960 align:start position:0%
lines must be diverging away from each
 

00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:29.510 align:start position:0%
lines must be diverging away from each
other.<00:51:27.839><c> This</c><00:51:28.079><c> leads</c><00:51:28.400><c> to</c><00:51:28.559><c> the</c><00:51:28.800><c> very</c><00:51:29.040><c> strange</c>

00:51:29.510 --> 00:51:29.520 align:start position:0%
other. This leads to the very strange
 

00:51:29.520 --> 00:51:31.430 align:start position:0%
other. This leads to the very strange
situation<00:51:30.240><c> where</c><00:51:30.480><c> you</c><00:51:30.640><c> can</c><00:51:30.800><c> have</c><00:51:31.040><c> five</c>

00:51:31.430 --> 00:51:31.440 align:start position:0%
situation where you can have five
 

00:51:31.440 --> 00:51:33.670 align:start position:0%
situation where you can have five
squares<00:51:32.000><c> all</c><00:51:32.240><c> meeting</c><00:51:32.559><c> up</c><00:51:32.720><c> at</c><00:51:32.960><c> a</c><00:51:33.119><c> corner</c>

00:51:33.670 --> 00:51:33.680 align:start position:0%
squares all meeting up at a corner
 

00:51:33.680 --> 00:51:35.589 align:start position:0%
squares all meeting up at a corner
instead<00:51:34.000><c> of</c><00:51:34.160><c> the</c><00:51:34.400><c> usual</c><00:51:34.880><c> three</c><00:51:35.200><c> that</c><00:51:35.440><c> is</c>

00:51:35.589 --> 00:51:35.599 align:start position:0%
instead of the usual three that is
 

00:51:35.599 --> 00:51:39.109 align:start position:0%
instead of the usual three that is
possible<00:51:36.000><c> in</c><00:51:36.240><c> normal</c><00:51:36.640><c> 2D</c><00:51:37.119><c> space.</c><00:51:38.559><c> All</c><00:51:38.640><c> right,</c>

00:51:39.109 --> 00:51:39.119 align:start position:0%
possible in normal 2D space. All right,
 

00:51:39.119 --> 00:51:41.589 align:start position:0%
possible in normal 2D space. All right,
this<00:51:39.359><c> seems</c><00:51:39.599><c> a</c><00:51:39.839><c> little</c><00:51:40.000><c> confusing.</c><00:51:41.200><c> What</c><00:51:41.440><c> does</c>

00:51:41.589 --> 00:51:41.599 align:start position:0%
this seems a little confusing. What does
 

00:51:41.599 --> 00:51:44.470 align:start position:0%
this seems a little confusing. What does
it<00:51:41.760><c> mean</c><00:51:42.000><c> if</c><00:51:42.400><c> space</c><00:51:42.720><c> is</c><00:51:42.880><c> hyperbolic?</c>

00:51:44.470 --> 00:51:44.480 align:start position:0%
it mean if space is hyperbolic?
 

00:51:44.480 --> 00:51:46.630 align:start position:0%
it mean if space is hyperbolic?
Well,<00:51:44.960><c> let's</c><00:51:45.280><c> consider</c><00:51:45.680><c> what</c><00:51:45.920><c> it</c><00:51:46.079><c> is</c><00:51:46.240><c> we</c><00:51:46.480><c> are</c>

00:51:46.630 --> 00:51:46.640 align:start position:0%
Well, let's consider what it is we are
 

00:51:46.640 --> 00:51:49.270 align:start position:0%
Well, let's consider what it is we are
curving<00:51:47.200><c> around.</c><00:51:48.400><c> You</c><00:51:48.559><c> might</c><00:51:48.720><c> have</c><00:51:48.880><c> noticed</c>

00:51:49.270 --> 00:51:49.280 align:start position:0%
curving around. You might have noticed
 

00:51:49.280 --> 00:51:51.510 align:start position:0%
curving around. You might have noticed
when<00:51:49.440><c> we</c><00:51:49.599><c> talked</c><00:51:49.920><c> about</c><00:51:50.160><c> our</c><00:51:50.480><c> spherical</c><00:51:51.040><c> shape</c>

00:51:51.510 --> 00:51:51.520 align:start position:0%
when we talked about our spherical shape
 

00:51:51.520 --> 00:51:53.190 align:start position:0%
when we talked about our spherical shape
that<00:51:51.760><c> there</c><00:51:52.000><c> must</c><00:51:52.240><c> be</c><00:51:52.400><c> something</c><00:51:52.720><c> we</c><00:51:53.040><c> are</c>

00:51:53.190 --> 00:51:53.200 align:start position:0%
that there must be something we are
 

00:51:53.200 --> 00:51:55.510 align:start position:0%
that there must be something we are
curving<00:51:53.680><c> around.</c><00:51:54.640><c> That</c><00:51:54.880><c> direction</c><00:51:55.280><c> of</c>

00:51:55.510 --> 00:51:55.520 align:start position:0%
curving around. That direction of
 

00:51:55.520 --> 00:51:58.630 align:start position:0%
curving around. That direction of
curvature<00:51:56.079><c> is</c><00:51:56.400><c> in</c><00:51:56.640><c> regards</c><00:51:56.960><c> to</c><00:51:57.200><c> time.</c>

00:51:58.630 --> 00:51:58.640 align:start position:0%
curvature is in regards to time.
 

00:51:58.640 --> 00:52:00.390 align:start position:0%
curvature is in regards to time.
Imagine,<00:51:59.040><c> if</c><00:51:59.200><c> you</c><00:51:59.359><c> will,</c><00:51:59.680><c> a</c><00:51:59.920><c> series</c><00:52:00.240><c> of</c>

00:52:00.390 --> 00:52:00.400 align:start position:0%
Imagine, if you will, a series of
 

00:52:00.400 --> 00:52:01.990 align:start position:0%
Imagine, if you will, a series of
timelines.

00:52:01.990 --> 00:52:02.000 align:start position:0%
timelines.
 

