WEBVTT

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Have<00:00:02.560><c> a</c><00:00:02.800><c> look</c><00:00:03.120><c> around</c><00:00:03.520><c> you.</c><00:00:04.960><c> Everything</c><00:00:05.440><c> you</c>

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Have a look around you. Everything you
 

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Have a look around you. Everything you
see<00:00:06.319><c> from</c><00:00:06.560><c> the</c><00:00:06.799><c> skin</c><00:00:07.040><c> of</c><00:00:07.279><c> your</c><00:00:07.440><c> hands</c><00:00:08.080><c> to</c><00:00:08.320><c> the</c>

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see from the skin of your hands to the
 

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see from the skin of your hands to the
screen<00:00:08.800><c> you're</c><00:00:09.120><c> watching</c><00:00:09.440><c> this</c><00:00:09.679><c> video</c><00:00:10.000><c> on</c><00:00:10.719><c> is</c>

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screen you're watching this video on is
 

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screen you're watching this video on is
a<00:00:11.280><c> different</c><00:00:11.679><c> combination</c><00:00:12.320><c> of</c><00:00:12.639><c> the</c><00:00:12.880><c> same</c>

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a different combination of the same
 

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a different combination of the same
three<00:00:14.080><c> building</c><00:00:14.480><c> blocks</c><00:00:14.799><c> of</c><00:00:15.040><c> matter.</c>

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three building blocks of matter.
 

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three building blocks of matter.
Protons,<00:00:17.119><c> neutrons,</c><00:00:18.000><c> and</c><00:00:18.240><c> electrons.</c>

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Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
 

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Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Now,<00:00:20.480><c> let's</c><00:00:20.800><c> look</c><00:00:21.119><c> a</c><00:00:21.359><c> little</c><00:00:21.520><c> farther.</c><00:00:22.240><c> say</c><00:00:22.480><c> at</c>

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Now, let's look a little farther. say at
 

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Now, let's look a little farther. say at
Mars<00:00:23.199><c> or</c><00:00:23.439><c> the</c><00:00:23.600><c> Andromeda</c><00:00:24.240><c> galaxy</c><00:00:25.279><c> or</c><00:00:25.840><c> even</c>

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Mars or the Andromeda galaxy or even
 

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Mars or the Andromeda galaxy or even
halfway<00:00:26.960><c> across</c><00:00:27.359><c> the</c><00:00:27.680><c> observable</c><00:00:28.400><c> universe</c>

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halfway across the observable universe
 

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halfway across the observable universe
and<00:00:29.760><c> still</c><00:00:30.560><c> there</c><00:00:30.880><c> is</c><00:00:31.119><c> matter</c><00:00:31.679><c> made</c><00:00:32.000><c> of</c>

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and still there is matter made of
 

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and still there is matter made of
protons,<00:00:33.440><c> neutrons</c><00:00:34.079><c> and</c><00:00:34.399><c> electrons</c><00:00:35.440><c> as</c><00:00:35.840><c> far</c>

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protons, neutrons and electrons as far
 

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protons, neutrons and electrons as far
as<00:00:36.480><c> the</c><00:00:36.719><c> eye</c><00:00:37.040><c> can</c><00:00:37.280><c> see.</c><00:00:38.719><c> At</c><00:00:38.960><c> first,</c><00:00:39.360><c> this</c><00:00:39.600><c> might</c>

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as the eye can see. At first, this might
 

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as the eye can see. At first, this might
not<00:00:40.160><c> sound</c><00:00:40.559><c> all</c><00:00:40.800><c> that</c><00:00:41.120><c> surprising.</c><00:00:42.320><c> But</c><00:00:42.480><c> for</c>

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not sound all that surprising. But for
 

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not sound all that surprising. But for
once,<00:00:43.200><c> the</c><00:00:43.440><c> mystery</c><00:00:43.920><c> here</c><00:00:44.480><c> isn't</c><00:00:44.879><c> that</c><00:00:45.120><c> we've</c>

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once, the mystery here isn't that we've
 

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once, the mystery here isn't that we've
seen<00:00:45.680><c> something</c><00:00:46.000><c> we</c><00:00:46.320><c> can't</c><00:00:46.640><c> explain,</c><00:00:47.840><c> but</c>

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seen something we can't explain, but
 

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seen something we can't explain, but
rather<00:00:48.719><c> that</c><00:00:48.960><c> we</c><00:00:49.280><c> haven't</c><00:00:49.600><c> seen</c><00:00:49.840><c> something</c><00:00:50.320><c> we</c>

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rather that we haven't seen something we
 

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rather that we haven't seen something we
were<00:00:50.960><c> expecting.</c><00:00:52.399><c> A</c><00:00:52.640><c> universe</c><00:00:53.199><c> just</c><00:00:53.440><c> as</c><00:00:53.680><c> full</c>

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were expecting. A universe just as full
 

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were expecting. A universe just as full
of<00:00:54.480><c> antimatter.</c>

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of antimatter.
 

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of antimatter.
I'm<00:00:57.360><c> Alex</c><00:00:57.680><c> Mccoan</c><00:00:58.399><c> and</c><00:00:58.640><c> you're</c><00:00:58.879><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:00.160><c> Join</c><00:01:00.480><c> me</c><00:01:00.640><c> today</c><00:01:00.960><c> as</c><00:01:01.199><c> we</c><00:01:01.520><c> explore</c><00:01:02.000><c> the</c>

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Astramm. Join me today as we explore the
 

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Astramm. Join me today as we explore the
world<00:01:02.640><c> of</c><00:01:02.879><c> antimatter</c><00:01:04.000><c> and</c><00:01:04.320><c> learn</c><00:01:04.640><c> about</c><00:01:04.879><c> its</c>

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world of antimatter and learn about its
 

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world of antimatter and learn about its
interactions<00:01:05.840><c> with</c><00:01:06.159><c> other</c><00:01:06.479><c> particles</c><00:01:07.360><c> and</c>

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interactions with other particles and
 

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interactions with other particles and
even<00:01:08.000><c> with</c><00:01:08.320><c> gravity.</c><00:01:09.520><c> By</c><00:01:09.760><c> the</c><00:01:09.920><c> end</c><00:01:10.080><c> of</c><00:01:10.159><c> this</c>

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even with gravity. By the end of this
 

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even with gravity. By the end of this
video,<00:01:11.040><c> you'll</c><00:01:11.360><c> probably</c><00:01:11.840><c> agree</c><00:01:12.320><c> that</c>

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video, you'll probably agree that
 

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video, you'll probably agree that
antimatter<00:01:13.360><c> is</c><00:01:13.680><c> a</c><00:01:14.000><c> bit</c><00:01:14.320><c> weird,</c><00:01:15.200><c> but</c><00:01:15.439><c> you'll</c>

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antimatter is a bit weird, but you'll
 

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antimatter is a bit weird, but you'll
also<00:01:16.080><c> see</c><00:01:16.240><c> why</c><00:01:16.560><c> some</c><00:01:16.799><c> physicists</c><00:01:17.439><c> are</c>

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also see why some physicists are
 

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also see why some physicists are
frustrated<00:01:18.560><c> that</c><00:01:18.799><c> it</c><00:01:19.040><c> isn't</c><00:01:19.360><c> weird</c><00:01:19.840><c> enough.</c>

01:23.350 --> 01:23.360 align:start position:0%
 
 

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Let's<00:01:23.680><c> get</c><00:01:23.920><c> one</c><00:01:24.240><c> thing</c><00:01:24.560><c> out</c><00:01:24.799><c> of</c><00:01:24.880><c> the</c><00:01:25.040><c> way</c>

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Let's get one thing out of the way
 

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Let's get one thing out of the way
first.<00:01:26.159><c> Although</c><00:01:26.479><c> it</c><00:01:26.640><c> might</c><00:01:26.880><c> sound</c><00:01:27.200><c> like</c>

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first. Although it might sound like
 

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first. Although it might sound like
something<00:01:27.840><c> straight</c><00:01:28.240><c> out</c><00:01:28.400><c> of</c><00:01:28.640><c> science</c>

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something straight out of science
 

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something straight out of science
fiction,<00:01:29.600><c> antimatter</c><00:01:30.479><c> is</c><00:01:31.040><c> very</c><00:01:31.439><c> real.</c><00:01:32.640><c> It</c>

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fiction, antimatter is very real. It
 

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fiction, antimatter is very real. It
forms<00:01:33.280><c> a</c><00:01:33.520><c> critical</c><00:01:33.920><c> part</c><00:01:34.240><c> of</c><00:01:34.400><c> the</c><00:01:34.720><c> standard</c>

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forms a critical part of the standard
 

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forms a critical part of the standard
model<00:01:35.439><c> of</c><00:01:35.680><c> particle</c><00:01:36.159><c> physics.</c><00:01:36.960><c> And</c><00:01:37.200><c> particles</c>

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model of particle physics. And particles
 

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model of particle physics. And particles
of<00:01:37.759><c> antimatter</c><00:01:38.479><c> have</c><00:01:38.799><c> been</c><00:01:38.960><c> observed</c><00:01:39.439><c> in</c>

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of antimatter have been observed in
 

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of antimatter have been observed in
experiments<00:01:40.400><c> going</c><00:01:40.640><c> back</c><00:01:41.040><c> nearly</c><00:01:41.439><c> a</c><00:01:41.680><c> century.</c>

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experiments going back nearly a century.
 

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experiments going back nearly a century.
The<00:01:43.840><c> very</c><00:01:44.079><c> first</c><00:01:44.320><c> detection</c><00:01:44.720><c> of</c><00:01:44.880><c> antimatter</c>

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The very first detection of antimatter
 

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The very first detection of antimatter
dates<00:01:45.840><c> back</c><00:01:46.079><c> to</c><00:01:46.240><c> a</c><00:01:46.479><c> 1932</c><00:01:47.439><c> experiment</c>

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dates back to a 1932 experiment
 

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dates back to a 1932 experiment
conducted<00:01:48.720><c> by</c><00:01:49.040><c> Carl</c><00:01:49.360><c> D.</c><00:01:49.600><c> Anderson</c><00:01:50.240><c> at</c><00:01:50.479><c> Caltech</c>

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conducted by Carl D. Anderson at Caltech
 

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conducted by Carl D. Anderson at Caltech
using<00:01:51.759><c> a</c><00:01:52.000><c> cloud</c><00:01:52.399><c> chamber</c><00:01:52.799><c> immersed</c><00:01:53.280><c> in</c><00:01:53.439><c> a</c>

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using a cloud chamber immersed in a
 

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using a cloud chamber immersed in a
magnetic<00:01:54.159><c> field.</c>

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magnetic field.
 

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magnetic field.
When<00:01:56.240><c> charged</c><00:01:56.640><c> particles</c><00:01:57.200><c> from</c><00:01:57.439><c> outer</c><00:01:57.840><c> space,</c>

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When charged particles from outer space,
 

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When charged particles from outer space,
broadly<00:01:59.040><c> called</c><00:01:59.360><c> cosmic</c><00:01:59.840><c> rays,</c><00:02:00.719><c> intercept</c>

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broadly called cosmic rays, intercept
 

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broadly called cosmic rays, intercept
the<00:02:01.360><c> Earth's</c><00:02:01.759><c> orbit</c><00:02:02.159><c> and</c><00:02:02.479><c> fly</c><00:02:02.880><c> through</c><00:02:03.200><c> this</c>

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the Earth's orbit and fly through this
 

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the Earth's orbit and fly through this
chamber,<00:02:04.240><c> the</c><00:02:04.479><c> magnetic</c><00:02:04.960><c> field</c><00:02:05.360><c> curves</c><00:02:05.840><c> their</c>

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chamber, the magnetic field curves their
 

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chamber, the magnetic field curves their
paths<00:02:06.560><c> according</c><00:02:07.119><c> to</c><00:02:07.280><c> the</c><00:02:07.439><c> charge</c><00:02:07.840><c> and</c><00:02:08.080><c> mass</c>

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paths according to the charge and mass
 

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paths according to the charge and mass
of<00:02:08.640><c> each</c><00:02:08.879><c> particle.</c><00:02:10.000><c> And</c><00:02:10.160><c> the</c><00:02:10.319><c> clouds</c><00:02:10.720><c> show</c><00:02:11.039><c> a</c>

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of each particle. And the clouds show a
 

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of each particle. And the clouds show a
visible<00:02:11.760><c> imprint</c><00:02:12.239><c> of</c><00:02:12.400><c> their</c><00:02:12.720><c> resulting</c>

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visible imprint of their resulting
 

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visible imprint of their resulting
trajectories.

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trajectories.
 

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trajectories.
Anderson<00:02:15.280><c> was</c><00:02:15.440><c> hoping</c><00:02:15.920><c> this</c><00:02:16.239><c> experiment</c>

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Anderson was hoping this experiment
 

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Anderson was hoping this experiment
would<00:02:17.040><c> help</c><00:02:17.280><c> determine</c><00:02:17.840><c> just</c><00:02:18.080><c> what</c><00:02:18.400><c> kinds</c><00:02:18.720><c> of</c>

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would help determine just what kinds of
 

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would help determine just what kinds of
particles<00:02:19.360><c> were</c><00:02:19.599><c> streaming</c><00:02:20.080><c> into</c><00:02:20.319><c> the</c><00:02:20.560><c> Earth</c>

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particles were streaming into the Earth
 

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particles were streaming into the Earth
from<00:02:21.040><c> the</c><00:02:21.200><c> cosmos.</c><00:02:22.239><c> and</c><00:02:22.480><c> he</c><00:02:22.720><c> may</c><00:02:22.959><c> have</c><00:02:23.120><c> found</c>

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from the cosmos. and he may have found
 

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from the cosmos. and he may have found
just<00:02:23.599><c> a</c><00:02:23.840><c> little</c><00:02:23.920><c> bit</c><00:02:24.080><c> more</c><00:02:24.319><c> than</c><00:02:24.480><c> he</c><00:02:24.720><c> bargained</c>

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just a little bit more than he bargained
 

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just a little bit more than he bargained
for.<00:02:26.160><c> What</c><00:02:26.400><c> Anderson</c><00:02:27.040><c> saw</c><00:02:27.360><c> was</c><00:02:27.599><c> that</c><00:02:27.840><c> these</c>

02:28.229 --> 02:28.239 align:start position:0%
for. What Anderson saw was that these
 

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for. What Anderson saw was that these
cosmic<00:02:28.720><c> rays</c><00:02:29.280><c> included</c><00:02:29.920><c> both</c><00:02:30.319><c> positively</c><00:02:31.280><c> and</c>

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cosmic rays included both positively and
 

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cosmic rays included both positively and
negatively<00:02:32.640><c> charged</c><00:02:33.040><c> particles.</c><00:02:34.160><c> The</c><00:02:34.400><c> masses</c>

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negatively charged particles. The masses
 

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negatively charged particles. The masses
of<00:02:34.959><c> the</c><00:02:35.200><c> negatively</c><00:02:35.680><c> charged</c><00:02:36.080><c> particles</c>

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of the negatively charged particles
 

02:36.560 --> 02:38.710 align:start position:0%
of the negatively charged particles
lined<00:02:36.879><c> up</c><00:02:37.040><c> exactly</c><00:02:37.599><c> with</c><00:02:37.840><c> the</c><00:02:38.000><c> known</c><00:02:38.319><c> mass</c><00:02:38.560><c> of</c>

02:38.710 --> 02:38.720 align:start position:0%
lined up exactly with the known mass of
 

02:38.720 --> 02:41.589 align:start position:0%
lined up exactly with the known mass of
an<00:02:38.879><c> electron.</c><00:02:40.080><c> But</c><00:02:40.319><c> some</c><00:02:40.560><c> of</c><00:02:40.640><c> the</c><00:02:40.959><c> positively</c>

02:41.589 --> 02:41.599 align:start position:0%
an electron. But some of the positively
 

02:41.599 --> 02:44.390 align:start position:0%
an electron. But some of the positively
charged<00:02:42.000><c> particles</c><00:02:42.720><c> were</c><00:02:43.120><c> far</c><00:02:43.440><c> too</c><00:02:43.760><c> light</c><00:02:44.160><c> to</c>

02:44.390 --> 02:44.400 align:start position:0%
charged particles were far too light to
 

02:44.400 --> 02:47.350 align:start position:0%
charged particles were far too light to
be<00:02:44.560><c> protons.</c><00:02:45.920><c> Instead,</c><00:02:46.560><c> they</c><00:02:46.800><c> appeared</c><00:02:47.200><c> to</c>

02:47.350 --> 02:47.360 align:start position:0%
be protons. Instead, they appeared to
 

02:47.360 --> 02:49.910 align:start position:0%
be protons. Instead, they appeared to
have<00:02:47.519><c> the</c><00:02:47.760><c> mass</c><00:02:48.000><c> of</c><00:02:48.160><c> an</c><00:02:48.319><c> electron</c><00:02:49.360><c> despite</c>

02:49.910 --> 02:49.920 align:start position:0%
have the mass of an electron despite
 

02:49.920 --> 02:52.869 align:start position:0%
have the mass of an electron despite
having<00:02:50.400><c> the</c><00:02:50.720><c> opposite</c><00:02:51.200><c> charge.</c><00:02:52.239><c> And</c><00:02:52.480><c> so,</c>

02:52.869 --> 02:52.879 align:start position:0%
having the opposite charge. And so,
 

02:52.879 --> 02:56.229 align:start position:0%
having the opposite charge. And so,
these<00:02:53.519><c> neverbeforeseen</c><00:02:54.720><c> particles</c><00:02:55.840><c> came</c><00:02:56.080><c> to</c>

02:56.229 --> 02:56.239 align:start position:0%
these neverbeforeseen particles came to
 

02:56.239 --> 02:58.790 align:start position:0%
these neverbeforeseen particles came to
be<00:02:56.480><c> known</c><00:02:56.879><c> as</c><00:02:57.280><c> anti-electrons</c>

02:58.790 --> 02:58.800 align:start position:0%
be known as anti-electrons
 

02:58.800 --> 03:03.030 align:start position:0%
be known as anti-electrons
or<00:02:59.120><c> later</c><00:02:59.840><c> posetrons</c><00:03:00.560><c> for</c><00:03:00.720><c> short.</c><00:03:01.760><c> In</c><00:03:02.080><c> 1936,</c>

03:03.030 --> 03:03.040 align:start position:0%
or later posetrons for short. In 1936,
 

03:03.040 --> 03:05.190 align:start position:0%
or later posetrons for short. In 1936,
Anderson<00:03:03.599><c> would</c><00:03:03.760><c> win</c><00:03:04.000><c> the</c><00:03:04.159><c> Nobel</c><00:03:04.640><c> Prize</c><00:03:04.959><c> in</c>

03:05.190 --> 03:05.200 align:start position:0%
Anderson would win the Nobel Prize in
 

03:05.200 --> 03:08.229 align:start position:0%
Anderson would win the Nobel Prize in
physics<00:03:05.599><c> for</c><00:03:05.840><c> this</c><00:03:06.080><c> discovery.</c>

03:08.229 --> 03:08.239 align:start position:0%
physics for this discovery.
 

03:08.239 --> 03:10.869 align:start position:0%
physics for this discovery.
Meanwhile,<00:03:09.120><c> a</c><00:03:09.360><c> British</c><00:03:09.760><c> physicist</c><00:03:10.400><c> who</c><00:03:10.720><c> was</c>

03:10.869 --> 03:10.879 align:start position:0%
Meanwhile, a British physicist who was
 

03:10.879 --> 03:13.750 align:start position:0%
Meanwhile, a British physicist who was
also<00:03:11.200><c> destined</c><00:03:11.519><c> to</c><00:03:11.680><c> win</c><00:03:11.840><c> a</c><00:03:12.000><c> Nobel</c><00:03:13.120><c> had</c><00:03:13.440><c> been</c>

03:13.750 --> 03:13.760 align:start position:0%
also destined to win a Nobel had been
 

03:13.760 --> 03:15.670 align:start position:0%
also destined to win a Nobel had been
developing<00:03:14.239><c> a</c><00:03:14.480><c> description</c><00:03:14.959><c> of</c><00:03:15.120><c> electrons</c>

03:15.670 --> 03:15.680 align:start position:0%
developing a description of electrons
 

03:15.680 --> 03:17.509 align:start position:0%
developing a description of electrons
that<00:03:15.920><c> would</c><00:03:16.080><c> fit</c><00:03:16.400><c> nicely</c><00:03:16.959><c> within</c><00:03:17.360><c> the</c>

03:17.509 --> 03:17.519 align:start position:0%
that would fit nicely within the
 

03:17.519 --> 03:20.390 align:start position:0%
that would fit nicely within the
framework<00:03:17.920><c> of</c><00:03:18.159><c> quantum</c><00:03:18.640><c> field</c><00:03:18.879><c> theory.</c>

03:20.390 --> 03:20.400 align:start position:0%
framework of quantum field theory.
 

03:20.400 --> 03:24.790 align:start position:0%
framework of quantum field theory.
His<00:03:20.720><c> name</c><00:03:21.040><c> was</c><00:03:21.360><c> Paul</c><00:03:21.760><c> Durk.</c><00:03:23.040><c> By</c><00:03:23.440><c> 1928,</c><00:03:24.319><c> Durk</c>

03:24.790 --> 03:24.800 align:start position:0%
His name was Paul Durk. By 1928, Durk
 

03:24.800 --> 03:26.949 align:start position:0%
His name was Paul Durk. By 1928, Durk
had<00:03:25.040><c> realized</c><00:03:25.519><c> that</c><00:03:25.840><c> in</c><00:03:26.080><c> order</c><00:03:26.239><c> to</c><00:03:26.400><c> describe</c>

03:26.949 --> 03:26.959 align:start position:0%
had realized that in order to describe
 

03:26.959 --> 03:29.190 align:start position:0%
had realized that in order to describe
electrons<00:03:27.599><c> as</c><00:03:27.840><c> quantum</c><00:03:28.319><c> fields</c><00:03:28.720><c> in</c><00:03:28.959><c> a</c><00:03:29.120><c> way</c>

03:29.190 --> 03:29.200 align:start position:0%
electrons as quantum fields in a way
 

03:29.200 --> 03:30.949 align:start position:0%
electrons as quantum fields in a way
that<00:03:29.440><c> was</c><00:03:29.599><c> physically</c><00:03:30.159><c> consistent</c><00:03:30.640><c> with</c>

03:30.949 --> 03:30.959 align:start position:0%
that was physically consistent with
 

03:30.959 --> 03:33.430 align:start position:0%
that was physically consistent with
special<00:03:31.280><c> relativity,</c><00:03:32.560><c> they</c><00:03:32.799><c> had</c><00:03:32.959><c> to</c><00:03:33.120><c> be</c><00:03:33.280><c> part</c>

03:33.430 --> 03:33.440 align:start position:0%
special relativity, they had to be part
 

03:33.440 --> 03:35.990 align:start position:0%
special relativity, they had to be part
of<00:03:33.599><c> a</c><00:03:33.840><c> larger</c><00:03:34.319><c> mathematical</c><00:03:35.040><c> structure,</c>

03:35.990 --> 03:36.000 align:start position:0%
of a larger mathematical structure,
 

03:36.000 --> 03:38.630 align:start position:0%
of a larger mathematical structure,
later<00:03:36.400><c> known</c><00:03:36.720><c> as</c><00:03:36.879><c> a</c><00:03:37.120><c> Durac</c><00:03:37.599><c> spinner</c><00:03:38.400><c> that</c>

03:38.630 --> 03:38.640 align:start position:0%
later known as a Durac spinner that
 

03:38.640 --> 03:41.190 align:start position:0%
later known as a Durac spinner that
inevitably<00:03:39.280><c> gave</c><00:03:39.599><c> rise</c><00:03:39.920><c> to</c><00:03:40.080><c> both</c><00:03:40.400><c> positively</c>

03:41.190 --> 03:41.200 align:start position:0%
inevitably gave rise to both positively
 

03:41.200 --> 03:43.589 align:start position:0%
inevitably gave rise to both positively
and<00:03:41.680><c> negatively</c><00:03:42.319><c> charged</c><00:03:42.720><c> versions</c><00:03:43.120><c> of</c><00:03:43.360><c> the</c>

03:43.589 --> 03:43.599 align:start position:0%
and negatively charged versions of the
 

03:43.599 --> 03:45.589 align:start position:0%
and negatively charged versions of the
same<00:03:43.920><c> particle.</c>

03:45.589 --> 03:45.599 align:start position:0%
same particle.
 

03:45.599 --> 03:47.830 align:start position:0%
same particle.
In<00:03:45.840><c> this</c><00:03:46.000><c> way,</c><00:03:46.319><c> Derek</c><00:03:46.879><c> had</c><00:03:47.120><c> predicted</c><00:03:47.599><c> the</c>

03:47.830 --> 03:47.840 align:start position:0%
In this way, Derek had predicted the
 

03:47.840 --> 03:50.309 align:start position:0%
In this way, Derek had predicted the
existence<00:03:48.239><c> of</c><00:03:48.480><c> posetrons</c><00:03:49.360><c> before</c><00:03:49.680><c> Anderson</c>

03:50.309 --> 03:50.319 align:start position:0%
existence of posetrons before Anderson
 

03:50.319 --> 03:52.070 align:start position:0%
existence of posetrons before Anderson
had<00:03:50.560><c> even</c><00:03:50.799><c> built</c><00:03:51.040><c> the</c><00:03:51.200><c> cloud</c><00:03:51.519><c> chamber</c><00:03:51.840><c> that</c>

03:52.070 --> 03:52.080 align:start position:0%
had even built the cloud chamber that
 

03:52.080 --> 03:55.190 align:start position:0%
had even built the cloud chamber that
would<00:03:52.239><c> detect</c><00:03:52.640><c> them</c><00:03:52.959><c> four</c><00:03:53.280><c> years</c><00:03:53.599><c> later.</c>

03:55.190 --> 03:55.200 align:start position:0%
would detect them four years later.
 

