WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:03.110 align:start position:0% We<00:00:00.880> may<00:00:01.120> take<00:00:01.280> the<00:00:01.520> moon<00:00:01.760> for<00:00:02.000> granted,<00:00:02.879> but 00:00:03.110 --> 00:00:03.120 align:start position:0% We may take the moon for granted, but 00:00:03.120 --> 00:00:07.670 align:start position:0% We may take the moon for granted, but what<00:00:03.439> a<00:00:03.679> sight<00:00:03.919> it<00:00:04.160> is<00:00:04.319> to<00:00:04.560> behold<00:00:04.960> in<00:00:05.200> our<00:00:05.440> sky. 00:00:07.670 --> 00:00:07.680 align:start position:0% what a sight it is to behold in our sky. 00:00:07.680 --> 00:00:10.070 align:start position:0% what a sight it is to behold in our sky. It's<00:00:08.000> big<00:00:08.240> enough<00:00:08.639> and<00:00:09.040> close<00:00:09.280> enough<00:00:09.519> to<00:00:09.840> us 00:00:10.070 --> 00:00:10.080 align:start position:0% It's big enough and close enough to us 00:00:10.080 --> 00:00:12.150 align:start position:0% It's big enough and close enough to us that<00:00:10.400> we<00:00:10.559> can<00:00:10.719> easily<00:00:11.120> make<00:00:11.360> out<00:00:11.679> surface 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:12.160 align:start position:0% that we can easily make out surface 00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:14.310 align:start position:0% that we can easily make out surface details<00:00:12.480> with<00:00:12.719> the<00:00:12.880> naked<00:00:13.200> eye,<00:00:13.840> like<00:00:14.080> the 00:00:14.310 --> 00:00:14.320 align:start position:0% details with the naked eye, like the 00:00:14.320 --> 00:00:17.910 align:start position:0% details with the naked eye, like the dark<00:00:14.639> mare<00:00:15.200> and<00:00:15.599> bright<00:00:16.000> craters. 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:17.920 align:start position:0% dark mare and bright craters. 00:00:17.920 --> 00:00:19.750 align:start position:0% dark mare and bright craters. Just<00:00:18.240> looking<00:00:18.480> at<00:00:18.640> it<00:00:18.800> through<00:00:19.039> a<00:00:19.199> telescope 00:00:19.750 --> 00:00:19.760 align:start position:0% Just looking at it through a telescope 00:00:19.760 --> 00:00:22.870 align:start position:0% Just looking at it through a telescope is<00:00:19.920> impressive<00:00:20.400> enough.<00:00:21.680> However,<00:00:22.400> what<00:00:22.640> I'm 00:00:22.870 --> 00:00:22.880 align:start position:0% is impressive enough. However, what I'm 00:00:22.880 --> 00:00:24.870 align:start position:0% is impressive enough. However, what I'm about<00:00:23.119> to<00:00:23.279> show<00:00:23.439> you<00:00:23.680> in<00:00:23.920> this<00:00:24.160> video<00:00:24.560> will 00:00:24.870 --> 00:00:24.880 align:start position:0% about to show you in this video will 00:00:24.880 --> 00:00:26.870 align:start position:0% about to show you in this video will make<00:00:25.039> the<00:00:25.279> telescope<00:00:25.840> view<00:00:26.160> pale<00:00:26.640> in 00:00:26.870 --> 00:00:26.880 align:start position:0% make the telescope view pale in 00:00:26.880 --> 00:00:28.710 align:start position:0% make the telescope view pale in comparison. 00:00:28.710 --> 00:00:28.720 align:start position:0% comparison. 00:00:28.720 --> 00:00:31.189 align:start position:0% comparison. You<00:00:28.960> see,<00:00:29.519> we<00:00:29.760> are<00:00:29.920> fortunate<00:00:30.400> enough<00:00:30.720> to<00:00:30.960> have 00:00:31.189 --> 00:00:31.199 align:start position:0% You see, we are fortunate enough to have 00:00:31.199 --> 00:00:35.030 align:start position:0% You see, we are fortunate enough to have not<00:00:31.519> only<00:00:31.760> visited<00:00:32.239> the<00:00:32.399> moon,<00:00:33.680> but<00:00:34.079> also<00:00:34.800> have 00:00:35.030 --> 00:00:35.040 align:start position:0% not only visited the moon, but also have 00:00:35.040 --> 00:00:37.670 align:start position:0% not only visited the moon, but also have an<00:00:35.200> orbiter<00:00:35.760> around<00:00:36.000> it<00:00:36.320> right<00:00:36.640> now<00:00:37.200> with<00:00:37.440> a 00:00:37.670 --> 00:00:37.680 align:start position:0% an orbiter around it right now with a 00:00:37.680 --> 00:00:39.670 align:start position:0% an orbiter around it right now with a powerful<00:00:38.239> camera<00:00:38.640> that<00:00:38.960> has<00:00:39.120> been<00:00:39.280> scanning 00:00:39.670 --> 00:00:39.680 align:start position:0% powerful camera that has been scanning 00:00:39.680 --> 00:00:43.270 align:start position:0% powerful camera that has been scanning the<00:00:39.840> surface<00:00:40.239> since<00:00:40.719> 2009. 00:00:43.270 --> 00:00:43.280 align:start position:0% the surface since 2009. 00:00:43.280 --> 00:00:46.869 align:start position:0% the surface since 2009. So,<00:00:43.680> what<00:00:44.000> has<00:00:44.160> it<00:00:44.399> seen? 00:00:46.869 --> 00:00:46.879 align:start position:0% So, what has it seen? 00:00:46.879 --> 00:00:48.869 align:start position:0% So, what has it seen? I'm<00:00:47.120> Alex<00:00:47.440> Mccoan<00:00:48.160> and<00:00:48.320> you're<00:00:48.559> watching 00:00:48.869 --> 00:00:48.879 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:00:48.879 --> 00:00:51.350 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:00:49.760> Stick<00:00:50.000> with<00:00:50.239> me<00:00:50.320> in<00:00:50.559> this<00:00:50.800> video<00:00:51.120> and 00:00:51.350 --> 00:00:51.360 align:start position:0% Astramm. Stick with me in this video and 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:53.430 align:start position:0% Astramm. Stick with me in this video and I<00:00:51.520> will<00:00:51.680> show<00:00:51.840> you<00:00:52.000> some<00:00:52.160> of<00:00:52.239> the<00:00:52.480> LRO's<00:00:53.199> most 00:00:53.430 --> 00:00:53.440 align:start position:0% I will show you some of the LRO's most 00:00:53.440 --> 00:00:56.069 align:start position:0% I will show you some of the LRO's most recent<00:00:53.920> impressive<00:00:54.719> and<00:00:55.039> puzzling<00:00:55.600> images<00:00:55.920> of 00:00:56.069 --> 00:00:56.079 align:start position:0% recent impressive and puzzling images of 00:00:56.079 --> 00:00:59.670 align:start position:0% recent impressive and puzzling images of the<00:00:56.239> moon. 00:00:59.670 --> 00:00:59.680 align:start position:0% 00:00:59.680 --> 00:01:01.910 align:start position:0% Let's<00:01:00.000> start<00:01:00.239> off<00:01:00.480> with<00:01:00.719> an<00:01:00.960> innocuous<00:01:01.600> little 00:01:01.910 --> 00:01:01.920 align:start position:0% Let's start off with an innocuous little 00:01:01.920 --> 00:01:04.710 align:start position:0% Let's start off with an innocuous little unnamed<00:01:02.480> crater.<00:01:03.600> As<00:01:03.840> you<00:01:04.000> can<00:01:04.080> see,<00:01:04.559> there 00:01:04.710 --> 00:01:04.720 align:start position:0% unnamed crater. As you can see, there 00:01:04.720 --> 00:01:07.270 align:start position:0% unnamed crater. As you can see, there are<00:01:04.960> plenty<00:01:05.280> of<00:01:05.439> tiny<00:01:05.760> craters<00:01:06.159> within<00:01:06.479> it. 00:01:07.270 --> 00:01:07.280 align:start position:0% are plenty of tiny craters within it. 00:01:07.280 --> 00:01:09.350 align:start position:0% are plenty of tiny craters within it. And<00:01:07.439> this<00:01:07.680> crater<00:01:08.240> is<00:01:08.479> within<00:01:08.960> another 00:01:09.350 --> 00:01:09.360 align:start position:0% And this crater is within another 00:01:09.360 --> 00:01:11.990 align:start position:0% And this crater is within another crater.<00:01:09.840> Again,<00:01:10.960> maybe<00:01:11.200> you<00:01:11.439> can<00:01:11.600> see<00:01:11.760> where 00:01:11.990 --> 00:01:12.000 align:start position:0% crater. Again, maybe you can see where 00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:15.190 align:start position:0% crater. Again, maybe you can see where I'm<00:01:12.240> going<00:01:12.479> with<00:01:12.720> this.<00:01:13.760> Zooming<00:01:14.240> out,<00:01:14.880> not 00:01:15.190 --> 00:01:15.200 align:start position:0% I'm going with this. Zooming out, not 00:01:15.200 --> 00:01:16.950 align:start position:0% I'm going with this. Zooming out, not only<00:01:15.439> are<00:01:15.600> these<00:01:15.840> craters<00:01:16.320> in<00:01:16.560> another 00:01:16.950 --> 00:01:16.960 align:start position:0% only are these craters in another 00:01:16.960 --> 00:01:19.190 align:start position:0% only are these craters in another crater,<00:01:17.759> but<00:01:18.000> apparently<00:01:18.720> they<00:01:19.040> are 00:01:19.190 --> 00:01:19.200 align:start position:0% crater, but apparently they are 00:01:19.200 --> 00:01:21.510 align:start position:0% crater, but apparently they are contained<00:01:19.600> within<00:01:20.000> two<00:01:20.320> very<00:01:20.640> nicely<00:01:21.040> aligned 00:01:21.510 --> 00:01:21.520 align:start position:0% contained within two very nicely aligned 00:01:21.520 --> 00:01:25.910 align:start position:0% contained within two very nicely aligned craters.<00:01:22.880> Or<00:01:23.280> is<00:01:23.520> that<00:01:23.920> really<00:01:24.320> what<00:01:24.560> this<00:01:24.799> is? 00:01:25.910 --> 00:01:25.920 align:start position:0% craters. Or is that really what this is? 00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:28.230 align:start position:0% craters. Or is that really what this is? Well,<00:01:26.240> we<00:01:26.400> aren't<00:01:26.720> sure.<00:01:27.600> Both<00:01:27.840> of<00:01:28.000> these 00:01:28.230 --> 00:01:28.240 align:start position:0% Well, we aren't sure. Both of these 00:01:28.240 --> 00:01:30.950 align:start position:0% Well, we aren't sure. Both of these craters<00:01:28.720> are<00:01:28.880> named<00:01:29.119> as<00:01:29.360> one,<00:01:29.759> the<00:01:30.000> Bell<00:01:30.560> E 00:01:30.950 --> 00:01:30.960 align:start position:0% craters are named as one, the Bell E 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:33.910 align:start position:0% craters are named as one, the Bell E crater.<00:01:32.159> This<00:01:32.400> peculiar<00:01:32.960> type<00:01:33.200> of<00:01:33.360> crater<00:01:33.759> is 00:01:33.910 --> 00:01:33.920 align:start position:0% crater. This peculiar type of crater is 00:01:33.920 --> 00:01:37.350 align:start position:0% crater. This peculiar type of crater is known<00:01:34.159> as<00:01:34.240> a<00:01:34.479> donut<00:01:35.119> or<00:01:35.520> concentric<00:01:36.159> crater. 00:01:37.350 --> 00:01:37.360 align:start position:0% known as a donut or concentric crater. 00:01:37.360 --> 00:01:39.190 align:start position:0% known as a donut or concentric crater. It<00:01:37.600> is<00:01:37.840> possible<00:01:38.240> that<00:01:38.479> they<00:01:38.640> are<00:01:38.799> the<00:01:39.040> result 00:01:39.190 --> 00:01:39.200 align:start position:0% It is possible that they are the result 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:42.550 align:start position:0% It is possible that they are the result of<00:01:39.520> two<00:01:39.920> impactors<00:01:40.560> aligning<00:01:41.119> up<00:01:41.280> nicely,<00:01:42.320> but 00:01:42.550 --> 00:01:42.560 align:start position:0% of two impactors aligning up nicely, but 00:01:42.560 --> 00:01:44.390 align:start position:0% of two impactors aligning up nicely, but further<00:01:42.960> investigation<00:01:43.920> suggests 00:01:44.390 --> 00:01:44.400 align:start position:0% further investigation suggests 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.030 align:start position:0% further investigation suggests otherwise.<00:01:45.680> If<00:01:45.920> they<00:01:46.079> were<00:01:46.320> the<00:01:46.560> result<00:01:46.720> of 00:01:47.030 --> 00:01:47.040 align:start position:0% otherwise. If they were the result of 00:01:47.040 --> 00:01:49.109 align:start position:0% otherwise. If they were the result of chance<00:01:47.520> collisions,<00:01:48.320> then<00:01:48.560> there<00:01:48.799> should<00:01:48.960> be 00:01:49.109 --> 00:01:49.119 align:start position:0% chance collisions, then there should be 00:01:49.119 --> 00:01:51.350 align:start position:0% chance collisions, then there should be a<00:01:49.360> random<00:01:49.759> distribution<00:01:50.399> of<00:01:50.720> concentric 00:01:51.350 --> 00:01:51.360 align:start position:0% a random distribution of concentric 00:01:51.360 --> 00:01:53.910 align:start position:0% a random distribution of concentric craters<00:01:51.840> around<00:01:52.159> the<00:01:52.320> surface<00:01:52.640> of<00:01:52.720> the<00:01:52.960> moon. 00:01:53.910 --> 00:01:53.920 align:start position:0% craters around the surface of the moon. 00:01:53.920 --> 00:01:56.389 align:start position:0% craters around the surface of the moon. However,<00:01:54.479> that<00:01:54.799> is<00:01:54.960> not<00:01:55.119> the<00:01:55.360> case.<00:01:56.079> Have<00:01:56.240> a 00:01:56.389 --> 00:01:56.399 align:start position:0% However, that is not the case. Have a 00:01:56.399 --> 00:01:58.789 align:start position:0% However, that is not the case. Have a look<00:01:56.479> at<00:01:56.720> this.<00:01:57.840> The<00:01:58.159> population<00:01:58.560> of 00:01:58.789 --> 00:01:58.799 align:start position:0% look at this. The population of 00:01:58.799 --> 00:02:00.950 align:start position:0% look at this. The population of concentric<00:01:59.439> craters<00:02:00.079> actually<00:02:00.479> clump<00:02:00.799> up 00:02:00.950 --> 00:02:00.960 align:start position:0% concentric craters actually clump up 00:02:00.960 --> 00:02:03.830 align:start position:0% concentric craters actually clump up around<00:02:01.280> certain<00:02:01.680> areas,<00:02:02.640> especially<00:02:03.439> around 00:02:03.830 --> 00:02:03.840 align:start position:0% around certain areas, especially around 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:06.230 align:start position:0% around certain areas, especially around the<00:02:04.079> edge<00:02:04.240> of<00:02:04.479> this<00:02:04.719> region<00:02:05.040> of<00:02:05.200> the<00:02:05.360> moon<00:02:05.680> here 00:02:06.230 --> 00:02:06.240 align:start position:0% the edge of this region of the moon here 00:02:06.240 --> 00:02:10.070 align:start position:0% the edge of this region of the moon here called<00:02:06.640> Oceanus<00:02:07.360> Proellarum. 00:02:10.070 --> 00:02:10.080 align:start position:0% called Oceanus Proellarum. 00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:12.309 align:start position:0% called Oceanus Proellarum. Another<00:02:10.479> factor<00:02:10.800> to<00:02:11.039> consider<00:02:11.440> is<00:02:11.760> that<00:02:12.000> most 00:02:12.309 --> 00:02:12.319 align:start position:0% Another factor to consider is that most 00:02:12.319 --> 00:02:16.070 align:start position:0% Another factor to consider is that most of<00:02:12.480> these<00:02:12.720> craters<00:02:13.280> are<00:02:13.599> of<00:02:13.920> similar<00:02:14.319> ages. 00:02:16.070 --> 00:02:16.080 align:start position:0% of these craters are of similar ages. 00:02:16.080 --> 00:02:18.309 align:start position:0% of these craters are of similar ages. Looking<00:02:16.400> for<00:02:16.640> clues<00:02:16.959> in<00:02:17.120> the<00:02:17.280> crater<00:02:17.599> itself 00:02:18.309 --> 00:02:18.319 align:start position:0% Looking for clues in the crater itself 00:02:18.319 --> 00:02:21.190 align:start position:0% Looking for clues in the crater itself also<00:02:18.720> reveals<00:02:19.200> something<00:02:19.599> interesting.<00:02:20.879> This 00:02:21.190 --> 00:02:21.200 align:start position:0% also reveals something interesting. This 00:02:21.200 --> 00:02:23.270 align:start position:0% also reveals something interesting. This outer<00:02:21.599> crater<00:02:22.000> should<00:02:22.239> be<00:02:22.400> around<00:02:22.720> twice<00:02:23.040> as 00:02:23.270 --> 00:02:23.280 align:start position:0% outer crater should be around twice as 00:02:23.280 --> 00:02:25.110 align:start position:0% outer crater should be around twice as deep<00:02:23.520> as<00:02:23.680> it<00:02:23.920> currently<00:02:24.239> is<00:02:24.480> when<00:02:24.800> comparing 00:02:25.110 --> 00:02:25.120 align:start position:0% deep as it currently is when comparing 00:02:25.120 --> 00:02:27.110 align:start position:0% deep as it currently is when comparing it<00:02:25.280> to<00:02:25.520> other<00:02:25.760> similarsized<00:02:26.480> craters<00:02:26.879> around 00:02:27.110 --> 00:02:27.120 align:start position:0% it to other similarsized craters around 00:02:27.120 --> 00:02:29.750 align:start position:0% it to other similarsized craters around the<00:02:27.360> moon. 00:02:29.750 --> 00:02:29.760 align:start position:0% the moon. 00:02:29.760 --> 00:02:32.229 align:start position:0% the moon. Now,<00:02:30.480> while<00:02:30.720> a<00:02:30.959> few<00:02:31.120> concentric<00:02:31.760> craters<00:02:32.080> on 00:02:32.229 --> 00:02:32.239 align:start position:0% Now, while a few concentric craters on 00:02:32.239 --> 00:02:34.309 align:start position:0% Now, while a few concentric craters on the<00:02:32.400> moon<00:02:32.720> will<00:02:33.040> certainly<00:02:33.519> be<00:02:33.680> the<00:02:33.920> result<00:02:34.160> of 00:02:34.309 --> 00:02:34.319 align:start position:0% the moon will certainly be the result of 00:02:34.319 --> 00:02:37.670 align:start position:0% the moon will certainly be the result of double<00:02:34.720> impacts,<00:02:35.599> the<00:02:35.920> location,<00:02:36.879> age,<00:02:37.360> and 00:02:37.670 --> 00:02:37.680 align:start position:0% double impacts, the location, age, and 00:02:37.680 --> 00:02:39.910 align:start position:0% double impacts, the location, age, and depth<00:02:38.080> of<00:02:38.400> most<00:02:38.720> craters<00:02:39.440> means<00:02:39.680> that 00:02:39.910 --> 00:02:39.920 align:start position:0% depth of most craters means that 00:02:39.920 --> 00:02:42.949 align:start position:0% depth of most craters means that something<00:02:40.400> else<00:02:40.720> must<00:02:41.120> be<00:02:41.280> at<00:02:41.519> play.<00:02:42.640> One 00:02:42.949 --> 00:02:42.959 align:start position:0% something else must be at play. One 00:02:42.959 --> 00:02:44.869 align:start position:0% something else must be at play. One theory<00:02:43.360> is<00:02:43.599> that<00:02:43.840> some<00:02:44.000> of<00:02:44.080> these<00:02:44.319> impacts 00:02:44.869 --> 00:02:44.879 align:start position:0% theory is that some of these impacts 00:02:44.879 --> 00:02:46.710 align:start position:0% theory is that some of these impacts occurred<00:02:45.200> during<00:02:45.440> a<00:02:45.680> time<00:02:45.920> when<00:02:46.239> the<00:02:46.400> surface 00:02:46.710 --> 00:02:46.720 align:start position:0% occurred during a time when the surface 00:02:46.720 --> 00:02:48.630 align:start position:0% occurred during a time when the surface of<00:02:46.800> the<00:02:46.959> moon<00:02:47.200> in<00:02:47.440> this<00:02:47.599> region<00:02:48.080> was<00:02:48.319> in<00:02:48.480> a 00:02:48.630 --> 00:02:48.640 align:start position:0% of the moon in this region was in a 00:02:48.640 --> 00:02:51.750 align:start position:0% of the moon in this region was in a state<00:02:48.879> in<00:02:49.200> between<00:02:49.599> solid<00:02:50.080> and<00:02:50.400> liquid<00:02:51.360> with<00:02:51.519> a 00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:51.760 align:start position:0% state in between solid and liquid with a 00:02:51.760 --> 00:02:54.229 align:start position:0% state in between solid and liquid with a consistency<00:02:52.400> similar<00:02:52.800> to<00:02:53.040> cool<00:02:53.440> lava<00:02:53.920> or 00:02:54.229 --> 00:02:54.239 align:start position:0% consistency similar to cool lava or 00:02:54.239 --> 00:02:57.589 align:start position:0% consistency similar to cool lava or honey.<00:02:55.440> As<00:02:55.680> the<00:02:55.920> impact<00:02:56.400> happened,<00:02:56.959> it<00:02:57.200> caused 00:02:57.589 --> 00:02:57.599 align:start position:0% honey. As the impact happened, it caused 00:02:57.599 --> 00:03:00.229 align:start position:0% honey. As the impact happened, it caused ripples<00:02:58.160> which<00:02:58.640> propagated<00:02:59.280> outwards,<00:03:00.000> but 00:03:00.229 --> 00:03:00.239 align:start position:0% ripples which propagated outwards, but 00:03:00.239 --> 00:03:02.710 align:start position:0% ripples which propagated outwards, but then<00:03:00.640> stopped<00:03:01.200> and<00:03:01.599> never<00:03:02.000> smoothed<00:03:02.400> off 00:03:02.710 --> 00:03:02.720 align:start position:0% then stopped and never smoothed off 00:03:02.720 --> 00:03:05.030 align:start position:0% then stopped and never smoothed off until<00:03:03.040> it<00:03:03.280> was<00:03:03.440> fully<00:03:03.840> cooled<00:03:04.159> and<00:03:04.400> frozen<00:03:04.800> in 00:03:05.030 --> 00:03:05.040 align:start position:0% until it was fully cooled and frozen in 00:03:05.040 --> 00:03:07.830 align:start position:0% until it was fully cooled and frozen in place.<00:03:06.239> Although<00:03:06.800> this<00:03:07.040> is<00:03:07.200> seen<00:03:07.440> as<00:03:07.599> an 00:03:07.830 --> 00:03:07.840 align:start position:0% place. Although this is seen as an 00:03:07.840 --> 00:03:10.229 align:start position:0% place. Although this is seen as an outside<00:03:08.319> possibility, 00:03:10.229 --> 00:03:10.239 align:start position:0% outside possibility, 00:03:10.239 --> 00:03:12.630 align:start position:0% outside possibility, the<00:03:10.560> most<00:03:10.800> likely<00:03:11.280> theory<00:03:11.920> is<00:03:12.080> that<00:03:12.319> when<00:03:12.480> the 00:03:12.630 --> 00:03:12.640 align:start position:0% the most likely theory is that when the 00:03:12.640 --> 00:03:14.790 align:start position:0% the most likely theory is that when the moon<00:03:12.879> was<00:03:13.040> more<00:03:13.280> geologically<00:03:14.000> active, 00:03:14.790 --> 00:03:14.800 align:start position:0% moon was more geologically active, 00:03:14.800 --> 00:03:16.710 align:start position:0% moon was more geologically active, craters<00:03:15.200> in<00:03:15.360> the<00:03:15.519> region<00:03:15.840> were<00:03:16.159> pushed<00:03:16.480> up 00:03:16.710 --> 00:03:16.720 align:start position:0% craters in the region were pushed up 00:03:16.720 --> 00:03:19.350 align:start position:0% craters in the region were pushed up from<00:03:17.040> beneath<00:03:17.599> by<00:03:17.920> magma<00:03:18.480> trying<00:03:18.800> to<00:03:18.959> escape 00:03:19.350 --> 00:03:19.360 align:start position:0% from beneath by magma trying to escape 00:03:19.360 --> 00:03:21.910 align:start position:0% from beneath by magma trying to escape onto<00:03:19.680> the<00:03:19.840> surface.<00:03:21.040> This<00:03:21.200> would<00:03:21.440> explain<00:03:21.760> the 00:03:21.910 --> 00:03:21.920 align:start position:0% onto the surface. This would explain the 00:03:21.920 --> 00:03:24.550 align:start position:0% onto the surface. This would explain the shallowess<00:03:22.480> of<00:03:22.560> the<00:03:22.720> crater<00:03:23.519> and<00:03:23.760> why<00:03:24.080> we<00:03:24.319> see 00:03:24.550 --> 00:03:24.560 align:start position:0% shallowess of the crater and why we see 00:03:24.560 --> 00:03:26.390 align:start position:0% shallowess of the crater and why we see concentric<00:03:25.120> craters<00:03:25.680> mainly<00:03:26.000> around 00:03:26.390 --> 00:03:26.400 align:start position:0% concentric craters mainly around 00:03:26.400 --> 00:03:29.190 align:start position:0% concentric craters mainly around specific<00:03:26.879> points<00:03:27.200> on<00:03:27.360> the<00:03:27.519> moon.<00:03:28.480> However, 00:03:29.190 --> 00:03:29.200 align:start position:0% specific points on the moon. However, 00:03:29.200 --> 00:03:31.110 align:start position:0% specific points on the moon. However, while<00:03:29.519> this<00:03:29.680> is<00:03:29.840> the<00:03:30.080> best<00:03:30.239> theory<00:03:30.560> we<00:03:30.799> have<00:03:30.879> at 00:03:31.110 --> 00:03:31.120 align:start position:0% while this is the best theory we have at 00:03:31.120 --> 00:03:33.990 align:start position:0% while this is the best theory we have at the<00:03:31.280> moment,<00:03:32.000> we<00:03:32.239> don't<00:03:32.400> know<00:03:32.640> for<00:03:32.879> sure.<00:03:33.760> What 00:03:33.990 --> 00:03:34.000 align:start position:0% the moment, we don't know for sure. What 00:03:34.000 --> 00:03:37.270 align:start position:0% the moment, we don't know for sure. What do<00:03:34.159> you<00:03:34.319> think<00:03:34.480> it<00:03:34.720> could<00:03:34.879> be? 00:03:37.270 --> 00:03:37.280 align:start position:0% 00:03:37.280 --> 00:03:39.750 align:start position:0% Now,<00:03:37.599> apart<00:03:37.920> from<00:03:38.080> the<00:03:38.319> occasional<00:03:38.879> meteor, 00:03:39.750 --> 00:03:39.760 align:start position:0% Now, apart from the occasional meteor, 00:03:39.760 --> 00:03:41.350 align:start position:0% Now, apart from the occasional meteor, you<00:03:40.000> probably<00:03:40.400> think<00:03:40.560> the<00:03:40.799> surface<00:03:41.120> of<00:03:41.200> the 00:03:41.350 --> 00:03:41.360 align:start position:0% you probably think the surface of the 00:03:41.360 --> 00:03:44.070 align:start position:0% you probably think the surface of the moon<00:03:41.760> barely<00:03:42.159> changes<00:03:42.640> at<00:03:42.879> all.<00:03:43.680> And<00:03:43.840> while 00:03:44.070 --> 00:03:44.080 align:start position:0% moon barely changes at all. And while 00:03:44.080 --> 00:03:46.630 align:start position:0% moon barely changes at all. And while you<00:03:44.319> are<00:03:44.640> mostly<00:03:45.120> right<00:03:45.360> with<00:03:45.599> that,<00:03:46.159> we<00:03:46.480> have 00:03:46.630 --> 00:03:46.640 align:start position:0% you are mostly right with that, we have 00:03:46.640 --> 00:03:48.710 align:start position:0% you are mostly right with that, we have found<00:03:46.879> evidence<00:03:47.280> that<00:03:47.599> material<00:03:48.159> does<00:03:48.480> move 00:03:48.710 --> 00:03:48.720 align:start position:0% found evidence that material does move 00:03:48.720 --> 00:03:50.949 align:start position:0% found evidence that material does move on<00:03:48.959> the<00:03:49.120> moon<00:03:49.360> occasionally. 00:03:50.949 --> 00:03:50.959 align:start position:0% on the moon occasionally. 00:03:50.959 --> 00:03:52.630 align:start position:0% on the moon occasionally. See<00:03:51.120> if<00:03:51.280> you<00:03:51.440> can<00:03:51.599> spot<00:03:51.920> what<00:03:52.080> I'm<00:03:52.400> talking 00:03:52.630 --> 00:03:52.640 align:start position:0% See if you can spot what I'm talking 00:03:52.640 --> 00:03:54.789 align:start position:0% See if you can spot what I'm talking about<00:03:52.959> in<00:03:53.280> this<00:03:53.519> image<00:03:53.840> here<00:03:54.159> as<00:03:54.319> I<00:03:54.480> pan 00:03:54.789 --> 00:03:54.799 align:start position:0% about in this image here as I pan 00:03:54.799 --> 00:03:56.309 align:start position:0% about in this image here as I pan across. 00:03:56.309 --> 00:03:56.319 align:start position:0% across. 00:03:56.319 --> 00:03:59.190 align:start position:0% across. This<00:03:56.560> is<00:03:56.720> the<00:03:56.959> edge<00:03:57.200> of<00:03:57.360> a<00:03:57.519> large<00:03:57.920> 32<00:03:58.400> km<00:03:58.879> wide 00:03:59.190 --> 00:03:59.200 align:start position:0% This is the edge of a large 32 km wide 00:03:59.200 --> 00:04:02.070 align:start position:0% This is the edge of a large 32 km wide crater<00:03:59.760> known<00:04:00.080> as<00:04:00.319> Kepler<00:04:00.879> Crater.<00:04:01.680> And<00:04:01.920> what 00:04:02.070 --> 00:04:02.080 align:start position:0% crater known as Kepler Crater. And what 00:04:02.080 --> 00:04:04.470 align:start position:0% crater known as Kepler Crater. And what you<00:04:02.319> may<00:04:02.480> notice<00:04:02.879> along<00:04:03.200> the<00:04:03.360> crater<00:04:03.760> wall<00:04:04.159> is 00:04:04.470 --> 00:04:04.480 align:start position:0% you may notice along the crater wall is 00:04:04.480 --> 00:04:06.470 align:start position:0% you may notice along the crater wall is evidence<00:04:04.879> that<00:04:05.200> landslides<00:04:05.920> have<00:04:06.159> occurred 00:04:06.470 --> 00:04:06.480 align:start position:0% evidence that landslides have occurred 00:04:06.480 --> 00:04:08.949 align:start position:0% evidence that landslides have occurred here<00:04:07.040> with<00:04:07.280> the<00:04:07.439> dark<00:04:07.760> material<00:04:08.400> apparently 00:04:08.949 --> 00:04:08.959 align:start position:0% here with the dark material apparently 00:04:08.959 --> 00:04:11.830 align:start position:0% here with the dark material apparently having<00:04:09.360> fallen<00:04:09.760> down<00:04:10.000> the<00:04:10.239> slope. 00:04:11.830 --> 00:04:11.840 align:start position:0% having fallen down the slope. 00:04:11.840 --> 00:04:13.589 align:start position:0% having fallen down the slope. Let's<00:04:12.159> have<00:04:12.239> a<00:04:12.400> closer<00:04:12.799> look<00:04:12.959> at<00:04:13.120> what's<00:04:13.439> going 00:04:13.589 --> 00:04:13.599 align:start position:0% Let's have a closer look at what's going 00:04:13.599 --> 00:04:15.990 align:start position:0% Let's have a closer look at what's going on<00:04:14.080> by<00:04:14.319> zooming<00:04:14.720> in<00:04:14.959> on<00:04:15.120> the<00:04:15.360> most<00:04:15.599> prominent 00:04:15.990 --> 00:04:16.000 align:start position:0% on by zooming in on the most prominent 00:04:16.000 --> 00:04:19.909 align:start position:0% on by zooming in on the most prominent of<00:04:16.160> the<00:04:16.320> landslides<00:04:16.799> in<00:04:17.040> this<00:04:17.199> crater. 00:04:19.909 --> 00:04:19.919 align:start position:0% of the landslides in this crater. 00:04:19.919 --> 00:04:22.469 align:start position:0% of the landslides in this crater. The<00:04:20.239> material<00:04:20.639> seems<00:04:20.959> to<00:04:21.120> originate<00:04:21.680> from<00:04:22.079> box 00:04:22.469 --> 00:04:22.479 align:start position:0% The material seems to originate from box 00:04:22.479 --> 00:04:24.550 align:start position:0% The material seems to originate from box canyons<00:04:23.040> towards<00:04:23.440> the<00:04:23.680> top<00:04:23.840> of<00:04:24.000> the<00:04:24.160> crater 00:04:24.550 --> 00:04:24.560 align:start position:0% canyons towards the top of the crater 00:04:24.560 --> 00:04:27.590 align:start position:0% canyons towards the top of the crater rim.<00:04:25.600> The<00:04:25.840> material<00:04:26.320> coming<00:04:26.639> down<00:04:26.960> here<00:04:27.199> is 00:04:27.590 --> 00:04:27.600 align:start position:0% rim. The material coming down here is 00:04:27.600 --> 00:04:30.150 align:start position:0% rim. The material coming down here is clearly<00:04:28.000> very<00:04:28.320> fine,<00:04:29.040> certainly<00:04:29.520> less<00:04:29.840> than<00:04:30.000> a 00:04:30.150 --> 00:04:30.160 align:start position:0% clearly very fine, certainly less than a 00:04:30.160 --> 00:04:33.110 align:start position:0% clearly very fine, certainly less than a meter<00:04:30.400> across.<00:04:31.199> as<00:04:31.520> no<00:04:31.840> individual<00:04:32.479> rocks<00:04:32.880> can 00:04:33.110 --> 00:04:33.120 align:start position:0% meter across. as no individual rocks can 00:04:33.120 --> 00:04:35.830 align:start position:0% meter across. as no individual rocks can be<00:04:33.280> resolved<00:04:33.759> within<00:04:34.160> the<00:04:34.320> slide.<00:04:35.440> However, 00:04:35.830 --> 00:04:35.840 align:start position:0% be resolved within the slide. However, 00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:37.830 align:start position:0% be resolved within the slide. However, the<00:04:36.080> largest<00:04:36.479> rocks<00:04:36.800> that<00:04:36.960> got<00:04:37.120> dislodged 00:04:37.830 --> 00:04:37.840 align:start position:0% the largest rocks that got dislodged 00:04:37.840 --> 00:04:39.749 align:start position:0% the largest rocks that got dislodged seem<00:04:38.080> to<00:04:38.240> have<00:04:38.479> all<00:04:38.720> made<00:04:38.960> it<00:04:39.120> to<00:04:39.280> the<00:04:39.440> bottom 00:04:39.749 --> 00:04:39.759 align:start position:0% seem to have all made it to the bottom 00:04:39.759 --> 00:04:43.110 align:start position:0% seem to have all made it to the bottom of<00:04:39.919> the<00:04:40.080> crater<00:04:40.479> floor. 00:04:43.110 --> 00:04:43.120 align:start position:0% of the crater floor. 00:04:43.120 --> 00:04:45.430 align:start position:0% of the crater floor. What's<00:04:43.440> interesting<00:04:44.080> is<00:04:44.320> that<00:04:44.639> the<00:04:44.880> main<00:04:45.199> mass 00:04:45.430 --> 00:04:45.440 align:start position:0% What's interesting is that the main mass 00:04:45.440 --> 00:04:47.670 align:start position:0% What's interesting is that the main mass of<00:04:45.600> the<00:04:45.759> slide<00:04:46.240> seems<00:04:46.560> to<00:04:46.800> actually<00:04:47.280> be<00:04:47.520> made 00:04:47.670 --> 00:04:47.680 align:start position:0% of the slide seems to actually be made 00:04:47.680 --> 00:04:50.870 align:start position:0% of the slide seems to actually be made up<00:04:47.919> of<00:04:48.160> many<00:04:48.479> smaller<00:04:48.960> slide<00:04:49.360> masses.<00:04:50.560> Look<00:04:50.720> at 00:04:50.870 --> 00:04:50.880 align:start position:0% up of many smaller slide masses. Look at 00:04:50.880 --> 00:04:54.550 align:start position:0% up of many smaller slide masses. Look at these<00:04:51.120> individual<00:04:51.840> trails<00:04:52.240> here. 00:04:54.550 --> 00:04:54.560 align:start position:0% these individual trails here. 00:04:54.560 --> 00:04:56.790 align:start position:0% these individual trails here. So,<00:04:54.960> it<00:04:55.199> probably<00:04:55.680> didn't<00:04:56.000> all<00:04:56.240> happen<00:04:56.560> at 00:04:56.790 --> 00:04:56.800 align:start position:0% So, it probably didn't all happen at 00:04:56.800 --> 00:05:00.150 align:start position:0% So, it probably didn't all happen at once,<00:04:57.280> but<00:04:57.600> is<00:04:57.919> happening<00:04:58.400> over<00:04:58.720> time. 00:05:00.150 --> 00:05:00.160 align:start position:0% once, but is happening over time. 00:05:00.160 --> 00:05:02.550 align:start position:0% once, but is happening over time. The<00:05:00.479> slides<00:05:00.880> were<00:05:01.120> likely<00:05:01.520> triggered<00:05:01.919> by<00:05:02.160> tiny 00:05:02.550 --> 00:05:02.560 align:start position:0% The slides were likely triggered by tiny 00:05:02.560 --> 00:05:05.990 align:start position:0% The slides were likely triggered by tiny meteors<00:05:03.199> striking<00:05:03.600> the<00:05:03.840> crater<00:05:04.240> wall.<00:05:05.600> These 00:05:05.990 --> 00:05:06.000 align:start position:0% meteors striking the crater wall. These 00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:08.070 align:start position:0% meteors striking the crater wall. These tiny<00:05:06.400> impacts<00:05:07.039> and<00:05:07.280> the<00:05:07.600> subsequent 00:05:08.070 --> 00:05:08.080 align:start position:0% tiny impacts and the subsequent 00:05:08.080 --> 00:05:10.310 align:start position:0% tiny impacts and the subsequent landslides<00:05:08.880> round<00:05:09.280> off<00:05:09.520> the<00:05:09.759> edges<00:05:10.080> of<00:05:10.160> the 00:05:10.310 --> 00:05:10.320 align:start position:0% landslides round off the edges of the 00:05:10.320 --> 00:05:12.870 align:start position:0% landslides round off the edges of the crater,<00:05:11.199> which<00:05:11.360> is<00:05:11.520> why<00:05:11.840> the<00:05:12.080> oldest<00:05:12.479> types<00:05:12.720> of 00:05:12.870 --> 00:05:12.880 align:start position:0% crater, which is why the oldest types of 00:05:12.880 --> 00:05:14.950 align:start position:0% crater, which is why the oldest types of crater<00:05:13.280> on<00:05:13.440> the<00:05:13.520> moon<00:05:13.919> look<00:05:14.160> so<00:05:14.479> smooth 00:05:14.950 --> 00:05:14.960 align:start position:0% crater on the moon look so smooth 00:05:14.960 --> 00:05:19.830 align:start position:0% crater on the moon look so smooth compared<00:05:15.360> to<00:05:15.520> the<00:05:15.680> freshest<00:05:16.160> craters. 00:05:19.830 --> 00:05:19.840 align:start position:0% 00:05:19.840 --> 00:05:22.710 align:start position:0% Here's<00:05:20.160> another<00:05:20.479> puzzle<00:05:20.800> to<00:05:21.039> try<00:05:21.199> and<00:05:21.440> solve. 00:05:22.710 --> 00:05:22.720 align:start position:0% Here's another puzzle to try and solve. 00:05:22.720 --> 00:05:25.110 align:start position:0% Here's another puzzle to try and solve. Here<00:05:23.039> we<00:05:23.280> have<00:05:23.440> the<00:05:23.759> remarkable<00:05:24.560> messier 00:05:25.110 --> 00:05:25.120 align:start position:0% Here we have the remarkable messier 00:05:25.120 --> 00:05:28.870 align:start position:0% Here we have the remarkable messier crater.<00:05:26.479> Typically<00:05:27.120> craters<00:05:27.600> are<00:05:27.840> round<00:05:28.560> but 00:05:28.870 --> 00:05:28.880 align:start position:0% crater. Typically craters are round but 00:05:28.880 --> 00:05:32.150 align:start position:0% crater. Typically craters are round but not<00:05:29.199> messier<00:05:29.680> crater.<00:05:30.560> It<00:05:30.800> is<00:05:31.039> elongated<00:05:31.919> with 00:05:32.150 --> 00:05:32.160 align:start position:0% not messier crater. It is elongated with 00:05:32.160 --> 00:05:35.830 align:start position:0% not messier crater. It is elongated with a<00:05:32.479> slit<00:05:32.960> for<00:05:33.199> a<00:05:33.360> crater<00:05:33.840> floor.<00:05:35.039> What<00:05:35.440> is<00:05:35.680> going 00:05:35.830 --> 00:05:35.840 align:start position:0% a slit for a crater floor. What is going 00:05:35.840 --> 00:05:38.469 align:start position:0% a slit for a crater floor. What is going on<00:05:36.160> here? 00:05:38.469 --> 00:05:38.479 align:start position:0% on here? 00:05:38.479 --> 00:05:40.950 align:start position:0% on here? The<00:05:38.720> mystery<00:05:39.199> continues<00:05:39.759> if<00:05:40.080> you<00:05:40.240> zoom<00:05:40.560> out<00:05:40.720> a 00:05:40.950 --> 00:05:40.960 align:start position:0% The mystery continues if you zoom out a 00:05:40.960 --> 00:05:44.150 align:start position:0% The mystery continues if you zoom out a bit. 00:05:44.150 --> 00:05:44.160 align:start position:0% 00:05:44.160 --> 00:05:46.710 align:start position:0% Directly<00:05:44.639> next<00:05:44.880> to<00:05:45.120> Messier<00:05:45.600> crater<00:05:46.080> are<00:05:46.400> two 00:05:46.710 --> 00:05:46.720 align:start position:0% Directly next to Messier crater are two 00:05:46.720 --> 00:05:49.590 align:start position:0% Directly next to Messier crater are two more<00:05:47.039> craters.<00:05:48.160> The<00:05:48.320> one<00:05:48.479> on<00:05:48.720> the<00:05:48.880> left<00:05:49.199> seems 00:05:49.590 --> 00:05:49.600 align:start position:0% more craters. The one on the left seems 00:05:49.600 --> 00:05:51.909 align:start position:0% more craters. The one on the left seems much<00:05:49.919> older<00:05:50.240> than<00:05:50.400> the<00:05:50.639> other<00:05:51.039> as<00:05:51.280> it<00:05:51.520> seems<00:05:51.680> to 00:05:51.909 --> 00:05:51.919 align:start position:0% much older than the other as it seems to 00:05:51.919 --> 00:05:53.830 align:start position:0% much older than the other as it seems to have<00:05:52.080> been<00:05:52.240> weathered<00:05:52.720> away<00:05:53.199> compared<00:05:53.520> to<00:05:53.680> the 00:05:53.830 --> 00:05:53.840 align:start position:0% have been weathered away compared to the 00:05:53.840 --> 00:05:56.870 align:start position:0% have been weathered away compared to the fresh<00:05:54.160> impact<00:05:54.479> crater<00:05:54.880> on<00:05:55.039> the<00:05:55.199> right. 