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:03.750 align:start position:0%
timelines.
We<00:52:02.240><c> go</c><00:52:02.400><c> a</c><00:52:02.640><c> little</c><00:52:02.800><c> more</c><00:52:03.040><c> in</c><00:52:03.200><c> depth</c><00:52:03.440><c> with</c><00:52:03.680><c> the</c>

00:52:03.750 --> 00:52:03.760 align:start position:0%
We go a little more in depth with the
 

00:52:03.760 --> 00:52:05.670 align:start position:0%
We go a little more in depth with the
interplay<00:52:04.240><c> between</c><00:52:04.559><c> space</c><00:52:04.800><c> and</c><00:52:05.040><c> time</c><00:52:05.280><c> in</c><00:52:05.440><c> my</c>

00:52:05.670 --> 00:52:05.680 align:start position:0%
interplay between space and time in my
 

00:52:05.680 --> 00:52:07.270 align:start position:0%
interplay between space and time in my
last<00:52:05.920><c> video,</c><00:52:06.400><c> which</c><00:52:06.640><c> I</c><00:52:06.880><c> would</c><00:52:07.040><c> really</c>

00:52:07.270 --> 00:52:07.280 align:start position:0%
last video, which I would really
 

00:52:07.280 --> 00:52:09.670 align:start position:0%
last video, which I would really
recommend<00:52:07.599><c> you</c><00:52:07.839><c> check</c><00:52:08.079><c> out.</c><00:52:08.880><c> But</c><00:52:09.040><c> for</c><00:52:09.280><c> now,</c>

00:52:09.670 --> 00:52:09.680 align:start position:0%
recommend you check out. But for now,
 

00:52:09.680 --> 00:52:11.430 align:start position:0%
recommend you check out. But for now,
just<00:52:10.000><c> remember</c><00:52:10.240><c> for</c><00:52:10.559><c> this</c><00:52:10.720><c> model</c><00:52:11.119><c> that</c>

00:52:11.430 --> 00:52:11.440 align:start position:0%
just remember for this model that
 

00:52:11.440 --> 00:52:13.510 align:start position:0%
just remember for this model that
objects<00:52:11.760><c> in</c><00:52:12.000><c> time</c><00:52:12.319><c> move</c><00:52:12.559><c> forward</c><00:52:12.960><c> along</c><00:52:13.280><c> their</c>

00:52:13.510 --> 00:52:13.520 align:start position:0%
objects in time move forward along their
 

00:52:13.520 --> 00:52:16.309 align:start position:0%
objects in time move forward along their
timelines<00:52:14.079><c> in</c><00:52:14.319><c> the</c><00:52:14.559><c> direction</c><00:52:14.880><c> of</c><00:52:15.200><c> up</c><00:52:15.839><c> or</c><00:52:16.079><c> the</c>

00:52:16.309 --> 00:52:16.319 align:start position:0%
timelines in the direction of up or the
 

00:52:16.319 --> 00:52:19.190 align:start position:0%
timelines in the direction of up or the
future.<00:52:17.280><c> If</c><00:52:17.440><c> they</c><00:52:17.680><c> move</c><00:52:17.920><c> left</c><00:52:18.240><c> or</c><00:52:18.559><c> right,</c><00:52:18.960><c> they</c>

00:52:19.190 --> 00:52:19.200 align:start position:0%
future. If they move left or right, they
 

00:52:19.200 --> 00:52:21.109 align:start position:0%
future. If they move left or right, they
are<00:52:19.359><c> moving</c><00:52:19.599><c> through</c><00:52:19.920><c> space,</c><00:52:20.480><c> getting</c><00:52:20.800><c> closer</c>

00:52:21.109 --> 00:52:21.119 align:start position:0%
are moving through space, getting closer
 

00:52:21.119 --> 00:52:24.150 align:start position:0%
are moving through space, getting closer
to<00:52:21.280><c> each</c><00:52:21.520><c> other.</c><00:52:22.559><c> If</c><00:52:22.800><c> we</c><00:52:22.960><c> introduce</c><00:52:23.520><c> a</c><00:52:23.760><c> large</c>

00:52:24.150 --> 00:52:24.160 align:start position:0%
to each other. If we introduce a large
 

00:52:24.160 --> 00:52:26.470 align:start position:0%
to each other. If we introduce a large
mass<00:52:24.559><c> into</c><00:52:24.800><c> this</c><00:52:25.040><c> model,</c><00:52:25.599><c> it</c><00:52:25.920><c> warps</c><00:52:26.240><c> the</c>

00:52:26.470 --> 00:52:26.480 align:start position:0%
mass into this model, it warps the
 

00:52:26.480 --> 00:52:28.230 align:start position:0%
mass into this model, it warps the
timelines.

00:52:28.230 --> 00:52:28.240 align:start position:0%
timelines.
 

00:52:28.240 --> 00:52:30.470 align:start position:0%
timelines.
Now,<00:52:28.640><c> if</c><00:52:28.880><c> you</c><00:52:29.040><c> were</c><00:52:29.280><c> a</c><00:52:29.520><c> small</c><00:52:29.839><c> object</c>

00:52:30.470 --> 00:52:30.480 align:start position:0%
Now, if you were a small object
 

00:52:30.480 --> 00:52:32.710 align:start position:0%
Now, if you were a small object
traveling<00:52:30.960><c> along</c><00:52:31.280><c> one</c><00:52:31.520><c> of</c><00:52:31.680><c> those</c><00:52:31.920><c> arrows</c><00:52:32.400><c> that</c>

00:52:32.710 --> 00:52:32.720 align:start position:0%
traveling along one of those arrows that
 

00:52:32.720 --> 00:52:35.109 align:start position:0%
traveling along one of those arrows that
got<00:52:32.880><c> too</c><00:52:33.119><c> close</c><00:52:33.280><c> to</c><00:52:33.440><c> the</c><00:52:33.599><c> mass,</c><00:52:34.319><c> suddenly</c><00:52:34.880><c> your</c>

00:52:35.109 --> 00:52:35.119 align:start position:0%
got too close to the mass, suddenly your
 

00:52:35.119 --> 00:52:37.270 align:start position:0%
got too close to the mass, suddenly your
path<00:52:35.440><c> of</c><00:52:35.599><c> travel</c><00:52:36.000><c> no</c><00:52:36.240><c> longer</c><00:52:36.559><c> goes</c><00:52:36.880><c> directly</c>

00:52:37.270 --> 00:52:37.280 align:start position:0%
path of travel no longer goes directly
 

00:52:37.280 --> 00:52:39.910 align:start position:0%
path of travel no longer goes directly
up<00:52:37.520><c> towards</c><00:52:37.920><c> the</c><00:52:38.079><c> future.</c><00:52:38.800><c> It</c><00:52:39.040><c> pulls</c><00:52:39.280><c> you</c><00:52:39.599><c> left</c>

00:52:39.910 --> 00:52:39.920 align:start position:0%
up towards the future. It pulls you left
 

00:52:39.920 --> 00:52:42.309 align:start position:0%
up towards the future. It pulls you left
or<00:52:40.160><c> right</c><00:52:40.400><c> towards</c><00:52:40.800><c> the</c><00:52:40.960><c> mass.</c><00:52:42.000><c> There</c><00:52:42.160><c> are</c>

00:52:42.309 --> 00:52:42.319 align:start position:0%
or right towards the mass. There are
 

00:52:42.319 --> 00:52:44.230 align:start position:0%
or right towards the mass. There are
several<00:52:42.720><c> reasons</c><00:52:43.040><c> for</c><00:52:43.280><c> this,</c><00:52:43.760><c> but</c><00:52:44.000><c> the</c>