03:55.200 --> 03:57.110 align:start position:0%
would detect them four years later.
What's<00:03:55.440><c> even</c><00:03:55.760><c> more</c><00:03:56.000><c> incredible</c><00:03:56.560><c> is</c><00:03:56.799><c> that</c>

03:57.110 --> 03:57.120 align:start position:0%
What's even more incredible is that
 

03:57.120 --> 03:59.110 align:start position:0%
What's even more incredible is that
electrons<00:03:57.760><c> aren't</c><00:03:58.080><c> the</c><00:03:58.239><c> only</c><00:03:58.560><c> fundamental</c>

03:59.110 --> 03:59.120 align:start position:0%
electrons aren't the only fundamental
 

03:59.120 --> 04:02.070 align:start position:0%
electrons aren't the only fundamental
particle<00:03:59.680><c> to</c><00:03:59.920><c> come</c><00:04:00.159><c> in</c><00:04:00.400><c> a</c><00:04:00.720><c> two</c><00:04:00.959><c> for</c><00:04:01.200><c> one</c><00:04:01.519><c> direct</c>

04:02.070 --> 04:02.080 align:start position:0%
particle to come in a two for one direct
 

04:02.080 --> 04:04.869 align:start position:0%
particle to come in a two for one direct
spinner<00:04:02.640><c> package.</c><00:04:04.000><c> Other</c><00:04:04.319><c> particles</c><00:04:04.720><c> of</c>

04:04.869 --> 04:04.879 align:start position:0%
spinner package. Other particles of
 

04:04.879 --> 04:07.030 align:start position:0%
spinner package. Other particles of
matter,<00:04:05.439><c> like</c><00:04:05.680><c> the</c><00:04:05.920><c> quarks</c><00:04:06.480><c> that</c><00:04:06.640><c> make</c><00:04:06.799><c> up</c>

04:07.030 --> 04:07.040 align:start position:0%
matter, like the quarks that make up
 

04:07.040 --> 04:09.589 align:start position:0%
matter, like the quarks that make up
protons<00:04:07.439><c> and</c><00:04:07.680><c> neutrons,</c><00:04:08.640><c> each</c><00:04:09.040><c> have</c><00:04:09.280><c> their</c>

04:09.589 --> 04:09.599 align:start position:0%
protons and neutrons, each have their
 

04:09.599 --> 04:13.270 align:start position:0%
protons and neutrons, each have their
own<00:04:10.319><c> anti-quark</c><00:04:11.360><c> counterparts.</c>

04:13.270 --> 04:13.280 align:start position:0%
own anti-quark counterparts.
 

04:13.280 --> 04:15.670 align:start position:0%
own anti-quark counterparts.
These<00:04:13.599><c> anti-quarks</c><00:04:14.560><c> can</c><00:04:14.799><c> come</c><00:04:15.120><c> together</c><00:04:15.439><c> to</c>

04:15.670 --> 04:15.680 align:start position:0%
These anti-quarks can come together to
 

04:15.680 --> 04:19.030 align:start position:0%
These anti-quarks can come together to
form<00:04:16.160><c> anti-rotons</c><00:04:17.199><c> and</c><00:04:17.519><c> anti-</c><00:04:17.919><c> neutrons</c>

04:19.030 --> 04:19.040 align:start position:0%
form anti-rotons and anti- neutrons
 

04:19.040 --> 04:21.430 align:start position:0%
form anti-rotons and anti- neutrons
which<00:04:19.359><c> can</c><00:04:19.600><c> then</c><00:04:20.000><c> bond</c><00:04:20.320><c> with</c><00:04:20.639><c> positrons</c><00:04:21.280><c> to</c>

04:21.430 --> 04:21.440 align:start position:0%
which can then bond with positrons to
 

04:21.440 --> 04:25.510 align:start position:0%
which can then bond with positrons to
form<00:04:21.919><c> anti-atom.</c>

04:25.510 --> 04:25.520 align:start position:0%
 
 

04:25.520 --> 04:27.510 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:04:25.759><c> could</c><00:04:26.080><c> make</c><00:04:26.240><c> a</c><00:04:26.479><c> whole</c><00:04:26.800><c> planet</c><00:04:27.199><c> out</c><00:04:27.360><c> of</c>

04:27.510 --> 04:27.520 align:start position:0%
You could make a whole planet out of
 

04:27.520 --> 04:30.310 align:start position:0%
You could make a whole planet out of
antimatter<00:04:28.400><c> and</c><00:04:28.639><c> from</c><00:04:28.800><c> the</c><00:04:29.040><c> outside</c><00:04:29.759><c> it</c><00:04:30.080><c> would</c>

04:30.310 --> 04:30.320 align:start position:0%
antimatter and from the outside it would
 

04:30.320 --> 04:32.790 align:start position:0%
antimatter and from the outside it would
look<00:04:30.720><c> quite</c><00:04:31.040><c> similar</c><00:04:31.360><c> to</c><00:04:31.520><c> an</c><00:04:31.759><c> ordinary</c><00:04:32.320><c> planet</c>

04:32.790 --> 04:32.800 align:start position:0%
look quite similar to an ordinary planet
 

04:32.800 --> 04:35.749 align:start position:0%
look quite similar to an ordinary planet
made<00:04:33.199><c> of</c><00:04:33.440><c> ordinary</c><00:04:34.080><c> matter.</c>

04:35.749 --> 04:35.759 align:start position:0%
made of ordinary matter.
 

04:35.759 --> 04:38.390 align:start position:0%
made of ordinary matter.
But<00:04:36.080><c> if</c><00:04:36.320><c> antimatter</c><00:04:37.120><c> were</c><00:04:37.520><c> too</c><00:04:37.840><c> similar</c><00:04:38.160><c> to</c>

04:38.390 --> 04:38.400 align:start position:0%
But if antimatter were too similar to
 

04:38.400 --> 04:40.950 align:start position:0%
But if antimatter were too similar to
matter,<00:04:39.199><c> if</c><00:04:39.440><c> the</c><00:04:39.759><c> only</c><00:04:40.160><c> difference</c><00:04:40.560><c> were</c><00:04:40.720><c> the</c>

04:40.950 --> 04:40.960 align:start position:0%
matter, if the only difference were the
 

04:40.960 --> 04:43.270 align:start position:0%
matter, if the only difference were the
sign<00:04:41.120><c> of</c><00:04:41.280><c> its</c><00:04:41.520><c> charge,</c><00:04:42.479><c> then</c><00:04:42.720><c> it</c><00:04:42.880><c> would</c><00:04:43.120><c> be</c>

04:43.270 --> 04:43.280 align:start position:0%
sign of its charge, then it would be
 

04:43.280 --> 04:45.830 align:start position:0%
sign of its charge, then it would be
impossible<00:04:43.919><c> to</c><00:04:44.160><c> explain</c><00:04:44.720><c> why</c><00:04:45.040><c> our</c><00:04:45.360><c> universe</c>

04:45.830 --> 04:45.840 align:start position:0%
impossible to explain why our universe
 

04:45.840 --> 04:48.550 align:start position:0%
impossible to explain why our universe
contains<00:04:46.320><c> so</c><00:04:46.560><c> much</c><00:04:46.720><c> of</c><00:04:46.960><c> one</c><00:04:47.520><c> and</c><00:04:47.840><c> so</c><00:04:48.080><c> little</c><00:04:48.320><c> of</c>

04:48.550 --> 04:48.560 align:start position:0%
contains so much of one and so little of
 

04:48.560 --> 04:52.310 align:start position:0%
contains so much of one and so little of
the<00:04:48.800><c> other.</c><00:04:49.840><c> This</c><00:04:50.400><c> cosmic</c><00:04:50.960><c> mystery</c><00:04:51.840><c> known</c><00:04:52.080><c> as</c>

04:52.310 --> 04:52.320 align:start position:0%
the other. This cosmic mystery known as
 

04:52.320 --> 04:55.270 align:start position:0%
the other. This cosmic mystery known as
the<00:04:52.560><c> barionic</c><00:04:53.360><c> asymmetry</c><00:04:54.000><c> of</c><00:04:54.160><c> the</c><00:04:54.320><c> universe</c>

04:55.270 --> 04:55.280 align:start position:0%
the barionic asymmetry of the universe
 

04:55.280 --> 04:57.990 align:start position:0%
the barionic asymmetry of the universe
sent<00:04:55.600><c> physicists</c><00:04:56.240><c> on</c><00:04:56.400><c> a</c><00:04:56.720><c> decadesl</c><00:04:57.360><c> long</c><00:04:57.680><c> quest</c>

04:57.990 --> 04:58.000 align:start position:0%
sent physicists on a decadesl long quest
 

04:58.000 --> 05:00.550 align:start position:0%
sent physicists on a decadesl long quest
to<00:04:58.320><c> try</c><00:04:58.560><c> and</c><00:04:58.800><c> find</c><00:04:59.120><c> as</c><00:04:59.440><c> many</c><00:04:59.759><c> differences</c><00:05:00.320><c> as</c>

05:00.550 --> 05:00.560 align:start position:0%
to try and find as many differences as
 

05:00.560 --> 05:02.070 align:start position:0%
to try and find as many differences as
they<00:05:00.800><c> could</c><00:05:01.040><c> between</c><00:05:01.440><c> matter</c><00:05:01.840><c> and</c>

05:02.070 --> 05:02.080 align:start position:0%
they could between matter and
 

05:02.080 --> 05:03.590 align:start position:0%
they could between matter and
antimatter.

05:03.590 --> 05:03.600 align:start position:0%
antimatter.
 

05:03.600 --> 05:06.390 align:start position:0%
antimatter.
That<00:05:03.840><c> quest</c><00:05:04.160><c> lives</c><00:05:04.479><c> on</c><00:05:04.720><c> today,</c><00:05:05.600><c> spearheaded</c>

05:06.390 --> 05:06.400 align:start position:0%
That quest lives on today, spearheaded
 

05:06.400 --> 05:09.110 align:start position:0%
That quest lives on today, spearheaded
by<00:05:06.720><c> particle</c><00:05:07.199><c> colliders</c><00:05:07.680><c> at</c><00:05:07.919><c> CERN</c><00:05:08.639><c> that</c><00:05:08.960><c> are</c>

05:09.110 --> 05:09.120 align:start position:0%
by particle colliders at CERN that are
 

05:09.120 --> 05:12.070 align:start position:0%
by particle colliders at CERN that are
capable<00:05:09.440><c> of</c><00:05:09.680><c> producing,</c><00:05:10.800><c> trapping,</c><00:05:11.600><c> and</c>

05:12.070 --> 05:12.080 align:start position:0%
capable of producing, trapping, and
 

05:12.080 --> 05:16.550 align:start position:0%
capable of producing, trapping, and
studying<00:05:12.639><c> both</c><00:05:13.039><c> posetrons</c><00:05:14.000><c> and</c><00:05:14.400><c> anti-rotons.</c>

05:16.550 --> 05:16.560 align:start position:0%
studying both posetrons and anti-rotons.
 

05:16.560 --> 05:18.390 align:start position:0%
studying both posetrons and anti-rotons.
But<00:05:17.039><c> before</c><00:05:17.440><c> we</c><00:05:17.680><c> talk</c><00:05:17.919><c> about</c><00:05:18.080><c> these</c>

05:18.390 --> 05:18.400 align:start position:0%
But before we talk about these
 

05:18.400 --> 05:20.870 align:start position:0%
But before we talk about these
experiments,<00:05:19.360><c> let's</c><00:05:19.680><c> try</c><00:05:19.840><c> to</c><00:05:20.080><c> summarize</c><00:05:20.639><c> what</c>

05:20.870 --> 05:20.880 align:start position:0%
experiments, let's try to summarize what
 

05:20.880 --> 05:23.029 align:start position:0%
experiments, let's try to summarize what
we<00:05:21.199><c> already</c><00:05:21.600><c> know</c><00:05:21.919><c> about</c><00:05:22.160><c> the</c><00:05:22.479><c> properties</c><00:05:22.880><c> of</c>

05:23.029 --> 05:23.039 align:start position:0%
we already know about the properties of
 

05:23.039 --> 05:25.510 align:start position:0%
we already know about the properties of
antimatter.

05:25.510 --> 05:25.520 align:start position:0%
antimatter.
 

05:25.520 --> 05:27.270 align:start position:0%
antimatter.
When<00:05:25.840><c> studying</c><00:05:26.240><c> antiparticles</c><00:05:27.039><c> in</c>

05:27.270 --> 05:27.280 align:start position:0%
When studying antiparticles in
 

05:27.280 --> 05:29.670 align:start position:0%
When studying antiparticles in
isolation,<00:05:28.320><c> experiments</c><00:05:28.880><c> have</c><00:05:29.120><c> confirmed</c>

05:29.670 --> 05:29.680 align:start position:0%
isolation, experiments have confirmed
 

05:29.680 --> 05:32.150 align:start position:0%
isolation, experiments have confirmed
with<00:05:30.080><c> ever</c><00:05:30.400><c> greater</c><00:05:30.800><c> precision</c><00:05:31.600><c> that</c><00:05:31.840><c> their</c>

05:32.150 --> 05:32.160 align:start position:0%
with ever greater precision that their
 

05:32.160 --> 05:34.629 align:start position:0%
with ever greater precision that their
intrinsic<00:05:32.880><c> properties,</c><00:05:33.840><c> namely</c><00:05:34.320><c> their</c>

05:34.629 --> 05:34.639 align:start position:0%
intrinsic properties, namely their
 

05:34.639 --> 05:37.749 align:start position:0%
intrinsic properties, namely their
masses,<00:05:35.759><c> are</c><00:05:36.000><c> exactly</c><00:05:36.479><c> the</c><00:05:36.720><c> same</c><00:05:37.039><c> as</c><00:05:37.360><c> for</c>

05:37.749 --> 05:37.759 align:start position:0%
masses, are exactly the same as for
 

05:37.759 --> 05:40.790 align:start position:0%
masses, are exactly the same as for
ordinary<00:05:38.320><c> particles.</c><00:05:39.759><c> And</c><00:05:40.000><c> when</c><00:05:40.320><c> studying</c>

05:40.790 --> 05:40.800 align:start position:0%
ordinary particles. And when studying
 

05:40.800 --> 05:42.950 align:start position:0%
ordinary particles. And when studying
how<00:05:41.120><c> antiparticles</c><00:05:42.000><c> are</c><00:05:42.240><c> affected</c><00:05:42.639><c> by</c>

05:42.950 --> 05:42.960 align:start position:0%
how antiparticles are affected by
 

05:42.960 --> 05:45.590 align:start position:0%
how antiparticles are affected by
electromagnetic<00:05:43.840><c> forces,</c><00:05:44.800><c> experiments</c><00:05:45.360><c> have</c>

05:45.590 --> 05:45.600 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic forces, experiments have
 

05:45.600 --> 05:48.070 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic forces, experiments have
again<00:05:46.000><c> found</c><00:05:46.320><c> that</c><00:05:46.639><c> they</c><00:05:46.880><c> behave</c><00:05:47.280><c> the</c><00:05:47.680><c> same</c>

05:48.070 --> 05:48.080 align:start position:0%
again found that they behave the same
 

05:48.080 --> 05:51.270 align:start position:0%
again found that they behave the same
exact<00:05:48.560><c> way</c><00:05:48.960><c> as</c><00:05:49.280><c> ordinary</c><00:05:49.840><c> particles,</c><00:05:50.880><c> except</c>

05:51.270 --> 05:51.280 align:start position:0%
exact way as ordinary particles, except
 

05:51.280 --> 05:53.749 align:start position:0%
exact way as ordinary particles, except
with<00:05:51.520><c> the</c><00:05:51.759><c> opposite</c><00:05:52.160><c> electric</c><00:05:52.639><c> charge,</c><00:05:53.520><c> just</c>

05:53.749 --> 05:53.759 align:start position:0%
with the opposite electric charge, just
 

05:53.759 --> 05:55.670 align:start position:0%
with the opposite electric charge, just
as<00:05:53.919><c> Anderson</c><00:05:54.479><c> had</c><00:05:54.639><c> observed</c><00:05:55.039><c> in</c><00:05:55.199><c> his</c><00:05:55.360><c> cloud</c>

05:55.670 --> 05:55.680 align:start position:0%
as Anderson had observed in his cloud
 

05:55.680 --> 05:59.110 align:start position:0%
as Anderson had observed in his cloud
chamber.<00:05:56.560><c> But</c><00:05:57.039><c> electromagnetism</c><00:05:58.320><c> is</c><00:05:58.639><c> just</c>

05:59.110 --> 05:59.120 align:start position:0%
chamber. But electromagnetism is just
 

05:59.120 --> 06:01.590 align:start position:0%
chamber. But electromagnetism is just
one<00:05:59.360><c> of</c><00:05:59.600><c> the</c><00:05:59.840><c> four</c><00:06:00.320><c> fundamental</c><00:06:00.960><c> forces</c><00:06:01.360><c> of</c>

06:01.590 --> 06:01.600 align:start position:0%
one of the four fundamental forces of
 

06:01.600 --> 06:04.469 align:start position:0%
one of the four fundamental forces of
nature<00:06:02.400><c> alongside</c><00:06:02.960><c> gravity</c><00:06:03.680><c> and</c><00:06:03.919><c> the</c><00:06:04.160><c> weak</c>

06:04.469 --> 06:04.479 align:start position:0%
nature alongside gravity and the weak
 

06:04.479 --> 06:07.670 align:start position:0%
nature alongside gravity and the weak
and<00:06:04.800><c> strong</c><00:06:05.280><c> nuclear</c><00:06:05.840><c> forces.</c>

06:07.670 --> 06:07.680 align:start position:0%
and strong nuclear forces.
 

06:07.680 --> 06:09.990 align:start position:0%
and strong nuclear forces.
And<00:06:08.080><c> as</c><00:06:08.560><c> physicists</c><00:06:09.120><c> began</c><00:06:09.440><c> to</c><00:06:09.600><c> better</c>

06:09.990 --> 06:10.000 align:start position:0%
And as physicists began to better
 

06:10.000 --> 06:12.309 align:start position:0%
And as physicists began to better
understand<00:06:10.400><c> the</c><00:06:10.639><c> weak</c><00:06:10.960><c> force</c><00:06:11.280><c> in</c><00:06:11.520><c> the</c><00:06:11.680><c> 1950s</c>

06:12.309 --> 06:12.319 align:start position:0%
understand the weak force in the 1950s
 

06:12.319 --> 06:15.670 align:start position:0%
understand the weak force in the 1950s
and60s,<00:06:13.520><c> they</c><00:06:13.840><c> realized</c><00:06:14.319><c> that</c><00:06:14.639><c> particles</c><00:06:15.280><c> and</c>

06:15.670 --> 06:15.680 align:start position:0%
and60s, they realized that particles and
 

06:15.680 --> 06:18.390 align:start position:0%
and60s, they realized that particles and
antiparticles<00:06:16.880><c> are</c><00:06:17.280><c> actually</c><00:06:17.680><c> affected</c><00:06:18.160><c> by</c>

06:18.390 --> 06:18.400 align:start position:0%
antiparticles are actually affected by
 

06:18.400 --> 06:21.749 align:start position:0%
antiparticles are actually affected by
it<00:06:18.800><c> quite</c><00:06:19.120><c> differently.</c>

06:21.749 --> 06:21.759 align:start position:0%
it quite differently.
 

06:21.759 --> 06:24.150 align:start position:0%
it quite differently.
The<00:06:22.000><c> first</c><00:06:22.240><c> surprise</c><00:06:22.800><c> was</c><00:06:23.120><c> that</c><00:06:23.520><c> ordinary</c>

06:24.150 --> 06:24.160 align:start position:0%
The first surprise was that ordinary
 

06:24.160 --> 06:26.469 align:start position:0%
The first surprise was that ordinary
particles<00:06:24.720><c> could</c><00:06:24.960><c> only</c><00:06:25.280><c> feel</c><00:06:25.520><c> the</c><00:06:25.680><c> weak</c><00:06:26.000><c> force</c>

06:26.469 --> 06:26.479 align:start position:0%
particles could only feel the weak force
 

06:26.479 --> 06:28.870 align:start position:0%
particles could only feel the weak force
if<00:06:26.720><c> they</c><00:06:26.960><c> were</c><00:06:27.280><c> left-handed</c><00:06:28.560><c> and</c>

06:28.870 --> 06:28.880 align:start position:0%
if they were left-handed and
 

06:28.880 --> 06:31.029 align:start position:0%
if they were left-handed and
antiparticles<00:06:29.759><c> could</c><00:06:29.919><c> only</c><00:06:30.240><c> feel</c><00:06:30.400><c> it</c><00:06:30.639><c> if</c><00:06:30.880><c> they</c>

06:31.029 --> 06:31.039 align:start position:0%
antiparticles could only feel it if they
 

06:31.039 --> 06:33.029 align:start position:0%
antiparticles could only feel it if they
were<00:06:31.360><c> right-handed.</c>

06:33.029 --> 06:33.039 align:start position:0%
were right-handed.
 

06:33.039 --> 06:37.350 align:start position:0%
were right-handed.
The<00:06:33.280><c> concept</c><00:06:33.759><c> of</c><00:06:34.240><c> handedness</c><00:06:35.440><c> or</c><00:06:35.919><c> kirality</c><00:06:37.039><c> is</c>

06:37.350 --> 06:37.360 align:start position:0%
The concept of handedness or kirality is
 

06:37.360 --> 06:39.830 align:start position:0%
The concept of handedness or kirality is
subtle<00:06:38.000><c> and</c><00:06:38.400><c> difficult</c><00:06:38.800><c> to</c><00:06:39.120><c> conceptualize</c>

06:39.830 --> 06:39.840 align:start position:0%
subtle and difficult to conceptualize
 

06:39.840 --> 06:42.469 align:start position:0%
subtle and difficult to conceptualize
for<00:06:40.160><c> particles</c><00:06:40.560><c> with</c><00:06:40.800><c> mass.</c><00:06:41.759><c> But</c><00:06:42.000><c> a</c><00:06:42.160><c> loose</c>

06:42.469 --> 06:42.479 align:start position:0%
for particles with mass. But a loose
 

06:42.479 --> 06:44.469 align:start position:0%
for particles with mass. But a loose
analogy<00:06:42.960><c> can</c><00:06:43.199><c> be</c><00:06:43.360><c> drawn</c><00:06:43.600><c> with</c><00:06:43.840><c> a</c><00:06:44.080><c> particle's</c>

06:44.469 --> 06:44.479 align:start position:0%
analogy can be drawn with a particle's
 

06:44.479 --> 06:46.790 align:start position:0%
analogy can be drawn with a particle's
helicity<00:06:45.440><c> which</c><00:06:45.759><c> describes</c><00:06:46.240><c> whether</c><00:06:46.560><c> a</c>

06:46.790 --> 06:46.800 align:start position:0%
helicity which describes whether a
 

06:46.800 --> 06:49.749 align:start position:0%
helicity which describes whether a
particle<00:06:47.199><c> is</c><00:06:47.520><c> spin</c><00:06:47.840><c> up</c><00:06:48.319><c> or</c><00:06:48.720><c> spin</c><00:06:49.039><c> down</c><00:06:49.440><c> along</c>

06:49.749 --> 06:49.759 align:start position:0%
particle is spin up or spin down along
 

06:49.759 --> 06:51.670 align:start position:0%
particle is spin up or spin down along
its<00:06:50.080><c> direction</c><00:06:50.400><c> of</c><00:06:50.639><c> motion.</c><00:06:51.280><c> In</c><00:06:51.520><c> this</c>

06:51.670 --> 06:51.680 align:start position:0%
its direction of motion. In this
 

06:51.680 --> 06:53.909 align:start position:0%
its direction of motion. In this
analogy,<00:06:52.319><c> a</c><00:06:52.479><c> spin</c><00:06:52.800><c> up</c><00:06:52.960><c> particle</c><00:06:53.440><c> is</c><00:06:53.600><c> called</c>

06:53.909 --> 06:53.919 align:start position:0%
analogy, a spin up particle is called
 

06:53.919 --> 06:56.469 align:start position:0%
analogy, a spin up particle is called
right-handed<00:06:54.880><c> while</c><00:06:55.039><c> a</c><00:06:55.280><c> spin</c><00:06:55.680><c> down</c><00:06:56.000><c> particle</c>

06:56.469 --> 06:56.479 align:start position:0%
right-handed while a spin down particle
 

06:56.479 --> 06:59.510 align:start position:0%
right-handed while a spin down particle
is<00:06:56.720><c> called</c><00:06:57.039><c> left-handed.</c>

06:59.510 --> 06:59.520 align:start position:0%
is called left-handed.
 

06:59.520 --> 07:02.870 align:start position:0%
is called left-handed.
The<00:06:59.759><c> second</c><00:07:00.479><c> and</c><00:07:00.880><c> even</c><00:07:01.280><c> crazier</c><00:07:01.840><c> surprise</c><00:07:02.560><c> was</c>

07:02.870 --> 07:02.880 align:start position:0%
The second and even crazier surprise was
 

07:02.880 --> 07:05.350 align:start position:0%
The second and even crazier surprise was
that<00:07:03.280><c> right-handed</c><00:07:04.160><c> antiparticles</c>

07:05.350 --> 07:05.360 align:start position:0%
that right-handed antiparticles
 

07:05.360 --> 07:07.510 align:start position:0%
that right-handed antiparticles
experienced<00:07:06.000><c> a</c><00:07:06.319><c> different</c><00:07:06.720><c> strength</c><00:07:07.199><c> of</c><00:07:07.360><c> the</c>

07:07.510 --> 07:07.520 align:start position:0%
experienced a different strength of the
 

07:07.520 --> 07:10.710 align:start position:0%
experienced a different strength of the
weak<00:07:07.840><c> force</c><00:07:08.560><c> as</c><00:07:08.800><c> compared</c><00:07:09.199><c> to</c><00:07:09.759><c> left-handed</c>

07:10.710 --> 07:10.720 align:start position:0%
weak force as compared to left-handed
 

07:10.720 --> 07:12.790 align:start position:0%
weak force as compared to left-handed
ordinary<00:07:11.280><c> particles.</c>

07:12.790 --> 07:12.800 align:start position:0%
ordinary particles.
 