00:05:56.870 --> 00:05:56.880 align:start position:0% fresh impact crater on the right. 00:05:56.880 --> 00:05:59.189 align:start position:0% fresh impact crater on the right. Did<00:05:57.120> the<00:05:57.280> newer<00:05:57.680> crater<00:05:58.160> just<00:05:58.400> so<00:05:58.639> happen<00:05:58.960> to 00:05:59.189 --> 00:05:59.199 align:start position:0% Did the newer crater just so happen to 00:05:59.199 --> 00:06:01.749 align:start position:0% Did the newer crater just so happen to cover<00:05:59.440> an<00:05:59.759> older<00:06:00.080> one?<00:06:00.960> But<00:06:01.120> let's<00:06:01.360> zoom<00:06:01.600> out 00:06:01.749 --> 00:06:01.759 align:start position:0% cover an older one? But let's zoom out 00:06:01.759 --> 00:06:06.230 align:start position:0% cover an older one? But let's zoom out again.<00:06:02.400> What<00:06:02.639> other<00:06:02.880> clues<00:06:03.360> can<00:06:03.520> we<00:06:03.759> see? 00:06:06.230 --> 00:06:06.240 align:start position:0% again. What other clues can we see? 00:06:06.240 --> 00:06:08.870 align:start position:0% again. What other clues can we see? Actually,<00:06:06.960> a<00:06:07.199> big<00:06:07.520> clue<00:06:07.919> are<00:06:08.160> these<00:06:08.479> lines 00:06:08.870 --> 00:06:08.880 align:start position:0% Actually, a big clue are these lines 00:06:08.880 --> 00:06:11.749 align:start position:0% Actually, a big clue are these lines coming<00:06:09.280> away<00:06:09.520> from<00:06:09.680> the<00:06:09.840> crater. 00:06:11.749 --> 00:06:11.759 align:start position:0% coming away from the crater. 00:06:11.759 --> 00:06:14.150 align:start position:0% coming away from the crater. These<00:06:12.080> are<00:06:12.240> called<00:06:12.639> rays<00:06:13.360> and<00:06:13.600> they<00:06:13.840> reveal 00:06:14.150 --> 00:06:14.160 align:start position:0% These are called rays and they reveal 00:06:14.160 --> 00:06:16.309 align:start position:0% These are called rays and they reveal the<00:06:14.479> direction<00:06:14.800> the<00:06:15.039> debris<00:06:15.440> fell<00:06:15.840> after<00:06:16.080> the 00:06:16.309 --> 00:06:16.319 align:start position:0% the direction the debris fell after the 00:06:16.319 --> 00:06:19.590 align:start position:0% the direction the debris fell after the impact.<00:06:17.360> On<00:06:17.680> rounded<00:06:18.160> craters,<00:06:18.880> debris<00:06:19.360> can 00:06:19.590 --> 00:06:19.600 align:start position:0% impact. On rounded craters, debris can 00:06:19.600 --> 00:06:22.150 align:start position:0% impact. On rounded craters, debris can go<00:06:19.840> in<00:06:20.080> all<00:06:20.479> directions<00:06:21.280> like<00:06:21.440> the<00:06:21.680> ones<00:06:21.919> that 00:06:22.150 --> 00:06:22.160 align:start position:0% go in all directions like the ones that 00:06:22.160 --> 00:06:25.590 align:start position:0% go in all directions like the ones that originate<00:06:22.639> from<00:06:22.880> Tao<00:06:23.440> Crater. 00:06:25.590 --> 00:06:25.600 align:start position:0% originate from Tao Crater. 00:06:25.600 --> 00:06:28.150 align:start position:0% originate from Tao Crater. However,<00:06:26.160> here<00:06:26.720> debris<00:06:27.199> goes<00:06:27.520> in<00:06:27.840> three 00:06:28.150 --> 00:06:28.160 align:start position:0% However, here debris goes in three 00:06:28.160 --> 00:06:31.029 align:start position:0% However, here debris goes in three distinct<00:06:28.800> directions.<00:06:29.840> North<00:06:30.160> and<00:06:30.400> southward 00:06:31.029 --> 00:06:31.039 align:start position:0% distinct directions. North and southward 00:06:31.039 --> 00:06:33.830 align:start position:0% distinct directions. North and southward from<00:06:31.360> this<00:06:31.600> crater<00:06:32.400> and<00:06:32.639> only<00:06:32.960> westward<00:06:33.600> from 00:06:33.830 --> 00:06:33.840 align:start position:0% from this crater and only westward from 00:06:33.840 --> 00:06:37.430 align:start position:0% from this crater and only westward from this<00:06:34.000> one.<00:06:35.039> So,<00:06:35.520> what<00:06:35.759> would<00:06:36.000> cause<00:06:36.319> that? 00:06:37.430 --> 00:06:37.440 align:start position:0% this one. So, what would cause that? 00:06:37.440 --> 00:06:40.710 align:start position:0% this one. So, what would cause that? Well,<00:06:37.759> the<00:06:38.080> answer<00:06:38.400> is<00:06:39.199> an<00:06:39.440> impactor<00:06:40.240> striking 00:06:40.710 --> 00:06:40.720 align:start position:0% Well, the answer is an impactor striking 00:06:40.720 --> 00:06:43.590 align:start position:0% Well, the answer is an impactor striking the<00:06:40.960> surface<00:06:41.360> at<00:06:41.680> a<00:06:41.840> very<00:06:42.160> low<00:06:42.479> angle,<00:06:43.280> less 00:06:43.590 --> 00:06:43.600 align:start position:0% the surface at a very low angle, less 00:06:43.600 --> 00:06:45.749 align:start position:0% the surface at a very low angle, less than<00:06:43.919> 15°. 00:06:45.749 --> 00:06:45.759 align:start position:0% than 15°. 00:06:45.759 --> 00:06:48.070 align:start position:0% than 15°. And<00:06:46.000> in<00:06:46.319> this<00:06:46.560> particular<00:06:46.960> case,<00:06:47.680> it<00:06:47.840> seems 00:06:48.070 --> 00:06:48.080 align:start position:0% And in this particular case, it seems 00:06:48.080 --> 00:06:50.469 align:start position:0% And in this particular case, it seems like<00:06:48.240> the<00:06:48.400> impactor<00:06:49.039> had<00:06:49.440> already<00:06:50.000> broken 00:06:50.469 --> 00:06:50.479 align:start position:0% like the impactor had already broken 00:06:50.479 --> 00:06:53.029 align:start position:0% like the impactor had already broken apart<00:06:50.960> into<00:06:51.440> three<00:06:51.840> parts<00:06:52.319> before<00:06:52.639> it<00:06:52.880> even 00:06:53.029 --> 00:06:53.039 align:start position:0% apart into three parts before it even 00:06:53.039 --> 00:06:56.309 align:start position:0% apart into three parts before it even hit<00:06:53.280> the<00:06:53.440> moon's<00:06:53.759> surface.<00:06:54.960> Yes,<00:06:55.759> all<00:06:56.080> three 00:06:56.309 --> 00:06:56.319 align:start position:0% hit the moon's surface. Yes, all three 00:06:56.319 --> 00:06:58.710 align:start position:0% hit the moon's surface. Yes, all three of<00:06:56.400> these<00:06:56.720> craters<00:06:57.360> likely<00:06:57.759> hit<00:06:57.919> the<00:06:58.080> moon<00:06:58.400> at 00:06:58.710 --> 00:06:58.720 align:start position:0% of these craters likely hit the moon at 00:06:58.720 --> 00:07:01.749 align:start position:0% of these craters likely hit the moon at just<00:06:58.960> about<00:06:59.199> the<00:06:59.520> same<00:06:59.680> time,<00:07:00.560> even<00:07:00.960> the<00:07:01.360> older 00:07:01.749 --> 00:07:01.759 align:start position:0% just about the same time, even the older 00:07:01.759 --> 00:07:03.670 align:start position:0% just about the same time, even the older crater. 00:07:03.670 --> 00:07:03.680 align:start position:0% crater. 00:07:03.680 --> 00:07:05.749 align:start position:0% crater. What<00:07:04.080> actually<00:07:04.479> happened<00:07:04.880> here<00:07:05.199> is<00:07:05.440> that 00:07:05.749 --> 00:07:05.759 align:start position:0% What actually happened here is that 00:07:05.759 --> 00:07:08.469 align:start position:0% What actually happened here is that ejector<00:07:06.319> from<00:07:06.639> this<00:07:06.880> second<00:07:07.280> crater<00:07:08.000> likely 00:07:08.469 --> 00:07:08.479 align:start position:0% ejector from this second crater likely 00:07:08.479 --> 00:07:11.350 align:start position:0% ejector from this second crater likely fell<00:07:08.960> directly<00:07:09.759> on<00:07:10.000> top<00:07:10.240> of<00:07:10.400> the<00:07:10.639> other<00:07:10.880> crater 00:07:11.350 --> 00:07:11.360 align:start position:0% fell directly on top of the other crater 00:07:11.360 --> 00:07:13.749 align:start position:0% fell directly on top of the other crater due<00:07:11.520> to<00:07:11.680> the<00:07:11.840> low<00:07:12.080> angle<00:07:12.319> of<00:07:12.479> the<00:07:12.639> impact<00:07:13.520> which 00:07:13.749 --> 00:07:13.759 align:start position:0% due to the low angle of the impact which 00:07:13.759 --> 00:07:15.830 align:start position:0% due to the low angle of the impact which means<00:07:14.000> that<00:07:14.240> it<00:07:14.479> has<00:07:14.720> been<00:07:15.039> artificially 00:07:15.830 --> 00:07:15.840 align:start position:0% means that it has been artificially 00:07:15.840 --> 00:07:17.830 align:start position:0% means that it has been artificially aged. 00:07:17.830 --> 00:07:17.840 align:start position:0% aged. 00:07:17.840 --> 00:07:19.510 align:start position:0% aged. There<00:07:18.080> are<00:07:18.240> some<00:07:18.400> other<00:07:18.639> really<00:07:19.039> interesting 00:07:19.510 --> 00:07:19.520 align:start position:0% There are some other really interesting 00:07:19.520 --> 00:07:21.589 align:start position:0% There are some other really interesting aspects<00:07:19.840> of<00:07:20.080> this<00:07:20.240> image<00:07:20.560> though<00:07:21.120> like<00:07:21.360> the 00:07:21.589 --> 00:07:21.599 align:start position:0% aspects of this image though like the 00:07:21.599 --> 00:07:24.309 align:start position:0% aspects of this image though like the solidified<00:07:22.319> pond<00:07:22.639> of<00:07:22.880> impact<00:07:23.360> melt<00:07:23.840> found<00:07:24.080> at 00:07:24.309 --> 00:07:24.319 align:start position:0% solidified pond of impact melt found at 00:07:24.319 --> 00:07:26.469 align:start position:0% solidified pond of impact melt found at the<00:07:24.479> bottom<00:07:24.639> of<00:07:24.800> the<00:07:24.960> crater 00:07:26.469 --> 00:07:26.479 align:start position:0% the bottom of the crater 00:07:26.479 --> 00:07:28.950 align:start position:0% the bottom of the crater or<00:07:26.880> this<00:07:27.280> region<00:07:27.680> here<00:07:28.080> which<00:07:28.319> appears<00:07:28.720> to 00:07:28.950 --> 00:07:28.960 align:start position:0% or this region here which appears to 00:07:28.960 --> 00:07:31.749 align:start position:0% or this region here which appears to have<00:07:29.120> caved<00:07:29.520> in<00:07:29.759> a<00:07:29.919> bit. 00:07:31.749 --> 00:07:31.759 align:start position:0% have caved in a bit. 00:07:31.759 --> 00:07:33.990 align:start position:0% have caved in a bit. The<00:07:32.000> impact<00:07:32.400> melt<00:07:32.720> in<00:07:32.880> the<00:07:33.039> first<00:07:33.280> image<00:07:33.680> also 00:07:33.990 --> 00:07:34.000 align:start position:0% The impact melt in the first image also 00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:36.309 align:start position:0% The impact melt in the first image also appears<00:07:34.400> to<00:07:34.639> have<00:07:34.880> flowed<00:07:35.360> down<00:07:35.680> towards<00:07:36.080> the 00:07:36.309 --> 00:07:36.319 align:start position:0% appears to have flowed down towards the 00:07:36.319 --> 00:07:38.710 align:start position:0% appears to have flowed down towards the left<00:07:36.479> of<00:07:36.639> the<00:07:36.800> image.<00:07:37.599> It<00:07:37.840> really<00:07:38.160> is<00:07:38.400> a 00:07:38.710 --> 00:07:38.720 align:start position:0% left of the image. It really is a 00:07:38.720 --> 00:07:43.029 align:start position:0% left of the image. It really is a fascinating<00:07:39.360> set<00:07:39.599> of<00:07:39.759> craters. 00:07:43.029 --> 00:07:43.039 align:start position:0% 00:07:43.039 --> 00:07:44.550 align:start position:0% Let's<00:07:43.280> have<00:07:43.360> a<00:07:43.599> look<00:07:43.759> at<00:07:44.080> another 00:07:44.550 --> 00:07:44.560 align:start position:0% Let's have a look at another 00:07:44.560 --> 00:07:46.950 align:start position:0% Let's have a look at another asymmetrical<00:07:45.360> crater<00:07:45.919> and<00:07:46.240> try<00:07:46.560> to<00:07:46.720> figure 00:07:46.950 --> 00:07:46.960 align:start position:0% asymmetrical crater and try to figure 00:07:46.960 --> 00:07:50.150 align:start position:0% asymmetrical crater and try to figure out<00:07:47.360> why<00:07:47.599> it<00:07:47.840> has<00:07:48.080> the<00:07:48.240> shape<00:07:48.560> it<00:07:48.800> does.<00:07:49.840> While 00:07:50.150 --> 00:07:50.160 align:start position:0% out why it has the shape it does. While 00:07:50.160 --> 00:07:52.550 align:start position:0% out why it has the shape it does. While it<00:07:50.400> could<00:07:50.560> be<00:07:50.720> that<00:07:50.960> this<00:07:51.199> crater<00:07:51.599> is<00:07:51.919> also<00:07:52.240> the 00:07:52.550 --> 00:07:52.560 align:start position:0% it could be that this crater is also the 00:07:52.560 --> 00:07:55.909 align:start position:0% it could be that this crater is also the result<00:07:52.720> of<00:07:52.960> two<00:07:53.199> impacts<00:07:54.560> or<00:07:54.960> one<00:07:55.280> impactor 00:07:55.909 --> 00:07:55.919 align:start position:0% result of two impacts or one impactor 00:07:55.919 --> 00:07:57.670 align:start position:0% result of two impacts or one impactor breaking<00:07:56.240> up<00:07:56.400> into<00:07:56.720> two<00:07:57.039> just<00:07:57.280> before<00:07:57.440> it 00:07:57.670 --> 00:07:57.680 align:start position:0% breaking up into two just before it 00:07:57.680 --> 00:07:59.990 align:start position:0% breaking up into two just before it collided<00:07:58.080> with<00:07:58.160> the<00:07:58.400> moon,<00:07:59.280> scientists<00:07:59.840> think 00:07:59.990 --> 00:08:00.000 align:start position:0% collided with the moon, scientists think 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:03.270 align:start position:0% collided with the moon, scientists think that<00:08:00.319> this<00:08:00.560> is<00:08:00.800> likely<00:08:01.280> not<00:08:01.520> the<00:08:01.759> case<00:08:02.080> here. 00:08:03.270 --> 00:08:03.280 align:start position:0% that this is likely not the case here. 00:08:03.280 --> 00:08:05.430 align:start position:0% that this is likely not the case here. Notice<00:08:03.680> the<00:08:03.919> shadows<00:08:04.240> in<00:08:04.479> this<00:08:04.639> image<00:08:05.120> above 00:08:05.430 --> 00:08:05.440 align:start position:0% Notice the shadows in this image above 00:08:05.440 --> 00:08:08.230 align:start position:0% Notice the shadows in this image above and<00:08:05.680> below<00:08:05.919> the<00:08:06.160> crater.<00:08:07.120> It<00:08:07.360> is<00:08:07.520> apparent 00:08:08.230 --> 00:08:08.240 align:start position:0% and below the crater. It is apparent 00:08:08.240 --> 00:08:10.790 align:start position:0% and below the crater. It is apparent that<00:08:08.560> this<00:08:08.800> crater<00:08:09.280> is<00:08:09.520> right<00:08:09.840> on<00:08:10.080> the<00:08:10.240> cusp<00:08:10.560> of 00:08:10.790 --> 00:08:10.800 align:start position:0% that this crater is right on the cusp of 00:08:10.800 --> 00:08:14.309 align:start position:0% that this crater is right on the cusp of a<00:08:10.960> peak.<00:08:12.160> Zooming<00:08:12.639> out<00:08:13.120> and<00:08:13.599> looking<00:08:13.919> at<00:08:14.080> the 00:08:14.309 --> 00:08:14.319 align:start position:0% a peak. Zooming out and looking at the 00:08:14.319 --> 00:08:16.790 align:start position:0% a peak. Zooming out and looking at the topographical<00:08:15.120> map<00:08:15.360> of<00:08:15.520> the<00:08:15.759> region<00:08:16.400> reveals 00:08:16.790 --> 00:08:16.800 align:start position:0% topographical map of the region reveals 00:08:16.800 --> 00:08:20.150 align:start position:0% topographical map of the region reveals that<00:08:17.120> this<00:08:17.440> is<00:08:17.680> the<00:08:17.919> case.<00:08:18.879> In<00:08:19.120> fact,<00:08:19.520> this<00:08:19.840> may 00:08:20.150 --> 00:08:20.160 align:start position:0% that this is the case. In fact, this may 00:08:20.160 --> 00:08:22.230 align:start position:0% that this is the case. In fact, this may well<00:08:20.479> have<00:08:20.720> been<00:08:20.879> the<00:08:21.120> tallest<00:08:21.599> peak<00:08:21.919> in<00:08:22.080> the 00:08:22.230 --> 00:08:22.240 align:start position:0% well have been the tallest peak in the 00:08:22.240 --> 00:08:25.749 align:start position:0% well have been the tallest peak in the local<00:08:22.560> area<00:08:23.360> until<00:08:23.840> by<00:08:24.240> chance<00:08:24.879> this<00:08:25.120> impactor 00:08:25.749 --> 00:08:25.759 align:start position:0% local area until by chance this impactor 00:08:25.759 --> 00:08:28.869 align:start position:0% local area until by chance this impactor came<00:08:26.000> along<00:08:26.400> and<00:08:26.720> totally<00:08:27.199> wiped<00:08:27.599> it<00:08:27.759> out. 00:08:28.869 --> 00:08:28.879 align:start position:0% came along and totally wiped it out. 00:08:28.879 --> 00:08:31.270 align:start position:0% came along and totally wiped it out. Imagine<00:08:29.360> Everest<00:08:30.000> suddenly<00:08:30.479> being<00:08:30.800> taken<00:08:31.120> out 00:08:31.270 --> 00:08:31.280 align:start position:0% Imagine Everest suddenly being taken out 00:08:31.280 --> 00:08:34.149 align:start position:0% Imagine Everest suddenly being taken out by<00:08:31.440> a<00:08:31.599> meteor.<00:08:32.880> The<00:08:33.120> shape<00:08:33.360> of<00:08:33.519> this<00:08:33.680> crater 00:08:34.149 --> 00:08:34.159 align:start position:0% by a meteor. The shape of this crater 00:08:34.159 --> 00:08:36.149 align:start position:0% by a meteor. The shape of this crater was<00:08:34.479> probably<00:08:34.880> not<00:08:35.200> only<00:08:35.440> caused<00:08:35.760> by<00:08:35.919> the 00:08:36.149 --> 00:08:36.159 align:start position:0% was probably not only caused by the 00:08:36.159 --> 00:08:38.550 align:start position:0% was probably not only caused by the angle<00:08:36.399> the<00:08:36.640> impactor<00:08:37.200> approached<00:08:37.599> from,<00:08:38.320> but 00:08:38.550 --> 00:08:38.560 align:start position:0% angle the impactor approached from, but 00:08:38.560 --> 00:08:42.230 align:start position:0% angle the impactor approached from, but also<00:08:39.200> because<00:08:39.440> it<00:08:39.680> hit<00:08:40.000> this<00:08:40.240> steep<00:08:40.640> slope.<00:08:42.000> It 00:08:42.230 --> 00:08:42.240 align:start position:0% also because it hit this steep slope. It 00:08:42.240 --> 00:08:43.909 align:start position:0% also because it hit this steep slope. It might<00:08:42.399> not<00:08:42.640> look<00:08:42.880> that<00:08:43.120> steep<00:08:43.440> from<00:08:43.680> the 00:08:43.909 --> 00:08:43.919 align:start position:0% might not look that steep from the 00:08:43.919 --> 00:08:46.949 align:start position:0% might not look that steep from the oblique<00:08:44.399> angled<00:08:44.800> shot.<00:08:45.680> However,<00:08:46.320> over<00:08:46.640> only 00:08:46.949 --> 00:08:46.959 align:start position:0% oblique angled shot. However, over only 00:08:46.959 --> 00:08:50.230 align:start position:0% oblique angled shot. However, over only about<00:08:47.279> 20<00:08:47.600> km,<00:08:48.480> there's<00:08:48.720> an<00:08:48.959> 8<00:08:49.360> km<00:08:49.920> difference 00:08:50.230 --> 00:08:50.240 align:start position:0% about 20 km, there's an 8 km difference 00:08:50.240 --> 00:08:52.710 align:start position:0% about 20 km, there's an 8 km difference in<00:08:50.480> elevation<00:08:51.040> from<00:08:51.279> the<00:08:51.440> peak<00:08:51.839> here<00:08:52.320> to<00:08:52.560> the 00:08:52.710 --> 00:08:52.720 align:start position:0% in elevation from the peak here to the 00:08:52.720 --> 00:08:56.550 align:start position:0% in elevation from the peak here to the bottom<00:08:53.040> of<00:08:53.200> this<00:08:53.519> nearby<00:08:54.000> crater. 00:08:56.550 --> 00:08:56.560 align:start position:0% bottom of this nearby crater. 00:08:56.560 --> 00:08:59.269 align:start position:0% bottom of this nearby crater. In<00:08:56.880> this<00:08:57.120> next<00:08:57.360> image,<00:08:58.080> there's<00:08:58.480> not<00:08:58.720> too<00:08:59.040> much 00:08:59.269 --> 00:08:59.279 align:start position:0% In this next image, there's not too much 00:08:59.279 --> 00:09:01.990 align:start position:0% In this next image, there's not too much to<00:08:59.519> see.<00:09:00.640> The<00:09:00.880> only<00:09:01.040> thing<00:09:01.200> visible<00:09:01.600> in<00:09:01.839> this 00:09:01.990 --> 00:09:02.000 align:start position:0% to see. The only thing visible in this 00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:05.350 align:start position:0% to see. The only thing visible in this wide<00:09:02.480> expanse<00:09:03.120> is<00:09:03.440> this<00:09:03.839> peak<00:09:04.480> basking<00:09:04.959> in<00:09:05.200> the 00:09:05.350 --> 00:09:05.360 align:start position:0% wide expanse is this peak basking in the 00:09:05.360 --> 00:09:07.750 align:start position:0% wide expanse is this peak basking in the light<00:09:05.600> of<00:09:05.760> the<00:09:05.920> sun.<00:09:07.040> Why<00:09:07.360> is<00:09:07.519> this 00:09:07.750 --> 00:09:07.760 align:start position:0% light of the sun. Why is this 00:09:07.760 --> 00:09:10.470 align:start position:0% light of the sun. Why is this significant?<00:09:09.040> Well,<00:09:09.360> this<00:09:09.600> peak<00:09:09.920> is<00:09:10.160> on<00:09:10.320> the 00:09:10.470 --> 00:09:10.480 align:start position:0% significant? Well, this peak is on the 00:09:10.480 --> 00:09:13.750 align:start position:0% significant? Well, this peak is on the rim<00:09:10.800> of<00:09:11.040> Apenus<00:09:11.760> Crater,<00:09:12.800> a<00:09:12.959> crater<00:09:13.440> found 00:09:13.750 --> 00:09:13.760 align:start position:0% rim of Apenus Crater, a crater found 00:09:13.760 --> 00:09:16.710 align:start position:0% rim of Apenus Crater, a crater found near<00:09:14.000> the<00:09:14.240> north<00:09:14.560> pole<00:09:14.880> of<00:09:14.959> the<00:09:15.120> moon.<00:09:16.320> Future 00:09:16.710 --> 00:09:16.720 align:start position:0% near the north pole of the moon. Future 00:09:16.720 --> 00:09:19.030 align:start position:0% near the north pole of the moon. Future colonies<00:09:17.200> on<00:09:17.360> the<00:09:17.519> moon<00:09:18.000> will<00:09:18.320> be<00:09:18.560> located 00:09:19.030 --> 00:09:19.040 align:start position:0% colonies on the moon will be located 00:09:19.040 --> 00:09:21.670 align:start position:0% colonies on the moon will be located somewhat<00:09:19.519> near<00:09:19.760> the<00:09:20.000> north<00:09:20.240> and<00:09:20.480> south<00:09:20.720> poles 00:09:21.670 --> 00:09:21.680 align:start position:0% somewhat near the north and south poles 00:09:21.680 --> 00:09:23.509 align:start position:0% somewhat near the north and south poles because<00:09:22.000> tucked<00:09:22.399> away<00:09:22.640> at<00:09:22.880> the<00:09:23.040> bottom<00:09:23.200> of<00:09:23.360> the 00:09:23.509 --> 00:09:23.519 align:start position:0% because tucked away at the bottom of the 00:09:23.519 --> 00:09:25.509 align:start position:0% because tucked away at the bottom of the craters<00:09:24.000> here,<00:09:24.399> where<00:09:24.640> the<00:09:24.880> sun<00:09:25.200> never 00:09:25.509 --> 00:09:25.519 align:start position:0% craters here, where the sun never 00:09:25.519 --> 00:09:28.790 align:start position:0% craters here, where the sun never shines,<00:09:26.320> are<00:09:26.640> large<00:09:26.959> pockets<00:09:27.440> of<00:09:27.600> water<00:09:28.000> ice, 00:09:28.790 --> 00:09:28.800 align:start position:0% shines, are large pockets of water ice, 00:09:28.800 --> 00:09:31.030 align:start position:0% shines, are large pockets of water ice, essential<00:09:29.200> for<00:09:29.440> any<00:09:29.760> colony<00:09:30.160> to<00:09:30.399> subsist<00:09:30.800> off 00:09:31.030 --> 00:09:31.040 align:start position:0% essential for any colony to subsist off 00:09:31.040 --> 00:09:34.550 align:start position:0% essential for any colony to subsist off of.<00:09:32.480> Water<00:09:32.800> can<00:09:32.959> be<00:09:33.120> used<00:09:33.360> for<00:09:33.680> drinking, 00:09:34.550 --> 00:09:34.560 align:start position:0% of. Water can be used for drinking, 00:09:34.560 --> 00:09:37.750 align:start position:0% of. Water can be used for drinking, washing,<00:09:35.360> cooking,<00:09:35.839> and<00:09:36.160> farming.<00:09:37.200> Plus, 00:09:37.750 --> 00:09:37.760 align:start position:0% washing, cooking, and farming. Plus, 00:09:37.760 --> 00:09:40.310 align:start position:0% washing, cooking, and farming. Plus, breaking<00:09:38.080> down<00:09:38.320> the<00:09:38.480> H2O<00:09:39.200> into<00:09:39.519> oxygen<00:09:40.080> and 00:09:40.310 --> 00:09:40.320 align:start position:0% breaking down the H2O into oxygen and 00:09:40.320 --> 00:09:42.949 align:start position:0% breaking down the H2O into oxygen and hydrogen<00:09:41.120> provides<00:09:41.680> breathable<00:09:42.160> air<00:09:42.640> and 00:09:42.949 --> 00:09:42.959 align:start position:0% hydrogen provides breathable air and 00:09:42.959 --> 00:09:45.910 align:start position:0% hydrogen provides breathable air and rocket<00:09:43.360> fuel.<00:09:44.560> These<00:09:44.880> poles<00:09:45.279> also<00:09:45.600> have<00:09:45.760> the 00:09:45.910 --> 00:09:45.920 align:start position:0% rocket fuel. These poles also have the 00:09:45.920 --> 00:09:47.990 align:start position:0% rocket fuel. These poles also have the added<00:09:46.240> benefit<00:09:46.800> that<00:09:47.120> there<00:09:47.279> are<00:09:47.519> peaks<00:09:47.839> here 00:09:47.990 --> 00:09:48.000 align:start position:0% added benefit that there are peaks here 00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:50.389 align:start position:0% added benefit that there are peaks here that<00:09:48.240> are<00:09:48.480> almost<00:09:48.959> always<00:09:49.360> in<00:09:49.600> the<00:09:49.760> sun, 00:09:50.389 --> 00:09:50.399 align:start position:0% that are almost always in the sun, 00:09:50.399 --> 00:09:52.630 align:start position:0% that are almost always in the sun, unlike<00:09:50.880> other<00:09:51.120> parts<00:09:51.360> of<00:09:51.519> the<00:09:51.680> moon<00:09:52.160> where<00:09:52.399> the 00:09:52.630 --> 00:09:52.640 align:start position:0% unlike other parts of the moon where the 00:09:52.640 --> 00:09:56.389 align:start position:0% unlike other parts of the moon where the day<00:09:52.880> and<00:09:53.040> night<00:09:53.279> cycle<00:09:53.680> is<00:09:54.000> 28<00:09:54.560> days<00:09:54.880> long.<00:09:55.920> 14 00:09:56.389 --> 00:09:56.399 align:start position:0% day and night cycle is 28 days long. 14 00:09:56.399 --> 00:09:59.030 align:start position:0% day and night cycle is 28 days long. 14 Earth<00:09:56.720> days<00:09:57.040> in<00:09:57.279> constant<00:09:57.760> darkness<00:09:58.399> is<00:09:58.720> not 00:09:59.030 --> 00:09:59.040 align:start position:0% Earth days in constant darkness is not 00:09:59.040 --> 00:10:02.070 align:start position:0% Earth days in constant darkness is not good<00:09:59.200> for<00:09:59.360> a<00:09:59.519> solar<00:09:59.920> powered<00:10:00.240> power<00:10:00.560> system.<00:10:01.920> A 00:10:02.070 --> 00:10:02.080 align:start position:0% good for a solar powered power system. A 00:10:02.080 --> 00:10:04.550 align:start position:0% good for a solar powered power system. A peak<00:10:02.399> like<00:10:02.640> this<00:10:02.800> one,<00:10:03.120> however,<00:10:03.760> poking<00:10:04.240> out 00:10:04.550 --> 00:10:04.560 align:start position:0% peak like this one, however, poking out 00:10:04.560 --> 00:10:06.470 align:start position:0% peak like this one, however, poking out in<00:10:04.720> the<00:10:04.880> sun<00:10:05.200> while<00:10:05.440> the<00:10:05.680> surrounding<00:10:06.080> area 00:10:06.470 --> 00:10:06.480 align:start position:0% in the sun while the surrounding area 00:10:06.480 --> 00:10:09.190 align:start position:0% in the sun while the surrounding area experiences<00:10:07.120> nighttime<00:10:08.080> would<00:10:08.320> be<00:10:08.560> an<00:10:08.800> ideal 00:10:09.190 --> 00:10:09.200 align:start position:0% experiences nighttime would be an ideal 00:10:09.200 --> 00:10:11.750 align:start position:0% experiences nighttime would be an ideal location<00:10:09.600> for<00:10:09.839> solar<00:10:10.160> panels<00:10:10.800> and<00:10:11.040> powering<00:10:11.519> a 00:10:11.750 --> 00:10:11.760 align:start position:0% location for solar panels and powering a 00:10:11.760 --> 00:10:14.710 align:start position:0% location for solar panels and powering a colony<00:10:12.160> there.<00:10:13.279> It's<00:10:13.680> not<00:10:13.920> a<00:10:14.240> perfect 00:10:14.710 --> 00:10:14.720 align:start position:0% colony there. It's not a perfect 00:10:14.720 --> 00:10:17.350 align:start position:0% colony there. It's not a perfect solution,<00:10:15.519> as<00:10:15.839> peaks<00:10:16.240> like<00:10:16.399> this<00:10:16.640> one<00:10:17.040> will 00:10:17.350 --> 00:10:17.360 align:start position:0% solution, as peaks like this one will 00:10:17.360 --> 00:10:19.110 align:start position:0% solution, as peaks like this one will eventually<00:10:17.839> also<00:10:18.240> become<00:10:18.560> covered<00:10:18.880> in 00:10:19.110 --> 00:10:19.120 align:start position:0% eventually also become covered in 00:10:19.120 --> 00:10:21.590 align:start position:0% eventually also become covered in darkness<00:10:19.680> depending<00:10:20.079> on<00:10:20.240> the<00:10:20.399> time<00:10:20.640> of<00:10:20.800> year, 00:10:21.590 --> 00:10:21.600 align:start position:0% darkness depending on the time of year, 00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:24.630 align:start position:0% darkness depending on the time of year, but<00:10:22.000> 89%<00:10:22.880> of<00:10:23.040> the<00:10:23.279> time<00:10:23.519> is<00:10:23.839> definitely<00:10:24.240> better 00:10:24.630 --> 00:10:24.640 align:start position:0% but 89% of the time is definitely better 00:10:24.640 --> 00:10:26.389 align:start position:0% but 89% of the time is definitely better than<00:10:24.959> other<00:10:25.200> regions<00:10:25.519> on<00:10:25.680> the<00:10:25.839> moon<00:10:26.160> where 00:10:26.389 --> 00:10:26.399 align:start position:0% than other regions on the moon where 00:10:26.399 --> 00:10:28.710 align:start position:0% than other regions on the moon where you'd<00:10:26.640> get<00:10:26.800> sunlight<00:10:27.279> for<00:10:27.519> roughly<00:10:27.920> 50%<00:10:28.560> of 00:10:28.710 --> 00:10:28.720 align:start position:0% you'd get sunlight for roughly 50% of 00:10:28.720 --> 00:10:30.870 align:start position:0% you'd get sunlight for roughly 50% of the<00:10:28.959> time. 00:10:30.870 --> 00:10:30.880 align:start position:0% the time. 00:10:30.880 --> 00:10:32.630 align:start position:0% the time. I'll<00:10:31.200> just<00:10:31.360> leave<00:10:31.519> you<00:10:31.680> with<00:10:31.839> a<00:10:32.079> couple<00:10:32.320> more 00:10:32.630 --> 00:10:32.640 align:start position:0% I'll just leave you with a couple more 00:10:32.640 --> 00:10:34.949 align:start position:0% I'll just leave you with a couple more islands<00:10:33.040> in<00:10:33.200> the<00:10:33.360> darkness.<00:10:34.320> This<00:10:34.480> time<00:10:34.720> from 00:10:34.949 --> 00:10:34.959 align:start position:0% islands in the darkness. This time from 00:10:34.959 --> 00:10:37.750 align:start position:0% islands in the darkness. This time from the<00:10:35.200> far<00:10:35.440> side<00:10:35.680> of<00:10:35.760> the<00:10:36.000> moon<00:10:36.560> found<00:10:36.880> in<00:10:37.200> Barbar 00:10:37.750 --> 00:10:37.760 align:start position:0% the far side of the moon found in Barbar 00:10:37.760 --> 00:10:40.630 align:start position:0% the far side of the moon found in Barbar Crater.<00:10:39.120> These<00:10:39.519> are<00:10:39.680> the<00:10:39.839> central<00:10:40.240> peaks 00:10:40.630 --> 00:10:40.640 align:start position:0% Crater. These are the central peaks 00:10:40.640 --> 00:10:43.190 align:start position:0% Crater. These are the central peaks found<00:10:40.880> in<00:10:41.120> the<00:10:41.279> middle<00:10:41.440> of<00:10:41.680> this<00:10:41.920> 80<00:10:42.320> km<00:10:42.800> wide 00:10:43.190 --> 00:10:43.200 align:start position:0% found in the middle of this 80 km wide 00:10:43.200 --> 00:10:46.069 align:start position:0% found in the middle of this 80 km wide complex<00:10:43.680> crater.<00:10:45.040> Do<00:10:45.279> you<00:10:45.360> believe<00:10:45.600> the<00:10:45.839> moon 00:10:46.069 --> 00:10:46.079 align:start position:0% complex crater. Do you believe the moon 00:10:46.079 --> 00:10:49.750 align:start position:0% complex crater. Do you believe the moon to<00:10:46.320> be<00:10:46.480> barren,<00:10:47.120> gray,<00:10:47.680> and<00:10:48.000> uninteresting? 00:10:49.750 --> 00:10:49.760 align:start position:0% to be barren, gray, and uninteresting? 00:10:49.760 --> 00:10:51.750 align:start position:0% to be barren, gray, and uninteresting? Well,<00:10:50.079> to<00:10:50.240> me,<00:10:50.640> that<00:10:50.880> couldn't<00:10:51.200> be<00:10:51.440> any 00:10:51.750 --> 00:10:51.760 align:start position:0% Well, to me, that couldn't be any 00:10:51.760 --> 00:10:54.069 align:start position:0% Well, to me, that couldn't be any further<00:10:52.160> from<00:10:52.320> the<00:10:52.560> truth. 00:10:54.069 --> 00:10:54.079 align:start position:0% further from the truth. 00:10:54.079 --> 00:10:56.630 align:start position:0% further from the truth. The<00:10:54.320> moon<00:10:54.640> is<00:10:54.959> packed<00:10:55.440> full<00:10:55.680> of<00:10:55.920> secrets<00:10:56.320> about 00:10:56.630 --> 00:10:56.640 align:start position:0% The moon is packed full of secrets about 00:10:56.640 --> 00:10:59.590 align:start position:0% The moon is packed full of secrets about its<00:10:56.880> past<00:10:57.440> and<00:10:57.760> has<00:10:58.000> clues<00:10:58.399> dotted<00:10:58.959> all<00:10:59.279> over 00:10:59.590 --> 00:10:59.600 align:start position:0% its past and has clues dotted all over 00:10:59.600 --> 00:11:01.750 align:start position:0% its past and has clues dotted all over its<00:10:59.839> surface,<00:11:00.399> which<00:11:00.640> gives<00:11:00.880> us<00:11:01.200> information 00:11:01.750 --> 00:11:01.760 align:start position:0% its surface, which gives us information 00:11:01.760 --> 00:11:04.310 align:start position:0% its surface, which gives us information about<00:11:02.079> how<00:11:02.320> it<00:11:02.480> formed<00:11:03.120> and<00:11:03.440> evolved<00:11:04.000> over 00:11:04.310 --> 00:11:04.320 align:start position:0% about how it formed and evolved over 00:11:04.320 --> 00:11:05.990 align:start position:0% about how it formed and evolved over time. 00:11:05.990 --> 00:11:06.000 align:start position:0% time. 00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:08.150 align:start position:0% time. From<00:11:06.320> global<00:11:06.800> events<00:11:07.120> that<00:11:07.440> created<00:11:07.839> some<00:11:08.079> of 00:11:08.150 --> 00:11:08.160 align:start position:0% From global events that created some of 00:11:08.160 --> 00:11:11.350 align:start position:0% From global events that created some of the<00:11:08.399> largest<00:11:08.800> craters<00:11:09.279> in<00:11:09.440> the<00:11:09.519> solar<00:11:09.839> system 00:11:11.350 --> 00:11:11.360 align:start position:0% the largest craters in the solar system 00:11:11.360 --> 00:11:13.990 align:start position:0% the largest craters in the solar system to<00:11:11.680> tiny<00:11:12.079> hills<00:11:12.640> exposing<00:11:13.360> layering<00:11:13.680> in<00:11:13.839> the 00:11:13.990 --> 00:11:14.000 align:start position:0% to tiny hills exposing layering in the 00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:17.269 align:start position:0% to tiny hills exposing layering in the moon's<00:11:14.399> crust,<00:11:15.760> each<00:11:16.079> helps<00:11:16.320> us<00:11:16.560> get<00:11:16.720> a<00:11:17.040> better 00:11:17.269 --> 00:11:17.279 align:start position:0% moon's crust, each helps us get a better 00:11:17.279 --> 00:11:19.190 align:start position:0% moon's crust, each helps us get a better picture<00:11:17.600> of<00:11:17.839> our<00:11:18.160> closest<00:11:18.560> celestial 00:11:19.190 --> 00:11:19.200 align:start position:0% picture of our closest celestial 00:11:19.200 --> 00:11:22.150 align:start position:0% picture of our closest celestial neighbor<00:11:19.920> and<00:11:20.160> as<00:11:20.399> a<00:11:20.560> result<00:11:21.279> expands<00:11:21.839> our 00:11:22.150 --> 00:11:22.160 align:start position:0% neighbor and as a result expands our 00:11:22.160 --> 00:11:24.069 align:start position:0% neighbor and as a result expands our understanding<00:11:22.880> about<00:11:23.120> the<00:11:23.360> formation<00:11:23.680> of<00:11:23.839> the 00:11:24.069 --> 00:11:24.079 align:start position:0% understanding about the formation of the 00:11:24.079 --> 00:11:26.310 align:start position:0% understanding about the formation of the solar<00:11:24.399> system<00:11:24.640> as<00:11:24.880> a<00:11:25.040> whole. 00:11:26.310 --> 00:11:26.320 align:start position:0% solar system as a whole. 00:11:26.320 --> 00:11:28.389 align:start position:0% solar system as a whole. It's<00:11:26.640> no<00:11:26.800> wonder<00:11:27.120> then<00:11:27.360> that<00:11:27.680> NASA<00:11:28.079> has<00:11:28.240> a 00:11:28.389 --> 00:11:28.399 align:start position:0% It's no wonder then that NASA has a 00:11:28.399 --> 00:11:29.750 align:start position:0% It's no wonder then that NASA has a spacecraft<00:11:29.040> called<00:11:29.200> the<00:11:29.360> Lunar 00:11:29.750 --> 00:11:29.760 align:start position:0% spacecraft called the Lunar 00:11:29.760 --> 00:11:32.230 align:start position:0% spacecraft called the Lunar Reconnaissance<00:11:30.399> Orbiter<00:11:31.120> which<00:11:31.360> is<00:11:31.519> in<00:11:31.760> orbit 00:11:32.230 --> 00:11:32.240 align:start position:0% Reconnaissance Orbiter which is in orbit 00:11:32.240 --> 00:11:34.470 align:start position:0% Reconnaissance Orbiter which is in orbit around<00:11:32.560> the<00:11:32.720> moon<00:11:33.040> right<00:11:33.279> now<00:11:33.839> mapping<00:11:34.240> out 00:11:34.470 --> 00:11:34.480 align:start position:0% around the moon right now mapping out 00:11:34.480 --> 00:11:38.230 align:start position:0% around the moon right now mapping out its<00:11:34.880> entire<00:11:35.279> surface. 00:11:38.230 --> 00:11:38.240 align:start position:0% its entire surface. 00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:40.389 align:start position:0% its entire surface. I'm<00:11:38.560> Alex<00:11:38.880> Mccoan<00:11:39.600> and<00:11:39.839> you're<00:11:40.079> watching 00:11:40.389 --> 00:11:40.399 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:11:40.399 --> 00:11:43.269 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:11:41.200> And<00:11:41.360> in<00:11:41.600> this<00:11:41.839> episode<00:11:42.160> of<00:11:42.320> the<00:11:42.560> LRO 00:11:43.269 --> 00:11:43.279 align:start position:0% Astramm. And in this episode of the LRO 00:11:43.279 --> 00:11:45.670 align:start position:0% Astramm. And in this episode of the LRO series,<00:11:44.079> we<00:11:44.320> will<00:11:44.560> investigate<00:11:45.120> some<00:11:45.360> of<00:11:45.440> the 00:11:45.670 --> 00:11:45.680 align:start position:0% series, we will investigate some of the 00:11:45.680 --> 00:11:48.230 align:start position:0% series, we will investigate some of the most<00:11:46.000> unusual<00:11:46.800> terrain<00:11:47.279> found<00:11:47.519> on<00:11:47.760> the<00:11:47.920> moon's 00:11:48.230 --> 00:11:48.240 align:start position:0% most unusual terrain found on the moon's 00:11:48.240 --> 00:11:50.630 align:start position:0% most unusual terrain found on the moon's surface.