00:52:44.230 --> 00:52:44.240 align:start position:0%
several reasons for this, but the
 

00:52:44.240 --> 00:52:46.390 align:start position:0%
several reasons for this, but the
essential<00:52:44.640><c> thing</c><00:52:44.800><c> to</c><00:52:45.119><c> recognize</c><00:52:45.599><c> here</c><00:52:46.160><c> is</c>

00:52:46.390 --> 00:52:46.400 align:start position:0%
essential thing to recognize here is
 

00:52:46.400 --> 00:52:48.790 align:start position:0%
essential thing to recognize here is
that<00:52:46.720><c> now</c><00:52:47.200><c> your</c><00:52:47.520><c> straight</c><00:52:47.920><c> path</c><00:52:48.240><c> towards</c><00:52:48.640><c> the</c>

00:52:48.790 --> 00:52:48.800 align:start position:0%
that now your straight path towards the
 

00:52:48.800 --> 00:52:51.270 align:start position:0%
that now your straight path towards the
future<00:52:49.359><c> pulls</c><00:52:49.680><c> you</c><00:52:49.839><c> in</c><00:52:50.079><c> towards</c><00:52:50.400><c> the</c><00:52:50.640><c> planet.</c>

00:52:51.270 --> 00:52:51.280 align:start position:0%
future pulls you in towards the planet.
 

00:52:51.280 --> 00:52:53.109 align:start position:0%
future pulls you in towards the planet.
So,<00:52:51.440><c> you'll</c><00:52:51.760><c> have</c><00:52:51.839><c> to</c><00:52:52.079><c> accelerate</c><00:52:52.640><c> away</c><00:52:52.960><c> from</c>

00:52:53.109 --> 00:52:53.119 align:start position:0%
So, you'll have to accelerate away from
 

00:52:53.119 --> 00:52:56.230 align:start position:0%
So, you'll have to accelerate away from
it<00:52:53.440><c> just</c><00:52:53.599><c> to</c><00:52:53.839><c> stay</c><00:52:54.079><c> on</c><00:52:54.240><c> a</c><00:52:54.480><c> straight</c><00:52:54.800><c> path.</c><00:52:55.839><c> In</c><00:52:56.000><c> a</c>

00:52:56.230 --> 00:52:56.240 align:start position:0%
it just to stay on a straight path. In a
 

00:52:56.240 --> 00:52:58.470 align:start position:0%
it just to stay on a straight path. In a
nutshell,<00:52:56.960><c> you</c><00:52:57.280><c> are</c><00:52:57.520><c> experiencing</c>

00:52:58.470 --> 00:52:58.480 align:start position:0%
nutshell, you are experiencing
 

00:52:58.480 --> 00:53:01.109 align:start position:0%
nutshell, you are experiencing
gravitational<00:52:59.200><c> pull.</c><00:53:00.079><c> Even</c><00:53:00.400><c> the</c><00:53:00.640><c> planet</c><00:53:00.880><c> is</c>

00:53:01.109 --> 00:53:01.119 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull. Even the planet is
 

00:53:01.119 --> 00:53:03.430 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull. Even the planet is
affected<00:53:01.440><c> by</c><00:53:01.680><c> this.</c><00:53:02.319><c> The</c><00:53:02.559><c> atoms</c><00:53:02.960><c> on</c><00:53:03.119><c> either</c>

00:53:03.430 --> 00:53:03.440 align:start position:0%
affected by this. The atoms on either
 

00:53:03.440 --> 00:53:05.270 align:start position:0%
affected by this. The atoms on either
side<00:53:03.599><c> of</c><00:53:03.760><c> it</c><00:53:04.000><c> are</c><00:53:04.240><c> squeezed</c><00:53:04.720><c> towards</c><00:53:05.119><c> the</c>

00:53:05.270 --> 00:53:05.280 align:start position:0%
side of it are squeezed towards the
 

00:53:05.280 --> 00:53:07.349 align:start position:0%
side of it are squeezed towards the
center<00:53:05.520><c> of</c><00:53:05.680><c> mass</c><00:53:06.319><c> as</c><00:53:06.480><c> if</c><00:53:06.640><c> it</c><00:53:06.880><c> were</c><00:53:07.040><c> being</c>

00:53:07.349 --> 00:53:07.359 align:start position:0%
center of mass as if it were being
 

00:53:07.359 --> 00:53:09.829 align:start position:0%
center of mass as if it were being
forced<00:53:07.839><c> down</c><00:53:08.079><c> a</c><00:53:08.400><c> narrow</c><00:53:08.720><c> tube</c><00:53:09.119><c> by</c><00:53:09.359><c> giant</c>

00:53:09.829 --> 00:53:09.839 align:start position:0%
forced down a narrow tube by giant
 

00:53:09.839 --> 00:53:12.630 align:start position:0%
forced down a narrow tube by giant
invisible<00:53:10.480><c> hands.</c><00:53:11.920><c> Let's</c><00:53:12.160><c> get</c><00:53:12.319><c> back</c><00:53:12.480><c> to</c>

00:53:12.630 --> 00:53:12.640 align:start position:0%
invisible hands. Let's get back to
 

00:53:12.640 --> 00:53:15.750 align:start position:0%
invisible hands. Let's get back to
hyperbolic<00:53:13.359><c> space.</c><00:53:14.480><c> In</c><00:53:14.720><c> this</c><00:53:14.960><c> model,</c><00:53:15.440><c> the</c>

00:53:15.750 --> 00:53:15.760 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space. In this model, the
 

00:53:15.760 --> 00:53:17.990 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space. In this model, the
opposite<00:53:16.160><c> thing</c><00:53:16.319><c> is</c><00:53:16.559><c> happening.</c><00:53:17.440><c> All</c><00:53:17.680><c> lines</c>

00:53:17.990 --> 00:53:18.000 align:start position:0%
opposite thing is happening. All lines
 

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:20.470 align:start position:0%
opposite thing is happening. All lines
are<00:53:18.240><c> moving</c><00:53:18.640><c> away</c><00:53:18.960><c> from</c><00:53:19.200><c> each</c><00:53:19.440><c> other.</c><00:53:20.240><c> We</c>

00:53:20.470 --> 00:53:20.480 align:start position:0%
are moving away from each other. We
 

00:53:20.480 --> 00:53:22.870 align:start position:0%
are moving away from each other. We
could<00:53:20.720><c> represent</c><00:53:21.200><c> this</c><00:53:21.520><c> by</c><00:53:21.839><c> curving</c><00:53:22.319><c> space</c>

00:53:22.870 --> 00:53:22.880 align:start position:0%
could represent this by curving space
 

