WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.400 --> 00:00:04.550 align:start position:0% 57<00:00:01.120> years<00:00:01.360> ago<00:00:01.920> in<00:00:02.159> July<00:00:02.879> 1969, 00:00:04.550 --> 00:00:04.560 align:start position:0% 57 years ago in July 1969, 00:00:04.560 --> 00:00:08.629 align:start position:0% 57 years ago in July 1969, the<00:00:04.880> world<00:00:05.600> stood<00:00:05.920> still,<00:00:07.040> staring<00:00:07.600> a<00:00:07.839> go<00:00:08.320> at 00:00:08.629 --> 00:00:08.639 align:start position:0% the world stood still, staring a go at 00:00:08.639 --> 00:00:11.589 align:start position:0% the world stood still, staring a go at grainy,<00:00:09.519> flickering<00:00:10.160> televisions<00:00:11.040> as<00:00:11.280> Buzz 00:00:11.589 --> 00:00:11.599 align:start position:0% grainy, flickering televisions as Buzz 00:00:11.599 --> 00:00:14.629 align:start position:0% grainy, flickering televisions as Buzz Aldrin<00:00:12.240> and<00:00:12.559> Neil<00:00:12.880> Armstrong<00:00:13.599> descended<00:00:14.240> from 00:00:14.629 --> 00:00:14.639 align:start position:0% Aldrin and Neil Armstrong descended from 00:00:14.639 --> 00:00:20.630 align:start position:0% Aldrin and Neil Armstrong descended from the<00:00:14.960> Eagle<00:00:15.519> Luna<00:00:15.920> module<00:00:16.720> towards<00:00:17.199> the<00:00:17.440> moon. 00:00:20.630 --> 00:00:20.640 align:start position:0% 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:22.790 align:start position:0% >> Looking<00:00:20.960> back,<00:00:21.359> it<00:00:21.680> feels<00:00:22.000> almost<00:00:22.320> like<00:00:22.560> a 00:00:22.790 --> 00:00:22.800 align:start position:0% >> Looking back, it feels almost like a 00:00:22.800 --> 00:00:26.150 align:start position:0% >> Looking back, it feels almost like a fever<00:00:23.199> dream<00:00:23.439> of<00:00:23.600> ambition.<00:00:24.880> This<00:00:25.119> was<00:00:25.359> only 00:00:26.150 --> 00:00:26.160 align:start position:0% fever dream of ambition. This was only 00:00:26.160 --> 00:00:29.990 align:start position:0% fever dream of ambition. This was only 66<00:00:27.119> years<00:00:27.840> after<00:00:28.400> the<00:00:28.720> first<00:00:29.199> airplane<00:00:29.679> took 00:00:29.990 --> 00:00:30.000 align:start position:0% 66 years after the first airplane took 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:33.270 align:start position:0% 66 years after the first airplane took flight.<00:00:30.960> But<00:00:31.119> against<00:00:31.599> all<00:00:31.840> odds,<00:00:32.640> we<00:00:32.960> broke 00:00:33.270 --> 00:00:33.280 align:start position:0% flight. But against all odds, we broke 00:00:33.280 --> 00:00:36.150 align:start position:0% flight. But against all odds, we broke free<00:00:33.600> from<00:00:33.920> Earth's<00:00:34.320> gravity<00:00:35.120> and<00:00:35.520> touched 00:00:36.150 --> 00:00:36.160 align:start position:0% free from Earth's gravity and touched 00:00:36.160 --> 00:00:38.389 align:start position:0% free from Earth's gravity and touched another<00:00:36.719> world. 00:00:38.389 --> 00:00:38.399 align:start position:0% another world. 00:00:38.399 --> 00:00:40.790 align:start position:0% another world. >> Base<00:00:38.719> here.<00:00:39.200> The<00:00:39.360> Eagle<00:00:39.680> has<00:00:39.920> landed. 00:00:40.790 --> 00:00:40.800 align:start position:0% >> Base here. The Eagle has landed. 00:00:40.800 --> 00:00:43.350 align:start position:0% >> Base here. The Eagle has landed. >> This<00:00:41.120> frontier<00:00:41.840> busting<00:00:42.239> feat<00:00:42.559> was<00:00:42.800> presented 00:00:43.350 --> 00:00:43.360 align:start position:0% >> This frontier busting feat was presented 00:00:43.360 --> 00:00:46.869 align:start position:0% >> This frontier busting feat was presented as<00:00:43.920> absolutely<00:00:44.640> effortless.<00:00:45.760> A<00:00:46.000> triumph<00:00:46.480> of 00:00:46.869 --> 00:00:46.879 align:start position:0% as absolutely effortless. A triumph of 00:00:46.879 --> 00:00:51.190 align:start position:0% as absolutely effortless. A triumph of US<00:00:47.280> might.<00:00:48.559> But<00:00:48.960> was<00:00:49.200> it<00:00:49.600> really<00:00:50.320> all<00:00:50.800> plain 00:00:51.190 --> 00:00:51.200 align:start position:0% US might. But was it really all plain 00:00:51.200 --> 00:00:55.189 align:start position:0% US might. But was it really all plain sailing?<00:00:52.640> What<00:00:52.879> the<00:00:53.280> 600<00:00:53.920> million<00:00:54.399> or<00:00:54.559> so<00:00:54.800> TV 00:00:55.189 --> 00:00:55.199 align:start position:0% sailing? What the 600 million or so TV 00:00:55.199 --> 00:00:58.310 align:start position:0% sailing? What the 600 million or so TV viewers<00:00:55.680> had<00:00:56.000> no<00:00:56.320> idea<00:00:56.719> about<00:00:57.440> was<00:00:57.680> that<00:00:58.000> this 00:00:58.310 --> 00:00:58.320 align:start position:0% viewers had no idea about was that this 00:00:58.320 --> 00:01:01.670 align:start position:0% viewers had no idea about was that this mission<00:00:59.120> nearly<00:00:59.680> failed.<00:01:01.039> Behind<00:01:01.440> the 00:01:01.670 --> 00:01:01.680 align:start position:0% mission nearly failed. Behind the 00:01:01.680 --> 00:01:05.750 align:start position:0% mission nearly failed. Behind the scenes,<00:01:02.640> approximately<00:01:03.840> 400,000 00:01:05.750 --> 00:01:05.760 align:start position:0% scenes, approximately 400,000 00:01:05.760 --> 00:01:08.469 align:start position:0% scenes, approximately 400,000 engineers,<00:01:06.720> scientists,<00:01:07.360> and<00:01:07.680> experts 00:01:08.469 --> 00:01:08.479 align:start position:0% engineers, scientists, and experts 00:01:08.479 --> 00:01:11.190 align:start position:0% engineers, scientists, and experts worked<00:01:08.960> tirelessly<00:01:09.760> around<00:01:10.080> the<00:01:10.320> clock<00:01:10.799> from 00:01:11.190 --> 00:01:11.200 align:start position:0% worked tirelessly around the clock from 00:01:11.200 --> 00:01:13.590 align:start position:0% worked tirelessly around the clock from incredibly<00:01:11.920> detailed<00:01:12.320> plans<00:01:12.880> years<00:01:13.200> in<00:01:13.439> the 00:01:13.590 --> 00:01:13.600 align:start position:0% incredibly detailed plans years in the 00:01:13.600 --> 00:01:17.190 align:start position:0% incredibly detailed plans years in the making<00:01:14.320> to<00:01:14.640> keep<00:01:14.799> it<00:01:15.119> all<00:01:15.520> on<00:01:15.840> track.<00:01:16.960> The 00:01:17.190 --> 00:01:17.200 align:start position:0% making to keep it all on track. The 00:01:17.200 --> 00:01:19.749 align:start position:0% making to keep it all on track. The slightest<00:01:17.680> deviation<00:01:18.560> could<00:01:18.799> end<00:01:19.360> not<00:01:19.600> just 00:01:19.749 --> 00:01:19.759 align:start position:0% slightest deviation could end not just 00:01:19.759 --> 00:01:23.030 align:start position:0% slightest deviation could end not just in<00:01:20.000> human<00:01:20.400> tragedy,<00:01:21.280> but<00:01:21.600> also<00:01:22.080> have<00:01:22.400> huge 00:01:23.030 --> 00:01:23.040 align:start position:0% in human tragedy, but also have huge 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:26.710 align:start position:0% in human tragedy, but also have huge global<00:01:24.000> political<00:01:24.799> consequences. 00:01:26.710 --> 00:01:26.720 align:start position:0% global political consequences. 00:01:26.720 --> 00:01:29.270 align:start position:0% global political consequences. So,<00:01:27.119> how<00:01:27.439> did<00:01:27.680> this<00:01:27.920> scientific<00:01:28.479> army<00:01:28.960> plan 00:01:29.270 --> 00:01:29.280 align:start position:0% So, how did this scientific army plan 00:01:29.280 --> 00:01:31.910 align:start position:0% So, how did this scientific army plan for<00:01:29.600> every<00:01:30.000> eventuality<00:01:30.799> and<00:01:31.119> stop<00:01:31.439> disaster 00:01:31.910 --> 00:01:31.920 align:start position:0% for every eventuality and stop disaster 00:01:31.920 --> 00:01:35.590 align:start position:0% for every eventuality and stop disaster in<00:01:32.079> its<00:01:32.320> tracks? 00:01:35.590 --> 00:01:35.600 align:start position:0% 00:01:35.600 --> 00:01:37.590 align:start position:0% I'm<00:01:35.840> Alex<00:01:36.159> Mccoan<00:01:36.880> and<00:01:37.119> you're<00:01:37.280> watching 00:01:37.590 --> 00:01:37.600 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:01:37.600 --> 00:01:39.910 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astram<00:01:38.159> Extra. 00:01:39.910 --> 00:01:39.920 align:start position:0% Astram Extra. 00:01:39.920 --> 00:01:41.990 align:start position:0% Astram Extra. Join<00:01:40.240> me<00:01:40.400> today<00:01:40.720> as<00:01:40.960> we<00:01:41.200> uncover<00:01:41.680> the 00:01:41.990 --> 00:01:42.000 align:start position:0% Join me today as we uncover the 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:44.390 align:start position:0% Join me today as we uncover the incredible<00:01:42.640> science<00:01:43.040> that<00:01:43.280> made<00:01:43.520> the<00:01:43.759> Apollo 00:01:44.390 --> 00:01:44.400 align:start position:0% incredible science that made the Apollo 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.590 align:start position:0% incredible science that made the Apollo 11<00:01:44.960> mission<00:01:45.439> possible.<00:01:46.479> We'll<00:01:46.880> explore<00:01:47.280> the 00:01:47.590 --> 00:01:47.600 align:start position:0% 11 mission possible. We'll explore the 00:01:47.600 --> 00:01:50.149 align:start position:0% 11 mission possible. We'll explore the launch,<00:01:48.479> journey<00:01:48.880> through<00:01:49.280> space,<00:01:49.920> and 00:01:50.149 --> 00:01:50.159 align:start position:0% launch, journey through space, and 00:01:50.159 --> 00:01:53.109 align:start position:0% launch, journey through space, and descent<00:01:50.640> onto<00:01:51.119> the<00:01:51.280> moon,<00:01:52.079> digging<00:01:52.479> into<00:01:52.799> the 00:01:53.109 --> 00:01:53.119 align:start position:0% descent onto the moon, digging into the 00:01:53.119 --> 00:01:55.590 align:start position:0% descent onto the moon, digging into the meticulous<00:01:53.920> maths,<00:01:54.640> maneuvers,<00:01:55.280> and 00:01:55.590 --> 00:01:55.600 align:start position:0% meticulous maths, maneuvers, and 00:01:55.600 --> 00:01:58.550 align:start position:0% meticulous maths, maneuvers, and materials<00:01:56.479> that<00:01:56.799> kept<00:01:57.040> the<00:01:57.200> Apollo<00:01:57.840> 11<00:01:58.240> team 00:01:58.550 --> 00:01:58.560 align:start position:0% materials that kept the Apollo 11 team 00:01:58.560 --> 00:02:02.230 align:start position:0% materials that kept the Apollo 11 team alive<00:01:59.360> that<00:01:59.840> most<00:02:00.240> people<00:02:01.040> don't<00:02:01.439> even<00:02:01.759> know 00:02:02.230 --> 00:02:02.240 align:start position:0% alive that most people don't even know 00:02:02.240 --> 00:02:04.069 align:start position:0% alive that most people don't even know existed. 00:02:04.069 --> 00:02:04.079 align:start position:0% existed. 00:02:04.079 --> 00:02:06.310 align:start position:0% existed. The<00:02:04.320> next<00:02:04.560> time<00:02:04.719> you<00:02:05.040> go<00:02:05.280> out<00:02:05.439> at<00:02:05.680> night,<00:02:06.079> look 00:02:06.310 --> 00:02:06.320 align:start position:0% The next time you go out at night, look 00:02:06.320 --> 00:02:09.350 align:start position:0% The next time you go out at night, look up,<00:02:07.040> find<00:02:07.280> the<00:02:07.520> moon.<00:02:08.239> Hopefully,<00:02:08.640> you<00:02:09.039> can't 00:02:09.350 --> 00:02:09.360 align:start position:0% up, find the moon. Hopefully, you can't 00:02:09.360 --> 00:02:12.550 align:start position:0% up, find the moon. Hopefully, you can't really<00:02:09.599> miss<00:02:09.840> it.<00:02:10.640> And<00:02:10.879> now<00:02:11.440> imagine<00:02:12.239> going 00:02:12.550 --> 00:02:12.560 align:start position:0% really miss it. And now imagine going 00:02:12.560 --> 00:02:16.390 align:start position:0% really miss it. And now imagine going there,<00:02:13.599> traveling<00:02:14.080> more<00:02:14.319> than<00:02:14.720> 384,000 00:02:16.390 --> 00:02:16.400 align:start position:0% there, traveling more than 384,000 00:02:16.400 --> 00:02:20.309 align:start position:0% there, traveling more than 384,000 km<00:02:17.440> away<00:02:17.760> from<00:02:18.239> everything<00:02:18.720> and<00:02:19.200> anyone<00:02:19.920> any 00:02:20.309 --> 00:02:20.319 align:start position:0% km away from everything and anyone any 00:02:20.319 --> 00:02:23.430 align:start position:0% km away from everything and anyone any human<00:02:20.560> being<00:02:20.959> has<00:02:21.200> ever<00:02:21.440> known<00:02:22.319> and<00:02:22.720> actually 00:02:23.430 --> 00:02:23.440 align:start position:0% human being has ever known and actually 00:02:23.440 --> 00:02:27.190 align:start position:0% human being has ever known and actually landing<00:02:24.000> on<00:02:24.239> the<00:02:24.480> moon.<00:02:25.840> It<00:02:26.080> blows<00:02:26.480> my<00:02:26.720> mind<00:02:26.959> to 00:02:27.190 --> 00:02:27.200 align:start position:0% landing on the moon. It blows my mind to 00:02:27.200 --> 00:02:30.390 align:start position:0% landing on the moon. It blows my mind to think<00:02:27.360> about,<00:02:28.160> but<00:02:28.400> nearly<00:02:28.959> 60<00:02:29.360> years<00:02:29.599> ago, 00:02:30.390 --> 00:02:30.400 align:start position:0% think about, but nearly 60 years ago, 00:02:30.400 --> 00:02:34.470 align:start position:0% think about, but nearly 60 years ago, three<00:02:30.800> humans<00:02:31.440> did<00:02:31.920> just<00:02:32.239> that. 00:02:34.470 --> 00:02:34.480 align:start position:0% three humans did just that. 00:02:34.480 --> 00:02:37.830 align:start position:0% three humans did just that. On<00:02:34.720> Wednesday<00:02:35.200> the<00:02:35.360> 16th<00:02:35.760> of<00:02:35.920> July<00:02:36.319> 1969,<00:02:37.599> an 00:02:37.830 --> 00:02:37.840 align:start position:0% On Wednesday the 16th of July 1969, an 00:02:37.840 --> 00:02:40.070 align:start position:0% On Wednesday the 16th of July 1969, an estimated<00:02:38.640> half<00:02:39.040> a<00:02:39.280> million<00:02:39.680> people 00:02:40.070 --> 00:02:40.080 align:start position:0% estimated half a million people 00:02:40.080 --> 00:02:41.750 align:start position:0% estimated half a million people descended<00:02:40.640> on<00:02:40.800> the<00:02:40.959> roads<00:02:41.200> and<00:02:41.360> beaches 00:02:41.750 --> 00:02:41.760 align:start position:0% descended on the roads and beaches 00:02:41.760 --> 00:02:44.470 align:start position:0% descended on the roads and beaches around<00:02:42.080> Cape<00:02:42.400> Canaveral.<00:02:43.440> They<00:02:43.760> were<00:02:43.920> here<00:02:44.239> to 00:02:44.470 --> 00:02:44.480 align:start position:0% around Cape Canaveral. They were here to 00:02:44.480 --> 00:02:46.710 align:start position:0% around Cape Canaveral. They were here to witness<00:02:44.800> the<00:02:44.959> launch<00:02:45.200> of<00:02:45.440> Apollo<00:02:45.920> 11, 00:02:46.710 --> 00:02:46.720 align:start position:0% witness the launch of Apollo 11, 00:02:46.720 --> 00:02:49.589 align:start position:0% witness the launch of Apollo 11, humanity's<00:02:47.680> first<00:02:48.160> attempt<00:02:48.720> at<00:02:49.040> a<00:02:49.200> manned 00:02:49.589 --> 00:02:49.599 align:start position:0% humanity's first attempt at a manned 00:02:49.599 --> 00:02:53.589 align:start position:0% humanity's first attempt at a manned moon<00:02:49.920> landing.<00:02:51.280> A<00:02:51.680> 110<00:02:52.239> m<00:02:52.560> Saturn<00:02:52.959> 5<00:02:53.120> rocket 00:02:53.589 --> 00:02:53.599 align:start position:0% moon landing. A 110 m Saturn 5 rocket 00:02:53.599 --> 00:02:55.509 align:start position:0% moon landing. A 110 m Saturn 5 rocket shimmerred<00:02:54.080> in<00:02:54.319> the<00:02:54.400> distance.<00:02:55.280> The 00:02:55.509 --> 00:02:55.519 align:start position:0% shimmerred in the distance. The 00:02:55.519 --> 00:02:58.229 align:start position:0% shimmerred in the distance. The excitement<00:02:56.319> was<00:02:56.720> palpable. 00:02:58.229 --> 00:02:58.239 align:start position:0% excitement was palpable. 00:02:58.239 --> 00:03:00.150 align:start position:0% excitement was palpable. But<00:02:58.480> what<00:02:58.800> none<00:02:59.120> of<00:02:59.280> these<00:02:59.519> lawn<00:02:59.840> chair 00:03:00.150 --> 00:03:00.160 align:start position:0% But what none of these lawn chair 00:03:00.160 --> 00:03:02.949 align:start position:0% But what none of these lawn chair lounging<00:03:00.560> enthusiasts<00:03:01.200> knew<00:03:01.840> was<00:03:02.159> that<00:03:02.560> a 00:03:02.949 --> 00:03:02.959 align:start position:0% lounging enthusiasts knew was that a 00:03:02.959 --> 00:03:04.869 align:start position:0% lounging enthusiasts knew was that a problem<00:03:03.200> was<00:03:03.440> about<00:03:03.680> to<00:03:03.840> unfold<00:03:04.319> that<00:03:04.560> could 00:03:04.869 --> 00:03:04.879 align:start position:0% problem was about to unfold that could 00:03:04.879 --> 00:03:07.110 align:start position:0% problem was about to unfold that could stop<00:03:05.200> the<00:03:05.440> mission<00:03:05.760> before<00:03:06.000> it<00:03:06.319> even<00:03:06.640> got<00:03:06.879> off 00:03:07.110 --> 00:03:07.120 align:start position:0% stop the mission before it even got off 00:03:07.120 --> 00:03:09.750 align:start position:0% stop the mission before it even got off the<00:03:07.360> launch<00:03:07.680> pad.<00:03:08.560> Just<00:03:08.720> as<00:03:08.879> the<00:03:09.120> crew<00:03:09.360> arrived 00:03:09.750 --> 00:03:09.760 align:start position:0% the launch pad. Just as the crew arrived 00:03:09.760 --> 00:03:12.550 align:start position:0% the launch pad. Just as the crew arrived on<00:03:10.000> site,<00:03:10.640> a<00:03:10.879> leaking<00:03:11.440> hydrogen<00:03:12.080> replenish 00:03:12.550 --> 00:03:12.560 align:start position:0% on site, a leaking hydrogen replenish 00:03:12.560 --> 00:03:15.270 align:start position:0% on site, a leaking hydrogen replenish valve<00:03:12.959> was<00:03:13.200> discovered<00:03:13.760> 60<00:03:14.080> m<00:03:14.400> up<00:03:14.879> in<00:03:15.040> the 00:03:15.270 --> 00:03:15.280 align:start position:0% valve was discovered 60 m up in the 00:03:15.280 --> 00:03:17.670 align:start position:0% valve was discovered 60 m up in the third<00:03:15.519> stage<00:03:15.840> of<00:03:16.000> the<00:03:16.159> Saturn<00:03:16.560> 5.<00:03:17.440> Not 00:03:17.670 --> 00:03:17.680 align:start position:0% third stage of the Saturn 5. Not 00:03:17.680 --> 00:03:19.190 align:start position:0% third stage of the Saturn 5. Not something<00:03:17.920> you<00:03:18.159> want<00:03:18.319> to<00:03:18.480> see<00:03:18.720> just<00:03:18.959> before 00:03:19.190 --> 00:03:19.200 align:start position:0% something you want to see just before 00:03:19.200 --> 00:03:21.990 align:start position:0% something you want to see just before you're<00:03:19.440> set<00:03:19.680> to<00:03:19.840> take<00:03:20.080> off.<00:03:21.280> Because<00:03:21.599> liquid 00:03:21.990 --> 00:03:22.000 align:start position:0% you're set to take off. Because liquid 00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:24.070 align:start position:0% you're set to take off. Because liquid hydrogen<00:03:22.480> is<00:03:22.640> kept<00:03:22.800> at<00:03:23.040> a<00:03:23.200> bone<00:03:23.519> chilling 00:03:24.070 --> 00:03:24.080 align:start position:0% hydrogen is kept at a bone chilling 00:03:24.080 --> 00:03:26.390 align:start position:0% hydrogen is kept at a bone chilling minus252° 00:03:26.390 --> 00:03:26.400 align:start position:0% minus252° 00:03:26.400 --> 00:03:29.750 align:start position:0% minus252° C,<00:03:27.280> it<00:03:27.599> constantly<00:03:28.159> boils<00:03:28.560> off<00:03:28.800> into<00:03:29.120> gas<00:03:29.519> as 00:03:29.750 --> 00:03:29.760 align:start position:0% C, it constantly boils off into gas as 00:03:29.760 --> 00:03:32.550 align:start position:0% C, it constantly boils off into gas as the<00:03:29.920> rocket<00:03:30.239> sits<00:03:30.480> on<00:03:30.640> the<00:03:30.799> pad.<00:03:32.000> So,<00:03:32.319> the 00:03:32.550 --> 00:03:32.560 align:start position:0% the rocket sits on the pad. So, the 00:03:32.560 --> 00:03:34.630 align:start position:0% the rocket sits on the pad. So, the replenish<00:03:33.120> valve<00:03:33.440> allowed<00:03:33.840> the<00:03:34.000> tank<00:03:34.239> to<00:03:34.400> be 00:03:34.630 --> 00:03:34.640 align:start position:0% replenish valve allowed the tank to be 00:03:34.640 --> 00:03:37.509 align:start position:0% replenish valve allowed the tank to be constantly<00:03:35.200> topped<00:03:35.519> up,<00:03:36.000> keeping<00:03:36.239> it<00:03:36.480> at<00:03:36.879> 100% 00:03:37.509 --> 00:03:37.519 align:start position:0% constantly topped up, keeping it at 100% 00:03:37.519 --> 00:03:40.710 align:start position:0% constantly topped up, keeping it at 100% capacity.<00:03:38.640> This<00:03:38.879> was<00:03:39.040> vital.<00:03:39.920> Without<00:03:40.319> a 00:03:40.710 --> 00:03:40.720 align:start position:0% capacity. This was vital. Without a 00:03:40.720 --> 00:03:43.030 align:start position:0% capacity. This was vital. Without a completely<00:03:41.200> full<00:03:41.519> tank,<00:03:42.080> the<00:03:42.400> rocket<00:03:42.799> would 00:03:43.030 --> 00:03:43.040 align:start position:0% completely full tank, the rocket would 00:03:43.040 --> 00:03:45.110 align:start position:0% completely full tank, the rocket would not<00:03:43.200> be<00:03:43.360> able<00:03:43.519> to<00:03:43.760> complete<00:03:44.000> its<00:03:44.400> trans<00:03:44.720> lunar 00:03:45.110 --> 00:03:45.120 align:start position:0% not be able to complete its trans lunar 00:03:45.120 --> 00:03:47.190 align:start position:0% not be able to complete its trans lunar injection,<00:03:45.920> the<00:03:46.080> burn<00:03:46.400> that<00:03:46.640> would<00:03:46.799> take<00:03:47.040> the 00:03:47.190 --> 00:03:47.200 align:start position:0% injection, the burn that would take the 00:03:47.200 --> 00:03:49.270 align:start position:0% injection, the burn that would take the craft<00:03:47.599> out<00:03:47.760> of<00:03:47.920> Earth's<00:03:48.319> orbit<00:03:48.720> and<00:03:48.959> towards 00:03:49.270 --> 00:03:49.280 align:start position:0% craft out of Earth's orbit and towards 00:03:49.280 --> 00:03:53.110 align:start position:0% craft out of Earth's orbit and towards the<00:03:49.519> moon.<00:03:50.560> The<00:03:50.799> leak<00:03:51.120> was<00:03:51.599> so<00:03:51.920> severe<00:03:52.799> it 00:03:53.110 --> 00:03:53.120 align:start position:0% the moon. The leak was so severe it 00:03:53.120 --> 00:03:55.830 align:start position:0% the moon. The leak was so severe it could<00:03:53.360> have<00:03:53.599> caused<00:03:53.920> an<00:03:54.159> explosion.<00:03:55.200> So<00:03:55.519> fuel 00:03:55.830 --> 00:03:55.840 align:start position:0% could have caused an explosion. So fuel 00:03:55.840 --> 00:03:58.229 align:start position:0% could have caused an explosion. So fuel loading<00:03:56.319> was<00:03:56.720> immediately<00:03:57.360> stopped<00:03:57.840> and<00:03:58.080> the 00:03:58.229 --> 00:03:58.239 align:start position:0% loading was immediately stopped and the 00:03:58.239 --> 00:04:01.110 align:start position:0% loading was immediately stopped and the lines<00:03:58.640> were<00:03:58.879> quickly<00:03:59.360> drained.<00:04:00.400> It<00:04:00.640> was<00:04:00.799> only 00:04:01.110 --> 00:04:01.120 align:start position:0% lines were quickly drained. It was only 00:04:01.120 --> 00:04:03.509 align:start position:0% lines were quickly drained. It was only just<00:04:01.439> over<00:04:01.840> 2<00:04:02.239> years<00:04:02.560> since<00:04:02.879> the<00:04:03.040> tragic 00:04:03.509 --> 00:04:03.519 align:start position:0% just over 2 years since the tragic 00:04:03.519 --> 00:04:06.070 align:start position:0% just over 2 years since the tragic Apollo<00:04:04.000> 1<00:04:04.319> fire<00:04:04.640> where<00:04:05.040> three<00:04:05.439> crew<00:04:05.760> members 00:04:06.070 --> 00:04:06.080 align:start position:0% Apollo 1 fire where three crew members 00:04:06.080 --> 00:04:08.949 align:start position:0% Apollo 1 fire where three crew members had<00:04:06.319> died.<00:04:07.120> So<00:04:07.439> there<00:04:07.680> was<00:04:07.840> no<00:04:08.080> room<00:04:08.319> for<00:04:08.640> error 00:04:08.949 --> 00:04:08.959 align:start position:0% had died. So there was no room for error 00:04:08.959 --> 00:04:11.750 align:start position:0% had died. So there was no room for error and<00:04:09.280> certainly<00:04:09.840> no<00:04:10.159> appetite<00:04:10.560> for<00:04:10.799> risk.<00:04:11.599> If 00:04:11.750 --> 00:04:11.760 align:start position:0% and certainly no appetite for risk. If 00:04:11.760 --> 00:04:14.390 align:start position:0% and certainly no appetite for risk. If the<00:04:12.000> leak<00:04:12.239> remained<00:04:12.720> unressed,<00:04:13.760> the<00:04:14.000> mission 00:04:14.390 --> 00:04:14.400 align:start position:0% the leak remained unressed, the mission 00:04:14.400 --> 00:04:16.710 align:start position:0% the leak remained unressed, the mission would<00:04:14.720> be<00:04:14.879> over<00:04:15.280> before<00:04:15.599> it<00:04:15.840> even<00:04:16.239> left<00:04:16.479> the 00:04:16.710 --> 00:04:16.720 align:start position:0% would be over before it even left the 00:04:16.720 --> 00:04:18.550 align:start position:0% would be over before it even left the pad. 00:04:18.550 --> 00:04:18.560 align:start position:0% pad. 00:04:18.560 --> 00:04:21.670 align:start position:0% pad. So,<00:04:19.199> a<00:04:19.519> brave<00:04:20.000> crew<00:04:20.560> consisting<00:04:21.040> of<00:04:21.359> three 00:04:21.670 --> 00:04:21.680 align:start position:0% So, a brave crew consisting of three 00:04:21.680 --> 00:04:23.909 align:start position:0% So, a brave crew consisting of three technicians<00:04:22.320> was<00:04:22.639> dispatched<00:04:23.120> to<00:04:23.360> try<00:04:23.600> and 00:04:23.909 --> 00:04:23.919 align:start position:0% technicians was dispatched to try and 00:04:23.919 --> 00:04:26.230 align:start position:0% technicians was dispatched to try and tighten<00:04:24.320> the<00:04:24.479> valve.<00:04:25.280> But<00:04:25.440> with<00:04:25.680> a<00:04:26.000> little 00:04:26.230 --> 00:04:26.240 align:start position:0% tighten the valve. But with a little 00:04:26.240 --> 00:04:29.270 align:start position:0% tighten the valve. But with a little more<00:04:26.479> than<00:04:26.800> 2<00:04:27.199> hours<00:04:27.600> to<00:04:27.919> launch,<00:04:28.800> time<00:04:29.040> was 00:04:29.270 --> 00:04:29.280 align:start position:0% more than 2 hours to launch, time was 00:04:29.280 --> 00:04:31.749 align:start position:0% more than 2 hours to launch, time was running<00:04:29.600> out.