<00:11:49.040> And<00:11:49.279> hopefully<00:11:49.920> I'll<00:11:50.240> be<00:11:50.320> able<00:11:50.480> to 00:11:50.630 --> 00:11:50.640 align:start position:0% surface. And hopefully I'll be able to 00:11:50.640 --> 00:11:53.110 align:start position:0% surface. And hopefully I'll be able to make<00:11:50.880> the<00:11:51.120> gray,<00:11:51.519> barren,<00:11:52.000> and<00:11:52.320> uninteresting 00:11:53.110 --> 00:11:53.120 align:start position:0% make the gray, barren, and uninteresting 00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:55.750 align:start position:0% make the gray, barren, and uninteresting world<00:11:53.680> into<00:11:54.079> something<00:11:54.560> fascinating<00:11:55.440> and 00:11:55.750 --> 00:11:55.760 align:start position:0% world into something fascinating and 00:11:55.760 --> 00:11:59.829 align:start position:0% world into something fascinating and wonderful<00:11:56.160> for<00:11:56.480> you. 00:11:59.829 --> 00:11:59.839 align:start position:0% 00:11:59.839 --> 00:12:02.069 align:start position:0% Let's<00:12:00.160> start<00:12:00.480> with<00:12:00.720> a<00:12:00.959> place<00:12:01.440> rich<00:12:01.760> in 00:12:02.069 --> 00:12:02.079 align:start position:0% Let's start with a place rich in 00:12:02.079 --> 00:12:05.110 align:start position:0% Let's start with a place rich in incredible<00:12:02.720> contrast.<00:12:03.920> This<00:12:04.160> oblique<00:12:04.640> angle 00:12:05.110 --> 00:12:05.120 align:start position:0% incredible contrast. This oblique angle 00:12:05.120 --> 00:12:08.629 align:start position:0% incredible contrast. This oblique angle shot<00:12:05.519> is<00:12:05.760> of<00:12:06.079> Jackson<00:12:06.639> Crater.<00:12:07.680> Sadly,<00:12:08.320> not 00:12:08.629 --> 00:12:08.639 align:start position:0% shot is of Jackson Crater. Sadly, not 00:12:08.639 --> 00:12:10.949 align:start position:0% shot is of Jackson Crater. Sadly, not visible<00:12:09.040> to<00:12:09.279> us<00:12:09.440> on<00:12:09.680> Earth<00:12:10.079> as<00:12:10.320> it<00:12:10.480> is<00:12:10.639> on<00:12:10.800> the 00:12:10.949 --> 00:12:10.959 align:start position:0% visible to us on Earth as it is on the 00:12:10.959 --> 00:12:14.949 align:start position:0% visible to us on Earth as it is on the far<00:12:11.200> side<00:12:11.360> of<00:12:11.519> the<00:12:11.680> moon. 00:12:14.949 --> 00:12:14.959 align:start position:0% 00:12:14.959 --> 00:12:17.269 align:start position:0% A<00:12:15.200> bit<00:12:15.360> like<00:12:15.600> Tao<00:12:16.160> Crater<00:12:16.560> on<00:12:16.720> the<00:12:16.880> near<00:12:17.120> side 00:12:17.269 --> 00:12:17.279 align:start position:0% A bit like Tao Crater on the near side 00:12:17.279 --> 00:12:19.750 align:start position:0% A bit like Tao Crater on the near side of<00:12:17.440> the<00:12:17.600> moon,<00:12:18.160> when<00:12:18.399> it<00:12:18.560> formed,<00:12:19.040> it<00:12:19.279> created 00:12:19.750 --> 00:12:19.760 align:start position:0% of the moon, when it formed, it created 00:12:19.760 --> 00:12:24.710 align:start position:0% of the moon, when it formed, it created a<00:12:20.079> ray<00:12:20.399> system<00:12:20.800> stretching<00:12:21.360> over<00:12:21.760> 1,000<00:12:22.480> km. 00:12:24.710 --> 00:12:24.720 align:start position:0% a ray system stretching over 1,000 km. 00:12:24.720 --> 00:12:27.509 align:start position:0% a ray system stretching over 1,000 km. Ray<00:12:25.040> systems<00:12:25.519> form<00:12:25.920> when<00:12:26.399> particularly<00:12:27.120> fine 00:12:27.509 --> 00:12:27.519 align:start position:0% Ray systems form when particularly fine 00:12:27.519 --> 00:12:29.509 align:start position:0% Ray systems form when particularly fine material<00:12:28.000> is<00:12:28.240> ejected<00:12:28.800> far<00:12:29.120> beyond<00:12:29.360> the 00:12:29.509 --> 00:12:29.519 align:start position:0% material is ejected far beyond the 00:12:29.519 --> 00:12:32.069 align:start position:0% material is ejected far beyond the crater<00:12:29.920> rim,<00:12:30.560> although<00:12:31.040> their<00:12:31.279> formation<00:12:31.839> is 00:12:32.069 --> 00:12:32.079 align:start position:0% crater rim, although their formation is 00:12:32.079 --> 00:12:34.629 align:start position:0% crater rim, although their formation is still<00:12:32.320> being<00:12:32.639> studied.<00:12:33.839> Jackson<00:12:34.240> crater 00:12:34.629 --> 00:12:34.639 align:start position:0% still being studied. Jackson crater 00:12:34.639 --> 00:12:37.750 align:start position:0% still being studied. Jackson crater itself<00:12:35.040> is<00:12:35.279> about<00:12:35.680> 70<00:12:36.000> km<00:12:36.480> in<00:12:36.720> diameter<00:12:37.519> and 00:12:37.750 --> 00:12:37.760 align:start position:0% itself is about 70 km in diameter and 00:12:37.760 --> 00:12:40.870 align:start position:0% itself is about 70 km in diameter and due<00:12:38.000> to<00:12:38.160> its<00:12:38.399> size<00:12:38.959> it<00:12:39.200> is<00:12:39.360> a<00:12:39.600> complex<00:12:40.160> crater 00:12:40.870 --> 00:12:40.880 align:start position:0% due to its size it is a complex crater 00:12:40.880 --> 00:12:43.590 align:start position:0% due to its size it is a complex crater as<00:12:41.120> can<00:12:41.360> be<00:12:41.440> seen<00:12:41.680> by<00:12:41.920> its<00:12:42.160> terrace<00:12:42.639> walls<00:12:43.360> and 00:12:43.590 --> 00:12:43.600 align:start position:0% as can be seen by its terrace walls and 00:12:43.600 --> 00:12:47.190 align:start position:0% as can be seen by its terrace walls and uplift<00:12:44.079> in<00:12:44.240> the<00:12:44.480> central<00:12:44.880> region. 00:12:47.190 --> 00:12:47.200 align:start position:0% uplift in the central region. 00:12:47.200 --> 00:12:50.230 align:start position:0% uplift in the central region. This<00:12:47.440> crater<00:12:47.920> is<00:12:48.399> actually<00:12:48.800> tilted.<00:12:49.760> The<00:12:50.000> east 00:12:50.230 --> 00:12:50.240 align:start position:0% This crater is actually tilted. The east 00:12:50.240 --> 00:12:52.470 align:start position:0% This crater is actually tilted. The east side<00:12:50.399> of<00:12:50.560> the<00:12:50.720> crater<00:12:51.120> is<00:12:51.440> 6,000<00:12:52.000> m<00:12:52.240> in 00:12:52.470 --> 00:12:52.480 align:start position:0% side of the crater is 6,000 m in 00:12:52.480 --> 00:12:54.949 align:start position:0% side of the crater is 6,000 m in elevation<00:12:53.360> and<00:12:53.600> the<00:12:53.839> west<00:12:54.079> side<00:12:54.320> is<00:12:54.560> only 00:12:54.949 --> 00:12:54.959 align:start position:0% elevation and the west side is only 00:12:54.959 --> 00:12:58.310 align:start position:0% elevation and the west side is only 3,000<00:12:55.600> m<00:12:55.920> high.<00:12:57.120> The<00:12:57.360> base<00:12:57.600> of<00:12:57.680> the<00:12:57.839> crater<00:12:58.160> has 00:12:58.310 --> 00:12:58.320 align:start position:0% 3,000 m high. The base of the crater has 00:12:58.320 --> 00:13:01.430 align:start position:0% 3,000 m high. The base of the crater has an<00:12:58.480> elevation<00:12:58.880> of<00:12:59.120> 1,000<00:12:59.760> m,<00:13:00.560> and<00:13:00.800> the<00:13:00.959> peak 00:13:01.430 --> 00:13:01.440 align:start position:0% an elevation of 1,000 m, and the peak 00:13:01.440 --> 00:13:03.829 align:start position:0% an elevation of 1,000 m, and the peak comprises<00:13:02.079> of<00:13:02.320> material<00:13:02.800> that<00:13:03.120> was<00:13:03.279> pushed<00:13:03.600> up 00:13:03.829 --> 00:13:03.839 align:start position:0% comprises of material that was pushed up 00:13:03.839 --> 00:13:07.269 align:start position:0% comprises of material that was pushed up from<00:13:04.079> another<00:13:04.480> 1,000<00:13:05.200> m<00:13:05.519> down. 00:13:07.269 --> 00:13:07.279 align:start position:0% from another 1,000 m down. 00:13:07.279 --> 00:13:09.110 align:start position:0% from another 1,000 m down. Some<00:13:07.519> of<00:13:07.680> the<00:13:07.839> dark<00:13:08.079> patches<00:13:08.480> you<00:13:08.720> see<00:13:08.880> along 00:13:09.110 --> 00:13:09.120 align:start position:0% Some of the dark patches you see along 00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:11.350 align:start position:0% Some of the dark patches you see along the<00:13:09.279> walls<00:13:09.600> are<00:13:09.920> shadows<00:13:10.480> due<00:13:10.720> to<00:13:10.800> the<00:13:11.040> sun's 00:13:11.350 --> 00:13:11.360 align:start position:0% the walls are shadows due to the sun's 00:13:11.360 --> 00:13:13.829 align:start position:0% the walls are shadows due to the sun's angle<00:13:11.600> in<00:13:11.760> the<00:13:11.920> sky,<00:13:12.720> but<00:13:12.880> there<00:13:13.200> are<00:13:13.440> also 00:13:13.829 --> 00:13:13.839 align:start position:0% angle in the sky, but there are also 00:13:13.839 --> 00:13:16.230 align:start position:0% angle in the sky, but there are also sections<00:13:14.160> of<00:13:14.399> darker<00:13:14.800> materials<00:13:15.760> compared<00:13:16.160> to 00:13:16.230 --> 00:13:16.240 align:start position:0% sections of darker materials compared to 00:13:16.240 --> 00:13:17.829 align:start position:0% sections of darker materials compared to the<00:13:16.480> predominantly<00:13:17.120> lighter<00:13:17.519> colored 00:13:17.829 --> 00:13:17.839 align:start position:0% the predominantly lighter colored 00:13:17.839 --> 00:13:20.550 align:start position:0% the predominantly lighter colored ground.<00:13:18.720> Although<00:13:19.360> it's<00:13:19.680> not<00:13:19.839> as<00:13:20.079> light<00:13:20.320> as 00:13:20.550 --> 00:13:20.560 align:start position:0% ground. Although it's not as light as 00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:23.509 align:start position:0% ground. Although it's not as light as this<00:13:20.800> image<00:13:21.120> would<00:13:21.360> have<00:13:21.519> you<00:13:21.760> think,<00:13:23.200> your 00:13:23.509 --> 00:13:23.519 align:start position:0% this image would have you think, your 00:13:23.519 --> 00:13:25.750 align:start position:0% this image would have you think, your viewing<00:13:23.920> angle<00:13:24.240> and<00:13:24.480> the<00:13:24.639> angle<00:13:24.880> of<00:13:25.040> the<00:13:25.200> sun 00:13:25.750 --> 00:13:25.760 align:start position:0% viewing angle and the angle of the sun 00:13:25.760 --> 00:13:28.389 align:start position:0% viewing angle and the angle of the sun play<00:13:26.000> a<00:13:26.160> big<00:13:26.399> role<00:13:26.720> in<00:13:26.959> how<00:13:27.360> contrasts<00:13:28.000> appear 00:13:28.389 --> 00:13:28.399 align:start position:0% play a big role in how contrasts appear 00:13:28.399 --> 00:13:31.430 align:start position:0% play a big role in how contrasts appear on<00:13:28.560> the<00:13:28.720> lunar<00:13:29.120> surface. 00:13:31.430 --> 00:13:31.440 align:start position:0% on the lunar surface. 00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:33.590 align:start position:0% on the lunar surface. Focus<00:13:31.920> here<00:13:32.160> on<00:13:32.320> the<00:13:32.560> central<00:13:32.880> peak<00:13:33.200> in<00:13:33.360> this 00:13:33.590 --> 00:13:33.600 align:start position:0% Focus here on the central peak in this 00:13:33.600 --> 00:13:35.509 align:start position:0% Focus here on the central peak in this image. 00:13:35.509 --> 00:13:35.519 align:start position:0% image. 00:13:35.519 --> 00:13:37.430 align:start position:0% image. We'll<00:13:35.839> now<00:13:36.160> switch<00:13:36.399> to<00:13:36.639> a<00:13:36.800> top-down 00:13:37.430 --> 00:13:37.440 align:start position:0% We'll now switch to a top-down 00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:40.230 align:start position:0% We'll now switch to a top-down perspective<00:13:38.000> of<00:13:38.240> this<00:13:38.480> same<00:13:38.800> peak<00:13:39.440> taken<00:13:39.839> at<00:13:40.079> a 00:13:40.230 --> 00:13:40.240 align:start position:0% perspective of this same peak taken at a 00:13:40.240 --> 00:13:42.389 align:start position:0% perspective of this same peak taken at a different<00:13:40.480> time<00:13:40.639> of<00:13:40.880> the<00:13:41.040> lunar<00:13:41.360> day. 00:13:42.389 --> 00:13:42.399 align:start position:0% different time of the lunar day. 00:13:42.399 --> 00:13:45.030 align:start position:0% different time of the lunar day. Suddenly,<00:13:43.200> the<00:13:43.440> crater<00:13:43.920> basin<00:13:44.399> and<00:13:44.639> the<00:13:44.800> tip 00:13:45.030 --> 00:13:45.040 align:start position:0% Suddenly, the crater basin and the tip 00:13:45.040 --> 00:13:47.350 align:start position:0% Suddenly, the crater basin and the tip of<00:13:45.120> the<00:13:45.360> mountain<00:13:46.000> appear<00:13:46.480> much<00:13:46.800> darker<00:13:47.200> than 00:13:47.350 --> 00:13:47.360 align:start position:0% of the mountain appear much darker than 00:13:47.360 --> 00:13:49.190 align:start position:0% of the mountain appear much darker than before. 00:13:49.190 --> 00:13:49.200 align:start position:0% before. 00:13:49.200 --> 00:13:51.829 align:start position:0% before. But<00:13:49.440> a<00:13:49.600> sideby-side<00:13:50.399> comparison<00:13:51.360> does<00:13:51.600> show 00:13:51.829 --> 00:13:51.839 align:start position:0% But a sideby-side comparison does show 00:13:51.839 --> 00:13:53.990 align:start position:0% But a sideby-side comparison does show how<00:13:52.079> the<00:13:52.320> differences<00:13:52.720> in<00:13:52.959> contrast<00:13:53.519> can<00:13:53.839> be 00:13:53.990 --> 00:13:54.000 align:start position:0% how the differences in contrast can be 00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:57.269 align:start position:0% how the differences in contrast can be seen<00:13:54.240> in<00:13:54.480> both<00:13:54.800> pictures. 00:13:57.269 --> 00:13:57.279 align:start position:0% seen in both pictures. 00:13:57.279 --> 00:13:59.269 align:start position:0% seen in both pictures. And<00:13:57.519> that's<00:13:57.760> not<00:13:57.920> the<00:13:58.160> only<00:13:58.399> optical<00:13:59.040> illusion 00:13:59.269 --> 00:13:59.279 align:start position:0% And that's not the only optical illusion 00:13:59.279 --> 00:14:01.509 align:start position:0% And that's not the only optical illusion the<00:13:59.519> moon<00:13:59.760> can<00:14:00.000> trick<00:14:00.240> you<00:14:00.399> with.<00:14:01.120> Have<00:14:01.360> a 00:14:01.509 --> 00:14:01.519 align:start position:0% the moon can trick you with. Have a 00:14:01.519 --> 00:14:03.990 align:start position:0% the moon can trick you with. Have a close<00:14:01.760> look<00:14:02.000> at<00:14:02.240> this<00:14:02.560> image.<00:14:03.440> What<00:14:03.680> does<00:14:03.839> it 00:14:03.990 --> 00:14:04.000 align:start position:0% close look at this image. What does it 00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:07.189 align:start position:0% close look at this image. What does it appear<00:14:04.320> like<00:14:04.560> to<00:14:04.800> you?<00:14:06.000> Are<00:14:06.240> these<00:14:06.560> regions<00:14:06.959> of 00:14:07.189 --> 00:14:07.199 align:start position:0% appear like to you? Are these regions of 00:14:07.199 --> 00:14:09.990 align:start position:0% appear like to you? Are these regions of inverted<00:14:07.760> bubbles<00:14:08.560> or<00:14:08.880> are<00:14:09.120> these<00:14:09.360> sections 00:14:09.990 --> 00:14:10.000 align:start position:0% inverted bubbles or are these sections 00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:12.470 align:start position:0% inverted bubbles or are these sections actually<00:14:10.560> rising<00:14:11.040> higher<00:14:11.600> than<00:14:11.760> the<00:14:11.920> wiggly 00:14:12.470 --> 00:14:12.480 align:start position:0% actually rising higher than the wiggly 00:14:12.480 --> 00:14:15.350 align:start position:0% actually rising higher than the wiggly textured<00:14:12.959> material<00:14:13.519> surrounding<00:14:14.000> them? 00:14:15.350 --> 00:14:15.360 align:start position:0% textured material surrounding them? 00:14:15.360 --> 00:14:17.590 align:start position:0% textured material surrounding them? Well,<00:14:15.680> for<00:14:15.920> the<00:14:16.079> longest<00:14:16.480> time,<00:14:16.880> I<00:14:17.199> could<00:14:17.360> only 00:14:17.590 --> 00:14:17.600 align:start position:0% Well, for the longest time, I could only 00:14:17.600 --> 00:14:20.230 align:start position:0% Well, for the longest time, I could only see<00:14:17.839> it's<00:14:18.160> inverted.<00:14:19.279> But<00:14:19.519> maybe<00:14:19.680> if<00:14:19.920> you<00:14:20.000> look 00:14:20.230 --> 00:14:20.240 align:start position:0% see it's inverted. But maybe if you look 00:14:20.240 --> 00:14:22.470 align:start position:0% see it's inverted. But maybe if you look around<00:14:20.480> the<00:14:20.800> image,<00:14:21.440> suddenly<00:14:21.920> it<00:14:22.240> will 00:14:22.470 --> 00:14:22.480 align:start position:0% around the image, suddenly it will 00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:24.949 align:start position:0% around the image, suddenly it will switch<00:14:22.800> perspectives<00:14:23.440> for<00:14:23.680> you.<00:14:24.560> What<00:14:24.800> type 00:14:24.949 --> 00:14:24.959 align:start position:0% switch perspectives for you. What type 00:14:24.959 --> 00:14:27.750 align:start position:0% switch perspectives for you. What type of<00:14:25.120> image<00:14:25.440> did<00:14:25.600> you<00:14:25.839> see<00:14:26.079> first?<00:14:27.040> Are<00:14:27.279> you<00:14:27.440> like 00:14:27.750 --> 00:14:27.760 align:start position:0% of image did you see first? Are you like 00:14:27.760 --> 00:14:30.150 align:start position:0% of image did you see first? Are you like me<00:14:28.240> and<00:14:28.560> need<00:14:28.800> proof<00:14:29.120> it's<00:14:29.440> not<00:14:29.760> actually 00:14:30.150 --> 00:14:30.160 align:start position:0% me and need proof it's not actually 00:14:30.160 --> 00:14:33.269 align:start position:0% me and need proof it's not actually inverted?<00:14:31.600> Well,<00:14:32.079> have<00:14:32.240> a<00:14:32.480> look<00:14:32.560> at<00:14:32.800> the<00:14:33.040> same 00:14:33.269 --> 00:14:33.279 align:start position:0% inverted? Well, have a look at the same 00:14:33.279 --> 00:14:35.990 align:start position:0% inverted? Well, have a look at the same region,<00:14:33.760> but<00:14:34.000> from<00:14:34.320> a<00:14:34.480> different<00:14:34.800> angle. 00:14:35.990 --> 00:14:36.000 align:start position:0% region, but from a different angle. 00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:38.150 align:start position:0% region, but from a different angle. Seeing<00:14:36.320> it<00:14:36.560> like<00:14:36.800> this<00:14:37.279> makes<00:14:37.519> me<00:14:37.680> wonder<00:14:37.920> how 00:14:38.150 --> 00:14:38.160 align:start position:0% Seeing it like this makes me wonder how 00:14:38.160 --> 00:14:40.870 align:start position:0% Seeing it like this makes me wonder how I<00:14:38.320> could<00:14:38.399> have<00:14:38.560> seen<00:14:38.880> anything<00:14:39.199> else.<00:14:40.560> This<00:14:40.720> is 00:14:40.870 --> 00:14:40.880 align:start position:0% I could have seen anything else. This is 00:14:40.880 --> 00:14:43.829 align:start position:0% I could have seen anything else. This is a<00:14:41.120> small<00:14:41.360> region<00:14:41.680> on<00:14:41.839> the<00:14:42.000> moon<00:14:42.320> called<00:14:42.720> inner. 00:14:43.829 --> 00:14:43.839 align:start position:0% a small region on the moon called inner. 00:14:43.839 --> 00:14:48.230 align:start position:0% a small region on the moon called inner. It's<00:14:44.160> only<00:14:44.480> 2<00:14:44.720> to<00:14:44.880> 3<00:14:45.040> km<00:14:45.600> wide<00:14:46.079> and<00:14:46.480> 64<00:14:47.040> m<00:14:47.360> deep. 00:14:48.230 --> 00:14:48.240 align:start position:0% It's only 2 to 3 km wide and 64 m deep. 00:14:48.240 --> 00:14:50.069 align:start position:0% It's only 2 to 3 km wide and 64 m deep. And<00:14:48.399> no<00:14:48.639> one<00:14:48.800> really<00:14:49.040> knows<00:14:49.440> how<00:14:49.760> something 00:14:50.069 --> 00:14:50.079 align:start position:0% And no one really knows how something 00:14:50.079 --> 00:14:52.230 align:start position:0% And no one really knows how something like<00:14:50.320> this<00:14:50.560> formed. 00:14:52.230 --> 00:14:52.240 align:start position:0% like this formed. 00:14:52.240 --> 00:14:54.150 align:start position:0% like this formed. It's<00:14:52.560> one<00:14:52.720> of<00:14:52.880> several<00:14:53.279> similar<00:14:53.680> regions<00:14:54.000> on 00:14:54.150 --> 00:14:54.160 align:start position:0% It's one of several similar regions on 00:14:54.160 --> 00:14:56.069 align:start position:0% It's one of several similar regions on the<00:14:54.320> moon. 00:14:56.069 --> 00:14:56.079 align:start position:0% the moon. 00:14:56.079 --> 00:14:59.350 align:start position:0% the moon. Although<00:14:56.480> this<00:14:56.720> one<00:14:56.880> is<00:14:57.120> the<00:14:57.360> most<00:14:57.600> prominent. 00:14:59.350 --> 00:14:59.360 align:start position:0% Although this one is the most prominent. 00:14:59.360 --> 00:15:01.509 align:start position:0% Although this one is the most prominent. To<00:14:59.600> a<00:14:59.760> certain<00:15:00.079> degree,<00:15:00.480> a<00:15:00.720> similar<00:15:00.959> optical 00:15:01.509 --> 00:15:01.519 align:start position:0% To a certain degree, a similar optical 00:15:01.519 --> 00:15:03.829 align:start position:0% To a certain degree, a similar optical illusion<00:15:01.839> can<00:15:02.000> happen<00:15:02.160> with<00:15:02.480> small<00:15:02.720> craters. 00:15:03.829 --> 00:15:03.839 align:start position:0% illusion can happen with small craters. 00:15:03.839 --> 00:15:08.150 align:start position:0% illusion can happen with small craters. Do<00:15:04.000> you<00:15:04.160> see<00:15:04.399> domes<00:15:04.880> here<00:15:05.360> or<00:15:05.600> craters? 00:15:08.150 --> 00:15:08.160 align:start position:0% Do you see domes here or craters? 00:15:08.160 --> 00:15:10.150 align:start position:0% Do you see domes here or craters? Sometimes<00:15:08.720> rotating<00:15:09.199> the<00:15:09.440> picture<00:15:09.760> can<00:15:09.920> help 00:15:10.150 --> 00:15:10.160 align:start position:0% Sometimes rotating the picture can help 00:15:10.160 --> 00:15:13.030 align:start position:0% Sometimes rotating the picture can help get<00:15:10.399> the<00:15:10.560> right<00:15:10.720> perspective. 00:15:13.030 --> 00:15:13.040 align:start position:0% get the right perspective. 00:15:13.040 --> 00:15:15.750 align:start position:0% get the right perspective. That's<00:15:13.360> why<00:15:13.600> the<00:15:13.920> LRO<00:15:14.560> is<00:15:14.720> so<00:15:14.959> useful<00:15:15.279> in<00:15:15.519> my 00:15:15.750 --> 00:15:15.760 align:start position:0% That's why the LRO is so useful in my 00:15:15.760 --> 00:15:18.069 align:start position:0% That's why the LRO is so useful in my opinion.<00:15:16.480> Not<00:15:16.800> only<00:15:16.959> do<00:15:17.120> we<00:15:17.279> get<00:15:17.440> top-<00:15:17.760> down 00:15:18.069 --> 00:15:18.079 align:start position:0% opinion. Not only do we get top- down 00:15:18.079 --> 00:15:22.790 align:start position:0% opinion. Not only do we get top- down views,<00:15:18.639> but<00:15:18.959> oblique<00:15:19.519> perspectives,<00:15:20.160> too. 00:15:22.790 --> 00:15:22.800 align:start position:0% views, but oblique perspectives, too. 00:15:22.800 --> 00:15:25.030 align:start position:0% views, but oblique perspectives, too. Moving<00:15:23.120> on<00:15:23.360> to<00:15:23.600> another<00:15:24.000> unusual<00:15:24.639> lunar 00:15:25.030 --> 00:15:25.040 align:start position:0% Moving on to another unusual lunar 00:15:25.040 --> 00:15:27.670 align:start position:0% Moving on to another unusual lunar region.<00:15:25.760> Let's<00:15:26.079> have<00:15:26.160> a<00:15:26.399> look<00:15:26.560> at<00:15:26.959> Komarov 00:15:27.670 --> 00:15:27.680 align:start position:0% region. Let's have a look at Komarov 00:15:27.680 --> 00:15:30.470 align:start position:0% region. Let's have a look at Komarov crater.<00:15:29.040> This<00:15:29.199> crater<00:15:29.680> would<00:15:30.000> be<00:15:30.160> pretty 00:15:30.470 --> 00:15:30.480 align:start position:0% crater. This crater would be pretty 00:15:30.480 --> 00:15:32.629 align:start position:0% crater. This crater would be pretty normal<00:15:30.800> by<00:15:31.040> lunar<00:15:31.440> standards<00:15:32.000> were<00:15:32.240> it<00:15:32.399> not 00:15:32.629 --> 00:15:32.639 align:start position:0% normal by lunar standards were it not 00:15:32.639 --> 00:15:35.110 align:start position:0% normal by lunar standards were it not for<00:15:32.800> the<00:15:32.959> fact<00:15:33.279> that<00:15:33.600> it<00:15:33.839> has<00:15:34.079> huge<00:15:34.639> fracture 00:15:35.110 --> 00:15:35.120 align:start position:0% for the fact that it has huge fracture 00:15:35.120 --> 00:15:38.150 align:start position:0% for the fact that it has huge fracture lines<00:15:35.519> running<00:15:35.920> across<00:15:36.240> the<00:15:36.480> base.<00:15:37.519> Komarov 00:15:38.150 --> 00:15:38.160 align:start position:0% lines running across the base. Komarov 00:15:38.160 --> 00:15:40.069 align:start position:0% lines running across the base. Komarov crater<00:15:38.480> itself<00:15:39.040> is<00:15:39.360> even<00:15:39.600> bigger<00:15:39.920> than 00:15:40.069 --> 00:15:40.079 align:start position:0% crater itself is even bigger than 00:15:40.079 --> 00:15:46.790 align:start position:0% crater itself is even bigger than Jackson<00:15:40.560> crater<00:15:41.040> at<00:15:41.360> 95<00:15:41.920> km<00:15:42.399> in<00:15:42.639> diameter. 00:15:46.790 --> 00:15:46.800 align:start position:0% 00:15:46.800 --> 00:15:49.749 align:start position:0% Meaning<00:15:47.040> these<00:15:47.360> are<00:15:47.519> up<00:15:47.680> to<00:15:47.920> 500<00:15:48.480> m<00:15:48.959> deep<00:15:49.440> and 00:15:49.749 --> 00:15:49.759 align:start position:0% Meaning these are up to 500 m deep and 00:15:49.759 --> 00:15:54.310 align:start position:0% Meaning these are up to 500 m deep and 2.5<00:15:50.480> km<00:15:51.120> wide.<00:15:52.480> It<00:15:52.720> is<00:15:52.880> believed<00:15:53.199> that<00:15:53.600> 2.6 00:15:54.310 --> 00:15:54.320 align:start position:0% 2.5 km wide. It is believed that 2.6 00:15:54.320 --> 00:15:57.110 align:start position:0% 2.5 km wide. It is believed that 2.6 billion<00:15:54.720> years<00:15:54.959> ago<00:15:55.680> magma<00:15:56.240> built<00:15:56.560> up<00:15:56.880> under 00:15:57.110 --> 00:15:57.120 align:start position:0% billion years ago magma built up under 00:15:57.120 --> 00:15:59.430 align:start position:0% billion years ago magma built up under the<00:15:57.360> crater<00:15:58.079> causing<00:15:58.560> large<00:15:58.880> amounts<00:15:59.199> of 00:15:59.430 --> 00:15:59.440 align:start position:0% the crater causing large amounts of 00:15:59.440 --> 00:16:01.990 align:start position:0% the crater causing large amounts of pressure<00:15:59.920> to<00:16:00.240> fracture<00:16:00.639> the<00:16:00.800> crust.<00:16:01.680> Although 00:16:01.990 --> 00:16:02.000 align:start position:0% pressure to fracture the crust. Although 00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:03.910 align:start position:0% pressure to fracture the crust. Although it<00:16:02.240> appears<00:16:02.560> that<00:16:02.720> the<00:16:02.880> magma<00:16:03.360> never<00:16:03.519> made<00:16:03.759> it 00:16:03.910 --> 00:16:03.920 align:start position:0% it appears that the magma never made it 00:16:03.920 --> 00:16:05.910 align:start position:0% it appears that the magma never made it to<00:16:04.079> the<00:16:04.240> surface,<00:16:04.959> meaning<00:16:05.199> the<00:16:05.440> fractures 00:16:05.910 --> 00:16:05.920 align:start position:0% to the surface, meaning the fractures 00:16:05.920 --> 00:16:07.910 align:start position:0% to the surface, meaning the fractures were<00:16:06.079> never<00:16:06.320> filled<00:16:06.639> in,<00:16:07.120> and<00:16:07.360> it<00:16:07.600> remained 00:16:07.910 --> 00:16:07.920 align:start position:0% were never filled in, and it remained 00:16:07.920 --> 00:16:11.030 align:start position:0% were never filled in, and it remained like<00:16:08.079> that<00:16:08.320> ever<00:16:08.560> since. 00:16:11.030 --> 00:16:11.040 align:start position:0% like that ever since. 00:16:11.040 --> 00:16:12.790 align:start position:0% like that ever since. But<00:16:11.199> although<00:16:11.519> it<00:16:11.759> didn't<00:16:12.000> happen<00:16:12.240> in<00:16:12.560> this 00:16:12.790 --> 00:16:12.800 align:start position:0% But although it didn't happen in this 00:16:12.800 --> 00:16:15.189 align:start position:0% But although it didn't happen in this instance,<00:16:13.680> there<00:16:13.920> are<00:16:14.160> examples<00:16:14.560> on<00:16:14.800> the<00:16:14.959> moon 00:16:15.189 --> 00:16:15.199 align:start position:0% instance, there are examples on the moon 00:16:15.199 --> 00:16:17.749 align:start position:0% instance, there are examples on the moon of<00:16:15.519> magma<00:16:16.079> breaking<00:16:16.480> through<00:16:16.800> and<00:16:17.120> pooling<00:16:17.600> on 00:16:17.749 --> 00:16:17.759 align:start position:0% of magma breaking through and pooling on 00:16:17.759 --> 00:16:19.590 align:start position:0% of magma breaking through and pooling on the<00:16:17.920> surface. 00:16:19.590 --> 00:16:19.600 align:start position:0% the surface. 00:16:19.600 --> 00:16:21.670 align:start position:0% the surface. One<00:16:19.839> such<00:16:20.160> example<00:16:20.560> can<00:16:20.800> be<00:16:20.959> found<00:16:21.199> west<00:16:21.440> of 00:16:21.670 --> 00:16:21.680 align:start position:0% One such example can be found west of 00:16:21.680 --> 00:16:25.590 align:start position:0% One such example can be found west of Plato<00:16:22.240> Crater,<00:16:23.040> a<00:16:23.279> large<00:16:23.759> 100<00:16:24.160> km<00:16:24.639> wide<00:16:24.959> crater 00:16:25.590 --> 00:16:25.600 align:start position:0% Plato Crater, a large 100 km wide crater 00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:27.590 align:start position:0% Plato Crater, a large 100 km wide crater seen<00:16:25.920> towards<00:16:26.240> the<00:16:26.480> north<00:16:26.720> of<00:16:26.880> the<00:16:26.959> moon, 00:16:27.590 --> 00:16:27.600 align:start position:0% seen towards the north of the moon, 00:16:27.600 --> 00:16:29.910 align:start position:0% seen towards the north of the moon, visible<00:16:28.079> with<00:16:28.320> the<00:16:28.480> telescope<00:16:28.959> or<00:16:29.279> binoculars 00:16:29.910 --> 00:16:29.920 align:start position:0% visible with the telescope or binoculars 00:16:29.920 --> 00:16:31.829 align:start position:0% visible with the telescope or binoculars on<00:16:30.160> Earth. 00:16:31.829 --> 00:16:31.839 align:start position:0% on Earth. 00:16:31.839 --> 00:16:34.150 align:start position:0% on Earth. This<00:16:32.079> image<00:16:32.399> has<00:16:32.639> a<00:16:32.800> few<00:16:33.040> rather<00:16:33.440> spectacular 00:16:34.150 --> 00:16:34.160 align:start position:0% This image has a few rather spectacular 00:16:34.160 --> 00:16:36.710 align:start position:0% This image has a few rather spectacular points<00:16:34.480> of<00:16:34.720> interest<00:16:35.040> to<00:16:35.279> see.<00:16:36.000> The<00:16:36.320> obvious 00:16:36.710 --> 00:16:36.720 align:start position:0% points of interest to see. The obvious 00:16:36.720 --> 00:16:38.710 align:start position:0% points of interest to see. The obvious one<00:16:37.199> being<00:16:37.519> this<00:16:37.839> channel<00:16:38.160> which<00:16:38.399> cuts 00:16:38.710 --> 00:16:38.720 align:start position:0% one being this channel which cuts 00:16:38.720 --> 00:16:41.350 align:start position:0% one being this channel which cuts through<00:16:38.880> the<00:16:39.120> ground.<00:16:40.160> This<00:16:40.399> section<00:16:40.880> here<00:16:41.120> is 00:16:41.350 --> 00:16:41.360 align:start position:0% through the ground. This section here is 00:16:41.360 --> 00:16:43.829 align:start position:0% through the ground. This section here is a<00:16:41.519> lava<00:16:42.000> vent<00:16:42.560> back<00:16:42.800> when<00:16:43.040> the<00:16:43.199> moon<00:16:43.440> was<00:16:43.600> a<00:16:43.759> lot 00:16:43.829 --> 00:16:43.839 align:start position:0% a lava vent back when the moon was a lot 00:16:43.839 --> 00:16:46.470 align:start position:0% a lava vent back when the moon was a lot more<00:16:44.000> geologically<00:16:44.720> active. 00:16:46.470 --> 00:16:46.480 align:start position:0% more geologically active. 00:16:46.480 --> 00:16:48.230 align:start position:0% more geologically active. Running<00:16:46.880> out<00:16:47.040> of<00:16:47.199> the<00:16:47.360> vent<00:16:47.839> in<00:16:48.079> a 00:16:48.230 --> 00:16:48.240 align:start position:0% Running out of the vent in a 00:16:48.240 --> 00:16:50.230 align:start position:0% Running out of the vent in a southwesterly<00:16:49.120> direction<00:16:49.600> is<00:16:49.920> something 00:16:50.230 --> 00:16:50.240 align:start position:0% southwesterly direction is something 00:16:50.240 --> 00:16:53.910 align:start position:0% southwesterly direction is something known<00:16:50.560> as<00:16:50.720> a<00:16:50.959> rimma<00:16:51.600> or<00:16:51.839> a<00:16:52.079> relay.<00:16:53.440> These<00:16:53.759> are 00:16:53.910 --> 00:16:53.920 align:start position:0% known as a rimma or a relay. These are 00:16:53.920 --> 00:16:56.389 align:start position:0% known as a rimma or a relay. These are channels<00:16:54.320> cut<00:16:54.560> out<00:16:54.800> by<00:16:55.040> lava<00:16:55.440> melting<00:16:56.000> and 00:16:56.389 --> 00:16:56.399 align:start position:0% channels cut out by lava melting and 00:16:56.399 --> 00:16:58.949 align:start position:0% channels cut out by lava melting and eroding<00:16:56.880> its<00:16:57.199> way<00:16:57.440> down<00:16:57.680> the<00:16:57.920> slope.<00:16:58.639> kind<00:16:58.880> of 00:16:58.949 --> 00:16:58.959 align:start position:0% eroding its way down the slope. kind of 00:16:58.959 --> 00:17:02.629 align:start position:0% eroding its way down the slope. kind of like<00:16:59.120> a<00:16:59.360> river<00:16:59.680> on<00:16:59.920> Earth. 00:17:02.629 --> 00:17:02.639 align:start position:0% like a river on Earth. 00:17:02.639 --> 00:17:04.710 align:start position:0% like a river on Earth. To<00:17:02.880> the<00:17:03.040> east<00:17:03.360> in<00:17:03.519> this<00:17:03.680> image,<00:17:04.079> we<00:17:04.319> see<00:17:04.480> the 00:17:04.710 --> 00:17:04.720 align:start position:0% To the east in this image, we see the 00:17:04.720 --> 00:17:07.909 align:start position:0% To the east in this image, we see the crater<00:17:05.120> rim<00:17:05.360> of<00:17:05.520> Plato.<00:17:06.880> Plato<00:17:07.360> itself<00:17:07.679> was 00:17:07.909 --> 00:17:07.919 align:start position:0% crater rim of Plato. Plato itself was 00:17:07.919 --> 00:17:10.390 align:start position:0% crater rim of Plato. Plato itself was likely<00:17:08.319> filled<00:17:08.640> with<00:17:08.799> lava<00:17:09.199> at<00:17:09.439> some<00:17:09.600> point<00:17:10.160> as 00:17:10.390 --> 00:17:10.400 align:start position:0% likely filled with lava at some point as 00:17:10.400 --> 00:17:12.549 align:start position:0% likely filled with lava at some point as the<00:17:10.559> base<00:17:10.880> is<00:17:11.120> darker<00:17:11.520> and<00:17:11.839> smoother<00:17:12.240> than<00:17:12.400> the 00:17:12.549 --> 00:17:12.559 align:start position:0% the base is darker and smoother than the 00:17:12.559 --> 00:17:15.189 align:start position:0% the base is darker and smoother than the regions<00:17:13.039> northwards.<00:17:14.240> However,<00:17:14.720> in<00:17:14.959> this 00:17:15.189 --> 00:17:15.199 align:start position:0% regions northwards. However, in this 00:17:15.199 --> 00:17:17.590 align:start position:0% regions northwards. However, in this image,<00:17:15.679> we<00:17:15.919> can<00:17:16.079> see<00:17:16.240> that<00:17:16.400> a<00:17:16.720> huge<00:17:17.039> section<00:17:17.360> of 00:17:17.590 --> 00:17:17.600 align:start position:0% image, we can see that a huge section of 00:17:17.600 --> 00:17:19.990 align:start position:0% image, we can see that a huge section of crust<00:17:18.079> has<00:17:18.400> collapsed<00:17:18.880> down<00:17:19.199> from<00:17:19.360> the<00:17:19.520> crater 00:17:19.990 --> 00:17:20.000 align:start position:0% crust has collapsed down from the crater 00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:24.470 align:start position:0% crust has collapsed down from the crater wall,<00:17:20.480> creating<00:17:20.880> a<00:17:21.280> 24<00:17:21.839> km<00:17:22.319> wide<00:17:22.640> slump<00:17:23.039> block. 00:17:24.470 --> 00:17:24.480 align:start position:0% wall, creating a 24 km wide slump block. 00:17:24.480 --> 00:17:26.870 align:start position:0% wall, creating a 24 km wide slump block. In<00:17:24.720> other<00:17:24.959> words,<00:17:25.439> this<00:17:25.679> section<00:17:26.160> was<00:17:26.480> once 00:17:26.870 --> 00:17:26.880 align:start position:0% In other words, this section was once 00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:29.029 align:start position:0% In other words, this section was once connected<00:17:27.199> to<00:17:27.360> the<00:17:27.520> higher<00:17:27.839> plane.<00:17:28.720> However, 00:17:29.029 --> 00:17:29.039 align:start position:0% connected to the higher plane. However, 00:17:29.039 --> 00:17:30.870 align:start position:0% connected to the higher plane. However, it<00:17:29.280> has<00:17:29.440> since<00:17:29.760> collapsed<00:17:30.160> under<00:17:30.480> its<00:17:30.720> own 00:17:30.870 --> 00:17:30.880 align:start position:0% it has since collapsed under its own 00:17:30.880 --> 00:17:33.190 align:start position:0% it has since collapsed under its own weight,<00:17:31.440> breaking<00:17:31.919> away<00:17:32.480> and<00:17:32.799> falling 00:17:33.190 --> 00:17:33.200 align:start position:0% weight, breaking away and falling 00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:37.350 align:start position:0% weight, breaking away and falling somewhat<00:17:33.600> into<00:17:33.919> the<00:17:34.080> crater. 00:17:37.350 --> 00:17:37.360 align:start position:0% 00:17:37.360 --> 00:17:39.990 align:start position:0% Let's<00:17:37.600> have<00:17:37.760> a<00:17:37.919> look<00:17:38.000> at<00:17:38.240> one<00:17:38.480> more<00:17:38.720> crater. 00:17:39.990 --> 00:17:40.000 align:start position:0% Let's have a look at one more crater. 00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:41.909 align:start position:0% Let's have a look at one more crater. This<00:17:40.320> breathtaking<00:17:41.039> view<00:17:41.360> is<00:17:41.600> from<00:17:41.760> the 00:17:41.909 --> 00:17:41.919 align:start position:0% This breathtaking view is from the 00:17:41.919 --> 00:17:45.110 align:start position:0% This breathtaking view is from the Apollo<00:17:42.480> 15<00:17:42.880> mission<00:17:43.440> overlooking<00:17:44.240> Aristacus 00:17:45.110 --> 00:17:45.120 align:start position:0% Apollo 15 mission overlooking Aristacus 00:17:45.120 --> 00:17:48.310 align:start position:0% Apollo 15 mission overlooking Aristacus crater.<00:17:46.400> Aristicus<00:17:47.200> is<00:17:47.440> seen<00:17:47.760> towards<00:17:48.160> the 00:17:48.310 --> 00:17:48.320 align:start position:0% crater. Aristicus is seen towards the 00:17:48.320 --> 00:17:50.310 align:start position:0% crater. Aristicus is seen towards the northwest<00:17:48.799> of<00:17:49.039> the<00:17:49.120> moon.<00:17:49.760> And<00:17:50.000> although 00:17:50.310 --> 00:17:50.320 align:start position:0% northwest of the moon. And although 00:17:50.320 --> 00:17:53.350 align:start position:0% northwest of the moon. And although Aristocus<00:17:51.039> is<00:17:51.200> only<00:17:51.360> 40<00:17:51.679> km<00:17:52.160> across,<00:17:53.039> it's 00:17:53.350 --> 00:17:53.360 align:start position:0% Aristocus is only 40 km across, it's 00:17:53.360 --> 00:17:55.029 align:start position:0% Aristocus is only 40 km across, it's bright<00:17:53.600> enough<00:17:53.840> to<00:17:54.080> be<00:17:54.160> seen<00:17:54.400> with<00:17:54.559> the<00:17:54.720> naked 00:17:55.029 --> 00:17:55.039 align:start position:0% bright enough to be seen with the naked 00:17:55.039 --> 00:17:57.669 align:start position:0% bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. 