00:53:22.880 --> 00:53:25.349 align:start position:0%
could represent this by curving space
and<00:53:23.119><c> letting</c><00:53:23.440><c> our</c><00:53:23.680><c> timelines</c><00:53:24.319><c> be</c><00:53:24.480><c> straight,</c>

00:53:25.349 --> 00:53:25.359 align:start position:0%
and letting our timelines be straight,
 

00:53:25.359 --> 00:53:27.270 align:start position:0%
and letting our timelines be straight,
which<00:53:25.599><c> is</c><00:53:25.760><c> nice</c><00:53:26.079><c> because</c><00:53:26.400><c> it</c><00:53:26.640><c> captures</c><00:53:27.040><c> the</c>

00:53:27.270 --> 00:53:27.280 align:start position:0%
which is nice because it captures the
 

00:53:27.280 --> 00:53:29.510 align:start position:0%
which is nice because it captures the
idea<00:53:27.599><c> that</c><00:53:27.920><c> from</c><00:53:28.160><c> your</c><00:53:28.480><c> perspective,</c><00:53:29.200><c> your</c>

00:53:29.510 --> 00:53:29.520 align:start position:0%
idea that from your perspective, your
 

00:53:29.520 --> 00:53:32.230 align:start position:0%
idea that from your perspective, your
time<00:53:29.760><c> is</c><00:53:30.000><c> always</c><00:53:30.319><c> ticking</c><00:53:30.720><c> forward</c><00:53:31.119><c> normally.</c>

00:53:32.230 --> 00:53:32.240 align:start position:0%
time is always ticking forward normally.
 

00:53:32.240 --> 00:53:34.150 align:start position:0%
time is always ticking forward normally.
But<00:53:32.400><c> let's</c><00:53:32.640><c> warp</c><00:53:33.040><c> this</c><00:53:33.200><c> slightly</c><00:53:33.680><c> so</c><00:53:33.920><c> that</c>

00:53:34.150 --> 00:53:34.160 align:start position:0%
But let's warp this slightly so that
 

00:53:34.160 --> 00:53:36.230 align:start position:0%
But let's warp this slightly so that
space<00:53:34.400><c> is</c><00:53:34.640><c> flat.</c><00:53:35.359><c> It's</c><00:53:35.599><c> all</c><00:53:35.760><c> a</c><00:53:35.920><c> matter</c><00:53:36.079><c> of</c>

00:53:36.230 --> 00:53:36.240 align:start position:0%
space is flat. It's all a matter of
 

00:53:36.240 --> 00:53:39.030 align:start position:0%
space is flat. It's all a matter of
perspective<00:53:36.800><c> after</c><00:53:37.040><c> all.</c><00:53:38.079><c> Here,</c><00:53:38.480><c> parallel</c>

00:53:39.030 --> 00:53:39.040 align:start position:0%
perspective after all. Here, parallel
 

00:53:39.040 --> 00:53:41.430 align:start position:0%
perspective after all. Here, parallel
lines<00:53:39.359><c> are</c><00:53:39.599><c> also</c><00:53:39.920><c> impossible.</c><00:53:41.040><c> But</c><00:53:41.200><c> this</c>

00:53:41.430 --> 00:53:41.440 align:start position:0%
lines are also impossible. But this
 

00:53:41.440 --> 00:53:43.589 align:start position:0%
lines are also impossible. But this
time,<00:53:41.839><c> rather</c><00:53:42.160><c> than</c><00:53:42.400><c> converging,</c><00:53:43.359><c> all</c>

00:53:43.589 --> 00:53:43.599 align:start position:0%
time, rather than converging, all
 

00:53:43.599 --> 00:53:46.390 align:start position:0%
time, rather than converging, all
parallel<00:53:44.160><c> lines</c><00:53:44.640><c> diverge</c><00:53:45.200><c> more</c><00:53:45.440><c> and</c><00:53:45.760><c> more.</c>

00:53:46.390 --> 00:53:46.400 align:start position:0%
parallel lines diverge more and more.
 

00:53:46.400 --> 00:53:48.390 align:start position:0%
parallel lines diverge more and more.
Everything<00:53:46.880><c> moves</c><00:53:47.359><c> further</c><00:53:47.760><c> and</c><00:53:48.000><c> further</c>

00:53:48.390 --> 00:53:48.400 align:start position:0%
Everything moves further and further
 

00:53:48.400 --> 00:53:52.150 align:start position:0%
Everything moves further and further
apart.<00:53:49.440><c> H</c><00:53:50.000><c> why</c><00:53:50.160><c> does</c><00:53:50.319><c> that</c><00:53:50.559><c> sound</c><00:53:50.800><c> familiar?</c>

00:53:52.150 --> 00:53:52.160 align:start position:0%
apart. H why does that sound familiar?
 

00:53:52.160 --> 00:53:54.470 align:start position:0%
apart. H why does that sound familiar?
It<00:53:52.400><c> is</c><00:53:52.559><c> because</c><00:53:53.119><c> that</c><00:53:53.440><c> is</c><00:53:53.599><c> what</c><00:53:53.760><c> the</c><00:53:53.920><c> universe</c>

00:53:54.470 --> 00:53:54.480 align:start position:0%
It is because that is what the universe
 

00:53:54.480 --> 00:53:57.349 align:start position:0%
It is because that is what the universe
is<00:53:54.800><c> doing.</c><00:53:55.920><c> This</c><00:53:56.079><c> is</c><00:53:56.240><c> not</c><00:53:56.480><c> noticeable</c><00:53:57.040><c> within</c>

00:53:57.349 --> 00:53:57.359 align:start position:0%
is doing. This is not noticeable within
 

00:53:57.359 --> 00:53:59.750 align:start position:0%
is doing. This is not noticeable within
a<00:53:57.599><c> galaxy</c><00:53:58.240><c> where</c><00:53:58.559><c> there</c><00:53:58.720><c> is</c><00:53:58.880><c> enough</c><00:53:59.200><c> mass</c><00:53:59.520><c> and</c>

00:53:59.750 --> 00:53:59.760 align:start position:0%
a galaxy where there is enough mass and
 

00:53:59.760 --> 00:54:02.069 align:start position:0%
a galaxy where there is enough mass and
gravity<00:54:00.079><c> to</c><00:54:00.319><c> keep</c><00:54:00.559><c> everything</c><00:54:00.880><c> together.</c>

00:54:02.069 --> 00:54:02.079 align:start position:0%
gravity to keep everything together.
 