<00:04:30.639> The<00:04:30.880> crew<00:04:31.120> were<00:04:31.440> working<00:04:31.600> on 00:04:31.749 --> 00:04:31.759 align:start position:0% running out. The crew were working on 00:04:31.759 --> 00:04:34.310 align:start position:0% running out. The crew were working on the<00:04:32.000> valve,<00:04:32.639> manually<00:04:33.360> tightening<00:04:34.000> each 00:04:34.310 --> 00:04:34.320 align:start position:0% the valve, manually tightening each 00:04:34.320 --> 00:04:36.230 align:start position:0% the valve, manually tightening each bolt,<00:04:34.960> even<00:04:35.120> as<00:04:35.360> the<00:04:35.520> astronauts<00:04:36.000> were 00:04:36.230 --> 00:04:36.240 align:start position:0% bolt, even as the astronauts were 00:04:36.240 --> 00:04:39.110 align:start position:0% bolt, even as the astronauts were starting<00:04:36.479> to<00:04:36.720> board<00:04:36.960> the<00:04:37.199> craft<00:04:37.680> just<00:04:38.320> 30<00:04:38.720> m 00:04:39.110 --> 00:04:39.120 align:start position:0% starting to board the craft just 30 m 00:04:39.120 --> 00:04:41.590 align:start position:0% starting to board the craft just 30 m above<00:04:39.440> them.<00:04:40.240> But<00:04:40.400> when<00:04:40.560> they<00:04:40.880> still<00:04:41.199> failed 00:04:41.590 --> 00:04:41.600 align:start position:0% above them. But when they still failed 00:04:41.600 --> 00:04:43.990 align:start position:0% above them. But when they still failed to<00:04:41.759> stop<00:04:42.000> the<00:04:42.240> leak,<00:04:42.880> the<00:04:43.120> crew<00:04:43.440> took<00:04:43.759> the 00:04:43.990 --> 00:04:44.000 align:start position:0% to stop the leak, the crew took the 00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:46.870 align:start position:0% to stop the leak, the crew took the extreme<00:04:44.639> measure<00:04:45.280> of<00:04:45.600> pouring<00:04:46.080> water<00:04:46.400> from<00:04:46.639> an 00:04:46.870 --> 00:04:46.880 align:start position:0% extreme measure of pouring water from an 00:04:46.880 --> 00:04:50.150 align:start position:0% extreme measure of pouring water from an eyewash<00:04:47.440> station<00:04:48.000> over<00:04:48.320> the<00:04:48.560> valve<00:04:49.360> where<00:04:49.840> it 00:04:50.150 --> 00:04:50.160 align:start position:0% eyewash station over the valve where it 00:04:50.160 --> 00:04:52.629 align:start position:0% eyewash station over the valve where it froze.<00:04:51.360> While<00:04:51.600> the<00:04:51.840> resulting<00:04:52.320> ice 00:04:52.629 --> 00:04:52.639 align:start position:0% froze. While the resulting ice 00:04:52.639 --> 00:04:54.629 align:start position:0% froze. While the resulting ice successfully<00:04:53.360> isolated<00:04:53.919> and<00:04:54.160> sealed<00:04:54.479> the 00:04:54.629 --> 00:04:54.639 align:start position:0% successfully isolated and sealed the 00:04:54.639 --> 00:04:57.270 align:start position:0% successfully isolated and sealed the leak,<00:04:55.199> it<00:04:55.440> rendered<00:04:55.759> the<00:04:55.919> valve<00:04:56.639> completely 00:04:57.270 --> 00:04:57.280 align:start position:0% leak, it rendered the valve completely 00:04:57.280 --> 00:04:59.990 align:start position:0% leak, it rendered the valve completely inoperable.<00:04:58.639> They<00:04:58.960> needed<00:04:59.360> another<00:04:59.680> way<00:04:59.840> to 00:04:59.990 --> 00:05:00.000 align:start position:0% inoperable. They needed another way to 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:02.550 align:start position:0% inoperable. They needed another way to keep<00:05:00.160> the<00:05:00.320> tanks<00:05:00.639> topped<00:05:00.960> up.<00:05:02.000> Engineers 00:05:02.550 --> 00:05:02.560 align:start position:0% keep the tanks topped up. Engineers 00:05:02.560 --> 00:05:05.189 align:start position:0% keep the tanks topped up. Engineers decided<00:05:03.040> to<00:05:03.199> try<00:05:03.520> using<00:05:03.919> the<00:05:04.160> large<00:05:04.560> main<00:05:04.880> fill 00:05:05.189 --> 00:05:05.199 align:start position:0% decided to try using the large main fill 00:05:05.199 --> 00:05:07.510 align:start position:0% decided to try using the large main fill valve<00:05:05.600> to<00:05:05.840> keep<00:05:06.080> fuel<00:05:06.479> in<00:05:06.639> the<00:05:06.800> tank, 00:05:07.510 --> 00:05:07.520 align:start position:0% valve to keep fuel in the tank, 00:05:07.520 --> 00:05:11.110 align:start position:0% valve to keep fuel in the tank, something<00:05:08.160> it<00:05:08.479> was<00:05:08.720> never<00:05:09.199> intended<00:05:09.680> for.<00:05:10.880> For 00:05:11.110 --> 00:05:11.120 align:start position:0% something it was never intended for. For 00:05:11.120 --> 00:05:13.590 align:start position:0% something it was never intended for. For the<00:05:11.280> final<00:05:11.680> hours<00:05:12.000> of<00:05:12.160> the<00:05:12.320> countdown,<00:05:13.199> two 00:05:13.590 --> 00:05:13.600 align:start position:0% the final hours of the countdown, two 00:05:13.600 --> 00:05:15.670 align:start position:0% the final hours of the countdown, two engineers<00:05:14.160> worked<00:05:14.479> to<00:05:14.720> keep<00:05:14.880> the<00:05:15.039> rocket 00:05:15.670 --> 00:05:15.680 align:start position:0% engineers worked to keep the rocket 00:05:15.680 --> 00:05:18.469 align:start position:0% engineers worked to keep the rocket flight<00:05:16.000> ready.<00:05:16.800> One<00:05:17.120> monitored<00:05:17.600> fuel<00:05:17.919> levels 00:05:18.469 --> 00:05:18.479 align:start position:0% flight ready. One monitored fuel levels 00:05:18.479 --> 00:05:20.710 align:start position:0% flight ready. One monitored fuel levels whilst<00:05:18.800> the<00:05:19.039> other<00:05:19.440> turned<00:05:19.680> the<00:05:19.840> fill<00:05:20.160> valve 00:05:20.710 --> 00:05:20.720 align:start position:0% whilst the other turned the fill valve 00:05:20.720 --> 00:05:23.909 align:start position:0% whilst the other turned the fill valve on<00:05:21.039> and<00:05:21.360> off,<00:05:22.080> topping<00:05:22.479> up<00:05:22.720> the<00:05:23.039> tanks<00:05:23.600> to 00:05:23.909 --> 00:05:23.919 align:start position:0% on and off, topping up the tanks to 00:05:23.919 --> 00:05:25.670 align:start position:0% on and off, topping up the tanks to compensate<00:05:24.320> for<00:05:24.560> boiloff. 00:05:25.670 --> 00:05:25.680 align:start position:0% compensate for boiloff. 00:05:25.680 --> 00:05:27.590 align:start position:0% compensate for boiloff. >> Oxidizer<00:05:26.400> tanks<00:05:26.639> in<00:05:26.800> the<00:05:26.960> second<00:05:27.120> and<00:05:27.360> third 00:05:27.590 --> 00:05:27.600 align:start position:0% >> Oxidizer tanks in the second and third 00:05:27.600 --> 00:05:30.310 align:start position:0% >> Oxidizer tanks in the second and third stages<00:05:28.080> now<00:05:28.320> have<00:05:28.560> pressurized.<00:05:29.680> Meanwhile, 00:05:30.310 --> 00:05:30.320 align:start position:0% stages now have pressurized. Meanwhile, 00:05:30.320 --> 00:05:33.029 align:start position:0% stages now have pressurized. Meanwhile, Buzz<00:05:30.639> Aldrin,<00:05:31.440> Michael<00:05:31.919> Collins,<00:05:32.479> and<00:05:32.720> Neil 00:05:33.029 --> 00:05:33.039 align:start position:0% Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and Neil 00:05:33.039 --> 00:05:35.350 align:start position:0% Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins, and Neil Armstrong<00:05:33.680> sat<00:05:34.000> in<00:05:34.160> the<00:05:34.240> command<00:05:34.639> module<00:05:35.039> in 00:05:35.350 --> 00:05:35.360 align:start position:0% Armstrong sat in the command module in 00:05:35.360 --> 00:05:38.070 align:start position:0% Armstrong sat in the command module in eerie<00:05:35.840> silence,<00:05:36.800> preparing<00:05:37.360> themselves<00:05:37.840> for 00:05:38.070 --> 00:05:38.080 align:start position:0% eerie silence, preparing themselves for 00:05:38.080 --> 00:05:40.790 align:start position:0% eerie silence, preparing themselves for launch.<00:05:39.360> Now<00:05:39.680> sealed<00:05:40.000> off<00:05:40.240> from<00:05:40.479> Earth's 00:05:40.790 --> 00:05:40.800 align:start position:0% launch. Now sealed off from Earth's 00:05:40.800 --> 00:05:43.830 align:start position:0% launch. Now sealed off from Earth's atmosphere<00:05:41.440> entirely,<00:05:42.639> they<00:05:43.039> were<00:05:43.280> concerned 00:05:43.830 --> 00:05:43.840 align:start position:0% atmosphere entirely, they were concerned 00:05:43.840 --> 00:05:46.710 align:start position:0% atmosphere entirely, they were concerned with<00:05:44.080> a<00:05:44.320> different<00:05:44.720> gas,<00:05:45.600> one<00:05:45.840> that<00:05:46.080> was<00:05:46.479> just 00:05:46.710 --> 00:05:46.720 align:start position:0% with a different gas, one that was just 00:05:46.720 --> 00:05:48.790 align:start position:0% with a different gas, one that was just as<00:05:47.039> critical<00:05:47.360> to<00:05:47.600> their<00:05:47.840> survival<00:05:48.320> as<00:05:48.560> the 00:05:48.790 --> 00:05:48.800 align:start position:0% as critical to their survival as the 00:05:48.800 --> 00:05:53.029 align:start position:0% as critical to their survival as the integrity<00:05:49.199> of<00:05:49.360> the<00:05:49.520> rocket<00:05:49.840> itself. 00:05:53.029 --> 00:05:53.039 align:start position:0% 00:05:53.039 --> 00:05:54.950 align:start position:0% During<00:05:53.440> the<00:05:53.600> planning<00:05:53.919> stages,<00:05:54.479> it<00:05:54.639> had<00:05:54.800> been 00:05:54.950 --> 00:05:54.960 align:start position:0% During the planning stages, it had been 00:05:54.960 --> 00:05:56.790 align:start position:0% During the planning stages, it had been decided<00:05:55.280> that<00:05:55.520> the<00:05:55.680> Apollo<00:05:56.160> spacecraft 00:05:56.790 --> 00:05:56.800 align:start position:0% decided that the Apollo spacecraft 00:05:56.800 --> 00:05:59.990 align:start position:0% decided that the Apollo spacecraft needed<00:05:57.120> to<00:05:57.280> be<00:05:57.520> as<00:05:57.919> light<00:05:58.320> as<00:05:58.639> possible.<00:05:59.759> To 00:05:59.990 --> 00:06:00.000 align:start position:0% needed to be as light as possible. To 00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:02.230 align:start position:0% needed to be as light as possible. To make<00:06:00.160> that<00:06:00.560> happen,<00:06:01.120> a<00:06:01.360> decision<00:06:01.680> was<00:06:01.919> taken 00:06:02.230 --> 00:06:02.240 align:start position:0% make that happen, a decision was taken 00:06:02.240 --> 00:06:05.189 align:start position:0% make that happen, a decision was taken to<00:06:02.400> fill<00:06:02.720> the<00:06:02.960> astronauts<00:06:03.520> module<00:06:04.160> with<00:06:04.639> pure 00:06:05.189 --> 00:06:05.199 align:start position:0% to fill the astronauts module with pure 00:06:05.199 --> 00:06:06.710 align:start position:0% to fill the astronauts module with pure oxygen. 00:06:06.710 --> 00:06:06.720 align:start position:0% oxygen. 00:06:06.720 --> 00:06:10.469 align:start position:0% oxygen. Normal<00:06:07.120> air<00:06:07.440> is<00:06:08.000> 78%<00:06:09.039> nitrogen.<00:06:09.919> So<00:06:10.160> only 00:06:10.469 --> 00:06:10.479 align:start position:0% Normal air is 78% nitrogen. So only 00:06:10.479 --> 00:06:12.629 align:start position:0% Normal air is 78% nitrogen. So only taking<00:06:10.960> oxygen<00:06:11.600> meant<00:06:11.919> that<00:06:12.160> they<00:06:12.400> didn't 00:06:12.629 --> 00:06:12.639 align:start position:0% taking oxygen meant that they didn't 00:06:12.639 --> 00:06:15.189 align:start position:0% taking oxygen meant that they didn't need<00:06:12.880> heavy<00:06:13.199> tanks<00:06:13.520> of<00:06:13.680> nitrogen<00:06:14.639> and<00:06:14.880> allowed 00:06:15.189 --> 00:06:15.199 align:start position:0% need heavy tanks of nitrogen and allowed 00:06:15.199 --> 00:06:17.590 align:start position:0% need heavy tanks of nitrogen and allowed for<00:06:15.360> the<00:06:15.600> use<00:06:15.840> of<00:06:16.080> a<00:06:16.400> lower<00:06:16.800> pressure<00:06:17.280> within 00:06:17.590 --> 00:06:17.600 align:start position:0% for the use of a lower pressure within 00:06:17.600 --> 00:06:20.309 align:start position:0% for the use of a lower pressure within the<00:06:17.840> craft.<00:06:18.800> combined<00:06:19.440> this<00:06:19.759> made<00:06:20.000> for<00:06:20.160> a 00:06:20.309 --> 00:06:20.319 align:start position:0% the craft. combined this made for a 00:06:20.319 --> 00:06:23.029 align:start position:0% the craft. combined this made for a lighter<00:06:20.639> weight<00:06:20.960> spacecraft.<00:06:22.080> Win-win, 00:06:23.029 --> 00:06:23.039 align:start position:0% lighter weight spacecraft. Win-win, 00:06:23.039 --> 00:06:28.790 align:start position:0% lighter weight spacecraft. Win-win, right?<00:06:24.319> Well,<00:06:25.280> not<00:06:25.600> really.<00:06:26.639> Oxygen<00:06:27.440> is<00:06:28.240> very 00:06:28.790 --> 00:06:28.800 align:start position:0% right? Well, not really. Oxygen is very 00:06:28.800 --> 00:06:31.350 align:start position:0% right? Well, not really. Oxygen is very flammable.<00:06:29.919> And<00:06:30.080> this<00:06:30.319> was<00:06:30.479> a<00:06:30.720> contributing 00:06:31.350 --> 00:06:31.360 align:start position:0% flammable. And this was a contributing 00:06:31.360 --> 00:06:33.830 align:start position:0% flammable. And this was a contributing factor<00:06:31.759> in<00:06:32.000> the<00:06:32.160> Apollo<00:06:32.639> 1<00:06:32.960> fire<00:06:33.280> I<00:06:33.520> mentioned 00:06:33.830 --> 00:06:33.840 align:start position:0% factor in the Apollo 1 fire I mentioned 00:06:33.840 --> 00:06:37.270 align:start position:0% factor in the Apollo 1 fire I mentioned before.<00:06:34.960> After<00:06:35.360> that<00:06:35.680> fire,<00:06:36.400> the<00:06:36.639> gas<00:06:36.960> makeup 00:06:37.270 --> 00:06:37.280 align:start position:0% before. After that fire, the gas makeup 00:06:37.280 --> 00:06:40.469 align:start position:0% before. After that fire, the gas makeup NASA<00:06:37.680> used<00:06:37.919> was<00:06:38.240> tweaked<00:06:38.800> to<00:06:39.039> a<00:06:39.280> mix<00:06:39.520> of<00:06:39.840> 60% 00:06:40.469 --> 00:06:40.479 align:start position:0% NASA used was tweaked to a mix of 60% 00:06:40.479 --> 00:06:43.270 align:start position:0% NASA used was tweaked to a mix of 60% oxygen,<00:06:41.360> 40%<00:06:42.000> nitrogen<00:06:42.560> to<00:06:42.720> make<00:06:42.880> it<00:06:43.039> less 00:06:43.270 --> 00:06:43.280 align:start position:0% oxygen, 40% nitrogen to make it less 00:06:43.280 --> 00:06:46.469 align:start position:0% oxygen, 40% nitrogen to make it less flammable.<00:06:44.479> They<00:06:44.800> also<00:06:45.280> pressurized<00:06:45.840> it<00:06:46.000> at<00:06:46.240> a 00:06:46.469 --> 00:06:46.479 align:start position:0% flammable. They also pressurized it at a 00:06:46.479 --> 00:06:49.749 align:start position:0% flammable. They also pressurized it at a much<00:06:46.639> higher<00:06:47.280> 16<00:06:47.680> psi.<00:06:48.720> So<00:06:48.880> if<00:06:49.120> any<00:06:49.360> leaks 00:06:49.749 --> 00:06:49.759 align:start position:0% much higher 16 psi. So if any leaks 00:06:49.759 --> 00:06:52.150 align:start position:0% much higher 16 psi. So if any leaks occurred,<00:06:50.240> the<00:06:50.479> air<00:06:50.720> would<00:06:50.880> flow<00:06:51.199> out<00:06:51.680> and<00:06:51.919> not 00:06:52.150 --> 00:06:52.160 align:start position:0% occurred, the air would flow out and not 00:06:52.160 --> 00:06:55.430 align:start position:0% occurred, the air would flow out and not let<00:06:52.479> the<00:06:52.720> humid<00:06:53.199> Florida<00:06:53.600> air<00:06:53.919> in. 00:06:55.430 --> 00:06:55.440 align:start position:0% let the humid Florida air in. 00:06:55.440 --> 00:06:57.430 align:start position:0% let the humid Florida air in. Once<00:06:55.680> they<00:06:55.919> were<00:06:56.080> safely<00:06:56.479> in<00:06:56.720> orbit,<00:06:57.199> the 00:06:57.430 --> 00:06:57.440 align:start position:0% Once they were safely in orbit, the 00:06:57.440 --> 00:06:59.430 align:start position:0% Once they were safely in orbit, the composition<00:06:57.919> would<00:06:58.160> then<00:06:58.560> gradually<00:06:59.199> be 00:06:59.430 --> 00:06:59.440 align:start position:0% composition would then gradually be 00:06:59.440 --> 00:07:01.830 align:start position:0% composition would then gradually be changed<00:06:59.759> to<00:07:00.000> pure<00:07:00.319> oxygen<00:07:01.039> at<00:07:01.360> a<00:07:01.520> lower 00:07:01.830 --> 00:07:01.840 align:start position:0% changed to pure oxygen at a lower 00:07:01.840 --> 00:07:05.909 align:start position:0% changed to pure oxygen at a lower pressure<00:07:02.160> of<00:07:02.479> 5<00:07:02.880> psi.<00:07:04.319> But<00:07:04.560> even<00:07:04.960> this<00:07:05.360> amended 00:07:05.909 --> 00:07:05.919 align:start position:0% pressure of 5 psi. But even this amended 00:07:05.919 --> 00:07:08.790 align:start position:0% pressure of 5 psi. But even this amended launch<00:07:06.319> mix<00:07:06.880> caused<00:07:07.280> problems.<00:07:08.319> As<00:07:08.560> I 00:07:08.790 --> 00:07:08.800 align:start position:0% launch mix caused problems. As I 00:07:08.800 --> 00:07:11.670 align:start position:0% launch mix caused problems. As I mentioned,<00:07:09.520> normal<00:07:09.919> air<00:07:10.240> is<00:07:10.400> around<00:07:10.880> 78% 00:07:11.670 --> 00:07:11.680 align:start position:0% mentioned, normal air is around 78% 00:07:11.680 --> 00:07:15.670 align:start position:0% mentioned, normal air is around 78% nitrogen<00:07:12.240> and<00:07:12.560> 21%<00:07:13.280> oxygen.<00:07:14.400> This<00:07:14.800> mix<00:07:15.440> meant 00:07:15.670 --> 00:07:15.680 align:start position:0% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. This mix meant 00:07:15.680 --> 00:07:18.230 align:start position:0% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. This mix meant that<00:07:15.919> humans<00:07:16.319> have<00:07:16.560> a<00:07:16.880> significant<00:07:17.599> amount<00:07:17.919> of 00:07:18.230 --> 00:07:18.240 align:start position:0% that humans have a significant amount of 00:07:18.240 --> 00:07:21.270 align:start position:0% that humans have a significant amount of nitrogen<00:07:19.039> dissolved<00:07:19.520> in<00:07:19.759> our<00:07:20.080> blood.<00:07:20.960> Early 00:07:21.270 --> 00:07:21.280 align:start position:0% nitrogen dissolved in our blood. Early 00:07:21.280 --> 00:07:23.589 align:start position:0% nitrogen dissolved in our blood. Early testing<00:07:21.759> showed<00:07:22.000> that<00:07:22.240> if<00:07:22.560> astronauts<00:07:23.280> took 00:07:23.589 --> 00:07:23.599 align:start position:0% testing showed that if astronauts took 00:07:23.599 --> 00:07:26.150 align:start position:0% testing showed that if astronauts took off<00:07:23.840> like<00:07:24.160> this,<00:07:24.800> when<00:07:25.039> the<00:07:25.280> cabin<00:07:25.759> pressure 00:07:26.150 --> 00:07:26.160 align:start position:0% off like this, when the cabin pressure 00:07:26.160 --> 00:07:28.790 align:start position:0% off like this, when the cabin pressure dropped,<00:07:26.880> the<00:07:27.120> nitrogen<00:07:27.759> formed<00:07:28.240> bubbles<00:07:28.639> in 00:07:28.790 --> 00:07:28.800 align:start position:0% dropped, the nitrogen formed bubbles in 00:07:28.800 --> 00:07:31.110 align:start position:0% dropped, the nitrogen formed bubbles in their<00:07:29.039> blood<00:07:29.280> and<00:07:29.520> joints,<00:07:30.240> causing<00:07:30.720> a 00:07:31.110 --> 00:07:31.120 align:start position:0% their blood and joints, causing a 00:07:31.120 --> 00:07:34.230 align:start position:0% their blood and joints, causing a potentially<00:07:31.919> lethal<00:07:32.639> condition.<00:07:33.840> It<00:07:34.160> was 00:07:34.230 --> 00:07:34.240 align:start position:0% potentially lethal condition. It was 00:07:34.240 --> 00:07:35.990 align:start position:0% potentially lethal condition. It was therefore<00:07:34.720> mandatory<00:07:35.199> for<00:07:35.520> all<00:07:35.759> the 00:07:35.990 --> 00:07:36.000 align:start position:0% therefore mandatory for all the 00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:37.749 align:start position:0% therefore mandatory for all the astronauts<00:07:36.560> to<00:07:36.800> change<00:07:37.039> their<00:07:37.280> internal 00:07:37.749 --> 00:07:37.759 align:start position:0% astronauts to change their internal 00:07:37.759 --> 00:07:40.230 align:start position:0% astronauts to change their internal makeup<00:07:38.160> before<00:07:38.560> they<00:07:38.880> even<00:07:39.280> set<00:07:39.520> foot<00:07:39.840> on<00:07:40.000> a 00:07:40.230 --> 00:07:40.240 align:start position:0% makeup before they even set foot on a 00:07:40.240 --> 00:07:43.510 align:start position:0% makeup before they even set foot on a rocket.<00:07:41.360> They<00:07:41.680> did<00:07:41.840> this<00:07:42.080> by<00:07:42.560> breathing<00:07:43.120> pure 00:07:43.510 --> 00:07:43.520 align:start position:0% rocket. They did this by breathing pure 00:07:43.520 --> 00:07:46.710 align:start position:0% rocket. They did this by breathing pure oxygen<00:07:44.000> for<00:07:44.240> roughly<00:07:44.720> 2<00:07:45.120> hours<00:07:45.520> beforehand<00:07:46.400> to 00:07:46.710 --> 00:07:46.720 align:start position:0% oxygen for roughly 2 hours beforehand to 00:07:46.720 --> 00:07:49.029 align:start position:0% oxygen for roughly 2 hours beforehand to flush<00:07:47.039> out<00:07:47.280> the<00:07:47.440> nitrogen<00:07:47.919> from<00:07:48.160> their<00:07:48.400> blood, 00:07:49.029 --> 00:07:49.039 align:start position:0% flush out the nitrogen from their blood, 00:07:49.039 --> 00:07:50.710 align:start position:0% flush out the nitrogen from their blood, which<00:07:49.280> is<00:07:49.440> why<00:07:49.599> you<00:07:49.840> see<00:07:50.000> them<00:07:50.160> attached<00:07:50.560> to 00:07:50.710 --> 00:07:50.720 align:start position:0% which is why you see them attached to 00:07:50.720 --> 00:07:52.710 align:start position:0% which is why you see them attached to what<00:07:50.880> looks<00:07:51.120> like<00:07:51.360> suitcases<00:07:52.000> as<00:07:52.240> they<00:07:52.400> walk 00:07:52.710 --> 00:07:52.720 align:start position:0% what looks like suitcases as they walk 00:07:52.720 --> 00:07:56.469 align:start position:0% what looks like suitcases as they walk to<00:07:52.960> the<00:07:53.199> rocket.<00:07:54.080> That's<00:07:54.319> the<00:07:54.639> oxygen.<00:07:56.000> Having 00:07:56.469 --> 00:07:56.479 align:start position:0% to the rocket. That's the oxygen. Having 00:07:56.479 --> 00:07:58.230 align:start position:0% to the rocket. That's the oxygen. Having successfully<00:07:57.039> purged<00:07:57.440> the<00:07:57.599> nitrogen<00:07:58.080> from 00:07:58.230 --> 00:07:58.240 align:start position:0% successfully purged the nitrogen from 00:07:58.240 --> 00:08:00.550 align:start position:0% successfully purged the nitrogen from their<00:07:58.400> veins<00:07:58.800> to<00:07:59.039> survive<00:07:59.360> the<00:07:59.599> launch,<00:08:00.319> the 00:08:00.550 --> 00:08:00.560 align:start position:0% their veins to survive the launch, the 00:08:00.560 --> 00:08:04.629 align:start position:0% their veins to survive the launch, the crew<00:08:01.520> was<00:08:01.759> ready<00:08:02.000> to<00:08:02.160> go. 00:08:04.629 --> 00:08:04.639 align:start position:0% crew was ready to go. 00:08:04.639 --> 00:08:14.230 align:start position:0% crew was ready to go. 10<00:08:05.759> 9<00:08:06.960> ignition<00:08:07.520> sequence<00:08:08.080> start.<00:08:09.440> 6<00:08:10.240> 5<00:08:11.199> 4<00:08:12.080> 3<00:08:13.199> 2 00:08:14.230 --> 00:08:14.240 align:start position:0% 10 9 ignition sequence start. 6 5 4 3 2 00:08:14.240 --> 00:08:41.430 align:start position:0% 10 9 ignition sequence start. 6 5 4 3 2 1<00:08:15.440> zero.<00:08:16.160> All<00:08:16.479> engine<00:08:16.960> running. 00:08:41.430 --> 00:08:41.440 align:start position:0% 00:08:41.440 --> 00:09:03.269 align:start position:0% Heat.<00:08:41.519> Heat. 00:09:03.269 --> 00:09:03.279 align:start position:0% 00:09:03.279 --> 00:09:05.350 align:start position:0% But<00:09:03.680> this<00:09:03.920> was<00:09:04.160> just<00:09:04.399> the<00:09:04.640> beginning<00:09:04.880> of<00:09:05.120> their 00:09:05.350 --> 00:09:05.360 align:start position:0% But this was just the beginning of their 00:09:05.360 --> 00:09:08.470 align:start position:0% But this was just the beginning of their journey.<00:09:06.240> Now<00:09:06.560> they<00:09:06.959> actually<00:09:07.360> had<00:09:07.680> to<00:09:07.920> get<00:09:08.320> to 00:09:08.470 --> 00:09:08.480 align:start position:0% journey. Now they actually had to get to 00:09:08.480 --> 00:09:11.030 align:start position:0% journey. Now they actually had to get to the<00:09:08.720> moon.<00:09:09.760> The<00:09:10.000> astronauts<00:09:10.560> started<00:09:10.800> to 00:09:11.030 --> 00:09:11.040 align:start position:0% the moon. The astronauts started to 00:09:11.040 --> 00:09:13.269 align:start position:0% the moon. The astronauts started to prepare<00:09:11.279> themselves<00:09:11.760> for<00:09:12.320> trans<00:09:12.720> lunar 00:09:13.269 --> 00:09:13.279 align:start position:0% prepare themselves for trans lunar 00:09:13.279 --> 00:09:15.350 align:start position:0% prepare themselves for trans lunar injection,<00:09:14.160> the<00:09:14.399> engine<00:09:14.720> burn<00:09:14.959> that<00:09:15.200> would 00:09:15.350 --> 00:09:15.360 align:start position:0% injection, the engine burn that would 00:09:15.360 --> 00:09:18.150 align:start position:0% injection, the engine burn that would send<00:09:15.519> them<00:09:15.760> out<00:09:16.000> of<00:09:16.160> low<00:09:16.480> Earth<00:09:16.800> orbit<00:09:17.519> towards 00:09:18.150 --> 00:09:18.160 align:start position:0% send them out of low Earth orbit towards 00:09:18.160 --> 00:09:21.110 align:start position:0% send them out of low Earth orbit towards the<00:09:18.480> mysterious<00:09:19.040> moon.<00:09:20.240> This<00:09:20.480> was<00:09:20.720> a 00:09:21.110 --> 00:09:21.120 align:start position:0% the mysterious moon. This was a 00:09:21.120 --> 00:09:22.870 align:start position:0% the mysterious moon. This was a particularly<00:09:21.839> dangerous<00:09:22.320> part<00:09:22.560> of<00:09:22.720> the 00:09:22.870 --> 00:09:22.880 align:start position:0% particularly dangerous part of the 00:09:22.880 --> 00:09:25.430 align:start position:0% particularly dangerous part of the journey<00:09:23.440> as<00:09:23.680> it<00:09:23.920> required<00:09:24.399> some<00:09:24.880> exacting 00:09:25.430 --> 00:09:25.440 align:start position:0% journey as it required some exacting 00:09:25.440 --> 00:09:27.990 align:start position:0% journey as it required some exacting maths<00:09:25.839> to<00:09:26.080> ensure<00:09:26.399> the<00:09:26.640> correct<00:09:26.880> trajectory. 00:09:27.990 --> 00:09:28.000 align:start position:0% maths to ensure the correct trajectory. 00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:30.550 align:start position:0% maths to ensure the correct trajectory. Get<00:09:28.240> it<00:09:28.399> wrong<00:09:28.959> and<00:09:29.120> they<00:09:29.360> risked<00:09:29.760> being<00:09:30.080> lost 00:09:30.550 --> 00:09:30.560 align:start position:0% Get it wrong and they risked being lost 00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:33.269 align:start position:0% Get it wrong and they risked being lost to<00:09:30.800> deep<00:09:31.120> space.