00:17:57.669 --> 00:17:57.679 align:start position:0% eye. 00:17:57.679 --> 00:18:00.230 align:start position:0% eye. From<00:17:57.919> Apollo's<00:17:58.480> viewpoint,<00:17:59.120> we<00:17:59.440> can<00:17:59.600> see<00:17:59.840> a 00:18:00.230 --> 00:18:00.240 align:start position:0% From Apollo's viewpoint, we can see a 00:18:00.240 --> 00:18:02.310 align:start position:0% From Apollo's viewpoint, we can see a really<00:18:00.559> wide<00:18:00.960> angled<00:18:01.440> perspective<00:18:01.919> of<00:18:02.080> the 00:18:02.310 --> 00:18:02.320 align:start position:0% really wide angled perspective of the 00:18:02.320 --> 00:18:04.870 align:start position:0% really wide angled perspective of the crater.<00:18:03.280> Surrounding<00:18:03.679> it<00:18:04.000> are<00:18:04.240> more<00:18:04.400> relays 00:18:04.870 --> 00:18:04.880 align:start position:0% crater. Surrounding it are more relays 00:18:04.880 --> 00:18:07.590 align:start position:0% crater. Surrounding it are more relays and<00:18:05.120> lava<00:18:05.440> events,<00:18:06.160> and<00:18:06.400> a<00:18:06.640> small<00:18:06.880> ray<00:18:07.200> system 00:18:07.590 --> 00:18:07.600 align:start position:0% and lava events, and a small ray system 00:18:07.600 --> 00:18:09.590 align:start position:0% and lava events, and a small ray system can<00:18:07.840> be<00:18:08.000> seen<00:18:08.320> extending<00:18:08.880> away<00:18:09.200> from<00:18:09.360> the 00:18:09.590 --> 00:18:09.600 align:start position:0% can be seen extending away from the 00:18:09.600 --> 00:18:12.950 align:start position:0% can be seen extending away from the center.<00:18:11.039> From<00:18:11.360> this<00:18:11.600> angle,<00:18:12.160> with<00:18:12.320> the<00:18:12.559> shadow 00:18:12.950 --> 00:18:12.960 align:start position:0% center. From this angle, with the shadow 00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:15.510 align:start position:0% center. From this angle, with the shadow extruding<00:18:13.600> out<00:18:14.000> from<00:18:14.160> the<00:18:14.400> rim,<00:18:14.960> you<00:18:15.200> get<00:18:15.280> a 00:18:15.510 --> 00:18:15.520 align:start position:0% extruding out from the rim, you get a 00:18:15.520 --> 00:18:19.590 align:start position:0% extruding out from the rim, you get a sense<00:18:15.679> of<00:18:15.919> how<00:18:16.160> deep<00:18:16.480> this<00:18:16.720> crater<00:18:17.120> is. 00:18:19.590 --> 00:18:19.600 align:start position:0% sense of how deep this crater is. 00:18:19.600 --> 00:18:22.070 align:start position:0% sense of how deep this crater is. This<00:18:19.840> complex<00:18:20.320> crater<00:18:20.799> has<00:18:21.200> prominent<00:18:21.679> crater 00:18:22.070 --> 00:18:22.080 align:start position:0% This complex crater has prominent crater 00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:24.630 align:start position:0% This complex crater has prominent crater walls.<00:18:22.960> However,<00:18:23.360> the<00:18:23.520> uplift<00:18:24.080> found<00:18:24.320> in<00:18:24.480> the 00:18:24.630 --> 00:18:24.640 align:start position:0% walls. However, the uplift found in the 00:18:24.640 --> 00:18:28.150 align:start position:0% walls. However, the uplift found in the center<00:18:24.960> seems<00:18:25.360> pretty<00:18:25.679> small.<00:18:27.120> From<00:18:27.440> LRO's 00:18:28.150 --> 00:18:28.160 align:start position:0% center seems pretty small. From LRO's 00:18:28.160 --> 00:18:30.070 align:start position:0% center seems pretty small. From LRO's perspective,<00:18:28.799> we<00:18:29.039> have<00:18:29.200> a<00:18:29.440> much<00:18:29.679> higher 00:18:30.070 --> 00:18:30.080 align:start position:0% perspective, we have a much higher 00:18:30.080 --> 00:18:32.870 align:start position:0% perspective, we have a much higher resolution<00:18:30.559> view<00:18:30.799> of<00:18:31.039> Ariscus<00:18:31.760> again,<00:18:32.480> and<00:18:32.720> we 00:18:32.870 --> 00:18:32.880 align:start position:0% resolution view of Ariscus again, and we 00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:34.630 align:start position:0% resolution view of Ariscus again, and we can<00:18:33.039> have<00:18:33.120> a<00:18:33.360> close<00:18:33.600> examination<00:18:34.240> of<00:18:34.400> the 00:18:34.630 --> 00:18:34.640 align:start position:0% can have a close examination of the 00:18:34.640 --> 00:18:38.230 align:start position:0% can have a close examination of the walls<00:18:34.880> and<00:18:35.120> crater<00:18:35.520> base. 00:18:38.230 --> 00:18:38.240 align:start position:0% walls and crater base. 00:18:38.240 --> 00:18:39.990 align:start position:0% walls and crater base. The<00:18:38.480> walls<00:18:38.799> are<00:18:38.960> similar<00:18:39.200> in<00:18:39.440> appearance<00:18:39.760> to 00:18:39.990 --> 00:18:40.000 align:start position:0% The walls are similar in appearance to 00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:42.150 align:start position:0% The walls are similar in appearance to Jackson<00:18:40.480> crater. 00:18:42.150 --> 00:18:42.160 align:start position:0% Jackson crater. 00:18:42.160 --> 00:18:44.150 align:start position:0% Jackson crater. However,<00:18:42.640> looking<00:18:42.960> at<00:18:43.120> the<00:18:43.280> peak<00:18:43.600> towards<00:18:44.000> the 00:18:44.150 --> 00:18:44.160 align:start position:0% However, looking at the peak towards the 00:18:44.160 --> 00:18:46.470 align:start position:0% However, looking at the peak towards the crater<00:18:44.640> center<00:18:45.280> reveals<00:18:45.840> some<00:18:46.080> major 00:18:46.470 --> 00:18:46.480 align:start position:0% crater center reveals some major 00:18:46.480 --> 00:18:49.110 align:start position:0% crater center reveals some major differences.<00:18:47.679> Not<00:18:48.000> only<00:18:48.160> is<00:18:48.400> the<00:18:48.559> peak<00:18:48.799> much 00:18:49.110 --> 00:18:49.120 align:start position:0% differences. Not only is the peak much 00:18:49.120 --> 00:18:52.070 align:start position:0% differences. Not only is the peak much smaller,<00:18:50.000> it<00:18:50.240> also<00:18:50.400> has<00:18:50.640> a<00:18:50.799> banded<00:18:51.280> pattern 00:18:52.070 --> 00:18:52.080 align:start position:0% smaller, it also has a banded pattern 00:18:52.080 --> 00:18:54.230 align:start position:0% smaller, it also has a banded pattern exposing<00:18:52.799> layers<00:18:53.039> in<00:18:53.200> the<00:18:53.360> crust<00:18:53.840> that<00:18:54.080> would 00:18:54.230 --> 00:18:54.240 align:start position:0% exposing layers in the crust that would 00:18:54.240 --> 00:18:56.150 align:start position:0% exposing layers in the crust that would have<00:18:54.480> otherwise<00:18:54.960> been<00:18:55.200> hidden<00:18:55.600> hundreds<00:18:56.000> of 00:18:56.150 --> 00:18:56.160 align:start position:0% have otherwise been hidden hundreds of 00:18:56.160 --> 00:18:58.950 align:start position:0% have otherwise been hidden hundreds of meters<00:18:56.480> down.<00:18:57.679> The<00:18:57.919> base<00:18:58.160> of<00:18:58.240> the<00:18:58.400> crater<00:18:58.720> was 00:18:58.950 --> 00:18:58.960 align:start position:0% meters down. The base of the crater was 00:18:58.960 --> 00:19:00.789 align:start position:0% meters down. The base of the crater was also<00:18:59.280> likely<00:18:59.600> to<00:18:59.760> have<00:18:59.919> formed<00:19:00.240> from<00:19:00.400> molten 00:19:00.789 --> 00:19:00.799 align:start position:0% also likely to have formed from molten 00:19:00.799 --> 00:19:04.070 align:start position:0% also likely to have formed from molten lava.<00:19:01.600> Rock<00:19:02.000> melted<00:19:02.400> by<00:19:02.559> the<00:19:02.799> impactor. 00:19:04.070 --> 00:19:04.080 align:start position:0% lava. Rock melted by the impactor. 00:19:04.080 --> 00:19:06.470 align:start position:0% lava. Rock melted by the impactor. Fracture<00:19:04.559> lines<00:19:04.960> from<00:19:05.280> rapid<00:19:05.760> cooling<00:19:06.240> are 00:19:06.470 --> 00:19:06.480 align:start position:0% Fracture lines from rapid cooling are 00:19:06.480 --> 00:19:09.750 align:start position:0% Fracture lines from rapid cooling are evident<00:19:07.039> all<00:19:07.360> over.<00:19:08.799> And<00:19:09.039> looking<00:19:09.360> at<00:19:09.520> where 00:19:09.750 --> 00:19:09.760 align:start position:0% evident all over. And looking at where 00:19:09.760 --> 00:19:12.230 align:start position:0% evident all over. And looking at where the<00:19:09.919> walls<00:19:10.320> meet<00:19:10.480> the<00:19:10.720> crater<00:19:11.120> base,<00:19:11.919> you<00:19:12.160> can 00:19:12.230 --> 00:19:12.240 align:start position:0% the walls meet the crater base, you can 00:19:12.240 --> 00:19:14.789 align:start position:0% the walls meet the crater base, you can easily<00:19:12.720> imagine<00:19:13.200> how<00:19:13.440> this<00:19:13.679> base<00:19:14.080> was<00:19:14.320> once<00:19:14.640> a 00:19:14.789 --> 00:19:14.799 align:start position:0% easily imagine how this base was once a 00:19:14.799 --> 00:19:17.590 align:start position:0% easily imagine how this base was once a liquid. 00:19:17.590 --> 00:19:17.600 align:start position:0% liquid. 00:19:17.600 --> 00:19:20.390 align:start position:0% liquid. Let's<00:19:17.919> have<00:19:18.000> a<00:19:18.160> look<00:19:18.240> at<00:19:18.400> one<00:19:18.720> last<00:19:19.039> image. 00:19:20.390 --> 00:19:20.400 align:start position:0% Let's have a look at one last image. 00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:23.750 align:start position:0% Let's have a look at one last image. This<00:19:20.720> area<00:19:21.039> is<00:19:21.280> known<00:19:21.600> as<00:19:21.919> Mons<00:19:22.400> Carpetus.<00:19:23.600> And 00:19:23.750 --> 00:19:23.760 align:start position:0% This area is known as Mons Carpetus. And 00:19:23.760 --> 00:19:25.990 align:start position:0% This area is known as Mons Carpetus. And what's<00:19:24.080> immediately<00:19:24.720> apparent<00:19:25.120> here<00:19:25.600> are<00:19:25.760> the 00:19:25.990 --> 00:19:26.000 align:start position:0% what's immediately apparent here are the 00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:29.029 align:start position:0% what's immediately apparent here are the variations<00:19:26.480> in<00:19:26.799> contrast.<00:19:27.280> Again,<00:19:28.480> generally 00:19:29.029 --> 00:19:29.039 align:start position:0% variations in contrast. Again, generally 00:19:29.039 --> 00:19:31.350 align:start position:0% variations in contrast. Again, generally speaking,<00:19:29.919> looking<00:19:30.160> at<00:19:30.480> darker<00:19:30.880> regions<00:19:31.200> on 00:19:31.350 --> 00:19:31.360 align:start position:0% speaking, looking at darker regions on 00:19:31.360 --> 00:19:34.310 align:start position:0% speaking, looking at darker regions on the<00:19:31.520> moon<00:19:31.840> indicates<00:19:32.480> older<00:19:32.880> material,<00:19:34.080> but 00:19:34.310 --> 00:19:34.320 align:start position:0% the moon indicates older material, but 00:19:34.320 --> 00:19:36.710 align:start position:0% the moon indicates older material, but it<00:19:34.640> also<00:19:35.039> indicates<00:19:35.600> what<00:19:35.840> the<00:19:36.000> material<00:19:36.400> is 00:19:36.710 --> 00:19:36.720 align:start position:0% it also indicates what the material is 00:19:36.720 --> 00:19:39.510 align:start position:0% it also indicates what the material is comprised<00:19:37.120> of.<00:19:38.080> The<00:19:38.320> darkest<00:19:38.799> regions<00:19:39.280> in 00:19:39.510 --> 00:19:39.520 align:start position:0% comprised of. The darkest regions in 00:19:39.520 --> 00:19:41.029 align:start position:0% comprised of. The darkest regions in this<00:19:39.679> image<00:19:40.000> are<00:19:40.240> thought<00:19:40.400> to<00:19:40.559> have<00:19:40.720> formed 00:19:41.029 --> 00:19:41.039 align:start position:0% this image are thought to have formed 00:19:41.039 --> 00:19:43.990 align:start position:0% this image are thought to have formed from<00:19:41.360> explosive<00:19:42.000> volcanic<00:19:42.559> activity<00:19:43.280> over<00:19:43.679> 3 00:19:43.990 --> 00:19:44.000 align:start position:0% from explosive volcanic activity over 3 00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:46.070 align:start position:0% from explosive volcanic activity over 3 billion<00:19:44.400> years<00:19:44.559> ago. 00:19:46.070 --> 00:19:46.080 align:start position:0% billion years ago. 00:19:46.080 --> 00:19:48.310 align:start position:0% billion years ago. Lava<00:19:46.480> would<00:19:46.720> have<00:19:46.880> also<00:19:47.280> flown<00:19:47.679> down<00:19:48.000> through 00:19:48.310 --> 00:19:48.320 align:start position:0% Lava would have also flown down through 00:19:48.320 --> 00:19:52.230 align:start position:0% Lava would have also flown down through valleys<00:19:48.799> like<00:19:48.960> these<00:19:49.280> ones. 00:19:52.230 --> 00:19:52.240 align:start position:0% valleys like these ones. 00:19:52.240 --> 00:19:54.470 align:start position:0% valleys like these ones. Also<00:19:52.720> sprinkling<00:19:53.200> the<00:19:53.440> surface<00:19:53.840> are<00:19:54.160> white 00:19:54.470 --> 00:19:54.480 align:start position:0% Also sprinkling the surface are white 00:19:54.480 --> 00:19:58.150 align:start position:0% Also sprinkling the surface are white dots.<00:19:55.679> These<00:19:56.080> are<00:19:56.320> small<00:19:56.640> impact<00:19:57.200> craters<00:19:57.919> and 00:19:58.150 --> 00:19:58.160 align:start position:0% dots. These are small impact craters and 00:19:58.160 --> 00:20:00.470 align:start position:0% dots. These are small impact craters and appear<00:19:58.640> white<00:19:59.120> as<00:19:59.360> they<00:19:59.600> are<00:19:59.760> a<00:20:00.000> lot<00:20:00.240> more 00:20:00.470 --> 00:20:00.480 align:start position:0% appear white as they are a lot more 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:02.870 align:start position:0% appear white as they are a lot more fresh<00:20:00.799> than<00:20:00.960> the<00:20:01.200> surrounding<00:20:01.679> regions<00:20:02.559> and 00:20:02.870 --> 00:20:02.880 align:start position:0% fresh than the surrounding regions and 00:20:02.880 --> 00:20:04.470 align:start position:0% fresh than the surrounding regions and space<00:20:03.200> weathering<00:20:03.760> hasn't<00:20:04.080> had<00:20:04.240> an 00:20:04.470 --> 00:20:04.480 align:start position:0% space weathering hasn't had an 00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:09.270 align:start position:0% space weathering hasn't had an opportunity<00:20:04.880> to<00:20:05.039> darken<00:20:05.440> them<00:20:05.679> yet. 00:20:09.270 --> 00:20:09.280 align:start position:0% 00:20:09.280 --> 00:20:11.350 align:start position:0% The<00:20:09.520> moon, 00:20:11.350 --> 00:20:11.360 align:start position:0% The moon, 00:20:11.360 --> 00:20:13.990 align:start position:0% The moon, Earth's<00:20:12.000> natural<00:20:12.480> satellite,<00:20:13.440> orbiting 00:20:13.990 --> 00:20:14.000 align:start position:0% Earth's natural satellite, orbiting 00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:16.950 align:start position:0% Earth's natural satellite, orbiting approximately<00:20:14.960> 384,000 00:20:16.950 --> 00:20:16.960 align:start position:0% approximately 384,000 00:20:16.960 --> 00:20:20.230 align:start position:0% approximately 384,000 km<00:20:17.520> away.<00:20:18.799> A<00:20:19.039> celestial<00:20:19.600> object<00:20:20.000> that 00:20:20.230 --> 00:20:20.240 align:start position:0% km away. A celestial object that 00:20:20.240 --> 00:20:22.390 align:start position:0% km away. A celestial object that scientists<00:20:20.799> have<00:20:20.960> studied<00:20:21.440> for<00:20:21.679> thousands<00:20:22.240> of 00:20:22.390 --> 00:20:22.400 align:start position:0% scientists have studied for thousands of 00:20:22.400 --> 00:20:25.510 align:start position:0% scientists have studied for thousands of years,<00:20:23.280> using<00:20:23.600> its<00:20:23.919> regular<00:20:24.400> motions<00:20:24.960> to<00:20:25.200> mark 00:20:25.510 --> 00:20:25.520 align:start position:0% years, using its regular motions to mark 00:20:25.520 --> 00:20:28.390 align:start position:0% years, using its regular motions to mark the<00:20:25.679> passage<00:20:26.080> of<00:20:26.240> time<00:20:26.480> in<00:20:26.799> calendars.<00:20:28.000> Its 00:20:28.390 --> 00:20:28.400 align:start position:0% the passage of time in calendars. Its 00:20:28.400 --> 00:20:30.470 align:start position:0% the passage of time in calendars. Its dependable<00:20:29.039> rhythms<00:20:29.679> helped<00:20:30.080> ancient 00:20:30.470 --> 00:20:30.480 align:start position:0% dependable rhythms helped ancient 00:20:30.480 --> 00:20:32.549 align:start position:0% dependable rhythms helped ancient civilizations<00:20:31.200> to<00:20:31.440> track<00:20:31.760> when<00:20:32.000> to<00:20:32.240> plant 00:20:32.549 --> 00:20:32.559 align:start position:0% civilizations to track when to plant 00:20:32.559 --> 00:20:35.990 align:start position:0% civilizations to track when to plant crops.<00:20:33.440> And<00:20:33.600> its<00:20:33.840> waxing<00:20:34.400> and<00:20:34.720> waning<00:20:35.200> faces 00:20:35.990 --> 00:20:36.000 align:start position:0% crops. And its waxing and waning faces 00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:38.310 align:start position:0% crops. And its waxing and waning faces cemented<00:20:36.480> the<00:20:36.720> moon's<00:20:37.120> place<00:20:37.600> deep<00:20:37.919> in<00:20:38.159> the 00:20:38.310 --> 00:20:38.320 align:start position:0% cemented the moon's place deep in the 00:20:38.320 --> 00:20:41.190 align:start position:0% cemented the moon's place deep in the heart<00:20:38.559> of<00:20:38.880> symbol<00:20:39.440> and<00:20:39.679> tradition.<00:20:40.720> It's<00:20:40.960> a 00:20:41.190 --> 00:20:41.200 align:start position:0% heart of symbol and tradition. It's a 00:20:41.200 --> 00:20:45.510 align:start position:0% heart of symbol and tradition. It's a wonder,<00:20:41.919> a<00:20:42.159> necessity,<00:20:43.360> and<00:20:43.760> a<00:20:44.000> curse.<00:20:45.280> While 00:20:45.510 --> 00:20:45.520 align:start position:0% wonder, a necessity, and a curse. While 00:20:45.520 --> 00:20:47.510 align:start position:0% wonder, a necessity, and a curse. While the<00:20:45.679> moon's<00:20:46.000> desolate<00:20:46.480> beauty<00:20:46.880> has<00:20:47.120> captured 00:20:47.510 --> 00:20:47.520 align:start position:0% the moon's desolate beauty has captured 00:20:47.520 --> 00:20:50.789 align:start position:0% the moon's desolate beauty has captured the<00:20:47.679> vision<00:20:48.000> of<00:20:48.240> poets,<00:20:49.200> it<00:20:49.520> also<00:20:50.080> brings 00:20:50.789 --> 00:20:50.799 align:start position:0% the vision of poets, it also brings 00:20:50.799 --> 00:20:52.310 align:start position:0% the vision of poets, it also brings desolation. 00:20:52.310 --> 00:20:52.320 align:start position:0% desolation. 00:20:52.320 --> 00:20:54.950 align:start position:0% desolation. There<00:20:52.559> is<00:20:52.880> one<00:20:53.280> lunar<00:20:53.760> rhythm<00:20:54.159> that<00:20:54.480> is<00:20:54.720> not 00:20:54.950 --> 00:20:54.960 align:start position:0% There is one lunar rhythm that is not 00:20:54.960 --> 00:20:57.669 align:start position:0% There is one lunar rhythm that is not helpful<00:20:55.280> to<00:20:55.520> us.<00:20:56.159> A<00:20:56.480> 19-year<00:20:57.039> cycle<00:20:57.360> that 00:20:57.669 --> 00:20:57.679 align:start position:0% helpful to us. A 19-year cycle that 00:20:57.679 --> 00:21:00.710 align:start position:0% helpful to us. A 19-year cycle that brings<00:20:58.080> unexpected<00:20:58.720> floods<00:20:59.120> and<00:20:59.280> ruin.<00:21:00.480> And 00:21:00.710 --> 00:21:00.720 align:start position:0% brings unexpected floods and ruin. And 00:21:00.720 --> 00:21:02.950 align:start position:0% brings unexpected floods and ruin. And NASA<00:21:01.200> scientists<00:21:01.679> are<00:21:01.919> worried<00:21:02.400> that<00:21:02.640> in<00:21:02.799> the 00:21:02.950 --> 00:21:02.960 align:start position:0% NASA scientists are worried that in the 00:21:02.960 --> 00:21:05.669 align:start position:0% NASA scientists are worried that in the middle<00:21:03.120> of<00:21:03.280> the<00:21:03.520> 2030s<00:21:04.480> is<00:21:04.720> about<00:21:04.880> to<00:21:05.120> hit<00:21:05.360> its 00:21:05.669 --> 00:21:05.679 align:start position:0% middle of the 2030s is about to hit its 00:21:05.679 --> 00:21:08.549 align:start position:0% middle of the 2030s is about to hit its hardest<00:21:06.159> yet.<00:21:06.960> For<00:21:07.280> ecosystems<00:21:08.000> that<00:21:08.320> are 00:21:08.549 --> 00:21:08.559 align:start position:0% hardest yet. For ecosystems that are 00:21:08.559 --> 00:21:10.710 align:start position:0% hardest yet. For ecosystems that are adapted<00:21:08.960> to<00:21:09.120> it<00:21:09.280> in<00:21:09.520> the<00:21:09.679> right<00:21:09.840> way,<00:21:10.480> this 00:21:10.710 --> 00:21:10.720 align:start position:0% adapted to it in the right way, this 00:21:10.720 --> 00:21:13.990 align:start position:0% adapted to it in the right way, this won't<00:21:10.960> be<00:21:11.120> a<00:21:11.360> problem.<00:21:12.320> But<00:21:12.720> how<00:21:13.120> adapted<00:21:13.760> are 00:21:13.990 --> 00:21:14.000 align:start position:0% won't be a problem. But how adapted are 00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:16.070 align:start position:0% won't be a problem. But how adapted are we? 00:21:16.070 --> 00:21:16.080 align:start position:0% we? 00:21:16.080 --> 00:21:18.070 align:start position:0% we? I'm<00:21:16.400> Alex<00:21:16.720> Mccoan<00:21:17.360> and<00:21:17.600> you're<00:21:17.840> watching 00:21:18.070 --> 00:21:18.080 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:21:18.080 --> 00:21:20.710 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:21:18.960> Join<00:21:19.280> with<00:21:19.440> me<00:21:19.600> today<00:21:20.000> as<00:21:20.240> we<00:21:20.400> learn 00:21:20.710 --> 00:21:20.720 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join with me today as we learn 00:21:20.720 --> 00:21:23.669 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join with me today as we learn about<00:21:20.960> the<00:21:21.280> innocently<00:21:22.000> named<00:21:22.640> lunar<00:21:23.120> nodal 00:21:23.669 --> 00:21:23.679 align:start position:0% about the innocently named lunar nodal 00:21:23.679 --> 00:21:25.830 align:start position:0% about the innocently named lunar nodal cycle<00:21:24.480> and<00:21:24.720> why<00:21:24.960> we<00:21:25.200> need<00:21:25.440> to<00:21:25.600> start 00:21:25.830 --> 00:21:25.840 align:start position:0% cycle and why we need to start 00:21:25.840 --> 00:21:28.070 align:start position:0% cycle and why we need to start developing<00:21:26.400> a<00:21:26.720> much<00:21:27.120> better<00:21:27.520> understanding 00:21:28.070 --> 00:21:28.080 align:start position:0% developing a much better understanding 00:21:28.080 --> 00:21:30.710 align:start position:0% developing a much better understanding of<00:21:28.240> the<00:21:28.480> fluctuating<00:21:29.280> behavior<00:21:29.760> of<00:21:30.000> our<00:21:30.320> moon 00:21:30.710 --> 00:21:30.720 align:start position:0% of the fluctuating behavior of our moon 00:21:30.720 --> 00:21:32.710 align:start position:0% of the fluctuating behavior of our moon if<00:21:30.960> we<00:21:31.120> are<00:21:31.280> to<00:21:31.440> protect<00:21:31.760> ourselves<00:21:32.320> against 00:21:32.710 --> 00:21:32.720 align:start position:0% if we are to protect ourselves against 00:21:32.720 --> 00:21:36.149 align:start position:0% if we are to protect ourselves against its<00:21:33.039> dangers. 00:21:36.149 --> 00:21:36.159 align:start position:0% 00:21:36.159 --> 00:21:38.549 align:start position:0% Much<00:21:36.480> like<00:21:36.720> the<00:21:36.960> sun,<00:21:37.520> the<00:21:37.760> moon<00:21:38.080> is<00:21:38.320> an 00:21:38.549 --> 00:21:38.559 align:start position:0% Much like the sun, the moon is an 00:21:38.559 --> 00:21:41.510 align:start position:0% Much like the sun, the moon is an inescapable<00:21:39.360> part<00:21:39.679> of<00:21:39.840> life<00:21:40.159> on<00:21:40.400> Earth.<00:21:41.360> The 00:21:41.510 --> 00:21:41.520 align:start position:0% inescapable part of life on Earth. The 00:21:41.520 --> 00:21:43.750 align:start position:0% inescapable part of life on Earth. The moon<00:21:41.919> has<00:21:42.240> an<00:21:42.559> immense<00:21:43.039> impact<00:21:43.360> on<00:21:43.600> our 00:21:43.750 --> 00:21:43.760 align:start position:0% moon has an immense impact on our 00:21:43.760 --> 00:21:46.549 align:start position:0% moon has an immense impact on our planet.<00:21:44.880> You<00:21:45.200> likely<00:21:45.600> have<00:21:45.919> already<00:21:46.240> heard 00:21:46.549 --> 00:21:46.559 align:start position:0% planet. You likely have already heard 00:21:46.559 --> 00:21:49.110 align:start position:0% planet. You likely have already heard how<00:21:46.720> its<00:21:46.960> cycles<00:21:47.360> influence<00:21:47.919> our<00:21:48.240> wildlife, 00:21:49.110 --> 00:21:49.120 align:start position:0% how its cycles influence our wildlife, 00:21:49.120 --> 00:21:52.870 align:start position:0% how its cycles influence our wildlife, affect<00:21:49.520> our<00:21:49.840> climate,<00:21:50.720> and<00:21:51.039> create<00:21:51.360> tides.<00:21:52.640> We 00:21:52.870 --> 00:21:52.880 align:start position:0% affect our climate, and create tides. We 00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:54.630 align:start position:0% affect our climate, and create tides. We tend<00:21:53.120> to<00:21:53.280> imagine<00:21:53.600> that<00:21:53.840> the<00:21:54.080> moon<00:21:54.320> and<00:21:54.480> the 00:21:54.630 --> 00:21:54.640 align:start position:0% tend to imagine that the moon and the 00:21:54.640 --> 00:21:56.789 align:start position:0% tend to imagine that the moon and the earth's<00:21:55.039> gravities<00:21:55.600> cause<00:21:55.919> them<00:21:56.159> to<00:21:56.400> circle 00:21:56.789 --> 00:21:56.799 align:start position:0% earth's gravities cause them to circle 00:21:56.799 --> 00:21:58.870 align:start position:0% earth's gravities cause them to circle each<00:21:56.960> other<00:21:57.120> in<00:21:57.360> a<00:21:57.520> relatively<00:21:58.080> stable, 00:21:58.870 --> 00:21:58.880 align:start position:0% each other in a relatively stable, 00:21:58.880 --> 00:22:01.909 align:start position:0% each other in a relatively stable, synchronized<00:21:59.600> harmony.<00:22:00.720> But,<00:22:01.200> as<00:22:01.520> is<00:22:01.679> so 00:22:01.909 --> 00:22:01.919 align:start position:0% synchronized harmony. But, as is so 00:22:01.919 --> 00:22:04.710 align:start position:0% synchronized harmony. But, as is so often<00:22:02.240> the<00:22:02.480> case,<00:22:03.200> nature<00:22:03.600> is<00:22:03.919> not<00:22:04.159> as<00:22:04.400> simple 00:22:04.710 --> 00:22:04.720 align:start position:0% often the case, nature is not as simple 00:22:04.720 --> 00:22:08.470 align:start position:0% often the case, nature is not as simple as<00:22:04.880> we<00:22:05.120> imagine<00:22:05.440> it.<00:22:06.400> Instead,<00:22:07.280> every<00:22:07.679> 18.6<00:22:08.320> In 00:22:08.470 --> 00:22:08.480 align:start position:0% as we imagine it. Instead, every 18.6 In 00:22:08.480 --> 00:22:10.950 align:start position:0% as we imagine it. Instead, every 18.6 In 6<00:22:08.720> years,<00:22:09.200> the<00:22:09.360> moon's<00:22:09.760> orbit<00:22:10.080> undergoes<00:22:10.640> a 00:22:10.950 --> 00:22:10.960 align:start position:0% 6 years, the moon's orbit undergoes a 00:22:10.960 --> 00:22:13.669 align:start position:0% 6 years, the moon's orbit undergoes a subtle<00:22:11.440> revolution.<00:22:12.720> A<00:22:12.960> shift<00:22:13.280> in<00:22:13.440> its 00:22:13.669 --> 00:22:13.679 align:start position:0% subtle revolution. A shift in its 00:22:13.679 --> 00:22:16.230 align:start position:0% subtle revolution. A shift in its alignment<00:22:14.240> between<00:22:14.640> us<00:22:14.960> and<00:22:15.200> our<00:22:15.440> sun<00:22:16.000> that 00:22:16.230 --> 00:22:16.240 align:start position:0% alignment between us and our sun that 00:22:16.240 --> 00:22:19.270 align:start position:0% alignment between us and our sun that causes<00:22:16.720> high<00:22:16.960> tides<00:22:17.440> to<00:22:17.600> grow<00:22:18.000> even<00:22:18.400> higher, 00:22:19.270 --> 00:22:19.280 align:start position:0% causes high tides to grow even higher, 00:22:19.280 --> 00:22:21.830 align:start position:0% causes high tides to grow even higher, tipping<00:22:19.679> us<00:22:19.919> over<00:22:20.240> the<00:22:20.400> edge<00:22:20.880> into<00:22:21.280> dangerous 00:22:21.830 --> 00:22:21.840 align:start position:0% tipping us over the edge into dangerous 00:22:21.840 --> 00:22:25.190 align:start position:0% tipping us over the edge into dangerous flood<00:22:22.320> territory.<00:22:23.760> But<00:22:24.159> let's<00:22:24.400> delve<00:22:24.799> into 00:22:25.190 --> 00:22:25.200 align:start position:0% flood territory. But let's delve into 00:22:25.200 --> 00:22:28.390 align:start position:0% flood territory. But let's delve into what<00:22:25.520> this<00:22:25.840> subtle<00:22:26.320> revolution<00:22:26.960> is.<00:22:27.919> Its<00:22:28.240> name 00:22:28.390 --> 00:22:28.400 align:start position:0% what this subtle revolution is. Its name 00:22:28.400 --> 00:22:31.029 align:start position:0% what this subtle revolution is. Its name is<00:22:28.640> the<00:22:28.799> lunar<00:22:29.200> nodal<00:22:29.679> cycle<00:22:30.480> or<00:22:30.799> the 00:22:31.029 --> 00:22:31.039 align:start position:0% is the lunar nodal cycle or the 00:22:31.039 --> 00:22:34.390 align:start position:0% is the lunar nodal cycle or the procession<00:22:31.600> of<00:22:31.840> lunar<00:22:32.240> nodes.<00:22:33.600> This<00:22:33.919> complex 00:22:34.390 --> 00:22:34.400 align:start position:0% procession of lunar nodes. This complex 00:22:34.400 --> 00:22:36.310 align:start position:0% procession of lunar nodes. This complex name<00:22:34.720> refers<00:22:35.039> to<00:22:35.200> a<00:22:35.360> specific<00:22:35.760> feature<00:22:36.000> of<00:22:36.159> the 00:22:36.310 --> 00:22:36.320 align:start position:0% name refers to a specific feature of the 00:22:36.320 --> 00:22:38.950 align:start position:0% name refers to a specific feature of the moon's<00:22:36.640> orbit<00:22:36.960> of<00:22:37.039> the<00:22:37.200> Earth.<00:22:38.159> You<00:22:38.480> likely 00:22:38.950 --> 00:22:38.960 align:start position:0% moon's orbit of the Earth. You likely 00:22:38.960 --> 00:22:42.230 align:start position:0% moon's orbit of the Earth. You likely know<00:22:39.200> that<00:22:39.600> every<00:22:40.080> 29.5<00:22:41.200> days<00:22:41.679> the<00:22:41.919> moon 00:22:42.230 --> 00:22:42.240 align:start position:0% know that every 29.5 days the moon 00:22:42.240 --> 00:22:45.830 align:start position:0% know that every 29.5 days the moon orbits<00:22:42.720> the<00:22:42.880> Earth.<00:22:44.159> However,<00:22:44.799> this<00:22:45.039> orbit<00:22:45.520> is 00:22:45.830 --> 00:22:45.840 align:start position:0% orbits the Earth. However, this orbit is 00:22:45.840 --> 00:22:49.430 align:start position:0% orbits the Earth. However, this orbit is not<00:22:46.240> flat.<00:22:47.200> Or<00:22:47.600> to<00:22:47.840> be<00:22:48.000> more<00:22:48.240> specific,<00:22:49.280> there 00:22:49.430 --> 00:22:49.440 align:start position:0% not flat. Or to be more specific, there 00:22:49.440 --> 00:22:52.070 align:start position:0% not flat. Or to be more specific, there is<00:22:49.600> a<00:22:49.919> 5°<00:22:50.720> difference<00:22:51.120> between<00:22:51.440> the<00:22:51.600> angle<00:22:51.919> of 00:22:52.070 --> 00:22:52.080 align:start position:0% is a 5° difference between the angle of 00:22:52.080 --> 00:22:54.870 align:start position:0% is a 5° difference between the angle of the<00:22:52.240> moon's<00:22:52.640> orbit<00:22:53.120> and<00:22:53.360> the<00:22:53.520> ecliptic<00:22:54.080> plane. 00:22:54.870 --> 00:22:54.880 align:start position:0% the moon's orbit and the ecliptic plane. 00:22:54.880 --> 00:22:57.270 align:start position:0% the moon's orbit and the ecliptic plane. The<00:22:55.039> 2D<00:22:55.520> plane<00:22:55.840> on<00:22:56.080> which<00:22:56.320> the<00:22:56.480> Earth<00:22:56.799> orbits 00:22:57.270 --> 00:22:57.280 align:start position:0% The 2D plane on which the Earth orbits 00:22:57.280 --> 00:23:00.230 align:start position:0% The 2D plane on which the Earth orbits around<00:22:57.600> the<00:22:57.760> Sun.<00:22:58.960> For<00:22:59.200> half<00:22:59.440> of<00:22:59.520> the<00:22:59.760> month, 00:23:00.230 --> 00:23:00.240 align:start position:0% around the Sun. For half of the month, 00:23:00.240 --> 00:23:01.909 align:start position:0% around the Sun. For half of the month, the<00:23:00.480> moon<00:23:00.720> is<00:23:00.960> slightly<00:23:01.360> higher<00:23:01.600> than<00:23:01.760> the 00:23:01.909 --> 00:23:01.919 align:start position:0% the moon is slightly higher than the 00:23:01.919 --> 00:23:04.310 align:start position:0% the moon is slightly higher than the plane<00:23:02.159> of<00:23:02.320> the<00:23:02.480> ecliptic.<00:23:03.600> For<00:23:03.840> the<00:23:04.080> other 00:23:04.310 --> 00:23:04.320 align:start position:0% plane of the ecliptic. For the other 00:23:04.320 --> 00:23:07.669 align:start position:0% plane of the ecliptic. For the other half,<00:23:04.960> it<00:23:05.280> drops<00:23:05.600> below<00:23:05.919> it.<00:23:06.799> Naturally,<00:23:07.440> this 00:23:07.669 --> 00:23:07.679 align:start position:0% half, it drops below it. Naturally, this 00:23:07.679 --> 00:23:09.590 align:start position:0% half, it drops below it. Naturally, this means<00:23:07.919> that<00:23:08.159> there<00:23:08.400> are<00:23:08.720> two<00:23:09.039> crossover 00:23:09.590 --> 00:23:09.600 align:start position:0% means that there are two crossover 00:23:09.600 --> 00:23:12.710 align:start position:0% means that there are two crossover points<00:23:10.159> or<00:23:10.559> two<00:23:10.799> nodes,<00:23:11.600> an<00:23:11.840> ascending<00:23:12.240> node 00:23:12.710 --> 00:23:12.720 align:start position:0% points or two nodes, an ascending node 00:23:12.720 --> 00:23:15.190 align:start position:0% points or two nodes, an ascending node and<00:23:13.039> a<00:23:13.280> descending<00:23:13.760> node<00:23:14.480> that<00:23:14.799> mark<00:23:15.039> the 00:23:15.190 --> 00:23:15.200 align:start position:0% and a descending node that mark the 00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:17.590 align:start position:0% and a descending node that mark the point<00:23:15.440> where<00:23:15.679> the<00:23:15.840> moon<00:23:16.159> goes<00:23:16.480> from<00:23:16.720> one<00:23:17.039> side 00:23:17.590 --> 00:23:17.600 align:start position:0% point where the moon goes from one side 00:23:17.600 --> 00:23:20.390 align:start position:0% point where the moon goes from one side over<00:23:17.840> to<00:23:18.080> the<00:23:18.240> other.<00:23:19.120> And<00:23:19.360> it<00:23:19.520> is<00:23:19.679> these<00:23:20.000> nodes 00:23:20.390 --> 00:23:20.400 align:start position:0% over to the other. And it is these nodes 00:23:20.400 --> 00:23:23.590 align:start position:0% over to the other. And it is these nodes that<00:23:20.720> move<00:23:20.960> over<00:23:21.280> the<00:23:21.600> course<00:23:21.840> of<00:23:22.000> the<00:23:22.320> 18.6 00:23:23.590 --> 00:23:23.600 align:start position:0% that move over the course of the 18.6 00:23:23.600 --> 00:23:26.470 align:start position:0% that move over the course of the 18.6 cycle,<00:23:24.480> slowly<00:23:24.960> rotating<00:23:25.679> around<00:23:25.919> the<00:23:26.159> planet 00:23:26.470 --> 00:23:26.480 align:start position:0% cycle, slowly rotating around the planet 00:23:26.480 --> 00:23:29.750 align:start position:0% cycle, slowly rotating around the planet in<00:23:26.880> one<00:23:27.200> complete<00:23:27.679> revolution.<00:23:29.120> The<00:23:29.360> nodes 00:23:29.750 --> 00:23:29.760 align:start position:0% in one complete revolution. The nodes 00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:32.950 align:start position:0% in one complete revolution. The nodes themselves<00:23:30.640> are<00:23:30.880> what<00:23:31.120> causes<00:23:31.440> the<00:23:31.679> problem. 00:23:32.950 --> 00:23:32.960 align:start position:0% themselves are what causes the problem. 00:23:32.960 --> 00:23:35.510 align:start position:0% themselves are what causes the problem. To<00:23:33.280> understand<00:23:33.679> why,<00:23:34.320> let's<00:23:34.640> recap<00:23:35.039> what<00:23:35.360> we 00:23:35.510 --> 00:23:35.520 align:start position:0% To understand why, let's recap what we 00:23:35.520 --> 00:23:38.070 align:start position:0% To understand why, let's recap what we know<00:23:35.840> about<00:23:36.240> tides. 00:23:38.070 --> 00:23:38.080 align:start position:0% know about tides. 00:23:38.080 --> 00:23:40.149 align:start position:0% know about tides. You<00:23:38.320> may<00:23:38.559> already<00:23:38.960> be<00:23:39.200> familiar<00:23:39.520> with<00:23:39.760> how<00:23:39.919> the 00:23:40.149 --> 00:23:40.159 align:start position:0% You may already be familiar with how the 00:23:40.159 --> 00:23:42.230 align:start position:0% You may already be familiar with how the moon's<00:23:40.480> gravity<00:23:40.960> pulls<00:23:41.360> the<00:23:41.520> Earth's<00:23:41.919> water 00:23:42.230 --> 00:23:42.240 align:start position:0% moon's gravity pulls the Earth's water 00:23:42.240 --> 00:23:44.310 align:start position:0% moon's gravity pulls the Earth's water towards<00:23:42.559> it,<00:23:43.039> causing<00:23:43.360> a<00:23:43.600> bulge<00:23:43.919> in<00:23:44.080> sea 00:23:44.310 --> 00:23:44.320 align:start position:0% towards it, causing a bulge in sea 00:23:44.320 --> 00:23:46.549 align:start position:0% towards it, causing a bulge in sea levels<00:23:44.640> on<00:23:44.799> the<00:23:44.960> side<00:23:45.280> closest<00:23:45.600> to<00:23:45.760> it<00:23:46.080> that<00:23:46.320> we 00:23:46.549 --> 00:23:46.559 align:start position:0% levels on the side closest to it that we 00:23:46.559 --> 00:23:49.750 align:start position:0% levels on the side closest to it that we call<00:23:46.880> high<00:23:47.200> tide.<00:23:48.400> You<00:23:48.720> likely<00:23:49.120> also<00:23:49.520> know 00:23:49.750 --> 00:23:49.760 align:start position:0% call high tide. You likely also know 00:23:49.760 --> 00:23:51.430 align:start position:0% call high tide. You likely also know that<00:23:50.000> this<00:23:50.240> happens<00:23:50.559> on<00:23:50.720> the<00:23:50.880> side<00:23:51.120> of<00:23:51.280> the 00:23:51.430 --> 00:23:51.440 align:start position:0% that this happens on the side of the 00:23:51.440 --> 00:23:54.230 align:start position:0% that this happens on the side of the planet<00:23:51.840> furthest<00:23:52.320> away<00:23:52.640> from<00:23:52.799> the<00:23:52.960> moon. 00:23:54.230 --> 00:23:54.240 align:start position:0% planet furthest away from the moon. 00:23:54.240 --> 00:23:56.549 align:start position:0% planet furthest away from the moon. Rather<00:23:54.640> than<00:23:54.799> being<00:23:55.120> caused<00:23:55.440> by<00:23:55.679> gravity, 00:23:56.549 --> 00:23:56.559 align:start position:0% Rather than being caused by gravity, 00:23:56.559 --> 00:23:58.390 align:start position:0% Rather than being caused by gravity, this<00:23:56.799> second<00:23:57.120> bulge<00:23:57.600> is<00:23:57.840> caused<00:23:58.080> by 00:23:58.390 --> 00:23:58.400 align:start position:0% this second bulge is caused by 00:23:58.400 --> 00:24:01.110 align:start position:0% this second bulge is caused by centrifugal<00:23:59.200> forces.