07:12.800 --> 07:15.029 align:start position:0%
ordinary particles.
In<00:07:13.039><c> practice,</c><00:07:13.680><c> this</c><00:07:13.919><c> means</c><00:07:14.160><c> that</c><00:07:14.400><c> the</c><00:07:14.560><c> quantum</c>

07:15.029 --> 07:15.039 align:start position:0%
In practice, this means that the quantum
 

07:15.039 --> 07:17.510 align:start position:0%
In practice, this means that the quantum
probabilities<00:07:15.680><c> for</c><00:07:16.000><c> radioactive</c><00:07:16.720><c> decay</c><00:07:17.280><c> in</c>

07:17.510 --> 07:17.520 align:start position:0%
probabilities for radioactive decay in
 

07:17.520 --> 07:19.990 align:start position:0%
probabilities for radioactive decay in
ordinary<00:07:18.000><c> nuclei</c><00:07:18.880><c> are</c><00:07:19.120><c> somewhat</c><00:07:19.599><c> different</c>

07:19.990 --> 07:20.000 align:start position:0%
ordinary nuclei are somewhat different
 

07:20.000 --> 07:22.469 align:start position:0%
ordinary nuclei are somewhat different
from<00:07:20.319><c> the</c><00:07:20.479><c> probabilities</c><00:07:21.360><c> of</c><00:07:21.520><c> the</c><00:07:21.840><c> analogous</c>

07:22.469 --> 07:22.479 align:start position:0%
from the probabilities of the analogous
 

07:22.479 --> 07:25.830 align:start position:0%
from the probabilities of the analogous
decay<00:07:22.880><c> processes</c><00:07:23.599><c> in</c><00:07:23.840><c> anti-uclei.</c>

07:25.830 --> 07:25.840 align:start position:0%
decay processes in anti-uclei.
 

07:25.840 --> 07:28.230 align:start position:0%
decay processes in anti-uclei.
This<00:07:26.319><c> fundamental</c><00:07:27.120><c> asymmetry</c><00:07:27.840><c> between</c>

07:28.230 --> 07:28.240 align:start position:0%
This fundamental asymmetry between
 

07:28.240 --> 07:30.629 align:start position:0%
This fundamental asymmetry between
particles<00:07:28.720><c> and</c><00:07:28.960><c> antiparticles</c><00:07:30.080><c> was</c><00:07:30.319><c> first</c>

07:30.629 --> 07:30.639 align:start position:0%
particles and antiparticles was first
 

07:30.639 --> 07:33.510 align:start position:0%
particles and antiparticles was first
observed<00:07:31.039><c> in</c><00:07:31.280><c> a</c><00:07:31.520><c> 1963</c><00:07:32.479><c> experiment</c><00:07:33.039><c> run</c><00:07:33.280><c> by</c>

07:33.510 --> 07:33.520 align:start position:0%
observed in a 1963 experiment run by
 

07:33.520 --> 07:35.990 align:start position:0%
observed in a 1963 experiment run by
James<00:07:33.919><c> Cronin</c><00:07:34.479><c> and</c><00:07:34.720><c> Val</c><00:07:35.039><c> Fitch</c><00:07:35.360><c> of</c><00:07:35.520><c> Princeton</c>

07:35.990 --> 07:36.000 align:start position:0%
James Cronin and Val Fitch of Princeton
 

07:36.000 --> 07:38.469 align:start position:0%
James Cronin and Val Fitch of Princeton
University<00:07:37.039><c> who</c><00:07:37.280><c> would</c><00:07:37.520><c> be</c><00:07:37.680><c> awarded</c><00:07:38.160><c> yet</c>

07:38.469 --> 07:38.479 align:start position:0%
University who would be awarded yet
 

07:38.479 --> 07:41.909 align:start position:0%
University who would be awarded yet
another<00:07:38.960><c> Nobel</c><00:07:39.360><c> Prize</c><00:07:39.680><c> for</c><00:07:39.840><c> their</c><00:07:40.080><c> discovery.</c>

07:41.909 --> 07:41.919 align:start position:0%
another Nobel Prize for their discovery.
 

07:41.919 --> 07:44.230 align:start position:0%
another Nobel Prize for their discovery.
When<00:07:42.160><c> this</c><00:07:42.479><c> asymmetry</c><00:07:43.199><c> was</c><00:07:43.440><c> discovered,</c>

07:44.230 --> 07:44.240 align:start position:0%
When this asymmetry was discovered,
 

07:44.240 --> 07:46.070 align:start position:0%
When this asymmetry was discovered,
there<00:07:44.479><c> was</c><00:07:44.720><c> some</c><00:07:45.039><c> hope</c><00:07:45.440><c> that</c><00:07:45.680><c> it</c><00:07:45.919><c> would</c>

07:46.070 --> 07:46.080 align:start position:0%
there was some hope that it would
 

07:46.080 --> 07:48.309 align:start position:0%
there was some hope that it would
explain<00:07:46.400><c> the</c><00:07:46.720><c> barionic</c><00:07:47.360><c> asymmetry</c><00:07:47.919><c> of</c><00:07:48.160><c> the</c>

07:48.309 --> 07:48.319 align:start position:0%
explain the barionic asymmetry of the
 

07:48.319 --> 07:50.710 align:start position:0%
explain the barionic asymmetry of the
universe.<00:07:49.280><c> Perhaps</c><00:07:49.759><c> these</c><00:07:50.080><c> differences</c><00:07:50.479><c> in</c>

07:50.710 --> 07:50.720 align:start position:0%
universe. Perhaps these differences in
 

07:50.720 --> 07:52.629 align:start position:0%
universe. Perhaps these differences in
the<00:07:50.800><c> weak</c><00:07:51.120><c> force</c><00:07:51.440><c> were</c><00:07:51.759><c> responsible</c><00:07:52.240><c> for</c><00:07:52.479><c> the</c>

07:52.629 --> 07:52.639 align:start position:0%
the weak force were responsible for the
 

07:52.639 --> 07:55.270 align:start position:0%
the weak force were responsible for the
abundance<00:07:53.120><c> of</c><00:07:53.280><c> matter</c><00:07:54.080><c> and</c><00:07:54.400><c> utter</c><00:07:54.720><c> lack</c><00:07:55.039><c> of</c>

07:55.270 --> 07:55.280 align:start position:0%
abundance of matter and utter lack of
 

07:55.280 --> 07:58.230 align:start position:0%
abundance of matter and utter lack of
antimatter<00:07:55.919><c> around</c><00:07:56.240><c> us.</c><00:07:57.360><c> But</c><00:07:57.520><c> the</c><00:07:57.840><c> maths</c>

07:58.230 --> 07:58.240 align:start position:0%
antimatter around us. But the maths
 

07:58.240 --> 08:01.029 align:start position:0%
antimatter around us. But the maths
didn't<00:07:58.560><c> quite</c><00:07:58.879><c> work</c><00:07:59.199><c> out.</c><00:08:00.240><c> There</c><00:08:00.560><c> simply</c>

08:01.029 --> 08:01.039 align:start position:0%
didn't quite work out. There simply
 

08:01.039 --> 08:02.790 align:start position:0%
didn't quite work out. There simply
wasn't<00:08:01.520><c> enough</c><00:08:01.759><c> of</c><00:08:02.000><c> a</c><00:08:02.240><c> difference</c><00:08:02.560><c> between</c>

08:02.790 --> 08:02.800 align:start position:0%
wasn't enough of a difference between
 

08:02.800 --> 08:04.710 align:start position:0%
wasn't enough of a difference between
the<00:08:03.039><c> strength</c><00:08:03.280><c> of</c><00:08:03.360><c> the</c><00:08:03.520><c> weak</c><00:08:03.759><c> force</c><00:08:04.160><c> acting</c><00:08:04.479><c> on</c>

08:04.710 --> 08:04.720 align:start position:0%
the strength of the weak force acting on
 

08:04.720 --> 08:08.230 align:start position:0%
the strength of the weak force acting on
particles<00:08:05.520><c> versus</c><00:08:06.000><c> antiparticles.</c>

08:08.230 --> 08:08.240 align:start position:0%
particles versus antiparticles.
 

08:08.240 --> 08:10.550 align:start position:0%
particles versus antiparticles.
That<00:08:08.560><c> was</c><00:08:08.720><c> when</c><00:08:09.120><c> physicists</c><00:08:09.840><c> began</c><00:08:10.160><c> to</c><00:08:10.319><c> turn</c>

08:10.550 --> 08:10.560 align:start position:0%
That was when physicists began to turn
 

08:10.560 --> 08:12.950 align:start position:0%
That was when physicists began to turn
their<00:08:10.800><c> attention</c><00:08:11.280><c> to</c><00:08:11.520><c> the</c><00:08:11.919><c> strong</c><00:08:12.479><c> nuclear</c>

08:12.950 --> 08:12.960 align:start position:0%
their attention to the strong nuclear
 

08:12.960 --> 08:14.869 align:start position:0%
their attention to the strong nuclear
force.

08:14.869 --> 08:14.879 align:start position:0%
force.
 

08:14.879 --> 08:17.350 align:start position:0%
force.
Theoretical<00:08:15.520><c> models</c><00:08:15.919><c> predicted</c><00:08:16.400><c> that</c><00:08:17.120><c> just</c>

08:17.350 --> 08:17.360 align:start position:0%
Theoretical models predicted that just
 

08:17.360 --> 08:19.589 align:start position:0%
Theoretical models predicted that just
like<00:08:17.599><c> in</c><00:08:17.840><c> the</c><00:08:18.000><c> weak</c><00:08:18.319><c> interaction,</c><00:08:19.360><c> there</c>

08:19.589 --> 08:19.599 align:start position:0%
like in the weak interaction, there
 

08:19.599 --> 08:21.670 align:start position:0%
like in the weak interaction, there
should<00:08:19.919><c> be</c><00:08:20.240><c> some</c><00:08:20.560><c> differences</c><00:08:21.120><c> in</c><00:08:21.360><c> how</c>

08:21.670 --> 08:21.680 align:start position:0%
should be some differences in how
 

08:21.680 --> 08:23.830 align:start position:0%
should be some differences in how
left-handed<00:08:22.319><c> particles</c><00:08:22.960><c> and</c><00:08:23.199><c> right-handed</c>

08:23.830 --> 08:23.840 align:start position:0%
left-handed particles and right-handed
 

08:23.840 --> 08:27.749 align:start position:0%
left-handed particles and right-handed
particles<00:08:24.720><c> feel</c><00:08:25.120><c> the</c><00:08:25.440><c> strong</c><00:08:25.759><c> force.</c>

08:27.749 --> 08:27.759 align:start position:0%
particles feel the strong force.
 

08:27.759 --> 08:32.230 align:start position:0%
particles feel the strong force.
But<00:08:28.319><c> antimatter</c><00:08:29.520><c> just</c><00:08:30.000><c> keeps</c><00:08:30.479><c> surprising</c><00:08:31.039><c> us.</c>

08:32.230 --> 08:32.240 align:start position:0%
But antimatter just keeps surprising us.
 

08:32.240 --> 08:34.310 align:start position:0%
But antimatter just keeps surprising us.
Every<00:08:32.719><c> experiment</c><00:08:33.279><c> to</c><00:08:33.440><c> date</c><00:08:33.680><c> suggests</c><00:08:34.080><c> that</c>

08:34.310 --> 08:34.320 align:start position:0%
Every experiment to date suggests that
 

08:34.320 --> 08:36.870 align:start position:0%
Every experiment to date suggests that
the<00:08:34.560><c> strong</c><00:08:34.880><c> force</c><00:08:35.440><c> treats</c><00:08:35.839><c> particles</c><00:08:36.479><c> and</c>

08:36.870 --> 08:36.880 align:start position:0%
the strong force treats particles and
 

08:36.880 --> 08:40.469 align:start position:0%
the strong force treats particles and
antiparticles<00:08:38.159><c> just</c><00:08:38.560><c> the</c><00:08:38.880><c> same.</c>

08:40.469 --> 08:40.479 align:start position:0%
antiparticles just the same.
 

08:40.479 --> 08:42.790 align:start position:0%
antiparticles just the same.
This<00:08:40.880><c> brings</c><00:08:41.200><c> us</c><00:08:41.360><c> to</c><00:08:41.519><c> the</c><00:08:41.760><c> last</c><00:08:42.000><c> of</c><00:08:42.240><c> the</c><00:08:42.479><c> four</c>

08:42.790 --> 08:42.800 align:start position:0%
This brings us to the last of the four
 

08:42.800 --> 08:44.949 align:start position:0%
This brings us to the last of the four
fundamental<00:08:43.440><c> forces</c><00:08:44.000><c> and</c><00:08:44.240><c> the</c><00:08:44.480><c> subject</c><00:08:44.720><c> of</c>

08:44.949 --> 08:44.959 align:start position:0%
fundamental forces and the subject of
 

08:44.959 --> 08:47.750 align:start position:0%
fundamental forces and the subject of
today's<00:08:45.440><c> ongoing</c><00:08:46.080><c> experiments</c><00:08:46.560><c> at</c><00:08:46.800><c> CERN.</c>

08:47.750 --> 08:47.760 align:start position:0%
today's ongoing experiments at CERN.
 

08:47.760 --> 08:49.590 align:start position:0%
today's ongoing experiments at CERN.
Gravity.

08:49.590 --> 08:49.600 align:start position:0%
Gravity.
 

08:49.600 --> 08:51.750 align:start position:0%
Gravity.
To<00:08:49.839><c> be</c><00:08:50.000><c> honest,</c><00:08:50.480><c> suggesting</c><00:08:50.959><c> that</c><00:08:51.279><c> gravity</c>

08:51.750 --> 08:51.760 align:start position:0%
To be honest, suggesting that gravity
 

08:51.760 --> 08:53.670 align:start position:0%
To be honest, suggesting that gravity
might<00:08:52.080><c> treat</c><00:08:52.320><c> matter</c><00:08:52.720><c> and</c><00:08:52.959><c> antimatter</c>

08:53.670 --> 08:53.680 align:start position:0%
might treat matter and antimatter
 

08:53.680 --> 08:56.310 align:start position:0%
might treat matter and antimatter
differently<00:08:54.399><c> is</c><00:08:54.640><c> kind</c><00:08:54.880><c> of</c><00:08:54.959><c> a</c><00:08:55.120><c> long</c><00:08:55.440><c> shot.</c>

08:56.310 --> 08:56.320 align:start position:0%
differently is kind of a long shot.
 

08:56.320 --> 08:58.230 align:start position:0%
differently is kind of a long shot.
Think<00:08:56.640><c> back</c><00:08:56.800><c> to</c><00:08:57.040><c> the</c><00:08:57.200><c> popular</c><00:08:57.680><c> legend</c><00:08:58.000><c> of</c>

08:58.230 --> 08:58.240 align:start position:0%
Think back to the popular legend of
 

08:58.240 --> 09:00.150 align:start position:0%
Think back to the popular legend of
Galileo<00:08:58.880><c> tossing</c><00:08:59.360><c> stones</c><00:08:59.680><c> of</c><00:08:59.920><c> different</c>

09:00.150 --> 09:00.160 align:start position:0%
Galileo tossing stones of different
 

09:00.160 --> 09:02.070 align:start position:0%
Galileo tossing stones of different
sizes<00:09:00.560><c> of</c><00:09:00.800><c> materials</c><00:09:01.279><c> from</c><00:09:01.519><c> the</c><00:09:01.680><c> Tower</c><00:09:01.920><c> of</c>

09:02.070 --> 09:02.080 align:start position:0%
sizes of materials from the Tower of
 

09:02.080 --> 09:04.710 align:start position:0%
sizes of materials from the Tower of
Pisa.<00:09:02.880><c> They</c><00:09:03.120><c> all</c><00:09:03.360><c> fell</c><00:09:03.600><c> at</c><00:09:03.839><c> the</c><00:09:04.000><c> same</c><00:09:04.160><c> rate</c>

09:04.710 --> 09:04.720 align:start position:0%
Pisa. They all fell at the same rate
 

09:04.720 --> 09:06.470 align:start position:0%
Pisa. They all fell at the same rate
because<00:09:05.040><c> the</c><00:09:05.279><c> gravitational</c><00:09:05.920><c> acceleration</c>

09:06.470 --> 09:06.480 align:start position:0%
because the gravitational acceleration
 

09:06.480 --> 09:09.990 align:start position:0%
because the gravitational acceleration
on<00:09:06.720><c> Earth</c><00:09:07.120><c> is</c><00:09:07.440><c> 9.8</c><00:09:08.080><c> 8</c><00:09:08.240><c> m/s</c><00:09:09.120><c> squared,</c>

09:09.990 --> 09:10.000 align:start position:0%
on Earth is 9.8 8 m/s squared,
 

09:10.000 --> 09:13.030 align:start position:0%
on Earth is 9.8 8 m/s squared,
regardless<00:09:10.560><c> of</c><00:09:10.800><c> which</c><00:09:11.040><c> object</c><00:09:11.360><c> is</c><00:09:11.600><c> falling.</c>

09:13.030 --> 09:13.040 align:start position:0%
regardless of which object is falling.
 

09:13.040 --> 09:15.110 align:start position:0%
regardless of which object is falling.
Of<00:09:13.279><c> course,</c><00:09:13.680><c> the</c><00:09:13.920><c> experiment</c><00:09:14.480><c> works</c><00:09:14.880><c> even</c>

09:15.110 --> 09:15.120 align:start position:0%
Of course, the experiment works even
 

09:15.120 --> 09:17.750 align:start position:0%
Of course, the experiment works even
better<00:09:15.440><c> in</c><00:09:15.680><c> a</c><00:09:15.839><c> vacuum</c><00:09:16.240><c> chamber</c><00:09:17.040><c> where</c><00:09:17.440><c> air</c>

09:17.750 --> 09:17.760 align:start position:0%
better in a vacuum chamber where air
 

09:17.760 --> 09:20.790 align:start position:0%
better in a vacuum chamber where air
resistance<00:09:18.240><c> is</c><00:09:18.480><c> taken</c><00:09:18.800><c> out</c><00:09:19.040><c> of</c><00:09:19.200><c> the</c><00:09:19.440><c> equation.</c>

09:20.790 --> 09:20.800 align:start position:0%
resistance is taken out of the equation.
 

09:20.800 --> 09:23.509 align:start position:0%
resistance is taken out of the equation.
Newton<00:09:21.440><c> expanded</c><00:09:21.920><c> on</c><00:09:22.160><c> this</c><00:09:22.320><c> idea</c><00:09:22.880><c> and</c><00:09:23.200><c> showed</c>

09:23.509 --> 09:23.519 align:start position:0%
Newton expanded on this idea and showed
 

09:23.519 --> 09:25.430 align:start position:0%
Newton expanded on this idea and showed
in<00:09:23.680><c> the</c><00:09:23.920><c> 17th</c><00:09:24.320><c> century</c><00:09:24.880><c> that</c><00:09:25.200><c> your</c>

09:25.430 --> 09:25.440 align:start position:0%
in the 17th century that your
 

09:25.440 --> 09:27.829 align:start position:0%
in the 17th century that your
gravitational<00:09:26.080><c> acceleration</c><00:09:27.040><c> anywhere</c><00:09:27.519><c> in</c>

09:27.829 --> 09:27.839 align:start position:0%
gravitational acceleration anywhere in
 

09:27.839 --> 09:30.550 align:start position:0%
gravitational acceleration anywhere in
space<00:09:28.640><c> depends</c><00:09:29.200><c> only</c><00:09:29.519><c> on</c><00:09:29.760><c> the</c><00:09:29.920><c> mass</c><00:09:30.160><c> of</c><00:09:30.320><c> the</c>

09:30.550 --> 09:30.560 align:start position:0%
space depends only on the mass of the
 

09:30.560 --> 09:32.630 align:start position:0%
space depends only on the mass of the
object<00:09:30.959><c> pulling</c><00:09:31.360><c> you</c><00:09:31.760><c> and</c><00:09:32.000><c> your</c><00:09:32.240><c> distance</c>

09:32.630 --> 09:32.640 align:start position:0%
object pulling you and your distance
 

09:32.640 --> 09:35.509 align:start position:0%
object pulling you and your distance
from<00:09:32.880><c> it,</c><00:09:33.440><c> but</c><00:09:33.760><c> not</c><00:09:34.000><c> on</c><00:09:34.320><c> any</c><00:09:34.640><c> of</c><00:09:34.880><c> your</c><00:09:35.120><c> personal</c>

09:35.509 --> 09:35.519 align:start position:0%
from it, but not on any of your personal
 

09:35.519 --> 09:39.670 align:start position:0%
from it, but not on any of your personal
properties,<00:09:36.560><c> not</c><00:09:36.800><c> even</c><00:09:37.440><c> your</c><00:09:37.839><c> own</c><00:09:38.080><c> mass.</c>

09:39.670 --> 09:39.680 align:start position:0%
properties, not even your own mass.
 

09:39.680 --> 09:41.990 align:start position:0%
properties, not even your own mass.
This<00:09:40.080><c> famous</c><00:09:40.560><c> result</c><00:09:41.440><c> known</c><00:09:41.680><c> as</c><00:09:41.839><c> the</c>

09:41.990 --> 09:42.000 align:start position:0%
This famous result known as the
 

09:42.000 --> 09:44.310 align:start position:0%
This famous result known as the
equivalence<00:09:42.640><c> principle</c><00:09:43.360><c> is</c><00:09:43.680><c> the</c><00:09:43.920><c> foundation</c>

09:44.310 --> 09:44.320 align:start position:0%
equivalence principle is the foundation
 

09:44.320 --> 09:46.070 align:start position:0%
equivalence principle is the foundation
of<00:09:44.560><c> Einstein's</c><00:09:45.200><c> theory</c><00:09:45.440><c> of</c><00:09:45.680><c> general</c>

09:46.070 --> 09:46.080 align:start position:0%
of Einstein's theory of general
 

09:46.080 --> 09:48.630 align:start position:0%
of Einstein's theory of general
relativity.<00:09:47.120><c> Our</c><00:09:47.440><c> most</c><00:09:47.680><c> accurate</c><00:09:48.240><c> and</c>

09:48.630 --> 09:48.640 align:start position:0%
relativity. Our most accurate and
 

09:48.640 --> 09:52.389 align:start position:0%
relativity. Our most accurate and
successful<00:09:49.279><c> model</c><00:09:49.519><c> of</c><00:09:49.760><c> gravity</c><00:09:50.160><c> to</c><00:09:50.399><c> date.</c>

09:52.389 --> 09:52.399 align:start position:0%
successful model of gravity to date.
 

09:52.399 --> 09:55.269 align:start position:0%
successful model of gravity to date.
With<00:09:52.640><c> that</c><00:09:52.880><c> in</c><00:09:53.120><c> mind,</c><00:09:53.920><c> physics</c><00:09:54.399><c> is</c><00:09:54.640><c> still</c><00:09:54.959><c> an</c>

09:55.269 --> 09:55.279 align:start position:0%
With that in mind, physics is still an
 

09:55.279 --> 09:58.070 align:start position:0%
With that in mind, physics is still an
experimental<00:09:56.080><c> science</c><00:09:56.480><c> at</c><00:09:56.720><c> its</c><00:09:56.959><c> core,</c><00:09:57.600><c> and</c><00:09:57.839><c> we</c>

09:58.070 --> 09:58.080 align:start position:0%
experimental science at its core, and we
 

09:58.080 --> 10:00.230 align:start position:0%
experimental science at its core, and we
can't<00:09:58.240><c> know</c><00:09:58.480><c> for</c><00:09:58.720><c> sure</c><00:09:59.040><c> whether</c><00:09:59.519><c> matter</c><00:09:59.920><c> and</c>

10:00.230 --> 10:00.240 align:start position:0%
can't know for sure whether matter and
 

10:00.240 --> 10:03.030 align:start position:0%
can't know for sure whether matter and
antimatter<00:10:00.959><c> obey</c><00:10:01.360><c> the</c><00:10:01.600><c> same</c><00:10:01.760><c> laws</c><00:10:02.080><c> of</c><00:10:02.320><c> gravity</c>

10:03.030 --> 10:03.040 align:start position:0%
antimatter obey the same laws of gravity
 

10:03.040 --> 10:05.590 align:start position:0%
antimatter obey the same laws of gravity
unless<00:10:03.360><c> we</c><00:10:03.600><c> check</c><00:10:03.760><c> for</c><00:10:04.000><c> ourselves.</c><00:10:05.279><c> The</c>

10:05.590 --> 10:05.600 align:start position:0%
unless we check for ourselves. The
 

10:05.600 --> 10:07.750 align:start position:0%
unless we check for ourselves. The
physicists<00:10:06.000><c> at</c><00:10:06.160><c> CERN</c><00:10:06.640><c> set</c><00:10:06.880><c> out</c><00:10:07.040><c> to</c><00:10:07.279><c> do</c><00:10:07.519><c> just</c>

10:07.750 --> 10:07.760 align:start position:0%
physicists at CERN set out to do just
 

10:07.760 --> 10:10.870 align:start position:0%
physicists at CERN set out to do just
that.<00:10:08.640><c> Motivated</c><00:10:09.360><c> not</c><00:10:09.680><c> only</c><00:10:09.839><c> by</c><00:10:10.080><c> the</c><00:10:10.240><c> barionic</c>

10:10.870 --> 10:10.880 align:start position:0%
that. Motivated not only by the barionic
 

10:10.880 --> 10:13.750 align:start position:0%
that. Motivated not only by the barionic
asymmetry<00:10:11.440><c> of</c><00:10:11.600><c> the</c><00:10:11.760><c> universe,</c><00:10:12.560><c> but</c><00:10:12.800><c> also</c><00:10:13.200><c> by</c><00:10:13.519><c> a</c>

10:13.750 --> 10:13.760 align:start position:0%
asymmetry of the universe, but also by a
 

10:13.760 --> 10:16.389 align:start position:0%
asymmetry of the universe, but also by a
few<00:10:14.160><c> speculative</c><00:10:14.880><c> papers</c><00:10:15.680><c> suggesting</c><00:10:16.240><c> that</c>

10:16.389 --> 10:16.399 align:start position:0%
few speculative papers suggesting that
 

10:16.399 --> 10:18.389 align:start position:0%
few speculative papers suggesting that
the<00:10:16.640><c> cosmological</c><00:10:17.519><c> properties</c><00:10:17.920><c> of</c><00:10:18.079><c> dark</c>

10:18.389 --> 10:18.399 align:start position:0%
the cosmological properties of dark
 

10:18.399 --> 10:20.790 align:start position:0%
the cosmological properties of dark
matter<00:10:18.720><c> and</c><00:10:19.040><c> dark</c><00:10:19.360><c> energy</c><00:10:20.079><c> could</c><00:10:20.399><c> be</c><00:10:20.560><c> more</c>

10:20.790 --> 10:20.800 align:start position:0%
matter and dark energy could be more
 

10:20.800 --> 10:23.750 align:start position:0%
matter and dark energy could be more
easily<00:10:21.360><c> explained</c><00:10:22.079><c> if</c><00:10:22.480><c> antimatter</c><00:10:23.279><c> were</c><00:10:23.519><c> to</c>

10:23.750 --> 10:23.760 align:start position:0%
easily explained if antimatter were to
 

10:23.760 --> 10:27.430 align:start position:0%
easily explained if antimatter were to
have<00:10:24.000><c> a</c><00:10:24.399><c> negative</c><00:10:25.120><c> gravitational</c><00:10:26.000><c> charge.</c><00:10:27.120><c> Or</c>

10:27.430 --> 10:27.440 align:start position:0%
have a negative gravitational charge. Or
 

10:27.440 --> 10:30.310 align:start position:0%
have a negative gravitational charge. Or
to<00:10:27.680><c> put</c><00:10:27.839><c> it</c><00:10:28.000><c> simply,</c><00:10:28.800><c> if</c><00:10:29.120><c> antimatter</c><00:10:29.920><c> were</c><00:10:30.160><c> to</c>

10:30.310 --> 10:30.320 align:start position:0%
to put it simply, if antimatter were to
 

10:30.320 --> 10:33.990 align:start position:0%
to put it simply, if antimatter were to
fall<00:10:30.800><c> up</c><00:10:31.519><c> rather</c><00:10:31.920><c> than</c><00:10:32.240><c> down.</c>

10:33.990 --> 10:34.000 align:start position:0%
fall up rather than down.
 