<00:09:32.240> And<00:09:32.480> they<00:09:32.720> still<00:09:32.959> had<00:09:33.120> to 00:09:33.269 --> 00:09:33.279 align:start position:0% to deep space. And they still had to 00:09:33.279 --> 00:09:35.269 align:start position:0% to deep space. And they still had to make<00:09:33.440> it<00:09:33.680> out<00:09:33.839> of<00:09:34.000> the<00:09:34.240> lethal<00:09:34.720> radiation 00:09:35.269 --> 00:09:35.279 align:start position:0% make it out of the lethal radiation 00:09:35.279 --> 00:09:37.990 align:start position:0% make it out of the lethal radiation field<00:09:35.519> that<00:09:35.920> blankets<00:09:36.480> the<00:09:36.640> Earth,<00:09:37.279> the<00:09:37.600> Van 00:09:37.990 --> 00:09:38.000 align:start position:0% field that blankets the Earth, the Van 00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:42.070 align:start position:0% field that blankets the Earth, the Van Allen<00:09:38.720> radiation<00:09:39.279> belts. 00:09:42.070 --> 00:09:42.080 align:start position:0% Allen radiation belts. 00:09:42.080 --> 00:09:43.990 align:start position:0% Allen radiation belts. The<00:09:42.320> Van<00:09:42.560> Allen<00:09:42.959> radiation<00:09:43.360> belts<00:09:43.760> are 00:09:43.990 --> 00:09:44.000 align:start position:0% The Van Allen radiation belts are 00:09:44.000 --> 00:09:45.990 align:start position:0% The Van Allen radiation belts are essentially<00:09:44.399> two<00:09:44.720> concentric<00:09:45.360> donuts<00:09:45.839> of 00:09:45.990 --> 00:09:46.000 align:start position:0% essentially two concentric donuts of 00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:48.150 align:start position:0% essentially two concentric donuts of radiation<00:09:46.720> held<00:09:47.040> in<00:09:47.200> place<00:09:47.440> by<00:09:47.680> Earth's 00:09:48.150 --> 00:09:48.160 align:start position:0% radiation held in place by Earth's 00:09:48.160 --> 00:09:50.790 align:start position:0% radiation held in place by Earth's magnetic<00:09:48.560> field.<00:09:49.440> Normally,<00:09:49.920> they<00:09:50.240> act<00:09:50.399> as<00:09:50.640> a 00:09:50.790 --> 00:09:50.800 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Normally, they act as a 00:09:50.800 --> 00:09:53.590 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Normally, they act as a shield<00:09:51.440> protecting<00:09:51.920> our<00:09:52.240> planet<00:09:52.720> and<00:09:53.120> us<00:09:53.360> on 00:09:53.590 --> 00:09:53.600 align:start position:0% shield protecting our planet and us on 00:09:53.600 --> 00:09:56.710 align:start position:0% shield protecting our planet and us on it<00:09:54.160> from<00:09:54.480> the<00:09:54.640> solar<00:09:55.040> wind.<00:09:56.080> But<00:09:56.240> for<00:09:56.480> a 00:09:56.710 --> 00:09:56.720 align:start position:0% it from the solar wind. But for a 00:09:56.720 --> 00:09:59.350 align:start position:0% it from the solar wind. But for a spacecraft<00:09:57.360> passing<00:09:57.920> through<00:09:58.320> them,<00:09:59.120> they 00:09:59.350 --> 00:09:59.360 align:start position:0% spacecraft passing through them, they 00:09:59.360 --> 00:10:02.870 align:start position:0% spacecraft passing through them, they are<00:09:59.600> a<00:10:00.000> high<00:10:00.480> energy<00:10:00.959> gauntlet.<00:10:02.240> And<00:10:02.480> in<00:10:02.640> the 00:10:02.870 --> 00:10:02.880 align:start position:0% are a high energy gauntlet. And in the 00:10:02.880 --> 00:10:06.150 align:start position:0% are a high energy gauntlet. And in the 1960s,<00:10:03.920> the<00:10:04.160> lethality<00:10:04.800> of<00:10:04.959> these<00:10:05.279> belts<00:10:05.920> was 00:10:06.150 --> 00:10:06.160 align:start position:0% 1960s, the lethality of these belts was 00:10:06.160 --> 00:10:09.910 align:start position:0% 1960s, the lethality of these belts was a<00:10:06.480> terrifying<00:10:07.440> unknown.<00:10:08.880> Scientists<00:10:09.360> were<00:10:09.600> so 00:10:09.910 --> 00:10:09.920 align:start position:0% a terrifying unknown. Scientists were so 00:10:09.920 --> 00:10:12.070 align:start position:0% a terrifying unknown. Scientists were so concerned<00:10:10.320> that<00:10:10.640> they<00:10:10.880> even<00:10:11.200> conducted<00:10:11.839> high 00:10:12.070 --> 00:10:12.080 align:start position:0% concerned that they even conducted high 00:10:12.080 --> 00:10:14.949 align:start position:0% concerned that they even conducted high alitude<00:10:12.720> nuclear<00:10:13.279> tests,<00:10:14.160> including<00:10:14.640> a 00:10:14.949 --> 00:10:14.959 align:start position:0% alitude nuclear tests, including a 00:10:14.959 --> 00:10:17.590 align:start position:0% alitude nuclear tests, including a mission<00:10:15.360> called<00:10:15.680> Starfish<00:10:16.320> Prime,<00:10:17.040> to<00:10:17.279> see<00:10:17.440> if 00:10:17.590 --> 00:10:17.600 align:start position:0% mission called Starfish Prime, to see if 00:10:17.600 --> 00:10:19.829 align:start position:0% mission called Starfish Prime, to see if they<00:10:17.839> could<00:10:18.079> physically<00:10:18.640> blow<00:10:18.959> a<00:10:19.279> hole<00:10:19.519> in<00:10:19.680> the 00:10:19.829 --> 00:10:19.839 align:start position:0% they could physically blow a hole in the 00:10:19.839 --> 00:10:22.470 align:start position:0% they could physically blow a hole in the belts<00:10:20.399> to<00:10:20.640> create<00:10:20.959> a<00:10:21.360> safe<00:10:21.839> passage<00:10:22.240> for 00:10:22.470 --> 00:10:22.480 align:start position:0% belts to create a safe passage for 00:10:22.480 --> 00:10:25.509 align:start position:0% belts to create a safe passage for astronauts.<00:10:23.760> Needless<00:10:24.240> to<00:10:24.399> say,<00:10:24.959> this<00:10:25.279> was 00:10:25.509 --> 00:10:25.519 align:start position:0% astronauts. Needless to say, this was 00:10:25.519 --> 00:10:27.990 align:start position:0% astronauts. Needless to say, this was less<00:10:25.839> than<00:10:26.079> effective<00:10:26.800> and<00:10:27.120> actually<00:10:27.600> added 00:10:27.990 --> 00:10:28.000 align:start position:0% less than effective and actually added 00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:30.949 align:start position:0% less than effective and actually added radiation<00:10:28.640> to<00:10:28.880> the<00:10:29.040> belts.<00:10:30.160> So<00:10:30.399> instead, 00:10:30.949 --> 00:10:30.959 align:start position:0% radiation to the belts. So instead, 00:10:30.959 --> 00:10:33.350 align:start position:0% radiation to the belts. So instead, NASA's<00:10:31.519> trajectory<00:10:32.079> experts<00:10:32.640> found<00:10:33.040> a 00:10:33.350 --> 00:10:33.360 align:start position:0% NASA's trajectory experts found a 00:10:33.360 --> 00:10:36.710 align:start position:0% NASA's trajectory experts found a solution<00:10:34.079> in<00:10:34.560> geometry.<00:10:35.920> A<00:10:36.160> team<00:10:36.320> of 00:10:36.710 --> 00:10:36.720 align:start position:0% solution in geometry. A team of 00:10:36.720 --> 00:10:39.829 align:start position:0% solution in geometry. A team of so-called<00:10:37.440> human<00:10:37.839> computers,<00:10:38.880> mainly<00:10:39.360> poorly 00:10:39.829 --> 00:10:39.839 align:start position:0% so-called human computers, mainly poorly 00:10:39.839 --> 00:10:41.509 align:start position:0% so-called human computers, mainly poorly paid<00:10:40.079> women<00:10:40.399> who<00:10:40.640> would<00:10:40.880> go<00:10:40.959> on<00:10:41.120> to<00:10:41.279> become 00:10:41.509 --> 00:10:41.519 align:start position:0% paid women who would go on to become 00:10:41.519 --> 00:10:44.230 align:start position:0% paid women who would go on to become NASA's<00:10:42.079> first<00:10:42.399> computer<00:10:42.880> programmers.<00:10:44.000> They 00:10:44.230 --> 00:10:44.240 align:start position:0% NASA's first computer programmers. They 00:10:44.240 --> 00:10:45.990 align:start position:0% NASA's first computer programmers. They tweaked<00:10:44.560> the<00:10:44.720> mass<00:10:44.959> of<00:10:45.120> the<00:10:45.279> trans<00:10:45.600> lunar 00:10:45.990 --> 00:10:46.000 align:start position:0% tweaked the mass of the trans lunar 00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:48.069 align:start position:0% tweaked the mass of the trans lunar injection<00:10:46.399> to<00:10:46.640> exploit<00:10:46.959> a<00:10:47.200> loophole<00:10:47.680> in<00:10:47.920> the 00:10:48.069 --> 00:10:48.079 align:start position:0% injection to exploit a loophole in the 00:10:48.079 --> 00:10:50.870 align:start position:0% injection to exploit a loophole in the Earth's<00:10:48.560> magnetic<00:10:49.279> architecture.<00:10:50.480> It<00:10:50.720> was 00:10:50.870 --> 00:10:50.880 align:start position:0% Earth's magnetic architecture. It was 00:10:50.880 --> 00:10:53.030 align:start position:0% Earth's magnetic architecture. It was much<00:10:51.120> safer<00:10:51.440> to<00:10:51.600> go<00:10:51.920> directly<00:10:52.480> out<00:10:52.720> at<00:10:52.880> the 00:10:53.030 --> 00:10:53.040 align:start position:0% much safer to go directly out at the 00:10:53.040 --> 00:10:55.110 align:start position:0% much safer to go directly out at the North<00:10:53.440> or<00:10:53.680> South<00:10:54.000> Pole<00:10:54.480> where<00:10:54.720> there<00:10:54.880> wasn't 00:10:55.110 --> 00:10:55.120 align:start position:0% North or South Pole where there wasn't 00:10:55.120 --> 00:10:57.590 align:start position:0% North or South Pole where there wasn't much<00:10:55.360> radiation,<00:10:56.320> but<00:10:56.560> doing<00:10:56.800> so<00:10:57.040> would<00:10:57.360> have 00:10:57.590 --> 00:10:57.600 align:start position:0% much radiation, but doing so would have 00:10:57.600 --> 00:11:00.550 align:start position:0% much radiation, but doing so would have used<00:10:57.839> up<00:10:58.160> too<00:10:58.399> much<00:10:58.720> fuel.<00:10:59.760> The<00:11:00.000> compromise 00:11:00.550 --> 00:11:00.560 align:start position:0% used up too much fuel. The compromise 00:11:00.560 --> 00:11:04.470 align:start position:0% used up too much fuel. The compromise was<00:11:00.959> a<00:11:01.360> slant<00:11:01.920> trajectory.<00:11:03.279> NASA<00:11:03.839> precisely 00:11:04.470 --> 00:11:04.480 align:start position:0% was a slant trajectory. NASA precisely 00:11:04.480 --> 00:11:06.630 align:start position:0% was a slant trajectory. NASA precisely angled<00:11:04.959> and<00:11:05.200> timed<00:11:05.519> the<00:11:05.760> launch<00:11:06.160> and<00:11:06.399> the 00:11:06.630 --> 00:11:06.640 align:start position:0% angled and timed the launch and the 00:11:06.640 --> 00:11:08.870 align:start position:0% angled and timed the launch and the burn.<00:11:07.360> So,<00:11:07.440> the<00:11:07.680> spacecraft<00:11:08.160> would<00:11:08.399> bypass 00:11:08.870 --> 00:11:08.880 align:start position:0% burn. So, the spacecraft would bypass 00:11:08.880 --> 00:11:11.590 align:start position:0% burn. So, the spacecraft would bypass the<00:11:09.200> high<00:11:09.600> density<00:11:10.160> horns<00:11:10.720> of<00:11:10.880> the<00:11:11.040> inner<00:11:11.360> Van 00:11:11.590 --> 00:11:11.600 align:start position:0% the high density horns of the inner Van 00:11:11.600 --> 00:11:14.150 align:start position:0% the high density horns of the inner Van Allen<00:11:12.000> belt<00:11:12.320> entirely<00:11:13.120> and<00:11:13.440> head<00:11:13.680> through<00:11:14.000> the 00:11:14.150 --> 00:11:14.160 align:start position:0% Allen belt entirely and head through the 00:11:14.160 --> 00:11:17.190 align:start position:0% Allen belt entirely and head through the weaker<00:11:14.640> fringes<00:11:15.120> of<00:11:15.279> the<00:11:15.519> outer<00:11:15.839> belt.<00:11:16.959> But 00:11:17.190 --> 00:11:17.200 align:start position:0% weaker fringes of the outer belt. But 00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:18.550 align:start position:0% weaker fringes of the outer belt. But even<00:11:17.440> after<00:11:17.760> making<00:11:18.000> it<00:11:18.240> through<00:11:18.399> the 00:11:18.550 --> 00:11:18.560 align:start position:0% even after making it through the 00:11:18.560 --> 00:11:20.550 align:start position:0% even after making it through the radiation<00:11:19.040> belts,<00:11:19.680> the<00:11:19.920> navigational 00:11:20.550 --> 00:11:20.560 align:start position:0% radiation belts, the navigational 00:11:20.560 --> 00:11:22.870 align:start position:0% radiation belts, the navigational problems<00:11:21.200> didn't<00:11:21.519> stop.<00:11:22.240> In<00:11:22.480> fact,<00:11:22.640> the 00:11:22.870 --> 00:11:22.880 align:start position:0% problems didn't stop. In fact, the 00:11:22.880 --> 00:11:25.670 align:start position:0% problems didn't stop. In fact, the chances<00:11:23.279> of<00:11:23.519> things<00:11:23.760> going<00:11:24.079> wrong<00:11:24.959> only<00:11:25.360> got 00:11:25.670 --> 00:11:25.680 align:start position:0% chances of things going wrong only got 00:11:25.680 --> 00:11:28.630 align:start position:0% chances of things going wrong only got higher. 00:11:28.630 --> 00:11:28.640 align:start position:0% higher. 00:11:28.640 --> 00:11:30.870 align:start position:0% higher. When<00:11:28.880> people<00:11:29.200> think<00:11:29.360> of<00:11:29.600> Apollo<00:11:30.000> 11<00:11:30.399> flying<00:11:30.720> to 00:11:30.870 --> 00:11:30.880 align:start position:0% When people think of Apollo 11 flying to 00:11:30.880 --> 00:11:33.350 align:start position:0% When people think of Apollo 11 flying to the<00:11:31.040> moon,<00:11:31.600> many<00:11:31.920> imagine<00:11:32.320> its<00:11:32.640> engines<00:11:33.120> were 00:11:33.350 --> 00:11:33.360 align:start position:0% the moon, many imagine its engines were 00:11:33.360 --> 00:11:36.069 align:start position:0% the moon, many imagine its engines were burning<00:11:33.839> the<00:11:34.079> whole<00:11:34.399> time.<00:11:35.360> But<00:11:35.519> to<00:11:35.680> do<00:11:35.839> that 00:11:36.069 --> 00:11:36.079 align:start position:0% burning the whole time. But to do that 00:11:36.079 --> 00:11:38.790 align:start position:0% burning the whole time. But to do that would<00:11:36.320> have<00:11:36.560> required<00:11:37.200> too<00:11:37.519> much<00:11:37.760> fuel.<00:11:38.560> It 00:11:38.790 --> 00:11:38.800 align:start position:0% would have required too much fuel. It 00:11:38.800 --> 00:11:41.350 align:start position:0% would have required too much fuel. It would<00:11:38.880> have<00:11:39.040> made<00:11:39.279> Saturn<00:11:39.760> 5<00:11:40.160> so<00:11:40.480> heavy,<00:11:41.120> it 00:11:41.350 --> 00:11:41.360 align:start position:0% would have made Saturn 5 so heavy, it 00:11:41.360 --> 00:11:43.910 align:start position:0% would have made Saturn 5 so heavy, it wouldn't<00:11:41.680> have<00:11:41.839> made<00:11:42.079> it<00:11:42.320> off<00:11:42.560> the<00:11:42.800> ground. 00:11:43.910 --> 00:11:43.920 align:start position:0% wouldn't have made it off the ground. 00:11:43.920 --> 00:11:45.910 align:start position:0% wouldn't have made it off the ground. Instead,<00:11:44.480> for<00:11:44.720> most<00:11:44.959> of<00:11:45.120> its<00:11:45.360> trip<00:11:45.600> through 00:11:45.910 --> 00:11:45.920 align:start position:0% Instead, for most of its trip through 00:11:45.920 --> 00:11:48.949 align:start position:0% Instead, for most of its trip through space,<00:11:46.640> engineers<00:11:47.279> used<00:11:47.760> physics<00:11:48.399> to<00:11:48.640> coast 00:11:48.949 --> 00:11:48.959 align:start position:0% space, engineers used physics to coast 00:11:48.959 --> 00:11:51.190 align:start position:0% space, engineers used physics to coast Apollo<00:11:49.360> 11<00:11:49.680> to<00:11:49.920> the<00:11:50.000> moon.<00:11:50.720> Well, 00:11:51.190 --> 00:11:51.200 align:start position:0% Apollo 11 to the moon. Well, 00:11:51.200 --> 00:11:53.670 align:start position:0% Apollo 11 to the moon. Well, specifically<00:11:52.000> where<00:11:52.240> the<00:11:52.480> moon<00:11:52.880> would<00:11:53.120> be<00:11:53.440> in 00:11:53.670 --> 00:11:53.680 align:start position:0% specifically where the moon would be in 00:11:53.680 --> 00:11:57.430 align:start position:0% specifically where the moon would be in 3<00:11:54.000> days<00:11:54.240> time.<00:11:55.519> It<00:11:55.839> followed<00:11:56.320> a<00:11:56.720> figure<00:11:57.120> of 00:11:57.430 --> 00:11:57.440 align:start position:0% 3 days time. It followed a figure of 00:11:57.440 --> 00:11:59.990 align:start position:0% 3 days time. It followed a figure of eight<00:11:57.760> geometry<00:11:58.640> that<00:11:58.880> used<00:11:59.120> the<00:11:59.279> moon's<00:11:59.680> mass 00:11:59.990 --> 00:12:00.000 align:start position:0% eight geometry that used the moon's mass 00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:02.550 align:start position:0% eight geometry that used the moon's mass as<00:12:00.160> a<00:12:00.399> gravitational<00:12:01.040> anchor<00:12:01.760> and<00:12:02.079> free 00:12:02.550 --> 00:12:02.560 align:start position:0% as a gravitational anchor and free 00:12:02.560 --> 00:12:04.069 align:start position:0% as a gravitational anchor and free accelerator. 00:12:04.069 --> 00:12:04.079 align:start position:0% accelerator. 00:12:04.079 --> 00:12:06.629 align:start position:0% accelerator. This<00:12:04.399> was<00:12:04.640> called<00:12:05.120> a<00:12:05.519> free<00:12:06.000> return 00:12:06.629 --> 00:12:06.639 align:start position:0% This was called a free return 00:12:06.639 --> 00:12:09.350 align:start position:0% This was called a free return trajectory,<00:12:07.680> a<00:12:07.920> mathematical<00:12:08.560> fail<00:12:08.959> safe<00:12:09.200> to 00:12:09.350 --> 00:12:09.360 align:start position:0% trajectory, a mathematical fail safe to 00:12:09.360 --> 00:12:11.269 align:start position:0% trajectory, a mathematical fail safe to ensure<00:12:09.600> that<00:12:09.839> if<00:12:10.079> the<00:12:10.240> spacecraft's<00:12:10.880> engines 00:12:11.269 --> 00:12:11.279 align:start position:0% ensure that if the spacecraft's engines 00:12:11.279 --> 00:12:13.110 align:start position:0% ensure that if the spacecraft's engines failed,<00:12:11.760> the<00:12:12.000> moon's<00:12:12.320> gravity<00:12:12.800> would 00:12:13.110 --> 00:12:13.120 align:start position:0% failed, the moon's gravity would 00:12:13.120 --> 00:12:15.750 align:start position:0% failed, the moon's gravity would naturally<00:12:13.680> sling<00:12:14.160> the<00:12:14.480> craft<00:12:14.959> back<00:12:15.279> towards 00:12:15.750 --> 00:12:15.760 align:start position:0% naturally sling the craft back towards 00:12:15.760 --> 00:12:18.550 align:start position:0% naturally sling the craft back towards the<00:12:16.000> Earth's<00:12:16.480> Pacific<00:12:16.959> Ocean.<00:12:18.079> Once<00:12:18.320> the 00:12:18.550 --> 00:12:18.560 align:start position:0% the Earth's Pacific Ocean. Once the 00:12:18.560 --> 00:12:20.790 align:start position:0% the Earth's Pacific Ocean. Once the Saturn<00:12:18.959> 5's<00:12:19.279> third<00:12:19.519> stage<00:12:19.839> had<00:12:20.160> provided<00:12:20.560> the 00:12:20.790 --> 00:12:20.800 align:start position:0% Saturn 5's third stage had provided the 00:12:20.800 --> 00:12:23.670 align:start position:0% Saturn 5's third stage had provided the initial<00:12:21.200> shove,<00:12:21.839> the<00:12:22.079> spacecraft<00:12:22.720> became<00:12:23.360> a 00:12:23.670 --> 00:12:23.680 align:start position:0% initial shove, the spacecraft became a 00:12:23.680 --> 00:12:26.870 align:start position:0% initial shove, the spacecraft became a ballistic<00:12:24.320> projectile.<00:12:25.600> It<00:12:25.839> was<00:12:26.079> essentially 00:12:26.870 --> 00:12:26.880 align:start position:0% ballistic projectile. It was essentially 00:12:26.880 --> 00:12:29.590 align:start position:0% ballistic projectile. It was essentially falling<00:12:27.680> away<00:12:28.000> from<00:12:28.240> Earth,<00:12:29.040> gradually 00:12:29.590 --> 00:12:29.600 align:start position:0% falling away from Earth, gradually 00:12:29.600 --> 00:12:31.750 align:start position:0% falling away from Earth, gradually slowing<00:12:30.000> down<00:12:30.480> until<00:12:30.800> it<00:12:31.040> reached<00:12:31.440> the 00:12:31.750 --> 00:12:31.760 align:start position:0% slowing down until it reached the 00:12:31.760 --> 00:12:33.430 align:start position:0% slowing down until it reached the equiere, 00:12:33.430 --> 00:12:33.440 align:start position:0% equiere, 00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:35.750 align:start position:0% equiere, the<00:12:33.680> invisible<00:12:34.320> tugof-war<00:12:35.040> point<00:12:35.360> where<00:12:35.600> the 00:12:35.750 --> 00:12:35.760 align:start position:0% the invisible tugof-war point where the 00:12:35.760 --> 00:12:37.829 align:start position:0% the invisible tugof-war point where the moon's<00:12:36.160> gravity<00:12:36.560> finally<00:12:36.959> become<00:12:37.360> stronger 00:12:37.829 --> 00:12:37.839 align:start position:0% moon's gravity finally become stronger 00:12:37.839 --> 00:12:40.470 align:start position:0% moon's gravity finally become stronger than<00:12:38.000> the<00:12:38.240> Earth's.<00:12:39.120> From<00:12:39.440> that<00:12:39.680> point,<00:12:40.240> the 00:12:40.470 --> 00:12:40.480 align:start position:0% than the Earth's. From that point, the 00:12:40.480 --> 00:12:42.949 align:start position:0% than the Earth's. From that point, the moon's<00:12:40.800> gravity<00:12:41.200> took<00:12:41.440> over,<00:12:42.160> accelerating 00:12:42.949 --> 00:12:42.959 align:start position:0% moon's gravity took over, accelerating 00:12:42.959 --> 00:12:45.110 align:start position:0% moon's gravity took over, accelerating the<00:12:43.200> craft<00:12:43.519> towards<00:12:43.920> its<00:12:44.240> destination<00:12:44.880> for 00:12:45.110 --> 00:12:45.120 align:start position:0% the craft towards its destination for 00:12:45.120 --> 00:12:48.710 align:start position:0% the craft towards its destination for free.<00:12:46.399> But<00:12:46.639> this<00:12:47.120> required<00:12:47.920> terrifying 00:12:48.710 --> 00:12:48.720 align:start position:0% free. But this required terrifying 00:12:48.720 --> 00:12:51.829 align:start position:0% free. But this required terrifying precision.<00:12:49.760> If<00:12:50.000> the<00:12:50.160> craft<00:12:50.560> were<00:12:50.880> too<00:12:51.120> slow, 00:12:51.829 --> 00:12:51.839 align:start position:0% precision. If the craft were too slow, 00:12:51.839 --> 00:12:53.509 align:start position:0% precision. If the craft were too slow, it<00:12:52.079> would<00:12:52.240> fail<00:12:52.560> to<00:12:52.720> reach<00:12:52.959> the<00:12:53.120> moon's 00:12:53.509 --> 00:12:53.519 align:start position:0% it would fail to reach the moon's 00:12:53.519 --> 00:12:55.670 align:start position:0% it would fail to reach the moon's hillphere,<00:12:54.399> the<00:12:54.639> zone<00:12:54.959> where<00:12:55.120> the<00:12:55.360> lunar 00:12:55.670 --> 00:12:55.680 align:start position:0% hillphere, the zone where the lunar 00:12:55.680 --> 00:12:59.110 align:start position:0% hillphere, the zone where the lunar gravity<00:12:56.079> takes<00:12:56.399> over,<00:12:57.360> too<00:12:57.760> fast,<00:12:58.639> and<00:12:58.880> they 00:12:59.110 --> 00:12:59.120 align:start position:0% gravity takes over, too fast, and they 00:12:59.120 --> 00:13:01.750 align:start position:0% gravity takes over, too fast, and they would<00:12:59.360> overshoot<00:13:00.000> the<00:13:00.240> target<00:13:00.720> entirely, 00:13:01.750 --> 00:13:01.760 align:start position:0% would overshoot the target entirely, 00:13:01.760 --> 00:13:04.870 align:start position:0% would overshoot the target entirely, hurtling<00:13:02.480> into<00:13:02.880> a<00:13:03.200> permanent<00:13:03.760> solar<00:13:04.160> orbit 00:13:04.870 --> 00:13:04.880 align:start position:0% hurtling into a permanent solar orbit 00:13:04.880 --> 00:13:07.990 align:start position:0% hurtling into a permanent solar orbit with<00:13:05.200> no<00:13:05.440> hope<00:13:05.680> of<00:13:05.920> return.<00:13:07.040> To<00:13:07.279> hit<00:13:07.440> the<00:13:07.680> right 00:13:07.990 --> 00:13:08.000 align:start position:0% with no hope of return. To hit the right 00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:10.870 align:start position:0% with no hope of return. To hit the right window,<00:13:08.800> the<00:13:09.040> Saturn<00:13:09.440> 5's<00:13:09.920> third<00:13:10.160> stage<00:13:10.639> had 00:13:10.870 --> 00:13:10.880 align:start position:0% window, the Saturn 5's third stage had 00:13:10.880 --> 00:13:14.870 align:start position:0% window, the Saturn 5's third stage had to<00:13:11.120> ignite<00:13:11.519> for<00:13:11.839> exactly<00:13:12.639> 5<00:13:12.959> minutes<00:13:13.680> and<00:13:14.079> 48 00:13:14.870 --> 00:13:14.880 align:start position:0% to ignite for exactly 5 minutes and 48 00:13:14.880 --> 00:13:18.150 align:start position:0% to ignite for exactly 5 minutes and 48 seconds.<00:13:16.079> But<00:13:16.240> it<00:13:16.399> wasn't<00:13:16.720> just<00:13:16.959> about<00:13:17.279> time. 00:13:18.150 --> 00:13:18.160 align:start position:0% seconds. But it wasn't just about time. 00:13:18.160 --> 00:13:21.590 align:start position:0% seconds. But it wasn't just about time. Velocity<00:13:18.800> was<00:13:19.200> also<00:13:19.760> key.<00:13:20.639> The<00:13:20.880> engine<00:13:21.279> needed 00:13:21.590 --> 00:13:21.600 align:start position:0% Velocity was also key. The engine needed 00:13:21.600 --> 00:13:26.150 align:start position:0% Velocity was also key. The engine needed to<00:13:21.839> add<00:13:22.079> precisely<00:13:23.040> 3.05<00:13:24.480> km/s<00:13:25.760> to<00:13:26.000> the 00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:26.160 align:start position:0% to add precisely 3.05 km/s to the 00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:28.710 align:start position:0% to add precisely 3.05 km/s to the rocket's<00:13:26.560> orbital<00:13:27.040> speed.