00:54:02.079 --> 00:54:03.829 align:start position:0%
gravity to keep everything together.
However,<00:54:02.480><c> from</c><00:54:02.720><c> what</c><00:54:02.960><c> we</c><00:54:03.119><c> can</c><00:54:03.280><c> see</c><00:54:03.440><c> of</c><00:54:03.680><c> the</c>

00:54:03.829 --> 00:54:03.839 align:start position:0%
However, from what we can see of the
 

00:54:03.839 --> 00:54:06.549 align:start position:0%
However, from what we can see of the
universe<00:54:04.240><c> as</c><00:54:04.400><c> a</c><00:54:04.640><c> whole,</c><00:54:05.359><c> every</c><00:54:05.680><c> galaxy</c><00:54:06.240><c> is</c>

00:54:06.549 --> 00:54:06.559 align:start position:0%
universe as a whole, every galaxy is
 

00:54:06.559 --> 00:54:09.430 align:start position:0%
universe as a whole, every galaxy is
moving<00:54:06.880><c> away</c><00:54:07.200><c> from</c><00:54:07.520><c> every</c><00:54:07.839><c> other</c><00:54:08.079><c> galaxy.</c>

00:54:09.430 --> 00:54:09.440 align:start position:0%
moving away from every other galaxy.
 

00:54:09.440 --> 00:54:11.430 align:start position:0%
moving away from every other galaxy.
Scientists<00:54:10.000><c> try</c><00:54:10.240><c> to</c><00:54:10.400><c> explain</c><00:54:10.720><c> that</c><00:54:10.960><c> with</c><00:54:11.119><c> dark</c>

00:54:11.430 --> 00:54:11.440 align:start position:0%
Scientists try to explain that with dark
 

00:54:11.440 --> 00:54:13.910 align:start position:0%
Scientists try to explain that with dark
energy.<00:54:12.400><c> But</c><00:54:12.559><c> maybe</c><00:54:12.880><c> all</c><00:54:13.119><c> that</c><00:54:13.280><c> is</c><00:54:13.520><c> happening</c>

00:54:13.910 --> 00:54:13.920 align:start position:0%
energy. But maybe all that is happening
 

00:54:13.920 --> 00:54:15.829 align:start position:0%
energy. But maybe all that is happening
is<00:54:14.079><c> that</c><00:54:14.240><c> the</c><00:54:14.480><c> universe</c><00:54:14.800><c> is</c><00:54:15.119><c> just</c><00:54:15.359><c> naturally</c>

00:54:15.829 --> 00:54:15.839 align:start position:0%
is that the universe is just naturally
 

00:54:15.839 --> 00:54:18.230 align:start position:0%
is that the universe is just naturally
hyperbolic<00:54:16.480><c> in</c><00:54:16.640><c> its</c><00:54:16.880><c> shape.</c>

00:54:18.230 --> 00:54:18.240 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic in its shape.
 

00:54:18.240 --> 00:54:20.309 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic in its shape.
So<00:54:18.640><c> what</c><00:54:18.800><c> would</c><00:54:18.960><c> that</c><00:54:19.200><c> mean</c><00:54:19.440><c> if</c><00:54:19.680><c> the</c><00:54:19.839><c> universe</c>

00:54:20.309 --> 00:54:20.319 align:start position:0%
So what would that mean if the universe
 

00:54:20.319 --> 00:54:22.549 align:start position:0%
So what would that mean if the universe
really<00:54:20.720><c> was</c><00:54:21.040><c> hyperbolic?</c>

00:54:22.549 --> 00:54:22.559 align:start position:0%
really was hyperbolic?
 

00:54:22.559 --> 00:54:24.309 align:start position:0%
really was hyperbolic?
It<00:54:22.800><c> would</c><00:54:22.960><c> mean</c><00:54:23.119><c> that</c><00:54:23.280><c> the</c><00:54:23.440><c> universe</c><00:54:23.920><c> was</c>

00:54:24.309 --> 00:54:24.319 align:start position:0%
It would mean that the universe was
 

00:54:24.319 --> 00:54:27.190 align:start position:0%
It would mean that the universe was
really<00:54:24.880><c> infinite.</c><00:54:26.079><c> The</c><00:54:26.319><c> flat</c><00:54:26.640><c> space</c><00:54:26.880><c> we</c>

00:54:27.190 --> 00:54:27.200 align:start position:0%
really infinite. The flat space we
 

00:54:27.200 --> 00:54:29.109 align:start position:0%
really infinite. The flat space we
looked<00:54:27.440><c> at</c><00:54:27.680><c> was</c><00:54:27.920><c> infinite.</c><00:54:28.640><c> For</c><00:54:28.960><c> each</c>

00:54:29.109 --> 00:54:29.119 align:start position:0%
looked at was infinite. For each
 

00:54:29.119 --> 00:54:31.109 align:start position:0%
looked at was infinite. For each
lightyear<00:54:29.599><c> you</c><00:54:29.839><c> traveled</c><00:54:30.160><c> out,</c><00:54:30.480><c> you</c><00:54:30.720><c> discover</c>

00:54:31.109 --> 00:54:31.119 align:start position:0%
lightyear you traveled out, you discover
 

00:54:31.119 --> 00:54:33.670 align:start position:0%
lightyear you traveled out, you discover
another<00:54:31.520><c> light</c><00:54:31.839><c> years</c><00:54:32.079><c> worth</c><00:54:32.319><c> of</c><00:54:32.480><c> space.</c>

00:54:33.670 --> 00:54:33.680 align:start position:0%
another light years worth of space.
 

00:54:33.680 --> 00:54:36.150 align:start position:0%
another light years worth of space.
However,<00:54:34.319><c> with</c><00:54:34.559><c> hyperbolic</c><00:54:35.359><c> space,</c><00:54:35.839><c> you</c>

00:54:36.150 --> 00:54:36.160 align:start position:0%
However, with hyperbolic space, you
 

00:54:36.160 --> 00:54:38.309 align:start position:0%
However, with hyperbolic space, you
discover<00:54:36.720><c> more</c><00:54:37.119><c> than</c><00:54:37.440><c> another</c><00:54:37.680><c> light</c><00:54:38.000><c> years</c>

00:54:38.309 --> 00:54:38.319 align:start position:0%
discover more than another light years
 

00:54:38.319 --> 00:54:40.470 align:start position:0%
discover more than another light years
worth<00:54:38.480><c> of</c><00:54:38.640><c> space.</c><00:54:39.520><c> It's</c><00:54:39.760><c> like</c><00:54:40.079><c> opening</c>

00:54:40.470 --> 00:54:40.480 align:start position:0%
worth of space. It's like opening
 

00:54:40.480 --> 00:54:43.190 align:start position:0%
worth of space. It's like opening
infinite<00:54:40.960><c> doors,</c><00:54:41.599><c> except</c><00:54:42.000><c> inside</c><00:54:42.480><c> each</c><00:54:42.800><c> door</c>

00:54:43.190 --> 00:54:43.200 align:start position:0%
infinite doors, except inside each door
 

00:54:43.200 --> 00:54:45.510 align:start position:0%
infinite doors, except inside each door
are<00:54:43.520><c> two</c><00:54:43.839><c> new</c><00:54:44.079><c> ones.</c>

00:54:45.510 --> 00:54:45.520 align:start position:0%
are two new ones.
 