10:34.000 --> 10:36.550 align:start position:0%
fall up rather than down.
There<00:10:34.399><c> are</c><00:10:34.720><c> several</c><00:10:35.279><c> ongoing</c><00:10:35.839><c> experiments</c><00:10:36.399><c> at</c>

10:36.550 --> 10:36.560 align:start position:0%
There are several ongoing experiments at
 

10:36.560 --> 10:38.230 align:start position:0%
There are several ongoing experiments at
CERN<00:10:36.959><c> testing</c><00:10:37.360><c> the</c><00:10:37.600><c> gravitational</c>

10:38.230 --> 10:38.240 align:start position:0%
CERN testing the gravitational
 

10:38.240 --> 10:41.750 align:start position:0%
CERN testing the gravitational
properties<00:10:38.560><c> of</c><00:10:38.720><c> antimatter</c><00:10:39.839><c> including</c><00:10:40.560><c> Agus</c>

10:41.750 --> 10:41.760 align:start position:0%
properties of antimatter including Agus
 

10:41.760 --> 10:44.550 align:start position:0%
properties of antimatter including Agus
Gbar<00:10:42.720><c> and</c><00:10:42.959><c> Alpha.</c>

10:44.550 --> 10:44.560 align:start position:0%
Gbar and Alpha.
 

10:44.560 --> 10:46.790 align:start position:0%
Gbar and Alpha.
Today<00:10:44.880><c> we</c><00:10:45.120><c> will</c><00:10:45.279><c> focus</c><00:10:45.760><c> specifically</c><00:10:46.399><c> on</c><00:10:46.640><c> a</c>

10:46.790 --> 10:46.800 align:start position:0%
Today we will focus specifically on a
 

10:46.800 --> 10:48.870 align:start position:0%
Today we will focus specifically on a
key<00:10:47.040><c> experiment</c><00:10:47.680><c> coming</c><00:10:47.920><c> out</c><00:10:48.160><c> of</c><00:10:48.240><c> the</c><00:10:48.480><c> alpha</c>

10:48.870 --> 10:48.880 align:start position:0%
key experiment coming out of the alpha
 

10:48.880 --> 10:50.550 align:start position:0%
key experiment coming out of the alpha
group<00:10:49.120><c> that</c><00:10:49.360><c> was</c><00:10:49.519><c> published</c><00:10:49.839><c> in</c><00:10:50.079><c> the</c><00:10:50.160><c> journal</c>

10:50.550 --> 10:50.560 align:start position:0%
group that was published in the journal
 

10:50.560 --> 10:53.269 align:start position:0%
group that was published in the journal
Nature<00:10:51.040><c> this</c><00:10:51.279><c> past</c><00:10:51.519><c> September.</c>

10:53.269 --> 10:53.279 align:start position:0%
Nature this past September.
 

10:53.279 --> 10:55.750 align:start position:0%
Nature this past September.
After<00:10:53.760><c> decades</c><00:10:54.320><c> of</c><00:10:54.480><c> assumptions,</c><00:10:55.519><c> this</c>

10:55.750 --> 10:55.760 align:start position:0%
After decades of assumptions, this
 

10:55.760 --> 10:58.310 align:start position:0%
After decades of assumptions, this
experiment<00:10:56.320><c> has</c><00:10:56.560><c> brought</c><00:10:56.880><c> us</c><00:10:57.200><c> realworld</c><00:10:57.920><c> data</c>

10:58.310 --> 10:58.320 align:start position:0%
experiment has brought us realworld data
 

10:58.320 --> 11:00.389 align:start position:0%
experiment has brought us realworld data
on<00:10:58.480><c> the</c><00:10:58.720><c> gravitational</c><00:10:59.440><c> acceleration</c><00:11:00.079><c> of</c>

11:00.389 --> 11:00.399 align:start position:0%
on the gravitational acceleration of
 

11:00.399 --> 11:03.590 align:start position:0%
on the gravitational acceleration of
antimatter<00:11:01.120><c> on</c><00:11:01.360><c> Earth's</c><00:11:01.760><c> surface.</c><00:11:03.120><c> But</c>

11:03.590 --> 11:03.600 align:start position:0%
antimatter on Earth's surface. But
 

11:03.600 --> 11:05.990 align:start position:0%
antimatter on Earth's surface. But
before<00:11:03.920><c> we</c><00:11:04.240><c> show</c><00:11:04.399><c> you</c><00:11:04.560><c> the</c><00:11:04.800><c> results,</c><00:11:05.680><c> let's</c>

11:05.990 --> 11:06.000 align:start position:0%
before we show you the results, let's
 

11:06.000 --> 11:08.470 align:start position:0%
before we show you the results, let's
take<00:11:06.240><c> a</c><00:11:06.399><c> moment</c><00:11:06.640><c> to</c><00:11:06.880><c> appreciate</c><00:11:07.760><c> just</c><00:11:08.160><c> how</c>

11:08.470 --> 11:08.480 align:start position:0%
take a moment to appreciate just how
 

11:08.480 --> 11:11.269 align:start position:0%
take a moment to appreciate just how
intricately<00:11:09.279><c> this</c><00:11:09.600><c> experiment</c><00:11:10.160><c> was</c><00:11:10.480><c> designed</c>

11:11.269 --> 11:11.279 align:start position:0%
intricately this experiment was designed
 

11:11.279 --> 11:13.590 align:start position:0%
intricately this experiment was designed
in<00:11:11.600><c> order</c><00:11:11.760><c> to</c><00:11:12.079><c> isolate</c><00:11:12.720><c> and</c><00:11:13.040><c> measure</c><00:11:13.360><c> the</c>

11:13.590 --> 11:13.600 align:start position:0%
in order to isolate and measure the
 

11:13.600 --> 11:16.069 align:start position:0%
in order to isolate and measure the
effects<00:11:14.000><c> of</c><00:11:14.240><c> gravity.</c>

11:16.069 --> 11:16.079 align:start position:0%
effects of gravity.
 

11:16.079 --> 11:18.230 align:start position:0%
effects of gravity.
The<00:11:16.320><c> first</c><00:11:16.560><c> step</c><00:11:16.800><c> in</c><00:11:16.959><c> the</c><00:11:17.200><c> experiment</c><00:11:17.680><c> is</c><00:11:17.920><c> to</c>

11:18.230 --> 11:18.240 align:start position:0%
The first step in the experiment is to
 

11:18.240 --> 11:21.030 align:start position:0%
The first step in the experiment is to
secure<00:11:18.800><c> a</c><00:11:19.120><c> beam</c><00:11:19.519><c> of</c><00:11:19.839><c> several</c><00:11:20.560><c> million</c>

11:21.030 --> 11:21.040 align:start position:0%
secure a beam of several million
 

11:21.040 --> 11:23.829 align:start position:0%
secure a beam of several million
posetrons<00:11:21.760><c> per</c><00:11:22.079><c> second</c><00:11:22.880><c> emitted</c><00:11:23.360><c> from</c><00:11:23.680><c> a</c>

11:23.829 --> 11:23.839 align:start position:0%
posetrons per second emitted from a
 

11:23.839 --> 11:27.269 align:start position:0%
posetrons per second emitted from a
radioactive<00:11:24.640><c> isotope</c><00:11:25.200><c> of</c><00:11:25.440><c> sodium.</c>

11:27.269 --> 11:27.279 align:start position:0%
radioactive isotope of sodium.
 

11:27.279 --> 11:29.829 align:start position:0%
radioactive isotope of sodium.
Most<00:11:27.600><c> of</c><00:11:27.680><c> these</c><00:11:28.079><c> posetrons</c><00:11:28.800><c> end</c><00:11:29.040><c> up</c><00:11:29.279><c> colliding</c>

11:29.829 --> 11:29.839 align:start position:0%
Most of these posetrons end up colliding
 

11:29.839 --> 11:32.069 align:start position:0%
Most of these posetrons end up colliding
with<00:11:30.079><c> ordinary</c><00:11:30.560><c> matter</c><00:11:30.880><c> in</c><00:11:31.120><c> the</c><00:11:31.279><c> experiment</c>

11:32.069 --> 11:32.079 align:start position:0%
with ordinary matter in the experiment
 

11:32.079 --> 11:34.630 align:start position:0%
with ordinary matter in the experiment
causing<00:11:32.640><c> miniature</c><00:11:33.200><c> explosions</c><00:11:34.160><c> in</c><00:11:34.399><c> which</c>

11:34.630 --> 11:34.640 align:start position:0%
causing miniature explosions in which
 

11:34.640 --> 11:37.030 align:start position:0%
causing miniature explosions in which
posetrons<00:11:35.279><c> and</c><00:11:35.440><c> electrons</c><00:11:36.160><c> annihilate</c><00:11:36.800><c> each</c>

11:37.030 --> 11:37.040 align:start position:0%
posetrons and electrons annihilate each
 

11:37.040 --> 11:39.190 align:start position:0%
posetrons and electrons annihilate each
other<00:11:37.360><c> and</c><00:11:37.680><c> release</c><00:11:38.000><c> a</c><00:11:38.240><c> small</c><00:11:38.640><c> burst</c><00:11:38.959><c> of</c>

11:39.190 --> 11:39.200 align:start position:0%
other and release a small burst of
 

11:39.200 --> 11:42.150 align:start position:0%
other and release a small burst of
energy<00:11:39.519><c> in</c><00:11:39.760><c> the</c><00:11:39.920><c> form</c><00:11:40.079><c> of</c><00:11:40.240><c> light.</c><00:11:41.440><c> But</c><00:11:41.680><c> a</c><00:11:41.920><c> small</c>

11:42.150 --> 11:42.160 align:start position:0%
energy in the form of light. But a small
 

11:42.160 --> 11:44.389 align:start position:0%
energy in the form of light. But a small
fraction<00:11:42.480><c> of</c><00:11:42.640><c> the</c><00:11:42.800><c> posetrons</c><00:11:43.519><c> survive</c><00:11:44.160><c> as</c>

11:44.389 --> 11:44.399 align:start position:0%
fraction of the posetrons survive as
 

11:44.399 --> 11:46.550 align:start position:0%
fraction of the posetrons survive as
they<00:11:44.560><c> are</c><00:11:44.800><c> guided</c><00:11:45.360><c> through</c><00:11:45.600><c> the</c><00:11:45.839><c> experimental</c>

11:46.550 --> 11:46.560 align:start position:0%
they are guided through the experimental
 

11:46.560 --> 11:49.430 align:start position:0%
they are guided through the experimental
apparatus<00:11:47.680><c> where</c><00:11:48.000><c> they</c><00:11:48.160><c> are</c><00:11:48.320><c> cooled</c><00:11:48.720><c> by</c><00:11:49.120><c> low</c>

11:49.430 --> 11:49.440 align:start position:0%
apparatus where they are cooled by low
 

11:49.440 --> 11:52.150 align:start position:0%
apparatus where they are cooled by low
pressure<00:11:49.839><c> gases</c><00:11:50.640><c> and</c><00:11:50.959><c> trapped</c><00:11:51.360><c> by</c><00:11:51.680><c> electric</c>

11:52.150 --> 11:52.160 align:start position:0%
pressure gases and trapped by electric
 

11:52.160 --> 11:54.470 align:start position:0%
pressure gases and trapped by electric
and<00:11:52.399><c> magnetic</c><00:11:52.880><c> fields.</c>

11:54.470 --> 11:54.480 align:start position:0%
and magnetic fields.
 

11:54.480 --> 11:56.870 align:start position:0%
and magnetic fields.
But<00:11:54.720><c> observing</c><00:11:55.279><c> the</c><00:11:55.600><c> effects</c><00:11:55.920><c> of</c><00:11:56.160><c> gravity</c><00:11:56.640><c> on</c>

11:56.870 --> 11:56.880 align:start position:0%
But observing the effects of gravity on
 

11:56.880 --> 11:59.030 align:start position:0%
But observing the effects of gravity on
these<00:11:57.120><c> posetrons</c><00:11:58.079><c> would</c><00:11:58.399><c> be</c><00:11:58.640><c> nearly</c>

11:59.030 --> 11:59.040 align:start position:0%
these posetrons would be nearly
 

11:59.040 --> 12:01.910 align:start position:0%
these posetrons would be nearly
impossible.<00:12:00.079><c> Their</c><00:12:00.320><c> masses</c><00:12:00.800><c> are</c><00:12:00.959><c> so</c><00:12:01.279><c> small</c>

12:01.910 --> 12:01.920 align:start position:0%
impossible. Their masses are so small
 

12:01.920 --> 12:04.230 align:start position:0%
impossible. Their masses are so small
that<00:12:02.160><c> the</c><00:12:02.399><c> tiny</c><00:12:02.720><c> force</c><00:12:03.040><c> of</c><00:12:03.200><c> gravity</c><00:12:03.680><c> felt</c><00:12:04.000><c> by</c>

12:04.230 --> 12:04.240 align:start position:0%
that the tiny force of gravity felt by
 

12:04.240 --> 12:06.629 align:start position:0%
that the tiny force of gravity felt by
each<00:12:04.560><c> particle</c><00:12:05.279><c> is</c><00:12:05.519><c> overshadowed</c><00:12:06.240><c> by</c><00:12:06.480><c> even</c>

12:06.629 --> 12:06.639 align:start position:0%
each particle is overshadowed by even
 

12:06.639 --> 12:08.629 align:start position:0%
each particle is overshadowed by even
the<00:12:06.880><c> smallest</c><00:12:07.440><c> fluctuations</c><00:12:08.240><c> in</c><00:12:08.480><c> the</c>

12:08.629 --> 12:08.639 align:start position:0%
the smallest fluctuations in the
 

12:08.639 --> 12:11.350 align:start position:0%
the smallest fluctuations in the
surrounding<00:12:09.120><c> electromagnetic</c><00:12:10.000><c> fields.</c>

12:11.350 --> 12:11.360 align:start position:0%
surrounding electromagnetic fields.
 

12:11.360 --> 12:13.829 align:start position:0%
surrounding electromagnetic fields.
That's<00:12:11.760><c> why</c><00:12:12.160><c> this</c><00:12:12.560><c> collection</c><00:12:12.880><c> of</c><00:12:13.040><c> posetrons</c>

12:13.829 --> 12:13.839 align:start position:0%
That's why this collection of posetrons
 

12:13.839 --> 12:16.310 align:start position:0%
That's why this collection of posetrons
is<00:12:14.160><c> merged</c><00:12:14.639><c> with</c><00:12:14.880><c> a</c><00:12:15.120><c> separate</c><00:12:15.519><c> container</c><00:12:16.079><c> of</c>

12:16.310 --> 12:16.320 align:start position:0%
is merged with a separate container of
 

12:16.320 --> 12:19.509 align:start position:0%
is merged with a separate container of
anti-roton<00:12:17.680><c> where</c><00:12:18.000><c> they</c><00:12:18.240><c> bond</c><00:12:18.800><c> and</c><00:12:19.040><c> form</c>

12:19.509 --> 12:19.519 align:start position:0%
anti-roton where they bond and form
 

12:19.519 --> 12:22.230 align:start position:0%
anti-roton where they bond and form
neutral<00:12:20.079><c> anti-hydrogen</c><00:12:21.120><c> atoms</c><00:12:21.839><c> that</c><00:12:22.079><c> are</c>

12:22.230 --> 12:22.240 align:start position:0%
neutral anti-hydrogen atoms that are
 

12:22.240 --> 12:24.069 align:start position:0%
neutral anti-hydrogen atoms that are
much<00:12:22.480><c> less</c><00:12:22.800><c> responsive</c><00:12:23.360><c> to</c><00:12:23.600><c> stray</c>

12:24.069 --> 12:24.079 align:start position:0%
much less responsive to stray
 

12:24.079 --> 12:26.949 align:start position:0%
much less responsive to stray
electromagnetic<00:12:24.880><c> fields.</c><00:12:26.240><c> And</c><00:12:26.560><c> where</c><00:12:26.880><c> did</c>

12:26.949 --> 12:26.959 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic fields. And where did
 

12:26.959 --> 12:29.910 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic fields. And where did
the<00:12:27.120><c> anti-rotons</c><00:12:28.079><c> come</c><00:12:28.240><c> from?</c><00:12:29.120><c> Suffice</c><00:12:29.600><c> it</c><00:12:29.760><c> to</c>

12:29.910 --> 12:29.920 align:start position:0%
the anti-rotons come from? Suffice it to
 

12:29.920 --> 12:31.990 align:start position:0%
the anti-rotons come from? Suffice it to
say<00:12:30.079><c> that</c><00:12:30.320><c> they</c><00:12:30.639><c> were</c><00:12:30.800><c> produced</c><00:12:31.200><c> by</c><00:12:31.519><c> firing</c>

12:31.990 --> 12:32.000 align:start position:0%
say that they were produced by firing
 

12:32.000 --> 12:35.269 align:start position:0%
say that they were produced by firing
ordinary<00:12:32.560><c> protons</c><00:12:33.120><c> into</c><00:12:33.519><c> a</c><00:12:33.839><c> block</c><00:12:34.079><c> of</c><00:12:34.320><c> metal</c>

12:35.269 --> 12:35.279 align:start position:0%
ordinary protons into a block of metal
 

12:35.279 --> 12:39.430 align:start position:0%
ordinary protons into a block of metal
really,<00:12:36.079><c> really</c><00:12:36.560><c> fast.</c><00:12:37.839><c> Yes,</c><00:12:38.480><c> physics</c><00:12:39.120><c> is</c>

12:39.430 --> 12:39.440 align:start position:0%
really, really fast. Yes, physics is
 

12:39.440 --> 12:42.150 align:start position:0%
really, really fast. Yes, physics is
awesome<00:12:39.839><c> like</c><00:12:40.160><c> that.</c>

12:42.150 --> 12:42.160 align:start position:0%
awesome like that.
 

12:42.160 --> 12:44.310 align:start position:0%
awesome like that.
Once<00:12:42.399><c> the</c><00:12:42.639><c> anti-hydrogen</c><00:12:43.680><c> atoms</c><00:12:44.079><c> are</c>

12:44.310 --> 12:44.320 align:start position:0%
Once the anti-hydrogen atoms are
 

12:44.320 --> 12:47.350 align:start position:0%
Once the anti-hydrogen atoms are
created,<00:12:45.040><c> they</c><00:12:45.360><c> behave</c><00:12:45.760><c> like</c><00:12:46.240><c> tiny</c><00:12:46.959><c> weak</c>

12:47.350 --> 12:47.360 align:start position:0%
created, they behave like tiny weak
 

12:47.360 --> 12:49.509 align:start position:0%
created, they behave like tiny weak
magnets<00:12:48.000><c> that</c><00:12:48.240><c> can</c><00:12:48.480><c> remain</c><00:12:48.800><c> trapped</c><00:12:49.200><c> by</c>

12:49.509 --> 12:49.519 align:start position:0%
magnets that can remain trapped by
 

12:49.519 --> 12:51.670 align:start position:0%
magnets that can remain trapped by
complicated<00:12:50.240><c> arrangements</c><00:12:50.800><c> of</c><00:12:51.120><c> external</c>

12:51.670 --> 12:51.680 align:start position:0%
complicated arrangements of external
 

12:51.680 --> 12:53.670 align:start position:0%
complicated arrangements of external
magnetic<00:12:52.160><c> fields.</c>

12:53.670 --> 12:53.680 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields.
 

12:53.680 --> 12:56.150 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields.
Now,<00:12:54.320><c> this</c><00:12:54.639><c> magnetic</c><00:12:55.200><c> interaction</c><00:12:55.680><c> is</c><00:12:55.920><c> weak</c>

12:56.150 --> 12:56.160 align:start position:0%
Now, this magnetic interaction is weak
 

12:56.160 --> 12:58.230 align:start position:0%
Now, this magnetic interaction is weak
enough<00:12:56.480><c> that</c><00:12:56.720><c> it</c><00:12:56.959><c> no</c><00:12:57.200><c> longer</c><00:12:57.440><c> overwhelms</c><00:12:58.000><c> the</c>

12:58.230 --> 12:58.240 align:start position:0%
enough that it no longer overwhelms the
 

12:58.240 --> 12:59.910 align:start position:0%
enough that it no longer overwhelms the
gravitational<00:12:58.800><c> effects</c><00:12:59.120><c> that</c><00:12:59.360><c> we</c><00:12:59.519><c> are</c><00:12:59.760><c> trying</c>

12:59.910 --> 12:59.920 align:start position:0%
gravitational effects that we are trying
 

12:59.920 --> 13:02.870 align:start position:0%
gravitational effects that we are trying
to<00:13:00.160><c> measure.</c><00:13:01.519><c> The</c><00:13:01.760><c> chamber</c><00:13:02.160><c> containing</c><00:13:02.560><c> these</c>

13:02.870 --> 13:02.880 align:start position:0%
to measure. The chamber containing these
 

13:02.880 --> 13:06.310 align:start position:0%
to measure. The chamber containing these
anti-hydrogen<00:13:03.839><c> atoms</c><00:13:04.399><c> is</c><00:13:04.639><c> nearly</c><00:13:04.959><c> a</c><00:13:05.200><c> vacuum.</c>

13:06.310 --> 13:06.320 align:start position:0%
anti-hydrogen atoms is nearly a vacuum.
 

13:06.320 --> 13:09.829 align:start position:0%
anti-hydrogen atoms is nearly a vacuum.
There<00:13:06.560><c> are</c><00:13:06.880><c> just</c><00:13:07.360><c> about</c><00:13:08.079><c> 200,000</c><00:13:09.279><c> atoms</c><00:13:09.680><c> of</c>

13:09.829 --> 13:09.839 align:start position:0%
There are just about 200,000 atoms of
 

13:09.839 --> 13:13.269 align:start position:0%
There are just about 200,000 atoms of
ordinary<00:13:10.320><c> gas</c><00:13:10.720><c> per</c><00:13:11.440><c> cm</c><00:13:12.480><c> compared</c><00:13:12.880><c> to</c><00:13:12.959><c> a</c>

13:13.269 --> 13:13.279 align:start position:0%
ordinary gas per cm compared to a
 

13:13.279 --> 13:16.310 align:start position:0%
ordinary gas per cm compared to a
typical<00:13:13.760><c> atmospheric</c><00:13:14.480><c> density</c><00:13:15.279><c> of</c><00:13:15.680><c> 20</c>

13:16.310 --> 13:16.320 align:start position:0%
typical atmospheric density of 20
 

13:16.320 --> 13:20.230 align:start position:0%
typical atmospheric density of 20
quintilion<00:13:17.360><c> atoms</c><00:13:17.839><c> per</c><00:13:18.160><c> cm.</c><00:13:19.600><c> Under</c><00:13:19.920><c> these</c>

13:20.230 --> 13:20.240 align:start position:0%
quintilion atoms per cm. Under these
 

13:20.240 --> 13:22.470 align:start position:0%
quintilion atoms per cm. Under these
conditions,<00:13:20.959><c> the</c><00:13:21.200><c> trapped</c><00:13:21.600><c> anti-hydrogen</c>

13:22.470 --> 13:22.480 align:start position:0%
conditions, the trapped anti-hydrogen
 

13:22.480 --> 13:25.190 align:start position:0%
conditions, the trapped anti-hydrogen
atoms<00:13:23.120><c> almost</c><00:13:23.600><c> never</c><00:13:24.000><c> collide</c><00:13:24.399><c> or</c><00:13:24.639><c> annihilate</c>

13:25.190 --> 13:25.200 align:start position:0%
atoms almost never collide or annihilate
 

13:25.200 --> 13:27.990 align:start position:0%
atoms almost never collide or annihilate
with<00:13:25.360><c> atoms</c><00:13:25.680><c> of</c><00:13:25.839><c> ordinary</c><00:13:26.320><c> matter.</c><00:13:27.279><c> Instead,</c>

13:27.990 --> 13:28.000 align:start position:0%
with atoms of ordinary matter. Instead,
 

13:28.000 --> 13:30.389 align:start position:0%
with atoms of ordinary matter. Instead,
they<00:13:28.320><c> can</c><00:13:28.560><c> more</c><00:13:28.800><c> or</c><00:13:29.040><c> less</c><00:13:29.360><c> just</c><00:13:29.760><c> float</c><00:13:30.079><c> around</c>

13:30.389 --> 13:30.399 align:start position:0%
they can more or less just float around
 

13:30.399 --> 13:33.430 align:start position:0%
they can more or less just float around
the<00:13:30.639><c> chamber</c><00:13:31.040><c> for</c><00:13:31.360><c> minutes</c><00:13:31.680><c> or</c><00:13:31.920><c> longer.</c>

13:33.430 --> 13:33.440 align:start position:0%
the chamber for minutes or longer.
 