<00:13:27.760> A<00:13:28.000> deviation<00:13:28.480> of 00:13:28.710 --> 00:13:28.720 align:start position:0% rocket's orbital speed. A deviation of 00:13:28.720 --> 00:13:31.670 align:start position:0% rocket's orbital speed. A deviation of just<00:13:29.120> 1<00:13:29.519> second<00:13:29.760> in<00:13:30.079> burn<00:13:30.399> time<00:13:31.200> could<00:13:31.440> mean 00:13:31.670 --> 00:13:31.680 align:start position:0% just 1 second in burn time could mean 00:13:31.680 --> 00:13:33.509 align:start position:0% just 1 second in burn time could mean the<00:13:31.920> difference<00:13:32.240> between<00:13:32.639> a<00:13:32.959> historic 00:13:33.509 --> 00:13:33.519 align:start position:0% the difference between a historic 00:13:33.519 --> 00:13:36.550 align:start position:0% the difference between a historic landing<00:13:34.399> and<00:13:34.639> a<00:13:34.880> drift<00:13:35.519> into<00:13:35.839> the<00:13:36.079> cosmic 00:13:36.550 --> 00:13:36.560 align:start position:0% landing and a drift into the cosmic 00:13:36.560 --> 00:13:38.230 align:start position:0% landing and a drift into the cosmic dark. 00:13:38.230 --> 00:13:38.240 align:start position:0% dark. 00:13:38.240 --> 00:13:41.910 align:start position:0% dark. Thankfully,<00:13:39.360> it<00:13:39.680> went<00:13:40.160> exactly<00:13:40.720> as<00:13:41.120> planned, 00:13:41.910 --> 00:13:41.920 align:start position:0% Thankfully, it went exactly as planned, 00:13:41.920 --> 00:13:44.069 align:start position:0% Thankfully, it went exactly as planned, taking<00:13:42.160> the<00:13:42.320> Apollo<00:13:42.800> astronauts<00:13:43.440> from<00:13:43.680> around 00:13:44.069 --> 00:13:44.079 align:start position:0% taking the Apollo astronauts from around 00:13:44.079 --> 00:13:50.389 align:start position:0% taking the Apollo astronauts from around 28<00:13:44.800> 12,000<00:13:45.279> km/h<00:13:46.399> to<00:13:46.639> more<00:13:46.880> than<00:13:47.279> 39,000<00:13:48.560> kmh. 00:13:50.389 --> 00:13:50.399 align:start position:0% 28 12,000 km/h to more than 39,000 kmh. 00:13:50.399 --> 00:13:52.949 align:start position:0% 28 12,000 km/h to more than 39,000 kmh. But<00:13:51.040> as<00:13:51.279> they<00:13:51.519> hurdled<00:13:52.079> ever<00:13:52.399> closer<00:13:52.720> to<00:13:52.800> the 00:13:52.949 --> 00:13:52.959 align:start position:0% But as they hurdled ever closer to the 00:13:52.959 --> 00:13:55.509 align:start position:0% But as they hurdled ever closer to the moon,<00:13:53.519> the<00:13:53.680> astronauts<00:13:54.320> needed<00:13:54.639> to<00:13:54.880> decouple 00:13:55.509 --> 00:13:55.519 align:start position:0% moon, the astronauts needed to decouple 00:13:55.519 --> 00:13:57.910 align:start position:0% moon, the astronauts needed to decouple from<00:13:55.760> the<00:13:55.920> Saturn<00:13:56.240> 5<00:13:56.560> rocket,<00:13:57.440> they<00:13:57.680> were 00:13:57.910 --> 00:13:57.920 align:start position:0% from the Saturn 5 rocket, they were 00:13:57.920 --> 00:13:59.590 align:start position:0% from the Saturn 5 rocket, they were currently<00:13:58.320> encased<00:13:58.720> in<00:13:58.959> one<00:13:59.120> of<00:13:59.199> its<00:13:59.360> top 00:13:59.590 --> 00:13:59.600 align:start position:0% currently encased in one of its top 00:13:59.600 --> 00:14:01.910 align:start position:0% currently encased in one of its top sections,<00:14:00.320> which<00:14:00.560> was<00:14:00.800> far<00:14:01.120> too<00:14:01.440> heavy<00:14:01.680> to 00:14:01.910 --> 00:14:01.920 align:start position:0% sections, which was far too heavy to 00:14:01.920 --> 00:14:05.670 align:start position:0% sections, which was far too heavy to make<00:14:02.079> it<00:14:02.240> all<00:14:02.480> the<00:14:02.639> way<00:14:02.800> to<00:14:02.959> the<00:14:03.120> moon. 00:14:05.670 --> 00:14:05.680 align:start position:0% make it all the way to the moon. 00:14:05.680 --> 00:14:07.750 align:start position:0% make it all the way to the moon. The<00:14:05.839> Apollo<00:14:06.320> spacecraft<00:14:06.800> was<00:14:07.040> not<00:14:07.199> a<00:14:07.360> single 00:14:07.750 --> 00:14:07.760 align:start position:0% The Apollo spacecraft was not a single 00:14:07.760 --> 00:14:11.350 align:start position:0% The Apollo spacecraft was not a single cohesive<00:14:08.320> vessel,<00:14:09.120> but<00:14:09.440> a<00:14:09.760> modular<00:14:10.639> stack 00:14:11.350 --> 00:14:11.360 align:start position:0% cohesive vessel, but a modular stack 00:14:11.360 --> 00:14:13.750 align:start position:0% cohesive vessel, but a modular stack composed<00:14:11.760> of<00:14:12.000> three<00:14:12.320> distinct<00:14:12.800> sections,<00:14:13.440> all 00:14:13.750 --> 00:14:13.760 align:start position:0% composed of three distinct sections, all 00:14:13.760 --> 00:14:17.030 align:start position:0% composed of three distinct sections, all housed<00:14:14.160> within<00:14:14.480> Saturn<00:14:14.959> 5's<00:14:15.360> third<00:14:15.680> stage. 00:14:17.030 --> 00:14:17.040 align:start position:0% housed within Saturn 5's third stage. 00:14:17.040 --> 00:14:19.509 align:start position:0% housed within Saturn 5's third stage. There<00:14:17.279> was<00:14:17.760> the<00:14:18.000> service<00:14:18.399> module,<00:14:19.199> a 00:14:19.509 --> 00:14:19.519 align:start position:0% There was the service module, a 00:14:19.519 --> 00:14:21.350 align:start position:0% There was the service module, a windowless<00:14:20.160> powerhouse<00:14:20.800> containing<00:14:21.199> the 00:14:21.350 --> 00:14:21.360 align:start position:0% windowless powerhouse containing the 00:14:21.360 --> 00:14:23.750 align:start position:0% windowless powerhouse containing the fuel<00:14:21.680> cells<00:14:22.000> and<00:14:22.160> the<00:14:22.320> primary<00:14:22.720> propulsion, 00:14:23.750 --> 00:14:23.760 align:start position:0% fuel cells and the primary propulsion, 00:14:23.760 --> 00:14:26.310 align:start position:0% fuel cells and the primary propulsion, the<00:14:24.000> command<00:14:24.399> module<00:14:25.199> where<00:14:25.440> the<00:14:25.680> astronauts 00:14:26.310 --> 00:14:26.320 align:start position:0% the command module where the astronauts 00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:29.430 align:start position:0% the command module where the astronauts were<00:14:26.560> for<00:14:26.800> takeoff,<00:14:27.760> and<00:14:28.000> the<00:14:28.320> lunar<00:14:28.720> module, 00:14:29.430 --> 00:14:29.440 align:start position:0% were for takeoff, and the lunar module, 00:14:29.440 --> 00:14:32.389 align:start position:0% were for takeoff, and the lunar module, the<00:14:29.680> fragile<00:14:30.639> two-stage<00:14:31.360> craft<00:14:31.839> designed<00:14:32.240> for 00:14:32.389 --> 00:14:32.399 align:start position:0% the fragile two-stage craft designed for 00:14:32.399 --> 00:14:34.790 align:start position:0% the fragile two-stage craft designed for the<00:14:32.639> lunar<00:14:33.040> descent. 00:14:34.790 --> 00:14:34.800 align:start position:0% the lunar descent. 00:14:34.800 --> 00:14:37.509 align:start position:0% the lunar descent. While<00:14:35.279> we<00:14:35.600> often<00:14:36.000> imagine<00:14:36.399> this<00:14:36.639> trio<00:14:37.120> flying 00:14:37.509 --> 00:14:37.519 align:start position:0% While we often imagine this trio flying 00:14:37.519 --> 00:14:41.110 align:start position:0% While we often imagine this trio flying as<00:14:37.760> a<00:14:38.000> single<00:14:38.320> unit,<00:14:39.199> in<00:14:39.519> fact,<00:14:39.839> it<00:14:40.160> required<00:14:40.720> a 00:14:41.110 --> 00:14:41.120 align:start position:0% as a single unit, in fact, it required a 00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:44.310 align:start position:0% as a single unit, in fact, it required a complex<00:14:41.680> piece<00:14:42.000> of<00:14:42.399> inflight<00:14:43.120> assembly<00:14:44.000> known 00:14:44.310 --> 00:14:44.320 align:start position:0% complex piece of inflight assembly known 00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:46.790 align:start position:0% complex piece of inflight assembly known as<00:14:44.800> transposition,<00:14:45.920> docking,<00:14:46.480> and 00:14:46.790 --> 00:14:46.800 align:start position:0% as transposition, docking, and 00:14:46.800 --> 00:14:48.470 align:start position:0% as transposition, docking, and extraction. 00:14:48.470 --> 00:14:48.480 align:start position:0% extraction. 00:14:48.480 --> 00:14:50.310 align:start position:0% extraction. During<00:14:48.880> launch,<00:14:49.199> the<00:14:49.360> Luna<00:14:49.680> module<00:14:50.079> was 00:14:50.310 --> 00:14:50.320 align:start position:0% During launch, the Luna module was 00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:52.230 align:start position:0% During launch, the Luna module was stored<00:14:50.639> beneath<00:14:51.120> the<00:14:51.360> command<00:14:51.680> and<00:14:51.920> service 00:14:52.230 --> 00:14:52.240 align:start position:0% stored beneath the command and service 00:14:52.240 --> 00:14:54.230 align:start position:0% stored beneath the command and service module,<00:14:52.880> tucked<00:14:53.279> safely<00:14:53.680> inside<00:14:54.000> the 00:14:54.230 --> 00:14:54.240 align:start position:0% module, tucked safely inside the 00:14:54.240 --> 00:14:56.629 align:start position:0% module, tucked safely inside the spacecraft<00:14:54.800> lunar<00:14:55.120> module<00:14:55.519> adapter, 00:14:56.629 --> 00:14:56.639 align:start position:0% spacecraft lunar module adapter, 00:14:56.639 --> 00:14:58.790 align:start position:0% spacecraft lunar module adapter, essentially<00:14:57.120> a<00:14:57.440> protective<00:14:57.920> garage<00:14:58.320> on<00:14:58.560> the 00:14:58.790 --> 00:14:58.800 align:start position:0% essentially a protective garage on the 00:14:58.800 --> 00:15:00.629 align:start position:0% essentially a protective garage on the upper<00:14:59.120> neck<00:14:59.360> of<00:14:59.519> the<00:14:59.600> Saturn<00:15:00.000> 5's<00:15:00.399> third 00:15:00.629 --> 00:15:00.639 align:start position:0% upper neck of the Saturn 5's third 00:15:00.639 --> 00:15:02.949 align:start position:0% upper neck of the Saturn 5's third stage.<00:15:01.600> This<00:15:01.839> was<00:15:02.079> necessary<00:15:02.560> because<00:15:02.800> the 00:15:02.949 --> 00:15:02.959 align:start position:0% stage. This was necessary because the 00:15:02.959 --> 00:15:05.430 align:start position:0% stage. This was necessary because the lunar<00:15:03.279> module<00:15:03.680> was<00:15:03.920> far<00:15:04.240> too<00:15:04.480> fragile<00:15:04.880> to<00:15:05.199> be 00:15:05.430 --> 00:15:05.440 align:start position:0% lunar module was far too fragile to be 00:15:05.440 --> 00:15:08.069 align:start position:0% lunar module was far too fragile to be directly<00:15:06.000> exposed<00:15:06.639> to<00:15:06.880> the<00:15:07.040> forces<00:15:07.519> needed<00:15:07.920> to 00:15:08.069 --> 00:15:08.079 align:start position:0% directly exposed to the forces needed to 00:15:08.079 --> 00:15:11.030 align:start position:0% directly exposed to the forces needed to climb<00:15:08.560> through<00:15:08.880> Earth's<00:15:09.199> atmosphere. 00:15:11.030 --> 00:15:11.040 align:start position:0% climb through Earth's atmosphere. 00:15:11.040 --> 00:15:13.350 align:start position:0% climb through Earth's atmosphere. Once<00:15:11.600> trans<00:15:11.920> Luna<00:15:12.320> injection<00:15:12.800> was<00:15:13.040> complete 00:15:13.350 --> 00:15:13.360 align:start position:0% Once trans Luna injection was complete 00:15:13.360 --> 00:15:15.430 align:start position:0% Once trans Luna injection was complete and<00:15:13.680> the<00:15:13.839> crew<00:15:14.160> were<00:15:14.399> coasting<00:15:14.880> towards<00:15:15.279> the 00:15:15.430 --> 00:15:15.440 align:start position:0% and the crew were coasting towards the 00:15:15.440 --> 00:15:18.550 align:start position:0% and the crew were coasting towards the moon,<00:15:16.000> they<00:15:16.320> had<00:15:16.480> to<00:15:16.639> build<00:15:17.040> their<00:15:17.360> new<00:15:17.519> ship. 00:15:18.550 --> 00:15:18.560 align:start position:0% moon, they had to build their new ship. 00:15:18.560 --> 00:15:22.069 align:start position:0% moon, they had to build their new ship. Pyrochnic<00:15:19.519> bolts<00:15:20.000> fired,<00:15:20.720> jettisoning<00:15:21.600> four 00:15:22.069 --> 00:15:22.079 align:start position:0% Pyrochnic bolts fired, jettisoning four 00:15:22.079 --> 00:15:24.870 align:start position:0% Pyrochnic bolts fired, jettisoning four protective<00:15:22.720> panels<00:15:23.440> and<00:15:23.680> exposing<00:15:24.240> the<00:15:24.480> lunar 00:15:24.870 --> 00:15:24.880 align:start position:0% protective panels and exposing the lunar 00:15:24.880 --> 00:15:27.590 align:start position:0% protective panels and exposing the lunar module.<00:15:25.760> The<00:15:26.000> command<00:15:26.320> and<00:15:26.639> service<00:15:27.040> module 00:15:27.590 --> 00:15:27.600 align:start position:0% module. The command and service module 00:15:27.600 --> 00:15:31.189 align:start position:0% module. The command and service module or<00:15:28.079> CSM<00:15:29.199> then<00:15:29.680> detached. 00:15:31.189 --> 00:15:31.199 align:start position:0% or CSM then detached. 00:15:31.199 --> 00:15:33.350 align:start position:0% or CSM then detached. To<00:15:31.519> avoid<00:15:31.920> damaging<00:15:32.399> the<00:15:32.639> delicate<00:15:33.040> lunar 00:15:33.350 --> 00:15:33.360 align:start position:0% To avoid damaging the delicate lunar 00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:35.269 align:start position:0% To avoid damaging the delicate lunar module<00:15:33.760> with<00:15:33.920> the<00:15:34.160> massive<00:15:34.560> heat<00:15:34.800> of<00:15:34.880> the<00:15:35.040> main 00:15:35.269 --> 00:15:35.279 align:start position:0% module with the massive heat of the main 00:15:35.279 --> 00:15:37.750 align:start position:0% module with the massive heat of the main engine,<00:15:35.920> the<00:15:36.160> astronauts<00:15:36.720> used<00:15:37.120> only<00:15:37.440> the 00:15:37.750 --> 00:15:37.760 align:start position:0% engine, the astronauts used only the 00:15:37.760 --> 00:15:41.110 align:start position:0% engine, the astronauts used only the small<00:15:38.240> reaction<00:15:38.959> control<00:15:39.519> system<00:15:39.920> thrusters 00:15:41.110 --> 00:15:41.120 align:start position:0% small reaction control system thrusters 00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:44.069 align:start position:0% small reaction control system thrusters positioned<00:15:41.680> in<00:15:41.920> the<00:15:42.079> top<00:15:42.320> of<00:15:42.480> the<00:15:42.720> CSM's<00:15:43.360> cone 00:15:44.069 --> 00:15:44.079 align:start position:0% positioned in the top of the CSM's cone 00:15:44.079 --> 00:15:47.670 align:start position:0% positioned in the top of the CSM's cone to<00:15:44.399> drift<00:15:44.639> a<00:15:44.959> short<00:15:45.199> distance<00:15:45.600> away.<00:15:46.800> At<00:15:47.040> just 00:15:47.670 --> 00:15:47.680 align:start position:0% to drift a short distance away. At just 00:15:47.680 --> 00:15:50.790 align:start position:0% to drift a short distance away. At just 3<00:15:48.079> and<00:15:48.240> 1/2<00:15:48.639> hours<00:15:49.040> into<00:15:49.360> the<00:15:49.519> mission<00:15:50.240> with 00:15:50.790 --> 00:15:50.800 align:start position:0% 3 and 1/2 hours into the mission with 00:15:50.800 --> 00:15:53.910 align:start position:0% 3 and 1/2 hours into the mission with surgical<00:15:51.440> precision,<00:15:52.480> pilot<00:15:53.040> Mike<00:15:53.360> Collins 00:15:53.910 --> 00:15:53.920 align:start position:0% surgical precision, pilot Mike Collins 00:15:53.920 --> 00:15:57.829 align:start position:0% surgical precision, pilot Mike Collins turned<00:15:54.240> the<00:15:54.480> CSM<00:15:55.680> 180°,<00:15:56.959> facing<00:15:57.279> it<00:15:57.519> back 00:15:57.829 --> 00:15:57.839 align:start position:0% turned the CSM 180°, facing it back 00:15:57.839 --> 00:16:00.790 align:start position:0% turned the CSM 180°, facing it back towards<00:15:58.320> the<00:15:58.639> spent<00:15:59.199> third<00:15:59.600> stage. 00:16:00.790 --> 00:16:00.800 align:start position:0% towards the spent third stage. 00:16:00.800 --> 00:16:03.350 align:start position:0% towards the spent third stage. He<00:16:01.120> then<00:16:01.360> moved<00:16:01.600> in<00:16:01.839> for<00:16:02.079> a<00:16:02.480> nose<00:16:02.800> ton-nose 00:16:03.350 --> 00:16:03.360 align:start position:0% He then moved in for a nose ton-nose 00:16:03.360 --> 00:16:05.749 align:start position:0% He then moved in for a nose ton-nose docking,<00:16:04.160> connecting<00:16:04.560> the<00:16:04.720> lunar<00:16:05.120> module<00:16:05.519> to 00:16:05.749 --> 00:16:05.759 align:start position:0% docking, connecting the lunar module to 00:16:05.759 --> 00:16:08.629 align:start position:0% docking, connecting the lunar module to the<00:16:06.000> top<00:16:06.240> of<00:16:06.399> the<00:16:06.560> CSM,<00:16:07.759> essentially<00:16:08.240> wearing 00:16:08.629 --> 00:16:08.639 align:start position:0% the top of the CSM, essentially wearing 00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:10.790 align:start position:0% the top of the CSM, essentially wearing it<00:16:08.800> like<00:16:08.959> a<00:16:09.199> hat<00:16:09.600> for<00:16:09.839> the<00:16:10.079> remainder<00:16:10.399> of<00:16:10.560> the 00:16:10.790 --> 00:16:10.800 align:start position:0% it like a hat for the remainder of the 00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:14.069 align:start position:0% it like a hat for the remainder of the 3-day<00:16:11.440> journey<00:16:11.680> to<00:16:11.920> the<00:16:12.079> moon.<00:16:13.360> Only<00:16:13.759> with 00:16:14.069 --> 00:16:14.079 align:start position:0% 3-day journey to the moon. Only with 00:16:14.079 --> 00:16:16.230 align:start position:0% 3-day journey to the moon. Only with this<00:16:14.399> mechanical<00:16:15.120> connection<00:16:15.519> complete, 00:16:16.230 --> 00:16:16.240 align:start position:0% this mechanical connection complete, 00:16:16.240 --> 00:16:18.550 align:start position:0% this mechanical connection complete, could<00:16:16.560> they<00:16:16.720> now<00:16:16.959> begin<00:16:17.279> what<00:16:17.519> NASA<00:16:18.000> termed 00:16:18.550 --> 00:16:18.560 align:start position:0% could they now begin what NASA termed 00:16:18.560 --> 00:16:21.430 align:start position:0% could they now begin what NASA termed the<00:16:18.880> trans<00:16:19.360> lunar<00:16:19.759> coast<00:16:20.160> towards<00:16:20.560> the<00:16:20.720> moon, 00:16:21.430 --> 00:16:21.440 align:start position:0% the trans lunar coast towards the moon, 00:16:21.440 --> 00:16:24.230 align:start position:0% the trans lunar coast towards the moon, trusting<00:16:22.079> their<00:16:22.399> navigation<00:16:22.880> to<00:16:23.120> a<00:16:23.360> computer 00:16:24.230 --> 00:16:24.240 align:start position:0% trusting their navigation to a computer 00:16:24.240 --> 00:16:27.189 align:start position:0% trusting their navigation to a computer with<00:16:24.560> less<00:16:25.040> processing<00:16:25.680> power<00:16:26.160> than<00:16:26.399> a<00:16:26.639> modern 00:16:27.189 --> 00:16:27.199 align:start position:0% with less processing power than a modern 00:16:27.199 --> 00:16:30.150 align:start position:0% with less processing power than a modern calculator?<00:16:28.399> But<00:16:28.720> how<00:16:29.040> did<00:16:29.360> they<00:16:29.600> know<00:16:29.920> they 00:16:30.150 --> 00:16:30.160 align:start position:0% calculator? But how did they know they 00:16:30.160 --> 00:16:33.590 align:start position:0% calculator? But how did they know they were<00:16:30.320> on<00:16:30.639> course<00:16:31.839> with<00:16:32.079> no<00:16:32.320> real<00:16:32.560> landmarks, 00:16:33.590 --> 00:16:33.600 align:start position:0% were on course with no real landmarks, 00:16:33.600 --> 00:16:40.389 align:start position:0% were on course with no real landmarks, only<00:16:34.079> an<00:16:34.480> empty<00:16:34.880> vacuum? 00:16:40.389 --> 00:16:40.399 align:start position:0% 00:16:40.399 --> 00:16:42.870 align:start position:0% While<00:16:40.880> Project<00:16:41.199> Gemini,<00:16:41.920> the<00:16:42.160> space<00:16:42.480> program 00:16:42.870 --> 00:16:42.880 align:start position:0% While Project Gemini, the space program 00:16:42.880 --> 00:16:45.509 align:start position:0% While Project Gemini, the space program before<00:16:43.199> Apollo,<00:16:44.000> had<00:16:44.240> experimented<00:16:45.040> with 00:16:45.509 --> 00:16:45.519 align:start position:0% before Apollo, had experimented with 00:16:45.519 --> 00:16:48.310 align:start position:0% before Apollo, had experimented with basic<00:16:46.000> digital<00:16:46.399> maths<00:16:46.800> to<00:16:47.040> aid<00:16:47.360> navigation, 00:16:48.310 --> 00:16:48.320 align:start position:0% basic digital maths to aid navigation, 00:16:48.320 --> 00:16:50.710 align:start position:0% basic digital maths to aid navigation, the<00:16:48.560> Apollo<00:16:49.040> program<00:16:49.680> represented<00:16:50.320> a 00:16:50.710 --> 00:16:50.720 align:start position:0% the Apollo program represented a 00:16:50.720 --> 00:16:54.069 align:start position:0% the Apollo program represented a paradigm<00:16:51.199> shift.<00:16:52.160> It<00:16:52.480> was<00:16:52.720> the<00:16:53.120> first<00:16:53.440> time 00:16:54.069 --> 00:16:54.079 align:start position:0% paradigm shift. It was the first time 00:16:54.079 --> 00:16:56.710 align:start position:0% paradigm shift. It was the first time human<00:16:54.480> lives<00:16:54.800> were<00:16:55.040> entrusted<00:16:55.519> to<00:16:55.680> a<00:16:55.920> computer 00:16:56.710 --> 00:16:56.720 align:start position:0% human lives were entrusted to a computer 00:16:56.720 --> 00:17:00.550 align:start position:0% human lives were entrusted to a computer for<00:16:56.959> the<00:16:57.120> entirety<00:16:57.839> of<00:16:58.000> a<00:16:58.240> voyage<00:16:58.880> into<00:16:59.279> space. 00:17:00.550 --> 00:17:00.560 align:start position:0% for the entirety of a voyage into space. 00:17:00.560 --> 00:17:03.590 align:start position:0% for the entirety of a voyage into space. The<00:17:00.800> Apollo<00:17:01.199> guidance<00:17:01.680> computer<00:17:02.160> or<00:17:02.639> AGC 00:17:03.590 --> 00:17:03.600 align:start position:0% The Apollo guidance computer or AGC 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:06.470 align:start position:0% The Apollo guidance computer or AGC developed<00:17:04.000> at<00:17:04.240> MIT's<00:17:04.959> instrumentation<00:17:05.760> lab 00:17:06.470 --> 00:17:06.480 align:start position:0% developed at MIT's instrumentation lab 00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:09.750 align:start position:0% developed at MIT's instrumentation lab was<00:17:06.799> a<00:17:07.199> marvel<00:17:07.760> of<00:17:08.079> miniaturization. 00:17:09.750 --> 00:17:09.760 align:start position:0% was a marvel of miniaturization. 00:17:09.760 --> 00:17:12.069 align:start position:0% was a marvel of miniaturization. At<00:17:10.000> a<00:17:10.240> time<00:17:10.400> when<00:17:10.799> most<00:17:11.120> computers<00:17:11.600> filled 00:17:12.069 --> 00:17:12.079 align:start position:0% At a time when most computers filled 00:17:12.079 --> 00:17:15.429 align:start position:0% At a time when most computers filled entire<00:17:12.640> rooms,<00:17:13.520> the<00:17:13.760> AGC<00:17:14.480> was<00:17:14.720> roughly<00:17:15.120> the 00:17:15.429 --> 00:17:15.439 align:start position:0% entire rooms, the AGC was roughly the 00:17:15.439 --> 00:17:18.230 align:start position:0% entire rooms, the AGC was roughly the size<00:17:15.760> of<00:17:15.919> a<00:17:16.079> briefcase.<00:17:17.439> It<00:17:17.679> was<00:17:17.839> also<00:17:18.000> the 00:17:18.230 --> 00:17:18.240 align:start position:0% size of a briefcase. It was also the 00:17:18.240 --> 00:17:20.390 align:start position:0% size of a briefcase. It was also the first<00:17:18.400> of<00:17:18.559> its<00:17:18.799> kind<00:17:18.959> to<00:17:19.280> utilize<00:17:19.839> silicon 00:17:20.390 --> 00:17:20.400 align:start position:0% first of its kind to utilize silicon 00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:22.949 align:start position:0% first of its kind to utilize silicon integrated<00:17:21.039> circuits,<00:17:21.919> the<00:17:22.160> ancestors<00:17:22.799> of 00:17:22.949 --> 00:17:22.959 align:start position:0% integrated circuits, the ancestors of 00:17:22.959 --> 00:17:25.590 align:start position:0% integrated circuits, the ancestors of the<00:17:23.120> chips<00:17:23.439> in<00:17:23.600> your<00:17:23.839> smartphone<00:17:24.319> today.<00:17:25.360> By 00:17:25.590 --> 00:17:25.600 align:start position:0% the chips in your smartphone today. By 00:17:25.600 --> 00:17:27.750 align:start position:0% the chips in your smartphone today. By today's<00:17:25.919> standards,<00:17:26.400> its<00:17:26.640> specs<00:17:27.039> were<00:17:27.439> pretty 00:17:27.750 --> 00:17:27.760 align:start position:0% today's standards, its specs were pretty 00:17:27.760 --> 00:17:31.510 align:start position:0% today's standards, its specs were pretty humble.<00:17:28.559> Just<00:17:28.960> 4<00:17:29.360> kilob<00:17:29.919> of<00:17:30.240> erasable<00:17:30.720> RAM<00:17:31.280> and 00:17:31.510 --> 00:17:31.520 align:start position:0% humble. Just 4 kilob of erasable RAM and 00:17:31.520 --> 00:17:35.270 align:start position:0% humble. Just 4 kilob of erasable RAM and about<00:17:32.000> 72<00:17:32.640> kilob<00:17:33.360> of<00:17:33.760> rope<00:17:34.160> memory<00:17:34.559> software 00:17:35.270 --> 00:17:35.280 align:start position:0% about 72 kilob of rope memory software 00:17:35.280 --> 00:17:37.990 align:start position:0% about 72 kilob of rope memory software that<00:17:35.600> had<00:17:35.919> literally<00:17:36.480> been<00:17:36.720> woven<00:17:37.360> into<00:17:37.760> the 00:17:37.990 --> 00:17:38.000 align:start position:0% that had literally been woven into the 00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:40.870 align:start position:0% that had literally been woven into the copper<00:17:38.320> wire<00:17:39.039> by<00:17:39.360> hand. 00:17:40.870 --> 00:17:40.880 align:start position:0% copper wire by hand. 00:17:40.880 --> 00:17:43.029 align:start position:0% copper wire by hand. To<00:17:41.120> know<00:17:41.440> where<00:17:41.760> it<00:17:42.000> was<00:17:42.160> in<00:17:42.400> the<00:17:42.559> featureless 00:17:43.029 --> 00:17:43.039 align:start position:0% To know where it was in the featureless 00:17:43.039 --> 00:17:46.230 align:start position:0% To know where it was in the featureless void,<00:17:43.679> the<00:17:43.919> AGC<00:17:44.559> relied<00:17:44.960> on<00:17:45.200> the<00:17:45.440> inertial 00:17:46.230 --> 00:17:46.240 align:start position:0% void, the AGC relied on the inertial 00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:48.470 align:start position:0% void, the AGC relied on the inertial measurement<00:17:46.880> unit.<00:17:47.840> This<00:17:48.080> was<00:17:48.240> the 00:17:48.470 --> 00:17:48.480 align:start position:0% measurement unit. This was the 00:17:48.480 --> 00:17:51.190 align:start position:0% measurement unit. This was the spacecraft's<00:17:49.280> inner<00:17:49.600> ear,<00:17:50.320> a<00:17:50.559> stabilized 00:17:51.190 --> 00:17:51.200 align:start position:0% spacecraft's inner ear, a stabilized 00:17:51.200 --> 00:17:54.150 align:start position:0% spacecraft's inner ear, a stabilized platform<00:17:51.760> of<00:17:52.080> three<00:17:52.480> gimbal<00:17:52.960> gyroscopes<00:17:53.679> and 00:17:54.150 --> 00:17:54.160 align:start position:0% platform of three gimbal gyroscopes and 00:17:54.160 --> 00:17:56.390 align:start position:0% platform of three gimbal gyroscopes and ultra<00:17:54.480> sensitive<00:17:55.039> accelerometers<00:17:56.080> that 00:17:56.390 --> 00:17:56.400 align:start position:0% ultra sensitive accelerometers that 00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:58.390 align:start position:0% ultra sensitive accelerometers that allowed<00:17:56.720> the<00:17:56.880> computer<00:17:57.280> to<00:17:57.440> track<00:17:57.919> every 00:17:58.390 --> 00:17:58.400 align:start position:0% allowed the computer to track every 00:17:58.400 --> 00:18:01.110 align:start position:0% allowed the computer to track every nudge<00:17:58.880> of<00:17:59.120> the<00:17:59.280> thrusters<00:18:00.160> and<00:18:00.400> every<00:18:00.799> shift 00:18:01.110 --> 00:18:01.120 align:start position:0% nudge of the thrusters and every shift 00:18:01.120 --> 00:18:04.230 align:start position:0% nudge of the thrusters and every shift in<00:18:01.440> orientation,<00:18:02.640> maintaining<00:18:03.200> a<00:18:03.520> fixed 00:18:04.230 --> 00:18:04.240 align:start position:0% in orientation, maintaining a fixed 00:18:04.240 --> 00:18:06.950 align:start position:0% in orientation, maintaining a fixed reference<00:18:04.720> in<00:18:05.039> space<00:18:05.679> without<00:18:06.160> ever<00:18:06.559> looking 00:18:06.950 --> 00:18:06.960 align:start position:0% reference in space without ever looking 00:18:06.960 --> 00:18:09.190 align:start position:0% reference in space without ever looking out<00:18:07.280> a<00:18:07.600> window. 00:18:09.190 --> 00:18:09.200 align:start position:0% out a window. 