00:54:45.520 --> 00:54:47.670 align:start position:0%
are two new ones.
The<00:54:45.839><c> possibilities</c><00:54:46.480><c> would</c><00:54:46.800><c> be</c><00:54:47.119><c> far</c><00:54:47.440><c> more</c>

00:54:47.670 --> 00:54:47.680 align:start position:0%
The possibilities would be far more
 

00:54:47.680 --> 00:54:50.390 align:start position:0%
The possibilities would be far more
endless,<00:54:48.480><c> far</c><00:54:48.800><c> more</c><00:54:49.040><c> infinite</c><00:54:49.599><c> than</c><00:54:49.760><c> in</c><00:54:50.079><c> just</c>

00:54:50.390 --> 00:54:50.400 align:start position:0%
endless, far more infinite than in just
 

00:54:50.400 --> 00:54:53.910 align:start position:0%
endless, far more infinite than in just
regular<00:54:51.040><c> flat</c><00:54:51.440><c> space</c><00:54:51.760><c> models.</c><00:54:52.960><c> But</c><00:54:53.200><c> also,</c><00:54:53.680><c> it</c>

00:54:53.910 --> 00:54:53.920 align:start position:0%
regular flat space models. But also, it
 

00:54:53.920 --> 00:54:56.230 align:start position:0%
regular flat space models. But also, it
means<00:54:54.160><c> that</c><00:54:54.559><c> given</c><00:54:54.880><c> enough</c><00:54:55.280><c> time,</c><00:54:55.839><c> the</c><00:54:56.079><c> rest</c>

00:54:56.230 --> 00:54:56.240 align:start position:0%
means that given enough time, the rest
 

00:54:56.240 --> 00:54:58.230 align:start position:0%
means that given enough time, the rest
of<00:54:56.400><c> the</c><00:54:56.559><c> universe</c><00:54:56.960><c> would</c><00:54:57.200><c> drift</c><00:54:57.520><c> away</c><00:54:57.760><c> from</c><00:54:58.000><c> us</c>

00:54:58.230 --> 00:54:58.240 align:start position:0%
of the universe would drift away from us
 

00:54:58.240 --> 00:55:01.829 align:start position:0%
of the universe would drift away from us
until<00:54:58.559><c> our</c><00:54:58.880><c> galaxy</c><00:54:59.359><c> was</c><00:54:59.680><c> all</c><00:54:59.839><c> that</c><00:55:00.079><c> was</c><00:55:00.240><c> left.</c>

00:55:01.829 --> 00:55:01.839 align:start position:0%
until our galaxy was all that was left.
 

00:55:01.839 --> 00:55:03.349 align:start position:0%
until our galaxy was all that was left.
Scientists<00:55:02.319><c> have</c><00:55:02.559><c> looked</c><00:55:02.880><c> across</c><00:55:03.200><c> the</c>

00:55:03.349 --> 00:55:03.359 align:start position:0%
Scientists have looked across the
 

00:55:03.359 --> 00:55:05.910 align:start position:0%
Scientists have looked across the
universe,<00:55:04.240><c> however,</c><00:55:04.800><c> have</c><00:55:05.040><c> not</c><00:55:05.280><c> noticed</c><00:55:05.680><c> this</c>

00:55:05.910 --> 00:55:05.920 align:start position:0%
universe, however, have not noticed this
 

00:55:05.920 --> 00:55:08.710 align:start position:0%
universe, however, have not noticed this
hyperbolic<00:55:06.559><c> space</c><00:55:06.880><c> in</c><00:55:07.119><c> action.</c><00:55:08.079><c> In</c><00:55:08.319><c> fact,</c>

00:55:08.710 --> 00:55:08.720 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space in action. In fact,
 

00:55:08.720 --> 00:55:11.510 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space in action. In fact,
things<00:55:09.040><c> all</c><00:55:09.359><c> look</c><00:55:09.599><c> pretty</c><00:55:09.920><c> flat.</c><00:55:10.800><c> So</c><00:55:11.119><c> perhaps</c>

00:55:11.510 --> 00:55:11.520 align:start position:0%
things all look pretty flat. So perhaps
 

00:55:11.520 --> 00:55:14.710 align:start position:0%
things all look pretty flat. So perhaps
flat<00:55:11.920><c> space</c><00:55:12.240><c> is</c><00:55:12.480><c> the</c><00:55:12.640><c> correct</c><00:55:12.960><c> answer.</c><00:55:14.160><c> Yet</c>

00:55:14.710 --> 00:55:14.720 align:start position:0%
flat space is the correct answer. Yet
 

00:55:14.720 --> 00:55:16.549 align:start position:0%
flat space is the correct answer. Yet
this<00:55:14.960><c> still</c><00:55:15.280><c> leaves</c><00:55:15.599><c> room</c><00:55:15.760><c> to</c><00:55:16.000><c> me</c><00:55:16.319><c> for</c>

00:55:16.549 --> 00:55:16.559 align:start position:0%
this still leaves room to me for
 

00:55:16.559 --> 00:55:19.109 align:start position:0%
this still leaves room to me for
hyperbolic<00:55:17.280><c> space</c><00:55:17.520><c> to</c><00:55:17.760><c> be</c><00:55:17.839><c> the</c><00:55:18.079><c> default.</c>

00:55:19.109 --> 00:55:19.119 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space to be the default.
 

00:55:19.119 --> 00:55:21.910 align:start position:0%
hyperbolic space to be the default.
After<00:55:19.440><c> all,</c><00:55:19.920><c> if</c><00:55:20.240><c> matter</c><00:55:20.640><c> is</c><00:55:20.960><c> curving</c><00:55:21.520><c> space</c>

00:55:21.910 --> 00:55:21.920 align:start position:0%
After all, if matter is curving space
 

00:55:21.920 --> 00:55:24.630 align:start position:0%
After all, if matter is curving space
towards<00:55:22.400><c> it</c><00:55:23.119><c> and</c><00:55:23.440><c> the</c><00:55:23.680><c> universe</c><00:55:24.079><c> appears</c>

00:55:24.630 --> 00:55:24.640 align:start position:0%
towards it and the universe appears
 

00:55:24.640 --> 00:55:26.950 align:start position:0%
towards it and the universe appears
flat,<00:55:25.520><c> it</c><00:55:25.760><c> would</c><00:55:25.920><c> make</c><00:55:26.160><c> sense</c><00:55:26.400><c> that</c><00:55:26.720><c> the</c>

00:55:26.950 --> 00:55:26.960 align:start position:0%
flat, it would make sense that the
 