13:33.440 --> 13:35.829 align:start position:0%
the chamber for minutes or longer.
But<00:13:34.000><c> as</c><00:13:34.240><c> the</c><00:13:34.480><c> magnetic</c><00:13:34.880><c> fields</c><00:13:35.360><c> used</c><00:13:35.600><c> to</c>

13:35.829 --> 13:35.839 align:start position:0%
But as the magnetic fields used to
 

13:35.839 --> 13:38.150 align:start position:0%
But as the magnetic fields used to
vertically<00:13:36.399><c> trap</c><00:13:36.639><c> the</c><00:13:36.880><c> anti-hydrogen</c><00:13:37.680><c> atoms</c>

13:38.150 --> 13:38.160 align:start position:0%
vertically trap the anti-hydrogen atoms
 

13:38.160 --> 13:40.710 align:start position:0%
vertically trap the anti-hydrogen atoms
are<00:13:38.320><c> weakened,</c><00:13:39.360><c> this</c><00:13:39.680><c> random</c><00:13:40.160><c> floating</c>

13:40.710 --> 13:40.720 align:start position:0%
are weakened, this random floating
 

13:40.720 --> 13:43.030 align:start position:0%
are weakened, this random floating
eventually<00:13:41.360><c> allows</c><00:13:41.760><c> the</c><00:13:42.000><c> anti-hydrogen</c>

13:43.030 --> 13:43.040 align:start position:0%
eventually allows the anti-hydrogen
 

13:43.040 --> 13:45.670 align:start position:0%
eventually allows the anti-hydrogen
atoms<00:13:43.680><c> to</c><00:13:43.920><c> escape</c><00:13:44.399><c> through</c><00:13:44.720><c> either</c><00:13:45.040><c> the</c><00:13:45.279><c> top</c>

13:45.670 --> 13:45.680 align:start position:0%
atoms to escape through either the top
 

13:45.680 --> 13:47.910 align:start position:0%
atoms to escape through either the top
or<00:13:46.000><c> the</c><00:13:46.160><c> bottom</c><00:13:46.399><c> of</c><00:13:46.560><c> the</c><00:13:46.720><c> chamber</c><00:13:47.360><c> where</c><00:13:47.680><c> they</c>

13:47.910 --> 13:47.920 align:start position:0%
or the bottom of the chamber where they
 

13:47.920 --> 13:50.069 align:start position:0%
or the bottom of the chamber where they
can<00:13:48.079><c> collide</c><00:13:48.399><c> with</c><00:13:48.560><c> a</c><00:13:48.800><c> wall</c><00:13:49.040><c> of</c><00:13:49.200><c> apparatus,</c>

13:50.069 --> 13:50.079 align:start position:0%
can collide with a wall of apparatus,
 

13:50.079 --> 13:52.790 align:start position:0%
can collide with a wall of apparatus,
annihilate<00:13:50.720><c> with</c><00:13:50.959><c> some</c><00:13:51.200><c> ordinary</c><00:13:51.760><c> atoms</c><00:13:52.480><c> and</c>

13:52.790 --> 13:52.800 align:start position:0%
annihilate with some ordinary atoms and
 

13:52.800 --> 13:55.670 align:start position:0%
annihilate with some ordinary atoms and
release<00:13:53.040><c> a</c><00:13:53.360><c> small</c><00:13:53.680><c> burst</c><00:13:54.000><c> of</c><00:13:54.160><c> light.</c><00:13:55.279><c> In</c><00:13:55.519><c> the</c>

13:55.670 --> 13:55.680 align:start position:0%
release a small burst of light. In the
 

13:55.680 --> 13:58.150 align:start position:0%
release a small burst of light. In the
alpha<00:13:56.160><c> experiment,</c><00:13:56.880><c> this</c><00:13:57.199><c> happens</c><00:13:57.680><c> over</c><00:13:57.920><c> the</c>

13:58.150 --> 13:58.160 align:start position:0%
alpha experiment, this happens over the
 

13:58.160 --> 14:01.350 align:start position:0%
alpha experiment, this happens over the
course<00:13:58.399><c> of</c><00:13:58.560><c> about</c><00:13:59.040><c> 20</c><00:13:59.440><c> seconds.</c>

14:01.350 --> 14:01.360 align:start position:0%
course of about 20 seconds.
 

14:01.360 --> 14:03.509 align:start position:0%
course of about 20 seconds.
The<00:14:01.600><c> theory</c><00:14:01.920><c> behind</c><00:14:02.240><c> the</c><00:14:02.480><c> experiment</c><00:14:02.959><c> is</c><00:14:03.199><c> that</c>

14:03.509 --> 14:03.519 align:start position:0%
The theory behind the experiment is that
 

14:03.519 --> 14:05.910 align:start position:0%
The theory behind the experiment is that
if<00:14:03.839><c> gravity</c><00:14:04.480><c> really</c><00:14:04.880><c> pulls</c><00:14:05.279><c> antimatter</c>

14:05.910 --> 14:05.920 align:start position:0%
if gravity really pulls antimatter
 

14:05.920 --> 14:08.389 align:start position:0%
if gravity really pulls antimatter
downwards,<00:14:06.880><c> more</c><00:14:07.199><c> of</c><00:14:07.360><c> the</c><00:14:07.519><c> antihydrogen</c>

14:08.389 --> 14:08.399 align:start position:0%
downwards, more of the antihydrogen
 

14:08.399 --> 14:10.949 align:start position:0%
downwards, more of the antihydrogen
atoms<00:14:08.880><c> escape</c><00:14:09.360><c> through</c><00:14:09.600><c> the</c><00:14:09.839><c> bottom</c><00:14:10.480><c> than</c><00:14:10.720><c> the</c>

14:10.949 --> 14:10.959 align:start position:0%
atoms escape through the bottom than the
 

14:10.959 --> 14:13.189 align:start position:0%
atoms escape through the bottom than the
top.<00:14:11.760><c> The</c><00:14:12.000><c> stronger</c><00:14:12.399><c> the</c><00:14:12.639><c> gravitational</c>

14:13.189 --> 14:13.199 align:start position:0%
top. The stronger the gravitational
 

14:13.199 --> 14:15.430 align:start position:0%
top. The stronger the gravitational
force,<00:14:13.920><c> the</c><00:14:14.079><c> more</c><00:14:14.320><c> atoms</c><00:14:14.720><c> escape</c><00:14:15.120><c> through</c><00:14:15.279><c> the</c>

14:15.430 --> 14:15.440 align:start position:0%
force, the more atoms escape through the
 

14:15.440 --> 14:16.870 align:start position:0%
force, the more atoms escape through the
bottom.

14:16.870 --> 14:16.880 align:start position:0%
bottom.
 

14:16.880 --> 14:19.030 align:start position:0%
bottom.
The<00:14:17.120><c> simulations</c><00:14:17.760><c> the</c><00:14:17.920><c> alpha</c><00:14:18.320><c> team</c><00:14:18.560><c> ran</c>

14:19.030 --> 14:19.040 align:start position:0%
The simulations the alpha team ran
 

14:19.040 --> 14:21.189 align:start position:0%
The simulations the alpha team ran
showed<00:14:19.440><c> that</c><00:14:19.760><c> under</c><00:14:20.079><c> normal</c><00:14:20.480><c> gravitational</c>

14:21.189 --> 14:21.199 align:start position:0%
showed that under normal gravitational
 

14:21.199 --> 14:23.990 align:start position:0%
showed that under normal gravitational
attraction<00:14:22.160><c> about</c><00:14:22.639><c> 85%</c><00:14:23.680><c> of</c><00:14:23.839><c> the</c>

14:23.990 --> 14:24.000 align:start position:0%
attraction about 85% of the
 

14:24.000 --> 14:26.310 align:start position:0%
attraction about 85% of the
anti-hydrogen<00:14:24.800><c> atoms</c><00:14:25.519><c> should</c><00:14:25.920><c> escape</c>

14:26.310 --> 14:26.320 align:start position:0%
anti-hydrogen atoms should escape
 

14:26.320 --> 14:29.269 align:start position:0%
anti-hydrogen atoms should escape
through<00:14:26.560><c> the</c><00:14:26.720><c> bottom</c><00:14:27.680><c> whereas</c><00:14:28.160><c> only</c><00:14:28.560><c> 20%</c><00:14:29.120><c> of</c>

14:29.269 --> 14:29.279 align:start position:0%
through the bottom whereas only 20% of
 

14:29.279 --> 14:31.189 align:start position:0%
through the bottom whereas only 20% of
them<00:14:29.440><c> would</c><00:14:29.680><c> escape</c><00:14:30.000><c> through</c><00:14:30.240><c> the</c><00:14:30.399><c> bottom</c><00:14:30.880><c> if</c>

14:31.189 --> 14:31.199 align:start position:0%
them would escape through the bottom if
 

14:31.199 --> 14:34.550 align:start position:0%
them would escape through the bottom if
gravity<00:14:31.680><c> pulled</c><00:14:32.000><c> antimatter</c><00:14:32.639><c> upwards.</c>

14:34.550 --> 14:34.560 align:start position:0%
gravity pulled antimatter upwards.
 

14:34.560 --> 14:36.949 align:start position:0%
gravity pulled antimatter upwards.
If<00:14:34.880><c> there</c><00:14:35.120><c> were</c><00:14:35.360><c> no</c><00:14:35.760><c> gravitational</c><00:14:36.399><c> force</c><00:14:36.720><c> at</c>

14:36.949 --> 14:36.959 align:start position:0%
If there were no gravitational force at
 

14:36.959 --> 14:39.670 align:start position:0%
If there were no gravitational force at
all,<00:14:37.600><c> the</c><00:14:37.760><c> simulation</c><00:14:38.399><c> showed</c><00:14:38.800><c> a</c><00:14:39.040><c> more</c><00:14:39.360><c> even</c>

14:39.670 --> 14:39.680 align:start position:0%
all, the simulation showed a more even
 

14:39.680 --> 14:42.069 align:start position:0%
all, the simulation showed a more even
distribution<00:14:40.160><c> of</c><00:14:40.480><c> 55%</c><00:14:41.360><c> escape</c><00:14:41.760><c> through</c><00:14:41.920><c> the</c>

14:42.069 --> 14:42.079 align:start position:0%
distribution of 55% escape through the
 

14:42.079 --> 14:45.189 align:start position:0%
distribution of 55% escape through the
bottom,<00:14:42.959><c> probably</c><00:14:43.519><c> only</c><00:14:43.839><c> differing</c><00:14:44.320><c> from</c><00:14:44.639><c> 50%</c>

14:45.189 --> 14:45.199 align:start position:0%
bottom, probably only differing from 50%
 

14:45.199 --> 14:47.350 align:start position:0%
bottom, probably only differing from 50%
due<00:14:45.440><c> to</c><00:14:45.680><c> asymmetries</c><00:14:46.399><c> in</c><00:14:46.560><c> the</c><00:14:46.720><c> experimental</c>

14:47.350 --> 14:47.360 align:start position:0%
due to asymmetries in the experimental
 

14:47.360 --> 14:49.590 align:start position:0%
due to asymmetries in the experimental
apparatus<00:14:48.000><c> itself.</c>

14:49.590 --> 14:49.600 align:start position:0%
apparatus itself.
 

14:49.600 --> 14:53.910 align:start position:0%
apparatus itself.
What<00:14:50.079><c> did</c><00:14:50.560><c> the</c><00:14:50.880><c> actual</c><00:14:51.360><c> experiment</c><00:14:52.000><c> find?</c>

14:53.910 --> 14:53.920 align:start position:0%
What did the actual experiment find?
 

14:53.920 --> 14:58.550 align:start position:0%
What did the actual experiment find?
Well,<00:14:54.720><c> roughly</c><00:14:55.440><c> 75%</c><00:14:56.639><c> of</c><00:14:56.880><c> anti-hydrogen</c><00:14:57.839><c> atoms</c>

14:58.550 --> 14:58.560 align:start position:0%
Well, roughly 75% of anti-hydrogen atoms
 

14:58.560 --> 15:00.389 align:start position:0%
Well, roughly 75% of anti-hydrogen atoms
escape<00:14:59.120><c> through</c><00:14:59.360><c> the</c><00:14:59.600><c> bottom</c><00:15:00.000><c> of</c><00:15:00.160><c> the</c>

15:00.389 --> 15:00.399 align:start position:0%
escape through the bottom of the
 

15:00.399 --> 15:03.110 align:start position:0%
escape through the bottom of the
chamber,<00:15:01.279><c> showing</c><00:15:01.600><c> a</c><00:15:01.920><c> clear</c><00:15:02.240><c> preference</c><00:15:02.800><c> for</c>

15:03.110 --> 15:03.120 align:start position:0%
chamber, showing a clear preference for
 

15:03.120 --> 15:06.710 align:start position:0%
chamber, showing a clear preference for
downward<00:15:03.680><c> pulling</c><00:15:04.160><c> gravity.</c>

15:06.710 --> 15:06.720 align:start position:0%
downward pulling gravity.
 

15:06.720 --> 15:09.430 align:start position:0%
downward pulling gravity.
As<00:15:07.199><c> any</c><00:15:07.600><c> thorough</c><00:15:08.000><c> scientist</c><00:15:08.480><c> would,</c><00:15:09.199><c> the</c>

15:09.430 --> 15:09.440 align:start position:0%
As any thorough scientist would, the
 

15:09.440 --> 15:11.350 align:start position:0%
As any thorough scientist would, the
Alpha<00:15:09.839><c> team</c><00:15:10.079><c> repeated</c><00:15:10.480><c> this</c><00:15:10.720><c> experiment</c><00:15:11.199><c> to</c>

15:11.350 --> 15:11.360 align:start position:0%
Alpha team repeated this experiment to
 

15:11.360 --> 15:13.350 align:start position:0%
Alpha team repeated this experiment to
collect<00:15:11.680><c> a</c><00:15:11.920><c> variety</c><00:15:12.240><c> of</c><00:15:12.399><c> data</c><00:15:12.720><c> points</c><00:15:13.040><c> that</c>

15:13.350 --> 15:13.360 align:start position:0%
collect a variety of data points that
 

15:13.360 --> 15:15.910 align:start position:0%
collect a variety of data points that
could<00:15:13.519><c> tell</c><00:15:13.680><c> a</c><00:15:14.000><c> more</c><00:15:14.160><c> complete</c><00:15:14.639><c> story.</c><00:15:15.680><c> They</c>

15:15.910 --> 15:15.920 align:start position:0%
could tell a more complete story. They
 

15:15.920 --> 15:17.910 align:start position:0%
could tell a more complete story. They
redid<00:15:16.320><c> the</c><00:15:16.560><c> procedure</c><00:15:16.959><c> under</c><00:15:17.279><c> various</c><00:15:17.680><c> levels</c>

15:17.910 --> 15:17.920 align:start position:0%
redid the procedure under various levels
 

15:17.920 --> 15:20.310 align:start position:0%
redid the procedure under various levels
of<00:15:18.160><c> magnetic</c><00:15:18.639><c> field</c><00:15:18.880><c> bias</c><00:15:19.519><c> which</c><00:15:19.839><c> applied</c>

15:20.310 --> 15:20.320 align:start position:0%
of magnetic field bias which applied
 

15:20.320 --> 15:22.230 align:start position:0%
of magnetic field bias which applied
external<00:15:20.800><c> upward</c><00:15:21.199><c> or</c><00:15:21.440><c> downward</c><00:15:21.839><c> magnetic</c>

15:22.230 --> 15:22.240 align:start position:0%
external upward or downward magnetic
 

15:22.240 --> 15:25.189 align:start position:0%
external upward or downward magnetic
forces<00:15:22.639><c> on</c><00:15:22.800><c> the</c><00:15:22.880><c> anti-hydrogen</c><00:15:23.680><c> atoms.</c><00:15:24.959><c> On</c>

15:25.189 --> 15:25.199 align:start position:0%
forces on the anti-hydrogen atoms. On
 

15:25.199 --> 15:28.870 align:start position:0%
forces on the anti-hydrogen atoms. On
this<00:15:25.360><c> graph,</c><00:15:25.920><c> a</c><00:15:26.160><c> bias</c><00:15:26.560><c> of</c><00:15:26.959><c> minus1g</c><00:15:28.320><c> means</c><00:15:28.639><c> that</c>

15:28.870 --> 15:28.880 align:start position:0%
this graph, a bias of minus1g means that
 

15:28.880 --> 15:30.870 align:start position:0%
this graph, a bias of minus1g means that
enough<00:15:29.199><c> magnetic</c><00:15:29.680><c> force</c><00:15:29.920><c> is</c><00:15:30.160><c> applied</c><00:15:30.560><c> to</c>

15:30.870 --> 15:30.880 align:start position:0%
enough magnetic force is applied to
 

15:30.880 --> 15:33.430 align:start position:0%
enough magnetic force is applied to
counteract<00:15:31.519><c> normal</c><00:15:31.839><c> gravity</c><00:15:32.639><c> while</c><00:15:32.880><c> a</c><00:15:33.040><c> bias</c>

15:33.430 --> 15:33.440 align:start position:0%
counteract normal gravity while a bias
 

15:33.440 --> 15:36.230 align:start position:0%
counteract normal gravity while a bias
of<00:15:33.600><c> plus</c><00:15:33.920><c> 1g</c><00:15:34.560><c> means</c><00:15:34.800><c> that</c><00:15:35.040><c> an</c><00:15:35.279><c> extra</c><00:15:35.760><c> g</c><00:15:36.000><c> of</c>

15:36.230 --> 15:36.240 align:start position:0%
of plus 1g means that an extra g of
 

15:36.240 --> 15:38.310 align:start position:0%
of plus 1g means that an extra g of
magnetic<00:15:36.720><c> force</c><00:15:36.959><c> is</c><00:15:37.199><c> applied</c><00:15:37.680><c> to</c><00:15:37.920><c> push</c><00:15:38.160><c> the</c>

15:38.310 --> 15:38.320 align:start position:0%
magnetic force is applied to push the
 

15:38.320 --> 15:41.910 align:start position:0%
magnetic force is applied to push the
antihydrogen<00:15:39.120><c> atoms</c><00:15:39.600><c> downward</c><00:15:40.160><c> and</c><00:15:40.399><c> so</c><00:15:40.639><c> on.</c>

15:41.910 --> 15:41.920 align:start position:0%
antihydrogen atoms downward and so on.
 

15:41.920 --> 15:43.670 align:start position:0%
antihydrogen atoms downward and so on.
The<00:15:42.160><c> team</c><00:15:42.480><c> made</c><00:15:42.800><c> predictions</c><00:15:43.360><c> through</c>

15:43.670 --> 15:43.680 align:start position:0%
The team made predictions through
 

15:43.680 --> 15:46.389 align:start position:0%
The team made predictions through
simulations<00:15:44.320><c> for</c><00:15:44.639><c> each</c><00:15:44.880><c> bias</c><00:15:45.839><c> and</c><00:15:46.079><c> for</c>

15:46.389 --> 15:46.399 align:start position:0%
simulations for each bias and for
 

15:46.399 --> 15:47.990 align:start position:0%
simulations for each bias and for
various<00:15:46.880><c> possible</c><00:15:47.279><c> gravitational</c>

15:47.990 --> 15:48.000 align:start position:0%
various possible gravitational
 

15:48.000 --> 15:50.629 align:start position:0%
various possible gravitational
interactions<00:15:48.959><c> which</c><00:15:49.199><c> produce</c><00:15:49.600><c> the</c><00:15:49.920><c> orange,</c>

15:50.629 --> 15:50.639 align:start position:0%
interactions which produce the orange,
 

15:50.639 --> 15:54.389 align:start position:0%
interactions which produce the orange,
green,<00:15:51.199><c> and</c><00:15:51.440><c> purple</c><00:15:51.839><c> curves</c><00:15:52.320><c> shown</c><00:15:52.720><c> here.</c><00:15:54.160><c> As</c>

15:54.389 --> 15:54.399 align:start position:0%
green, and purple curves shown here. As
 

15:54.399 --> 15:56.790 align:start position:0%
green, and purple curves shown here. As
you<00:15:54.639><c> can</c><00:15:54.800><c> see,</c><00:15:55.519><c> the</c><00:15:55.759><c> experimental</c><00:15:56.480><c> data</c>

15:56.790 --> 15:56.800 align:start position:0%
you can see, the experimental data
 

15:56.800 --> 15:59.670 align:start position:0%
you can see, the experimental data
points<00:15:57.199><c> shown</c><00:15:57.519><c> in</c><00:15:57.759><c> blue</c><00:15:58.560><c> best</c><00:15:58.959><c> match</c><00:15:59.360><c> the</c>

15:59.670 --> 15:59.680 align:start position:0%
points shown in blue best match the
 

15:59.680 --> 16:02.550 align:start position:0%
points shown in blue best match the
orange<00:16:00.000><c> curve</c><00:16:00.800><c> which</c><00:16:01.120><c> represents</c><00:16:01.600><c> the</c><00:16:02.079><c> normal</c>

16:02.550 --> 16:02.560 align:start position:0%
orange curve which represents the normal
 

16:02.560 --> 16:04.550 align:start position:0%
orange curve which represents the normal
simulation<00:16:03.360><c> where</c><00:16:03.759><c> gravity</c><00:16:04.240><c> pulls</c>

16:04.550 --> 16:04.560 align:start position:0%
simulation where gravity pulls
 

16:04.560 --> 16:07.269 align:start position:0%
simulation where gravity pulls
antimatter<00:16:05.199><c> downwards.</c><00:16:06.560><c> But</c><00:16:06.880><c> because</c><00:16:07.120><c> the</c>

16:07.269 --> 16:07.279 align:start position:0%
antimatter downwards. But because the
 

16:07.279 --> 16:10.150 align:start position:0%
antimatter downwards. But because the
data<00:16:07.600><c> falls</c><00:16:08.000><c> just</c><00:16:08.160><c> a</c><00:16:08.399><c> bit</c><00:16:08.560><c> below</c><00:16:09.040><c> this</c><00:16:09.360><c> curve,</c>

16:10.150 --> 16:10.160 align:start position:0%
data falls just a bit below this curve,
 

16:10.160 --> 16:12.470 align:start position:0%
data falls just a bit below this curve,
the<00:16:10.399><c> best</c><00:16:10.720><c> fit</c><00:16:11.040><c> gravitational</c><00:16:11.680><c> acceleration</c>

16:12.470 --> 16:12.480 align:start position:0%
the best fit gravitational acceleration
 

16:12.480 --> 16:16.230 align:start position:0%
the best fit gravitational acceleration
was<00:16:12.720><c> only</c><00:16:13.120><c> 0.75g,</c>

16:16.230 --> 16:16.240 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:16.240 --> 16:19.189 align:start position:0%
 
34<00:16:17.040><c> of</c><00:16:17.199><c> the</c><00:16:17.440><c> strength</c><00:16:17.680><c> of</c><00:16:17.920><c> gravity</c><00:16:18.560><c> acting</c><00:16:18.880><c> on</c>

16:19.189 --> 16:19.199 align:start position:0%
34 of the strength of gravity acting on
 

16:19.199 --> 16:22.230 align:start position:0%
34 of the strength of gravity acting on
ordinary<00:16:19.680><c> matter.</c><00:16:21.040><c> Does</c><00:16:21.360><c> this</c><00:16:21.680><c> mean</c><00:16:21.920><c> that</c>

16:22.230 --> 16:22.240 align:start position:0%
ordinary matter. Does this mean that
 

16:22.240 --> 16:24.790 align:start position:0%
ordinary matter. Does this mean that
gravity<00:16:22.800><c> affects</c><00:16:23.360><c> matter</c><00:16:23.839><c> and</c><00:16:24.160><c> antimatter</c>

16:24.790 --> 16:24.800 align:start position:0%
gravity affects matter and antimatter
 

16:24.800 --> 16:28.069 align:start position:0%
gravity affects matter and antimatter
particles<00:16:25.360><c> differently?</c><00:16:26.000><c> After</c><00:16:26.320><c> all,</c>

16:28.069 --> 16:28.079 align:start position:0%
particles differently? After all,
 

16:28.079 --> 16:30.470 align:start position:0%
particles differently? After all,
not<00:16:28.480><c> necessarily.</c>

16:30.470 --> 16:30.480 align:start position:0%
not necessarily.
 

16:30.480 --> 16:33.189 align:start position:0%
not necessarily.
Let's<00:16:30.800><c> have</c><00:16:30.880><c> a</c><00:16:31.120><c> look</c><00:16:31.279><c> at</c><00:16:31.519><c> the</c><00:16:31.839><c> error</c><00:16:32.160><c> bars.</c>

16:33.189 --> 16:33.199 align:start position:0%
Let's have a look at the error bars.
 