00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:11.190 align:start position:0% out a window. But<00:18:09.440> even<00:18:09.679> the<00:18:09.919> most<00:18:10.160> advanced<00:18:10.640> sensors<00:18:11.039> in 00:18:11.190 --> 00:18:11.200 align:start position:0% But even the most advanced sensors in 00:18:11.200 --> 00:18:14.390 align:start position:0% But even the most advanced sensors in the<00:18:11.360> 1960s<00:18:12.080> were<00:18:12.320> prone<00:18:12.640> to<00:18:12.880> drift.<00:18:14.080> Over 00:18:14.390 --> 00:18:14.400 align:start position:0% the 1960s were prone to drift. Over 00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:16.630 align:start position:0% the 1960s were prone to drift. Over time,<00:18:14.960> tiny<00:18:15.520> mechanical<00:18:16.160> errors<00:18:16.320> in<00:18:16.480> the 00:18:16.630 --> 00:18:16.640 align:start position:0% time, tiny mechanical errors in the 00:18:16.640 --> 00:18:19.029 align:start position:0% time, tiny mechanical errors in the gyroscopes<00:18:17.280> would<00:18:17.440> accumulate,<00:18:18.400> causing<00:18:18.799> the 00:18:19.029 --> 00:18:19.039 align:start position:0% gyroscopes would accumulate, causing the 00:18:19.039 --> 00:18:21.590 align:start position:0% gyroscopes would accumulate, causing the computer's<00:18:19.520> internal<00:18:20.000> map<00:18:20.480> to<00:18:20.799> slowly<00:18:21.280> lose 00:18:21.590 --> 00:18:21.600 align:start position:0% computer's internal map to slowly lose 00:18:21.600 --> 00:18:25.190 align:start position:0% computer's internal map to slowly lose its<00:18:21.840> alignment<00:18:22.400> with<00:18:22.640> reality.<00:18:24.080> To<00:18:24.320> fix<00:18:24.559> this, 00:18:25.190 --> 00:18:25.200 align:start position:0% its alignment with reality. To fix this, 00:18:25.200 --> 00:18:27.590 align:start position:0% its alignment with reality. To fix this, NASA<00:18:25.679> turned<00:18:26.000> to<00:18:26.240> the<00:18:26.480> oldest<00:18:26.960> trick<00:18:27.200> in<00:18:27.440> the 00:18:27.590 --> 00:18:27.600 align:start position:0% NASA turned to the oldest trick in the 00:18:27.600 --> 00:18:31.350 align:start position:0% NASA turned to the oldest trick in the navigator's<00:18:28.320> book,<00:18:29.120> the<00:18:29.440> stars.<00:18:30.880> From<00:18:31.200> the 00:18:31.350 --> 00:18:31.360 align:start position:0% navigator's book, the stars. From the 00:18:31.360 --> 00:18:33.590 align:start position:0% navigator's book, the stars. From the cockpit<00:18:31.760> of<00:18:31.919> the<00:18:32.080> command<00:18:32.400> module,<00:18:33.200> Mike 00:18:33.590 --> 00:18:33.600 align:start position:0% cockpit of the command module, Mike 00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:36.870 align:start position:0% cockpit of the command module, Mike Collins<00:18:34.240> used<00:18:34.720> a<00:18:34.960> sextant<00:18:36.000> just<00:18:36.240> like<00:18:36.559> the 00:18:36.870 --> 00:18:36.880 align:start position:0% Collins used a sextant just like the 00:18:36.880 --> 00:18:40.310 align:start position:0% Collins used a sextant just like the 18th<00:18:37.360> century<00:18:37.840> sailors<00:18:38.400> did.<00:18:39.520> He<00:18:39.760> would<00:18:40.000> peer 00:18:40.310 --> 00:18:40.320 align:start position:0% 18th century sailors did. He would peer 00:18:40.320 --> 00:18:42.789 align:start position:0% 18th century sailors did. He would peer through<00:18:40.640> the<00:18:40.799> optics<00:18:41.280> to<00:18:41.520> find<00:18:41.840> two<00:18:42.160> specific 00:18:42.789 --> 00:18:42.799 align:start position:0% through the optics to find two specific 00:18:42.799 --> 00:18:46.230 align:start position:0% through the optics to find two specific guide<00:18:43.200> stars<00:18:43.600> from<00:18:43.760> a<00:18:44.000> catalog<00:18:44.480> of<00:18:44.880> 37<00:18:45.840> stored 00:18:46.230 --> 00:18:46.240 align:start position:0% guide stars from a catalog of 37 stored 00:18:46.240 --> 00:18:47.590 align:start position:0% guide stars from a catalog of 37 stored in<00:18:46.400> the<00:18:46.559> computer's<00:18:47.039> memory. 00:18:47.590 --> 00:18:47.600 align:start position:0% in the computer's memory. 00:18:47.600 --> 00:18:52.950 align:start position:0% in the computer's memory. >> Houston,<00:18:48.720> we'd<00:18:48.960> like<00:18:49.039> you<00:18:49.200> to<00:18:49.360> press<00:18:49.600> on<00:18:49.760> to. 00:18:52.950 --> 00:18:52.960 align:start position:0% 00:18:52.960 --> 00:18:56.230 align:start position:0% >> Then<00:18:53.760> use<00:18:54.000> the<00:18:54.160> sex<00:18:54.960> to<00:18:55.200> measure<00:18:55.600> the<00:18:55.840> exact 00:18:56.230 --> 00:18:56.240 align:start position:0% >> Then use the sex to measure the exact 00:18:56.240 --> 00:18:58.710 align:start position:0% >> Then use the sex to measure the exact angle<00:18:56.640> between<00:18:56.960> these<00:18:57.280> stars<00:18:57.919> and<00:18:58.160> the<00:18:58.400> Earth 00:18:58.710 --> 00:18:58.720 align:start position:0% angle between these stars and the Earth 00:18:58.720 --> 00:19:01.110 align:start position:0% angle between these stars and the Earth or<00:18:59.039> Moon's<00:18:59.440> horizon. 00:19:01.110 --> 00:19:01.120 align:start position:0% or Moon's horizon. 00:19:01.120 --> 00:19:03.510 align:start position:0% or Moon's horizon. Finally,<00:19:01.600> he<00:19:01.760> fed<00:19:02.080> this<00:19:02.240> data<00:19:02.640> back<00:19:02.960> into<00:19:03.280> the 00:19:03.510 --> 00:19:03.520 align:start position:0% Finally, he fed this data back into the 00:19:03.520 --> 00:19:07.590 align:start position:0% Finally, he fed this data back into the computer,<00:19:04.320> detailed<00:19:04.960> as<00:19:05.280> a<00:19:05.679> P23<00:19:06.720> sighting, 00:19:07.590 --> 00:19:07.600 align:start position:0% computer, detailed as a P23 sighting, 00:19:07.600 --> 00:19:10.230 align:start position:0% computer, detailed as a P23 sighting, which<00:19:07.919> allowed<00:19:08.240> it<00:19:08.480> to<00:19:08.880> reset<00:19:09.520> its<00:19:09.760> internal 00:19:10.230 --> 00:19:10.240 align:start position:0% which allowed it to reset its internal 00:19:10.240 --> 00:19:12.789 align:start position:0% which allowed it to reset its internal gyroscopes. 00:19:12.789 --> 00:19:12.799 align:start position:0% gyroscopes. 00:19:12.799 --> 00:19:15.190 align:start position:0% gyroscopes. The<00:19:13.039> crew<00:19:13.600> were<00:19:13.919> now<00:19:14.080> on<00:19:14.240> a<00:19:14.400> straight<00:19:14.720> path<00:19:15.039> to 00:19:15.190 --> 00:19:15.200 align:start position:0% The crew were now on a straight path to 00:19:15.200 --> 00:19:17.590 align:start position:0% The crew were now on a straight path to the<00:19:15.360> moon.<00:19:16.080> And<00:19:16.320> you<00:19:16.480> might<00:19:16.720> think<00:19:16.960> this<00:19:17.280> meant 00:19:17.590 --> 00:19:17.600 align:start position:0% the moon. And you might think this meant 00:19:17.600 --> 00:19:20.549 align:start position:0% the moon. And you might think this meant things<00:19:17.919> got<00:19:18.240> easier,<00:19:19.280> but<00:19:19.520> in<00:19:19.760> reality,<00:19:20.320> it 00:19:20.549 --> 00:19:20.559 align:start position:0% things got easier, but in reality, it 00:19:20.559 --> 00:19:23.909 align:start position:0% things got easier, but in reality, it created<00:19:21.039> a<00:19:21.360> lethal<00:19:22.000> thermal<00:19:22.640> nightmare.<00:19:23.679> One 00:19:23.909 --> 00:19:23.919 align:start position:0% created a lethal thermal nightmare. One 00:19:23.919 --> 00:19:32.470 align:start position:0% created a lethal thermal nightmare. One extreme<00:19:24.400> enough<00:19:24.880> to<00:19:25.200> rip<00:19:25.600> their<00:19:25.840> ship<00:19:26.240> apart. 00:19:32.470 --> 00:19:32.480 align:start position:0% 00:19:32.480 --> 00:19:34.470 align:start position:0% In<00:19:32.720> the<00:19:32.960> vacuum<00:19:33.280> of<00:19:33.440> space,<00:19:33.840> there<00:19:34.080> is<00:19:34.240> no 00:19:34.470 --> 00:19:34.480 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is no 00:19:34.480 --> 00:19:36.630 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is no atmosphere<00:19:34.960> to<00:19:35.200> circulate<00:19:35.679> heat,<00:19:36.320> which 00:19:36.630 --> 00:19:36.640 align:start position:0% atmosphere to circulate heat, which 00:19:36.640 --> 00:19:39.830 align:start position:0% atmosphere to circulate heat, which creates<00:19:37.039> a<00:19:37.360> world<00:19:37.760> of<00:19:38.000> thermal<00:19:38.480> extremes.<00:19:39.600> The 00:19:39.830 --> 00:19:39.840 align:start position:0% creates a world of thermal extremes. The 00:19:39.840 --> 00:19:41.669 align:start position:0% creates a world of thermal extremes. The side<00:19:40.080> of<00:19:40.160> the<00:19:40.320> spacecraft<00:19:40.799> facing<00:19:41.120> the<00:19:41.280> sun 00:19:41.669 --> 00:19:41.679 align:start position:0% side of the spacecraft facing the sun 00:19:41.679 --> 00:19:45.190 align:start position:0% side of the spacecraft facing the sun can<00:19:41.919> bake<00:19:42.320> in<00:19:42.559> temperatures<00:19:42.960> as<00:19:43.200> high<00:19:43.360> as<00:19:44.320> 121° 00:19:45.190 --> 00:19:45.200 align:start position:0% can bake in temperatures as high as 121° 00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:48.310 align:start position:0% can bake in temperatures as high as 121° C,<00:19:45.919> while<00:19:46.160> the<00:19:46.400> side<00:19:46.720> shrouded<00:19:47.280> in<00:19:47.520> shadow 00:19:48.310 --> 00:19:48.320 align:start position:0% C, while the side shrouded in shadow 00:19:48.320 --> 00:19:53.750 align:start position:0% C, while the side shrouded in shadow plunges<00:19:48.799> to<00:19:48.960> a<00:19:49.120> staggering<00:19:49.760> -<00:19:51.200> 157°. 00:19:53.750 --> 00:19:53.760 align:start position:0% plunges to a staggering - 157°. 00:19:53.760 --> 00:19:56.230 align:start position:0% plunges to a staggering - 157°. Without<00:19:54.320> intervention,<00:19:55.039> these<00:19:55.600> massive 00:19:56.230 --> 00:19:56.240 align:start position:0% Without intervention, these massive 00:19:56.240 --> 00:19:57.909 align:start position:0% Without intervention, these massive temperature<00:19:56.720> gradients<00:19:57.280> would<00:19:57.520> have<00:19:57.679> caused 00:19:57.909 --> 00:19:57.919 align:start position:0% temperature gradients would have caused 00:19:57.919 --> 00:19:59.909 align:start position:0% temperature gradients would have caused the<00:19:58.080> metal<00:19:58.480> skin<00:19:58.720> of<00:19:58.880> the<00:19:58.960> service<00:19:59.360> module<00:19:59.679> to 00:19:59.909 --> 00:19:59.919 align:start position:0% the metal skin of the service module to 00:19:59.919 --> 00:20:02.950 align:start position:0% the metal skin of the service module to expand<00:20:00.720> and<00:20:01.120> contract<00:20:01.840> unevenly, 00:20:02.950 --> 00:20:02.960 align:start position:0% expand and contract unevenly, 00:20:02.960 --> 00:20:05.029 align:start position:0% expand and contract unevenly, potentially<00:20:03.520> warping<00:20:04.000> the<00:20:04.240> structure, 00:20:05.029 --> 00:20:05.039 align:start position:0% potentially warping the structure, 00:20:05.039 --> 00:20:07.510 align:start position:0% potentially warping the structure, freezing<00:20:05.520> fuel<00:20:05.840> lines,<00:20:06.480> or<00:20:06.880> frying<00:20:07.280> the 00:20:07.510 --> 00:20:07.520 align:start position:0% freezing fuel lines, or frying the 00:20:07.520 --> 00:20:09.830 align:start position:0% freezing fuel lines, or frying the delicate<00:20:08.000> electronics<00:20:08.640> nestled<00:20:09.120> just<00:20:09.360> inches 00:20:09.830 --> 00:20:09.840 align:start position:0% delicate electronics nestled just inches 00:20:09.840 --> 00:20:13.190 align:start position:0% delicate electronics nestled just inches away.<00:20:10.880> So<00:20:11.120> NASA<00:20:11.760> used<00:20:12.000> a<00:20:12.240> maneuver<00:20:12.799> called 00:20:13.190 --> 00:20:13.200 align:start position:0% away. So NASA used a maneuver called 00:20:13.200 --> 00:20:16.070 align:start position:0% away. So NASA used a maneuver called passive<00:20:13.679> thermal<00:20:14.240> control,<00:20:15.039> more<00:20:15.440> colloally 00:20:16.070 --> 00:20:16.080 align:start position:0% passive thermal control, more colloally 00:20:16.080 --> 00:20:18.310 align:start position:0% passive thermal control, more colloally known<00:20:16.320> to<00:20:16.480> the<00:20:16.640> engineers<00:20:17.120> and<00:20:17.360> astronauts<00:20:18.000> as 00:20:18.310 --> 00:20:18.320 align:start position:0% known to the engineers and astronauts as 00:20:18.320 --> 00:20:21.270 align:start position:0% known to the engineers and astronauts as the<00:20:18.880> barbecue<00:20:19.440> roll.<00:20:20.720> Just<00:20:20.960> like<00:20:21.120> a 00:20:21.270 --> 00:20:21.280 align:start position:0% the barbecue roll. Just like a 00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:23.669 align:start position:0% the barbecue roll. Just like a rotisserie<00:20:21.919> chicken<00:20:22.320> over<00:20:22.559> a<00:20:22.799> fire,<00:20:23.440> the 00:20:23.669 --> 00:20:23.679 align:start position:0% rotisserie chicken over a fire, the 00:20:23.679 --> 00:20:26.710 align:start position:0% rotisserie chicken over a fire, the spacecraft<00:20:24.240> was<00:20:24.480> set<00:20:24.799> into<00:20:25.200> a<00:20:25.440> slow<00:20:26.160> rhythmic 00:20:26.710 --> 00:20:26.720 align:start position:0% spacecraft was set into a slow rhythmic 00:20:26.720 --> 00:20:29.430 align:start position:0% spacecraft was set into a slow rhythmic spin<00:20:27.120> of<00:20:27.360> exactly<00:20:28.000> three<00:20:28.480> revolutions<00:20:29.200> per 00:20:29.430 --> 00:20:29.440 align:start position:0% spin of exactly three revolutions per 00:20:29.440 --> 00:20:34.070 align:start position:0% spin of exactly three revolutions per hour,<00:20:30.159> or<00:20:30.400> roughly<00:20:30.880> 0.3°/s. 00:20:34.070 --> 00:20:34.080 align:start position:0% 00:20:34.080 --> 00:20:36.630 align:start position:0% This<00:20:34.400> constant<00:20:34.799> motion<00:20:35.520> ensured<00:20:35.919> that<00:20:36.159> no 00:20:36.630 --> 00:20:36.640 align:start position:0% This constant motion ensured that no 00:20:36.640 --> 00:20:38.630 align:start position:0% This constant motion ensured that no single<00:20:37.039> part<00:20:37.280> of<00:20:37.440> the<00:20:37.600> hull<00:20:37.919> was<00:20:38.159> exposed<00:20:38.480> to 00:20:38.630 --> 00:20:38.640 align:start position:0% single part of the hull was exposed to 00:20:38.640 --> 00:20:41.590 align:start position:0% single part of the hull was exposed to the<00:20:38.799> sun<00:20:39.280> or<00:20:39.600> the<00:20:39.919> cold<00:20:40.240> of<00:20:40.400> deep<00:20:40.720> space<00:20:41.360> for 00:20:41.590 --> 00:20:41.600 align:start position:0% the sun or the cold of deep space for 00:20:41.600 --> 00:20:44.390 align:start position:0% the sun or the cold of deep space for too<00:20:41.840> long.<00:20:42.720> The<00:20:42.880> internal<00:20:43.360> systems<00:20:43.919> and<00:20:44.159> the 00:20:44.390 --> 00:20:44.400 align:start position:0% too long. The internal systems and the 00:20:44.400 --> 00:20:47.029 align:start position:0% too long. The internal systems and the astronauts<00:20:45.039> inside<00:20:45.919> remained<00:20:46.320> at<00:20:46.480> a<00:20:46.720> steady 00:20:47.029 --> 00:20:47.039 align:start position:0% astronauts inside remained at a steady 00:20:47.039 --> 00:20:51.590 align:start position:0% astronauts inside remained at a steady room<00:20:47.440> temperature<00:20:48.080> of<00:20:48.400> approximately<00:20:49.440> 21°<00:20:50.480> C. 00:20:51.590 --> 00:20:51.600 align:start position:0% room temperature of approximately 21° C. 00:20:51.600 --> 00:20:53.990 align:start position:0% room temperature of approximately 21° C. It<00:20:51.840> was<00:20:51.919> a<00:20:52.159> low<00:20:52.480> tech<00:20:52.720> solution<00:20:53.120> to<00:20:53.440> a<00:20:53.679> high 00:20:53.990 --> 00:20:54.000 align:start position:0% It was a low tech solution to a high 00:20:54.000 --> 00:20:55.990 align:start position:0% It was a low tech solution to a high stakes<00:20:54.400> problem.<00:20:55.280> But<00:20:55.440> whilst<00:20:55.760> the 00:20:55.990 --> 00:20:56.000 align:start position:0% stakes problem. But whilst the 00:20:56.000 --> 00:20:58.230 align:start position:0% stakes problem. But whilst the temperature<00:20:56.400> was<00:20:56.640> stable,<00:20:57.440> the<00:20:57.679> astronaut 00:20:58.230 --> 00:20:58.240 align:start position:0% temperature was stable, the astronaut 00:20:58.240 --> 00:21:01.669 align:start position:0% temperature was stable, the astronaut safety<00:20:58.880> was<00:20:59.120> a<00:20:59.360> different<00:20:59.600> story<00:21:00.640> because<00:21:01.360> out 00:21:01.669 --> 00:21:01.679 align:start position:0% safety was a different story because out 00:21:01.679 --> 00:21:06.470 align:start position:0% safety was a different story because out in<00:21:01.919> space<00:21:02.640> there<00:21:02.799> is<00:21:03.120> one<00:21:03.600> other<00:21:04.080> big<00:21:04.640> threat. 00:21:06.470 --> 00:21:06.480 align:start position:0% in space there is one other big threat. 00:21:06.480 --> 00:21:08.950 align:start position:0% in space there is one other big threat. Radiation. 00:21:08.950 --> 00:21:08.960 align:start position:0% Radiation. 00:21:08.960 --> 00:21:10.870 align:start position:0% Radiation. As<00:21:09.200> I<00:21:09.440> mentioned<00:21:09.679> earlier,<00:21:10.320> Earth<00:21:10.640> is 00:21:10.870 --> 00:21:10.880 align:start position:0% As I mentioned earlier, Earth is 00:21:10.880 --> 00:21:13.430 align:start position:0% As I mentioned earlier, Earth is protected<00:21:11.440> by<00:21:11.679> a<00:21:11.919> thick<00:21:12.240> atmosphere<00:21:12.960> and<00:21:13.200> the 00:21:13.430 --> 00:21:13.440 align:start position:0% protected by a thick atmosphere and the 00:21:13.440 --> 00:21:15.510 align:start position:0% protected by a thick atmosphere and the invisible<00:21:13.919> magnetic<00:21:14.480> donuts<00:21:14.960> of<00:21:15.120> the<00:21:15.280> Van 00:21:15.510 --> 00:21:15.520 align:start position:0% invisible magnetic donuts of the Van 00:21:15.520 --> 00:21:18.149 align:start position:0% invisible magnetic donuts of the Van Allen<00:21:15.919> belts.<00:21:16.880> But<00:21:17.120> once<00:21:17.360> the<00:21:17.520> spacecraft 00:21:18.149 --> 00:21:18.159 align:start position:0% Allen belts. But once the spacecraft 00:21:18.159 --> 00:21:20.310 align:start position:0% Allen belts. But once the spacecraft leaves<00:21:18.559> these<00:21:18.799> protective<00:21:19.280> shields,<00:21:20.080> it 00:21:20.310 --> 00:21:20.320 align:start position:0% leaves these protective shields, it 00:21:20.320 --> 00:21:23.430 align:start position:0% leaves these protective shields, it enters<00:21:20.720> a<00:21:21.039> shooting<00:21:21.520> gallery<00:21:22.000> of<00:21:22.400> high<00:21:22.880> energy 00:21:23.430 --> 00:21:23.440 align:start position:0% enters a shooting gallery of high energy 00:21:23.440 --> 00:21:24.950 align:start position:0% enters a shooting gallery of high energy particles. 00:21:24.950 --> 00:21:24.960 align:start position:0% particles. 00:21:24.960 --> 00:21:27.029 align:start position:0% particles. High<00:21:25.280> doses<00:21:25.679> of<00:21:25.840> these<00:21:26.080> particles<00:21:26.640> could 00:21:27.029 --> 00:21:27.039 align:start position:0% High doses of these particles could 00:21:27.039 --> 00:21:30.149 align:start position:0% High doses of these particles could cause<00:21:27.440> acute<00:21:28.080> radiation<00:21:28.640> sickness,<00:21:29.440> nausea, 00:21:30.149 --> 00:21:30.159 align:start position:0% cause acute radiation sickness, nausea, 00:21:30.159 --> 00:21:32.390 align:start position:0% cause acute radiation sickness, nausea, and<00:21:30.400> disorientation,<00:21:31.520> which<00:21:31.760> would<00:21:31.919> lead<00:21:32.159> to 00:21:32.390 --> 00:21:32.400 align:start position:0% and disorientation, which would lead to 00:21:32.400 --> 00:21:34.789 align:start position:0% and disorientation, which would lead to fatal<00:21:32.960> errors<00:21:33.280> during<00:21:33.600> a<00:21:33.919> complex<00:21:34.400> lunar 00:21:34.789 --> 00:21:34.799 align:start position:0% fatal errors during a complex lunar 00:21:34.799 --> 00:21:36.950 align:start position:0% fatal errors during a complex lunar landing.<00:21:35.679> Not<00:21:35.840> to<00:21:36.000> mention<00:21:36.320> the<00:21:36.559> risk<00:21:36.720> of 00:21:36.950 --> 00:21:36.960 align:start position:0% landing. Not to mention the risk of 00:21:36.960 --> 00:21:40.390 align:start position:0% landing. Not to mention the risk of developing<00:21:37.520> cancer<00:21:38.000> later<00:21:38.240> in<00:21:38.480> life. 00:21:40.390 --> 00:21:40.400 align:start position:0% developing cancer later in life. 00:21:40.400 --> 00:21:43.190 align:start position:0% developing cancer later in life. Solar<00:21:41.039> particle<00:21:41.600> events<00:21:42.159> caused<00:21:42.559> by<00:21:42.880> solar 00:21:43.190 --> 00:21:43.200 align:start position:0% Solar particle events caused by solar 00:21:43.200 --> 00:21:46.470 align:start position:0% Solar particle events caused by solar flares<00:21:43.679> or<00:21:44.080> chronal<00:21:44.559> mass<00:21:44.880> ejections<00:21:46.000> could 00:21:46.470 --> 00:21:46.480 align:start position:0% flares or chronal mass ejections could 00:21:46.480 --> 00:21:48.870 align:start position:0% flares or chronal mass ejections could flood<00:21:46.799> the<00:21:47.039> spacecraft<00:21:47.600> with<00:21:47.840> a<00:21:48.080> sudden 00:21:48.870 --> 00:21:48.880 align:start position:0% flood the spacecraft with a sudden 00:21:48.880 --> 00:21:51.830 align:start position:0% flood the spacecraft with a sudden deadly<00:21:49.360> burst<00:21:49.679> of<00:21:49.840> protons.<00:21:50.960> These<00:21:51.360> solar 00:21:51.830 --> 00:21:51.840 align:start position:0% deadly burst of protons. These solar 00:21:51.840 --> 00:21:54.630 align:start position:0% deadly burst of protons. These solar storms<00:21:52.640> are<00:21:52.960> powerful<00:21:53.440> enough<00:21:53.760> to<00:21:54.159> not<00:21:54.400> only 00:21:54.630 --> 00:21:54.640 align:start position:0% storms are powerful enough to not only 00:21:54.640 --> 00:21:57.430 align:start position:0% storms are powerful enough to not only irradiate<00:21:55.280> human<00:21:55.600> tissue,<00:21:56.400> but<00:21:56.640> to<00:21:56.960> scramble 00:21:57.430 --> 00:21:57.440 align:start position:0% irradiate human tissue, but to scramble 00:21:57.440 --> 00:21:59.510 align:start position:0% irradiate human tissue, but to scramble the<00:21:57.679> delicate<00:21:58.159> silicon<00:21:58.640> of<00:21:58.799> the<00:21:58.960> Apollo 00:21:59.510 --> 00:21:59.520 align:start position:0% the delicate silicon of the Apollo 00:21:59.520 --> 00:22:02.950 align:start position:0% the delicate silicon of the Apollo guidance<00:22:00.000> computer.<00:22:01.360> Since<00:22:01.679> a<00:22:02.080> leadline<00:22:02.640> ship 00:22:02.950 --> 00:22:02.960 align:start position:0% guidance computer. Since a leadline ship 00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:04.549 align:start position:0% guidance computer. Since a leadline ship would<00:22:03.200> be<00:22:03.280> too<00:22:03.520> heavy<00:22:03.760> to<00:22:03.919> ever<00:22:04.159> leave<00:22:04.320> the 00:22:04.549 --> 00:22:04.559 align:start position:0% would be too heavy to ever leave the 00:22:04.559 --> 00:22:07.750 align:start position:0% would be too heavy to ever leave the ground,<00:22:05.360> NASA<00:22:05.840> had<00:22:06.080> to<00:22:06.240> rely<00:22:06.559> on<00:22:06.799> intelligence 00:22:07.750 --> 00:22:07.760 align:start position:0% ground, NASA had to rely on intelligence 00:22:07.760 --> 00:22:09.590 align:start position:0% ground, NASA had to rely on intelligence and<00:22:08.080> timing. 00:22:09.590 --> 00:22:09.600 align:start position:0% and timing. 00:22:09.600 --> 00:22:11.669 align:start position:0% and timing. First,<00:22:09.919> they<00:22:10.240> established<00:22:10.799> the<00:22:11.120> Solar 00:22:11.669 --> 00:22:11.679 align:start position:0% First, they established the Solar 00:22:11.679 --> 00:22:14.310 align:start position:0% First, they established the Solar Particle<00:22:12.240> Alert<00:22:12.799> Network. 00:22:14.310 --> 00:22:14.320 align:start position:0% Particle Alert Network. 00:22:14.320 --> 00:22:16.390 align:start position:0% Particle Alert Network. This<00:22:14.559> was<00:22:14.720> a<00:22:14.960> global<00:22:15.280> ring<00:22:15.600> of<00:22:15.760> observatories 00:22:16.390 --> 00:22:16.400 align:start position:0% This was a global ring of observatories 00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:19.430 align:start position:0% This was a global ring of observatories that<00:22:16.720> monitored<00:22:17.120> the<00:22:17.280> sun<00:22:17.679> 24<00:22:18.159> hours<00:22:18.400> a<00:22:18.640> day. 00:22:19.430 --> 00:22:19.440 align:start position:0% that monitored the sun 24 hours a day. 00:22:19.440 --> 00:22:22.230 align:start position:0% that monitored the sun 24 hours a day. If<00:22:19.840> a<00:22:20.080> major<00:22:20.400> flare<00:22:20.720> was<00:22:20.960> spotted,<00:22:21.679> a<00:22:21.919> warning 00:22:22.230 --> 00:22:22.240 align:start position:0% If a major flare was spotted, a warning 00:22:22.240 --> 00:22:23.990 align:start position:0% If a major flare was spotted, a warning would<00:22:22.400> be<00:22:22.559> sent<00:22:22.720> to<00:22:22.880> Houston,<00:22:23.600> giving<00:22:23.840> the 00:22:23.990 --> 00:22:24.000 align:start position:0% would be sent to Houston, giving the 00:22:24.000 --> 00:22:25.830 align:start position:0% would be sent to Houston, giving the astronauts<00:22:24.559> time<00:22:24.799> to<00:22:24.960> take<00:22:25.200> cover<00:22:25.440> in<00:22:25.679> the 00:22:25.830 --> 00:22:25.840 align:start position:0% astronauts time to take cover in the 00:22:25.840 --> 00:22:27.350 align:start position:0% astronauts time to take cover in the most<00:22:26.000> shielded<00:22:26.480> part<00:22:26.720> of<00:22:26.880> the<00:22:27.039> command 00:22:27.350 --> 00:22:27.360 align:start position:0% most shielded part of the command 00:22:27.360 --> 00:22:30.789 align:start position:0% most shielded part of the command module.<00:22:28.559> Counterintuitively,<00:22:30.000> NASA<00:22:30.480> had 00:22:30.789 --> 00:22:30.799 align:start position:0% module. Counterintuitively, NASA had 00:22:30.799 --> 00:22:32.870 align:start position:0% module. Counterintuitively, NASA had actually<00:22:31.200> timed<00:22:31.520> the<00:22:31.600> Apollo<00:22:32.080> program<00:22:32.559> to 00:22:32.870 --> 00:22:32.880 align:start position:0% actually timed the Apollo program to 00:22:32.880 --> 00:22:35.750 align:start position:0% actually timed the Apollo program to coincide<00:22:33.520> with<00:22:33.760> the<00:22:34.000> solar<00:22:34.480> maximum,<00:22:35.520> the 00:22:35.750 --> 00:22:35.760 align:start position:0% coincide with the solar maximum, the 00:22:35.760 --> 00:22:38.390 align:start position:0% coincide with the solar maximum, the period<00:22:36.080> in<00:22:36.240> the<00:22:36.400> sun's<00:22:36.960> 11-year<00:22:37.520> cycle<00:22:38.159> where 00:22:38.390 --> 00:22:38.400 align:start position:0% period in the sun's 11-year cycle where 00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:41.590 align:start position:0% period in the sun's 11-year cycle where it<00:22:38.640> is<00:22:38.880> most<00:22:39.280> active.