00:55:26.960 --> 00:55:29.109 align:start position:0%
flat, it would make sense that the
universe<00:55:27.440><c> was</c><00:55:27.680><c> curved</c><00:55:28.000><c> in</c><00:55:28.160><c> the</c><00:55:28.319><c> inverse</c><00:55:29.040><c> at</c>

00:55:29.109 --> 00:55:29.119 align:start position:0%
universe was curved in the inverse at
 

00:55:29.119 --> 00:55:31.750 align:start position:0%
universe was curved in the inverse at
least<00:55:29.359><c> to</c><00:55:29.599><c> some</c><00:55:29.760><c> degree.</c><00:55:30.720><c> Perhaps</c><00:55:31.200><c> all</c><00:55:31.440><c> three</c>

00:55:31.750 --> 00:55:31.760 align:start position:0%
least to some degree. Perhaps all three
 

00:55:31.760 --> 00:55:34.710 align:start position:0%
least to some degree. Perhaps all three
models<00:55:32.160><c> are</c><00:55:32.400><c> true.</c><00:55:33.280><c> Perhaps</c><00:55:33.680><c> the</c><00:55:33.920><c> universe</c><00:55:34.400><c> is</c>

00:55:34.710 --> 00:55:34.720 align:start position:0%
models are true. Perhaps the universe is
 

00:55:34.720 --> 00:55:37.349 align:start position:0%
models are true. Perhaps the universe is
by<00:55:35.040><c> default</c><00:55:35.520><c> hyperbolic,</c><00:55:36.480><c> but</c><00:55:36.720><c> mass</c><00:55:37.119><c> brings</c>

00:55:37.349 --> 00:55:37.359 align:start position:0%
by default hyperbolic, but mass brings
 

00:55:37.359 --> 00:55:39.190 align:start position:0%
by default hyperbolic, but mass brings
it<00:55:37.599><c> together</c><00:55:37.920><c> in</c><00:55:38.160><c> such</c><00:55:38.400><c> a</c><00:55:38.559><c> way</c><00:55:38.720><c> that</c><00:55:38.960><c> it</c>

00:55:39.190 --> 00:55:39.200 align:start position:0%
it together in such a way that it
 

00:55:39.200 --> 00:55:41.349 align:start position:0%
it together in such a way that it
perfectly<00:55:39.760><c> offsets</c><00:55:40.240><c> the</c><00:55:40.480><c> inverse</c><00:55:40.880><c> curves</c><00:55:41.280><c> of</c>

00:55:41.349 --> 00:55:41.359 align:start position:0%
perfectly offsets the inverse curves of
 

00:55:41.359 --> 00:55:43.030 align:start position:0%
perfectly offsets the inverse curves of
the<00:55:41.520><c> universe</c><00:55:42.160><c> to</c><00:55:42.319><c> the</c><00:55:42.559><c> point</c><00:55:42.800><c> where</c>

00:55:43.030 --> 00:55:43.040 align:start position:0%
the universe to the point where
 

00:55:43.040 --> 00:55:45.829 align:start position:0%
the universe to the point where
everything<00:55:43.440><c> appears</c><00:55:43.920><c> flat.</c><00:55:45.200><c> There</c><00:55:45.440><c> certainly</c>

00:55:45.829 --> 00:55:45.839 align:start position:0%
everything appears flat. There certainly
 

00:55:45.839 --> 00:55:47.589 align:start position:0%
everything appears flat. There certainly
seems<00:55:46.160><c> to</c><00:55:46.319><c> be</c><00:55:46.480><c> some</c><00:55:46.720><c> evidence</c><00:55:47.040><c> that</c><00:55:47.359><c> this</c><00:55:47.520><c> is</c>

00:55:47.589 --> 00:55:47.599 align:start position:0%
seems to be some evidence that this is
 

00:55:47.599 --> 00:55:49.910 align:start position:0%
seems to be some evidence that this is
the<00:55:47.839><c> case,</c><00:55:48.640><c> but</c><00:55:48.960><c> it's</c><00:55:49.200><c> very</c><00:55:49.440><c> difficult</c><00:55:49.760><c> to</c>

00:55:49.910 --> 00:55:49.920 align:start position:0%
the case, but it's very difficult to
 

00:55:49.920 --> 00:55:52.390 align:start position:0%
the case, but it's very difficult to
know<00:55:50.079><c> for</c><00:55:50.319><c> sure.</c><00:55:51.280><c> Which</c><00:55:51.520><c> model</c><00:55:51.839><c> do</c><00:55:52.079><c> you</c><00:55:52.240><c> think</c>

00:55:52.390 --> 00:55:52.400 align:start position:0%
know for sure. Which model do you think
 

00:55:52.400 --> 00:55:54.870 align:start position:0%
know for sure. Which model do you think
is<00:55:52.640><c> correct?</c><00:55:53.520><c> Or</c><00:55:53.680><c> maybe</c><00:55:53.920><c> you</c><00:55:54.079><c> feel</c><00:55:54.319><c> that</c><00:55:54.480><c> we</c><00:55:54.720><c> do</c>

00:55:54.870 --> 00:55:54.880 align:start position:0%
is correct? Or maybe you feel that we do
 

00:55:54.880 --> 00:55:57.430 align:start position:0%
is correct? Or maybe you feel that we do
not<00:55:55.040><c> live</c><00:55:55.200><c> in</c><00:55:55.359><c> an</c><00:55:55.520><c> infinite</c><00:55:56.000><c> universe</c><00:55:56.400><c> at</c><00:55:56.640><c> all.</c>

00:55:57.430 --> 00:55:57.440 align:start position:0%
not live in an infinite universe at all.
 

00:55:57.440 --> 00:55:59.109 align:start position:0%
not live in an infinite universe at all.
Please<00:55:57.760><c> leave</c><00:55:57.920><c> a</c><00:55:58.160><c> comment</c><00:55:58.400><c> down</c><00:55:58.640><c> below</c><00:55:58.880><c> to</c>

00:55:59.109 --> 00:55:59.119 align:start position:0%
Please leave a comment down below to
 

00:55:59.119 --> 00:56:01.670 align:start position:0%
Please leave a comment down below to
tell<00:55:59.280><c> me</c><00:55:59.440><c> what</c><00:55:59.680><c> you</c><00:55:59.920><c> think.</c><00:56:00.799><c> But</c><00:56:01.040><c> for</c><00:56:01.200><c> now,</c>

00:56:01.670 --> 00:56:01.680 align:start position:0%
tell me what you think. But for now,
 

00:56:01.680 --> 00:56:04.069 align:start position:0%
tell me what you think. But for now,
just<00:56:02.000><c> remember</c><00:56:02.640><c> the</c><00:56:02.880><c> unseen</c><00:56:03.440><c> world</c><00:56:03.680><c> might</c><00:56:03.920><c> be</c>

00:56:04.069 --> 00:56:04.079 align:start position:0%
just remember the unseen world might be
 