16:33.199 --> 16:35.189 align:start position:0%
Let's have a look at the error bars.
They<00:16:33.519><c> indicate</c><00:16:33.920><c> that</c><00:16:34.160><c> there</c><00:16:34.399><c> are</c><00:16:34.639><c> two</c><00:16:34.880><c> major</c>

16:35.189 --> 16:35.199 align:start position:0%
They indicate that there are two major
 

16:35.199 --> 16:37.670 align:start position:0%
They indicate that there are two major
forces<00:16:35.600><c> of</c><00:16:35.759><c> uncertainty</c><00:16:36.320><c> in</c><00:16:36.560><c> the</c><00:16:36.720><c> results,</c>

16:37.670 --> 16:37.680 align:start position:0%
forces of uncertainty in the results,
 

16:37.680 --> 16:39.910 align:start position:0%
forces of uncertainty in the results,
including<00:16:38.240><c> an</c><00:16:38.480><c> uncertainty</c><00:16:39.120><c> in</c><00:16:39.360><c> the</c><00:16:39.519><c> applied</c>

16:39.910 --> 16:39.920 align:start position:0%
including an uncertainty in the applied
 

16:39.920 --> 16:43.110 align:start position:0%
including an uncertainty in the applied
bias,<00:16:40.720><c> possible</c><00:16:41.519><c> errors</c><00:16:41.839><c> in</c><00:16:42.079><c> alignment,</c><00:16:42.880><c> and</c>

16:43.110 --> 16:43.120 align:start position:0%
bias, possible errors in alignment, and
 

16:43.120 --> 16:45.110 align:start position:0%
bias, possible errors in alignment, and
other<00:16:43.440><c> systematic</c><00:16:44.240><c> and</c><00:16:44.480><c> statistical</c>

16:45.110 --> 16:45.120 align:start position:0%
other systematic and statistical
 

16:45.120 --> 16:47.350 align:start position:0%
other systematic and statistical
uncertainties.

16:47.350 --> 16:47.360 align:start position:0%
uncertainties.
 

16:47.360 --> 16:49.749 align:start position:0%
uncertainties.
When<00:16:47.680><c> accounting</c><00:16:48.160><c> for</c><00:16:48.320><c> these</c><00:16:48.639><c> uncertainties,</c>

16:49.749 --> 16:49.759 align:start position:0%
When accounting for these uncertainties,
 

16:49.759 --> 16:52.550 align:start position:0%
When accounting for these uncertainties,
the<00:16:50.079><c> best</c><00:16:50.480><c> fit</c><00:16:50.959><c> gravitational</c><00:16:51.600><c> acceleration</c>

16:52.550 --> 16:52.560 align:start position:0%
the best fit gravitational acceleration
 

16:52.560 --> 16:56.470 align:start position:0%
the best fit gravitational acceleration
is<00:16:52.959><c> actually</c><00:16:53.360><c> reported</c><00:16:54.240><c> as</c><00:16:54.560><c> 0.75g</c>

16:56.470 --> 16:56.480 align:start position:0%
is actually reported as 0.75g
 

16:56.480 --> 16:59.269 align:start position:0%
is actually reported as 0.75g
plus<00:16:56.720><c> or</c><00:16:56.959><c> minus</c><00:16:57.680><c> 0.13g</c>

16:59.269 --> 16:59.279 align:start position:0%
plus or minus 0.13g
 

16:59.279 --> 17:02.790 align:start position:0%
plus or minus 0.13g
plus<00:16:59.519><c> or</c><00:16:59.680><c> minus</c><00:17:00.079><c> 1.6g.</c>

17:02.790 --> 17:02.800 align:start position:0%
plus or minus 1.6g.
 

17:02.800 --> 17:05.029 align:start position:0%
plus or minus 1.6g.
This<00:17:03.120><c> means</c><00:17:03.360><c> that</c><00:17:03.519><c> a</c><00:17:03.759><c> full</c><00:17:04.160><c> 1g</c><00:17:04.799><c> of</c>

17:05.029 --> 17:05.039 align:start position:0%
This means that a full 1g of
 

17:05.039 --> 17:07.590 align:start position:0%
This means that a full 1g of
gravitational<00:17:05.679><c> acceleration</c><00:17:06.640><c> is</c><00:17:06.959><c> still</c>

17:07.590 --> 17:07.600 align:start position:0%
gravitational acceleration is still
 

17:07.600 --> 17:09.429 align:start position:0%
gravitational acceleration is still
fairly<00:17:08.079><c> consistent</c><00:17:08.559><c> with</c><00:17:08.799><c> the</c><00:17:08.959><c> collected</c>

17:09.429 --> 17:09.439 align:start position:0%
fairly consistent with the collected
 

17:09.439 --> 17:12.710 align:start position:0%
fairly consistent with the collected
data.<00:17:10.799><c> Future</c><00:17:11.199><c> experiments</c><00:17:11.839><c> will</c><00:17:12.160><c> be</c><00:17:12.240><c> able</c><00:17:12.559><c> to</c>

17:12.710 --> 17:12.720 align:start position:0%
data. Future experiments will be able to
 

17:12.720 --> 17:15.350 align:start position:0%
data. Future experiments will be able to
determine<00:17:13.280><c> more</c><00:17:13.600><c> precisely</c><00:17:14.319><c> how</c><00:17:14.799><c> strongly</c>

17:15.350 --> 17:15.360 align:start position:0%
determine more precisely how strongly
 

17:15.360 --> 17:18.789 align:start position:0%
determine more precisely how strongly
gravity<00:17:15.839><c> acts</c><00:17:16.079><c> on</c><00:17:16.319><c> antimatter,</c><00:17:17.679><c> but</c><00:17:18.319><c> we</c><00:17:18.559><c> can</c>

17:18.789 --> 17:18.799 align:start position:0%
gravity acts on antimatter, but we can
 

17:18.799 --> 17:20.870 align:start position:0%
gravity acts on antimatter, but we can
already<00:17:19.199><c> rule</c><00:17:19.520><c> out</c><00:17:19.839><c> speculative</c><00:17:20.480><c> theories</c>

17:20.870 --> 17:20.880 align:start position:0%
already rule out speculative theories
 

17:20.880 --> 17:23.270 align:start position:0%
already rule out speculative theories
that<00:17:21.199><c> rely</c><00:17:21.520><c> on</c><00:17:21.760><c> antimatter</c><00:17:22.400><c> falling</c><00:17:22.799><c> up</c>

17:23.270 --> 17:23.280 align:start position:0%
that rely on antimatter falling up
 

17:23.280 --> 17:25.669 align:start position:0%
that rely on antimatter falling up
instead<00:17:23.600><c> of</c><00:17:23.839><c> down.</c>

17:25.669 --> 17:25.679 align:start position:0%
instead of down.
 

17:25.679 --> 17:28.390 align:start position:0%
instead of down.
In<00:17:25.919><c> the</c><00:17:26.079><c> end,</c><00:17:26.720><c> despite</c><00:17:27.280><c> how</c><00:17:27.679><c> weird</c><00:17:28.079><c> and</c>

17:28.390 --> 17:28.400 align:start position:0%
In the end, despite how weird and
 

17:28.400 --> 17:31.270 align:start position:0%
In the end, despite how weird and
backwards<00:17:28.960><c> the</c><00:17:29.200><c> world</c><00:17:29.440><c> of</c><00:17:29.600><c> antimatter</c><00:17:30.240><c> is,</c><00:17:31.039><c> it</c>

17:31.270 --> 17:31.280 align:start position:0%
backwards the world of antimatter is, it
 

17:31.280 --> 17:33.830 align:start position:0%
backwards the world of antimatter is, it
seems<00:17:31.520><c> that</c><00:17:31.840><c> only</c><00:17:32.160><c> the</c><00:17:32.400><c> weak</c><00:17:32.799><c> force</c><00:17:33.360><c> actually</c>

17:33.830 --> 17:33.840 align:start position:0%
seems that only the weak force actually
 

17:33.840 --> 17:35.830 align:start position:0%
seems that only the weak force actually
applies<00:17:34.320><c> differently</c><00:17:34.799><c> to</c><00:17:35.039><c> particles</c><00:17:35.600><c> and</c>

17:35.830 --> 17:35.840 align:start position:0%
applies differently to particles and
 

17:35.840 --> 17:37.590 align:start position:0%
applies differently to particles and
antiparticles.

17:37.590 --> 17:37.600 align:start position:0%
antiparticles.
 

17:37.600 --> 17:40.150 align:start position:0%
antiparticles.
But<00:17:38.000><c> explaining</c><00:17:38.559><c> the</c><00:17:38.880><c> barionic</c><00:17:39.440><c> asymmetry</c><00:17:40.000><c> of</c>

17:40.150 --> 17:40.160 align:start position:0%
But explaining the barionic asymmetry of
 

17:40.160 --> 17:42.789 align:start position:0%
But explaining the barionic asymmetry of
the<00:17:40.320><c> universe</c><00:17:40.960><c> would</c><00:17:41.280><c> require</c><00:17:42.000><c> much</c><00:17:42.400><c> more</c>

17:42.789 --> 17:42.799 align:start position:0%
the universe would require much more
 

17:42.799 --> 17:46.150 align:start position:0%
the universe would require much more
drastic<00:17:43.360><c> differences</c><00:17:44.000><c> between</c><00:17:44.320><c> the</c><00:17:44.559><c> two.</c><00:17:45.600><c> So,</c>

17:46.150 --> 17:46.160 align:start position:0%
drastic differences between the two. So,
 

17:46.160 --> 17:49.110 align:start position:0%
drastic differences between the two. So,
scientists<00:17:46.720><c> aren't</c><00:17:47.039><c> done</c><00:17:47.360><c> looking</c><00:17:47.600><c> for</c><00:17:47.840><c> them.</c>

17:49.110 --> 17:49.120 align:start position:0%
scientists aren't done looking for them.
 

17:49.120 --> 17:51.669 align:start position:0%
scientists aren't done looking for them.
Could<00:17:49.440><c> there</c><00:17:49.760><c> be</c><00:17:50.080><c> new</c><00:17:50.400><c> forces</c><00:17:50.960><c> and</c><00:17:51.200><c> particles</c>

17:51.669 --> 17:51.679 align:start position:0%
Could there be new forces and particles
 

17:51.679 --> 17:53.750 align:start position:0%
Could there be new forces and particles
that<00:17:51.919><c> interact</c><00:17:52.480><c> even</c><00:17:52.880><c> more</c><00:17:53.120><c> weirdly</c><00:17:53.520><c> with</c>

17:53.750 --> 17:53.760 align:start position:0%
that interact even more weirdly with
 

17:53.760 --> 17:55.270 align:start position:0%
that interact even more weirdly with
antimatter?

17:55.270 --> 17:55.280 align:start position:0%
antimatter?
 

17:55.280 --> 17:57.590 align:start position:0%
antimatter?
or<00:17:55.600><c> would</c><00:17:55.840><c> you</c><00:17:56.080><c> be</c><00:17:56.240><c> willing</c><00:17:56.480><c> to</c><00:17:56.640><c> accept</c><00:17:57.280><c> that</c>

17:57.590 --> 17:57.600 align:start position:0%
or would you be willing to accept that
 

17:57.600 --> 17:59.350 align:start position:0%
or would you be willing to accept that
having<00:17:58.000><c> so</c><00:17:58.240><c> much</c><00:17:58.400><c> more</c><00:17:58.720><c> matter</c><00:17:59.120><c> than</c>

17:59.350 --> 17:59.360 align:start position:0%
having so much more matter than
 

17:59.360 --> 18:01.510 align:start position:0%
having so much more matter than
antimatter<00:18:00.080><c> around</c><00:18:00.400><c> us</c><00:18:00.799><c> is</c><00:18:01.039><c> a</c><00:18:01.200><c> mere</c>

18:01.510 --> 18:01.520 align:start position:0%
antimatter around us is a mere
 

18:01.520 --> 18:04.789 align:start position:0%
antimatter around us is a mere
coincidence?<00:18:02.799><c> In</c><00:18:03.039><c> any</c><00:18:03.280><c> case,</c><00:18:03.919><c> let</c><00:18:04.160><c> us</c><00:18:04.400><c> know</c><00:18:04.640><c> if</c>

18:04.789 --> 18:04.799 align:start position:0%
coincidence? In any case, let us know if
 

18:04.799 --> 18:05.990 align:start position:0%
coincidence? In any case, let us know if
you've<00:18:05.039><c> learned</c><00:18:05.280><c> something</c><00:18:05.520><c> new</c><00:18:05.760><c> about</c>

18:05.990 --> 18:06.000 align:start position:0%
you've learned something new about
 

18:06.000 --> 18:08.070 align:start position:0%
you've learned something new about
antimatter<00:18:06.559><c> from</c><00:18:06.799><c> watching</c><00:18:07.039><c> this</c><00:18:07.280><c> video</c><00:18:07.840><c> and</c>

18:08.070 --> 18:08.080 align:start position:0%
antimatter from watching this video and
 

18:08.080 --> 18:09.830 align:start position:0%
antimatter from watching this video and
whether<00:18:08.480><c> this</c><00:18:08.640><c> is</c><00:18:08.720><c> a</c><00:18:08.960><c> topic</c><00:18:09.280><c> you'd</c><00:18:09.600><c> like</c><00:18:09.679><c> to</c>

18:09.830 --> 18:09.840 align:start position:0%
whether this is a topic you'd like to
 

18:09.840 --> 18:12.549 align:start position:0%
whether this is a topic you'd like to
hear<00:18:10.000><c> more</c><00:18:10.240><c> on.</c>

18:12.549 --> 18:12.559 align:start position:0%
hear more on.
 

18:12.559 --> 18:15.190 align:start position:0%
hear more on.
If<00:18:12.799><c> I</c><00:18:13.120><c> tell</c><00:18:13.280><c> you</c><00:18:13.520><c> to</c><00:18:13.679><c> imagine</c><00:18:14.080><c> a</c><00:18:14.240><c> telescope,</c>

18:15.190 --> 18:15.200 align:start position:0%
If I tell you to imagine a telescope,
 

18:15.200 --> 18:18.390 align:start position:0%
If I tell you to imagine a telescope,
what<00:18:15.440><c> do</c><00:18:15.600><c> you</c><00:18:15.840><c> see?</c><00:18:17.120><c> Perhaps</c><00:18:17.520><c> you</c><00:18:17.840><c> picture</c><00:18:18.160><c> an</c>

18:18.390 --> 18:18.400 align:start position:0%
what do you see? Perhaps you picture an
 

18:18.400 --> 18:20.630 align:start position:0%
what do you see? Perhaps you picture an
old<00:18:18.640><c> wooden</c><00:18:19.039><c> cylinder</c><00:18:19.440><c> with</c><00:18:19.760><c> lenses</c><00:18:20.160><c> at</c><00:18:20.400><c> both</c>

18:20.630 --> 18:20.640 align:start position:0%
old wooden cylinder with lenses at both
 

18:20.640 --> 18:22.870 align:start position:0%
old wooden cylinder with lenses at both
ends,<00:18:21.360><c> similar</c><00:18:21.679><c> to</c><00:18:21.760><c> the</c><00:18:21.919><c> one</c><00:18:22.080><c> that</c><00:18:22.320><c> Galileo</c>

18:22.870 --> 18:22.880 align:start position:0%
ends, similar to the one that Galileo
 

18:22.880 --> 18:25.110 align:start position:0%
ends, similar to the one that Galileo
Galilee<00:18:23.600><c> first</c><00:18:23.919><c> used</c><00:18:24.160><c> to</c><00:18:24.320><c> gaze</c><00:18:24.640><c> up</c><00:18:24.799><c> at</c><00:18:24.960><c> the</c>

18:25.110 --> 18:25.120 align:start position:0%
Galilee first used to gaze up at the
 

18:25.120 --> 18:27.830 align:start position:0%
Galilee first used to gaze up at the
heavens<00:18:25.520><c> and</c><00:18:25.760><c> see</c><00:18:25.919><c> the</c><00:18:26.080><c> moons</c><00:18:26.400><c> of</c><00:18:26.559><c> Jupiter.</c><00:18:27.600><c> Or</c>

18:27.830 --> 18:27.840 align:start position:0%
heavens and see the moons of Jupiter. Or
 

18:27.840 --> 18:29.669 align:start position:0%
heavens and see the moons of Jupiter. Or
maybe<00:18:28.080><c> your</c><00:18:28.320><c> mind</c><00:18:28.559><c> is</c><00:18:28.799><c> constructing</c><00:18:29.440><c> a</c>

18:29.669 --> 18:29.679 align:start position:0%
maybe your mind is constructing a
 

18:29.679 --> 18:32.390 align:start position:0%
maybe your mind is constructing a
cathedral-sized<00:18:30.640><c> dome</c><00:18:31.120><c> with</c><00:18:31.440><c> mirrors</c><00:18:31.840><c> as</c><00:18:32.160><c> big</c>

18:32.390 --> 18:32.400 align:start position:0%
cathedral-sized dome with mirrors as big
 

18:32.400 --> 18:34.789 align:start position:0%
cathedral-sized dome with mirrors as big
as<00:18:32.640><c> tennis</c><00:18:33.039><c> courts,</c><00:18:33.760><c> like</c><00:18:33.919><c> the</c><00:18:34.160><c> telescopes</c>

18:34.789 --> 18:34.799 align:start position:0%
as tennis courts, like the telescopes
 

18:34.799 --> 18:36.870 align:start position:0%
as tennis courts, like the telescopes
high<00:18:35.039><c> up</c><00:18:35.200><c> in</c><00:18:35.360><c> the</c><00:18:35.520><c> mountains</c><00:18:35.919><c> of</c><00:18:36.080><c> Chile</c><00:18:36.559><c> and</c>

18:36.870 --> 18:36.880 align:start position:0%
high up in the mountains of Chile and
 

18:36.880 --> 18:39.830 align:start position:0%
high up in the mountains of Chile and
Hawaii.<00:18:38.000><c> Or</c><00:18:38.400><c> you</c><00:18:38.640><c> could</c><00:18:38.960><c> even</c><00:18:39.200><c> be</c><00:18:39.440><c> drifting</c>

18:39.830 --> 18:39.840 align:start position:0%
Hawaii. Or you could even be drifting
 

18:39.840 --> 18:42.470 align:start position:0%
Hawaii. Or you could even be drifting
onto<00:18:40.240><c> visions</c><00:18:40.640><c> of</c><00:18:40.799><c> enormous</c><00:18:41.360><c> dishes</c><00:18:42.080><c> like</c><00:18:42.320><c> the</c>

18:42.470 --> 18:42.480 align:start position:0%
onto visions of enormous dishes like the
 

18:42.480 --> 18:45.110 align:start position:0%
onto visions of enormous dishes like the
infamous<00:18:42.960><c> Arosibo</c><00:18:43.679><c> telescope</c><00:18:44.400><c> that</c><00:18:44.720><c> once</c>

18:45.110 --> 18:45.120 align:start position:0%
infamous Arosibo telescope that once
 

18:45.120 --> 18:47.350 align:start position:0%
infamous Arosibo telescope that once
captured<00:18:45.600><c> radio</c><00:18:46.000><c> waves</c><00:18:46.400><c> from</c><00:18:46.720><c> across</c><00:18:47.120><c> the</c>

18:47.350 --> 18:47.360 align:start position:0%
captured radio waves from across the
 

18:47.360 --> 18:50.150 align:start position:0%
captured radio waves from across the
cosmos.<00:18:48.720><c> What</c><00:18:48.880><c> you</c><00:18:49.120><c> probably</c><00:18:49.760><c> aren't</c>

18:50.150 --> 18:50.160 align:start position:0%
cosmos. What you probably aren't
 

18:50.160 --> 18:52.870 align:start position:0%
cosmos. What you probably aren't
imagining<00:18:50.960><c> is</c><00:18:51.280><c> a</c><00:18:51.520><c> cubic</c><00:18:52.000><c> kilometer</c><00:18:52.559><c> of</c>

18:52.870 --> 18:52.880 align:start position:0%
imagining is a cubic kilometer of
 

18:52.880 --> 18:55.110 align:start position:0%
imagining is a cubic kilometer of
ancient<00:18:53.360><c> ice</c><00:18:53.840><c> under</c><00:18:54.160><c> the</c><00:18:54.400><c> surface</c><00:18:54.720><c> of</c><00:18:54.880><c> our</c>

18:55.110 --> 18:55.120 align:start position:0%
ancient ice under the surface of our
 

18:55.120 --> 18:58.549 align:start position:0%
ancient ice under the surface of our
planet<00:18:55.600><c> south</c><00:18:55.840><c> pole.</c><00:18:56.960><c> And</c><00:18:57.120><c> yet</c><00:18:57.840><c> deep</c><00:18:58.160><c> below</c>

18:58.549 --> 18:58.559 align:start position:0%
planet south pole. And yet deep below
 

18:58.559 --> 19:01.190 align:start position:0%
planet south pole. And yet deep below
the<00:18:58.880><c> frigid</c><00:18:59.360><c> landscape</c><00:18:59.760><c> of</c><00:19:00.000><c> Antarctica,</c>

19:01.190 --> 19:01.200 align:start position:0%
the frigid landscape of Antarctica,
 

19:01.200 --> 19:04.710 align:start position:0%
the frigid landscape of Antarctica,
there<00:19:01.520><c> lies</c><00:19:02.080><c> precisely</c><00:19:02.880><c> this.</c><00:19:04.080><c> A</c><00:19:04.320><c> strange</c>

19:04.710 --> 19:04.720 align:start position:0%
there lies precisely this. A strange
 

19:04.720 --> 19:06.470 align:start position:0%
there lies precisely this. A strange
telescope<00:19:05.280><c> in</c><00:19:05.600><c> one</c><00:19:05.840><c> of</c><00:19:05.919><c> the</c><00:19:06.080><c> most</c>

19:06.470 --> 19:06.480 align:start position:0%
telescope in one of the most
 

19:06.480 --> 19:09.029 align:start position:0%
telescope in one of the most
inhospitable<00:19:07.520><c> environments</c><00:19:08.000><c> on</c><00:19:08.320><c> Earth,</c>

19:09.029 --> 19:09.039 align:start position:0%
inhospitable environments on Earth,
 

19:09.039 --> 19:12.070 align:start position:0%
inhospitable environments on Earth,
designed<00:19:09.440><c> to</c><00:19:09.600><c> observe</c><00:19:10.480><c> not</c><00:19:10.880><c> visible</c><00:19:11.360><c> light,</c>

19:12.070 --> 19:12.080 align:start position:0%
designed to observe not visible light,
 

19:12.080 --> 19:15.430 align:start position:0%
designed to observe not visible light,
but<00:19:12.400><c> instead</c><00:19:13.200><c> one</c><00:19:13.520><c> of</c><00:19:13.679><c> the</c><00:19:13.919><c> most</c><00:19:14.240><c> unusual</c><00:19:15.120><c> and</c>

19:15.430 --> 19:15.440 align:start position:0%
but instead one of the most unusual and
 

19:15.440 --> 19:18.630 align:start position:0%
but instead one of the most unusual and
elusive<00:19:16.080><c> particles</c><00:19:16.640><c> in</c><00:19:16.880><c> the</c><00:19:17.039><c> universe.</c><00:19:18.400><c> I'm</c>

19:18.630 --> 19:18.640 align:start position:0%
elusive particles in the universe. I'm
 

19:18.640 --> 19:21.190 align:start position:0%
elusive particles in the universe. I'm
Alex<00:19:19.039><c> Mccoan</c><00:19:19.679><c> and</c><00:19:19.919><c> you're</c><00:19:20.080><c> watching</c><00:19:20.400><c> Astramm.</c>

19:21.190 --> 19:21.200 align:start position:0%
Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.
 

19:21.200 --> 19:23.510 align:start position:0%
Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.
And<00:19:21.440><c> today</c><00:19:21.760><c> we're</c><00:19:22.080><c> joining</c><00:19:22.480><c> the</c><00:19:22.720><c> Ice</c><00:19:23.120><c> Cube</c>

19:23.510 --> 19:23.520 align:start position:0%
And today we're joining the Ice Cube
 

19:23.520 --> 19:26.630 align:start position:0%
And today we're joining the Ice Cube
Observatory<00:19:24.240><c> in</c><00:19:24.480><c> its</c><00:19:24.720><c> hunt</c><00:19:25.120><c> for</c><00:19:25.440><c> nutrinos,</c>

19:26.630 --> 19:26.640 align:start position:0%
Observatory in its hunt for nutrinos,
 

19:26.640 --> 19:30.549 align:start position:0%
Observatory in its hunt for nutrinos,
also<00:19:26.960><c> known</c><00:19:27.440><c> as</c><00:19:27.760><c> ghost</c><00:19:28.160><c> particles.</c>

19:30.549 --> 19:30.559 align:start position:0%
also known as ghost particles.
 