<00:22:40.559> While<00:22:40.880> this<00:22:41.200> increased 00:22:41.590 --> 00:22:41.600 align:start position:0% it is most active. While this increased 00:22:41.600 --> 00:22:44.310 align:start position:0% it is most active. While this increased the<00:22:41.840> chance<00:22:42.080> of<00:22:42.240> a<00:22:42.400> solar<00:22:42.720> flare,<00:22:43.520> it<00:22:43.840> also 00:22:44.310 --> 00:22:44.320 align:start position:0% the chance of a solar flare, it also 00:22:44.320 --> 00:22:46.470 align:start position:0% the chance of a solar flare, it also strengthened<00:22:44.960> the<00:22:45.200> heliosphere,<00:22:46.320> a 00:22:46.470 --> 00:22:46.480 align:start position:0% strengthened the heliosphere, a 00:22:46.480 --> 00:22:48.549 align:start position:0% strengthened the heliosphere, a bubble-like<00:22:47.120> region<00:22:47.360> of<00:22:47.600> space<00:22:48.080> around<00:22:48.400> the 00:22:48.549 --> 00:22:48.559 align:start position:0% bubble-like region of space around the 00:22:48.559 --> 00:22:50.870 align:start position:0% bubble-like region of space around the sun<00:22:48.880> and<00:22:49.200> planets<00:22:49.840> caused<00:22:50.159> by<00:22:50.320> the<00:22:50.480> solar 00:22:50.870 --> 00:22:50.880 align:start position:0% sun and planets caused by the solar 00:22:50.880 --> 00:22:53.750 align:start position:0% sun and planets caused by the solar wind.<00:22:51.679> During<00:22:52.000> solar<00:22:52.400> maximum,<00:22:53.120> the<00:22:53.360> sun's 00:22:53.750 --> 00:22:53.760 align:start position:0% wind. During solar maximum, the sun's 00:22:53.760 --> 00:22:56.310 align:start position:0% wind. During solar maximum, the sun's intensified<00:22:54.640> solar<00:22:54.960> winds<00:22:55.600> acts<00:22:55.919> like<00:22:56.080> a 00:22:56.310 --> 00:22:56.320 align:start position:0% intensified solar winds acts like a 00:22:56.320 --> 00:22:58.630 align:start position:0% intensified solar winds acts like a magnetic<00:22:56.960> umbrella,<00:22:57.600> pushing<00:22:58.000> away<00:22:58.320> much 00:22:58.630 --> 00:22:58.640 align:start position:0% magnetic umbrella, pushing away much 00:22:58.640 --> 00:23:00.710 align:start position:0% magnetic umbrella, pushing away much more<00:22:58.880> powerful<00:22:59.360> and<00:22:59.760> harder<00:23:00.080> to<00:23:00.320> block 00:23:00.710 --> 00:23:00.720 align:start position:0% more powerful and harder to block 00:23:00.720 --> 00:23:03.590 align:start position:0% more powerful and harder to block galactic<00:23:01.280> cosmic<00:23:01.679> rays.<00:23:02.640> By<00:23:02.960> accepting<00:23:03.360> the 00:23:03.590 --> 00:23:03.600 align:start position:0% galactic cosmic rays. By accepting the 00:23:03.600 --> 00:23:06.870 align:start position:0% galactic cosmic rays. By accepting the risk<00:23:03.840> of<00:23:04.000> a<00:23:04.320> storm<00:23:04.799> they<00:23:05.120> could<00:23:05.440> monitor,<00:23:06.320> NASA 00:23:06.870 --> 00:23:06.880 align:start position:0% risk of a storm they could monitor, NASA 00:23:06.880 --> 00:23:08.630 align:start position:0% risk of a storm they could monitor, NASA shielded<00:23:07.360> the<00:23:07.600> astronauts<00:23:08.159> from<00:23:08.400> the 00:23:08.630 --> 00:23:08.640 align:start position:0% shielded the astronauts from the 00:23:08.640 --> 00:23:10.950 align:start position:0% shielded the astronauts from the constant<00:23:09.200> drizzle<00:23:09.919> of<00:23:10.240> deep<00:23:10.559> space 00:23:10.950 --> 00:23:10.960 align:start position:0% constant drizzle of deep space 00:23:10.960 --> 00:23:12.549 align:start position:0% constant drizzle of deep space radiation. 00:23:12.549 --> 00:23:12.559 align:start position:0% radiation. 00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:14.470 align:start position:0% radiation. But<00:23:12.720> this<00:23:12.960> constant<00:23:13.360> monitoring<00:23:13.919> required<00:23:14.240> a 00:23:14.470 --> 00:23:14.480 align:start position:0% But this constant monitoring required a 00:23:14.480 --> 00:23:16.230 align:start position:0% But this constant monitoring required a communication<00:23:15.039> line<00:23:15.360> to<00:23:15.520> be<00:23:15.679> open<00:23:16.000> between 00:23:16.230 --> 00:23:16.240 align:start position:0% communication line to be open between 00:23:16.240 --> 00:23:19.270 align:start position:0% communication line to be open between the<00:23:16.400> astronauts<00:23:17.039> and<00:23:17.440> Earth<00:23:17.760> the<00:23:18.080> whole<00:23:18.400> time. 00:23:19.270 --> 00:23:19.280 align:start position:0% the astronauts and Earth the whole time. 00:23:19.280 --> 00:23:22.549 align:start position:0% the astronauts and Earth the whole time. And<00:23:19.520> that's<00:23:19.840> not<00:23:20.080> easy<00:23:20.400> given<00:23:20.720> the<00:23:21.039> 300,000<00:23:22.080> km 00:23:22.549 --> 00:23:22.559 align:start position:0% And that's not easy given the 300,000 km 00:23:22.559 --> 00:23:24.549 align:start position:0% And that's not easy given the 300,000 km distance<00:23:23.120> and<00:23:23.360> the<00:23:23.600> fact<00:23:23.679> that<00:23:23.840> the<00:23:24.080> world<00:23:24.320> had 00:23:24.549 --> 00:23:24.559 align:start position:0% distance and the fact that the world had 00:23:24.559 --> 00:23:27.430 align:start position:0% distance and the fact that the world had not<00:23:24.720> yet<00:23:25.039> invented<00:23:25.679> fiber<00:23:26.080> optics,<00:23:26.880> a<00:23:27.120> global 00:23:27.430 --> 00:23:27.440 align:start position:0% not yet invented fiber optics, a global 00:23:27.440 --> 00:23:32.070 align:start position:0% not yet invented fiber optics, a global satellite<00:23:28.000> network<00:23:28.720> or<00:23:28.960> the<00:23:29.280> internet. 00:23:32.070 --> 00:23:32.080 align:start position:0% satellite network or the internet. 00:23:32.080 --> 00:23:34.310 align:start position:0% satellite network or the internet. In<00:23:32.320> the<00:23:32.480> vacuum<00:23:32.799> of<00:23:33.039> space,<00:23:33.679> there<00:23:33.840> is 00:23:34.310 --> 00:23:34.320 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is 00:23:34.320 --> 00:23:37.669 align:start position:0% In the vacuum of space, there is absolute<00:23:34.880> silence.<00:23:36.159> So<00:23:36.400> instead,<00:23:37.120> to<00:23:37.360> bridge 00:23:37.669 --> 00:23:37.679 align:start position:0% absolute silence. So instead, to bridge 00:23:37.679 --> 00:23:42.230 align:start position:0% absolute silence. So instead, to bridge the<00:23:37.919> nearly<00:23:38.559> 384,633 00:23:42.230 --> 00:23:42.240 align:start position:0% 00:23:42.240 --> 00:23:45.510 align:start position:0% km<00:23:42.880> gap<00:23:43.280> between<00:23:43.600> Earth<00:23:43.919> and<00:23:44.080> the<00:23:44.320> Moon,<00:23:45.200> every 00:23:45.510 --> 00:23:45.520 align:start position:0% km gap between Earth and the Moon, every 00:23:45.520 --> 00:23:48.710 align:start position:0% km gap between Earth and the Moon, every word,<00:23:46.320> every<00:23:46.640> command,<00:23:47.600> and<00:23:47.919> every<00:23:48.159> shot<00:23:48.480> of 00:23:48.710 --> 00:23:48.720 align:start position:0% word, every command, and every shot of 00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:51.270 align:start position:0% word, every command, and every shot of grainy<00:23:49.200> television<00:23:49.760> footage<00:23:50.559> had<00:23:50.880> to<00:23:51.120> be 00:23:51.270 --> 00:23:51.280 align:start position:0% grainy television footage had to be 00:23:51.280 --> 00:23:54.549 align:start position:0% grainy television footage had to be converted<00:23:52.080> into<00:23:52.640> electromagnetic<00:23:54.080> radio 00:23:54.549 --> 00:23:54.559 align:start position:0% converted into electromagnetic radio 00:23:54.559 --> 00:23:56.070 align:start position:0% converted into electromagnetic radio waves. 00:23:56.070 --> 00:23:56.080 align:start position:0% waves. 00:23:56.080 --> 00:23:57.830 align:start position:0% waves. Despite<00:23:56.559> traveling<00:23:56.880> at<00:23:57.039> the<00:23:57.200> speed<00:23:57.360> of<00:23:57.520> light, 00:23:57.830 --> 00:23:57.840 align:start position:0% Despite traveling at the speed of light, 00:23:57.840 --> 00:23:59.909 align:start position:0% Despite traveling at the speed of light, these<00:23:58.159> signals<00:23:58.559> still<00:23:58.799> face<00:23:59.120> the<00:23:59.440> difficulty 00:23:59.909 --> 00:23:59.919 align:start position:0% these signals still face the difficulty 00:23:59.919 --> 00:24:03.029 align:start position:0% these signals still face the difficulty of<00:24:00.240> distance,<00:24:01.120> which<00:24:01.360> created<00:24:01.760> a<00:24:02.080> small<00:24:02.400> lag, 00:24:03.029 --> 00:24:03.039 align:start position:0% of distance, which created a small lag, 00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:06.390 align:start position:0% of distance, which created a small lag, a<00:24:03.280> delay<00:24:03.600> of<00:24:03.760> about<00:24:04.159> 1.3<00:24:04.960> seconds<00:24:05.280> each<00:24:05.600> way, 00:24:06.390 --> 00:24:06.400 align:start position:0% a delay of about 1.3 seconds each way, 00:24:06.400 --> 00:24:08.470 align:start position:0% a delay of about 1.3 seconds each way, meaning<00:24:06.640> an<00:24:06.880> astronaut<00:24:07.440> had<00:24:07.600> to<00:24:07.760> wait<00:24:08.000> nearly 00:24:08.470 --> 00:24:08.480 align:start position:0% meaning an astronaut had to wait nearly 00:24:08.480 --> 00:24:11.110 align:start position:0% meaning an astronaut had to wait nearly 3<00:24:08.799> seconds<00:24:09.120> for<00:24:09.360> an<00:24:09.600> answer<00:24:09.919> to<00:24:10.320> any<00:24:10.720> question 00:24:11.110 --> 00:24:11.120 align:start position:0% 3 seconds for an answer to any question 00:24:11.120 --> 00:24:14.149 align:start position:0% 3 seconds for an answer to any question sent<00:24:11.440> to<00:24:11.600> Houston.<00:24:12.880> To<00:24:13.120> handle<00:24:13.440> the<00:24:13.760> massive 00:24:14.149 --> 00:24:14.159 align:start position:0% sent to Houston. To handle the massive 00:24:14.159 --> 00:24:16.070 align:start position:0% sent to Houston. To handle the massive amount<00:24:14.400> of<00:24:14.640> data<00:24:14.960> needed<00:24:15.360> to<00:24:15.520> be<00:24:15.600> sent<00:24:15.840> back 00:24:16.070 --> 00:24:16.080 align:start position:0% amount of data needed to be sent back 00:24:16.080 --> 00:24:19.110 align:start position:0% amount of data needed to be sent back and<00:24:16.320> forth,<00:24:17.120> NASA<00:24:17.600> developed<00:24:18.080> the<00:24:18.320> unified 00:24:19.110 --> 00:24:19.120 align:start position:0% and forth, NASA developed the unified 00:24:19.120 --> 00:24:22.870 align:start position:0% and forth, NASA developed the unified Sband<00:24:19.679> or<00:24:20.159> USB<00:24:20.799> system.<00:24:21.919> Operating<00:24:22.480> in<00:24:22.640> the 00:24:22.870 --> 00:24:22.880 align:start position:0% Sband or USB system. Operating in the 00:24:22.880 --> 00:24:26.630 align:start position:0% Sband or USB system. Operating in the 1.5<00:24:23.600> to<00:24:24.000> 5.2<00:24:24.480> 2<00:24:24.720> GHz<00:24:25.279> range.<00:24:26.000> This<00:24:26.240> was<00:24:26.400> a 00:24:26.630 --> 00:24:26.640 align:start position:0% 1.5 to 5.2 2 GHz range. This was a 00:24:26.640 --> 00:24:29.510 align:start position:0% 1.5 to 5.2 2 GHz range. This was a masterpiece<00:24:27.360> of<00:24:27.600> integration.<00:24:28.960> Rather<00:24:29.279> than 00:24:29.510 --> 00:24:29.520 align:start position:0% masterpiece of integration. Rather than 00:24:29.520 --> 00:24:32.230 align:start position:0% masterpiece of integration. Rather than having<00:24:30.000> separate<00:24:30.400> radios<00:24:30.880> for<00:24:31.200> voice,<00:24:31.679> video, 00:24:32.230 --> 00:24:32.240 align:start position:0% having separate radios for voice, video, 00:24:32.240 --> 00:24:35.430 align:start position:0% having separate radios for voice, video, and<00:24:32.720> spacecraft<00:24:33.360> health<00:24:33.760> data,<00:24:34.480> the<00:24:34.799> USB 00:24:35.430 --> 00:24:35.440 align:start position:0% and spacecraft health data, the USB 00:24:35.440 --> 00:24:37.430 align:start position:0% and spacecraft health data, the USB combined<00:24:35.919> them<00:24:36.159> into<00:24:36.480> a<00:24:36.720> single 00:24:37.430 --> 00:24:37.440 align:start position:0% combined them into a single 00:24:37.440 --> 00:24:40.789 align:start position:0% combined them into a single highfrequency<00:24:38.640> stream.<00:24:40.080> Managing<00:24:40.559> the 00:24:40.789 --> 00:24:40.799 align:start position:0% highfrequency stream. Managing the 00:24:40.799 --> 00:24:43.029 align:start position:0% highfrequency stream. Managing the stream<00:24:41.120> was<00:24:41.360> the<00:24:41.679> manned<00:24:42.159> space<00:24:42.640> flight 00:24:43.029 --> 00:24:43.039 align:start position:0% stream was the manned space flight 00:24:43.039 --> 00:24:45.430 align:start position:0% stream was the manned space flight network<00:24:43.840> coordinated<00:24:44.400> by<00:24:44.559> the<00:24:44.720> Goddard<00:24:45.200> Space 00:24:45.430 --> 00:24:45.440 align:start position:0% network coordinated by the Goddard Space 00:24:45.440 --> 00:24:47.909 align:start position:0% network coordinated by the Goddard Space Flight<00:24:45.760> Center.<00:24:46.640> Because<00:24:46.960> the<00:24:47.200> Earth<00:24:47.520> is<00:24:47.679> a 00:24:47.909 --> 00:24:47.919 align:start position:0% Flight Center. Because the Earth is a 00:24:47.919 --> 00:24:50.310 align:start position:0% Flight Center. Because the Earth is a rotating<00:24:48.480> sphere,<00:24:49.039> NASA<00:24:49.600> couldn't<00:24:49.919> rely<00:24:50.159> on 00:24:50.310 --> 00:24:50.320 align:start position:0% rotating sphere, NASA couldn't rely on 00:24:50.320 --> 00:24:53.590 align:start position:0% rotating sphere, NASA couldn't rely on just<00:24:50.559> one<00:24:50.799> antenna.<00:24:51.840> They<00:24:52.159> deployed<00:24:52.720> a<00:24:53.039> global 00:24:53.590 --> 00:24:53.600 align:start position:0% just one antenna. They deployed a global 00:24:53.600 --> 00:24:55.669 align:start position:0% just one antenna. They deployed a global safety<00:24:54.000> net<00:24:54.240> to<00:24:54.480> ensure<00:24:54.960> messages<00:24:55.440> got 00:24:55.669 --> 00:24:55.679 align:start position:0% safety net to ensure messages got 00:24:55.679 --> 00:24:59.190 align:start position:0% safety net to ensure messages got through.<00:24:56.559> This<00:24:56.799> net<00:24:57.120> consisted<00:24:57.600> of<00:24:58.320> 17<00:24:58.799> ground 00:24:59.190 --> 00:24:59.200 align:start position:0% through. This net consisted of 17 ground 00:24:59.200 --> 00:25:01.350 align:start position:0% through. This net consisted of 17 ground stations<00:24:59.679> scattered<00:25:00.159> from<00:25:00.480> Madrid<00:25:00.960> to 00:25:01.350 --> 00:25:01.360 align:start position:0% stations scattered from Madrid to 00:25:01.360 --> 00:25:04.310 align:start position:0% stations scattered from Madrid to Canberra,<00:25:02.559> four<00:25:02.960> tracking<00:25:03.360> ships<00:25:03.840> positioned 00:25:04.310 --> 00:25:04.320 align:start position:0% Canberra, four tracking ships positioned 00:25:04.320 --> 00:25:06.230 align:start position:0% Canberra, four tracking ships positioned in<00:25:04.480> the<00:25:04.640> vast<00:25:05.039> stretches<00:25:05.440> of<00:25:05.600> the<00:25:05.760> Atlantic 00:25:06.230 --> 00:25:06.240 align:start position:0% in the vast stretches of the Atlantic 00:25:06.240 --> 00:25:09.430 align:start position:0% in the vast stretches of the Atlantic and<00:25:06.480> Pacific,<00:25:07.520> and<00:25:07.760> a<00:25:07.919> fleet<00:25:08.159> of<00:25:08.480> eight<00:25:08.880> Apollo 00:25:09.430 --> 00:25:09.440 align:start position:0% and Pacific, and a fleet of eight Apollo 00:25:09.440 --> 00:25:11.990 align:start position:0% and Pacific, and a fleet of eight Apollo range<00:25:09.840> instrumentation<00:25:10.720> aircraft<00:25:11.679> designed 00:25:11.990 --> 00:25:12.000 align:start position:0% range instrumentation aircraft designed 00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:14.149 align:start position:0% range instrumentation aircraft designed to<00:25:12.240> catch<00:25:12.559> signals<00:25:13.039> where<00:25:13.360> ships<00:25:13.760> couldn't 00:25:14.149 --> 00:25:14.159 align:start position:0% to catch signals where ships couldn't 00:25:14.159 --> 00:25:17.269 align:start position:0% to catch signals where ships couldn't reach.<00:25:15.200> and<00:25:15.520> all<00:25:15.760> these<00:25:16.080> signals<00:25:16.640> needed<00:25:17.039> to 00:25:17.269 --> 00:25:17.279 align:start position:0% reach. and all these signals needed to 00:25:17.279 --> 00:25:19.830 align:start position:0% reach. and all these signals needed to be<00:25:17.440> able<00:25:17.600> to<00:25:17.760> be<00:25:18.000> received<00:25:18.400> by<00:25:18.640> the<00:25:18.799> spacecraft 00:25:19.830 --> 00:25:19.840 align:start position:0% be able to be received by the spacecraft 00:25:19.840 --> 00:25:21.669 align:start position:0% be able to be received by the spacecraft which<00:25:20.080> had<00:25:20.320> its<00:25:20.640> own<00:25:21.120> specialized 00:25:21.669 --> 00:25:21.679 align:start position:0% which had its own specialized 00:25:21.679 --> 00:25:25.110 align:start position:0% which had its own specialized technology.<00:25:23.039> The<00:25:23.200> command<00:25:23.600> module<00:25:24.000> used<00:25:24.400> four 00:25:25.110 --> 00:25:25.120 align:start position:0% technology. The command module used four 00:25:25.120 --> 00:25:27.669 align:start position:0% technology. The command module used four omnidirectional<00:25:26.000> antennas<00:25:26.559> for<00:25:26.799> close<00:25:27.120> range 00:25:27.669 --> 00:25:27.679 align:start position:0% omnidirectional antennas for close range 00:25:27.679 --> 00:25:30.230 align:start position:0% omnidirectional antennas for close range but<00:25:27.919> once<00:25:28.159> in<00:25:28.320> deep<00:25:28.640> space<00:25:28.960> it<00:25:29.200> relied<00:25:29.600> on<00:25:29.919> a 00:25:30.230 --> 00:25:30.240 align:start position:0% but once in deep space it relied on a 00:25:30.240 --> 00:25:33.669 align:start position:0% but once in deep space it relied on a steerable<00:25:31.279> high<00:25:31.679> gain<00:25:32.000> antenna,<00:25:32.880> a<00:25:33.120> cluster 00:25:33.669 --> 00:25:33.679 align:start position:0% steerable high gain antenna, a cluster 00:25:33.679 --> 00:25:38.470 align:start position:0% steerable high gain antenna, a cluster of<00:25:34.080> four<00:25:34.720> 31in<00:25:35.840> parabolic<00:25:36.720> dishes.<00:25:38.000> The<00:25:38.159> Luna 00:25:38.470 --> 00:25:38.480 align:start position:0% of four 31in parabolic dishes. The Luna 00:25:38.480 --> 00:25:41.510 align:start position:0% of four 31in parabolic dishes. The Luna module<00:25:38.880> carried<00:25:39.200> its<00:25:39.440> own<00:25:39.919> 26-in<00:25:40.960> steerable 00:25:41.510 --> 00:25:41.520 align:start position:0% module carried its own 26-in steerable 00:25:41.520 --> 00:25:44.070 align:start position:0% module carried its own 26-in steerable dish.<00:25:42.480> And<00:25:42.640> for<00:25:42.880> the<00:25:43.039> historic<00:25:43.600> broadcast 00:25:44.070 --> 00:25:44.080 align:start position:0% dish. And for the historic broadcast 00:25:44.080 --> 00:25:46.549 align:start position:0% dish. And for the historic broadcast from<00:25:44.240> the<00:25:44.400> lunar<00:25:44.799> surface,<00:25:45.679> the<00:25:45.919> astronauts 00:25:46.549 --> 00:25:46.559 align:start position:0% from the lunar surface, the astronauts 00:25:46.559 --> 00:25:49.350 align:start position:0% from the lunar surface, the astronauts even<00:25:46.880> deployed<00:25:47.440> a<00:25:47.679> 10<00:25:48.000> ft<00:25:48.480> collapsible 00:25:49.350 --> 00:25:49.360 align:start position:0% even deployed a 10 ft collapsible 00:25:49.360 --> 00:25:51.590 align:start position:0% even deployed a 10 ft collapsible umbrella<00:25:49.760> antenna<00:25:50.400> to<00:25:50.640> ensure<00:25:50.960> the<00:25:51.279> world 00:25:51.590 --> 00:25:51.600 align:start position:0% umbrella antenna to ensure the world 00:25:51.600 --> 00:25:54.710 align:start position:0% umbrella antenna to ensure the world could<00:25:51.919> see<00:25:52.240> their<00:25:52.559> first<00:25:52.880> steps.<00:25:54.159> But<00:25:54.400> even 00:25:54.710 --> 00:25:54.720 align:start position:0% could see their first steps. But even 00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:58.149 align:start position:0% could see their first steps. But even with<00:25:55.120> all<00:25:55.360> of<00:25:55.520> this,<00:25:56.159> there<00:25:56.400> was<00:25:56.640> a<00:25:56.960> hole.<00:25:57.919> For 00:25:58.149 --> 00:25:58.159 align:start position:0% with all of this, there was a hole. For 00:25:58.159 --> 00:26:01.269 align:start position:0% with all of this, there was a hole. For roughly<00:25:58.640> 48<00:25:59.279> minutes<00:25:59.600> of<00:25:59.840> every<00:26:00.240> 2hour<00:26:00.880> lunar 00:26:01.269 --> 00:26:01.279 align:start position:0% roughly 48 minutes of every 2hour lunar 00:26:01.279 --> 00:26:03.590 align:start position:0% roughly 48 minutes of every 2hour lunar orbit,<00:26:01.919> the<00:26:02.159> craft<00:26:02.480> would<00:26:02.720> pass<00:26:03.039> behind<00:26:03.360> the 00:26:03.590 --> 00:26:03.600 align:start position:0% orbit, the craft would pass behind the 00:26:03.600 --> 00:26:05.750 align:start position:0% orbit, the craft would pass behind the far<00:26:03.840> side<00:26:04.080> of<00:26:04.159> the<00:26:04.320> moon<00:26:04.880> and<00:26:05.120> the<00:26:05.279> signal 00:26:05.750 --> 00:26:05.760 align:start position:0% far side of the moon and the signal 00:26:05.760 --> 00:26:08.230 align:start position:0% far side of the moon and the signal would<00:26:06.000> be<00:26:06.159> lost.<00:26:07.200> In<00:26:07.440> this<00:26:07.679> window,<00:26:08.000> the 00:26:08.230 --> 00:26:08.240 align:start position:0% would be lost. In this window, the 00:26:08.240 --> 00:26:11.350 align:start position:0% would be lost. In this window, the astronauts<00:26:08.880> were<00:26:09.120> truly<00:26:09.760> alone,<00:26:10.799> cut<00:26:11.120> off 00:26:11.350 --> 00:26:11.360 align:start position:0% astronauts were truly alone, cut off 00:26:11.360 --> 00:26:13.990 align:start position:0% astronauts were truly alone, cut off from<00:26:11.679> all<00:26:12.080> human<00:26:12.480> contact<00:26:13.440> until<00:26:13.760> they 00:26:13.990 --> 00:26:14.000 align:start position:0% from all human contact until they 00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:16.549 align:start position:0% from all human contact until they rounded<00:26:14.400> the<00:26:14.559> corner<00:26:15.120> and<00:26:15.440> Earth<00:26:15.840> rose<00:26:16.320> over 00:26:16.549 --> 00:26:16.559 align:start position:0% rounded the corner and Earth rose over 00:26:16.559 --> 00:26:19.510 align:start position:0% rounded the corner and Earth rose over the<00:26:16.799> horizon.<00:26:18.159> This<00:26:18.400> meant<00:26:18.640> that<00:26:19.200> huge 00:26:19.510 --> 00:26:19.520 align:start position:0% the horizon. This meant that huge 00:26:19.520 --> 00:26:21.510 align:start position:0% the horizon. This meant that huge sections<00:26:19.919> of<00:26:20.080> one<00:26:20.240> of<00:26:20.320> the<00:26:20.559> most<00:26:20.880> important 00:26:21.510 --> 00:26:21.520 align:start position:0% sections of one of the most important 00:26:21.520 --> 00:26:24.950 align:start position:0% sections of one of the most important moments<00:26:21.919> in<00:26:22.159> the<00:26:22.320> mission<00:26:23.360> occurred<00:26:24.000> in<00:26:24.320> radio 00:26:24.950 --> 00:26:24.960 align:start position:0% moments in the mission occurred in radio 00:26:24.960 --> 00:26:29.350 align:start position:0% moments in the mission occurred in radio silence.<00:26:26.320> The<00:26:26.640> descent. 00:26:29.350 --> 00:26:29.360 align:start position:0% silence. The descent. 00:26:29.360 --> 00:26:31.269 align:start position:0% silence. The descent. In<00:26:29.600> the<00:26:29.760> decade<00:26:30.080> leading<00:26:30.320> up<00:26:30.480> to<00:26:30.640> the<00:26:30.720> Apollo 00:26:31.269 --> 00:26:31.279 align:start position:0% In the decade leading up to the Apollo 00:26:31.279 --> 00:26:33.750 align:start position:0% In the decade leading up to the Apollo 11<00:26:31.600> landing,<00:26:32.240> the<00:26:32.400> lunar<00:26:32.799> surface<00:26:33.200> was<00:26:33.440> a 00:26:33.750 --> 00:26:33.760 align:start position:0% 11 landing, the lunar surface was a 00:26:33.760 --> 00:26:36.230 align:start position:0% 11 landing, the lunar surface was a scientific<00:26:34.480> enigma<00:26:35.279> that<00:26:35.679> invited 00:26:36.230 --> 00:26:36.240 align:start position:0% scientific enigma that invited 00:26:36.240 --> 00:26:39.269 align:start position:0% scientific enigma that invited terrifying<00:26:36.960> speculation.<00:26:38.400> Without<00:26:38.799> direct 00:26:39.269 --> 00:26:39.279 align:start position:0% terrifying speculation. Without direct 00:26:39.279 --> 00:26:42.149 align:start position:0% terrifying speculation. Without direct physical<00:26:39.760> samples,<00:26:40.640> NASA's<00:26:41.120> planners<00:26:41.679> had<00:26:42.000> to 00:26:42.149 --> 00:26:42.159 align:start position:0% physical samples, NASA's planners had to 00:26:42.159 --> 00:26:44.470 align:start position:0% physical samples, NASA's planners had to account<00:26:42.480> for<00:26:42.799> a<00:26:43.120> myriad<00:26:43.760> of<00:26:44.000> potential 00:26:44.470 --> 00:26:44.480 align:start position:0% account for a myriad of potential 00:26:44.480 --> 00:26:47.110 align:start position:0% account for a myriad of potential theories.<00:26:45.679> The<00:26:46.000> most<00:26:46.159> prominent<00:26:46.559> of<00:26:46.720> these 00:26:47.110 --> 00:26:47.120 align:start position:0% theories. The most prominent of these 00:26:47.120 --> 00:26:50.789 align:start position:0% theories. The most prominent of these was<00:26:47.440> the<00:26:47.919> fairy<00:26:48.480> castle<00:26:48.960> theory<00:26:49.919> proposed<00:26:50.400> by 00:26:50.789 --> 00:26:50.799 align:start position:0% was the fairy castle theory proposed by 00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:53.190 align:start position:0% was the fairy castle theory proposed by Cornell<00:26:51.279> astrophysicist<00:26:52.240> Thomas<00:26:52.640> Gold<00:26:52.960> in 00:26:53.190 --> 00:26:53.200 align:start position:0% Cornell astrophysicist Thomas Gold in 00:26:53.200 --> 00:26:54.710 align:start position:0% Cornell astrophysicist Thomas Gold in 1956. 00:26:54.710 --> 00:26:54.720 align:start position:0% 1956. 