00:56:04.079 --> 00:56:06.470 align:start position:0%
just remember the unseen world might be
a<00:56:04.319><c> lot</c><00:56:04.480><c> more</c><00:56:04.720><c> influential</c><00:56:05.359><c> on</c><00:56:05.680><c> our</c><00:56:05.920><c> universe</c>

00:56:06.470 --> 00:56:06.480 align:start position:0%
a lot more influential on our universe
 

00:56:06.480 --> 00:56:20.549 align:start position:0%
a lot more influential on our universe
than<00:56:06.720><c> we</c><00:56:06.880><c> are</c><00:56:07.119><c> currently</c><00:56:07.520><c> aware</c><00:56:07.839><c> of.</c>

00:56:20.549 --> 00:56:20.559 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:56:20.559 --> 00:56:22.390 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:56:20.720><c> may</c><00:56:20.880><c> have</c><00:56:21.040><c> noticed</c><00:56:21.440><c> this</c><00:56:21.680><c> video</c><00:56:22.079><c> didn't</c>

00:56:22.390 --> 00:56:22.400 align:start position:0%
You may have noticed this video didn't
 

00:56:22.400 --> 00:56:24.870 align:start position:0%
You may have noticed this video didn't
have<00:56:22.640><c> any</c><00:56:22.960><c> sponsors,</c><00:56:23.920><c> and</c><00:56:24.079><c> that's</c><00:56:24.319><c> because</c><00:56:24.640><c> it</c>

00:56:24.870 --> 00:56:24.880 align:start position:0%
have any sponsors, and that's because it
 

00:56:24.880 --> 00:56:27.190 align:start position:0%
have any sponsors, and that's because it
was<00:56:25.040><c> brought</c><00:56:25.359><c> to</c><00:56:25.520><c> you</c><00:56:25.760><c> by</c><00:56:26.000><c> our</c><00:56:26.319><c> astronauts</c><00:56:27.040><c> on</c>

00:56:27.190 --> 00:56:27.200 align:start position:0%
was brought to you by our astronauts on
 

00:56:27.200 --> 00:56:29.910 align:start position:0%
was brought to you by our astronauts on
Patreon.<00:56:28.160><c> Consider</c><00:56:28.640><c> joining</c><00:56:28.960><c> our</c><00:56:29.200><c> Patreon</c><00:56:29.680><c> to</c>

00:56:29.910 --> 00:56:29.920 align:start position:0%
Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to
 

00:56:29.920 --> 00:56:31.829 align:start position:0%
Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to
keep<00:56:30.079><c> these</c><00:56:30.319><c> videos</c><00:56:30.720><c> thriving,</c><00:56:31.359><c> even</c><00:56:31.599><c> when</c>

00:56:31.829 --> 00:56:31.839 align:start position:0%
keep these videos thriving, even when
 

00:56:31.839 --> 00:56:34.150 align:start position:0%
keep these videos thriving, even when
they're<00:56:32.160><c> sponsor</c><00:56:32.559><c> free.</c><00:56:33.280><c> It's</c><00:56:33.520><c> the</c><00:56:33.760><c> reason</c><00:56:33.920><c> we</c>

00:56:34.150 --> 00:56:34.160 align:start position:0%
they're sponsor free. It's the reason we
 

00:56:34.160 --> 00:56:36.150 align:start position:0%
they're sponsor free. It's the reason we
can<00:56:34.319><c> research</c><00:56:34.880><c> deep</c><00:56:35.200><c> into</c><00:56:35.440><c> the</c><00:56:35.599><c> topics</c><00:56:35.920><c> we</c>

00:56:36.150 --> 00:56:36.160 align:start position:0%
can research deep into the topics we
 

00:56:36.160 --> 00:56:38.549 align:start position:0%
can research deep into the topics we
love<00:56:36.640><c> without</c><00:56:37.040><c> cutting</c><00:56:37.359><c> corners</c><00:56:37.760><c> or</c><00:56:38.079><c> chasing</c>

00:56:38.549 --> 00:56:38.559 align:start position:0%
love without cutting corners or chasing
 

00:56:38.559 --> 00:56:41.510 align:start position:0%
love without cutting corners or chasing
clicks.<00:56:39.520><c> Every</c><00:56:39.839><c> new</c><00:56:40.079><c> astronaut</c><00:56:40.880><c> allows</c><00:56:41.200><c> us</c><00:56:41.359><c> to</c>

00:56:41.510 --> 00:56:41.520 align:start position:0%
clicks. Every new astronaut allows us to
 

00:56:41.520 --> 00:56:44.150 align:start position:0%
clicks. Every new astronaut allows us to
explore<00:56:42.000><c> bigger</c><00:56:42.400><c> ideas</c><00:56:43.280><c> and</c><00:56:43.599><c> make</c><00:56:43.839><c> every</c>

00:56:44.150 --> 00:56:44.160 align:start position:0%
explore bigger ideas and make every
 

00:56:44.160 --> 00:56:47.109 align:start position:0%
explore bigger ideas and make every
upload<00:56:44.799><c> even</c><00:56:45.119><c> better</c><00:56:45.359><c> than</c><00:56:45.599><c> the</c><00:56:45.760><c> last.</c><00:56:46.640><c> So,</c><00:56:46.960><c> if</c>

00:56:47.109 --> 00:56:47.119 align:start position:0%
upload even better than the last. So, if
 

00:56:47.119 --> 00:56:48.789 align:start position:0%
upload even better than the last. So, if
you've<00:56:47.440><c> ever</c><00:56:47.680><c> thought</c><00:56:47.920><c> about</c><00:56:48.160><c> being</c><00:56:48.400><c> a</c><00:56:48.559><c> bigger</c>

00:56:48.789 --> 00:56:48.799 align:start position:0%
you've ever thought about being a bigger
 

00:56:48.799 --> 00:56:50.950 align:start position:0%
you've ever thought about being a bigger
part<00:56:48.960><c> of</c><00:56:49.119><c> this</c><00:56:49.359><c> channel,</c><00:56:49.920><c> join</c><00:56:50.240><c> the</c><00:56:50.400><c> crew</c><00:56:50.799><c> to</c>

00:56:50.950 --> 00:56:50.960 align:start position:0%
part of this channel, join the crew to
 

00:56:50.960 --> 00:56:53.910 align:start position:0%
part of this channel, join the crew to
power<00:56:51.280><c> Astramm</c><00:56:52.079><c> and</c><00:56:52.400><c> keep</c><00:56:52.720><c> Space</c><00:56:53.200><c> Curiosity</c>

00:56:53.910 --> 00:56:53.920 align:start position:0%
power Astramm and keep Space Curiosity
 

00:56:53.920 --> 00:56:56.920 align:start position:0%
power Astramm and keep Space Curiosity
alive.