<00:24:00.159> As<00:24:00.400> the<00:24:00.559> Earth<00:24:00.799> and<00:24:01.039> the 00:24:01.110 --> 00:24:01.120 align:start position:0% centrifugal forces. As the Earth and the 00:24:01.120 --> 00:24:03.029 align:start position:0% centrifugal forces. As the Earth and the Moon's<00:24:01.600> gravitational<00:24:02.159> pull<00:24:02.400> on<00:24:02.640> each<00:24:02.799> other 00:24:03.029 --> 00:24:03.039 align:start position:0% Moon's gravitational pull on each other 00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:05.350 align:start position:0% Moon's gravitational pull on each other causes<00:24:03.440> them<00:24:03.600> to<00:24:03.840> behave<00:24:04.159> like<00:24:04.480> two<00:24:04.720> dancers 00:24:05.350 --> 00:24:05.360 align:start position:0% causes them to behave like two dancers 00:24:05.360 --> 00:24:07.350 align:start position:0% causes them to behave like two dancers holding<00:24:05.760> each<00:24:06.000> other<00:24:06.080> by<00:24:06.320> the<00:24:06.480> arms<00:24:07.039> and 00:24:07.350 --> 00:24:07.360 align:start position:0% holding each other by the arms and 00:24:07.360 --> 00:24:10.230 align:start position:0% holding each other by the arms and spinning<00:24:07.760> across<00:24:08.159> the<00:24:08.320> dance<00:24:08.640> floor.<00:24:09.919> While 00:24:10.230 --> 00:24:10.240 align:start position:0% spinning across the dance floor. While 00:24:10.240 --> 00:24:12.789 align:start position:0% spinning across the dance floor. While it's<00:24:10.559> mostly<00:24:10.880> the<00:24:11.120> moon<00:24:11.440> moving<00:24:12.159> due<00:24:12.400> to<00:24:12.559> the 00:24:12.789 --> 00:24:12.799 align:start position:0% it's mostly the moon moving due to the 00:24:12.799 --> 00:24:15.510 align:start position:0% it's mostly the moon moving due to the Earth<00:24:13.120> being<00:24:13.520> much<00:24:13.840> more<00:24:14.080> massive,<00:24:15.039> the<00:24:15.200> Earth 00:24:15.510 --> 00:24:15.520 align:start position:0% Earth being much more massive, the Earth 00:24:15.520 --> 00:24:18.630 align:start position:0% Earth being much more massive, the Earth is<00:24:15.840> also<00:24:16.159> swung<00:24:16.559> around<00:24:16.880> a<00:24:17.120> little.<00:24:18.080> The<00:24:18.400> water 00:24:18.630 --> 00:24:18.640 align:start position:0% is also swung around a little. The water 00:24:18.640 --> 00:24:21.110 align:start position:0% is also swung around a little. The water behind<00:24:18.960> it<00:24:19.200> is<00:24:19.440> thus<00:24:19.840> trying<00:24:20.080> to<00:24:20.320> fling<00:24:20.799> off 00:24:21.110 --> 00:24:21.120 align:start position:0% behind it is thus trying to fling off 00:24:21.120 --> 00:24:23.750 align:start position:0% behind it is thus trying to fling off into<00:24:21.440> space<00:24:21.919> through<00:24:22.159> its<00:24:22.480> rockous<00:24:23.039> spinning 00:24:23.750 --> 00:24:23.760 align:start position:0% into space through its rockous spinning 00:24:23.760 --> 00:24:27.590 align:start position:0% into space through its rockous spinning causing<00:24:24.159> the<00:24:24.400> second<00:24:24.720> high<00:24:25.039> tide. 00:24:27.590 --> 00:24:27.600 align:start position:0% causing the second high tide. 00:24:27.600 --> 00:24:29.830 align:start position:0% causing the second high tide. The<00:24:27.840> sun<00:24:28.159> also<00:24:28.559> has<00:24:28.720> a<00:24:28.880> role<00:24:29.039> to<00:24:29.200> play<00:24:29.360> in<00:24:29.520> tide 00:24:29.830 --> 00:24:29.840 align:start position:0% The sun also has a role to play in tide 00:24:29.840 --> 00:24:32.710 align:start position:0% The sun also has a role to play in tide formation,<00:24:30.640> albeit<00:24:31.120> to<00:24:31.279> a<00:24:31.440> lesser<00:24:31.760> degree. 00:24:32.710 --> 00:24:32.720 align:start position:0% formation, albeit to a lesser degree. 00:24:32.720 --> 00:24:35.430 align:start position:0% formation, albeit to a lesser degree. It's<00:24:32.960> a<00:24:33.120> bigger<00:24:33.440> mass<00:24:34.080> which<00:24:34.400> would<00:24:34.880> cause<00:24:35.200> a 00:24:35.430 --> 00:24:35.440 align:start position:0% It's a bigger mass which would cause a 00:24:35.440 --> 00:24:38.070 align:start position:0% It's a bigger mass which would cause a greater<00:24:35.840> pull<00:24:36.159> if<00:24:36.320> it<00:24:36.480> were<00:24:36.640> closer,<00:24:37.520> but<00:24:37.760> its 00:24:38.070 --> 00:24:38.080 align:start position:0% greater pull if it were closer, but its 00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:39.830 align:start position:0% greater pull if it were closer, but its further<00:24:38.480> distance<00:24:38.960> means<00:24:39.200> that<00:24:39.360> the<00:24:39.520> sun's 00:24:39.830 --> 00:24:39.840 align:start position:0% further distance means that the sun's 00:24:39.840 --> 00:24:43.510 align:start position:0% further distance means that the sun's effect<00:24:40.080> is<00:24:40.400> only<00:24:40.799> 1/3<00:24:41.440> as<00:24:41.679> big<00:24:41.840> as<00:24:42.000> the<00:24:42.240> moon. 00:24:43.510 --> 00:24:43.520 align:start position:0% effect is only 1/3 as big as the moon. 00:24:43.520 --> 00:24:46.310 align:start position:0% effect is only 1/3 as big as the moon. When<00:24:43.840> the<00:24:44.000> moon<00:24:44.240> and<00:24:44.480> the<00:24:44.640> sun<00:24:44.960> are<00:24:45.279> aligned, 00:24:46.310 --> 00:24:46.320 align:start position:0% When the moon and the sun are aligned, 00:24:46.320 --> 00:24:49.190 align:start position:0% When the moon and the sun are aligned, we<00:24:46.640> get<00:24:46.960> extra<00:24:47.520> large<00:24:47.840> tides<00:24:48.400> called<00:24:48.799> spring 00:24:49.190 --> 00:24:49.200 align:start position:0% we get extra large tides called spring 00:24:49.200 --> 00:24:51.990 align:start position:0% we get extra large tides called spring tides.<00:24:50.159> This<00:24:50.400> happens<00:24:50.880> six<00:24:51.120> to<00:24:51.279> eight<00:24:51.600> times<00:24:51.840> a 00:24:51.990 --> 00:24:52.000 align:start position:0% tides. This happens six to eight times a 00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:53.510 align:start position:0% tides. This happens six to eight times a year. 00:24:53.510 --> 00:24:53.520 align:start position:0% year. 00:24:53.520 --> 00:24:56.070 align:start position:0% year. When<00:24:53.919> not<00:24:54.240> aligned,<00:24:54.960> they<00:24:55.279> partially<00:24:55.679> cancel 00:24:56.070 --> 00:24:56.080 align:start position:0% When not aligned, they partially cancel 00:24:56.080 --> 00:24:58.549 align:start position:0% When not aligned, they partially cancel each<00:24:56.320> other<00:24:56.480> out<00:24:57.120> causing<00:24:57.600> smaller<00:24:58.080> tidal 00:24:58.549 --> 00:24:58.559 align:start position:0% each other out causing smaller tidal 00:24:58.559 --> 00:25:02.630 align:start position:0% each other out causing smaller tidal extremes<00:24:59.200> known<00:24:59.600> as<00:25:00.080> neep<00:25:00.559> tides. 00:25:02.630 --> 00:25:02.640 align:start position:0% extremes known as neep tides. 00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:04.950 align:start position:0% extremes known as neep tides. So<00:25:03.039> now<00:25:03.360> consider<00:25:03.679> the<00:25:03.919> influence<00:25:04.320> of<00:25:04.559> lunar 00:25:04.950 --> 00:25:04.960 align:start position:0% So now consider the influence of lunar 00:25:04.960 --> 00:25:08.149 align:start position:0% So now consider the influence of lunar nodes<00:25:05.360> on<00:25:05.600> this<00:25:05.840> tidal<00:25:06.320> tugofwar.<00:25:07.760> During 00:25:08.149 --> 00:25:08.159 align:start position:0% nodes on this tidal tugofwar. During 00:25:08.159 --> 00:25:10.149 align:start position:0% nodes on this tidal tugofwar. During spring<00:25:08.480> tides,<00:25:08.960> the<00:25:09.200> pole<00:25:09.440> of<00:25:09.600> the<00:25:09.760> sun<00:25:09.919> and 00:25:10.149 --> 00:25:10.159 align:start position:0% spring tides, the pole of the sun and 00:25:10.159 --> 00:25:12.710 align:start position:0% spring tides, the pole of the sun and the<00:25:10.320> moon<00:25:10.720> working<00:25:11.120> in<00:25:11.440> unison<00:25:12.080> causes<00:25:12.559> the 00:25:12.710 --> 00:25:12.720 align:start position:0% the moon working in unison causes the 00:25:12.720 --> 00:25:15.110 align:start position:0% the moon working in unison causes the highest<00:25:13.120> tides<00:25:13.760> and<00:25:14.000> the<00:25:14.240> largest<00:25:14.640> risk<00:25:14.880> of 00:25:15.110 --> 00:25:15.120 align:start position:0% highest tides and the largest risk of 00:25:15.120 --> 00:25:18.710 align:start position:0% highest tides and the largest risk of floods.<00:25:16.559> However,<00:25:17.360> the<00:25:17.600> sun<00:25:17.919> and<00:25:18.080> the<00:25:18.320> moon 00:25:18.710 --> 00:25:18.720 align:start position:0% floods. However, the sun and the moon 00:25:18.720 --> 00:25:21.269 align:start position:0% floods. However, the sun and the moon are<00:25:19.039> never<00:25:19.360> more<00:25:19.679> aligned<00:25:20.320> than<00:25:20.559> they<00:25:20.720> are<00:25:21.039> at 00:25:21.269 --> 00:25:21.279 align:start position:0% are never more aligned than they are at 00:25:21.279 --> 00:25:25.029 align:start position:0% are never more aligned than they are at a<00:25:21.520> node.<00:25:22.640> During<00:25:22.960> the<00:25:23.200> rest<00:25:23.360> of<00:25:23.520> each<00:25:23.919> 9.3year 00:25:25.029 --> 00:25:25.039 align:start position:0% a node. During the rest of each 9.3year 00:25:25.039 --> 00:25:27.830 align:start position:0% a node. During the rest of each 9.3year phase,<00:25:25.679> they<00:25:25.919> are<00:25:26.080> not<00:25:26.400> quite<00:25:26.960> tugging<00:25:27.440> in<00:25:27.679> the 00:25:27.830 --> 00:25:27.840 align:start position:0% phase, they are not quite tugging in the 00:25:27.840 --> 00:25:30.070 align:start position:0% phase, they are not quite tugging in the same<00:25:28.000> direction.<00:25:28.960> So,<00:25:29.200> tides<00:25:29.679> are<00:25:29.840> more 00:25:30.070 --> 00:25:30.080 align:start position:0% same direction. So, tides are more 00:25:30.080 --> 00:25:33.350 align:start position:0% same direction. So, tides are more temperate.<00:25:31.200> At<00:25:31.440> a<00:25:31.679> node,<00:25:32.720> that's<00:25:33.039> where 00:25:33.350 --> 00:25:33.360 align:start position:0% temperate. At a node, that's where 00:25:33.360 --> 00:25:35.510 align:start position:0% temperate. At a node, that's where things<00:25:33.600> get<00:25:33.840> more<00:25:34.080> serious<00:25:34.720> and<00:25:35.039> risk<00:25:35.360> of 00:25:35.510 --> 00:25:35.520 align:start position:0% things get more serious and risk of 00:25:35.520 --> 00:25:38.390 align:start position:0% things get more serious and risk of floods<00:25:36.000> become<00:25:36.400> highest. 00:25:38.390 --> 00:25:38.400 align:start position:0% floods become highest. 00:25:38.400 --> 00:25:40.390 align:start position:0% floods become highest. The<00:25:38.640> last<00:25:38.799> time<00:25:38.960> this<00:25:39.200> alignment<00:25:39.679> occurred<00:25:40.080> in 00:25:40.390 --> 00:25:40.400 align:start position:0% The last time this alignment occurred in 00:25:40.400 --> 00:25:44.149 align:start position:0% The last time this alignment occurred in September<00:25:41.039> 2015,<00:25:42.159> the<00:25:42.400> UK<00:25:42.720> and<00:25:42.960> the<00:25:43.200> US<00:25:43.679> both 00:25:44.149 --> 00:25:44.159 align:start position:0% September 2015, the UK and the US both 00:25:44.159 --> 00:25:46.149 align:start position:0% September 2015, the UK and the US both issued<00:25:44.720> major<00:25:45.120> flood<00:25:45.440> warnings<00:25:45.760> to<00:25:45.919> its 00:25:46.149 --> 00:25:46.159 align:start position:0% issued major flood warnings to its 00:25:46.159 --> 00:25:48.630 align:start position:0% issued major flood warnings to its citizens.<00:25:47.120> In<00:25:47.360> September<00:25:47.840> itself,<00:25:48.400> there 00:25:48.630 --> 00:25:48.640 align:start position:0% citizens. In September itself, there 00:25:48.640 --> 00:25:51.430 align:start position:0% citizens. In September itself, there were<00:25:48.799> floods,<00:25:49.600> albeit<00:25:50.159> minor<00:25:50.480> ones.<00:25:51.120> But<00:25:51.279> it 00:25:51.430 --> 00:25:51.440 align:start position:0% were floods, albeit minor ones. But it 00:25:51.440 --> 00:25:53.510 align:start position:0% were floods, albeit minor ones. But it was<00:25:51.600> only<00:25:51.760> when<00:25:52.159> heavy<00:25:52.480> rain<00:25:52.880> combined<00:25:53.279> with 00:25:53.510 --> 00:25:53.520 align:start position:0% was only when heavy rain combined with 00:25:53.520 --> 00:25:55.190 align:start position:0% was only when heavy rain combined with the<00:25:53.679> strength<00:25:53.919> of<00:25:54.080> the<00:25:54.240> lunar<00:25:54.559> nodes<00:25:54.880> a<00:25:55.120> couple 00:25:55.190 --> 00:25:55.200 align:start position:0% the strength of the lunar nodes a couple 00:25:55.200 --> 00:25:57.590 align:start position:0% the strength of the lunar nodes a couple of<00:25:55.360> months<00:25:55.679> later<00:25:56.240> that<00:25:56.559> the<00:25:56.799> real<00:25:57.039> damage<00:25:57.360> was 00:25:57.590 --> 00:25:57.600 align:start position:0% of months later that the real damage was 00:25:57.600 --> 00:26:01.110 align:start position:0% of months later that the real damage was inflicted.<00:25:58.799> In<00:25:59.039> the<00:25:59.200> US,<00:25:59.600> in<00:25:59.840> October,<00:26:00.799> South 00:26:01.110 --> 00:26:01.120 align:start position:0% inflicted. In the US, in October, South 00:26:01.120 --> 00:26:03.350 align:start position:0% inflicted. In the US, in October, South Carolina<00:26:01.679> saw<00:26:02.000> flash<00:26:02.400> flooding<00:26:02.799> that<00:26:03.039> caused 00:26:03.350 --> 00:26:03.360 align:start position:0% Carolina saw flash flooding that caused 00:26:03.360 --> 00:26:05.430 align:start position:0% Carolina saw flash flooding that caused property<00:26:03.760> damage<00:26:04.159> and<00:26:04.480> people<00:26:04.799> having<00:26:05.120> to<00:26:05.279> be 00:26:05.430 --> 00:26:05.440 align:start position:0% property damage and people having to be 00:26:05.440 --> 00:26:08.149 align:start position:0% property damage and people having to be rescued<00:26:05.840> by<00:26:06.080> emergency<00:26:06.720> services.<00:26:07.840> At<00:26:08.000> the 00:26:08.149 --> 00:26:08.159 align:start position:0% rescued by emergency services. At the 00:26:08.159 --> 00:26:11.430 align:start position:0% rescued by emergency services. At the end<00:26:08.320> of<00:26:08.480> December<00:26:08.960> 2015,<00:26:09.919> the<00:26:10.159> UK<00:26:10.640> was<00:26:10.880> hit<00:26:11.120> by 00:26:11.430 --> 00:26:11.440 align:start position:0% end of December 2015, the UK was hit by 00:26:11.440 --> 00:26:13.430 align:start position:0% end of December 2015, the UK was hit by some<00:26:11.679> of<00:26:11.840> the<00:26:12.000> worst<00:26:12.320> floods<00:26:12.720> it<00:26:12.880> had<00:26:13.039> seen<00:26:13.279> in 00:26:13.430 --> 00:26:13.440 align:start position:0% some of the worst floods it had seen in 00:26:13.440 --> 00:26:16.149 align:start position:0% some of the worst floods it had seen in a<00:26:13.679> century.<00:26:14.880> Combined<00:26:15.360> with<00:26:15.520> the<00:26:15.679> power<00:26:15.919> of 00:26:16.149 --> 00:26:16.159 align:start position:0% a century. Combined with the power of 00:26:16.159 --> 00:26:19.029 align:start position:0% a century. Combined with the power of Storm<00:26:16.480> Desmond,<00:26:17.360> flooding<00:26:17.919> and<00:26:18.159> storm<00:26:18.559> damage 00:26:19.029 --> 00:26:19.039 align:start position:0% Storm Desmond, flooding and storm damage 00:26:19.039 --> 00:26:22.149 align:start position:0% Storm Desmond, flooding and storm damage caused<00:26:19.360> an<00:26:19.600> estimated<00:26:20.400> 1.3<00:26:21.279> billion<00:26:21.840> pounds 00:26:22.149 --> 00:26:22.159 align:start position:0% caused an estimated 1.3 billion pounds 00:26:22.159 --> 00:26:24.310 align:start position:0% caused an estimated 1.3 billion pounds in<00:26:22.400> damages. 00:26:24.310 --> 00:26:24.320 align:start position:0% in damages. 00:26:24.320 --> 00:26:27.590 align:start position:0% in damages. These<00:26:24.640> floods<00:26:25.120> can<00:26:25.360> be<00:26:25.760> highly<00:26:26.320> damaging,<00:26:27.360> but 00:26:27.590 --> 00:26:27.600 align:start position:0% These floods can be highly damaging, but 00:26:27.600 --> 00:26:30.149 align:start position:0% These floods can be highly damaging, but that<00:26:28.000> in<00:26:28.240> and<00:26:28.480> of<00:26:28.640> itself<00:26:29.200> doesn't<00:26:29.600> completely 00:26:30.149 --> 00:26:30.159 align:start position:0% that in and of itself doesn't completely 00:26:30.159 --> 00:26:32.149 align:start position:0% that in and of itself doesn't completely explain<00:26:30.559> NASA's<00:26:31.039> worry<00:26:31.279> for<00:26:31.520> the<00:26:31.679> upcoming 00:26:32.149 --> 00:26:32.159 align:start position:0% explain NASA's worry for the upcoming 00:26:32.159 --> 00:26:35.909 align:start position:0% explain NASA's worry for the upcoming alignment<00:26:32.640> in<00:26:32.880> mid<00:26:33.360> 2030.<00:26:34.720> There<00:26:34.960> is<00:26:35.279> an<00:26:35.520> extra 00:26:35.909 --> 00:26:35.919 align:start position:0% alignment in mid 2030. There is an extra 00:26:35.919 --> 00:26:38.070 align:start position:0% alignment in mid 2030. There is an extra element<00:26:36.240> at<00:26:36.480> play<00:26:36.960> beyond<00:26:37.360> the<00:26:37.600> regular 00:26:38.070 --> 00:26:38.080 align:start position:0% element at play beyond the regular 00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:40.230 align:start position:0% element at play beyond the regular rhythm<00:26:38.400> of<00:26:38.640> this<00:26:38.880> rising<00:26:39.360> flood<00:26:39.679> risk<00:26:39.919> we<00:26:40.159> have 00:26:40.230 --> 00:26:40.240 align:start position:0% rhythm of this rising flood risk we have 00:26:40.240 --> 00:26:41.669 align:start position:0% rhythm of this rising flood risk we have been<00:26:40.400> seeing<00:26:40.640> through<00:26:40.880> the<00:26:41.039> course<00:26:41.200> of<00:26:41.360> human 00:26:41.669 --> 00:26:41.679 align:start position:0% been seeing through the course of human 00:26:41.679 --> 00:26:43.350 align:start position:0% been seeing through the course of human history. 00:26:43.350 --> 00:26:43.360 align:start position:0% history. 00:26:43.360 --> 00:26:45.830 align:start position:0% history. Unfortunately,<00:26:44.480> the<00:26:44.799> next<00:26:45.039> node's<00:26:45.520> alignment 00:26:45.830 --> 00:26:45.840 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, the next node's alignment 00:26:45.840 --> 00:26:48.310 align:start position:0% Unfortunately, the next node's alignment with<00:26:46.080> the<00:26:46.240> sun<00:26:46.559> promises<00:26:47.039> to<00:26:47.279> be<00:26:47.520> particularly 00:26:48.310 --> 00:26:48.320 align:start position:0% with the sun promises to be particularly 00:26:48.320 --> 00:26:51.350 align:start position:0% with the sun promises to be particularly devastating.<00:26:49.679> The<00:26:49.919> danger<00:26:50.320> is<00:26:50.799> that<00:26:51.120> this 00:26:51.350 --> 00:26:51.360 align:start position:0% devastating. The danger is that this 00:26:51.360 --> 00:26:53.830 align:start position:0% devastating. The danger is that this phenomenon<00:26:52.000> is<00:26:52.240> combined<00:26:52.720> with<00:26:52.960> an<00:26:53.279> already 00:26:53.830 --> 00:26:53.840 align:start position:0% phenomenon is combined with an already 00:26:53.840 --> 00:26:56.310 align:start position:0% phenomenon is combined with an already strained<00:26:54.320> system,<00:26:55.279> even<00:26:55.600> more<00:26:55.840> strained<00:26:56.159> than 00:26:56.310 --> 00:26:56.320 align:start position:0% strained system, even more strained than 00:26:56.320 --> 00:26:59.269 align:start position:0% strained system, even more strained than it<00:26:56.480> was<00:26:56.640> in<00:26:56.960> 2015.<00:26:58.240> Climate<00:26:58.640> change<00:26:58.960> has 00:26:59.269 --> 00:26:59.279 align:start position:0% it was in 2015. Climate change has 00:26:59.279 --> 00:27:02.549 align:start position:0% it was in 2015. Climate change has resulted<00:26:59.760> in<00:27:00.159> steadily<00:27:00.720> rising<00:27:01.200> sea<00:27:01.520> levels. 00:27:02.549 --> 00:27:02.559 align:start position:0% resulted in steadily rising sea levels. 00:27:02.559 --> 00:27:04.390 align:start position:0% resulted in steadily rising sea levels. When<00:27:02.799> the<00:27:03.039> next<00:27:03.279> node<00:27:03.600> aligns<00:27:03.919> with<00:27:04.000> the<00:27:04.159> sun 00:27:04.390 --> 00:27:04.400 align:start position:0% When the next node aligns with the sun 00:27:04.400 --> 00:27:07.110 align:start position:0% When the next node aligns with the sun in<00:27:04.559> the<00:27:04.720> mid<00:27:04.960> 2030s,<00:27:06.080> this<00:27:06.320> will<00:27:06.559> likely<00:27:06.960> lead 00:27:07.110 --> 00:27:07.120 align:start position:0% in the mid 2030s, this will likely lead 00:27:07.120 --> 00:27:09.430 align:start position:0% in the mid 2030s, this will likely lead to<00:27:07.279> a<00:27:07.520> dramatic<00:27:08.320> increase<00:27:08.640> of<00:27:08.799> floods<00:27:09.200> on 00:27:09.430 --> 00:27:09.440 align:start position:0% to a dramatic increase of floods on 00:27:09.440 --> 00:27:11.430 align:start position:0% to a dramatic increase of floods on planet<00:27:09.760> Earth. 00:27:11.430 --> 00:27:11.440 align:start position:0% planet Earth. 00:27:11.440 --> 00:27:13.909 align:start position:0% planet Earth. Worryingly,<00:27:12.320> a<00:27:12.640> new<00:27:12.799> study<00:27:13.039> led<00:27:13.360> by<00:27:13.520> NASA's 00:27:13.909 --> 00:27:13.919 align:start position:0% Worryingly, a new study led by NASA's 00:27:13.919 --> 00:27:16.310 align:start position:0% Worryingly, a new study led by NASA's sea<00:27:14.240> level<00:27:14.559> change<00:27:14.960> science<00:27:15.360> team<00:27:15.760> predicts 00:27:16.310 --> 00:27:16.320 align:start position:0% sea level change science team predicts 00:27:16.320 --> 00:27:19.350 align:start position:0% sea level change science team predicts that<00:27:16.720> almost<00:27:17.120> all<00:27:17.520> US<00:27:17.840> mainland<00:27:18.240> coastlines, 00:27:19.350 --> 00:27:19.360 align:start position:0% that almost all US mainland coastlines, 00:27:19.360 --> 00:27:22.549 align:start position:0% that almost all US mainland coastlines, Hawaii<00:27:20.080> and<00:27:20.320> Guam,<00:27:21.200> will<00:27:21.440> have<00:27:21.679> a<00:27:21.919> huge<00:27:22.240> leap 00:27:22.549 --> 00:27:22.559 align:start position:0% Hawaii and Guam, will have a huge leap 00:27:22.559 --> 00:27:25.190 align:start position:0% Hawaii and Guam, will have a huge leap in<00:27:22.720> flood<00:27:23.039> numbers<00:27:23.360> when<00:27:23.600> this<00:27:23.919> happens.<00:27:24.960> Some 00:27:25.190 --> 00:27:25.200 align:start position:0% in flood numbers when this happens. Some 00:27:25.200 --> 00:27:27.190 align:start position:0% in flood numbers when this happens. Some predictions<00:27:25.760> claim<00:27:26.159> this<00:27:26.400> node<00:27:26.720> alignment 00:27:27.190 --> 00:27:27.200 align:start position:0% predictions claim this node alignment 00:27:27.200 --> 00:27:29.750 align:start position:0% predictions claim this node alignment could<00:27:27.520> cause<00:27:28.240> four<00:27:28.640> times<00:27:29.120> the<00:27:29.360> amount<00:27:29.600> of 00:27:29.750 --> 00:27:29.760 align:start position:0% could cause four times the amount of 00:27:29.760 --> 00:27:31.990 align:start position:0% could cause four times the amount of flooding<00:27:30.240> from<00:27:30.480> one<00:27:30.720> decade<00:27:31.120> to<00:27:31.279> the<00:27:31.440> next, 00:27:31.990 --> 00:27:32.000 align:start position:0% flooding from one decade to the next, 00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:34.070 align:start position:0% flooding from one decade to the next, which<00:27:32.240> will<00:27:32.480> damage<00:27:32.799> infrastructure<00:27:33.760> and 00:27:34.070 --> 00:27:34.080 align:start position:0% which will damage infrastructure and 00:27:34.080 --> 00:27:37.269 align:start position:0% which will damage infrastructure and change<00:27:34.400> our<00:27:34.640> coastlines<00:27:35.279> around<00:27:35.520> the<00:27:35.760> world. 00:27:37.269 --> 00:27:37.279 align:start position:0% change our coastlines around the world. 00:27:37.279 --> 00:27:39.750 align:start position:0% change our coastlines around the world. This<00:27:37.600> means<00:27:37.919> human<00:27:38.240> life<00:27:38.559> will<00:27:38.880> inevitably<00:27:39.600> be 00:27:39.750 --> 00:27:39.760 align:start position:0% This means human life will inevitably be 00:27:39.760 --> 00:27:41.830 align:start position:0% This means human life will inevitably be affected<00:27:40.159> by<00:27:40.320> these<00:27:40.559> floods<00:27:41.279> impacting 00:27:41.830 --> 00:27:41.840 align:start position:0% affected by these floods impacting 00:27:41.840 --> 00:27:43.830 align:start position:0% affected by these floods impacting shelter,<00:27:42.559> clean<00:27:42.799> water<00:27:43.120> supplies, 00:27:43.830 --> 00:27:43.840 align:start position:0% shelter, clean water supplies, 00:27:43.840 --> 00:27:46.230 align:start position:0% shelter, clean water supplies, electricity<00:27:44.880> as<00:27:45.120> well<00:27:45.360> as<00:27:45.520> the<00:27:45.760> increased 00:27:46.230 --> 00:27:46.240 align:start position:0% electricity as well as the increased 00:27:46.240 --> 00:27:48.470 align:start position:0% electricity as well as the increased risk<00:27:46.480> of<00:27:46.799> waterbornne<00:27:47.360> disease<00:27:47.840> outbreaks 00:27:48.470 --> 00:27:48.480 align:start position:0% risk of waterbornne disease outbreaks 00:27:48.480 --> 00:27:52.070 align:start position:0% risk of waterbornne disease outbreaks like<00:27:48.720> hepatitis<00:27:49.440> A<00:27:49.760> and<00:27:50.080> cholera.<00:27:51.360> Plus,<00:27:51.840> the 00:27:52.070 --> 00:27:52.080 align:start position:0% like hepatitis A and cholera. Plus, the 00:27:52.080 --> 00:27:54.389 align:start position:0% like hepatitis A and cholera. Plus, the receding<00:27:52.559> flood<00:27:52.880> water<00:27:53.279> can<00:27:53.600> create<00:27:53.919> stagnant 00:27:54.389 --> 00:27:54.399 align:start position:0% receding flood water can create stagnant 00:27:54.399 --> 00:27:57.029 align:start position:0% receding flood water can create stagnant pools<00:27:54.720> of<00:27:54.880> water<00:27:55.279> where<00:27:55.600> mosquitoes<00:27:56.240> gather 00:27:57.029 --> 00:27:57.039 align:start position:0% pools of water where mosquitoes gather 00:27:57.039 --> 00:27:58.870 align:start position:0% pools of water where mosquitoes gather which<00:27:57.279> can<00:27:57.520> spread<00:27:57.840> other<00:27:58.159> diseases<00:27:58.640> like 00:27:58.870 --> 00:27:58.880 align:start position:0% which can spread other diseases like 00:27:58.880 --> 00:28:02.230 align:start position:0% which can spread other diseases like malaria.<00:28:00.320> This<00:28:00.640> has<00:28:00.880> a<00:28:01.120> knock-on<00:28:01.679> effect<00:28:01.919> on 00:28:02.230 --> 00:28:02.240 align:start position:0% malaria. This has a knock-on effect on 00:28:02.240 --> 00:28:04.870 align:start position:0% malaria. This has a knock-on effect on economic<00:28:02.720> issues<00:28:03.440> as<00:28:03.679> these<00:28:04.000> natural<00:28:04.399> events 00:28:04.870 --> 00:28:04.880 align:start position:0% economic issues as these natural events 00:28:04.880 --> 00:28:07.190 align:start position:0% economic issues as these natural events can<00:28:05.120> make<00:28:05.279> coastal<00:28:05.760> life<00:28:06.000> unaffordable<00:28:06.880> with 00:28:07.190 --> 00:28:07.200 align:start position:0% can make coastal life unaffordable with 00:28:07.200 --> 00:28:08.870 align:start position:0% can make coastal life unaffordable with increased<00:28:07.600> cost<00:28:07.840> of<00:28:08.080> insurance<00:28:08.399> on<00:28:08.640> these 00:28:08.870 --> 00:28:08.880 align:start position:0% increased cost of insurance on these 00:28:08.880 --> 00:28:11.110 align:start position:0% increased cost of insurance on these homes<00:28:09.279> or<00:28:09.600> an<00:28:09.760> inability<00:28:10.320> to<00:28:10.480> find<00:28:10.720> insurance 00:28:11.110 --> 00:28:11.120 align:start position:0% homes or an inability to find insurance 00:28:11.120 --> 00:28:13.430 align:start position:0% homes or an inability to find insurance at<00:28:11.360> all<00:28:11.840> which<00:28:12.080> could<00:28:12.399> cause<00:28:12.640> a<00:28:12.880> reduction<00:28:13.200> in 00:28:13.430 --> 00:28:13.440 align:start position:0% at all which could cause a reduction in 00:28:13.440 --> 00:28:15.590 align:start position:0% at all which could cause a reduction in asset<00:28:13.840> value<00:28:14.159> in<00:28:14.320> the<00:28:14.559> community. 00:28:15.590 --> 00:28:15.600 align:start position:0% asset value in the community. 00:28:15.600 --> 00:28:18.310 align:start position:0% asset value in the community. Consequently,<00:28:16.720> this<00:28:16.960> lunar<00:28:17.360> nodal<00:28:17.840> cycle 00:28:18.310 --> 00:28:18.320 align:start position:0% Consequently, this lunar nodal cycle 00:28:18.320 --> 00:28:20.070 align:start position:0% Consequently, this lunar nodal cycle will<00:28:18.640> damage<00:28:18.960> the<00:28:19.200> quality<00:28:19.440> of<00:28:19.600> life<00:28:19.840> in 00:28:20.070 --> 00:28:20.080 align:start position:0% will damage the quality of life in 00:28:20.080 --> 00:28:22.549 align:start position:0% will damage the quality of life in coastal<00:28:20.559> communities<00:28:21.360> where<00:28:21.679> infrastructure 00:28:22.549 --> 00:28:22.559 align:start position:0% coastal communities where infrastructure 00:28:22.559 --> 00:28:25.029 align:start position:0% coastal communities where infrastructure may<00:28:22.880> not<00:28:23.200> be<00:28:23.360> rebuilt<00:28:23.840> or<00:28:24.080> adapted<00:28:24.559> to<00:28:24.799> this 00:28:25.029 --> 00:28:25.039 align:start position:0% may not be rebuilt or adapted to this 00:28:25.039 --> 00:28:27.350 align:start position:0% may not be rebuilt or adapted to this force<00:28:25.360> of<00:28:25.600> nature. 00:28:27.350 --> 00:28:27.360 align:start position:0% force of nature. 00:28:27.360 --> 00:28:29.909 align:start position:0% force of nature. It's<00:28:27.760> not<00:28:28.000> just<00:28:28.240> bad<00:28:28.480> for<00:28:28.640> humans. 00:28:29.909 --> 00:28:29.919 align:start position:0% It's not just bad for humans. 00:28:29.919 --> 00:28:32.470 align:start position:0% It's not just bad for humans. Ilia<00:28:30.320> Rashlin,<00:28:31.039> a<00:28:31.200> visiting<00:28:31.679> professor<00:28:32.159> at 00:28:32.470 --> 00:28:32.480 align:start position:0% Ilia Rashlin, a visiting professor at 00:28:32.480 --> 00:28:34.710 align:start position:0% Ilia Rashlin, a visiting professor at Rutkas<00:28:33.120> University,<00:28:33.919> analyzed<00:28:34.399> that<00:28:34.559> the 00:28:34.710 --> 00:28:34.720 align:start position:0% Rutkas University, analyzed that the 00:28:34.720 --> 00:28:36.710 align:start position:0% Rutkas University, analyzed that the peak<00:28:34.960> of<00:28:35.120> the<00:28:35.279> lunar<00:28:35.600> wobble,<00:28:36.159> where<00:28:36.480> high 00:28:36.710 --> 00:28:36.720 align:start position:0% peak of the lunar wobble, where high 00:28:36.720 --> 00:28:38.870 align:start position:0% peak of the lunar wobble, where high tides<00:28:37.039> are<00:28:37.200> higher,<00:28:37.919> can<00:28:38.159> drown<00:28:38.559> salt 00:28:38.870 --> 00:28:38.880 align:start position:0% tides are higher, can drown salt 00:28:38.880 --> 00:28:41.830 align:start position:0% tides are higher, can drown salt marshes.<00:28:40.159> Salt<00:28:40.480> marshes<00:28:40.880> are<00:28:41.039> a<00:28:41.200> habitat<00:28:41.600> for 00:28:41.830 --> 00:28:41.840 align:start position:0% marshes. Salt marshes are a habitat for 00:28:41.840 --> 00:28:43.430 align:start position:0% marshes. Salt marshes are a habitat for a<00:28:42.080> range<00:28:42.240> of<00:28:42.399> species<00:28:43.120> such<00:28:43.279> as 00:28:43.430 --> 00:28:43.440 align:start position:0% a range of species such as 00:28:43.440 --> 00:28:45.669 align:start position:0% a range of species such as invertebrates.<00:28:44.640> And<00:28:44.880> these<00:28:45.120> floods<00:28:45.520> can 00:28:45.669 --> 00:28:45.679 align:start position:0% invertebrates. And these floods can 00:28:45.679 --> 00:28:47.990 align:start position:0% invertebrates. And these floods can cause<00:28:46.000> these<00:28:46.320> creatures<00:28:46.640> to<00:28:46.880> drown,<00:28:47.679> which 00:28:47.990 --> 00:28:48.000 align:start position:0% cause these creatures to drown, which 00:28:48.000 --> 00:28:50.310 align:start position:0% cause these creatures to drown, which means<00:28:48.159> that<00:28:48.399> other<00:28:48.720> species<00:28:49.279> like<00:28:49.679> fish, 00:28:50.310 --> 00:28:50.320 align:start position:0% means that other species like fish, 00:28:50.320 --> 00:28:52.149 align:start position:0% means that other species like fish, seabirds,<00:28:50.960> and<00:28:51.200> others<00:28:51.440> who<00:28:51.760> rely<00:28:52.000> on 00:28:52.149 --> 00:28:52.159 align:start position:0% seabirds, and others who rely on 00:28:52.159 --> 00:28:55.830 align:start position:0% seabirds, and others who rely on invertebrates<00:28:52.880> to<00:28:53.120> survive<00:28:53.919> also<00:28:54.320> suffer. 00:28:55.830 --> 00:28:55.840 align:start position:0% invertebrates to survive also suffer. 00:28:55.840 --> 00:28:57.510 align:start position:0% invertebrates to survive also suffer. And<00:28:56.080> they<00:28:56.240> aren't<00:28:56.480> the<00:28:56.640> only<00:28:56.799> ones<00:28:57.120> that<00:28:57.279> rely 00:28:57.510 --> 00:28:57.520 align:start position:0% And they aren't the only ones that rely 00:28:57.520 --> 00:29:00.070 align:start position:0% And they aren't the only ones that rely on<00:28:57.679> salt<00:28:57.919> marshes,<00:28:58.640> as<00:28:58.880> salt<00:28:59.200> marshes<00:28:59.600> hold<00:28:59.840> a 00:29:00.070 --> 00:29:00.080 align:start position:0% on salt marshes, as salt marshes hold a 00:29:00.080 --> 00:29:02.230 align:start position:0% on salt marshes, as salt marshes hold a multitude<00:29:00.559> of<00:29:00.799> marine<00:29:01.120> life,<00:29:01.440> which<00:29:01.760> includes 00:29:02.230 --> 00:29:02.240 align:start position:0% multitude of marine life, which includes 00:29:02.240 --> 00:29:05.830 align:start position:0% multitude of marine life, which includes 75%<00:29:03.279> of<00:29:03.520> all<00:29:03.840> fishery<00:29:04.320> species.<00:29:05.440> This<00:29:05.679> means 00:29:05.830 --> 00:29:05.840 align:start position:0% 75% of all fishery species. This means 00:29:05.840 --> 00:29:07.669 align:start position:0% 75% of all fishery species. This means that<00:29:06.000> the<00:29:06.159> lunar<00:29:06.559> wobble<00:29:06.960> impacts<00:29:07.279> the<00:29:07.440> food 00:29:07.669 --> 00:29:07.679 align:start position:0% that the lunar wobble impacts the food 00:29:07.679 --> 00:29:10.070 align:start position:0% that the lunar wobble impacts the food chains<00:29:08.000> of<00:29:08.159> humans<00:29:08.480> and<00:29:08.799> animals,<00:29:09.679> causing 00:29:10.070 --> 00:29:10.080 align:start position:0% chains of humans and animals, causing 00:29:10.080 --> 00:29:11.990 align:start position:0% chains of humans and animals, causing disturbances<00:29:10.640> to<00:29:10.799> their<00:29:11.039> natural<00:29:11.360> habitat 00:29:11.990 --> 00:29:12.000 align:start position:0% disturbances to their natural habitat 00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:15.669 align:start position:0% disturbances to their natural habitat and<00:29:12.320> impacting<00:29:12.799> their<00:29:13.039> populations. 00:29:15.669 --> 00:29:15.679 align:start position:0% and impacting their populations. 00:29:15.679 --> 00:29:18.470 align:start position:0% and impacting their populations. While<00:29:16.159> this<00:29:16.640> all<00:29:16.960> does<00:29:17.200> seem<00:29:17.520> fairly<00:29:17.919> doom<00:29:18.240> and 00:29:18.470 --> 00:29:18.480 align:start position:0% While this all does seem fairly doom and 00:29:18.480 --> 00:29:21.110 align:start position:0% While this all does seem fairly doom and gloom,<00:29:19.360> it's<00:29:19.600> interesting<00:29:20.000> to<00:29:20.159> note<00:29:20.480> that<00:29:20.799> not 00:29:21.110 --> 00:29:21.120 align:start position:0% gloom, it's interesting to note that not 00:29:21.120 --> 00:29:22.950 align:start position:0% gloom, it's interesting to note that not all<00:29:21.440> ecosystems<00:29:22.080> on<00:29:22.240> the<00:29:22.399> planet<00:29:22.640> are 00:29:22.950 --> 00:29:22.960 align:start position:0% all ecosystems on the planet are 00:29:22.960 --> 00:29:25.110 align:start position:0% all ecosystems on the planet are negatively<00:29:23.520> affected<00:29:24.000> by<00:29:24.240> flooding<00:29:24.640> and<00:29:24.880> high 00:29:25.110 --> 00:29:25.120 align:start position:0% negatively affected by flooding and high 00:29:25.120 --> 00:29:29.110 align:start position:0% negatively affected by flooding and high tides.<00:29:26.399> Ecologist<00:29:27.039> Neil<00:29:27.360> Saintan<00:29:28.080> of<00:29:28.399> Macari 00:29:29.110 --> 00:29:29.120 align:start position:0% tides. Ecologist Neil Saintan of Macari 00:29:29.120 --> 00:29:31.510 align:start position:0% tides. Ecologist Neil Saintan of Macari University<00:29:29.919> analyzed<00:29:30.480> that<00:29:30.640> the<00:29:30.720> lunar<00:29:31.120> nodal 00:29:31.510 --> 00:29:31.520 align:start position:0% University analyzed that the lunar nodal 00:29:31.520 --> 00:29:33.990 align:start position:0% University analyzed that the lunar nodal cycle<00:29:31.919> impacts<00:29:32.480> heavily<00:29:32.960> on<00:29:33.200> the<00:29:33.440> expansion 00:29:33.990 --> 00:29:34.000 align:start position:0% cycle impacts heavily on the expansion 00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:36.789 align:start position:0% cycle impacts heavily on the expansion and<00:29:34.399> contraction<00:29:35.039> of<00:29:35.360> mangrove<00:29:36.000> canopy<00:29:36.480> cover 00:29:36.789 --> 00:29:36.799 align:start position:0% and contraction of mangrove canopy cover 00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:40.070 align:start position:0% and contraction of mangrove canopy cover over<00:29:37.120> most<00:29:37.360> of<00:29:37.520> the<00:29:37.679> Australian<00:29:38.240> continent. 00:29:40.070 --> 00:29:40.080 align:start position:0% over most of the Australian continent. 