00:26:54.720 --> 00:26:56.789 align:start position:0% 1956. He<00:26:54.960> argued<00:26:55.360> that<00:26:55.760> billions<00:26:56.240> of<00:26:56.400> years<00:26:56.640> of 00:26:56.789 --> 00:26:56.799 align:start position:0% He argued that billions of years of 00:26:56.799 --> 00:26:59.110 align:start position:0% He argued that billions of years of micrometeorite<00:26:57.840> bombardment<00:26:58.480> had<00:26:58.799> ground 00:26:59.110 --> 00:26:59.120 align:start position:0% micrometeorite bombardment had ground 00:26:59.120 --> 00:27:01.190 align:start position:0% micrometeorite bombardment had ground the<00:26:59.279> lunar<00:26:59.600> surface<00:27:00.000> into<00:27:00.320> a<00:27:00.559> fine 00:27:01.190 --> 00:27:01.200 align:start position:0% the lunar surface into a fine 00:27:01.200 --> 00:27:04.310 align:start position:0% the lunar surface into a fine electrostatic<00:27:02.159> dust<00:27:03.120> in<00:27:03.360> the<00:27:03.440> moon's<00:27:03.840> vacuum. 00:27:04.310 --> 00:27:04.320 align:start position:0% electrostatic dust in the moon's vacuum. 00:27:04.320 --> 00:27:06.390 align:start position:0% electrostatic dust in the moon's vacuum. He<00:27:04.480> said<00:27:05.039> these<00:27:05.360> grains<00:27:05.760> would<00:27:06.080> cling 00:27:06.390 --> 00:27:06.400 align:start position:0% He said these grains would cling 00:27:06.400 --> 00:27:09.110 align:start position:0% He said these grains would cling together<00:27:06.799> in<00:27:07.120> loose<00:27:07.760> porous<00:27:08.240> structures<00:27:08.799> like 00:27:09.110 --> 00:27:09.120 align:start position:0% together in loose porous structures like 00:27:09.120 --> 00:27:11.350 align:start position:0% together in loose porous structures like fairy<00:27:09.520> castles<00:27:10.320> that<00:27:10.559> would<00:27:10.799> have<00:27:11.039> the 00:27:11.350 --> 00:27:11.360 align:start position:0% fairy castles that would have the 00:27:11.360 --> 00:27:14.630 align:start position:0% fairy castles that would have the structural<00:27:11.919> integrity<00:27:12.640> of<00:27:12.880> a<00:27:13.120> spiderweb. 00:27:14.630 --> 00:27:14.640 align:start position:0% structural integrity of a spiderweb. 00:27:14.640 --> 00:27:17.350 align:start position:0% structural integrity of a spiderweb. Gold<00:27:14.960> warned<00:27:15.279> NASA<00:27:15.840> that<00:27:16.320> even<00:27:16.640> though<00:27:16.960> on<00:27:17.200> the 00:27:17.350 --> 00:27:17.360 align:start position:0% Gold warned NASA that even though on the 00:27:17.360 --> 00:27:20.230 align:start position:0% Gold warned NASA that even though on the moon<00:27:17.600> it<00:27:17.840> would<00:27:18.080> be<00:27:18.400> 2.5<00:27:19.120> tons<00:27:19.600> thanks<00:27:19.919> to 00:27:20.230 --> 00:27:20.240 align:start position:0% moon it would be 2.5 tons thanks to 00:27:20.240 --> 00:27:24.390 align:start position:0% moon it would be 2.5 tons thanks to lower<00:27:20.640> gravity,<00:27:21.520> a<00:27:22.000> 15tonon<00:27:22.960> lunar<00:27:23.440> module 00:27:24.390 --> 00:27:24.400 align:start position:0% lower gravity, a 15tonon lunar module 00:27:24.400 --> 00:27:26.149 align:start position:0% lower gravity, a 15tonon lunar module wouldn't<00:27:24.799> be<00:27:24.960> able<00:27:25.120> to<00:27:25.279> land<00:27:25.679> on<00:27:25.919> this 00:27:26.149 --> 00:27:26.159 align:start position:0% wouldn't be able to land on this 00:27:26.159 --> 00:27:29.110 align:start position:0% wouldn't be able to land on this surface.<00:27:26.960> It<00:27:27.200> would<00:27:27.520> sink<00:27:27.919> like<00:27:28.159> a<00:27:28.400> stone<00:27:28.720> into 00:27:29.110 --> 00:27:29.120 align:start position:0% surface. It would sink like a stone into 00:27:29.120 --> 00:27:32.149 align:start position:0% surface. It would sink like a stone into water,<00:27:29.840> burying<00:27:30.320> the<00:27:30.559> astronauts<00:27:31.200> in<00:27:31.440> a<00:27:31.679> miles 00:27:32.149 --> 00:27:32.159 align:start position:0% water, burying the astronauts in a miles 00:27:32.159 --> 00:27:35.750 align:start position:0% water, burying the astronauts in a miles deep<00:27:32.559> sea<00:27:32.880> of<00:27:33.120> dust.<00:27:34.559> Other<00:27:34.880> researchers<00:27:35.600> such 00:27:35.750 --> 00:27:35.760 align:start position:0% deep sea of dust. Other researchers such 00:27:35.760 --> 00:27:38.950 align:start position:0% deep sea of dust. Other researchers such as<00:27:36.159> JD<00:27:36.640> Bennell<00:27:37.520> feared<00:27:38.000> a<00:27:38.320> different<00:27:38.559> kind<00:27:38.799> of 00:27:38.950 --> 00:27:38.960 align:start position:0% as JD Bennell feared a different kind of 00:27:38.960 --> 00:27:41.190 align:start position:0% as JD Bennell feared a different kind of instability.<00:27:40.240> They<00:27:40.480> theorized<00:27:40.880> that<00:27:41.039> the 00:27:41.190 --> 00:27:41.200 align:start position:0% instability. They theorized that the 00:27:41.200 --> 00:27:44.310 align:start position:0% instability. They theorized that the lunar<00:27:41.520> regalith<00:27:42.080> might<00:27:42.400> be<00:27:42.880> pyrooric, 00:27:44.310 --> 00:27:44.320 align:start position:0% lunar regalith might be pyrooric, 00:27:44.320 --> 00:27:47.750 align:start position:0% lunar regalith might be pyrooric, chemically<00:27:44.960> hungry,<00:27:45.840> and<00:27:46.159> highly<00:27:46.640> reactive. 00:27:47.750 --> 00:27:47.760 align:start position:0% chemically hungry, and highly reactive. 00:27:47.760 --> 00:27:49.430 align:start position:0% chemically hungry, and highly reactive. He<00:27:48.000> worried<00:27:48.240> that<00:27:48.480> the<00:27:48.640> moment<00:27:48.880> the<00:27:49.120> hot 00:27:49.430 --> 00:27:49.440 align:start position:0% He worried that the moment the hot 00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:52.070 align:start position:0% He worried that the moment the hot exhaust<00:27:49.919> touched<00:27:50.240> the<00:27:50.480> pristine<00:27:50.960> lunar<00:27:51.360> soil, 00:27:52.070 --> 00:27:52.080 align:start position:0% exhaust touched the pristine lunar soil, 00:27:52.080 --> 00:27:54.950 align:start position:0% exhaust touched the pristine lunar soil, it<00:27:52.320> would<00:27:52.559> trigger<00:27:52.880> a<00:27:53.200> violent<00:27:54.240> explosive 00:27:54.950 --> 00:27:54.960 align:start position:0% it would trigger a violent explosive 00:27:54.960 --> 00:27:57.029 align:start position:0% it would trigger a violent explosive chain<00:27:55.360> reaction. 00:27:57.029 --> 00:27:57.039 align:start position:0% chain reaction. 00:27:57.039 --> 00:27:58.950 align:start position:0% chain reaction. Even<00:27:57.279> the<00:27:57.520> craters<00:27:57.919> themselves<00:27:58.480> were<00:27:58.720> a 00:27:58.950 --> 00:27:58.960 align:start position:0% Even the craters themselves were a 00:27:58.960 --> 00:28:01.110 align:start position:0% Even the craters themselves were a source<00:27:59.200> of<00:27:59.360> dread.<00:28:00.240> Some<00:28:00.480> geologists 00:28:01.110 --> 00:28:01.120 align:start position:0% source of dread. Some geologists 00:28:01.120 --> 00:28:02.710 align:start position:0% source of dread. Some geologists believed<00:28:01.360> that<00:28:01.600> the<00:28:01.760> lips<00:28:02.159> of<00:28:02.240> the<00:28:02.399> lunar 00:28:02.710 --> 00:28:02.720 align:start position:0% believed that the lips of the lunar 00:28:02.720 --> 00:28:05.110 align:start position:0% believed that the lips of the lunar craters<00:28:03.120> were<00:28:03.360> so<00:28:03.600> fragile<00:28:04.320> the<00:28:04.559> mere<00:28:04.880> weight 00:28:05.110 --> 00:28:05.120 align:start position:0% craters were so fragile the mere weight 00:28:05.120 --> 00:28:07.190 align:start position:0% craters were so fragile the mere weight of<00:28:05.200> a<00:28:05.440> spacecraft<00:28:06.240> would<00:28:06.559> cause<00:28:06.880> a 00:28:07.190 --> 00:28:07.200 align:start position:0% of a spacecraft would cause a 00:28:07.200 --> 00:28:09.909 align:start position:0% of a spacecraft would cause a catastrophic<00:28:08.080> collapse,<00:28:09.039> tipping<00:28:09.360> the<00:28:09.600> lunar 00:28:09.909 --> 00:28:09.919 align:start position:0% catastrophic collapse, tipping the lunar 00:28:09.919 --> 00:28:12.470 align:start position:0% catastrophic collapse, tipping the lunar module<00:28:10.640> and<00:28:10.880> leaving<00:28:11.200> the<00:28:11.360> crew<00:28:11.679> stranded<00:28:12.240> on 00:28:12.470 --> 00:28:12.480 align:start position:0% module and leaving the crew stranded on 00:28:12.480 --> 00:28:15.110 align:start position:0% module and leaving the crew stranded on their<00:28:12.640> sides,<00:28:13.440> unable<00:28:14.000> to<00:28:14.240> launch<00:28:14.640> back<00:28:14.880> to 00:28:15.110 --> 00:28:15.120 align:start position:0% their sides, unable to launch back to 00:28:15.120 --> 00:28:18.710 align:start position:0% their sides, unable to launch back to orbit.<00:28:16.480> NASA's<00:28:17.120> engineers<00:28:18.240> couldn't 00:28:18.710 --> 00:28:18.720 align:start position:0% orbit. NASA's engineers couldn't 00:28:18.720 --> 00:28:21.510 align:start position:0% orbit. NASA's engineers couldn't disprove<00:28:19.279> these<00:28:19.600> theories,<00:28:20.480> so<00:28:20.720> they<00:28:20.960> did<00:28:21.200> the 00:28:21.510 --> 00:28:21.520 align:start position:0% disprove these theories, so they did the 00:28:21.520 --> 00:28:23.430 align:start position:0% disprove these theories, so they did the only<00:28:21.679> thing<00:28:21.919> they<00:28:22.240> could.<00:28:22.960> They 00:28:23.430 --> 00:28:23.440 align:start position:0% only thing they could. They 00:28:23.440 --> 00:28:26.310 align:start position:0% only thing they could. They overengineered<00:28:24.880> for<00:28:25.279> every<00:28:25.760> possible 00:28:26.310 --> 00:28:26.320 align:start position:0% overengineered for every possible 00:28:26.320 --> 00:28:27.990 align:start position:0% overengineered for every possible nightmare. 00:28:27.990 --> 00:28:28.000 align:start position:0% nightmare. 00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:31.110 align:start position:0% nightmare. The<00:28:28.159> Luna<00:28:28.559> module<00:28:28.960> was<00:28:29.200> designed<00:28:29.600> with<00:28:29.840> a<00:28:30.159> wide 00:28:31.110 --> 00:28:31.120 align:start position:0% The Luna module was designed with a wide 00:28:31.120 --> 00:28:34.070 align:start position:0% The Luna module was designed with a wide spled<00:28:31.679> stance.<00:28:32.640> Its<00:28:32.960> four<00:28:33.279> landing<00:28:33.679> legs 00:28:34.070 --> 00:28:34.080 align:start position:0% spled stance. Its four landing legs 00:28:34.080 --> 00:28:36.470 align:start position:0% spled stance. Its four landing legs contained<00:28:34.559> honeycomb<00:28:35.279> aluminium<00:28:35.919> structures 00:28:36.470 --> 00:28:36.480 align:start position:0% contained honeycomb aluminium structures 00:28:36.480 --> 00:28:38.710 align:start position:0% contained honeycomb aluminium structures designed<00:28:36.799> to<00:28:37.039> compress<00:28:37.440> upon<00:28:37.840> impact, 00:28:38.710 --> 00:28:38.720 align:start position:0% designed to compress upon impact, 00:28:38.720 --> 00:28:41.190 align:start position:0% designed to compress upon impact, absorbing<00:28:39.200> the<00:28:39.440> shock<00:28:39.679> of<00:28:39.840> a<00:28:40.080> hard<00:28:40.480> landing 00:28:41.190 --> 00:28:41.200 align:start position:0% absorbing the shock of a hard landing 00:28:41.200 --> 00:28:43.590 align:start position:0% absorbing the shock of a hard landing and<00:28:41.520> preventing<00:28:41.919> the<00:28:42.080> craft<00:28:42.320> from<00:28:42.559> tipping. 00:28:43.590 --> 00:28:43.600 align:start position:0% and preventing the craft from tipping. 00:28:43.600 --> 00:28:47.190 align:start position:0% and preventing the craft from tipping. At<00:28:43.840> the<00:28:44.000> end<00:28:44.080> of<00:28:44.159> these<00:28:44.399> legs<00:28:44.960> sat<00:28:45.679> 37in 00:28:47.190 --> 00:28:47.200 align:start position:0% At the end of these legs sat 37in 00:28:47.200 --> 00:28:50.630 align:start position:0% At the end of these legs sat 37in circular<00:28:47.760> foot<00:28:48.080> pads,<00:28:48.880> large<00:28:49.600> discshaped 00:28:50.630 --> 00:28:50.640 align:start position:0% circular foot pads, large discshaped 00:28:50.640 --> 00:28:53.669 align:start position:0% circular foot pads, large discshaped snowshoes<00:28:51.760> designed<00:28:52.159> to<00:28:52.399> spread<00:28:52.880> the<00:28:53.120> LM's 00:28:53.669 --> 00:28:53.679 align:start position:0% snowshoes designed to spread the LM's 00:28:53.679 --> 00:28:56.070 align:start position:0% snowshoes designed to spread the LM's weight<00:28:54.000> across<00:28:54.320> the<00:28:54.559> dust,<00:28:55.279> ensuring<00:28:55.840> it 00:28:56.070 --> 00:28:56.080 align:start position:0% weight across the dust, ensuring it 00:28:56.080 --> 00:28:57.909 align:start position:0% weight across the dust, ensuring it stayed<00:28:56.399> on<00:28:56.640> the<00:28:56.799> surface<00:28:57.360> rather<00:28:57.760> than 00:28:57.909 --> 00:28:57.919 align:start position:0% stayed on the surface rather than 00:28:57.919 --> 00:29:01.110 align:start position:0% stayed on the surface rather than sinking<00:28:58.320> into<00:28:58.640> it.<00:28:59.760> Dangling<00:29:00.320> beneath<00:29:00.880> three 00:29:01.110 --> 00:29:01.120 align:start position:0% sinking into it. Dangling beneath three 00:29:01.120 --> 00:29:04.549 align:start position:0% sinking into it. Dangling beneath three of<00:29:01.279> these<00:29:01.440> foot<00:29:01.760> pads<00:29:02.080> were<00:29:02.480> 68in<00:29:03.760> long<00:29:04.159> blue 00:29:04.549 --> 00:29:04.559 align:start position:0% of these foot pads were 68in long blue 00:29:04.559 --> 00:29:08.149 align:start position:0% of these foot pads were 68in long blue probes.<00:29:05.760> They<00:29:06.000> were<00:29:06.399> the<00:29:06.720> spacecraft's<00:29:07.679> cat 00:29:08.149 --> 00:29:08.159 align:start position:0% probes. They were the spacecraft's cat 00:29:08.159 --> 00:29:10.870 align:start position:0% probes. They were the spacecraft's cat whiskers.<00:29:09.440> The<00:29:09.679> moment<00:29:10.000> the<00:29:10.240> probe<00:29:10.559> touched 00:29:10.870 --> 00:29:10.880 align:start position:0% whiskers. The moment the probe touched 00:29:10.880 --> 00:29:13.510 align:start position:0% whiskers. The moment the probe touched the<00:29:11.039> lunar<00:29:11.360> soil,<00:29:12.080> a<00:29:12.399> lunar<00:29:12.799> contact<00:29:13.200> light 00:29:13.510 --> 00:29:13.520 align:start position:0% the lunar soil, a lunar contact light 00:29:13.520 --> 00:29:16.070 align:start position:0% the lunar soil, a lunar contact light would<00:29:13.840> glow<00:29:14.159> blue<00:29:14.399> in<00:29:14.559> the<00:29:14.720> cockpit.<00:29:15.679> This<00:29:15.919> was 00:29:16.070 --> 00:29:16.080 align:start position:0% would glow blue in the cockpit. This was 00:29:16.080 --> 00:29:17.669 align:start position:0% would glow blue in the cockpit. This was the<00:29:16.320> signal<00:29:16.559> for<00:29:16.720> the<00:29:16.799> astronauts<00:29:17.279> to<00:29:17.440> shut 00:29:17.669 --> 00:29:17.679 align:start position:0% the signal for the astronauts to shut 00:29:17.679 --> 00:29:19.909 align:start position:0% the signal for the astronauts to shut down<00:29:17.919> the<00:29:18.159> engine<00:29:18.480> immediately.<00:29:19.360> A<00:29:19.600> critical 00:29:19.909 --> 00:29:19.919 align:start position:0% down the engine immediately. A critical 00:29:19.919 --> 00:29:21.909 align:start position:0% down the engine immediately. A critical move<00:29:20.240> to<00:29:20.480> prevent<00:29:20.720> the<00:29:20.960> engine<00:29:21.360> pressure<00:29:21.679> from 00:29:21.909 --> 00:29:21.919 align:start position:0% move to prevent the engine pressure from 00:29:21.919 --> 00:29:23.830 align:start position:0% move to prevent the engine pressure from building<00:29:22.320> up<00:29:22.559> against<00:29:22.880> the<00:29:23.039> ground<00:29:23.520> and 00:29:23.830 --> 00:29:23.840 align:start position:0% building up against the ground and 00:29:23.840 --> 00:29:26.149 align:start position:0% building up against the ground and potentially<00:29:24.320> causing<00:29:24.799> an<00:29:25.120> explosion<00:29:25.679> or 00:29:26.149 --> 00:29:26.159 align:start position:0% potentially causing an explosion or 00:29:26.159 --> 00:29:28.870 align:start position:0% potentially causing an explosion or blowing<00:29:26.559> out<00:29:26.799> a<00:29:27.120> massive<00:29:27.840> unstable<00:29:28.480> crater 00:29:28.870 --> 00:29:28.880 align:start position:0% blowing out a massive unstable crater 00:29:28.880 --> 00:29:31.510 align:start position:0% blowing out a massive unstable crater beneath<00:29:29.200> them.<00:29:30.320> If<00:29:30.559> the<00:29:30.799> ground<00:29:31.039> began<00:29:31.360> to 00:29:31.510 --> 00:29:31.520 align:start position:0% beneath them. If the ground began to 00:29:31.520 --> 00:29:33.990 align:start position:0% beneath them. If the ground began to give<00:29:31.760> way<00:29:32.320> or<00:29:32.559> if<00:29:32.720> the<00:29:33.039> quicksand<00:29:33.679> proved 00:29:33.990 --> 00:29:34.000 align:start position:0% give way or if the quicksand proved 00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:36.950 align:start position:0% give way or if the quicksand proved real,<00:29:34.640> the<00:29:34.880> astronauts<00:29:35.440> had<00:29:35.679> a<00:29:35.919> panic<00:29:36.240> button. 00:29:36.950 --> 00:29:36.960 align:start position:0% real, the astronauts had a panic button. 00:29:36.960 --> 00:29:39.510 align:start position:0% real, the astronauts had a panic button. The<00:29:37.200> abort<00:29:37.840> guidance<00:29:38.320> system<00:29:38.720> allowed<00:29:39.120> for 00:29:39.510 --> 00:29:39.520 align:start position:0% The abort guidance system allowed for 00:29:39.520 --> 00:29:42.230 align:start position:0% The abort guidance system allowed for multiple<00:29:40.159> abort<00:29:40.720> modes<00:29:41.520> with<00:29:41.679> a<00:29:41.919> single 00:29:42.230 --> 00:29:42.240 align:start position:0% multiple abort modes with a single 00:29:42.240 --> 00:29:44.549 align:start position:0% multiple abort modes with a single command.<00:29:42.880> The<00:29:43.120> bottom<00:29:43.360> half<00:29:43.600> of<00:29:43.760> the<00:29:43.919> LM 00:29:44.549 --> 00:29:44.559 align:start position:0% command. The bottom half of the LM 00:29:44.559 --> 00:29:46.470 align:start position:0% command. The bottom half of the LM called<00:29:44.880> the<00:29:45.120> descent<00:29:45.520> stage<00:29:46.080> would<00:29:46.320> be 00:29:46.470 --> 00:29:46.480 align:start position:0% called the descent stage would be 00:29:46.480 --> 00:29:48.950 align:start position:0% called the descent stage would be jettisoned<00:29:47.440> and<00:29:47.600> the<00:29:47.760> other<00:29:48.000> half<00:29:48.320> named<00:29:48.640> the 00:29:48.950 --> 00:29:48.960 align:start position:0% jettisoned and the other half named the 00:29:48.960 --> 00:29:51.510 align:start position:0% jettisoned and the other half named the ascent<00:29:49.360> stage<00:29:49.919> would<00:29:50.240> fire,<00:29:50.960> kicking<00:29:51.279> the 00:29:51.510 --> 00:29:51.520 align:start position:0% ascent stage would fire, kicking the 00:29:51.520 --> 00:29:54.630 align:start position:0% ascent stage would fire, kicking the crew<00:29:51.919> back<00:29:52.240> into<00:29:52.480> the<00:29:52.640> safety<00:29:52.960> of<00:29:53.200> orbit.<00:29:54.320> This 00:29:54.630 --> 00:29:54.640 align:start position:0% crew back into the safety of orbit. This 00:29:54.640 --> 00:29:56.549 align:start position:0% crew back into the safety of orbit. This ability<00:29:54.960> for<00:29:55.120> the<00:29:55.360> LM<00:29:55.679> to<00:29:55.840> split<00:29:56.159> into<00:29:56.399> two 00:29:56.549 --> 00:29:56.559 align:start position:0% ability for the LM to split into two 00:29:56.559 --> 00:29:59.430 align:start position:0% ability for the LM to split into two halves<00:29:56.960> was<00:29:57.200> the<00:29:57.600> ultimate<00:29:57.919> fail<00:29:58.320> safe.<00:29:59.200> The 00:29:59.430 --> 00:29:59.440 align:start position:0% halves was the ultimate fail safe. The 00:29:59.440 --> 00:30:01.990 align:start position:0% halves was the ultimate fail safe. The ascent<00:29:59.840> stage<00:30:00.240> was<00:30:00.480> an<00:30:00.720> entirely<00:30:01.360> independent 00:30:01.990 --> 00:30:02.000 align:start position:0% ascent stage was an entirely independent 00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:05.110 align:start position:0% ascent stage was an entirely independent spacecraft<00:30:03.039> designed<00:30:03.440> to<00:30:03.600> fly<00:30:04.320> even<00:30:04.559> if<00:30:04.880> the 00:30:05.110 --> 00:30:05.120 align:start position:0% spacecraft designed to fly even if the 00:30:05.120 --> 00:30:08.149 align:start position:0% spacecraft designed to fly even if the descent<00:30:05.520> stage<00:30:05.919> was<00:30:06.159> tilted,<00:30:07.039> sinking,<00:30:07.919> or 00:30:08.149 --> 00:30:08.159 align:start position:0% descent stage was tilted, sinking, or 00:30:08.159 --> 00:30:10.870 align:start position:0% descent stage was tilted, sinking, or physically<00:30:08.640> damaged.<00:30:10.080> Inside<00:30:10.399> the<00:30:10.559> Luna 00:30:10.870 --> 00:30:10.880 align:start position:0% physically damaged. Inside the Luna 00:30:10.880 --> 00:30:13.110 align:start position:0% physically damaged. Inside the Luna module<00:30:11.279> cabin,<00:30:11.919> the<00:30:12.159> paranoia<00:30:12.799> of<00:30:12.960> the 00:30:13.110 --> 00:30:13.120 align:start position:0% module cabin, the paranoia of the 00:30:13.120 --> 00:30:16.310 align:start position:0% module cabin, the paranoia of the unknown<00:30:14.000> continued.<00:30:15.279> Every<00:30:15.679> inch<00:30:16.000> of<00:30:16.159> the 00:30:16.310 --> 00:30:16.320 align:start position:0% unknown continued. Every inch of the 00:30:16.320 --> 00:30:18.230 align:start position:0% unknown continued. Every inch of the interior<00:30:16.799> was<00:30:17.120> stripped<00:30:17.440> of<00:30:17.600> flammable 00:30:18.230 --> 00:30:18.240 align:start position:0% interior was stripped of flammable 00:30:18.240 --> 00:30:21.110 align:start position:0% interior was stripped of flammable materials<00:30:19.120> backed<00:30:19.520> by<00:30:20.080> dual<00:30:20.559> redundant 00:30:21.110 --> 00:30:21.120 align:start position:0% materials backed by dual redundant 00:30:21.120 --> 00:30:24.070 align:start position:0% materials backed by dual redundant oxygen<00:30:21.600> tanks<00:30:22.000> and<00:30:22.399> extra<00:30:22.799> power<00:30:23.120> reserves. 00:30:24.070 --> 00:30:24.080 align:start position:0% oxygen tanks and extra power reserves. 00:30:24.080 --> 00:30:26.070 align:start position:0% oxygen tanks and extra power reserves. Because<00:30:24.320> on<00:30:24.559> the<00:30:24.720> moon,<00:30:25.120> there<00:30:25.360> was<00:30:25.600> no<00:30:25.840> such 00:30:26.070 --> 00:30:26.080 align:start position:0% Because on the moon, there was no such 00:30:26.080 --> 00:30:29.029 align:start position:0% Because on the moon, there was no such thing<00:30:26.320> as<00:30:26.640> a<00:30:27.039> minor<00:30:27.520> complication. 00:30:29.029 --> 00:30:29.039 align:start position:0% thing as a minor complication. 00:30:29.039 --> 00:30:32.549 align:start position:0% thing as a minor complication. The<00:30:29.279> Apollo<00:30:29.760> 11<00:30:30.159> team<00:30:30.799> was<00:30:31.200> ready<00:30:31.679> for<00:30:32.159> any 00:30:32.549 --> 00:30:32.559 align:start position:0% The Apollo 11 team was ready for any 00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:37.669 align:start position:0% The Apollo 11 team was ready for any eventuality.<00:30:34.000> And<00:30:34.320> at<00:30:34.880> 1:44<00:30:35.840> p.m.<00:30:36.320> ET<00:30:37.200> on<00:30:37.440> the 00:30:37.669 --> 00:30:37.679 align:start position:0% eventuality. And at 1:44 p.m. ET on the 00:30:37.679 --> 00:30:40.710 align:start position:0% eventuality. And at 1:44 p.m. ET on the 20th<00:30:38.159> of<00:30:38.320> July,<00:30:39.039> 1969, 00:30:40.710 --> 00:30:40.720 align:start position:0% 20th of July, 1969, 00:30:40.720 --> 00:30:43.909 align:start position:0% 20th of July, 1969, Neil<00:30:41.039> Armstrong<00:30:41.919> and<00:30:42.159> Buzz<00:30:42.559> Uldren<00:30:43.360> left<00:30:43.760> my 00:30:43.909 --> 00:30:43.919 align:start position:0% Neil Armstrong and Buzz Uldren left my 00:30:43.919 --> 00:30:47.110 align:start position:0% Neil Armstrong and Buzz Uldren left my Collins<00:30:44.480> in<00:30:44.720> the<00:30:44.960> CSM<00:30:46.000> and<00:30:46.320> began<00:30:46.799> their 00:30:47.110 --> 00:30:47.120 align:start position:0% Collins in the CSM and began their 00:30:47.120 --> 00:30:49.909 align:start position:0% Collins in the CSM and began their descent<00:30:47.600> to<00:30:47.840> the<00:30:48.000> lunar<00:30:48.399> surface. 00:30:49.909 --> 00:30:49.919 align:start position:0% descent to the lunar surface. 00:30:49.919 --> 00:30:51.590 align:start position:0% descent to the lunar surface. But 00:30:51.590 --> 00:30:51.600 align:start position:0% But 00:30:51.600 --> 00:30:55.350 align:start position:0% But it<00:30:51.840> was<00:30:52.000> far<00:30:52.240> from<00:30:52.480> a<00:30:52.720> smooth<00:30:53.039> ride. 00:30:55.350 --> 00:30:55.360 align:start position:0% it was far from a smooth ride. 00:30:55.360 --> 00:30:57.510 align:start position:0% it was far from a smooth ride. 12<00:30:55.679> minutes.<00:30:56.480> That<00:30:56.720> was<00:30:56.799> the<00:30:56.960> time<00:30:57.120> it<00:30:57.360> took 00:30:57.510 --> 00:30:57.520 align:start position:0% 12 minutes. That was the time it took 00:30:57.520 --> 00:31:00.389 align:start position:0% 12 minutes. That was the time it took for<00:30:57.760> Apollo<00:30:58.240> 11<00:30:58.640> to<00:30:58.799> fall<00:30:59.120> from<00:30:59.440> orbit<00:31:00.080> to 00:31:00.389 --> 00:31:00.399 align:start position:0% for Apollo 11 to fall from orbit to 00:31:00.399 --> 00:31:03.830 align:start position:0% for Apollo 11 to fall from orbit to history.<00:31:01.360> And<00:31:01.520> it<00:31:01.760> was<00:31:02.000> a<00:31:02.240> descent<00:31:02.880> defined<00:31:03.440> by 00:31:03.830 --> 00:31:03.840 align:start position:0% history. And it was a descent defined by 00:31:03.840 --> 00:31:08.149 align:start position:0% history. And it was a descent defined by chaos.<00:31:05.279> It<00:31:05.520> began<00:31:06.240> with<00:31:06.480> a<00:31:06.720> positional<00:31:07.279> error. 00:31:08.149 --> 00:31:08.159 align:start position:0% chaos. It began with a positional error. 00:31:08.159 --> 00:31:10.870 align:start position:0% chaos. It began with a positional error. As<00:31:08.399> the<00:31:08.640> LM<00:31:09.200> Eagle<00:31:09.679> emerged<00:31:10.159> from<00:31:10.320> behind<00:31:10.720> the 00:31:10.870 --> 00:31:10.880 align:start position:0% As the LM Eagle emerged from behind the 00:31:10.880 --> 00:31:13.190 align:start position:0% As the LM Eagle emerged from behind the moon,<00:31:11.520> Neil<00:31:11.840> Armstrong<00:31:12.399> realized<00:31:12.799> that<00:31:12.960> they 00:31:13.190 --> 00:31:13.200 align:start position:0% moon, Neil Armstrong realized that they 00:31:13.200 --> 00:31:15.990 align:start position:0% moon, Neil Armstrong realized that they were<00:31:13.360> passing<00:31:13.840> landmarks<00:31:14.720> 3<00:31:15.120> seconds<00:31:15.600> ahead 00:31:15.990 --> 00:31:16.000 align:start position:0% were passing landmarks 3 seconds ahead 00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:18.630 align:start position:0% were passing landmarks 3 seconds ahead of<00:31:16.159> schedule.