19:30.559 --> 19:33.270 align:start position:0%
also known as ghost particles.
If<00:19:30.799><c> you</c><00:19:31.039><c> stood</c><00:19:31.360><c> on</c><00:19:31.520><c> this</c><00:19:31.919><c> icy</c><00:19:32.320><c> surface,</c><00:19:32.960><c> you</c>

19:33.270 --> 19:33.280 align:start position:0%
If you stood on this icy surface, you
 

19:33.280 --> 19:35.110 align:start position:0%
If you stood on this icy surface, you
might<00:19:33.600><c> not</c><00:19:33.760><c> be</c><00:19:33.919><c> aware</c><00:19:34.240><c> that</c><00:19:34.559><c> some</c><00:19:34.799><c> of</c><00:19:34.880><c> the</c>

19:35.110 --> 19:35.120 align:start position:0%
might not be aware that some of the
 

19:35.120 --> 19:37.590 align:start position:0%
might not be aware that some of the
rarest<00:19:35.679><c> events</c><00:19:36.080><c> in</c><00:19:36.320><c> the</c><00:19:36.480><c> universe</c><00:19:37.039><c> are</c><00:19:37.280><c> being</c>

19:37.590 --> 19:37.600 align:start position:0%
rarest events in the universe are being
 

19:37.600 --> 19:40.470 align:start position:0%
rarest events in the universe are being
observed<00:19:38.160><c> beneath</c><00:19:38.559><c> your</c><00:19:38.880><c> feet.</c><00:19:39.840><c> Located</c><00:19:40.240><c> at</c>

19:40.470 --> 19:40.480 align:start position:0%
observed beneath your feet. Located at
 

19:40.480 --> 19:42.470 align:start position:0%
observed beneath your feet. Located at
the<00:19:40.640><c> most</c><00:19:40.799><c> southerntherly</c><00:19:41.520><c> human</c><00:19:42.000><c> occupied</c>

19:42.470 --> 19:42.480 align:start position:0%
the most southerntherly human occupied
 

19:42.480 --> 19:45.029 align:start position:0%
the most southerntherly human occupied
base<00:19:42.880><c> in</c><00:19:43.120><c> the</c><00:19:43.280><c> world,</c><00:19:43.760><c> the</c><00:19:44.080><c> Munson</c><00:19:44.559><c> Scott</c>

19:45.029 --> 19:45.039 align:start position:0%
base in the world, the Munson Scott
 

19:45.039 --> 19:47.830 align:start position:0%
base in the world, the Munson Scott
South<00:19:45.360><c> pole</c><00:19:45.760><c> station,</c><00:19:46.559><c> Ice</c><00:19:46.880><c> Cube</c><00:19:47.200><c> makes</c><00:19:47.440><c> use</c>

19:47.830 --> 19:47.840 align:start position:0%
South pole station, Ice Cube makes use
 

19:47.840 --> 19:50.710 align:start position:0%
South pole station, Ice Cube makes use
of<00:19:48.080><c> the</c><00:19:48.320><c> very</c><00:19:48.880><c> ice</c><00:19:49.200><c> in</c><00:19:49.440><c> which</c><00:19:49.600><c> it</c><00:19:49.840><c> is</c><00:19:50.000><c> built</c><00:19:50.480><c> to</c>

19:50.710 --> 19:50.720 align:start position:0%
of the very ice in which it is built to
 

19:50.720 --> 19:54.230 align:start position:0%
of the very ice in which it is built to
observe<00:19:51.360><c> high</c><00:19:51.840><c> energy</c><00:19:52.240><c> nutrino</c><00:19:52.960><c> particles.</c>

19:54.230 --> 19:54.240 align:start position:0%
observe high energy nutrino particles.
 

19:54.240 --> 19:57.430 align:start position:0%
observe high energy nutrino particles.
But<00:19:54.559><c> why?</c><00:19:55.440><c> Why</c><00:19:55.919><c> this</c><00:19:56.240><c> extreme</c><00:19:56.880><c> environment</c>

19:57.430 --> 19:57.440 align:start position:0%
But why? Why this extreme environment
 

19:57.440 --> 19:59.669 align:start position:0%
But why? Why this extreme environment
and<00:19:57.760><c> weird</c><00:19:58.160><c> design?</c>

19:59.669 --> 19:59.679 align:start position:0%
and weird design?
 

19:59.679 --> 20:02.950 align:start position:0%
and weird design?
Because<00:20:00.240><c> nutrinos</c><00:20:01.120><c> are</c><00:20:01.360><c> weird.</c><00:20:02.640><c> Really</c>

20:02.950 --> 20:02.960 align:start position:0%
Because nutrinos are weird. Really
 

20:02.960 --> 20:06.150 align:start position:0%
Because nutrinos are weird. Really
weird.<00:20:04.400><c> Nutrinos</c><00:20:05.120><c> are</c><00:20:05.440><c> fundamental</c>

20:06.150 --> 20:06.160 align:start position:0%
weird. Nutrinos are fundamental
 

20:06.160 --> 20:09.029 align:start position:0%
weird. Nutrinos are fundamental
particles<00:20:06.960><c> like</c><00:20:07.280><c> quarks</c><00:20:07.760><c> and</c><00:20:08.000><c> electrons.</c>

20:09.029 --> 20:09.039 align:start position:0%
particles like quarks and electrons.
 

20:09.039 --> 20:11.190 align:start position:0%
particles like quarks and electrons.
Most<00:20:09.280><c> of</c><00:20:09.440><c> these</c><00:20:09.679><c> nutrinos</c><00:20:10.400><c> arrive</c><00:20:10.720><c> at</c><00:20:10.880><c> Earth</c>

20:11.190 --> 20:11.200 align:start position:0%
Most of these nutrinos arrive at Earth
 

20:11.200 --> 20:13.190 align:start position:0%
Most of these nutrinos arrive at Earth
from<00:20:11.440><c> the</c><00:20:11.600><c> sun</c><00:20:12.240><c> where</c><00:20:12.480><c> they</c><00:20:12.720><c> are</c><00:20:12.880><c> released</c>

20:13.190 --> 20:13.200 align:start position:0%
from the sun where they are released
 

20:13.200 --> 20:15.750 align:start position:0%
from the sun where they are released
from<00:20:13.440><c> the</c><00:20:13.600><c> nuclear</c><00:20:14.080><c> fusion</c><00:20:14.480><c> reactions</c><00:20:15.200><c> raging</c>

20:15.750 --> 20:15.760 align:start position:0%
from the nuclear fusion reactions raging
 

20:15.760 --> 20:18.549 align:start position:0%
from the nuclear fusion reactions raging
inside<00:20:16.160><c> its</c><00:20:16.480><c> core.</c><00:20:17.039><c> Other</c><00:20:17.679><c> nutrinos</c><00:20:18.320><c> will</c>

20:18.549 --> 20:18.559 align:start position:0%
inside its core. Other nutrinos will
 

20:18.559 --> 20:21.110 align:start position:0%
inside its core. Other nutrinos will
have<00:20:18.720><c> come</c><00:20:18.960><c> from</c><00:20:19.200><c> more</c><00:20:19.520><c> cataclysmic</c><00:20:20.240><c> origins</c>

20:21.110 --> 20:21.120 align:start position:0%
have come from more cataclysmic origins
 

20:21.120 --> 20:23.350 align:start position:0%
have come from more cataclysmic origins
such<00:20:21.280><c> as</c><00:20:21.440><c> a</c><00:20:21.679><c> super</c><00:20:22.000><c> massive</c><00:20:22.400><c> black</c><00:20:22.559><c> hole,</c>

20:23.350 --> 20:23.360 align:start position:0%
such as a super massive black hole,
 

20:23.360 --> 20:26.310 align:start position:0%
such as a super massive black hole,
supernova,<00:20:24.400><c> or</c><00:20:24.720><c> any</c><00:20:25.039><c> other</c><00:20:25.360><c> cosmic</c><00:20:25.840><c> event</c>

20:26.310 --> 20:26.320 align:start position:0%
supernova, or any other cosmic event
 

20:26.320 --> 20:28.870 align:start position:0%
supernova, or any other cosmic event
with<00:20:26.559><c> enough</c><00:20:26.960><c> energy</c><00:20:27.440><c> to</c><00:20:27.679><c> rip</c><00:20:28.080><c> atoms</c><00:20:28.559><c> into</c>

20:28.870 --> 20:28.880 align:start position:0%
with enough energy to rip atoms into
 

20:28.880 --> 20:31.909 align:start position:0%
with enough energy to rip atoms into
their<00:20:29.200><c> subatomic</c><00:20:30.000><c> particles.</c><00:20:31.280><c> Similar</c><00:20:31.679><c> to</c>

20:31.909 --> 20:31.919 align:start position:0%
their subatomic particles. Similar to
 

20:31.919 --> 20:33.909 align:start position:0%
their subatomic particles. Similar to
electrons,<00:20:32.720><c> nutrinos</c><00:20:33.440><c> belong</c><00:20:33.679><c> to</c><00:20:33.760><c> the</c>

20:33.909 --> 20:33.919 align:start position:0%
electrons, nutrinos belong to the
 

20:33.919 --> 20:36.390 align:start position:0%
electrons, nutrinos belong to the
leptton<00:20:34.400><c> family</c><00:20:34.720><c> of</c><00:20:34.960><c> particles,</c><00:20:36.000><c> meaning</c>

20:36.390 --> 20:36.400 align:start position:0%
leptton family of particles, meaning
 

20:36.400 --> 20:38.630 align:start position:0%
leptton family of particles, meaning
that<00:20:36.720><c> they</c><00:20:37.039><c> do</c><00:20:37.280><c> not</c><00:20:37.520><c> interact</c><00:20:38.080><c> with</c><00:20:38.320><c> other</c>

20:38.630 --> 20:38.640 align:start position:0%
that they do not interact with other
 

20:38.640 --> 20:41.110 align:start position:0%
that they do not interact with other
matter<00:20:39.039><c> through</c><00:20:39.360><c> the</c><00:20:39.679><c> strong</c><00:20:40.159><c> nuclear</c><00:20:40.640><c> force</c>

20:41.110 --> 20:41.120 align:start position:0%
matter through the strong nuclear force
 

20:41.120 --> 20:43.430 align:start position:0%
matter through the strong nuclear force
that<00:20:41.520><c> binds</c><00:20:41.919><c> other</c><00:20:42.159><c> subatomic</c><00:20:42.880><c> particles</c>

20:43.430 --> 20:43.440 align:start position:0%
that binds other subatomic particles
 

20:43.440 --> 20:46.470 align:start position:0%
that binds other subatomic particles
like<00:20:43.760><c> protons</c><00:20:44.320><c> and</c><00:20:44.559><c> neutrons</c><00:20:45.039><c> together.</c>

20:46.470 --> 20:46.480 align:start position:0%
like protons and neutrons together.
 

20:46.480 --> 20:49.750 align:start position:0%
like protons and neutrons together.
Unlike<00:20:47.120><c> electrons,</c><00:20:48.159><c> they</c><00:20:48.480><c> are</c><00:20:48.720><c> neutral</c><00:20:49.440><c> and</c>

20:49.750 --> 20:49.760 align:start position:0%
Unlike electrons, they are neutral and
 

20:49.760 --> 20:52.950 align:start position:0%
Unlike electrons, they are neutral and
have<00:20:50.000><c> almost</c><00:20:50.480><c> no</c><00:20:50.880><c> mass</c><00:20:51.360><c> whatsoever.</c>

20:52.950 --> 20:52.960 align:start position:0%
have almost no mass whatsoever.
 

20:52.960 --> 20:56.149 align:start position:0%
have almost no mass whatsoever.
This<00:20:53.280><c> lack</c><00:20:53.600><c> of</c><00:20:53.760><c> charge</c><00:20:54.320><c> and</c><00:20:54.640><c> tiny</c><00:20:55.120><c> mass</c><00:20:55.840><c> means</c>

20:56.149 --> 20:56.159 align:start position:0%
This lack of charge and tiny mass means
 

20:56.159 --> 20:58.230 align:start position:0%
This lack of charge and tiny mass means
that<00:20:56.320><c> they</c><00:20:56.640><c> can</c><00:20:56.880><c> only</c><00:20:57.280><c> interact</c><00:20:57.679><c> with</c><00:20:57.919><c> other</c>

20:58.230 --> 20:58.240 align:start position:0%
that they can only interact with other
 

20:58.240 --> 21:00.070 align:start position:0%
that they can only interact with other
particles<00:20:58.799><c> through</c><00:20:59.039><c> the</c><00:20:59.280><c> weak</c><00:20:59.600><c> nuclear</c>

21:00.070 --> 21:00.080 align:start position:0%
particles through the weak nuclear
 

21:00.080 --> 21:02.870 align:start position:0%
particles through the weak nuclear
force,<00:21:00.799><c> giving</c><00:21:01.039><c> them</c><00:21:01.280><c> their</c><00:21:01.679><c> ghostly</c><00:21:02.240><c> quality</c>

21:02.870 --> 21:02.880 align:start position:0%
force, giving them their ghostly quality
 

21:02.880 --> 21:04.310 align:start position:0%
force, giving them their ghostly quality
and<00:21:03.200><c> making</c><00:21:03.440><c> them</c><00:21:03.600><c> one</c><00:21:03.840><c> of</c><00:21:03.919><c> the</c><00:21:04.080><c> most</c>

21:04.310 --> 21:04.320 align:start position:0%
and making them one of the most
 

21:04.320 --> 21:06.310 align:start position:0%
and making them one of the most
difficult<00:21:04.880><c> particles</c><00:21:05.360><c> for</c><00:21:05.679><c> scientists</c><00:21:06.159><c> to</c>

21:06.310 --> 21:06.320 align:start position:0%
difficult particles for scientists to
 

21:06.320 --> 21:09.830 align:start position:0%
difficult particles for scientists to
detect.<00:21:07.360><c> So</c><00:21:07.600><c> much</c><00:21:07.840><c> so</c><00:21:08.400><c> that</c><00:21:08.720><c> even</c><00:21:08.960><c> when</c><00:21:09.280><c> we</c><00:21:09.520><c> do</c>

21:09.830 --> 21:09.840 align:start position:0%
detect. So much so that even when we do
 

21:09.840 --> 21:11.909 align:start position:0%
detect. So much so that even when we do
measure<00:21:10.159><c> their</c><00:21:10.400><c> presence,</c><00:21:11.200><c> it</c><00:21:11.360><c> is</c><00:21:11.600><c> only</c>

21:11.909 --> 21:11.919 align:start position:0%
measure their presence, it is only
 

21:11.919 --> 21:14.070 align:start position:0%
measure their presence, it is only
through<00:21:12.080><c> the</c><00:21:12.320><c> impact</c><00:21:12.720><c> they</c><00:21:13.039><c> have</c><00:21:13.280><c> on</c><00:21:13.760><c> other</c>

21:14.070 --> 21:14.080 align:start position:0%
through the impact they have on other
 

21:14.080 --> 21:15.590 align:start position:0%
through the impact they have on other
particles.

21:15.590 --> 21:15.600 align:start position:0%
particles.
 

21:15.600 --> 21:18.549 align:start position:0%
particles.
If<00:21:15.919><c> that</c><00:21:16.240><c> wasn't</c><00:21:16.640><c> spooky</c><00:21:17.039><c> enough,</c><00:21:17.840><c> nutrinos</c>

21:18.549 --> 21:18.559 align:start position:0%
If that wasn't spooky enough, nutrinos
 

21:18.559 --> 21:21.510 align:start position:0%
If that wasn't spooky enough, nutrinos
can<00:21:18.720><c> also</c><00:21:19.120><c> pass</c><00:21:19.360><c> through</c><00:21:19.679><c> our</c><00:21:20.080><c> entire</c><00:21:20.799><c> planet</c>

21:21.510 --> 21:21.520 align:start position:0%
can also pass through our entire planet
 

21:21.520 --> 21:23.669 align:start position:0%
can also pass through our entire planet
without<00:21:21.919><c> acknowledging</c><00:21:22.480><c> the</c><00:21:22.720><c> existence</c><00:21:23.200><c> of</c><00:21:23.360><c> a</c>

21:23.669 --> 21:23.679 align:start position:0%
without acknowledging the existence of a
 

21:23.679 --> 21:26.950 align:start position:0%
without acknowledging the existence of a
single<00:21:24.000><c> atom</c><00:21:24.400><c> in</c><00:21:24.559><c> the</c><00:21:24.720><c> crust,</c><00:21:25.440><c> mantle,</c><00:21:26.240><c> core,</c>

21:26.950 --> 21:26.960 align:start position:0%
single atom in the crust, mantle, core,
 

21:26.960 --> 21:29.830 align:start position:0%
single atom in the crust, mantle, core,
or<00:21:27.280><c> any</c><00:21:27.600><c> other</c><00:21:28.080><c> layer</c><00:21:28.240><c> of</c><00:21:28.400><c> the</c><00:21:28.559><c> Earth,</c><00:21:29.280><c> flying</c>

21:29.830 --> 21:29.840 align:start position:0%
or any other layer of the Earth, flying
 

21:29.840 --> 21:31.669 align:start position:0%
or any other layer of the Earth, flying
straight<00:21:30.320><c> out</c><00:21:30.559><c> of</c><00:21:30.720><c> the</c><00:21:30.960><c> other</c><00:21:31.120><c> side</c>

21:31.669 --> 21:31.679 align:start position:0%
straight out of the other side
 

21:31.679 --> 21:33.830 align:start position:0%
straight out of the other side
completely<00:21:32.320><c> unnoticed.</c>

21:33.830 --> 21:33.840 align:start position:0%
completely unnoticed.
 

21:33.840 --> 21:36.470 align:start position:0%
completely unnoticed.
There<00:21:34.080><c> are</c><00:21:34.320><c> trillions</c><00:21:34.799><c> of</c><00:21:35.039><c> nutrinos</c><00:21:35.919><c> surging</c>

21:36.470 --> 21:36.480 align:start position:0%
There are trillions of nutrinos surging
 

21:36.480 --> 21:40.230 align:start position:0%
There are trillions of nutrinos surging
through<00:21:36.799><c> you</c><00:21:37.280><c> every</c><00:21:37.679><c> single</c><00:21:38.240><c> second.</c><00:21:39.360><c> And</c><00:21:39.600><c> yet</c>

21:40.230 --> 21:40.240 align:start position:0%
through you every single second. And yet
 

21:40.240 --> 21:42.789 align:start position:0%
through you every single second. And yet
over<00:21:40.559><c> your</c><00:21:40.880><c> entire</c><00:21:41.280><c> lifetime</c><00:21:42.240><c> there</c><00:21:42.400><c> is</c><00:21:42.559><c> only</c>

21:42.789 --> 21:42.799 align:start position:0%
over your entire lifetime there is only
 

21:42.799 --> 21:46.070 align:start position:0%
over your entire lifetime there is only
a<00:21:43.120><c> 1</c><00:21:43.440><c> in4</c><00:21:44.240><c> chance</c><00:21:44.960><c> that</c><00:21:45.200><c> even</c><00:21:45.520><c> one</c><00:21:45.760><c> of</c><00:21:45.919><c> those</c>

21:46.070 --> 21:46.080 align:start position:0%
a 1 in4 chance that even one of those
 

21:46.080 --> 21:48.470 align:start position:0%
a 1 in4 chance that even one of those
nutrinos<00:21:46.799><c> will</c><00:21:47.039><c> interact</c><00:21:47.440><c> with</c><00:21:47.600><c> an</c><00:21:47.760><c> atom</c><00:21:48.159><c> that</c>

21:48.470 --> 21:48.480 align:start position:0%
nutrinos will interact with an atom that
 

21:48.480 --> 21:51.110 align:start position:0%
nutrinos will interact with an atom that
belongs<00:21:48.799><c> to</c><00:21:48.960><c> your</c><00:21:49.200><c> body.</c>

21:51.110 --> 21:51.120 align:start position:0%
belongs to your body.
 

21:51.120 --> 21:53.830 align:start position:0%
belongs to your body.
Here<00:21:51.600><c> we</c><00:21:51.919><c> find</c><00:21:52.400><c> further</c><00:21:52.799><c> demonstration</c><00:21:53.600><c> of</c>

21:53.830 --> 21:53.840 align:start position:0%
Here we find further demonstration of
 

21:53.840 --> 21:56.710 align:start position:0%
Here we find further demonstration of
the<00:21:54.080><c> nutrino's</c><00:21:54.799><c> complete</c><00:21:55.440><c> refusal</c><00:21:56.080><c> to</c><00:21:56.320><c> engage</c>

21:56.710 --> 21:56.720 align:start position:0%
the nutrino's complete refusal to engage
 

21:56.720 --> 21:59.750 align:start position:0%
the nutrino's complete refusal to engage
with<00:21:57.039><c> matter</c><00:21:57.360><c> in</c><00:21:57.600><c> the</c><00:21:57.840><c> universe.</c><00:21:58.880><c> Photons</c>

21:59.750 --> 21:59.760 align:start position:0%
with matter in the universe. Photons
 

21:59.760 --> 22:02.390 align:start position:0%
with matter in the universe. Photons
created<00:22:00.159><c> in</c><00:22:00.480><c> those</c><00:22:00.720><c> same</c><00:22:00.960><c> nuclear</c><00:22:01.520><c> reactions</c>

22:02.390 --> 22:02.400 align:start position:0%
created in those same nuclear reactions
 

22:02.400 --> 22:04.950 align:start position:0%
created in those same nuclear reactions
may<00:22:02.640><c> take</c><00:22:03.120><c> 1</c><00:22:03.440><c> million</c><00:22:03.919><c> years</c><00:22:04.480><c> between</c>

22:04.950 --> 22:04.960 align:start position:0%
may take 1 million years between
 

22:04.960 --> 22:07.190 align:start position:0%
may take 1 million years between
bursting<00:22:05.440><c> out</c><00:22:05.600><c> of</c><00:22:05.679><c> the</c><00:22:05.840><c> sun's</c><00:22:06.159><c> center</c><00:22:06.880><c> to</c>

22:07.190 --> 22:07.200 align:start position:0%
bursting out of the sun's center to
 

22:07.200 --> 22:10.710 align:start position:0%
bursting out of the sun's center to
leaping<00:22:07.760><c> off</c><00:22:08.000><c> the</c><00:22:08.320><c> surface</c><00:22:08.799><c> into</c><00:22:09.200><c> space.</c><00:22:10.480><c> They</c>

22:10.710 --> 22:10.720 align:start position:0%
leaping off the surface into space. They
 

22:10.720 --> 22:13.190 align:start position:0%
leaping off the surface into space. They
are<00:22:10.880><c> constantly</c><00:22:11.360><c> absorbed</c><00:22:12.000><c> and</c><00:22:12.240><c> emitted</c><00:22:12.880><c> in</c>

22:13.190 --> 22:13.200 align:start position:0%
are constantly absorbed and emitted in
 

22:13.200 --> 22:16.310 align:start position:0%
are constantly absorbed and emitted in
random<00:22:13.760><c> directions</c><00:22:14.480><c> over</c><00:22:14.880><c> and</c><00:22:15.200><c> over</c><00:22:15.440><c> again</c><00:22:16.000><c> by</c>

22:16.310 --> 22:16.320 align:start position:0%
random directions over and over again by
 

22:16.320 --> 22:19.029 align:start position:0%
random directions over and over again by
the<00:22:16.480><c> atoms</c><00:22:16.880><c> in</c><00:22:17.039><c> our</c><00:22:17.280><c> star</c><00:22:18.080><c> resulting</c><00:22:18.559><c> in</c><00:22:18.799><c> a</c>

22:19.029 --> 22:19.039 align:start position:0%
the atoms in our star resulting in a
 

22:19.039 --> 22:23.430 align:start position:0%
the atoms in our star resulting in a
long<00:22:19.600><c> meandering</c><00:22:20.320><c> path</c><00:22:20.640><c> to</c><00:22:20.960><c> escape.</c><00:22:22.400><c> Nutrinos</c>

22:23.430 --> 22:23.440 align:start position:0%
long meandering path to escape. Nutrinos
 

22:23.440 --> 22:26.470 align:start position:0%
long meandering path to escape. Nutrinos
instead<00:22:24.159><c> zoom</c><00:22:24.799><c> straight</c><00:22:25.200><c> out</c><00:22:25.440><c> of</c><00:22:25.600><c> the</c><00:22:25.760><c> sun</c><00:22:26.080><c> in</c>

22:26.470 --> 22:26.480 align:start position:0%
instead zoom straight out of the sun in
 

22:26.480 --> 22:29.909 align:start position:0%
instead zoom straight out of the sun in
just<00:22:26.960><c> 2</c><00:22:27.440><c> seconds.</c><00:22:28.480><c> traveling</c><00:22:28.960><c> at</c><00:22:29.200><c> almost</c><00:22:29.600><c> the</c>

22:29.909 --> 22:29.919 align:start position:0%
just 2 seconds. traveling at almost the
 

22:29.919 --> 22:32.870 align:start position:0%
just 2 seconds. traveling at almost the
speed<00:22:30.240><c> of</c><00:22:30.480><c> light</c><00:22:30.880><c> itself.</c>

22:32.870 --> 22:32.880 align:start position:0%
speed of light itself.
 

22:32.880 --> 22:35.510 align:start position:0%
speed of light itself.
As<00:22:33.120><c> far</c><00:22:33.280><c> as</c><00:22:33.600><c> standard</c><00:22:34.000><c> model</c><00:22:34.400><c> particles</c><00:22:34.880><c> go,</c>

22:35.510 --> 22:35.520 align:start position:0%
As far as standard model particles go,
 

22:35.520 --> 22:38.310 align:start position:0%
As far as standard model particles go,
neutrinos<00:22:36.320><c> are</c><00:22:36.640><c> certainly</c><00:22:37.120><c> the</c><00:22:37.360><c> more</c><00:22:37.679><c> koi</c><00:22:38.080><c> and</c>

22:38.310 --> 22:38.320 align:start position:0%
neutrinos are certainly the more koi and
 

22:38.320 --> 22:41.029 align:start position:0%
neutrinos are certainly the more koi and
antisocial<00:22:39.039><c> of</c><00:22:39.200><c> the</c><00:22:39.360><c> group,</c><00:22:39.919><c> but</c><00:22:40.159><c> on</c><00:22:40.400><c> occasion</c>

22:41.029 --> 22:41.039 align:start position:0%
antisocial of the group, but on occasion
 

22:41.039 --> 22:43.909 align:start position:0%
antisocial of the group, but on occasion
they<00:22:41.440><c> do</c><00:22:41.679><c> mingle</c><00:22:42.159><c> with</c><00:22:42.400><c> other</c><00:22:42.640><c> matter</c><00:22:43.440><c> and</c><00:22:43.679><c> in</c>

22:43.909 --> 22:43.919 align:start position:0%
they do mingle with other matter and in
 

22:43.919 --> 22:46.310 align:start position:0%
they do mingle with other matter and in
the<00:22:44.080><c> process</c><00:22:44.640><c> can</c><00:22:44.880><c> create</c><00:22:45.200><c> a</c><00:22:45.520><c> drama</c><00:22:46.080><c> of</c>

22:46.310 --> 22:46.320 align:start position:0%
the process can create a drama of
 

22:46.320 --> 22:48.870 align:start position:0%
the process can create a drama of
energetic<00:22:46.960><c> particle</c><00:22:47.440><c> events</c><00:22:47.919><c> cascading</c><00:22:48.640><c> out</c>

22:48.870 --> 22:48.880 align:start position:0%
energetic particle events cascading out
 

22:48.880 --> 22:52.070 align:start position:0%
energetic particle events cascading out
in<00:22:49.120><c> their</c><00:22:49.360><c> wake.</c><00:22:50.240><c> It</c><00:22:50.480><c> is</c><00:22:50.640><c> this</c><00:22:50.880><c> cascade</c><00:22:51.760><c> Ice</c>

22:52.070 --> 22:52.080 align:start position:0%
in their wake. It is this cascade Ice
 

22:52.080 --> 22:54.870 align:start position:0%
in their wake. It is this cascade Ice
Cube<00:22:52.400><c> is</c><00:22:52.640><c> trying</c><00:22:52.880><c> to</c><00:22:53.039><c> observe.</c>

22:54.870 --> 22:54.880 align:start position:0%
Cube is trying to observe.
 