00:29:40.080 --> 00:29:41.830 align:start position:0% over most of the Australian continent. The<00:29:40.320> analysis<00:29:40.799> showed<00:29:41.120> that<00:29:41.279> the<00:29:41.440> peaks<00:29:41.760> of 00:29:41.830 --> 00:29:41.840 align:start position:0% The analysis showed that the peaks of 00:29:41.840 --> 00:29:44.389 align:start position:0% The analysis showed that the peaks of the<00:29:41.919> lunar<00:29:42.320> nodal<00:29:42.640> cycle<00:29:43.279> coincided<00:29:44.000> with<00:29:44.159> the 00:29:44.389 --> 00:29:44.399 align:start position:0% the lunar nodal cycle coincided with the 00:29:44.399 --> 00:29:47.190 align:start position:0% the lunar nodal cycle coincided with the cover<00:29:44.640> of<00:29:44.799> the<00:29:44.960> mangrove<00:29:45.440> canopy.<00:29:46.720> It<00:29:46.960> showed 00:29:47.190 --> 00:29:47.200 align:start position:0% cover of the mangrove canopy. It showed 00:29:47.200 --> 00:29:49.190 align:start position:0% cover of the mangrove canopy. It showed that<00:29:47.440> when<00:29:47.600> the<00:29:47.760> lunar<00:29:48.080> wobble<00:29:48.559> is<00:29:48.720> at<00:29:48.960> its 00:29:49.190 --> 00:29:49.200 align:start position:0% that when the lunar wobble is at its 00:29:49.200 --> 00:29:51.430 align:start position:0% that when the lunar wobble is at its minimum<00:29:49.679> phase,<00:29:50.320> it<00:29:50.480> causes<00:29:50.799> the<00:29:50.960> mangrove 00:29:51.430 --> 00:29:51.440 align:start position:0% minimum phase, it causes the mangrove 00:29:51.440 --> 00:29:53.830 align:start position:0% minimum phase, it causes the mangrove ecosystems<00:29:52.080> to<00:29:52.240> become<00:29:52.559> very<00:29:52.799> dry,<00:29:53.520> which 00:29:53.830 --> 00:29:53.840 align:start position:0% ecosystems to become very dry, which 00:29:53.840 --> 00:29:57.110 align:start position:0% ecosystems to become very dry, which leads<00:29:54.159> to<00:29:54.399> thinner<00:29:54.799> canopy<00:29:55.279> cover.<00:29:56.320> Yet,<00:29:56.720> when 00:29:57.110 --> 00:29:57.120 align:start position:0% leads to thinner canopy cover. Yet, when 00:29:57.120 --> 00:29:59.990 align:start position:0% leads to thinner canopy cover. Yet, when lunar<00:29:57.440> wobble<00:29:57.919> is<00:29:58.080> at<00:29:58.240> its<00:29:58.640> maximum<00:29:59.200> phase, 00:29:59.990 --> 00:30:00.000 align:start position:0% lunar wobble is at its maximum phase, 00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:02.549 align:start position:0% lunar wobble is at its maximum phase, mangrove<00:30:00.559> cover<00:30:00.960> increases. 00:30:02.549 --> 00:30:02.559 align:start position:0% mangrove cover increases. 00:30:02.559 --> 00:30:04.549 align:start position:0% mangrove cover increases. Mangrove<00:30:03.120> canopies<00:30:03.760> are<00:30:03.919> beneficial<00:30:04.399> to 00:30:04.549 --> 00:30:04.559 align:start position:0% Mangrove canopies are beneficial to 00:30:04.559 --> 00:30:07.029 align:start position:0% Mangrove canopies are beneficial to Earth's<00:30:04.960> environment<00:30:05.600> as<00:30:05.919> they<00:30:06.240> are<00:30:06.480> complex 00:30:07.029 --> 00:30:07.039 align:start position:0% Earth's environment as they are complex 00:30:07.039 --> 00:30:09.110 align:start position:0% Earth's environment as they are complex ecosystems<00:30:07.840> that<00:30:08.159> fight<00:30:08.399> against<00:30:08.720> climate 00:30:09.110 --> 00:30:09.120 align:start position:0% ecosystems that fight against climate 00:30:09.120 --> 00:30:11.750 align:start position:0% ecosystems that fight against climate change,<00:30:09.919> protect<00:30:10.320> wildlife,<00:30:11.039> and<00:30:11.360> shield 00:30:11.750 --> 00:30:11.760 align:start position:0% change, protect wildlife, and shield 00:30:11.760 --> 00:30:14.789 align:start position:0% change, protect wildlife, and shield coastlines.<00:30:12.960> They<00:30:13.200> can<00:30:13.440> also<00:30:13.840> absorb<00:30:14.480> four 00:30:14.789 --> 00:30:14.799 align:start position:0% coastlines. They can also absorb four 00:30:14.799 --> 00:30:16.870 align:start position:0% coastlines. They can also absorb four times<00:30:15.200> as<00:30:15.440> much<00:30:15.600> carbon<00:30:16.000> dioxide<00:30:16.559> than 00:30:16.870 --> 00:30:16.880 align:start position:0% times as much carbon dioxide than 00:30:16.880 --> 00:30:19.350 align:start position:0% times as much carbon dioxide than rainforests<00:30:17.520> of<00:30:17.679> the<00:30:17.840> same<00:30:18.000> size.<00:30:19.039> Their 00:30:19.350 --> 00:30:19.360 align:start position:0% rainforests of the same size. Their 00:30:19.360 --> 00:30:21.590 align:start position:0% rainforests of the same size. Their growth<00:30:19.679> is<00:30:19.919> vital<00:30:20.320> to<00:30:20.559> the<00:30:20.720> welfare<00:30:21.120> of<00:30:21.279> our 00:30:21.590 --> 00:30:21.600 align:start position:0% growth is vital to the welfare of our 00:30:21.600 --> 00:30:25.430 align:start position:0% growth is vital to the welfare of our planet,<00:30:22.399> so<00:30:22.799> it's<00:30:23.120> not<00:30:23.520> all<00:30:23.840> downside. 00:30:25.430 --> 00:30:25.440 align:start position:0% planet, so it's not all downside. 00:30:25.440 --> 00:30:28.230 align:start position:0% planet, so it's not all downside. Still,<00:30:26.159> it's<00:30:26.480> clear<00:30:26.720> that<00:30:27.039> if<00:30:27.360> we<00:30:27.679> don't<00:30:28.000> plan 00:30:28.230 --> 00:30:28.240 align:start position:0% Still, it's clear that if we don't plan 00:30:28.240 --> 00:30:30.549 align:start position:0% Still, it's clear that if we don't plan ahead,<00:30:29.120> coastal<00:30:29.600> cities<00:30:29.840> and<00:30:30.080> environments 00:30:30.549 --> 00:30:30.559 align:start position:0% ahead, coastal cities and environments 00:30:30.559 --> 00:30:33.269 align:start position:0% ahead, coastal cities and environments will<00:30:30.799> face<00:30:31.039> a<00:30:31.360> serious<00:30:31.840> crisis.<00:30:32.799> The<00:30:33.039> all 00:30:33.269 --> 00:30:33.279 align:start position:0% will face a serious crisis. The all 00:30:33.279 --> 00:30:36.389 align:start position:0% will face a serious crisis. The all important<00:30:33.760> question<00:30:34.320> then<00:30:34.880> is<00:30:35.600> what<00:30:35.919> can<00:30:36.159> we 00:30:36.389 --> 00:30:36.399 align:start position:0% important question then is what can we 00:30:36.399 --> 00:30:39.430 align:start position:0% important question then is what can we do<00:30:36.559> about<00:30:36.799> it? 00:30:39.430 --> 00:30:39.440 align:start position:0% do about it? 00:30:39.440 --> 00:30:42.389 align:start position:0% do about it? One<00:30:39.840> method<00:30:40.240> is<00:30:40.559> better<00:30:40.960> protection.<00:30:42.080> As 00:30:42.389 --> 00:30:42.399 align:start position:0% One method is better protection. As 00:30:42.399 --> 00:30:44.470 align:start position:0% One method is better protection. As mentioned<00:30:42.799> previously,<00:30:43.520> the<00:30:43.760> protection<00:30:44.159> and 00:30:44.470 --> 00:30:44.480 align:start position:0% mentioned previously, the protection and 00:30:44.480 --> 00:30:46.549 align:start position:0% mentioned previously, the protection and restoration<00:30:44.960> of<00:30:45.120> mangroves<00:30:45.840> can<00:30:46.000> act<00:30:46.240> as<00:30:46.399> a 00:30:46.549 --> 00:30:46.559 align:start position:0% restoration of mangroves can act as a 00:30:46.559 --> 00:30:48.310 align:start position:0% restoration of mangroves can act as a shield<00:30:46.880> against<00:30:47.200> flooding<00:30:47.760> as<00:30:48.000> they<00:30:48.240> can 00:30:48.310 --> 00:30:48.320 align:start position:0% shield against flooding as they can 00:30:48.320 --> 00:30:49.830 align:start position:0% shield against flooding as they can mitigate<00:30:48.720> the<00:30:48.960> vulnerability<00:30:49.520> of 00:30:49.830 --> 00:30:49.840 align:start position:0% mitigate the vulnerability of 00:30:49.840 --> 00:30:52.310 align:start position:0% mitigate the vulnerability of communities<00:30:50.240> on<00:30:50.480> the<00:30:50.640> coastlines.<00:30:52.000> More 00:30:52.310 --> 00:30:52.320 align:start position:0% communities on the coastlines. More 00:30:52.320 --> 00:30:55.190 align:start position:0% communities on the coastlines. More specifically,<00:30:53.360> mangroves<00:30:54.000> can<00:30:54.159> avert<00:30:54.640> damage 00:30:55.190 --> 00:30:55.200 align:start position:0% specifically, mangroves can avert damage 00:30:55.200 --> 00:30:57.510 align:start position:0% specifically, mangroves can avert damage by<00:30:55.600> decreasing<00:30:56.159> the<00:30:56.480> height<00:30:56.720> and<00:30:57.039> energy<00:30:57.360> of 00:30:57.510 --> 00:30:57.520 align:start position:0% by decreasing the height and energy of 00:30:57.520 --> 00:30:59.669 align:start position:0% by decreasing the height and energy of waves<00:30:57.919> as<00:30:58.159> they<00:30:58.399> pass<00:30:58.799> through<00:30:59.120> mangrove 00:30:59.669 --> 00:30:59.679 align:start position:0% waves as they pass through mangrove 00:30:59.679 --> 00:31:02.789 align:start position:0% waves as they pass through mangrove forests.<00:31:01.120> The<00:31:01.360> above<00:31:01.760> ground<00:31:02.159> roots<00:31:02.559> and 00:31:02.789 --> 00:31:02.799 align:start position:0% forests. The above ground roots and 00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:04.630 align:start position:0% forests. The above ground roots and branches<00:31:03.440> diminish<00:31:03.919> the<00:31:04.080> height<00:31:04.320> of<00:31:04.480> the 00:31:04.630 --> 00:31:04.640 align:start position:0% branches diminish the height of the 00:31:04.640 --> 00:31:07.590 align:start position:0% branches diminish the height of the waves<00:31:05.360> and<00:31:05.600> thus<00:31:05.919> the<00:31:06.080> waves<00:31:06.480> lose<00:31:06.720> energy, 00:31:07.590 --> 00:31:07.600 align:start position:0% waves and thus the waves lose energy, 00:31:07.600 --> 00:31:09.430 align:start position:0% waves and thus the waves lose energy, ultimately<00:31:08.080> stopping<00:31:08.399> the<00:31:08.559> waves<00:31:08.880> emerging 00:31:09.430 --> 00:31:09.440 align:start position:0% ultimately stopping the waves emerging 00:31:09.440 --> 00:31:11.350 align:start position:0% ultimately stopping the waves emerging onto<00:31:09.760> the<00:31:09.919> seabed<00:31:10.399> and<00:31:10.640> engulfing<00:31:11.200> the 00:31:11.350 --> 00:31:11.360 align:start position:0% onto the seabed and engulfing the 00:31:11.360 --> 00:31:13.110 align:start position:0% onto the seabed and engulfing the sediments. 00:31:13.110 --> 00:31:13.120 align:start position:0% sediments. 00:31:13.120 --> 00:31:15.190 align:start position:0% sediments. The<00:31:13.279> mangroves<00:31:13.840> roots<00:31:14.159> and<00:31:14.320> branches<00:31:14.799> also 00:31:15.190 --> 00:31:15.200 align:start position:0% The mangroves roots and branches also 00:31:15.200 --> 00:31:17.269 align:start position:0% The mangroves roots and branches also reduce<00:31:15.520> wind<00:31:15.840> energy,<00:31:16.399> which<00:31:16.640> can<00:31:16.799> stop<00:31:17.039> the 00:31:17.269 --> 00:31:17.279 align:start position:0% reduce wind energy, which can stop the 00:31:17.279 --> 00:31:19.750 align:start position:0% reduce wind energy, which can stop the formation<00:31:17.679> of<00:31:17.919> waves.<00:31:19.120> According<00:31:19.600> to 00:31:19.750 --> 00:31:19.760 align:start position:0% formation of waves. According to 00:31:19.760 --> 00:31:22.389 align:start position:0% formation of waves. According to reports,<00:31:20.559> densely<00:31:21.120> packed<00:31:21.440> mangroves<00:31:22.080> can 00:31:22.389 --> 00:31:22.399 align:start position:0% reports, densely packed mangroves can 00:31:22.399 --> 00:31:24.870 align:start position:0% reports, densely packed mangroves can half<00:31:22.720> the<00:31:22.960> height<00:31:23.120> of<00:31:23.279> a<00:31:23.440> wave<00:31:23.919> through<00:31:24.240> just<00:31:24.480> a 00:31:24.870 --> 00:31:24.880 align:start position:0% half the height of a wave through just a 00:31:24.880 --> 00:31:28.470 align:start position:0% half the height of a wave through just a 100<00:31:25.360> meter<00:31:25.679> passage.<00:31:26.799> For<00:31:27.039> comparison,<00:31:28.000> in<00:31:28.240> an 00:31:28.470 --> 00:31:28.480 align:start position:0% 100 meter passage. For comparison, in an 00:31:28.480 --> 00:31:30.310 align:start position:0% 100 meter passage. For comparison, in an open<00:31:28.720> forest<00:31:29.120> where<00:31:29.360> roots<00:31:29.679> and<00:31:29.840> branches<00:31:30.159> are 00:31:30.310 --> 00:31:30.320 align:start position:0% open forest where roots and branches are 00:31:30.320 --> 00:31:33.590 align:start position:0% open forest where roots and branches are more<00:31:30.559> sparse,<00:31:31.360> it<00:31:31.600> would<00:31:31.760> take<00:31:32.320> 500<00:31:32.880> m<00:31:33.279> for<00:31:33.440> a 00:31:33.590 --> 00:31:33.600 align:start position:0% more sparse, it would take 500 m for a 00:31:33.600 --> 00:31:35.909 align:start position:0% more sparse, it would take 500 m for a wave<00:31:33.919> to<00:31:34.080> half<00:31:34.320> its<00:31:34.559> height.<00:31:35.600> So, 00:31:35.909 --> 00:31:35.919 align:start position:0% wave to half its height. So, 00:31:35.919 --> 00:31:38.310 align:start position:0% wave to half its height. So, preservation<00:31:36.640> and<00:31:37.039> reforestation<00:31:37.840> of<00:31:38.000> these 00:31:38.310 --> 00:31:38.320 align:start position:0% preservation and reforestation of these 00:31:38.320 --> 00:31:40.230 align:start position:0% preservation and reforestation of these mangroves<00:31:39.039> or<00:31:39.279> plants<00:31:39.600> with<00:31:39.760> a<00:31:39.919> similar 00:31:40.230 --> 00:31:40.240 align:start position:0% mangroves or plants with a similar 00:31:40.240 --> 00:31:42.789 align:start position:0% mangroves or plants with a similar capability<00:31:41.200> can<00:31:41.519> become<00:31:41.840> a<00:31:42.159> great<00:31:42.480> shield 00:31:42.789 --> 00:31:42.799 align:start position:0% capability can become a great shield 00:31:42.799 --> 00:31:45.669 align:start position:0% capability can become a great shield against<00:31:43.200> upcoming<00:31:43.679> floods. 00:31:45.669 --> 00:31:45.679 align:start position:0% against upcoming floods. 00:31:45.679 --> 00:31:47.750 align:start position:0% against upcoming floods. Another<00:31:46.080> possible<00:31:46.559> solution<00:31:46.960> is<00:31:47.279> to<00:31:47.440> learn 00:31:47.750 --> 00:31:47.760 align:start position:0% Another possible solution is to learn 00:31:47.760 --> 00:31:49.830 align:start position:0% Another possible solution is to learn how<00:31:48.000> to<00:31:48.240> live<00:31:48.480> with<00:31:48.720> these<00:31:49.039> floodheavy 00:31:49.830 --> 00:31:49.840 align:start position:0% how to live with these floodheavy 00:31:49.840 --> 00:31:52.789 align:start position:0% how to live with these floodheavy conditions.<00:31:50.960> Working<00:31:51.360> with<00:31:51.760> nature<00:31:52.399> rather 00:31:52.789 --> 00:31:52.799 align:start position:0% conditions. Working with nature rather 00:31:52.799 --> 00:31:55.590 align:start position:0% conditions. Working with nature rather than<00:31:53.039> against<00:31:53.360> it.<00:31:54.559> For<00:31:54.640> example,<00:31:55.200> let's<00:31:55.440> take 00:31:55.590 --> 00:31:55.600 align:start position:0% than against it. For example, let's take 00:31:55.600 --> 00:31:57.350 align:start position:0% than against it. For example, let's take a<00:31:55.760> look<00:31:55.919> at<00:31:56.080> the<00:31:56.240> flood<00:31:56.559> defenses<00:31:57.039> in<00:31:57.200> the 00:31:57.350 --> 00:31:57.360 align:start position:0% a look at the flood defenses in the 00:31:57.360 --> 00:31:59.430 align:start position:0% a look at the flood defenses in the Netherlands<00:31:58.159> where<00:31:58.640> onethird<00:31:59.120> of<00:31:59.279> the 00:31:59.430 --> 00:31:59.440 align:start position:0% Netherlands where onethird of the 00:31:59.440 --> 00:32:02.070 align:start position:0% Netherlands where onethird of the country<00:31:59.760> is<00:32:00.080> below<00:32:00.480> sea<00:32:00.799> level<00:32:01.360> and<00:32:01.679> another 00:32:02.070 --> 00:32:02.080 align:start position:0% country is below sea level and another 00:32:02.080 --> 00:32:04.710 align:start position:0% country is below sea level and another third<00:32:02.320> is<00:32:02.559> at<00:32:02.720> risk<00:32:02.880> of<00:32:03.120> flooding.<00:32:04.320> They've 00:32:04.710 --> 00:32:04.720 align:start position:0% third is at risk of flooding. They've 00:32:04.720 --> 00:32:06.470 align:start position:0% third is at risk of flooding. They've built<00:32:04.960> infrastructure<00:32:05.600> that<00:32:05.919> works<00:32:06.240> with 00:32:06.470 --> 00:32:06.480 align:start position:0% built infrastructure that works with 00:32:06.480 --> 00:32:09.590 align:start position:0% built infrastructure that works with water<00:32:07.120> and<00:32:07.440> manages<00:32:07.840> the<00:32:08.080> rising<00:32:08.399> sea<00:32:08.720> levels. 00:32:09.590 --> 00:32:09.600 align:start position:0% water and manages the rising sea levels. 00:32:09.600 --> 00:32:11.430 align:start position:0% water and manages the rising sea levels. They<00:32:09.840> do<00:32:10.000> this<00:32:10.159> by<00:32:10.399> designing<00:32:10.880> facilities 00:32:11.430 --> 00:32:11.440 align:start position:0% They do this by designing facilities 00:32:11.440 --> 00:32:14.710 align:start position:0% They do this by designing facilities like<00:32:11.840> boulders.<00:32:13.279> Pders<00:32:13.760> are<00:32:14.000> bits<00:32:14.320> of<00:32:14.480> land 00:32:14.710 --> 00:32:14.720 align:start position:0% like boulders. Pders are bits of land 00:32:14.720 --> 00:32:16.230 align:start position:0% like boulders. Pders are bits of land below<00:32:15.120> sea<00:32:15.360> level<00:32:15.600> that<00:32:15.840> have<00:32:16.000> been 00:32:16.230 --> 00:32:16.240 align:start position:0% below sea level that have been 00:32:16.240 --> 00:32:19.269 align:start position:0% below sea level that have been reasserted<00:32:16.960> from<00:32:17.200> a<00:32:17.440> body<00:32:17.679> of<00:32:17.840> water.<00:32:18.960> It's 00:32:19.269 --> 00:32:19.279 align:start position:0% reasserted from a body of water. It's 00:32:19.279 --> 00:32:21.509 align:start position:0% reasserted from a body of water. It's always<00:32:19.679> fully<00:32:20.080> or<00:32:20.399> partially<00:32:20.960> surrounded<00:32:21.360> by 00:32:21.509 --> 00:32:21.519 align:start position:0% always fully or partially surrounded by 00:32:21.519 --> 00:32:23.909 align:start position:0% always fully or partially surrounded by an<00:32:21.760> embankment<00:32:22.320> to<00:32:22.559> keep<00:32:22.720> the<00:32:22.960> water<00:32:23.279> out<00:32:23.679> that 00:32:23.909 --> 00:32:23.919 align:start position:0% an embankment to keep the water out that 00:32:23.919 --> 00:32:26.950 align:start position:0% an embankment to keep the water out that comes<00:32:24.159> from<00:32:24.399> either<00:32:24.720> the<00:32:24.880> sea<00:32:25.200> or<00:32:25.440> a<00:32:25.679> river. 00:32:26.950 --> 00:32:26.960 align:start position:0% comes from either the sea or a river. 00:32:26.960 --> 00:32:29.110 align:start position:0% comes from either the sea or a river. These<00:32:27.279> pders<00:32:27.760> offer<00:32:28.000> a<00:32:28.240> network<00:32:28.480> of<00:32:28.640> drainage 00:32:29.110 --> 00:32:29.120 align:start position:0% These pders offer a network of drainage 00:32:29.120 --> 00:32:31.350 align:start position:0% These pders offer a network of drainage canals<00:32:29.519> and<00:32:29.679> pumps<00:32:30.000> to<00:32:30.240> manage<00:32:30.559> water<00:32:30.799> levels 00:32:31.350 --> 00:32:31.360 align:start position:0% canals and pumps to manage water levels 00:32:31.360 --> 00:32:34.070 align:start position:0% canals and pumps to manage water levels by<00:32:31.679> disposing<00:32:32.159> of<00:32:32.399> excess<00:32:32.880> water<00:32:33.440> and<00:32:33.760> running 00:32:34.070 --> 00:32:34.080 align:start position:0% by disposing of excess water and running 00:32:34.080 --> 00:32:36.230 align:start position:0% by disposing of excess water and running water<00:32:34.399> back<00:32:34.640> to<00:32:34.799> the<00:32:34.960> sea<00:32:35.200> or<00:32:35.519> river<00:32:35.840> to<00:32:36.080> make 00:32:36.230 --> 00:32:36.240 align:start position:0% water back to the sea or river to make 00:32:36.240 --> 00:32:37.909 align:start position:0% water back to the sea or river to make sure<00:32:36.399> that<00:32:36.559> the<00:32:36.799> water<00:32:37.039> doesn't<00:32:37.360> run<00:32:37.600> over 00:32:37.909 --> 00:32:37.919 align:start position:0% sure that the water doesn't run over 00:32:37.919 --> 00:32:39.269 align:start position:0% sure that the water doesn't run over land. 00:32:39.269 --> 00:32:39.279 align:start position:0% land. 00:32:39.279 --> 00:32:41.590 align:start position:0% land. PDERS<00:32:39.760> can<00:32:39.919> be<00:32:40.000> used<00:32:40.240> to<00:32:40.399> protect<00:32:40.799> houses, 00:32:41.590 --> 00:32:41.600 align:start position:0% PDERS can be used to protect houses, 00:32:41.600 --> 00:32:44.630 align:start position:0% PDERS can be used to protect houses, farms,<00:32:42.080> and<00:32:42.320> factories<00:32:43.200> and<00:32:43.440> thus<00:32:43.840> are<00:32:44.080> used<00:32:44.399> a 00:32:44.630 --> 00:32:44.640 align:start position:0% farms, and factories and thus are used a 00:32:44.640 --> 00:32:47.190 align:start position:0% farms, and factories and thus are used a lot<00:32:44.880> around<00:32:45.200> the<00:32:45.360> country.<00:32:46.399> The<00:32:46.640> Netherlands 00:32:47.190 --> 00:32:47.200 align:start position:0% lot around the country. The Netherlands 00:32:47.200 --> 00:32:50.070 align:start position:0% lot around the country. The Netherlands also<00:32:47.440> built<00:32:47.679> dams<00:32:48.240> and<00:32:48.640> utilize<00:32:49.120> sandjunes<00:32:49.840> to 00:32:50.070 --> 00:32:50.080 align:start position:0% also built dams and utilize sandjunes to 00:32:50.080 --> 00:32:52.310 align:start position:0% also built dams and utilize sandjunes to create<00:32:50.320> ways<00:32:50.559> to<00:32:50.799> stay<00:32:51.039> dry<00:32:51.360> in<00:32:51.600> their<00:32:51.840> swampy 00:32:52.310 --> 00:32:52.320 align:start position:0% create ways to stay dry in their swampy 00:32:52.320 --> 00:32:55.029 align:start position:0% create ways to stay dry in their swampy land.<00:32:53.279> This<00:32:53.519> shows<00:32:53.760> that<00:32:54.000> there<00:32:54.240> are<00:32:54.480> ways<00:32:54.799> in 00:32:55.029 --> 00:32:55.039 align:start position:0% land. This shows that there are ways in 00:32:55.039 --> 00:32:57.190 align:start position:0% land. This shows that there are ways in which<00:32:55.200> we<00:32:55.360> can<00:32:55.519> observe<00:32:55.919> nature<00:32:56.559> and<00:32:56.960> live 00:32:57.190 --> 00:32:57.200 align:start position:0% which we can observe nature and live 00:32:57.200 --> 00:32:59.590 align:start position:0% which we can observe nature and live alongside<00:32:57.760> it. 00:32:59.590 --> 00:32:59.600 align:start position:0% alongside it. 00:32:59.600 --> 00:33:03.430 align:start position:0% alongside it. So,<00:33:00.399> the<00:33:00.640> bad<00:33:00.960> news<00:33:01.200> is<00:33:02.080> behind<00:33:02.480> its<00:33:02.799> ethereal 00:33:03.430 --> 00:33:03.440 align:start position:0% So, the bad news is behind its ethereal 00:33:03.440 --> 00:33:06.789 align:start position:0% So, the bad news is behind its ethereal beauty,<00:33:04.240> our<00:33:04.559> moon<00:33:04.880> hides<00:33:05.200> a<00:33:05.440> power<00:33:05.679> that<00:33:06.480> if 00:33:06.789 --> 00:33:06.799 align:start position:0% beauty, our moon hides a power that if 00:33:06.799 --> 00:33:09.669 align:start position:0% beauty, our moon hides a power that if just<00:33:07.120> so<00:33:07.440> combined,<00:33:08.399> is<00:33:08.640> set<00:33:08.799> to<00:33:09.039> overwhelm 00:33:09.669 --> 00:33:09.679 align:start position:0% just so combined, is set to overwhelm 00:33:09.679 --> 00:33:12.630 align:start position:0% just so combined, is set to overwhelm humanity's<00:33:10.240> coastal<00:33:10.640> settlements.<00:33:12.080> However, 00:33:12.630 --> 00:33:12.640 align:start position:0% humanity's coastal settlements. However, 00:33:12.640 --> 00:33:14.950 align:start position:0% humanity's coastal settlements. However, there's<00:33:13.039> always<00:33:13.360> a<00:33:13.519> bit<00:33:13.679> of<00:33:13.840> good<00:33:14.000> news,<00:33:14.320> too. 00:33:14.950 --> 00:33:14.960 align:start position:0% there's always a bit of good news, too. 00:33:14.960 --> 00:33:17.830 align:start position:0% there's always a bit of good news, too. As<00:33:15.279> knowledge<00:33:15.679> is<00:33:15.919> a<00:33:16.080> power<00:33:16.320> of<00:33:16.559> his<00:33:16.799> own.<00:33:17.519> By 00:33:17.830 --> 00:33:17.840 align:start position:0% As knowledge is a power of his own. By 00:33:17.840 --> 00:33:19.750 align:start position:0% As knowledge is a power of his own. By understanding<00:33:18.480> our<00:33:18.799> plight,<00:33:19.279> we<00:33:19.440> can<00:33:19.600> look 00:33:19.750 --> 00:33:19.760 align:start position:0% understanding our plight, we can look 00:33:19.760 --> 00:33:21.830 align:start position:0% understanding our plight, we can look for<00:33:19.919> solutions<00:33:20.720> both<00:33:21.039> among<00:33:21.440> already 00:33:21.830 --> 00:33:21.840 align:start position:0% for solutions both among already 00:33:21.840 --> 00:33:24.389 align:start position:0% for solutions both among already existing<00:33:22.320> ideas<00:33:23.039> and<00:33:23.360> ways<00:33:23.679> forward<00:33:24.080> that 00:33:24.389 --> 00:33:24.399 align:start position:0% existing ideas and ways forward that 00:33:24.399 --> 00:33:27.269 align:start position:0% existing ideas and ways forward that have<00:33:24.640> yet<00:33:24.880> to<00:33:25.039> be<00:33:25.200> discovered.<00:33:26.480> If<00:33:26.720> we<00:33:26.880> are<00:33:27.120> to 00:33:27.269 --> 00:33:27.279 align:start position:0% have yet to be discovered. If we are to 00:33:27.279 --> 00:33:29.830 align:start position:0% have yet to be discovered. If we are to endure<00:33:27.679> what<00:33:28.000> is<00:33:28.240> coming,<00:33:28.960> it's<00:33:29.279> high<00:33:29.600> time 00:33:29.830 --> 00:33:29.840 align:start position:0% endure what is coming, it's high time 00:33:29.840 --> 00:33:32.789 align:start position:0% endure what is coming, it's high time for<00:33:30.080> us<00:33:30.320> to<00:33:30.559> use<00:33:30.880> our<00:33:31.279> innate<00:33:31.760> creativity<00:33:32.480> and 00:33:32.789 --> 00:33:32.799 align:start position:0% for us to use our innate creativity and 00:33:32.799 --> 00:33:36.310 align:start position:0% for us to use our innate creativity and drive<00:33:33.279> to<00:33:33.600> adapt<00:33:34.080> and<00:33:34.399> survive,<00:33:35.279> to<00:33:35.519> work<00:33:35.840> with 00:33:36.310 --> 00:33:36.320 align:start position:0% drive to adapt and survive, to work with 00:33:36.320 --> 00:33:39.750 align:start position:0% drive to adapt and survive, to work with our<00:33:36.640> planet<00:33:37.279> rather<00:33:37.600> than<00:33:37.840> against<00:33:38.159> it. 00:33:39.750 --> 00:33:39.760 align:start position:0% our planet rather than against it. 00:33:39.760 --> 00:33:42.149 align:start position:0% our planet rather than against it. With<00:33:40.080> so<00:33:40.399> many<00:33:40.720> asteroids<00:33:41.360> hurtling<00:33:41.919> around 00:33:42.149 --> 00:33:42.159 align:start position:0% With so many asteroids hurtling around 00:33:42.159 --> 00:33:43.990 align:start position:0% With so many asteroids hurtling around the<00:33:42.320> solar<00:33:42.640> system,<00:33:43.200> it's<00:33:43.440> a<00:33:43.600> wonder<00:33:43.840> that 00:33:43.990 --> 00:33:44.000 align:start position:0% the solar system, it's a wonder that 00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:46.950 align:start position:0% the solar system, it's a wonder that Earth<00:33:44.399> only<00:33:44.720> has<00:33:44.960> one<00:33:45.200> moon.<00:33:46.159> Because<00:33:46.559> beyond 00:33:46.950 --> 00:33:46.960 align:start position:0% Earth only has one moon. Because beyond 00:33:46.960 --> 00:33:49.269 align:start position:0% Earth only has one moon. Because beyond the<00:33:47.120> inner<00:33:47.440> solar<00:33:47.760> system,<00:33:48.320> the<00:33:48.559> gas<00:33:48.880> giants 00:33:49.269 --> 00:33:49.279 align:start position:0% the inner solar system, the gas giants 00:33:49.279 --> 00:33:51.269 align:start position:0% the inner solar system, the gas giants have<00:33:49.440> a<00:33:49.679> lot<00:33:49.840> more.<00:33:50.480> Some<00:33:50.640> of<00:33:50.799> which<00:33:51.039> are 00:33:51.269 --> 00:33:51.279 align:start position:0% have a lot more. Some of which are 00:33:51.279 --> 00:33:54.789 align:start position:0% have a lot more. Some of which are regular<00:33:51.679> moons,<00:33:52.960> plus<00:33:53.440> a<00:33:53.760> lot<00:33:53.919> of<00:33:54.240> irregular 00:33:54.789 --> 00:33:54.799 align:start position:0% regular moons, plus a lot of irregular 00:33:54.799 --> 00:33:56.389 align:start position:0% regular moons, plus a lot of irregular moons. 00:33:56.389 --> 00:33:56.399 align:start position:0% moons. 00:33:56.399 --> 00:33:58.630 align:start position:0% moons. They<00:33:56.640> are<00:33:56.799> called<00:33:57.120> irregular<00:33:58.000> because<00:33:58.320> their 00:33:58.630 --> 00:33:58.640 align:start position:0% They are called irregular because their 00:33:58.640 --> 00:34:00.549 align:start position:0% They are called irregular because their orbits<00:33:59.039> do<00:33:59.279> not<00:33:59.519> follow<00:33:59.760> the<00:33:59.919> orbital<00:34:00.320> plane 00:34:00.549 --> 00:34:00.559 align:start position:0% orbits do not follow the orbital plane 00:34:00.559 --> 00:34:02.870 align:start position:0% orbits do not follow the orbital plane of<00:34:00.720> the<00:34:00.880> planet.<00:34:01.600> Instead<00:34:02.080> following<00:34:02.559> a 00:34:02.870 --> 00:34:02.880 align:start position:0% of the planet. Instead following a 00:34:02.880 --> 00:34:05.909 align:start position:0% of the planet. Instead following a distant,<00:34:03.600> inclined<00:34:04.240> and<00:34:04.399> eccentric<00:34:04.960> orbit, 00:34:05.909 --> 00:34:05.919 align:start position:0% distant, inclined and eccentric orbit, 00:34:05.919 --> 00:34:08.310 align:start position:0% distant, inclined and eccentric orbit, even<00:34:06.320> sometimes<00:34:06.799> orbiting<00:34:07.440> retrograde<00:34:08.159> to 00:34:08.310 --> 00:34:08.320 align:start position:0% even sometimes orbiting retrograde to 00:34:08.320 --> 00:34:11.190 align:start position:0% even sometimes orbiting retrograde to the<00:34:08.480> regular<00:34:08.879> moons.<00:34:10.240> The<00:34:10.480> main<00:34:10.720> reason<00:34:10.960> for 00:34:11.190 --> 00:34:11.200 align:start position:0% the regular moons. The main reason for 00:34:11.200 --> 00:34:13.510 align:start position:0% the regular moons. The main reason for this<00:34:11.440> difference<00:34:11.919> is<00:34:12.159> that<00:34:12.399> irregular<00:34:13.040> moons 00:34:13.510 --> 00:34:13.520 align:start position:0% this difference is that irregular moons 00:34:13.520 --> 00:34:16.389 align:start position:0% this difference is that irregular moons are<00:34:13.760> mainly<00:34:14.159> captured<00:34:14.720> objects.<00:34:15.839> Asteroids 00:34:16.389 --> 00:34:16.399 align:start position:0% are mainly captured objects. Asteroids 00:34:16.399 --> 00:34:18.629 align:start position:0% are mainly captured objects. Asteroids that<00:34:16.639> were<00:34:16.800> orbiting<00:34:17.200> the<00:34:17.440> sun<00:34:18.079> before<00:34:18.399> they 00:34:18.629 --> 00:34:18.639 align:start position:0% that were orbiting the sun before they 00:34:18.639 --> 00:34:20.710 align:start position:0% that were orbiting the sun before they approached<00:34:19.119> too<00:34:19.359> close<00:34:19.599> to<00:34:19.760> a<00:34:19.919> planet<00:34:20.240> and<00:34:20.560> got 00:34:20.710 --> 00:34:20.720 align:start position:0% approached too close to a planet and got 00:34:20.720 --> 00:34:24.310 align:start position:0% approached too close to a planet and got captured<00:34:21.119> by<00:34:21.359> the<00:34:21.520> planet's<00:34:21.919> gravity. 00:34:24.310 --> 00:34:24.320 align:start position:0% captured by the planet's gravity. 00:34:24.320 --> 00:34:27.270 align:start position:0% captured by the planet's gravity. So,<00:34:24.800> what<00:34:25.040> about<00:34:25.280> Earth?<00:34:26.480> Well,<00:34:26.800> I<00:34:27.119> can 00:34:27.270 --> 00:34:27.280 align:start position:0% So, what about Earth? Well, I can 00:34:27.280 --> 00:34:29.589 align:start position:0% So, what about Earth? Well, I can announce<00:34:27.679> that<00:34:27.919> Earth<00:34:28.399> now<00:34:28.720> has<00:34:28.960> a<00:34:29.280> second 00:34:29.589 --> 00:34:29.599 align:start position:0% announce that Earth now has a second 00:34:29.599 --> 00:34:33.909 align:start position:0% announce that Earth now has a second moon<00:34:30.800> called<00:34:31.280> 2020<00:34:32.159> CD3. 00:34:33.909 --> 00:34:33.919 align:start position:0% moon called 2020 CD3. 00:34:33.919 --> 00:34:36.149 align:start position:0% moon called 2020 CD3. But<00:34:34.079> it<00:34:34.480> probably<00:34:34.879> isn't<00:34:35.280> worthwhile<00:34:35.839> trying 00:34:36.149 --> 00:34:36.159 align:start position:0% But it probably isn't worthwhile trying 00:34:36.159 --> 00:34:39.190 align:start position:0% But it probably isn't worthwhile trying to<00:34:36.320> spot<00:34:36.560> this<00:34:36.800> one<00:34:36.960> in<00:34:37.119> the<00:34:37.280> sky.<00:34:38.079> It's<00:34:38.399> tiny, 00:34:39.190 --> 00:34:39.200 align:start position:0% to spot this one in the sky. It's tiny, 00:34:39.200 --> 00:34:42.869 align:start position:0% to spot this one in the sky. It's tiny, only<00:34:39.520> 2<00:34:39.760> to<00:34:40.000> 4<00:34:40.159> m<00:34:40.480> across<00:34:41.280> and<00:34:41.599> also<00:34:41.919> very<00:34:42.240> dark, 00:34:42.869 --> 00:34:42.879 align:start position:0% only 2 to 4 m across and also very dark, 00:34:42.879 --> 00:34:45.510 align:start position:0% only 2 to 4 m across and also very dark, a<00:34:43.119> type<00:34:43.280> of<00:34:43.440> asteroid<00:34:44.159> known<00:34:44.399> as<00:34:44.639> a<00:34:44.800> sea<00:34:45.119> type 00:34:45.510 --> 00:34:45.520 align:start position:0% a type of asteroid known as a sea type 00:34:45.520 --> 00:34:48.149 align:start position:0% a type of asteroid known as a sea type or<00:34:45.679> a<00:34:45.919> carbonatous<00:34:46.639> asteroid. 00:34:48.149 --> 00:34:48.159 align:start position:0% or a carbonatous asteroid. 00:34:48.159 --> 00:34:50.310 align:start position:0% or a carbonatous asteroid. These<00:34:48.480> types<00:34:48.720> of<00:34:48.879> asteroids<00:34:49.440> are<00:34:49.599> as<00:34:49.839> dark<00:34:50.079> as 00:34:50.310 --> 00:34:50.320 align:start position:0% These types of asteroids are as dark as 00:34:50.320 --> 00:34:52.950 align:start position:0% These types of asteroids are as dark as a<00:34:50.399> wet<00:34:50.720> asphalt. 00:34:52.950 --> 00:34:52.960 align:start position:0% a wet asphalt. 00:34:52.960 --> 00:34:55.349 align:start position:0% a wet asphalt. This<00:34:53.200> moon,<00:34:53.760> like<00:34:54.000> the<00:34:54.240> irregular<00:34:54.879> moons<00:34:55.200> of 00:34:55.349 --> 00:34:55.359 align:start position:0% This moon, like the irregular moons of 00:34:55.359 --> 00:34:57.430 align:start position:0% This moon, like the irregular moons of the<00:34:55.520> outer<00:34:55.839> planets,<00:34:56.560> is<00:34:56.800> a<00:34:56.960> captured 00:34:57.430 --> 00:34:57.440 align:start position:0% the outer planets, is a captured 00:34:57.440 --> 00:34:59.510 align:start position:0% the outer planets, is a captured asteroid<00:34:58.000> that's<00:34:58.400> been<00:34:58.560> pulled<00:34:58.880> into<00:34:59.119> orbit 00:34:59.510 --> 00:34:59.520 align:start position:0% asteroid that's been pulled into orbit 00:34:59.520 --> 00:35:01.670 align:start position:0% asteroid that's been pulled into orbit around<00:34:59.839> the<00:35:00.000> Earth.<00:35:00.880> It<00:35:01.119> was<00:35:01.280> probably 00:35:01.670 --> 00:35:01.680 align:start position:0% around the Earth. It was probably 00:35:01.680 --> 00:35:04.870 align:start position:0% around the Earth. It was probably captured<00:35:02.160> as<00:35:02.400> recently<00:35:02.720> as<00:35:03.119> 2017. 00:35:04.870 --> 00:35:04.880 align:start position:0% captured as recently as 2017. 00:35:04.880 --> 00:35:07.349 align:start position:0% captured as recently as 2017. Although,<00:35:05.680> before<00:35:06.079> you<00:35:06.320> warm<00:35:06.560> to<00:35:06.720> the<00:35:06.880> idea<00:35:07.119> of 00:35:07.349 --> 00:35:07.359 align:start position:0% Although, before you warm to the idea of 00:35:07.359 --> 00:35:09.670 align:start position:0% Although, before you warm to the idea of Earth<00:35:07.599> having<00:35:07.920> two<00:35:08.160> satellites,<00:35:09.200> it<00:35:09.440> seems 00:35:09.670 --> 00:35:09.680 align:start position:0% Earth having two satellites, it seems 00:35:09.680 --> 00:35:11.670 align:start position:0% Earth having two satellites, it seems that<00:35:09.920> this<00:35:10.240> is<00:35:10.400> only<00:35:10.720> a<00:35:11.040> temporary 00:35:11.670 --> 00:35:11.680 align:start position:0% that this is only a temporary 00:35:11.680 --> 00:35:13.990 align:start position:0% that this is only a temporary relationship.<00:35:12.800> Astronomers<00:35:13.440> are<00:35:13.599> expecting 00:35:13.990 --> 00:35:14.000 align:start position:0% relationship. Astronomers are expecting 00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:16.069 align:start position:0% relationship. Astronomers are expecting it<00:35:14.240> to<00:35:14.400> escape<00:35:14.720> Earth's<00:35:15.119> gravity<00:35:15.520> again<00:35:15.760> by 00:35:16.069 --> 00:35:16.079 align:start position:0% it to escape Earth's gravity again by 00:35:16.079 --> 00:35:19.510 align:start position:0% it to escape Earth's gravity again by April<00:35:16.640> 2020.<00:35:18.079> This<00:35:18.240> is<00:35:18.400> due<00:35:18.640> to<00:35:18.800> its<00:35:19.040> chaotic 00:35:19.510 --> 00:35:19.520 align:start position:0% April 2020. This is due to its chaotic 00:35:19.520 --> 00:35:22.069 align:start position:0% April 2020. This is due to its chaotic orbit.<00:35:20.320> It<00:35:20.640> never<00:35:20.880> really<00:35:21.200> got<00:35:21.440> settled<00:35:21.839> into 00:35:22.069 --> 00:35:22.079 align:start position:0% orbit. It never really got settled into 00:35:22.079 --> 00:35:24.710 align:start position:0% orbit. It never really got settled into a<00:35:22.240> stable<00:35:22.640> orbit<00:35:23.280> and<00:35:23.520> so<00:35:23.760> will<00:35:24.000> be<00:35:24.160> ejected 00:35:24.710 --> 00:35:24.720 align:start position:0% a stable orbit and so will be ejected 00:35:24.720 --> 00:35:27.270 align:start position:0% a stable orbit and so will be ejected again<00:35:24.960> in<00:35:25.280> just<00:35:25.440> a<00:35:25.599> few<00:35:25.760> months.