<00:31:17.039> A<00:31:17.360> tiny<00:31:17.679> bit<00:31:17.919> of<00:31:18.159> residual 00:31:18.630 --> 00:31:18.640 align:start position:0% of schedule. A tiny bit of residual 00:31:18.640 --> 00:31:20.870 align:start position:0% of schedule. A tiny bit of residual pressure<00:31:18.960> in<00:31:19.200> the<00:31:19.279> docking<00:31:19.679> tunnel<00:31:20.240> had<00:31:20.559> given 00:31:20.870 --> 00:31:20.880 align:start position:0% pressure in the docking tunnel had given 00:31:20.880 --> 00:31:23.350 align:start position:0% pressure in the docking tunnel had given them<00:31:21.120> an<00:31:21.440> extra<00:31:21.840> shove,<00:31:22.720> meaning<00:31:22.960> they<00:31:23.200> were 00:31:23.350 --> 00:31:23.360 align:start position:0% them an extra shove, meaning they were 00:31:23.360 --> 00:31:26.310 align:start position:0% them an extra shove, meaning they were drifting<00:31:23.840> towards<00:31:24.320> a<00:31:24.559> boulder<00:31:25.120> strewn<00:31:25.520> crater 00:31:26.310 --> 00:31:26.320 align:start position:0% drifting towards a boulder strewn crater 00:31:26.320 --> 00:31:28.389 align:start position:0% drifting towards a boulder strewn crater instead<00:31:26.799> of<00:31:26.960> a<00:31:27.200> flat<00:31:27.520> plane<00:31:27.919> they<00:31:28.159> were 00:31:28.389 --> 00:31:28.399 align:start position:0% instead of a flat plane they were 00:31:28.399 --> 00:31:31.830 align:start position:0% instead of a flat plane they were initially<00:31:28.880> aiming<00:31:29.279> for.<00:31:30.480> Then<00:31:31.200> the<00:31:31.440> silence 00:31:31.830 --> 00:31:31.840 align:start position:0% initially aiming for. Then the silence 00:31:31.840 --> 00:31:36.950 align:start position:0% initially aiming for. Then the silence was<00:31:32.080> shattered<00:31:32.880> by<00:31:33.120> the<00:31:33.679> 1202<00:31:34.960> program<00:31:35.520> alarm. 00:31:36.950 --> 00:31:36.960 align:start position:0% was shattered by the 1202 program alarm. 00:31:36.960 --> 00:31:39.430 align:start position:0% was shattered by the 1202 program alarm. Inside<00:31:37.279> the<00:31:37.519> cramped<00:31:38.000> cabin,<00:31:38.640> a<00:31:38.880> yellow 00:31:39.430 --> 00:31:39.440 align:start position:0% Inside the cramped cabin, a yellow 00:31:39.440 --> 00:31:41.750 align:start position:0% Inside the cramped cabin, a yellow caution<00:31:39.919> light<00:31:40.240> flickered.<00:31:41.200> The<00:31:41.440> primary 00:31:41.750 --> 00:31:41.760 align:start position:0% caution light flickered. The primary 00:31:41.760 --> 00:31:44.230 align:start position:0% caution light flickered. The primary guidance<00:31:42.240> computer,<00:31:42.880> a<00:31:43.120> machine<00:31:43.440> with<00:31:43.919> less 00:31:44.230 --> 00:31:44.240 align:start position:0% guidance computer, a machine with less 00:31:44.240 --> 00:31:47.110 align:start position:0% guidance computer, a machine with less memory<00:31:44.640> than<00:31:44.799> a<00:31:45.039> modern<00:31:45.440> car<00:31:45.679> key,<00:31:46.399> was<00:31:46.640> being 00:31:47.110 --> 00:31:47.120 align:start position:0% memory than a modern car key, was being 00:31:47.120 --> 00:31:50.389 align:start position:0% memory than a modern car key, was being overwhelmed<00:31:47.760> by<00:31:48.320> cycle<00:31:48.799> steals.<00:31:50.080> In<00:31:50.240> other 00:31:50.389 --> 00:31:50.399 align:start position:0% overwhelmed by cycle steals. In other 00:31:50.399 --> 00:31:52.789 align:start position:0% overwhelmed by cycle steals. In other words,<00:31:51.120> a<00:31:51.360> faulty<00:31:51.840> radar<00:31:52.240> switch<00:31:52.559> was 00:31:52.789 --> 00:31:52.799 align:start position:0% words, a faulty radar switch was 00:31:52.799 --> 00:31:54.630 align:start position:0% words, a faulty radar switch was flooding<00:31:53.120> the<00:31:53.360> processor<00:31:53.840> with<00:31:54.159> useless 00:31:54.630 --> 00:31:54.640 align:start position:0% flooding the processor with useless 00:31:54.640 --> 00:31:59.029 align:start position:0% flooding the processor with useless data,<00:31:55.360> forcing<00:31:55.760> it<00:31:56.000> to<00:31:56.240> reboot<00:31:57.120> mid<00:31:57.679> descent. 00:31:59.029 --> 00:31:59.039 align:start position:0% data, forcing it to reboot mid descent. 00:31:59.039 --> 00:32:00.470 align:start position:0% data, forcing it to reboot mid descent. And<00:31:59.200> while<00:31:59.519> you<00:31:59.679> were<00:31:59.840> dropping<00:32:00.159> to<00:32:00.320> a 00:32:00.470 --> 00:32:00.480 align:start position:0% And while you were dropping to a 00:32:00.480 --> 00:32:02.630 align:start position:0% And while you were dropping to a completely<00:32:00.880> unknown<00:32:01.360> surface<00:32:01.679> at<00:32:01.919> more<00:32:02.159> than 00:32:02.630 --> 00:32:02.640 align:start position:0% completely unknown surface at more than 00:32:02.640 --> 00:32:06.070 align:start position:0% completely unknown surface at more than 100<00:32:03.039> kmh<00:32:04.000> is<00:32:04.320> possibly<00:32:04.799> the<00:32:05.120> worst<00:32:05.360> time<00:32:05.679> I<00:32:05.919> can 00:32:06.070 --> 00:32:06.080 align:start position:0% 100 kmh is possibly the worst time I can 00:32:06.080 --> 00:32:09.430 align:start position:0% 100 kmh is possibly the worst time I can think<00:32:06.320> of<00:32:06.480> to<00:32:06.799> have<00:32:07.279> it<00:32:07.679> issues.<00:32:08.960> Down<00:32:09.200> in 00:32:09.430 --> 00:32:09.440 align:start position:0% think of to have it issues. Down in 00:32:09.440 --> 00:32:12.630 align:start position:0% think of to have it issues. Down in mission<00:32:09.760> control,<00:32:10.559> 26-year-old<00:32:11.519> Steve<00:32:11.919> Bales 00:32:12.630 --> 00:32:12.640 align:start position:0% mission control, 26-year-old Steve Bales 00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:17.190 align:start position:0% mission control, 26-year-old Steve Bales had<00:32:13.039> seconds<00:32:13.440> to<00:32:13.679> decide,<00:32:14.559> abort<00:32:15.360> or<00:32:15.679> land. 00:32:17.190 --> 00:32:17.200 align:start position:0% had seconds to decide, abort or land. 00:32:17.200 --> 00:32:19.029 align:start position:0% had seconds to decide, abort or land. Trusting<00:32:17.600> the<00:32:17.840> software's<00:32:18.480> ability<00:32:18.799> to 00:32:19.029 --> 00:32:19.039 align:start position:0% Trusting the software's ability to 00:32:19.039 --> 00:32:22.230 align:start position:0% Trusting the software's ability to prioritize<00:32:19.600> critical<00:32:20.080> tasks,<00:32:20.960> he<00:32:21.279> gave<00:32:22.000> the 00:32:22.230 --> 00:32:22.240 align:start position:0% prioritize critical tasks, he gave the 00:32:22.240 --> 00:32:26.070 align:start position:0% prioritize critical tasks, he gave the go.<00:32:23.360> But<00:32:23.519> the<00:32:23.760> drama<00:32:24.159> wasn't<00:32:24.559> over.<00:32:25.279> As<00:32:25.600> Eagle 00:32:26.070 --> 00:32:26.080 align:start position:0% go. But the drama wasn't over. As Eagle 00:32:26.080 --> 00:32:29.350 align:start position:0% go. But the drama wasn't over. As Eagle dropped<00:32:26.399> below<00:32:27.360> 150<00:32:27.679> m,<00:32:28.399> Armstrong<00:32:29.039> looked 00:32:29.350 --> 00:32:29.360 align:start position:0% dropped below 150 m, Armstrong looked 00:32:29.360 --> 00:32:31.830 align:start position:0% dropped below 150 m, Armstrong looked out<00:32:29.519> the<00:32:29.760> window<00:32:30.080> and<00:32:30.320> saw<00:32:30.559> a<00:32:30.880> crater<00:32:31.360> filled 00:32:31.830 --> 00:32:31.840 align:start position:0% out the window and saw a crater filled 00:32:31.840 --> 00:32:34.789 align:start position:0% out the window and saw a crater filled with<00:32:32.159> jagged<00:32:32.640> rocks.<00:32:33.519> If<00:32:33.760> they<00:32:33.919> landed<00:32:34.320> here, 00:32:34.789 --> 00:32:34.799 align:start position:0% with jagged rocks. If they landed here, 00:32:34.799 --> 00:32:37.750 align:start position:0% with jagged rocks. If they landed here, the<00:32:35.039> mission<00:32:35.360> would<00:32:35.600> end<00:32:35.840> in<00:32:36.080> a<00:32:36.320> tip<00:32:36.559> over<00:32:37.200> or<00:32:37.519> a 00:32:37.750 --> 00:32:37.760 align:start position:0% the mission would end in a tip over or a 00:32:37.760 --> 00:32:42.070 align:start position:0% the mission would end in a tip over or a ruptured<00:32:38.240> hull.<00:32:39.440> With<00:32:39.919> nerves<00:32:40.559> of<00:32:41.039> steel, 00:32:42.070 --> 00:32:42.080 align:start position:0% ruptured hull. With nerves of steel, 00:32:42.080 --> 00:32:45.990 align:start position:0% ruptured hull. With nerves of steel, Armstrong<00:32:42.880> took<00:32:43.519> manual<00:32:44.159> control.<00:32:45.279> He<00:32:45.519> tilted 00:32:45.990 --> 00:32:46.000 align:start position:0% Armstrong took manual control. He tilted 00:32:46.000 --> 00:32:48.630 align:start position:0% Armstrong took manual control. He tilted the<00:32:46.159> craft<00:32:46.559> forward,<00:32:47.440> skittering<00:32:48.159> over<00:32:48.399> the 00:32:48.630 --> 00:32:48.640 align:start position:0% the craft forward, skittering over the 00:32:48.640 --> 00:32:51.190 align:start position:0% the craft forward, skittering over the boulders,<00:32:49.440> searching<00:32:49.840> for<00:32:50.000> a<00:32:50.320> clear<00:32:50.640> patch<00:32:51.039> of 00:32:51.190 --> 00:32:51.200 align:start position:0% boulders, searching for a clear patch of 00:32:51.200 --> 00:32:54.310 align:start position:0% boulders, searching for a clear patch of dust.<00:32:52.240> In<00:32:52.480> the<00:32:52.640> background,<00:32:53.360> Buzz<00:32:53.679> Uldren 00:32:54.310 --> 00:32:54.320 align:start position:0% dust. In the background, Buzz Uldren 00:32:54.320 --> 00:32:56.549 align:start position:0% dust. In the background, Buzz Uldren called<00:32:54.559> out<00:32:54.799> altitudes<00:32:55.360> and<00:32:55.600> descent<00:32:56.000> rates 00:32:56.549 --> 00:32:56.559 align:start position:0% called out altitudes and descent rates 00:32:56.559 --> 00:32:59.430 align:start position:0% called out altitudes and descent rates while<00:32:56.799> a<00:32:57.120> new<00:32:57.360> crisis<00:32:57.919> emerged.<00:32:58.880> The<00:32:59.039> fuel 00:32:59.430 --> 00:32:59.440 align:start position:0% while a new crisis emerged. The fuel 00:32:59.440 --> 00:33:02.310 align:start position:0% while a new crisis emerged. The fuel light.<00:33:00.720> Because<00:33:01.039> they<00:33:01.360> had<00:33:01.519> hunted<00:33:01.919> for<00:33:02.080> a 00:33:02.310 --> 00:33:02.320 align:start position:0% light. Because they had hunted for a 00:33:02.320 --> 00:33:05.190 align:start position:0% light. Because they had hunted for a landing<00:33:02.640> spot<00:33:02.960> for<00:33:03.279> so<00:33:03.600> long,<00:33:04.320> 2<00:33:04.640> to<00:33:04.799> 3 00:33:05.190 --> 00:33:05.200 align:start position:0% landing spot for so long, 2 to 3 00:33:05.200 --> 00:33:08.389 align:start position:0% landing spot for so long, 2 to 3 minutes,<00:33:06.159> the<00:33:06.399> fuel<00:33:06.720> was<00:33:06.960> splashing<00:33:07.600> around, 00:33:08.389 --> 00:33:08.399 align:start position:0% minutes, the fuel was splashing around, 00:33:08.399 --> 00:33:11.590 align:start position:0% minutes, the fuel was splashing around, triggering<00:33:08.880> a<00:33:09.200> lowle<00:33:09.919> sensor.<00:33:11.039> Houston 00:33:11.590 --> 00:33:11.600 align:start position:0% triggering a lowle sensor. Houston 00:33:11.600 --> 00:33:15.590 align:start position:0% triggering a lowle sensor. Houston called<00:33:11.919> out<00:33:12.399> 60<00:33:12.720> seconds,<00:33:13.519> then<00:33:14.159> 30<00:33:14.559> seconds. 00:33:15.590 --> 00:33:15.600 align:start position:0% called out 60 seconds, then 30 seconds. 00:33:15.600 --> 00:33:17.430 align:start position:0% called out 60 seconds, then 30 seconds. If<00:33:15.840> they<00:33:16.080> didn't<00:33:16.320> touch<00:33:16.640> down<00:33:16.960> before<00:33:17.200> the 00:33:17.430 --> 00:33:17.440 align:start position:0% If they didn't touch down before the 00:33:17.440 --> 00:33:19.909 align:start position:0% If they didn't touch down before the clock<00:33:17.760> hits<00:33:18.080> zero,<00:33:18.960> they<00:33:19.279> would<00:33:19.519> have<00:33:19.760> to 00:33:19.909 --> 00:33:19.919 align:start position:0% clock hits zero, they would have to 00:33:19.919 --> 00:33:22.710 align:start position:0% clock hits zero, they would have to abort<00:33:20.399> the<00:33:20.559> landing<00:33:21.360> and<00:33:21.760> ignite<00:33:22.080> the<00:33:22.320> ascent 00:33:22.710 --> 00:33:22.720 align:start position:0% abort the landing and ignite the ascent 00:33:22.720 --> 00:33:25.750 align:start position:0% abort the landing and ignite the ascent engine<00:33:23.760> or<00:33:24.080> crash. 00:33:25.750 --> 00:33:25.760 align:start position:0% engine or crash. 00:33:25.760 --> 00:33:28.230 align:start position:0% engine or crash. Dust<00:33:26.320> kicked<00:33:26.640> up<00:33:26.799> by<00:33:26.960> the<00:33:27.200> engine<00:33:27.600> obscured 00:33:28.230 --> 00:33:28.240 align:start position:0% Dust kicked up by the engine obscured 00:33:28.240 --> 00:33:30.549 align:start position:0% Dust kicked up by the engine obscured the<00:33:28.480> ground,<00:33:29.039> robbing<00:33:29.519> Armstrong<00:33:30.080> of<00:33:30.320> his 00:33:30.549 --> 00:33:30.559 align:start position:0% the ground, robbing Armstrong of his 00:33:30.559 --> 00:33:33.350 align:start position:0% the ground, robbing Armstrong of his depth<00:33:30.960> perception.<00:33:32.080> He<00:33:32.320> relied<00:33:32.720> on<00:33:32.960> the 00:33:33.350 --> 00:33:33.360 align:start position:0% depth perception. He relied on the 00:33:33.360 --> 00:33:35.750 align:start position:0% depth perception. He relied on the contact<00:33:34.000> light<00:33:34.320> probes<00:33:34.880> dangling<00:33:35.360> from<00:33:35.600> the 00:33:35.750 --> 00:33:35.760 align:start position:0% contact light probes dangling from the 00:33:35.760 --> 00:33:37.909 align:start position:0% contact light probes dangling from the landing<00:33:36.159> gear. 00:33:37.909 --> 00:33:37.919 align:start position:0% landing gear. 00:33:37.919 --> 00:33:43.029 align:start position:0% landing gear. At<00:33:38.480> 4:17<00:33:39.760> p.m.<00:33:40.159> ET,<00:33:41.039> the<00:33:41.279> blue<00:33:41.600> light<00:33:42.000> flashed. 00:33:43.029 --> 00:33:43.039 align:start position:0% At 4:17 p.m. ET, the blue light flashed. 00:33:43.039 --> 00:33:45.669 align:start position:0% At 4:17 p.m. ET, the blue light flashed. Armstrong<00:33:43.679> throttled<00:33:44.240> down<00:33:44.799> and<00:33:45.039> the<00:33:45.279> Eagle 00:33:45.669 --> 00:33:45.679 align:start position:0% Armstrong throttled down and the Eagle 00:33:45.679 --> 00:33:48.789 align:start position:0% Armstrong throttled down and the Eagle settled<00:33:46.240> into<00:33:46.640> the<00:33:46.960> sea<00:33:47.279> of<00:33:47.440> tranquility<00:33:48.480> with 00:33:48.789 --> 00:33:48.799 align:start position:0% settled into the sea of tranquility with 00:33:48.799 --> 00:33:52.950 align:start position:0% settled into the sea of tranquility with barely<00:33:49.440> 25<00:33:50.080> seconds<00:33:50.559> of<00:33:50.799> fuel<00:33:51.200> remaining. 00:33:52.950 --> 00:33:52.960 align:start position:0% barely 25 seconds of fuel remaining. 00:33:52.960 --> 00:33:55.509 align:start position:0% barely 25 seconds of fuel remaining. The<00:33:53.200> troubleshooting<00:33:54.000> was<00:33:54.320> complete.<00:33:55.279> The 00:33:55.509 --> 00:33:55.519 align:start position:0% The troubleshooting was complete. The 00:33:55.519 --> 00:33:58.950 align:start position:0% The troubleshooting was complete. The impossible<00:33:56.320> had<00:33:56.799> been<00:33:57.039> done. 00:33:58.950 --> 00:33:58.960 align:start position:0% impossible had been done. 00:33:58.960 --> 00:34:02.470 align:start position:0% impossible had been done. >> Uh,<00:34:00.159> Tranquility<00:34:00.880> Base<00:34:01.200> here.<00:34:01.679> The<00:34:01.840> Eagle<00:34:02.240> has 00:34:02.470 --> 00:34:02.480 align:start position:0% >> Uh, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has 00:34:02.480 --> 00:34:03.350 align:start position:0% >> Uh, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed. 00:34:03.350 --> 00:34:03.360 align:start position:0% landed. 00:34:03.360 --> 00:34:05.830 align:start position:0% landed. >> Roger,<00:34:03.760> TW<00:34:04.240> Tranquility,<00:34:05.120> we<00:34:05.279> copy<00:34:05.600> you<00:34:05.679> on 00:34:05.830 --> 00:34:05.840 align:start position:0% >> Roger, TW Tranquility, we copy you on 00:34:05.840 --> 00:34:07.430 align:start position:0% >> Roger, TW Tranquility, we copy you on the<00:34:06.000> ground.<00:34:06.480> You<00:34:06.640> got<00:34:06.799> a<00:34:06.960> bunch<00:34:07.120> of<00:34:07.200> guys 00:34:07.430 --> 00:34:07.440 align:start position:0% the ground. You got a bunch of guys 00:34:07.440 --> 00:34:08.950 align:start position:0% the ground. You got a bunch of guys about<00:34:07.679> to<00:34:07.919> turn<00:34:08.079> blue.<00:34:08.399> We're<00:34:08.639> breathing 00:34:08.950 --> 00:34:08.960 align:start position:0% about to turn blue. We're breathing 00:34:08.960 --> 00:34:12.710 align:start position:0% about to turn blue. We're breathing again.<00:34:09.359> Thanks<00:34:09.599> a<00:34:09.760> lot. 00:34:12.710 --> 00:34:12.720 align:start position:0% again. Thanks a lot. 00:34:12.720 --> 00:34:16.710 align:start position:0% again. Thanks a lot. >> Very<00:34:13.040> smooth<00:34:13.359> touchdown. 00:34:16.710 --> 00:34:16.720 align:start position:0% 00:34:16.720 --> 00:34:22.710 align:start position:0% >> Man<00:34:17.520> had<00:34:17.760> landed<00:34:18.560> on<00:34:18.800> the<00:34:19.040> moon. 00:34:22.710 --> 00:34:22.720 align:start position:0% 00:34:22.720 --> 00:34:24.950 align:start position:0% But<00:34:23.040> this<00:34:23.280> wasn't<00:34:23.679> merely<00:34:24.079> a<00:34:24.320> triumph<00:34:24.800> of 00:34:24.950 --> 00:34:24.960 align:start position:0% But this wasn't merely a triumph of 00:34:24.960 --> 00:34:26.470 align:start position:0% But this wasn't merely a triumph of three<00:34:25.200> men. 00:34:26.470 --> 00:34:26.480 align:start position:0% three men. 00:34:26.480 --> 00:34:29.430 align:start position:0% three men. >> Behind<00:34:27.040> every<00:34:27.520> maneuver<00:34:28.079> and<00:34:28.399> step<00:34:28.639> taken<00:34:29.119> on 00:34:29.430 --> 00:34:29.440 align:start position:0% >> Behind every maneuver and step taken on 00:34:29.440 --> 00:34:31.589 align:start position:0% >> Behind every maneuver and step taken on this<00:34:29.679> journey<00:34:30.000> to<00:34:30.159> the<00:34:30.320> moon<00:34:30.960> was<00:34:31.200> a 00:34:31.589 --> 00:34:31.599 align:start position:0% this journey to the moon was a 00:34:31.599 --> 00:34:33.669 align:start position:0% this journey to the moon was a masterpiece<00:34:32.399> of<00:34:32.639> collective<00:34:33.280> human 00:34:33.669 --> 00:34:33.679 align:start position:0% masterpiece of collective human 00:34:33.679 --> 00:34:36.069 align:start position:0% masterpiece of collective human intelligence<00:34:34.720> spanning<00:34:35.359> countless 00:34:36.069 --> 00:34:36.079 align:start position:0% intelligence spanning countless 00:34:36.079 --> 00:34:37.669 align:start position:0% intelligence spanning countless specialtities. 00:34:37.669 --> 00:34:37.679 align:start position:0% specialtities. 00:34:37.679 --> 00:34:41.109 align:start position:0% specialtities. The<00:34:37.919> mission<00:34:38.240> was<00:34:38.480> a<00:34:38.879> tapestry<00:34:39.919> woven<00:34:40.480> from<00:34:40.720> a 00:34:41.109 --> 00:34:41.119 align:start position:0% The mission was a tapestry woven from a 00:34:41.119 --> 00:34:44.550 align:start position:0% The mission was a tapestry woven from a million<00:34:41.440> strokes<00:34:41.839> of<00:34:42.079> genius,<00:34:43.119> solves,<00:34:44.079> fail 00:34:44.550 --> 00:34:44.560 align:start position:0% million strokes of genius, solves, fail 00:34:44.560 --> 00:34:47.669 align:start position:0% million strokes of genius, solves, fail safes,<00:34:45.200> checklists,<00:34:45.839> and<00:34:46.079> foresight.<00:34:47.359> the 00:34:47.669 --> 00:34:47.679 align:start position:0% safes, checklists, and foresight. the 00:34:47.679 --> 00:34:50.069 align:start position:0% safes, checklists, and foresight. the physical<00:34:48.159> manifestation<00:34:48.879> of<00:34:49.280> hundreds<00:34:49.760> of 00:34:50.069 --> 00:34:50.079 align:start position:0% physical manifestation of hundreds of 00:34:50.079 --> 00:34:52.310 align:start position:0% physical manifestation of hundreds of thousands<00:34:50.560> of<00:34:50.800> minds<00:34:51.280> working<00:34:51.679> together<00:34:52.079> to 00:34:52.310 --> 00:34:52.320 align:start position:0% thousands of minds working together to 00:34:52.320 --> 00:34:56.869 align:start position:0% thousands of minds working together to push<00:34:52.639> humanity<00:34:53.280> forward<00:34:54.159> in<00:34:54.480> one<00:34:55.040> great<00:34:55.520> leap. 00:34:56.869 --> 00:34:56.879 align:start position:0% push humanity forward in one great leap. 00:34:56.879 --> 00:34:59.030 align:start position:0% push humanity forward in one great leap. It<00:34:57.119> was<00:34:57.280> proof<00:34:57.680> that<00:34:57.920> when<00:34:58.240> focused<00:34:58.560> on<00:34:58.800> a 00:34:59.030 --> 00:34:59.040 align:start position:0% It was proof that when focused on a 00:34:59.040 --> 00:35:01.990 align:start position:0% It was proof that when focused on a singular<00:34:59.839> impossible<00:35:00.560> goal,<00:35:01.280> the<00:35:01.599> quiet 00:35:01.990 --> 00:35:02.000 align:start position:0% singular impossible goal, the quiet 00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:05.270 align:start position:0% singular impossible goal, the quiet expertise<00:35:02.640> of<00:35:02.960> many<00:35:03.760> could<00:35:04.000> carry<00:35:04.400> the<00:35:04.640> few 00:35:05.270 --> 00:35:05.280 align:start position:0% expertise of many could carry the few 00:35:05.280 --> 00:35:08.550 align:start position:0% expertise of many could carry the few safely<00:35:05.920> to<00:35:06.160> a<00:35:06.400> world<00:35:06.720> unknown.<00:35:08.079> But<00:35:08.320> this 00:35:08.550 --> 00:35:08.560 align:start position:0% safely to a world unknown. But this 00:35:08.560 --> 00:35:11.430 align:start position:0% safely to a world unknown. But this isn't<00:35:08.800> the<00:35:09.040> end<00:35:09.200> of<00:35:09.359> the<00:35:09.520> Apollo<00:35:10.000> 11<00:35:10.480> saga. 00:35:11.430 --> 00:35:11.440 align:start position:0% isn't the end of the Apollo 11 saga. 00:35:11.440 --> 00:35:14.150 align:start position:0% isn't the end of the Apollo 11 saga. Join<00:35:11.680> me<00:35:11.839> again<00:35:12.079> soon<00:35:12.400> for<00:35:12.720> part<00:35:13.040> two<00:35:13.599> where<00:35:13.920> we 00:35:14.150 --> 00:35:14.160 align:start position:0% Join me again soon for part two where we 00:35:14.160 --> 00:35:16.069 align:start position:0% Join me again soon for part two where we continue<00:35:14.640> to<00:35:14.800> uncover<00:35:15.280> the<00:35:15.520> scientific 00:35:16.069 --> 00:35:16.079 align:start position:0% continue to uncover the scientific 00:35:16.079 --> 00:35:19.030 align:start position:0% continue to uncover the scientific fingerprints<00:35:16.960> that<00:35:17.280> coat<00:35:17.760> this<00:35:18.000> mission. 00:35:19.030 --> 00:35:19.040 align:start position:0% fingerprints that coat this mission. 00:35:19.040 --> 00:35:20.950 align:start position:0% fingerprints that coat this mission. We're<00:35:19.359> stripping<00:35:19.760> back<00:35:20.000> the<00:35:20.400> layers<00:35:20.640> of<00:35:20.800> the 00:35:20.950 --> 00:35:20.960 align:start position:0% We're stripping back the layers of the 00:35:20.960 --> 00:35:23.910 align:start position:0% We're stripping back the layers of the most<00:35:21.440> iconic<00:35:21.920> armor<00:35:22.320> in<00:35:22.640> history<00:35:23.359> to<00:35:23.599> reveal 00:35:23.910 --> 00:35:23.920 align:start position:0% most iconic armor in history to reveal 00:35:23.920 --> 00:35:26.230 align:start position:0% most iconic armor in history to reveal the<00:35:24.160> scientific<00:35:24.800> secrets<00:35:25.440> of<00:35:25.680> the<00:35:25.839> lunar 00:35:26.230 --> 00:35:26.240 align:start position:0% the scientific secrets of the lunar 00:35:26.240 --> 00:35:28.710 align:start position:0% the scientific secrets of the lunar space<00:35:26.480> suit.<00:35:27.200> We'll<00:35:27.520> dive<00:35:27.839> into<00:35:28.079> the<00:35:28.320> high 00:35:28.710 --> 00:35:28.720 align:start position:0% space suit. We'll dive into the high 00:35:28.720 --> 00:35:31.030 align:start position:0% space suit. We'll dive into the high stakes<00:35:29.200> orbital<00:35:29.680> ballet<00:35:30.320> required<00:35:30.800> to 00:35:31.030 --> 00:35:31.040 align:start position:0% stakes orbital ballet required to 00:35:31.040 --> 00:35:33.190 align:start position:0% stakes orbital ballet required to reunite<00:35:31.599> the<00:35:31.839> astronauts<00:35:32.400> in<00:35:32.560> the<00:35:32.720> silence<00:35:33.119> of 00:35:33.190 --> 00:35:33.200 align:start position:0% reunite the astronauts in the silence of 00:35:33.200 --> 00:35:36.390 align:start position:0% reunite the astronauts in the silence of the<00:35:33.359> void.<00:35:34.320> And<00:35:34.560> finally,<00:35:35.440> we'll<00:35:35.760> face<00:35:36.079> the 00:35:36.390 --> 00:35:36.400 align:start position:0% the void. And finally, we'll face the 00:35:36.400 --> 00:35:39.190 align:start position:0% the void. And finally, we'll face the ultimate<00:35:36.880> trial<00:35:37.280> by<00:35:37.599> fire.<00:35:38.480> The<00:35:38.720> vital 00:35:39.190 --> 00:35:39.200 align:start position:0% ultimate trial by fire. The vital 00:35:39.200 --> 00:35:42.310 align:start position:0% ultimate trial by fire. The vital physics<00:35:39.680> of<00:35:39.920> re-entry,<00:35:40.880> where<00:35:41.119> a<00:35:41.359> thin<00:35:41.680> shield 00:35:42.310 --> 00:35:42.320 align:start position:0% physics of re-entry, where a thin shield 00:35:42.320 --> 00:35:44.950 align:start position:0% physics of re-entry, where a thin shield was<00:35:42.720> all<00:35:42.960> that<00:35:43.200> stood<00:35:43.520> between<00:35:43.839> the<00:35:44.079> crew<00:35:44.800> and 00:35:44.950 --> 00:35:44.960 align:start position:0% was all that stood between the crew and 00:35:44.960 --> 00:35:49.670 align:start position:0% was all that stood between the crew and a<00:35:45.359> 3,000<00:35:46.400> degree<00:35:46.880> inferno.<00:35:48.160> The<00:35:48.480> journey<00:35:48.800> home 00:35:49.670 --> 00:35:49.680 align:start position:0% a 3,000 degree inferno. The journey home 00:35:49.680 --> 00:35:54.119 align:start position:0% a 3,000 degree inferno. The journey home has<00:35:50.079> only<00:35:50.560> just<00:35:51.119> begun.