<00:35:26.800> A<00:35:27.040> very 00:35:27.270 --> 00:35:27.280 align:start position:0% again in just a few months. A very 00:35:27.280 --> 00:35:30.069 align:start position:0% again in just a few months. A very similar<00:35:27.680> thing<00:35:27.920> happened<00:35:28.240> in<00:35:28.640> 2006<00:35:29.599> with<00:35:29.839> an 00:35:30.069 --> 00:35:30.079 align:start position:0% similar thing happened in 2006 with an 00:35:30.079 --> 00:35:34.310 align:start position:0% similar thing happened in 2006 with an asteroid<00:35:30.640> called<00:35:31.200> 2006<00:35:32.240> RH120 00:35:34.310 --> 00:35:34.320 align:start position:0% asteroid called 2006 RH120 00:35:34.320 --> 00:35:36.390 align:start position:0% asteroid called 2006 RH120 where<00:35:34.640> Earth<00:35:34.960> had<00:35:35.119> a<00:35:35.280> second<00:35:35.520> moon<00:35:35.839> for<00:35:36.160> just 00:35:36.390 --> 00:35:36.400 align:start position:0% where Earth had a second moon for just 00:35:36.400 --> 00:35:38.790 align:start position:0% where Earth had a second moon for just short<00:35:36.640> of<00:35:36.800> a<00:35:37.040> year<00:35:37.599> before<00:35:38.000> again<00:35:38.480> it<00:35:38.720> was 00:35:38.790 --> 00:35:38.800 align:start position:0% short of a year before again it was 00:35:38.800 --> 00:35:41.030 align:start position:0% short of a year before again it was ejected. 00:35:41.030 --> 00:35:41.040 align:start position:0% ejected. 00:35:41.040 --> 00:35:43.589 align:start position:0% ejected. And<00:35:41.359> just<00:35:41.599> like<00:35:41.839> back<00:35:42.160> then,<00:35:42.800> once<00:35:43.119> this<00:35:43.359> one 00:35:43.589 --> 00:35:43.599 align:start position:0% And just like back then, once this one 00:35:43.599 --> 00:35:45.829 align:start position:0% And just like back then, once this one leaves<00:35:43.839> Earth's<00:35:44.240> orbit,<00:35:45.040> we'll<00:35:45.280> be<00:35:45.440> back<00:35:45.599> to 00:35:45.829 --> 00:35:45.839 align:start position:0% leaves Earth's orbit, we'll be back to 00:35:45.839 --> 00:35:48.550 align:start position:0% leaves Earth's orbit, we'll be back to just<00:35:46.000> the<00:35:46.240> one<00:35:46.480> natural<00:35:46.960> satellite. 00:35:48.550 --> 00:35:48.560 align:start position:0% just the one natural satellite. 00:35:48.560 --> 00:35:50.790 align:start position:0% just the one natural satellite. Or<00:35:48.880> will<00:35:49.119> we? 00:35:50.790 --> 00:35:50.800 align:start position:0% Or will we? 00:35:50.800 --> 00:35:53.190 align:start position:0% Or will we? There<00:35:51.119> is<00:35:51.280> another<00:35:51.680> asteroid<00:35:52.240> orbiting<00:35:52.720> Earth 00:35:53.190 --> 00:35:53.200 align:start position:0% There is another asteroid orbiting Earth 00:35:53.200 --> 00:35:56.310 align:start position:0% There is another asteroid orbiting Earth at<00:35:53.440> a<00:35:53.599> distance<00:35:53.839> of<00:35:54.079> about<00:35:54.480> 9<00:35:54.880> million<00:35:55.200> km, 00:35:56.310 --> 00:35:56.320 align:start position:0% at a distance of about 9 million km, 00:35:56.320 --> 00:35:58.550 align:start position:0% at a distance of about 9 million km, much<00:35:56.640> further<00:35:56.960> out<00:35:57.200> than<00:35:57.359> the<00:35:57.520> moon,<00:35:58.079> called 00:35:58.550 --> 00:35:58.560 align:start position:0% much further out than the moon, called 00:35:58.560 --> 00:36:01.670 align:start position:0% much further out than the moon, called 2016<00:35:59.599> HO3. 00:36:01.670 --> 00:36:01.680 align:start position:0% 2016 HO3. 00:36:01.680 --> 00:36:03.829 align:start position:0% 2016 HO3. Except<00:36:02.320> although<00:36:02.720> it's<00:36:02.960> circling<00:36:03.520> around 00:36:03.829 --> 00:36:03.839 align:start position:0% Except although it's circling around 00:36:03.839 --> 00:36:06.150 align:start position:0% Except although it's circling around Earth,<00:36:04.560> it's<00:36:04.960> not<00:36:05.280> really<00:36:05.599> orbiting<00:36:06.000> the 00:36:06.150 --> 00:36:06.160 align:start position:0% Earth, it's not really orbiting the 00:36:06.160 --> 00:36:08.470 align:start position:0% Earth, it's not really orbiting the Earth<00:36:06.400> at<00:36:06.640> all. 00:36:08.470 --> 00:36:08.480 align:start position:0% Earth at all. 00:36:08.480 --> 00:36:11.349 align:start position:0% Earth at all. Instead,<00:36:09.280> it's<00:36:09.599> orbiting<00:36:10.000> the<00:36:10.240> Sun,<00:36:10.960> and<00:36:11.119> its 00:36:11.349 --> 00:36:11.359 align:start position:0% Instead, it's orbiting the Sun, and its 00:36:11.359 --> 00:36:13.829 align:start position:0% Instead, it's orbiting the Sun, and its orbit<00:36:11.680> is<00:36:11.920> very<00:36:12.240> similar<00:36:12.560> to<00:36:12.720> Earth's,<00:36:13.359> just<00:36:13.599> a 00:36:13.829 --> 00:36:13.839 align:start position:0% orbit is very similar to Earth's, just a 00:36:13.839 --> 00:36:17.270 align:start position:0% orbit is very similar to Earth's, just a little<00:36:14.000> more<00:36:14.320> eccentric. 00:36:17.270 --> 00:36:17.280 align:start position:0% little more eccentric. 00:36:17.280 --> 00:36:19.270 align:start position:0% little more eccentric. At<00:36:17.520> some<00:36:17.680> points<00:36:18.000> of<00:36:18.160> this<00:36:18.320> orbit,<00:36:18.880> it<00:36:19.119> is 00:36:19.270 --> 00:36:19.280 align:start position:0% At some points of this orbit, it is 00:36:19.280 --> 00:36:21.670 align:start position:0% At some points of this orbit, it is ahead<00:36:19.520> of<00:36:19.680> the<00:36:19.839> Earth<00:36:20.400> and<00:36:20.720> 6<00:36:20.960> months<00:36:21.280> later, 00:36:21.670 --> 00:36:21.680 align:start position:0% ahead of the Earth and 6 months later, 00:36:21.680 --> 00:36:24.230 align:start position:0% ahead of the Earth and 6 months later, it<00:36:21.920> falls<00:36:22.240> behind<00:36:22.560> the<00:36:22.800> Earth.<00:36:23.839> This<00:36:24.079> is 00:36:24.230 --> 00:36:24.240 align:start position:0% it falls behind the Earth. This is 00:36:24.240 --> 00:36:26.710 align:start position:0% it falls behind the Earth. This is something<00:36:24.560> known<00:36:24.880> as<00:36:25.040> a<00:36:25.280> quasi<00:36:25.760> satellite. 00:36:26.710 --> 00:36:26.720 align:start position:0% something known as a quasi satellite. 00:36:26.720 --> 00:36:28.550 align:start position:0% something known as a quasi satellite. And<00:36:26.880> Earth<00:36:27.200> has<00:36:27.520> five<00:36:27.760> of<00:36:27.920> them<00:36:28.079> that<00:36:28.240> we<00:36:28.400> know 00:36:28.550 --> 00:36:28.560 align:start position:0% And Earth has five of them that we know 00:36:28.560 --> 00:36:31.589 align:start position:0% And Earth has five of them that we know of.<00:36:29.359> Moons<00:36:29.839> which<00:36:30.079> circle<00:36:30.400> the<00:36:30.640> Earth<00:36:31.119> and<00:36:31.359> are 00:36:31.589 --> 00:36:31.599 align:start position:0% of. Moons which circle the Earth and are 00:36:31.599 --> 00:36:33.910 align:start position:0% of. Moons which circle the Earth and are even<00:36:31.839> influenced<00:36:32.320> by<00:36:32.560> its<00:36:32.800> gravity,<00:36:33.599> but 00:36:33.910 --> 00:36:33.920 align:start position:0% even influenced by its gravity, but 00:36:33.920 --> 00:36:37.109 align:start position:0% even influenced by its gravity, but without<00:36:34.400> truly<00:36:34.880> being<00:36:35.200> in<00:36:35.440> orbit.<00:36:36.560> And<00:36:36.800> so, 00:36:37.109 --> 00:36:37.119 align:start position:0% without truly being in orbit. And so, 00:36:37.119 --> 00:36:39.990 align:start position:0% without truly being in orbit. And so, unfortunately,<00:36:38.160> they<00:36:38.480> aren't<00:36:38.880> and<00:36:39.280> can't<00:36:39.839> be 00:36:39.990 --> 00:36:40.000 align:start position:0% unfortunately, they aren't and can't be 00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:42.790 align:start position:0% unfortunately, they aren't and can't be classified<00:36:40.560> as<00:36:40.800> true<00:36:41.119> moons.<00:36:42.240> We<00:36:42.400> aren't<00:36:42.640> the 00:36:42.790 --> 00:36:42.800 align:start position:0% classified as true moons. We aren't the 00:36:42.800 --> 00:36:45.109 align:start position:0% classified as true moons. We aren't the only<00:36:42.960> planet<00:36:43.280> to<00:36:43.440> have<00:36:43.599> quasi<00:36:44.000> satellites.<00:36:44.880> In 00:36:45.109 --> 00:36:45.119 align:start position:0% only planet to have quasi satellites. In 00:36:45.119 --> 00:36:46.950 align:start position:0% only planet to have quasi satellites. In fact,<00:36:45.280> they<00:36:45.599> all<00:36:45.760> might<00:36:46.240> considering<00:36:46.720> these 00:36:46.950 --> 00:36:46.960 align:start position:0% fact, they all might considering these 00:36:46.960 --> 00:36:50.870 align:start position:0% fact, they all might considering these objects<00:36:47.359> are<00:36:47.599> very<00:36:47.760> difficult<00:36:48.079> to<00:36:48.240> spot. 00:36:50.870 --> 00:36:50.880 align:start position:0% objects are very difficult to spot. 00:36:50.880 --> 00:36:53.829 align:start position:0% objects are very difficult to spot. But<00:36:51.280> why<00:36:51.599> do<00:36:51.839> gas<00:36:52.240> giants<00:36:52.800> have<00:36:53.119> so<00:36:53.440> many 00:36:53.829 --> 00:36:53.839 align:start position:0% But why do gas giants have so many 00:36:53.839 --> 00:36:56.470 align:start position:0% But why do gas giants have so many irregular<00:36:54.400> moons<00:36:55.040> and<00:36:55.359> Earth<00:36:55.760> only<00:36:56.000> has<00:36:56.240> the 00:36:56.470 --> 00:36:56.480 align:start position:0% irregular moons and Earth only has the 00:36:56.480 --> 00:37:00.069 align:start position:0% irregular moons and Earth only has the one<00:36:57.200> right<00:36:57.440> now<00:36:57.760> anyway? 00:37:00.069 --> 00:37:00.079 align:start position:0% one right now anyway? 00:37:00.079 --> 00:37:03.030 align:start position:0% one right now anyway? Well,<00:37:00.800> being<00:37:01.200> big<00:37:01.440> and<00:37:01.680> massive<00:37:02.160> is<00:37:02.480> only<00:37:02.800> part 00:37:03.030 --> 00:37:03.040 align:start position:0% Well, being big and massive is only part 00:37:03.040 --> 00:37:05.349 align:start position:0% Well, being big and massive is only part of<00:37:03.200> the<00:37:03.359> answer.<00:37:04.160> Yes,<00:37:04.480> the<00:37:04.720> more<00:37:04.880> massive<00:37:05.200> you 00:37:05.349 --> 00:37:05.359 align:start position:0% of the answer. Yes, the more massive you 00:37:05.359 --> 00:37:07.430 align:start position:0% of the answer. Yes, the more massive you are,<00:37:05.599> the<00:37:05.760> bigger<00:37:06.079> your<00:37:06.320> gravity,<00:37:07.200> but 00:37:07.430 --> 00:37:07.440 align:start position:0% are, the bigger your gravity, but 00:37:07.440 --> 00:37:10.069 align:start position:0% are, the bigger your gravity, but Earth's<00:37:07.839> gravity<00:37:08.240> is<00:37:08.480> hardly<00:37:08.880> a<00:37:09.040> slouch.<00:37:09.839> It's 00:37:10.069 --> 00:37:10.079 align:start position:0% Earth's gravity is hardly a slouch. It's 00:37:10.079 --> 00:37:12.230 align:start position:0% Earth's gravity is hardly a slouch. It's easily<00:37:10.480> comparable<00:37:10.960> to<00:37:11.200> Saturn,<00:37:11.760> Neptune, 00:37:12.230 --> 00:37:12.240 align:start position:0% easily comparable to Saturn, Neptune, 00:37:12.240 --> 00:37:15.829 align:start position:0% easily comparable to Saturn, Neptune, and<00:37:12.480> Uranus.<00:37:13.599> So,<00:37:14.000> what's<00:37:14.320> the<00:37:14.560> difference? 00:37:15.829 --> 00:37:15.839 align:start position:0% and Uranus. So, what's the difference? 00:37:15.839 --> 00:37:18.310 align:start position:0% and Uranus. So, what's the difference? Well,<00:37:16.240> simply<00:37:16.640> put,<00:37:17.280> there's<00:37:17.599> another<00:37:17.920> force 00:37:18.310 --> 00:37:18.320 align:start position:0% Well, simply put, there's another force 00:37:18.320 --> 00:37:21.270 align:start position:0% Well, simply put, there's another force of<00:37:18.560> gravity<00:37:18.960> in<00:37:19.119> the<00:37:19.280> solar<00:37:19.599> system<00:37:20.000> called 00:37:21.270 --> 00:37:21.280 align:start position:0% of gravity in the solar system called 00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:24.470 align:start position:0% of gravity in the solar system called the<00:37:21.599> sun.<00:37:22.800> Moons<00:37:23.119> in<00:37:23.280> orbit<00:37:23.680> around<00:37:24.000> planets 00:37:24.470 --> 00:37:24.480 align:start position:0% the sun. Moons in orbit around planets 00:37:24.480 --> 00:37:26.630 align:start position:0% the sun. Moons in orbit around planets are<00:37:24.800> constantly<00:37:25.440> being<00:37:25.760> tugged<00:37:26.160> and<00:37:26.320> pulled 00:37:26.630 --> 00:37:26.640 align:start position:0% are constantly being tugged and pulled 00:37:26.640 --> 00:37:29.270 align:start position:0% are constantly being tugged and pulled at<00:37:26.800> by<00:37:26.960> the<00:37:27.119> sun.<00:37:28.000> However,<00:37:28.480> they<00:37:28.720> are<00:37:28.880> within 00:37:29.270 --> 00:37:29.280 align:start position:0% at by the sun. However, they are within 00:37:29.280 --> 00:37:32.069 align:start position:0% at by the sun. However, they are within something<00:37:29.760> called<00:37:29.920> the<00:37:30.160> planet's<00:37:30.640> hillphere. 00:37:32.069 --> 00:37:32.079 align:start position:0% something called the planet's hillphere. 00:37:32.079 --> 00:37:34.150 align:start position:0% something called the planet's hillphere. Within<00:37:32.400> the<00:37:32.560> hillphere<00:37:33.119> of<00:37:33.200> a<00:37:33.359> planet,<00:37:33.920> the 00:37:34.150 --> 00:37:34.160 align:start position:0% Within the hillphere of a planet, the 00:37:34.160 --> 00:37:36.069 align:start position:0% Within the hillphere of a planet, the planet's<00:37:34.560> gravity<00:37:35.119> has<00:37:35.440> more<00:37:35.680> of<00:37:35.920> an 00:37:36.069 --> 00:37:36.079 align:start position:0% planet's gravity has more of an 00:37:36.079 --> 00:37:38.390 align:start position:0% planet's gravity has more of an influence<00:37:36.560> on<00:37:36.880> the<00:37:37.040> object<00:37:37.599> than<00:37:37.920> the<00:37:38.079> sun's 00:37:38.390 --> 00:37:38.400 align:start position:0% influence on the object than the sun's 00:37:38.400 --> 00:37:41.349 align:start position:0% influence on the object than the sun's gravity.<00:37:39.839> And<00:37:40.079> this<00:37:40.320> influence<00:37:40.880> will<00:37:41.119> be 00:37:41.349 --> 00:37:41.359 align:start position:0% gravity. And this influence will be 00:37:41.359 --> 00:37:43.349 align:start position:0% gravity. And this influence will be different<00:37:41.760> depending<00:37:42.240> on<00:37:42.480> how<00:37:42.720> close<00:37:43.040> you<00:37:43.200> are 00:37:43.349 --> 00:37:43.359 align:start position:0% different depending on how close you are 00:37:43.359 --> 00:37:45.990 align:start position:0% different depending on how close you are to<00:37:43.599> the<00:37:43.760> sun.<00:37:44.400> Because<00:37:44.640> the<00:37:44.880> closer<00:37:45.200> you<00:37:45.440> are, 00:37:45.990 --> 00:37:46.000 align:start position:0% to the sun. Because the closer you are, 00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:47.750 align:start position:0% to the sun. Because the closer you are, the<00:37:46.240> stronger<00:37:46.560> you<00:37:46.800> are<00:37:46.960> under<00:37:47.200> the<00:37:47.440> influence 00:37:47.750 --> 00:37:47.760 align:start position:0% the stronger you are under the influence 00:37:47.760 --> 00:37:50.069 align:start position:0% the stronger you are under the influence of<00:37:47.920> the<00:37:48.079> sun's<00:37:48.400> gravity.<00:37:49.440> This<00:37:49.680> means<00:37:49.920> that 00:37:50.069 --> 00:37:50.079 align:start position:0% of the sun's gravity. This means that 00:37:50.079 --> 00:37:52.150 align:start position:0% of the sun's gravity. This means that the<00:37:50.240> hillphere<00:37:50.880> around<00:37:51.200> Earth<00:37:51.520> isn't<00:37:51.920> very 00:37:52.150 --> 00:37:52.160 align:start position:0% the hillphere around Earth isn't very 00:37:52.160 --> 00:37:55.990 align:start position:0% the hillphere around Earth isn't very big,<00:37:52.800> only<00:37:53.119> 1.5<00:37:53.839> million<00:37:54.240> km. 00:37:55.990 --> 00:37:56.000 align:start position:0% big, only 1.5 million km. 00:37:56.000 --> 00:37:58.470 align:start position:0% big, only 1.5 million km. If<00:37:56.320> Earth<00:37:56.640> was<00:37:56.960> close<00:37:57.200> to<00:37:57.359> the<00:37:57.520> sun,<00:37:58.160> its 00:37:58.470 --> 00:37:58.480 align:start position:0% If Earth was close to the sun, its 00:37:58.480 --> 00:38:00.950 align:start position:0% If Earth was close to the sun, its hillphere<00:37:59.040> would<00:37:59.200> be<00:37:59.359> smaller.<00:38:00.480> If<00:38:00.640> it<00:38:00.800> was 00:38:00.950 --> 00:38:00.960 align:start position:0% hillphere would be smaller. If it was 00:38:00.960 --> 00:38:04.230 align:start position:0% hillphere would be smaller. If it was further<00:38:01.359> away,<00:38:02.000> it<00:38:02.240> would<00:38:02.400> be<00:38:02.560> bigger. 00:38:04.230 --> 00:38:04.240 align:start position:0% further away, it would be bigger. 00:38:04.240 --> 00:38:06.310 align:start position:0% further away, it would be bigger. And<00:38:04.400> now<00:38:04.640> you<00:38:04.880> can<00:38:04.960> see<00:38:05.119> why<00:38:05.359> these<00:38:05.599> gas<00:38:05.920> giants 00:38:06.310 --> 00:38:06.320 align:start position:0% And now you can see why these gas giants 00:38:06.320 --> 00:38:08.870 align:start position:0% And now you can see why these gas giants have<00:38:06.560> so<00:38:06.880> many<00:38:07.119> captured<00:38:07.599> moons.<00:38:08.160> Their<00:38:08.560> hill 00:38:08.870 --> 00:38:08.880 align:start position:0% have so many captured moons. Their hill 00:38:08.880 --> 00:38:10.870 align:start position:0% have so many captured moons. Their hill spheres<00:38:09.280> are<00:38:09.440> simply<00:38:09.839> much<00:38:10.160> bigger<00:38:10.480> all<00:38:10.720> the 00:38:10.870 --> 00:38:10.880 align:start position:0% spheres are simply much bigger all the 00:38:10.880 --> 00:38:12.950 align:start position:0% spheres are simply much bigger all the way<00:38:10.960> out<00:38:11.200> there. 00:38:12.950 --> 00:38:12.960 align:start position:0% way out there. 00:38:12.960 --> 00:38:15.430 align:start position:0% way out there. In<00:38:13.200> fact,<00:38:13.520> Neptune,<00:38:14.560> while<00:38:14.880> not<00:38:15.040> being 00:38:15.430 --> 00:38:15.440 align:start position:0% In fact, Neptune, while not being 00:38:15.440 --> 00:38:17.990 align:start position:0% In fact, Neptune, while not being anywhere<00:38:15.839> near<00:38:16.079> as<00:38:16.320> massive<00:38:16.640> as<00:38:16.880> Jupiter,<00:38:17.839> has 00:38:17.990 --> 00:38:18.000 align:start position:0% anywhere near as massive as Jupiter, has 00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:20.790 align:start position:0% anywhere near as massive as Jupiter, has a<00:38:18.240> much<00:38:18.480> bigger<00:38:18.800> hillphere,<00:38:20.000> meaning<00:38:20.320> it<00:38:20.640> can 00:38:20.790 --> 00:38:20.800 align:start position:0% a much bigger hillphere, meaning it can 00:38:20.800 --> 00:38:23.109 align:start position:0% a much bigger hillphere, meaning it can capture<00:38:21.200> stray<00:38:21.599> asteroids<00:38:22.240> which<00:38:22.480> are<00:38:22.640> tens 00:38:23.109 --> 00:38:23.119 align:start position:0% capture stray asteroids which are tens 00:38:23.119 --> 00:38:26.630 align:start position:0% capture stray asteroids which are tens of<00:38:23.280> millions<00:38:23.680> of<00:38:23.839> kilome<00:38:24.320> away. 00:38:26.630 --> 00:38:26.640 align:start position:0% of millions of kilome away. 00:38:26.640 --> 00:38:28.310 align:start position:0% of millions of kilome away. In<00:38:26.880> order<00:38:27.040> for<00:38:27.359> Earth<00:38:27.599> to<00:38:27.839> permanently 00:38:28.310 --> 00:38:28.320 align:start position:0% In order for Earth to permanently 00:38:28.320 --> 00:38:30.230 align:start position:0% In order for Earth to permanently capture<00:38:28.640> an<00:38:28.880> object,<00:38:29.520> it<00:38:29.760> would<00:38:29.920> have<00:38:30.079> to 00:38:30.230 --> 00:38:30.240 align:start position:0% capture an object, it would have to 00:38:30.240 --> 00:38:32.870 align:start position:0% capture an object, it would have to happen<00:38:30.560> in<00:38:30.880> just<00:38:31.119> the<00:38:31.359> right<00:38:31.599> way,<00:38:32.400> likely 00:38:32.870 --> 00:38:32.880 align:start position:0% happen in just the right way, likely 00:38:32.880 --> 00:38:35.030 align:start position:0% happen in just the right way, likely needing<00:38:33.280> some<00:38:33.520> helpful<00:38:34.000> gravitational<00:38:34.640> tugs 00:38:35.030 --> 00:38:35.040 align:start position:0% needing some helpful gravitational tugs 00:38:35.040 --> 00:38:37.109 align:start position:0% needing some helpful gravitational tugs from<00:38:35.200> our<00:38:35.359> moon<00:38:35.680> along<00:38:35.920> the<00:38:36.079> way<00:38:36.320> to<00:38:36.560> tame<00:38:36.880> its 00:38:37.109 --> 00:38:37.119 align:start position:0% from our moon along the way to tame its 00:38:37.119 --> 00:38:39.990 align:start position:0% from our moon along the way to tame its orbit.<00:38:38.079> And<00:38:38.320> as<00:38:38.560> far<00:38:38.720> as<00:38:38.880> we<00:38:39.040> know,<00:38:39.680> that 00:38:39.990 --> 00:38:40.000 align:start position:0% orbit. And as far as we know, that 00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:41.990 align:start position:0% orbit. And as far as we know, that hasn't<00:38:40.320> happened<00:38:40.640> yet.<00:38:41.359> Meaning<00:38:41.680> anything 00:38:41.990 --> 00:38:42.000 align:start position:0% hasn't happened yet. Meaning anything 00:38:42.000 --> 00:38:43.990 align:start position:0% hasn't happened yet. Meaning anything that<00:38:42.240> does<00:38:42.480> come<00:38:42.720> too<00:38:42.960> close<00:38:43.359> only<00:38:43.680> sticks 00:38:43.990 --> 00:38:44.000 align:start position:0% that does come too close only sticks 00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:46.069 align:start position:0% that does come too close only sticks around<00:38:44.240> for<00:38:44.480> a<00:38:44.720> few<00:38:44.880> orbits<00:38:45.359> before<00:38:45.599> it<00:38:45.760> leaves 00:38:46.069 --> 00:38:46.079 align:start position:0% around for a few orbits before it leaves 00:38:46.079 --> 00:38:47.750 align:start position:0% around for a few orbits before it leaves again. 00:38:47.750 --> 00:38:47.760 align:start position:0% again. 00:38:47.760 --> 00:38:54.710 align:start position:0% again. So<00:38:48.400> enjoy<00:38:48.960> 2020<00:38:49.680> CD3<00:38:50.560> while<00:38:50.880> you<00:38:51.119> still<00:38:51.359> can. 00:38:54.710 --> 00:38:54.720 align:start position:0% 00:38:54.720 --> 00:38:59.030 align:start position:0% Can<00:38:55.040> a<00:38:55.280> moon<00:38:55.839> have<00:38:56.000> a<00:38:56.320> moon?<00:38:57.599> Well,<00:38:58.079> yes.<00:38:58.720> In 00:38:59.030 --> 00:38:59.040 align:start position:0% Can a moon have a moon? Well, yes. In 00:38:59.040 --> 00:39:02.069 align:start position:0% Can a moon have a moon? Well, yes. In theory,<00:38:59.520> it<00:38:59.760> can.<00:39:00.720> And<00:39:00.880> yet,<00:39:01.280> we<00:39:01.520> don't<00:39:01.760> see 00:39:02.069 --> 00:39:02.079 align:start position:0% theory, it can. And yet, we don't see 00:39:02.079 --> 00:39:03.910 align:start position:0% theory, it can. And yet, we don't see any<00:39:02.400> examples<00:39:02.800> of<00:39:03.040> this<00:39:03.200> in<00:39:03.440> our<00:39:03.599> solar 00:39:03.910 --> 00:39:03.920 align:start position:0% any examples of this in our solar 00:39:03.920 --> 00:39:07.589 align:start position:0% any examples of this in our solar system.<00:39:04.800> So<00:39:05.280> why<00:39:05.520> is<00:39:05.760> that?<00:39:07.040> The<00:39:07.280> first 00:39:07.589 --> 00:39:07.599 align:start position:0% system. So why is that? The first 00:39:07.599 --> 00:39:09.430 align:start position:0% system. So why is that? The first important<00:39:08.000> thing<00:39:08.240> to<00:39:08.480> know<00:39:08.720> is<00:39:08.960> that<00:39:09.200> all 00:39:09.430 --> 00:39:09.440 align:start position:0% important thing to know is that all 00:39:09.440 --> 00:39:11.670 align:start position:0% important thing to know is that all celestial<00:39:10.079> objects<00:39:10.560> have<00:39:10.880> gravitational 00:39:11.670 --> 00:39:11.680 align:start position:0% celestial objects have gravitational 00:39:11.680 --> 00:39:14.310 align:start position:0% celestial objects have gravitational pull.<00:39:12.720> That<00:39:12.960> includes<00:39:13.599> tiny<00:39:14.079> little 00:39:14.310 --> 00:39:14.320 align:start position:0% pull. That includes tiny little 00:39:14.320 --> 00:39:17.829 align:start position:0% pull. That includes tiny little asteroids<00:39:15.599> all<00:39:15.839> the<00:39:16.079> way<00:39:16.240> to<00:39:16.560> giant<00:39:17.040> stars<00:39:17.599> or 00:39:17.829 --> 00:39:17.839 align:start position:0% asteroids all the way to giant stars or 00:39:17.839 --> 00:39:21.030 align:start position:0% asteroids all the way to giant stars or even<00:39:18.400> black<00:39:18.720> holes.<00:39:19.839> The<00:39:20.079> mass<00:39:20.400> of<00:39:20.480> an<00:39:20.720> object 00:39:21.030 --> 00:39:21.040 align:start position:0% even black holes. The mass of an object 00:39:21.040 --> 00:39:23.190 align:start position:0% even black holes. The mass of an object dictates<00:39:21.680> how<00:39:22.000> strong<00:39:22.320> its<00:39:22.640> gravitational 00:39:23.190 --> 00:39:23.200 align:start position:0% dictates how strong its gravitational 00:39:23.200 --> 00:39:26.310 align:start position:0% dictates how strong its gravitational pull<00:39:23.520> is. 00:39:26.310 --> 00:39:26.320 align:start position:0% pull is. 00:39:26.320 --> 00:39:28.630 align:start position:0% pull is. A<00:39:26.560> region<00:39:26.880> around<00:39:27.280> an<00:39:27.520> object<00:39:28.000> where<00:39:28.320> its 00:39:28.630 --> 00:39:28.640 align:start position:0% A region around an object where its 00:39:28.640 --> 00:39:31.030 align:start position:0% A region around an object where its gravitational<00:39:29.359> influence<00:39:30.079> is<00:39:30.400> greater<00:39:30.720> than 00:39:31.030 --> 00:39:31.040 align:start position:0% gravitational influence is greater than 00:39:31.040 --> 00:39:33.430 align:start position:0% gravitational influence is greater than any<00:39:31.359> other<00:39:31.599> celestial<00:39:32.160> object<00:39:32.480> near<00:39:32.800> them<00:39:33.119> is 00:39:33.430 --> 00:39:33.440 align:start position:0% any other celestial object near them is 00:39:33.440 --> 00:39:36.470 align:start position:0% any other celestial object near them is called<00:39:33.760> its<00:39:34.079> hill<00:39:34.400> sphere.<00:39:35.760> Due<00:39:36.000> to<00:39:36.079> the<00:39:36.240> mass 00:39:36.470 --> 00:39:36.480 align:start position:0% called its hill sphere. Due to the mass 00:39:36.480 --> 00:39:38.790 align:start position:0% called its hill sphere. Due to the mass of<00:39:36.720> our<00:39:36.960> Earth,<00:39:37.520> it<00:39:37.760> has<00:39:37.839> a<00:39:38.000> hillphere<00:39:38.560> which 00:39:38.790 --> 00:39:38.800 align:start position:0% of our Earth, it has a hillphere which 00:39:38.800 --> 00:39:42.710 align:start position:0% of our Earth, it has a hillphere which has<00:39:38.960> a<00:39:39.200> radius<00:39:39.599> of<00:39:40.000> 1.5<00:39:40.880> million<00:39:41.280> km.<00:39:42.400> Meaning 00:39:42.710 --> 00:39:42.720 align:start position:0% has a radius of 1.5 million km. Meaning 00:39:42.720 --> 00:39:45.109 align:start position:0% has a radius of 1.5 million km. Meaning that<00:39:42.960> if<00:39:43.119> you<00:39:43.359> were<00:39:43.520> within<00:39:43.920> this<00:39:44.160> hillphere, 00:39:45.109 --> 00:39:45.119 align:start position:0% that if you were within this hillphere, 00:39:45.119 --> 00:39:47.109 align:start position:0% that if you were within this hillphere, you<00:39:45.280> would<00:39:45.440> be<00:39:45.599> pulled<00:39:46.000> more<00:39:46.240> towards<00:39:46.720> Earth 00:39:47.109 --> 00:39:47.119 align:start position:0% you would be pulled more towards Earth 00:39:47.119 --> 00:39:49.910 align:start position:0% you would be pulled more towards Earth than<00:39:47.359> towards<00:39:47.760> the<00:39:48.000> sun. 00:39:49.910 --> 00:39:49.920 align:start position:0% than towards the sun. 00:39:49.920 --> 00:39:52.550 align:start position:0% than towards the sun. If<00:39:50.160> the<00:39:50.320> Earth<00:39:50.640> was<00:39:50.960> closer<00:39:51.280> to<00:39:51.440> the<00:39:51.680> sun,<00:39:52.320> its 00:39:52.550 --> 00:39:52.560 align:start position:0% If the Earth was closer to the sun, its 00:39:52.560 --> 00:39:55.190 align:start position:0% If the Earth was closer to the sun, its hillphere<00:39:53.280> would<00:39:53.440> be<00:39:53.680> smaller.<00:39:54.640> And<00:39:54.800> if<00:39:54.960> it 00:39:55.190 --> 00:39:55.200 align:start position:0% hillphere would be smaller. And if it 00:39:55.200 --> 00:39:59.510 align:start position:0% hillphere would be smaller. And if it was<00:39:55.359> further<00:39:55.760> away,<00:39:56.640> it<00:39:56.880> would<00:39:56.960> be<00:39:57.119> larger. 00:39:59.510 --> 00:39:59.520 align:start position:0% was further away, it would be larger. 00:39:59.520 --> 00:40:02.230 align:start position:0% was further away, it would be larger. The<00:39:59.760> sun<00:40:00.240> also<00:40:00.640> has<00:40:00.800> its<00:40:01.040> own<00:40:01.200> hillphere, 00:40:02.230 --> 00:40:02.240 align:start position:0% The sun also has its own hillphere, 00:40:02.240 --> 00:40:05.510 align:start position:0% The sun also has its own hillphere, which<00:40:02.560> contains<00:40:02.960> the<00:40:03.280> entire<00:40:03.680> solar<00:40:04.079> system. 00:40:05.510 --> 00:40:05.520 align:start position:0% which contains the entire solar system. 00:40:05.520 --> 00:40:08.710 align:start position:0% which contains the entire solar system. Its<00:40:05.839> hill<00:40:06.079> sphere<00:40:06.400> is<00:40:06.800> massive<00:40:07.760> almost<00:40:08.320> two 00:40:08.710 --> 00:40:08.720 align:start position:0% Its hill sphere is massive almost two 00:40:08.720 --> 00:40:11.349 align:start position:0% Its hill sphere is massive almost two light<00:40:09.040> years<00:40:09.520> radius<00:40:10.560> as<00:40:10.880> the<00:40:11.040> nearest 00:40:11.349 --> 00:40:11.359 align:start position:0% light years radius as the nearest 00:40:11.359 --> 00:40:13.190 align:start position:0% light years radius as the nearest celestial<00:40:11.920> object<00:40:12.320> its<00:40:12.560> gravity<00:40:12.960> is 00:40:13.190 --> 00:40:13.200 align:start position:0% celestial object its gravity is 00:40:13.200 --> 00:40:16.550 align:start position:0% celestial object its gravity is competing<00:40:13.680> against<00:40:14.320> are<00:40:14.560> other<00:40:14.880> stars 00:40:16.550 --> 00:40:16.560 align:start position:0% competing against are other stars 00:40:16.560 --> 00:40:19.270 align:start position:0% competing against are other stars which<00:40:16.880> means<00:40:17.200> in<00:40:17.440> a<00:40:17.599> way<00:40:18.240> everything<00:40:18.720> orbiting 00:40:19.270 --> 00:40:19.280 align:start position:0% which means in a way everything orbiting 00:40:19.280 --> 00:40:22.950 align:start position:0% which means in a way everything orbiting our<00:40:19.599> sun<00:40:20.000> is<00:40:20.240> the<00:40:20.480> sun's<00:40:20.880> moon<00:40:21.760> or<00:40:22.079> rather<00:40:22.640> its 00:40:22.950 --> 00:40:22.960 align:start position:0% our sun is the sun's moon or rather its 00:40:22.960 --> 00:40:25.510 align:start position:0% our sun is the sun's moon or rather its satellite.<00:40:24.079> The<00:40:24.320> term<00:40:24.560> moon<00:40:24.960> is<00:40:25.200> really 00:40:25.510 --> 00:40:25.520 align:start position:0% satellite. The term moon is really 00:40:25.520 --> 00:40:29.430 align:start position:0% satellite. The term moon is really reserved<00:40:25.920> for<00:40:26.160> satellites<00:40:26.720> of<00:40:27.040> planets. 00:40:29.430 --> 00:40:29.440 align:start position:0% reserved for satellites of planets. 00:40:29.440 --> 00:40:31.990 align:start position:0% reserved for satellites of planets. So<00:40:29.680> why<00:40:30.000> don't<00:40:30.320> moons<00:40:30.880> also<00:40:31.280> have<00:40:31.599> natural 00:40:31.990 --> 00:40:32.000 align:start position:0% So why don't moons also have natural 00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:34.230 align:start position:0% So why don't moons also have natural satellites? 00:40:34.230 --> 00:40:34.240 align:start position:0% satellites? 00:40:34.240 --> 00:40:36.790 align:start position:0% satellites? Well,<00:40:34.640> lots<00:40:34.960> of<00:40:35.119> moons<00:40:35.680> are<00:40:35.920> extremely<00:40:36.560> close 00:40:36.790 --> 00:40:36.800 align:start position:0% Well, lots of moons are extremely close 00:40:36.800 --> 00:40:39.109 align:start position:0% Well, lots of moons are extremely close to<00:40:37.040> their<00:40:37.280> parent<00:40:37.599> planets,<00:40:38.560> meaning<00:40:38.880> their 00:40:39.109 --> 00:40:39.119 align:start position:0% to their parent planets, meaning their 00:40:39.119 --> 00:40:42.230 align:start position:0% to their parent planets, meaning their hillpheres<00:40:39.839> are<00:40:40.079> very<00:40:40.320> small. 00:40:42.230 --> 00:40:42.240 align:start position:0% hillpheres are very small. 00:40:42.240 --> 00:40:44.950 align:start position:0% hillpheres are very small. Let's<00:40:42.560> take<00:40:42.800> our<00:40:43.119> moon<00:40:43.440> as<00:40:43.599> an<00:40:43.680> example. 00:40:44.950 --> 00:40:44.960 align:start position:0% Let's take our moon as an example. 00:40:44.960 --> 00:40:47.030 align:start position:0% Let's take our moon as an example. Against<00:40:45.280> the<00:40:45.520> earth,<00:40:45.920> the<00:40:46.160> hillphere<00:40:46.720> of<00:40:46.880> the 00:40:47.030 --> 00:40:47.040 align:start position:0% Against the earth, the hillphere of the 00:40:47.040 --> 00:40:51.030 align:start position:0% Against the earth, the hillphere of the moon<00:40:47.280> is<00:40:47.520> only<00:40:47.920> 60,000<00:40:48.720> km<00:40:49.280> radius<00:40:50.000> or<00:40:50.320> only 00:40:51.030 --> 00:40:51.040 align:start position:0% moon is only 60,000 km radius or only 00:40:51.040 --> 00:40:53.030 align:start position:0% moon is only 60,000 km radius or only 16th<00:40:51.440> of<00:40:51.680> the<00:40:51.839> distance<00:40:52.240> from<00:40:52.480> the<00:40:52.640> moon<00:40:52.880> to 00:40:53.030 --> 00:40:53.040 align:start position:0% 16th of the distance from the moon to 00:40:53.040 --> 00:40:54.710 align:start position:0% 16th of the distance from the moon to the<00:40:53.200> earth. 00:40:54.710 --> 00:40:54.720 align:start position:0% the earth. 00:40:54.720 --> 00:40:57.109 align:start position:0% the earth. Moons<00:40:55.119> like<00:40:55.359> Io<00:40:55.839> have<00:40:56.000> an<00:40:56.160> even<00:40:56.400> smaller<00:40:56.800> hill 00:40:57.109 --> 00:40:57.119 align:start position:0% Moons like Io have an even smaller hill 00:40:57.119 --> 00:40:59.270 align:start position:0% Moons like Io have an even smaller hill sphere<00:40:57.839> as<00:40:58.079> it<00:40:58.240> is<00:40:58.400> competing<00:40:58.880> against<00:40:59.119> the 00:40:59.270 --> 00:40:59.280 align:start position:0% sphere as it is competing against the 00:40:59.280 --> 00:41:02.630 align:start position:0% sphere as it is competing against the gravity<00:40:59.760> of<00:41:00.160> Jupiter. 00:41:02.630 --> 00:41:02.640 align:start position:0% gravity of Jupiter. 00:41:02.640 --> 00:41:04.710 align:start position:0% gravity of Jupiter. This<00:41:02.880> makes<00:41:03.119> it<00:41:03.440> quite<00:41:03.760> hard<00:41:03.920> for<00:41:04.240> moons<00:41:04.560> to 00:41:04.710 --> 00:41:04.720 align:start position:0% This makes it quite hard for moons to 00:41:04.720 --> 00:41:07.270 align:start position:0% This makes it quite hard for moons to capture<00:41:05.040> an<00:41:05.280> object,<00:41:06.000> but<00:41:06.400> not<00:41:06.720> technically 00:41:07.270 --> 00:41:07.280 align:start position:0% capture an object, but not technically 00:41:07.280 --> 00:41:09.030 align:start position:0% capture an object, but not technically impossible. 00:41:09.030 --> 00:41:09.040 align:start position:0% impossible. 00:41:09.040 --> 00:41:11.030 align:start position:0% impossible. So<00:41:09.440> surely<00:41:09.839> there<00:41:10.079> must<00:41:10.319> be<00:41:10.400> a<00:41:10.560> moon<00:41:10.720> that<00:41:10.960> has 00:41:11.030 --> 00:41:11.040 align:start position:0% So surely there must be a moon that has 00:41:11.040 --> 00:41:14.150 align:start position:0% So surely there must be a moon that has a<00:41:11.200> natural<00:41:11.520> satellite<00:41:12.000> somewhere,<00:41:12.720> right? 00:41:14.150 --> 00:41:14.160 align:start position:0% a natural satellite somewhere, right? 00:41:14.160 --> 00:41:16.950 align:start position:0% a natural satellite somewhere, right? Well,<00:41:14.720> most<00:41:15.040> moons<00:41:15.520> also<00:41:15.920> have<00:41:16.240> one<00:41:16.640> other 00:41:16.950 --> 00:41:16.960 align:start position:0% Well, most moons also have one other 00:41:16.960 --> 00:41:19.750 align:start position:0% Well, most moons also have one other major<00:41:17.359> problem.<00:41:18.319> They<00:41:18.560> tend<00:41:18.800> to<00:41:18.960> be<00:41:19.119> tidily 00:41:19.750 --> 00:41:19.760 align:start position:0% major problem. They tend to be tidily 00:41:19.760 --> 00:41:22.630 align:start position:0% major problem. They tend to be tidily locked<00:41:20.079> to<00:41:20.319> their<00:41:20.560> parent<00:41:20.880> planet. 00:41:22.630 --> 00:41:22.640 align:start position:0% locked to their parent planet. 00:41:22.640 --> 00:41:24.870 align:start position:0% locked to their parent planet. Because<00:41:22.960> of<00:41:23.119> this,<00:41:23.760> any<00:41:24.079> satellite<00:41:24.640> that 00:41:24.870 --> 00:41:24.880 align:start position:0% Because of this, any satellite that 00:41:24.880 --> 00:41:27.190 align:start position:0% Because of this, any satellite that orbits<00:41:25.280> a<00:41:25.440> tidly<00:41:26.000> locked<00:41:26.319> object<00:41:26.800> will<00:41:27.040> have 00:41:27.190 --> 00:41:27.200 align:start position:0% orbits a tidly locked object will have 00:41:27.200 --> 00:41:30.309 align:start position:0% orbits a tidly locked object will have its<00:41:27.359> orbit<00:41:27.760> decay<00:41:28.319> from<00:41:28.640> tidal<00:41:29.119> forces<00:41:30.000> until 00:41:30.309 --> 00:41:30.319 align:start position:0% its orbit decay from tidal forces until 00:41:30.319 --> 00:41:33.109 align:start position:0% its orbit decay from tidal forces until it<00:41:30.560> eventually<00:41:31.040> crashes<00:41:31.520> into<00:41:31.760> the<00:41:31.920> moon. 00:41:33.109 --> 00:41:33.119 align:start position:0% it eventually crashes into the moon. 00:41:33.119 --> 00:41:35.670 align:start position:0% it eventually crashes into the moon. Now,<00:41:33.440> this<00:41:33.760> still<00:41:34.079> takes<00:41:34.400> a<00:41:34.640> lot<00:41:34.720> of<00:41:34.960> time<00:41:35.280> over 00:41:35.670 --> 00:41:35.680 align:start position:0% Now, this still takes a lot of time over 00:41:35.680 --> 00:41:38.550 align:start position:0% Now, this still takes a lot of time over astronomical<00:41:36.640> standards,<00:41:37.599> but<00:41:37.839> it<00:41:38.079> means<00:41:38.319> if 00:41:38.550 --> 00:41:38.560 align:start position:0% astronomical standards, but it means if 00:41:38.560 --> 00:41:40.630 align:start position:0% astronomical standards, but it means if any<00:41:38.800> of<00:41:38.880> the<00:41:39.040> moons<00:41:39.359> in<00:41:39.520> our<00:41:39.680> solar<00:41:40.000> system<00:41:40.400> did 00:41:40.630 --> 00:41:40.640 align:start position:0% any of the moons in our solar system did 00:41:40.640 --> 00:41:43.109 align:start position:0% any of the moons in our solar system did have<00:41:40.800> a<00:41:40.960> satellite<00:41:41.440> at<00:41:41.680> one<00:41:41.839> point,<00:41:42.640> chances 00:41:43.109 --> 00:41:43.119 align:start position:0% have a satellite at one point, chances 00:41:43.119 --> 00:41:46.390 align:start position:0% have a satellite at one point, chances are<00:41:43.440> that<00:41:43.760> it<00:41:43.920> has<00:41:44.079> since<00:41:44.480> crashed<00:41:44.800> into<00:41:45.119> it. 00:41:46.390 --> 00:41:46.400 align:start position:0% are that it has since crashed into it. 00:41:46.400 --> 00:41:49.510 align:start position:0% are that it has since crashed into it. This<00:41:46.720> leaves<00:41:47.280> one<00:41:47.680> question,<00:41:48.079> I<00:41:48.319> think.<00:41:49.200> Why 00:41:49.510 --> 00:41:49.520 align:start position:0% This leaves one question, I think. Why 00:41:49.520 --> 00:41:51.750 align:start position:0% This leaves one question, I think. Why don't<00:41:49.839> moons<00:41:50.160> of<00:41:50.400> planets<00:41:50.800> also<00:41:51.280> eventually 00:41:51.750 --> 00:41:51.760 align:start position:0% don't moons of planets also eventually 00:41:51.760 --> 00:41:54.630 align:start position:0% don't moons of planets also eventually crash?<00:41:53.040> The<00:41:53.280> difference<00:41:53.599> is<00:41:53.920> that<00:41:54.240> none<00:41:54.480> of 00:41:54.630 --> 00:41:54.640 align:start position:0% crash? The difference is that none of 00:41:54.640 --> 00:41:57.349 align:start position:0% crash? The difference is that none of our<00:41:54.880> planets<00:41:55.440> are<00:41:55.680> tidly<00:41:56.160> locked<00:41:56.480> to<00:41:56.640> the<00:41:56.800> sun 00:41:57.349 --> 00:41:57.359 align:start position:0% our planets are tidly locked to the sun 00:41:57.359 --> 00:41:59.030 align:start position:0% our planets are tidly locked to the sun as<00:41:57.599> they<00:41:57.839> are<00:41:58.000> far<00:41:58.160> enough<00:41:58.400> away<00:41:58.640> from<00:41:58.800> the 00:41:59.030 --> 00:41:59.040 align:start position:0% as they are far enough away from the 00:41:59.040 --> 00:42:01.430 align:start position:0% as they are far enough away from the parent<00:41:59.359> star<00:42:00.079> which<00:42:00.319> means<00:42:00.560> their<00:42:00.800> moons<00:42:01.200> have 00:42:01.430 --> 00:42:01.440 align:start position:0% parent star which means their moons have 00:42:01.440 --> 00:42:04.150 align:start position:0% parent star which means their moons have a<00:42:01.680> stable<00:42:02.079> orbit. 00:42:04.150 --> 00:42:04.160 align:start position:0% a stable orbit. 00:42:04.160 --> 00:42:05.829 align:start position:0% a stable orbit. This<00:42:04.319> is<00:42:04.480> one<00:42:04.720> of<00:42:04.800> the<00:42:05.040> reasons<00:42:05.280> we<00:42:05.599> believe 00:42:05.829 --> 00:42:05.839 align:start position:0% This is one of the reasons we believe 00:42:05.839 --> 00:42:07.990 align:start position:0% This is one of the reasons we believe that<00:42:06.079> none<00:42:06.319> of<00:42:06.400> the<00:42:06.640> Trappist<00:42:07.200> system<00:42:07.520> planets 00:42:07.990 --> 00:42:08.000 align:start position:0% that none of the Trappist system planets 00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:10.390 align:start position:0% that none of the Trappist system planets have<00:42:08.160> moons<00:42:08.880> as<00:42:09.119> they<00:42:09.359> are<00:42:09.440> so<00:42:09.680> close<00:42:10.000> to<00:42:10.160> their 00:42:10.390 --> 00:42:10.400 align:start position:0% have moons as they are so close to their 00:42:10.400 --> 00:42:12.870 align:start position:0% have moons as they are so close to their parent<00:42:10.800> star<00:42:11.359> that<00:42:11.680> we<00:42:11.839> assume<00:42:12.240> the<00:42:12.480> planets 00:42:12.870 --> 00:42:12.880 align:start position:0% parent star that we assume the planets 00:42:12.880 --> 00:42:15.349 align:start position:0% parent star that we assume the planets are<00:42:13.040> all<00:42:13.280> tidily<00:42:13.760> locked. 00:42:15.349 --> 00:42:15.359 align:start position:0% are all tidily locked. 00:42:15.359 --> 00:42:17.510 align:start position:0% are all tidily locked. I<00:42:15.599> hope<00:42:15.920> this<00:42:16.160> didn't<00:42:16.480> disappoint<00:42:16.960> you<00:42:17.200> too 00:42:17.510 --> 00:42:17.520 align:start position:0% I hope this didn't disappoint you too 00:42:17.520 --> 00:42:19.430 align:start position:0% I hope this didn't disappoint you too much.<00:42:18.240> So,<00:42:18.560> I'm<00:42:18.720> going<00:42:18.800> to<00:42:18.960> leave<00:42:19.119> you<00:42:19.280> with 00:42:19.430 --> 00:42:19.440 align:start position:0% much. So, I'm going to leave you with 00:42:19.440 --> 00:42:21.990 align:start position:0% much. So, I'm going to leave you with this.<00:42:20.400> There<00:42:20.560> are<00:42:20.800> some<00:42:21.119> other<00:42:21.440> curious 00:42:21.990 --> 00:42:22.000 align:start position:0% this. There are some other curious 00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:24.230 align:start position:0% this. There are some other curious objects<00:42:22.400> in<00:42:22.560> the<00:42:22.720> solar<00:42:23.040> system<00:42:23.599> far<00:42:23.920> away 00:42:24.230 --> 00:42:24.240 align:start position:0% objects in the solar system far away 00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:26.309 align:start position:0% objects in the solar system far away from<00:42:24.480> any<00:42:24.720> other<00:42:25.040> object<00:42:25.760> so<00:42:25.920> that<00:42:26.160> they 00:42:26.309 --> 00:42:26.319 align:start position:0% from any other object so that they 00:42:26.319 --> 00:42:29.109 align:start position:0% from any other object so that they aren't<00:42:26.640> tidy<00:42:27.119> locked<00:42:27.359> to<00:42:27.599> anything.<00:42:28.800> This 00:42:29.109 --> 00:42:29.119 align:start position:0% aren't tidy locked to anything. This 00:42:29.119 --> 00:42:31.829 align:start position:0% aren't tidy locked to anything. This particular<00:42:29.680> asteroid<00:42:30.319> called<00:42:30.640> IDA<00:42:31.520> looks 00:42:31.829 --> 00:42:31.839 align:start position:0% particular asteroid called IDA looks 00:42:31.839 --> 00:42:34.710 align:start position:0% particular asteroid called IDA looks like<00:42:32.000> a<00:42:32.240> standard<00:42:32.720> 30<00:42:33.040> km<00:42:33.520> wide<00:42:33.839> asteroid<00:42:34.480> as 00:42:34.710 --> 00:42:34.720 align:start position:0% like a standard 30 km wide asteroid as 00:42:34.720 --> 00:42:37.430 align:start position:0% like a standard 30 km wide asteroid as seen<00:42:34.960> by<00:42:35.119> the<00:42:35.200> Galileo<00:42:35.920> spacecraft.<00:42:37.040> But<00:42:37.200> you 00:42:37.430 --> 00:42:37.440 align:start position:0% seen by the Galileo spacecraft. But you 00:42:37.440 --> 00:42:40.550 align:start position:0% seen by the Galileo spacecraft. But you might<00:42:37.599> notice<00:42:38.000> this<00:42:38.319> little<00:42:38.560> blob<00:42:39.040> here.<00:42:40.319> This 00:42:40.550 --> 00:42:40.560 align:start position:0% might notice this little blob here. This 00:42:40.560 --> 00:42:43.670 align:start position:0% might notice this little blob here. This is<00:42:40.720> actually<00:42:41.040> Ida's<00:42:41.599> moon,<00:42:42.160> Dactyl.<00:42:43.359> It's 00:42:43.670 --> 00:42:43.680 align:start position:0% is actually Ida's moon, Dactyl. It's 00:42:43.680 --> 00:42:47.670 align:start position:0% is actually Ida's moon, Dactyl. It's only<00:42:44.000> 1.5<00:42:44.720> km<00:42:45.200> across<00:42:45.680> and<00:42:46.000> orbits<00:42:46.480> only<00:42:46.800> 60<00:42:47.200> km 00:42:47.670 --> 00:42:47.680 align:start position:0% only 1.5 km across and orbits only 60 km 00:42:47.680 --> 00:42:50.710 align:start position:0% only 1.5 km across and orbits only 60 km away<00:42:47.920> from<00:42:48.160> IDA.<00:42:49.359> We<00:42:49.599> don't<00:42:49.839> know<00:42:50.160> especially 00:42:50.710 --> 00:42:50.720 align:start position:0% away from IDA. We don't know especially 00:42:50.720 --> 00:42:53.910 align:start position:0% away from IDA. We don't know especially how<00:42:51.040> stable<00:42:51.440> this<00:42:51.680> orbit<00:42:52.079> is,<00:42:52.880> but<00:42:53.280> a<00:42:53.599> very 00:42:53.910 --> 00:42:53.920 align:start position:0% how stable this orbit is, but a very 00:42:53.920 --> 00:42:56.950 align:start position:0% how stable this orbit is, but a very cool<00:42:54.160> thing<00:42:54.319> to<00:42:54.560> observe<00:42:55.040> nonetheless. 00:42:56.950 --> 00:42:56.960 align:start position:0% cool thing to observe nonetheless. 00:42:56.960 --> 00:42:59.030 align:start position:0% cool thing to observe nonetheless. We<00:42:57.200> are<00:42:57.359> used<00:42:57.520> to<00:42:57.760> tectonic<00:42:58.400> activity<00:42:58.800> on 00:42:59.030 --> 00:42:59.040 align:start position:0% We are used to tectonic activity on 00:42:59.040 --> 00:43:01.030 align:start position:0% We are used to tectonic activity on Earth.<00:42:59.599> It<00:42:59.839> being<00:43:00.079> a<00:43:00.240> daily<00:43:00.560> occurrence 00:43:01.030 --> 00:43:01.040 align:start position:0% Earth. It being a daily occurrence 00:43:01.040 --> 00:43:03.910 align:start position:0% Earth. It being a daily occurrence somewhere<00:43:01.440> on<00:43:01.680> the<00:43:01.839> planet. 00:43:03.910 --> 00:43:03.920 align:start position:0% somewhere on the planet. 00:43:03.920 --> 00:43:06.390 align:start position:0% somewhere on the planet. But<00:43:04.160> what<00:43:04.400> about<00:43:04.720> our<00:43:05.040> closest<00:43:05.520> neighbor,<00:43:06.160> the 00:43:06.390 --> 00:43:06.400 align:start position:0% But what about our closest neighbor, the 00:43:06.400 --> 00:43:08.790 align:start position:0% But what about our closest neighbor, the moon? 00:43:08.790 --> 00:43:08.800 align:start position:0% moon? 00:43:08.800 --> 00:43:11.349 align:start position:0% moon? During<00:43:09.119> the<00:43:09.280> Apollo<00:43:09.760> missions,<00:43:10.480> seismometers 00:43:11.349 --> 00:43:11.359 align:start position:0% During the Apollo missions, seismometers 00:43:11.359 --> 00:43:13.030 align:start position:0% During the Apollo missions, seismometers were<00:43:11.520> left<00:43:11.760> on<00:43:11.920> the<00:43:12.079> moon<00:43:12.319> to<00:43:12.480> detect<00:43:12.800> the 00:43:13.030 --> 00:43:13.040 align:start position:0% were left on the moon to detect the 00:43:13.040 --> 00:43:15.589 align:start position:0% were left on the moon to detect the presence<00:43:13.359> of<00:43:13.680> moon<00:43:14.000> quakes. 00:43:15.589 --> 00:43:15.599 align:start position:0% presence of moon quakes. 00:43:15.599 --> 00:43:17.910 align:start position:0% presence of moon quakes. From<00:43:15.920> these<00:43:16.240> instruments,<00:43:16.960> we<00:43:17.200> now<00:43:17.440> know<00:43:17.680> that 00:43:17.910 --> 00:43:17.920 align:start position:0% From these instruments, we now know that 00:43:17.920 --> 00:43:20.790 align:start position:0% From these instruments, we now know that the<00:43:18.160> moon<00:43:18.480> does<00:43:18.800> have<00:43:19.040> quakes<00:43:19.920> and<00:43:20.240> relatively 00:43:20.790 --> 00:43:20.800 align:start position:0% the moon does have quakes and relatively 00:43:20.800 --> 00:43:24.470 align:start position:0% the moon does have quakes and relatively frequently<00:43:21.359> too.<00:43:22.560> But<00:43:22.720> unlike<00:43:23.280> Earth,<00:43:24.000> most 00:43:24.470 --> 00:43:24.480 align:start position:0% frequently too. But unlike Earth, most 00:43:24.480 --> 00:43:26.550 align:start position:0% frequently too. But unlike Earth, most can<00:43:24.640> be<00:43:24.800> attributed<00:43:25.359> to<00:43:25.599> meteors<00:43:26.160> striking 00:43:26.550 --> 00:43:26.560 align:start position:0% can be attributed to meteors striking 00:43:26.560 --> 00:43:28.950 align:start position:0% can be attributed to meteors striking the<00:43:26.720> moon's<00:43:27.040> surface. 00:43:28.950 --> 00:43:28.960 align:start position:0% the moon's surface. 00:43:28.960 --> 00:43:31.349 align:start position:0% the moon's surface. Although<00:43:29.760> there<00:43:30.000> is<00:43:30.240> also<00:43:30.720> evidence<00:43:31.119> to 00:43:31.349 --> 00:43:31.359 align:start position:0% Although there is also evidence to 00:43:31.359 --> 00:43:33.349 align:start position:0% Although there is also evidence to suggest<00:43:31.680> that<00:43:31.920> a<00:43:32.160> small<00:43:32.560> percentage<00:43:32.960> of<00:43:33.119> these 00:43:33.349 --> 00:43:33.359 align:start position:0% suggest that a small percentage of these 00:43:33.359 --> 00:43:35.190 align:start position:0% suggest that a small percentage of these quakes<00:43:33.839> could<00:43:34.079> be<00:43:34.240> due<00:43:34.480> to<00:43:34.640> the<00:43:34.880> moon 00:43:35.190 --> 00:43:35.200 align:start position:0% quakes could be due to the moon 00:43:35.200 --> 00:43:38.870 align:start position:0% quakes could be due to the moon shrinking<00:43:35.760> and<00:43:36.160> contracting. 00:43:38.870 --> 00:43:38.880 align:start position:0% shrinking and contracting. 00:43:38.880 --> 00:43:41.190 align:start position:0% shrinking and contracting. Early<00:43:39.280> in<00:43:39.440> the<00:43:39.599> solar<00:43:39.839> system's<00:43:40.319> life,<00:43:40.960> most 00:43:41.190 --> 00:43:41.200 align:start position:0% Early in the solar system's life, most 00:43:41.200 --> 00:43:43.670 align:start position:0% Early in the solar system's life, most of<00:43:41.359> the<00:43:41.520> celestial<00:43:42.079> objects<00:43:42.480> were<00:43:42.720> hot,<00:43:43.440> a 00:43:43.670 --> 00:43:43.680 align:start position:0% of the celestial objects were hot, a 00:43:43.680 --> 00:43:45.589 align:start position:0% of the celestial objects were hot, a result<00:43:44.000> of<00:43:44.160> the<00:43:44.400> process<00:43:44.800> of<00:43:45.040> how<00:43:45.200> they<00:43:45.440> were 00:43:45.589 --> 00:43:45.599 align:start position:0% result of the process of how they were 00:43:45.599 --> 00:43:47.510 align:start position:0% result of the process of how they were formed, 00:43:47.510 --> 00:43:47.520 align:start position:0% formed, 00:43:47.520 --> 00:43:49.750 align:start position:0% formed, and<00:43:47.839> followed<00:43:48.160> up<00:43:48.319> by<00:43:48.480> a<00:43:48.800> period<00:43:49.040> of<00:43:49.359> heavy 00:43:49.750 --> 00:43:49.760 align:start position:0% and followed up by a period of heavy 00:43:49.760 --> 00:43:53.109 align:start position:0% and followed up by a period of heavy bombardment. 00:43:53.109 --> 00:43:53.119 align:start position:0% 00:43:53.119 --> 00:43:55.349 align:start position:0% Since<00:43:53.440> then,<00:43:53.920> impacts<00:43:54.480> have<00:43:54.720> become<00:43:55.119> much 00:43:55.349 --> 00:43:55.359 align:start position:0% Since then, impacts have become much 00:43:55.359 --> 00:43:58.470 align:start position:0% Since then, impacts have become much less<00:43:55.680> frequent,<00:43:56.800> and<00:43:57.040> these<00:43:57.359> objects, 00:43:58.470 --> 00:43:58.480 align:start position:0% less frequent, and these objects, 00:43:58.480 --> 00:44:02.069 align:start position:0% less frequent, and these objects, including<00:43:58.880> the<00:43:59.119> moon,<00:43:59.599> have<00:43:59.839> cooled<00:44:00.160> down. 00:44:02.069 --> 00:44:02.079 align:start position:0% including the moon, have cooled down. 00:44:02.079 --> 00:44:06.710 align:start position:0% including the moon, have cooled down. As<00:44:02.319> something<00:44:02.640> cools,<00:44:03.359> it<00:44:03.599> contracts. 00:44:06.710 --> 00:44:06.720 align:start position:0% 00:44:06.720 --> 00:44:08.790 align:start position:0% Photos<00:44:07.200> taken<00:44:07.520> by<00:44:07.680> the<00:44:07.839> Apollo<00:44:08.319> missions 00:44:08.790 --> 00:44:08.800 align:start position:0% Photos taken by the Apollo missions 00:44:08.800 --> 00:44:11.670 align:start position:0% Photos taken by the Apollo missions imaging<00:44:09.200> the<00:44:09.359> moon's<00:44:09.680> surface<00:44:10.960> and<00:44:11.280> photos 00:44:11.670 --> 00:44:11.680 align:start position:0% imaging the moon's surface and photos 00:44:11.680 --> 00:44:13.829 align:start position:0% imaging the moon's surface and photos from<00:44:11.839> the<00:44:12.079> current<00:44:12.319> Luna<00:44:12.720> mission,<00:44:13.280> the<00:44:13.440> Lunar 00:44:13.829 --> 00:44:13.839 align:start position:0% from the current Luna mission, the Lunar 00:44:13.839 --> 00:44:15.990 align:start position:0% from the current Luna mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance<00:44:14.480> Orbiter, 00:44:15.990 --> 00:44:16.000 align:start position:0% Reconnaissance Orbiter, 00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:18.150 align:start position:0% Reconnaissance Orbiter, show<00:44:16.319> that<00:44:16.560> the<00:44:16.800> moon<00:44:17.040> is<00:44:17.200> covered<00:44:17.520> with<00:44:17.760> these 00:44:18.150 --> 00:44:18.160 align:start position:0% show that the moon is covered with these 00:44:18.160 --> 00:44:22.309 align:start position:0% show that the moon is covered with these kilome<00:44:18.800> long<00:44:19.119> ridges<00:44:20.079> or<00:44:20.720> lobate<00:44:21.440> scarves 00:44:22.309 --> 00:44:22.319 align:start position:0% kilome long ridges or lobate scarves 00:44:22.319 --> 00:44:26.470 align:start position:0% kilome long ridges or lobate scarves which<00:44:22.560> can<00:44:22.800> rise<00:44:23.040> up<00:44:23.280> to<00:44:23.520> 100<00:44:23.920> m<00:44:24.319> high. 00:44:26.470 --> 00:44:26.480 align:start position:0% which can rise up to 100 m high. 00:44:26.480 --> 00:44:28.470 align:start position:0% which can rise up to 100 m high. Scientists<00:44:27.119> believe<00:44:27.440> they<00:44:27.680> are<00:44:27.920> connected<00:44:28.319> to 00:44:28.470 --> 00:44:28.480 align:start position:0% Scientists believe they are connected to 00:44:28.480 --> 00:44:30.790 align:start position:0% Scientists believe they are connected to the<00:44:28.720> moon<00:44:29.040> cooling. 00:44:30.790 --> 00:44:30.800 align:start position:0% the moon cooling. 00:44:30.800 --> 00:44:32.550 align:start position:0% the moon cooling. They<00:44:31.040> predict<00:44:31.359> that<00:44:31.599> these<00:44:31.839> scarves<00:44:32.319> are 00:44:32.550 --> 00:44:32.560 align:start position:0% They predict that these scarves are 00:44:32.560 --> 00:44:35.510 align:start position:0% They predict that these scarves are caused<00:44:32.800> by<00:44:33.119> thrust<00:44:33.599> faults.<00:44:34.640> Faults<00:44:35.119> caused 00:44:35.510 --> 00:44:35.520 align:start position:0% caused by thrust faults. Faults caused 00:44:35.520 --> 00:44:38.309 align:start position:0% caused by thrust faults. Faults caused by<00:44:35.760> the<00:44:35.920> lunar<00:44:36.319> crust<00:44:36.720> being<00:44:37.040> pushed<00:44:37.440> together 00:44:38.309 --> 00:44:38.319 align:start position:0% by the lunar crust being pushed together 00:44:38.319 --> 00:44:41.270 align:start position:0% by the lunar crust being pushed together until<00:44:38.640> it<00:44:38.880> gives,<00:44:39.839> causing<00:44:40.319> a<00:44:40.560> distinctive 00:44:41.270 --> 00:44:41.280 align:start position:0% until it gives, causing a distinctive 00:44:41.280 --> 00:44:43.510 align:start position:0% until it gives, causing a distinctive scarab<00:44:41.680> on<00:44:41.839> the<00:44:42.000> surface,<00:44:42.480> which<00:44:42.720> is<00:44:42.960> steep<00:44:43.280> on 00:44:43.510 --> 00:44:43.520 align:start position:0% scarab on the surface, which is steep on 00:44:43.520 --> 00:44:47.349 align:start position:0% scarab on the surface, which is steep on one<00:44:43.760> side<00:44:44.319> and<00:44:44.720> shallow<00:44:45.119> on<00:44:45.280> the<00:44:45.440> other. 00:44:47.349 --> 00:44:47.359 align:start position:0% one side and shallow on the other. 00:44:47.359 --> 00:44:49.109 align:start position:0% one side and shallow on the other. It<00:44:47.599> could<00:44:47.760> be<00:44:48.000> that<00:44:48.240> some<00:44:48.480> of<00:44:48.560> these<00:44:48.800> moon 00:44:49.109 --> 00:44:49.119 align:start position:0% It could be that some of these moon 00:44:49.119 --> 00:44:51.109 align:start position:0% It could be that some of these moon quakes<00:44:49.520> detected<00:44:49.920> by<00:44:50.160> the<00:44:50.319> old<00:44:50.640> Apollo 00:44:51.109 --> 00:44:51.119 align:start position:0% quakes detected by the old Apollo 00:44:51.119 --> 00:44:53.190 align:start position:0% quakes detected by the old Apollo missions<00:44:51.839> are<00:44:52.079> caused<00:44:52.400> by<00:44:52.560> these<00:44:52.880> thrust 00:44:53.190 --> 00:44:53.200 align:start position:0% missions are caused by these thrust 00:44:53.200 --> 00:44:55.670 align:start position:0% missions are caused by these thrust faults<00:44:53.760> even<00:44:54.160> today. 00:44:55.670 --> 00:44:55.680 align:start position:0% faults even today. 00:44:55.680 --> 00:44:58.230 align:start position:0% faults even today. The<00:44:55.920> images<00:44:56.319> that<00:44:56.480> we<00:44:56.720> have<00:44:56.880> of<00:44:57.119> loates<00:44:57.760> scarps 00:44:58.230 --> 00:44:58.240 align:start position:0% The images that we have of loates scarps 00:44:58.240 --> 00:44:59.990 align:start position:0% The images that we have of loates scarps and<00:44:58.319> the<00:44:58.400> moon<00:44:58.880> show<00:44:59.119> that<00:44:59.359> they<00:44:59.520> must<00:44:59.760> be 00:44:59.990 --> 00:45:00.000 align:start position:0% and the moon show that they must be 00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:02.309 align:start position:0% and the moon show that they must be pretty<00:45:00.319> young.<00:45:01.040> Certainly<00:45:01.520> formed<00:45:02.000> within 00:45:02.309 --> 00:45:02.319 align:start position:0% pretty young. Certainly formed within 00:45:02.319 --> 00:45:05.349 align:start position:0% pretty young. Certainly formed within the<00:45:02.480> last<00:45:02.880> 100<00:45:03.359> million<00:45:03.760> years. 00:45:05.349 --> 00:45:05.359 align:start position:0% the last 100 million years. 00:45:05.359 --> 00:45:07.670 align:start position:0% the last 100 million years. We<00:45:05.599> know<00:45:05.760> this<00:45:06.160> because<00:45:06.480> they<00:45:06.800> can<00:45:06.960> cut<00:45:07.359> right 00:45:07.670 --> 00:45:07.680 align:start position:0% We know this because they can cut right 00:45:07.680 --> 00:45:10.230 align:start position:0% We know this because they can cut right through<00:45:08.079> older<00:45:08.480> craters.<00:45:09.440> Craters<00:45:09.920> which<00:45:10.079> are 00:45:10.230 --> 00:45:10.240 align:start position:0% through older craters. Craters which are 00:45:10.240 --> 00:45:11.910 align:start position:0% through older craters. Craters which are big<00:45:10.480> enough<00:45:10.720> that<00:45:10.960> they<00:45:11.200> would<00:45:11.359> have<00:45:11.520> likely 00:45:11.910 --> 00:45:11.920 align:start position:0% big enough that they would have likely 00:45:11.920 --> 00:45:14.069 align:start position:0% big enough that they would have likely formed<00:45:12.319> billions<00:45:12.720> of<00:45:12.880> years<00:45:13.119> ago,<00:45:13.760> not 00:45:14.069 --> 00:45:14.079 align:start position:0% formed billions of years ago, not 00:45:14.079 --> 00:45:16.550 align:start position:0% formed billions of years ago, not recently. 00:45:16.550 --> 00:45:16.560 align:start position:0% recently. 00:45:16.560 --> 00:45:18.870 align:start position:0% recently. Tidal<00:45:17.040> forces<00:45:17.359> from<00:45:17.599> the<00:45:17.760> Earth<00:45:18.160> could<00:45:18.400> also 00:45:18.870 --> 00:45:18.880 align:start position:0% Tidal forces from the Earth could also 00:45:18.880 --> 00:45:21.109 align:start position:0% Tidal forces from the Earth could also influence<00:45:19.359> the<00:45:19.599> location<00:45:19.920> of<00:45:20.079> these<00:45:20.400> scarps 00:45:21.109 --> 00:45:21.119 align:start position:0% influence the location of these scarps 00:45:21.119 --> 00:45:23.030 align:start position:0% influence the location of these scarps as<00:45:21.359> the<00:45:21.520> Earth's<00:45:21.839> gravity<00:45:22.319> pulls<00:45:22.720> on<00:45:22.880> the 00:45:23.030 --> 00:45:23.040 align:start position:0% as the Earth's gravity pulls on the 00:45:23.040 --> 00:45:25.750 align:start position:0% as the Earth's gravity pulls on the moon's<00:45:23.440> crust.<00:45:24.240> Here 00:45:25.750 --> 00:45:25.760 align:start position:0% moon's crust. Here 00:45:25.760 --> 00:45:27.910 align:start position:0% moon's crust. Here you<00:45:26.079> can<00:45:26.160> see<00:45:26.319> the<00:45:26.560> location<00:45:26.960> of<00:45:27.200> the<00:45:27.359> scarps 00:45:27.910 --> 00:45:27.920 align:start position:0% you can see the location of the scarps 00:45:27.920 --> 00:45:30.710 align:start position:0% you can see the location of the scarps across<00:45:28.319> the<00:45:28.480> moon<00:45:29.280> and<00:45:29.599> the<00:45:29.760> arrows<00:45:30.240> represent 00:45:30.710 --> 00:45:30.720 align:start position:0% across the moon and the arrows represent 00:45:30.720 --> 00:45:32.790 align:start position:0% across the moon and the arrows represent the<00:45:30.960> direction<00:45:31.359> of<00:45:31.520> pull<00:45:32.000> caused<00:45:32.480> by<00:45:32.640> the 00:45:32.790 --> 00:45:32.800 align:start position:0% the direction of pull caused by the 00:45:32.800 --> 00:45:35.589 align:start position:0% the direction of pull caused by the earth's<00:45:33.200> gravity.<00:45:34.640> Even<00:45:34.880> with<00:45:35.200> all<00:45:35.359> these 00:45:35.589 --> 00:45:35.599 align:start position:0% earth's gravity. Even with all these 00:45:35.599 --> 00:45:37.829 align:start position:0% earth's gravity. Even with all these influences,<00:45:36.400> however,<00:45:37.119> it<00:45:37.280> is<00:45:37.440> thought<00:45:37.680> that 00:45:37.829 --> 00:45:37.839 align:start position:0% influences, however, it is thought that 00:45:37.839 --> 00:45:41.190 align:start position:0% influences, however, it is thought that the<00:45:38.000> moon<00:45:38.319> has<00:45:38.560> only<00:45:38.880> shrunk<00:45:39.200> a<00:45:39.440> total<00:45:39.760> of<00:45:40.160> 250 00:45:41.190 --> 00:45:41.200 align:start position:0% the moon has only shrunk a total of 250 00:45:41.200 --> 00:45:43.829 align:start position:0% the moon has only shrunk a total of 250 m<00:45:41.680> since<00:45:41.920> it<00:45:42.160> was<00:45:42.319> formed. 00:45:43.829 --> 00:45:43.839 align:start position:0% m since it was formed. 00:45:43.839 --> 00:45:46.150 align:start position:0% m since it was formed. Mercury,<00:45:44.560> on<00:45:44.720> the<00:45:44.800> other<00:45:44.960> hand,<00:45:45.520> has<00:45:45.760> had<00:45:45.920> a 00:45:46.150 --> 00:45:46.160 align:start position:0% Mercury, on the other hand, has had a 00:45:46.160 --> 00:45:49.349 align:start position:0% Mercury, on the other hand, has had a much<00:45:46.480> more<00:45:46.720> tumultuous<00:45:47.520> past. 00:45:49.349 --> 00:45:49.359 align:start position:0% much more tumultuous past. 00:45:49.359 --> 00:45:51.829 align:start position:0% much more tumultuous past. It<00:45:49.599> is<00:45:49.760> thought<00:45:50.079> that<00:45:50.400> early<00:45:50.720> in<00:45:50.880> its<00:45:51.119> life<00:45:51.599> it 00:45:51.829 --> 00:45:51.839 align:start position:0% It is thought that early in its life it 00:45:51.839 --> 00:45:54.470 align:start position:0% It is thought that early in its life it was<00:45:52.079> actually<00:45:52.480> a<00:45:52.800> molten<00:45:53.280> world<00:45:54.000> and<00:45:54.240> has 00:45:54.470 --> 00:45:54.480 align:start position:0% was actually a molten world and has 00:45:54.480 --> 00:45:57.750 align:start position:0% was actually a molten world and has since<00:45:54.800> cooled<00:45:55.280> and<00:45:55.520> solidified. 00:45:57.750 --> 00:45:57.760 align:start position:0% since cooled and solidified. 00:45:57.760 --> 00:46:00.710 align:start position:0% since cooled and solidified. Mercury<00:45:58.319> is<00:45:58.560> also<00:45:59.040> special<00:45:59.520> in<00:45:59.839> that<00:46:00.079> it<00:46:00.319> has<00:46:00.480> a 00:46:00.710 --> 00:46:00.720 align:start position:0% Mercury is also special in that it has a 00:46:00.720 --> 00:46:03.109 align:start position:0% Mercury is also special in that it has a massive<00:46:01.200> neighbor<00:46:01.760> exerting<00:46:02.319> an<00:46:02.560> incredible 00:46:03.109 --> 00:46:03.119 align:start position:0% massive neighbor exerting an incredible 00:46:03.119 --> 00:46:07.109 align:start position:0% massive neighbor exerting an incredible amount<00:46:03.359> of<00:46:03.520> tidal<00:46:04.000> forces<00:46:04.319> on<00:46:04.560> it.<00:46:05.599> The<00:46:05.839> sun 00:46:07.109 --> 00:46:07.119 align:start position:0% amount of tidal forces on it. The sun 00:46:07.119 --> 00:46:09.589 align:start position:0% amount of tidal forces on it. The sun this<00:46:07.359> means<00:46:07.920> its<00:46:08.240> contractions<00:46:08.960> were<00:46:09.280> much 00:46:09.589 --> 00:46:09.599 align:start position:0% this means its contractions were much 00:46:09.599 --> 00:46:12.870 align:start position:0% this means its contractions were much bigger<00:46:09.920> than<00:46:10.160> our<00:46:10.400> moons.<00:46:11.599> Here<00:46:12.160> you<00:46:12.400> can<00:46:12.560> see 00:46:12.870 --> 00:46:12.880 align:start position:0% bigger than our moons. Here you can see 00:46:12.880 --> 00:46:15.910 align:start position:0% bigger than our moons. Here you can see one<00:46:13.200> such<00:46:13.520> lobate<00:46:14.160> scarp<00:46:14.880> which<00:46:15.119> is<00:46:15.359> about<00:46:15.680> 2 00:46:15.910 --> 00:46:15.920 align:start position:0% one such lobate scarp which is about 2 00:46:15.920 --> 00:46:20.309 align:start position:0% one such lobate scarp which is about 2 km<00:46:16.560> high<00:46:17.119> and<00:46:17.520> hundreds<00:46:17.920> of<00:46:18.079> kilome<00:46:18.640> long.<00:46:20.079> In 00:46:20.309 --> 00:46:20.319 align:start position:0% km high and hundreds of kilome long. In 00:46:20.319 --> 00:46:23.670 align:start position:0% km high and hundreds of kilome long. In comparison<00:46:20.800> to<00:46:20.960> the<00:46:21.119> moon<00:46:21.359> shrinking<00:46:22.079> 300<00:46:22.720> m, 00:46:23.670 --> 00:46:23.680 align:start position:0% comparison to the moon shrinking 300 m, 00:46:23.680 --> 00:46:25.910 align:start position:0% comparison to the moon shrinking 300 m, Mercury<00:46:24.319> is<00:46:24.560> thought<00:46:24.800> to<00:46:24.960> have<00:46:25.119> shrunk<00:46:25.440> by<00:46:25.680> up 00:46:25.910 --> 00:46:25.920 align:start position:0% Mercury is thought to have shrunk by up 00:46:25.920 --> 00:46:28.230 align:start position:0% Mercury is thought to have shrunk by up to<00:46:26.079> 4<00:46:26.400> km. 00:46:28.230 --> 00:46:28.240 align:start position:0% to 4 km. 00:46:28.240 --> 00:46:31.190 align:start position:0% to 4 km. So<00:46:28.720> yes,<00:46:29.040> the<00:46:29.200> moon<00:46:29.440> is<00:46:29.680> shrinking,<00:46:30.720> but<00:46:30.960> we 00:46:31.190 --> 00:46:31.200 align:start position:0% So yes, the moon is shrinking, but we 00:46:31.200 --> 00:46:32.309 align:start position:0% So yes, the moon is shrinking, but we don't<00:46:31.359> need<00:46:31.520> to<00:46:31.680> worry<00:46:31.920> about<00:46:32.079> it 00:46:32.309 --> 00:46:32.319 align:start position:0% don't need to worry about it 00:46:32.319 --> 00:46:35.349 align:start position:0% don't need to worry about it disappearing<00:46:32.960> anytime<00:46:33.440> soon. 00:46:35.349 --> 00:46:35.359 align:start position:0% disappearing anytime soon. 00:46:35.359 --> 00:46:38.710 align:start position:0% disappearing anytime soon. I<00:46:35.599> bet<00:46:35.920> you<00:46:36.160> didn't<00:46:36.400> know<00:46:36.640> the<00:46:36.880> moon<00:46:37.119> did<00:46:37.359> this. 00:46:38.710 --> 00:46:38.720 align:start position:0% I bet you didn't know the moon did this. 00:46:38.720 --> 00:46:41.030 align:start position:0% I bet you didn't know the moon did this. This<00:46:39.040> isn't<00:46:39.359> the<00:46:39.599> camera<00:46:39.920> moving.<00:46:40.560> It's<00:46:40.800> a 00:46:41.030 --> 00:46:41.040 align:start position:0% This isn't the camera moving. It's a 00:46:41.040 --> 00:46:43.670 align:start position:0% This isn't the camera moving. It's a real<00:46:41.200> time<00:46:41.440> lapse<00:46:41.760> of<00:46:41.920> the<00:46:42.079> moon.<00:46:43.200> While<00:46:43.440> the 00:46:43.670 --> 00:46:43.680 align:start position:0% real time lapse of the moon. While the 00:46:43.680 --> 00:46:45.589 align:start position:0% real time lapse of the moon. While the same<00:46:43.839> face<00:46:44.079> of<00:46:44.240> the<00:46:44.319> moon<00:46:44.640> roughly<00:46:45.119> faces<00:46:45.440> the 00:46:45.589 --> 00:46:45.599 align:start position:0% same face of the moon roughly faces the 00:46:45.599 --> 00:46:47.670 align:start position:0% same face of the moon roughly faces the Earth<00:46:45.839> at<00:46:46.160> all<00:46:46.319> times,<00:46:47.040> there's<00:46:47.280> much<00:46:47.520> more 00:46:47.670 --> 00:46:47.680 align:start position:0% Earth at all times, there's much more 00:46:47.680 --> 00:46:49.270 align:start position:0% Earth at all times, there's much more wiggle<00:46:48.079> room<00:46:48.240> to<00:46:48.480> that<00:46:48.720> than<00:46:48.880> you<00:46:49.119> might 00:46:49.270 --> 00:46:49.280 align:start position:0% wiggle room to that than you might 00:46:49.280 --> 00:46:51.670 align:start position:0% wiggle room to that than you might think.<00:46:50.079> By<00:46:50.400> taking<00:46:50.640> a<00:46:50.880> time<00:46:51.119> lapse<00:46:51.440> of<00:46:51.520> the 00:46:51.670 --> 00:46:51.680 align:start position:0% think. By taking a time lapse of the 00:46:51.680 --> 00:46:53.589 align:start position:0% think. By taking a time lapse of the moon<00:46:51.920> as<00:46:52.160> it<00:46:52.319> circles<00:46:52.720> the<00:46:52.960> Earth<00:46:53.200> over<00:46:53.359> the 00:46:53.589 --> 00:46:53.599 align:start position:0% moon as it circles the Earth over the 00:46:53.599 --> 00:46:55.589 align:start position:0% moon as it circles the Earth over the course<00:46:53.760> of<00:46:53.920> one<00:46:54.160> month,<00:46:54.640> we<00:46:54.960> discover<00:46:55.359> the 00:46:55.589 --> 00:46:55.599 align:start position:0% course of one month, we discover the 00:46:55.599 --> 00:46:58.390 align:start position:0% course of one month, we discover the truth<00:46:55.920> of<00:46:56.079> its<00:46:56.240> wobbling<00:46:56.800> path.<00:46:57.839> Go<00:46:58.079> home, 00:46:58.390 --> 00:46:58.400 align:start position:0% truth of its wobbling path. Go home, 00:46:58.400 --> 00:47:02.550 align:start position:0% truth of its wobbling path. Go home, moon,<00:46:58.960> you're<00:46:59.200> drunk. 00:47:02.550 --> 00:47:02.560 align:start position:0% 00:47:02.560 --> 00:47:04.870 align:start position:0% A<00:47:02.800> massive<00:47:03.280> thank<00:47:03.520> you<00:47:03.680> to<00:47:03.839> our<00:47:04.079> astronauts<00:47:04.640> on 00:47:04.870 --> 00:47:04.880 align:start position:0% A massive thank you to our astronauts on 00:47:04.880 --> 00:47:08.230 align:start position:0% A massive thank you to our astronauts on Patreon.<00:47:05.839> This<00:47:06.160> video<00:47:06.560> had<00:47:06.880> no<00:47:07.200> sponsors,<00:47:08.000> but 00:47:08.230 --> 00:47:08.240 align:start position:0% Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but 00:47:08.240 --> 00:47:09.990 align:start position:0% Patreon. This video had no sponsors, but it<00:47:08.400> was<00:47:08.560> still<00:47:08.720> made<00:47:08.960> possible<00:47:09.359> thanks<00:47:09.599> to<00:47:09.760> the 00:47:09.990 --> 00:47:10.000 align:start position:0% it was still made possible thanks to the 00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:12.630 align:start position:0% it was still made possible thanks to the hundreds<00:47:10.400> of<00:47:10.640> members<00:47:11.040> we<00:47:11.359> have<00:47:11.520> there.<00:47:12.319> Link 00:47:12.630 --> 00:47:12.640 align:start position:0% hundreds of members we have there. Link 00:47:12.640 --> 00:47:14.550 align:start position:0% hundreds of members we have there. Link is<00:47:12.880> in<00:47:13.040> the<00:47:13.200> description<00:47:13.599> to<00:47:13.920> join<00:47:14.160> our 00:47:14.550 --> 00:47:14.560 align:start position:0% is in the description to join our 00:47:14.560 --> 00:47:17.270 align:start position:0% is in the description to join our growing<00:47:15.040> community.<00:47:16.400> Patreon<00:47:16.960> is<00:47:17.119> where 00:47:17.270 --> 00:47:17.280 align:start position:0% growing community. Patreon is where 00:47:17.280 --> 00:47:19.670 align:start position:0% growing community. Patreon is where Astramm<00:47:17.839> truly<00:47:18.319> take<00:47:18.560> shape.<00:47:19.119> A<00:47:19.359> place<00:47:19.520> for 00:47:19.670 --> 00:47:19.680 align:start position:0% Astramm truly take shape. A place for 00:47:19.680 --> 00:47:21.670 align:start position:0% Astramm truly take shape. A place for people<00:47:19.920> who<00:47:20.079> love<00:47:20.400> space,<00:47:20.960> who<00:47:21.200> want<00:47:21.359> to<00:47:21.520> see 00:47:21.670 --> 00:47:21.680 align:start position:0% people who love space, who want to see 00:47:21.680 --> 00:47:24.470 align:start position:0% people who love space, who want to see these<00:47:22.079> videos<00:47:22.480> keep<00:47:22.720> improving<00:47:23.680> and<00:47:24.000> reaching 00:47:24.470 --> 00:47:24.480 align:start position:0% these videos keep improving and reaching 00:47:24.480 --> 00:47:27.270 align:start position:0% these videos keep improving and reaching more<00:47:24.960> curious<00:47:25.440> minds.<00:47:26.400> Every<00:47:26.720> new<00:47:26.960> member 00:47:27.270 --> 00:47:27.280 align:start position:0% more curious minds. Every new member 00:47:27.280 --> 00:47:29.270 align:start position:0% more curious minds. Every new member keeps<00:47:27.520> the<00:47:27.680> channel<00:47:28.000> focused<00:47:28.400> on<00:47:28.560> what<00:47:28.880> really 00:47:29.270 --> 00:47:29.280 align:start position:0% keeps the channel focused on what really 00:47:29.280 --> 00:47:31.990 align:start position:0% keeps the channel focused on what really matters,<00:47:30.079> making<00:47:30.400> the<00:47:30.640> complexity<00:47:31.119> of<00:47:31.359> space 00:47:31.990 --> 00:47:32.000 align:start position:0% matters, making the complexity of space 00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:34.630 align:start position:0% matters, making the complexity of space available<00:47:32.480> to<00:47:32.800> everyone.<00:47:33.680> If<00:47:33.920> you<00:47:34.079> enjoy<00:47:34.400> what 00:47:34.630 --> 00:47:34.640 align:start position:0% available to everyone. If you enjoy what 00:47:34.640 --> 00:47:37.270 align:start position:0% available to everyone. If you enjoy what we<00:47:34.880> do,<00:47:35.440> come<00:47:35.839> join<00:47:36.079> the<00:47:36.240> Astramm<00:47:36.800> community 00:47:37.270 --> 00:47:37.280 align:start position:0% we do, come join the Astramm community 00:47:37.280 --> 00:47:39.760 align:start position:0% we do, come join the Astramm community today.