22:54.880 --> 22:59.190 align:start position:0%
Cube is trying to observe.
They<00:22:55.280><c> might</c><00:22:55.520><c> seem</c><00:22:55.919><c> strange,</c><00:22:56.640><c> but</c><00:22:56.880><c> the</c><00:22:57.120><c> 5,160</c>

22:59.190 --> 22:59.200 align:start position:0%
They might seem strange, but the 5,160
 

22:59.200 --> 23:03.110 align:start position:0%
They might seem strange, but the 5,160
detectors<00:23:00.240><c> or</c><00:23:00.720><c> doms</c><00:23:01.760><c> suspended</c><00:23:02.320><c> down</c><00:23:02.640><c> between</c>

23:03.110 --> 23:03.120 align:start position:0%
detectors or doms suspended down between
 

23:03.120 --> 23:05.669 align:start position:0%
detectors or doms suspended down between
1<00:23:03.280><c> and</c><00:23:03.360><c> a</c><00:23:03.520><c> half</c><00:23:03.840><c> and</c><00:23:04.240><c> 2</c><00:23:04.559><c> 1/2</c><00:23:04.880><c> km</c><00:23:05.360><c> in</c><00:23:05.520><c> the</c>

23:05.669 --> 23:05.679 align:start position:0%
1 and a half and 2 1/2 km in the
 

23:05.679 --> 23:08.470 align:start position:0%
1 and a half and 2 1/2 km in the
darkness<00:23:06.000><c> of</c><00:23:06.159><c> the</c><00:23:06.400><c> ice</c><00:23:06.640><c> shelf</c><00:23:07.280><c> are</c><00:23:07.679><c> in</c><00:23:07.919><c> fact</c>

23:08.470 --> 23:08.480 align:start position:0%
darkness of the ice shelf are in fact
 

23:08.480 --> 23:11.510 align:start position:0%
darkness of the ice shelf are in fact
light<00:23:08.799><c> detectors.</c><00:23:10.159><c> The</c><00:23:10.400><c> sun's</c><00:23:10.720><c> rays</c><00:23:11.039><c> have</c><00:23:11.280><c> of</c>

23:11.510 --> 23:11.520 align:start position:0%
light detectors. The sun's rays have of
 

23:11.520 --> 23:13.190 align:start position:0%
light detectors. The sun's rays have of
course<00:23:11.760><c> been</c><00:23:12.000><c> completely</c><00:23:12.480><c> swallowed</c><00:23:12.880><c> up</c><00:23:13.039><c> by</c>

23:13.190 --> 23:13.200 align:start position:0%
course been completely swallowed up by
 

23:13.200 --> 23:14.950 align:start position:0%
course been completely swallowed up by
the<00:23:13.360><c> thousands</c><00:23:13.760><c> of</c><00:23:13.919><c> meters</c><00:23:14.240><c> of</c><00:23:14.480><c> compressed</c>

23:14.950 --> 23:14.960 align:start position:0%
the thousands of meters of compressed
 

23:14.960 --> 23:16.950 align:start position:0%
the thousands of meters of compressed
ice<00:23:15.200><c> that</c><00:23:15.440><c> lie</c><00:23:15.679><c> above,</c><00:23:16.320><c> but</c><00:23:16.559><c> that</c><00:23:16.720><c> doesn't</c>

23:16.950 --> 23:16.960 align:start position:0%
ice that lie above, but that doesn't
 

23:16.960 --> 23:20.149 align:start position:0%
ice that lie above, but that doesn't
mean<00:23:17.200><c> there</c><00:23:17.440><c> is</c><00:23:17.679><c> no</c><00:23:17.919><c> light</c><00:23:18.159><c> at</c><00:23:18.400><c> all</c><00:23:18.720><c> down</c><00:23:18.960><c> here.</c>

23:20.149 --> 23:20.159 align:start position:0%
mean there is no light at all down here.
 

23:20.159 --> 23:23.029 align:start position:0%
mean there is no light at all down here.
Nutrinos<00:23:21.039><c> and</c><00:23:21.440><c> cosmic</c><00:23:21.919><c> rays</c><00:23:22.320><c> can</c><00:23:22.559><c> penetrate</c>

23:23.029 --> 23:23.039 align:start position:0%
Nutrinos and cosmic rays can penetrate
 

23:23.039 --> 23:24.950 align:start position:0%
Nutrinos and cosmic rays can penetrate
into<00:23:23.280><c> the</c><00:23:23.440><c> ice</c><00:23:23.760><c> and</c><00:23:24.000><c> when</c><00:23:24.240><c> they</c><00:23:24.400><c> collide</c><00:23:24.799><c> with</c>

23:24.950 --> 23:24.960 align:start position:0%
into the ice and when they collide with
 

23:24.960 --> 23:27.510 align:start position:0%
into the ice and when they collide with
the<00:23:25.120><c> atoms</c><00:23:25.520><c> of</c><00:23:25.760><c> frozen</c><00:23:26.240><c> water,</c><00:23:26.880><c> they</c><00:23:27.200><c> cause</c>

23:27.510 --> 23:27.520 align:start position:0%
the atoms of frozen water, they cause
 

23:27.520 --> 23:30.630 align:start position:0%
the atoms of frozen water, they cause
particles<00:23:28.240><c> like</c><00:23:28.559><c> muons</c><00:23:29.520><c> to</c><00:23:29.840><c> spring</c><00:23:30.320><c> into</c>

23:30.630 --> 23:30.640 align:start position:0%
particles like muons to spring into
 

23:30.640 --> 23:33.510 align:start position:0%
particles like muons to spring into
existence.<00:23:32.000><c> Muons</c><00:23:32.559><c> are</c><00:23:32.720><c> the</c><00:23:32.960><c> key</c><00:23:33.120><c> to</c>

23:33.510 --> 23:33.520 align:start position:0%
existence. Muons are the key to
 

23:33.520 --> 23:36.470 align:start position:0%
existence. Muons are the key to
identifying<00:23:34.000><c> a</c><00:23:34.320><c> nutrino</c><00:23:35.039><c> interaction.</c><00:23:36.240><c> As</c>

23:36.470 --> 23:36.480 align:start position:0%
identifying a nutrino interaction. As
 

23:36.480 --> 23:38.789 align:start position:0%
identifying a nutrino interaction. As
the<00:23:36.640><c> newly</c><00:23:37.039><c> created</c><00:23:37.440><c> muon</c><00:23:38.080><c> hurdles</c><00:23:38.640><c> through</c>

23:38.789 --> 23:38.799 align:start position:0%
the newly created muon hurdles through
 

23:38.799 --> 23:41.669 align:start position:0%
the newly created muon hurdles through
the<00:23:39.039><c> incredibly</c><00:23:39.760><c> clear</c><00:23:40.159><c> and</c><00:23:40.400><c> dense</c><00:23:40.799><c> ice,</c><00:23:41.440><c> it</c>

23:41.669 --> 23:41.679 align:start position:0%
the incredibly clear and dense ice, it
 

23:41.679 --> 23:44.230 align:start position:0%
the incredibly clear and dense ice, it
can<00:23:41.840><c> exceed</c><00:23:42.159><c> the</c><00:23:42.480><c> speed</c><00:23:42.799><c> it</c><00:23:43.039><c> takes</c><00:23:43.520><c> light</c><00:23:44.000><c> to</c>

23:44.230 --> 23:44.240 align:start position:0%
can exceed the speed it takes light to
 

23:44.240 --> 23:46.950 align:start position:0%
can exceed the speed it takes light to
move<00:23:44.559><c> through</c><00:23:44.880><c> that</c><00:23:45.120><c> same</c><00:23:45.360><c> ice.</c><00:23:46.320><c> Now,</c><00:23:46.720><c> let's</c>

23:46.950 --> 23:46.960 align:start position:0%
move through that same ice. Now, let's
 

23:46.960 --> 23:49.270 align:start position:0%
move through that same ice. Now, let's
be<00:23:47.200><c> clear.</c><00:23:47.840><c> Nothing</c><00:23:48.240><c> can</c><00:23:48.400><c> move</c><00:23:48.640><c> faster</c><00:23:49.039><c> than</c>

23:49.270 --> 23:49.280 align:start position:0%
be clear. Nothing can move faster than
 

23:49.280 --> 23:52.070 align:start position:0%
be clear. Nothing can move faster than
light<00:23:49.919><c> in</c><00:23:50.240><c> a</c><00:23:50.400><c> vacuum.</c><00:23:51.440><c> But</c><00:23:51.600><c> in</c><00:23:51.760><c> other</c>

23:52.070 --> 23:52.080 align:start position:0%
light in a vacuum. But in other
 

23:52.080 --> 23:55.029 align:start position:0%
light in a vacuum. But in other
materials<00:23:52.720><c> such</c><00:23:52.960><c> as</c><00:23:53.280><c> ice,</c><00:23:54.000><c> liquid</c><00:23:54.400><c> water,</c><00:23:54.799><c> and</c>

23:55.029 --> 23:55.039 align:start position:0%
materials such as ice, liquid water, and
 

23:55.039 --> 23:58.549 align:start position:0%
materials such as ice, liquid water, and
glass,<00:23:56.000><c> light</c><00:23:56.400><c> can</c><00:23:56.720><c> be</c><00:23:56.880><c> outpaced.</c>

23:58.549 --> 23:58.559 align:start position:0%
glass, light can be outpaced.
 

23:58.559 --> 24:00.789 align:start position:0%
glass, light can be outpaced.
This<00:23:58.799><c> isn't</c><00:23:59.120><c> a</c><00:23:59.280><c> violation</c><00:23:59.679><c> of</c><00:23:59.919><c> physics,</c><00:24:00.480><c> but</c>

24:00.789 --> 24:00.799 align:start position:0%
This isn't a violation of physics, but
 

24:00.799 --> 24:02.870 align:start position:0%
This isn't a violation of physics, but
rather<00:24:01.120><c> a</c><00:24:01.440><c> consequence</c><00:24:01.919><c> of</c><00:24:02.080><c> light</c><00:24:02.480><c> slowing</c>

24:02.870 --> 24:02.880 align:start position:0%
rather a consequence of light slowing
 

24:02.880 --> 24:05.270 align:start position:0%
rather a consequence of light slowing
down<00:24:03.200><c> more</c><00:24:03.679><c> than</c><00:24:04.080><c> other</c><00:24:04.400><c> particles</c><00:24:04.960><c> within</c>

24:05.270 --> 24:05.280 align:start position:0%
down more than other particles within
 

24:05.280 --> 24:08.950 align:start position:0%
down more than other particles within
the<00:24:05.440><c> ice.</c><00:24:06.720><c> As</c><00:24:06.960><c> the</c><00:24:07.120><c> muon</c><00:24:07.760><c> races</c><00:24:08.320><c> beyond</c><00:24:08.720><c> its</c>

24:08.950 --> 24:08.960 align:start position:0%
the ice. As the muon races beyond its
 

24:08.960 --> 24:11.510 align:start position:0%
the ice. As the muon races beyond its
photon<00:24:09.520><c> counterparts,</c><00:24:10.559><c> it</c><00:24:10.799><c> generates</c><00:24:11.279><c> a</c>

24:11.510 --> 24:11.520 align:start position:0%
photon counterparts, it generates a
 

24:11.520 --> 24:14.230 align:start position:0%
photon counterparts, it generates a
shock<00:24:11.840><c> wave</c><00:24:12.159><c> of</c><00:24:12.400><c> blue</c><00:24:12.720><c> light,</c><00:24:13.200><c> expanding</c><00:24:13.760><c> in</c><00:24:14.000><c> a</c>

24:14.230 --> 24:14.240 align:start position:0%
shock wave of blue light, expanding in a
 

24:14.240 --> 24:17.430 align:start position:0%
shock wave of blue light, expanding in a
coneshaped<00:24:15.039><c> pattern</c><00:24:15.600><c> out</c><00:24:15.840><c> from</c><00:24:16.080><c> its</c><00:24:16.320><c> path.</c><00:24:17.200><c> An</c>

24:17.430 --> 24:17.440 align:start position:0%
coneshaped pattern out from its path. An
 

24:17.440 --> 24:20.149 align:start position:0%
coneshaped pattern out from its path. An
eerie<00:24:17.919><c> phenomenon</c><00:24:18.640><c> known</c><00:24:19.039><c> as</c><00:24:19.360><c> Tranov</c>

24:20.149 --> 24:20.159 align:start position:0%
eerie phenomenon known as Tranov
 

24:20.159 --> 24:22.310 align:start position:0%
eerie phenomenon known as Tranov
radiation.

24:22.310 --> 24:22.320 align:start position:0%
radiation.
 

24:22.320 --> 24:24.470 align:start position:0%
radiation.
Tranov<00:24:22.880><c> radiation</c><00:24:23.440><c> is</c><00:24:23.679><c> most</c><00:24:24.000><c> commonly</c>

24:24.470 --> 24:24.480 align:start position:0%
Tranov radiation is most commonly
 

24:24.480 --> 24:27.830 align:start position:0%
Tranov radiation is most commonly
associated<00:24:25.200><c> with</c><00:24:25.520><c> nuclear</c><00:24:26.080><c> reactors,</c><00:24:27.200><c> eerily</c>

24:27.830 --> 24:27.840 align:start position:0%
associated with nuclear reactors, eerily
 

24:27.840 --> 24:29.510 align:start position:0%
associated with nuclear reactors, eerily
emanating<00:24:28.559><c> through</c><00:24:28.799><c> the</c><00:24:29.039><c> water</c><00:24:29.279><c> that</c>

24:29.510 --> 24:29.520 align:start position:0%
emanating through the water that
 

24:29.520 --> 24:32.870 align:start position:0%
emanating through the water that
surrounds<00:24:30.000><c> their</c><00:24:30.320><c> cores.</c><00:24:31.520><c> This</c><00:24:31.840><c> blue</c><00:24:32.159><c> hue</c><00:24:32.559><c> in</c>

24:32.870 --> 24:32.880 align:start position:0%
surrounds their cores. This blue hue in
 

24:32.880 --> 24:35.990 align:start position:0%
surrounds their cores. This blue hue in
nuclear<00:24:33.360><c> cores</c><00:24:34.000><c> and</c><00:24:34.320><c> strangely</c><00:24:35.120><c> also</c><00:24:35.520><c> down</c><00:24:35.760><c> in</c>

24:35.990 --> 24:36.000 align:start position:0%
nuclear cores and strangely also down in
 

24:36.000 --> 24:38.390 align:start position:0%
nuclear cores and strangely also down in
the<00:24:36.159><c> ice</c><00:24:36.400><c> of</c><00:24:36.559><c> the</c><00:24:36.720><c> South</c><00:24:37.039><c> Pole</c><00:24:37.840><c> can</c><00:24:38.080><c> look</c>

24:38.390 --> 24:38.400 align:start position:0%
the ice of the South Pole can look
 

24:38.400 --> 24:41.269 align:start position:0%
the ice of the South Pole can look
peaceful<00:24:38.960><c> and</c><00:24:39.200><c> atmospheric,</c><00:24:40.400><c> but</c><00:24:40.640><c> it</c><00:24:40.880><c> is</c><00:24:41.039><c> in</c>

24:41.269 --> 24:41.279 align:start position:0%
peaceful and atmospheric, but it is in
 

24:41.279 --> 24:43.750 align:start position:0%
peaceful and atmospheric, but it is in
fact<00:24:41.520><c> the</c><00:24:41.840><c> quantum</c><00:24:42.320><c> equivalent</c><00:24:42.880><c> of</c><00:24:43.039><c> the</c><00:24:43.279><c> sonic</c>

24:43.750 --> 24:43.760 align:start position:0%
fact the quantum equivalent of the sonic
 

24:43.760 --> 24:45.909 align:start position:0%
fact the quantum equivalent of the sonic
boom<00:24:44.159><c> that</c><00:24:44.400><c> roars</c><00:24:44.799><c> out</c><00:24:44.960><c> from</c><00:24:45.120><c> a</c><00:24:45.279><c> supersonic</c>

24:45.909 --> 24:45.919 align:start position:0%
boom that roars out from a supersonic
 

24:45.919 --> 24:48.789 align:start position:0%
boom that roars out from a supersonic
jet<00:24:46.159><c> plane</c><00:24:46.400><c> flying</c><00:24:46.799><c> overhead.</c>

24:48.789 --> 24:48.799 align:start position:0%
jet plane flying overhead.
 

24:48.799 --> 24:50.789 align:start position:0%
jet plane flying overhead.
In<00:24:49.120><c> this</c><00:24:49.279><c> case,</c><00:24:49.760><c> the</c><00:24:50.000><c> plane</c><00:24:50.320><c> moves</c><00:24:50.559><c> through</c>

24:50.789 --> 24:50.799 align:start position:0%
In this case, the plane moves through
 

24:50.799 --> 24:53.430 align:start position:0%
In this case, the plane moves through
the<00:24:51.039><c> air</c><00:24:51.440><c> and</c><00:24:51.679><c> pressure</c><00:24:52.159><c> or</c><00:24:52.559><c> sound</c><00:24:52.799><c> waves</c><00:24:53.200><c> are</c>

24:53.430 --> 24:53.440 align:start position:0%
the air and pressure or sound waves are
 

24:53.440 --> 24:56.070 align:start position:0%
the air and pressure or sound waves are
pushed<00:24:53.760><c> out</c><00:24:53.919><c> in</c><00:24:54.159><c> all</c><00:24:54.400><c> directions.</c><00:24:55.679><c> With</c><00:24:55.919><c> the</c>

24:56.070 --> 24:56.080 align:start position:0%
pushed out in all directions. With the
 

24:56.080 --> 24:58.149 align:start position:0%
pushed out in all directions. With the
jet's<00:24:56.559><c> speed</c><00:24:56.960><c> building</c><00:24:57.279><c> up</c><00:24:57.520><c> towards</c><00:24:57.919><c> the</c>

24:58.149 --> 24:58.159 align:start position:0%
jet's speed building up towards the
 

24:58.159 --> 25:00.390 align:start position:0%
jet's speed building up towards the
speed<00:24:58.400><c> of</c><00:24:58.559><c> sound,</c><00:24:59.200><c> the</c><00:24:59.360><c> waves</c><00:24:59.679><c> in</c><00:24:59.919><c> front</c><00:25:00.159><c> start</c>

25:00.390 --> 25:00.400 align:start position:0%
speed of sound, the waves in front start
 

25:00.400 --> 25:02.950 align:start position:0%
speed of sound, the waves in front start
to<00:25:00.559><c> bunch</c><00:25:00.960><c> up,</c><00:25:01.520><c> forming</c><00:25:01.840><c> a</c><00:25:02.080><c> shock</c><00:25:02.480><c> front</c><00:25:02.720><c> of</c>

25:02.950 --> 25:02.960 align:start position:0%
to bunch up, forming a shock front of
 

25:02.960 --> 25:05.669 align:start position:0%
to bunch up, forming a shock front of
high<00:25:03.360><c> pressure.</c><00:25:04.480><c> When</c><00:25:04.640><c> the</c><00:25:04.880><c> plane</c><00:25:05.200><c> exceeds</c>

25:05.669 --> 25:05.679 align:start position:0%
high pressure. When the plane exceeds
 

25:05.679 --> 25:08.070 align:start position:0%
high pressure. When the plane exceeds
the<00:25:05.919><c> speed</c><00:25:06.159><c> of</c><00:25:06.320><c> sound,</c><00:25:06.960><c> it</c><00:25:07.279><c> smashes</c><00:25:07.840><c> through</c>

25:08.070 --> 25:08.080 align:start position:0%
the speed of sound, it smashes through
 

25:08.080 --> 25:10.470 align:start position:0%
the speed of sound, it smashes through
the<00:25:08.320><c> shock</c><00:25:08.640><c> front,</c><00:25:09.200><c> causing</c><00:25:09.520><c> a</c><00:25:09.840><c> rapid</c><00:25:10.240><c> change</c>

25:10.470 --> 25:10.480 align:start position:0%
the shock front, causing a rapid change
 

25:10.480 --> 25:13.909 align:start position:0%
the shock front, causing a rapid change
of<00:25:10.640><c> air</c><00:25:10.960><c> pressure.</c><00:25:11.840><c> This</c><00:25:12.240><c> is</c><00:25:12.480><c> the</c><00:25:12.640><c> sonic</c><00:25:13.039><c> boom.</c>

25:13.909 --> 25:13.919 align:start position:0%
of air pressure. This is the sonic boom.
 

25:13.919 --> 25:15.909 align:start position:0%
of air pressure. This is the sonic boom.
The<00:25:14.080><c> shock</c><00:25:14.480><c> front</c><00:25:14.720><c> then</c><00:25:14.960><c> travels</c><00:25:15.360><c> out</c><00:25:15.600><c> in</c><00:25:15.760><c> a</c>

25:15.909 --> 25:15.919 align:start position:0%
The shock front then travels out in a
 

25:15.919 --> 25:18.310 align:start position:0%
The shock front then travels out in a
cone,<00:25:16.640><c> trailing</c><00:25:17.120><c> behind</c><00:25:17.440><c> the</c><00:25:17.600><c> aircraft,</c>

25:18.310 --> 25:18.320 align:start position:0%
cone, trailing behind the aircraft,
 

25:18.320 --> 25:19.990 align:start position:0%
cone, trailing behind the aircraft,
which<00:25:18.640><c> observers</c><00:25:19.200><c> will</c><00:25:19.360><c> hear</c><00:25:19.600><c> as</c><00:25:19.840><c> a</c>

25:19.990 --> 25:20.000 align:start position:0%
which observers will hear as a
 

25:20.000 --> 25:22.789 align:start position:0%
which observers will hear as a
thunderous<00:25:20.559><c> clap.</c><00:25:22.000><c> In</c><00:25:22.240><c> the</c><00:25:22.400><c> case</c><00:25:22.480><c> of</c><00:25:22.640><c> the</c>

25:22.789 --> 25:22.799 align:start position:0%
thunderous clap. In the case of the
 

25:22.799 --> 25:25.830 align:start position:0%
thunderous clap. In the case of the
muon,<00:25:23.600><c> the</c><00:25:23.840><c> particle</c><00:25:24.240><c> is</c><00:25:24.480><c> not</c><00:25:24.720><c> pushing</c><00:25:25.200><c> air,</c>

25:25.830 --> 25:25.840 align:start position:0%
muon, the particle is not pushing air,
 

25:25.840 --> 25:27.830 align:start position:0%
muon, the particle is not pushing air,
but<00:25:26.159><c> instead</c><00:25:26.640><c> disturbing</c><00:25:27.120><c> the</c><00:25:27.360><c> electric</c>

25:27.830 --> 25:27.840 align:start position:0%
but instead disturbing the electric
 

25:27.840 --> 25:29.909 align:start position:0%
but instead disturbing the electric
fields<00:25:28.240><c> of</c><00:25:28.480><c> atoms</c><00:25:28.880><c> in</c><00:25:29.039><c> the</c><00:25:29.200><c> ice</c><00:25:29.440><c> with</c><00:25:29.679><c> its</c>

25:29.909 --> 25:29.919 align:start position:0%
fields of atoms in the ice with its
 

25:29.919 --> 25:32.470 align:start position:0%
fields of atoms in the ice with its
electromagnetic<00:25:30.799><c> charge,</c><00:25:31.600><c> polarizing</c><00:25:32.240><c> the</c>

25:32.470 --> 25:32.480 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic charge, polarizing the
 

25:32.480 --> 25:35.269 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic charge, polarizing the
water<00:25:32.799><c> molecules.</c><00:25:34.159><c> As</c><00:25:34.400><c> the</c><00:25:34.559><c> molecules</c>

25:35.269 --> 25:35.279 align:start position:0%
water molecules. As the molecules
 

25:35.279 --> 25:37.750 align:start position:0%
water molecules. As the molecules
depolarize<00:25:36.080><c> back</c><00:25:36.320><c> to</c><00:25:36.480><c> their</c><00:25:36.720><c> usual</c><00:25:37.120><c> state,</c>

25:37.750 --> 25:37.760 align:start position:0%
depolarize back to their usual state,
 

25:37.760 --> 25:39.510 align:start position:0%
depolarize back to their usual state,
they<00:25:38.000><c> release</c><00:25:38.320><c> the</c><00:25:38.559><c> energy</c><00:25:38.799><c> that</c><00:25:39.039><c> forced</c><00:25:39.360><c> them</c>

25:39.510 --> 25:39.520 align:start position:0%
they release the energy that forced them
 

25:39.520 --> 25:42.149 align:start position:0%
they release the energy that forced them
into<00:25:39.760><c> polarization</c><00:25:40.720><c> as</c><00:25:41.039><c> photons</c><00:25:41.600><c> of</c><00:25:41.840><c> blue</c>

25:42.149 --> 25:42.159 align:start position:0%
into polarization as photons of blue
 

25:42.159 --> 25:45.350 align:start position:0%
into polarization as photons of blue
light<00:25:42.640><c> traveling</c><00:25:43.120><c> out</c><00:25:43.279><c> in</c><00:25:43.600><c> all</c><00:25:43.840><c> directions.</c>

25:45.350 --> 25:45.360 align:start position:0%
light traveling out in all directions.
 

25:45.360 --> 25:48.390 align:start position:0%
light traveling out in all directions.
This<00:25:45.600><c> is</c><00:25:45.840><c> happening</c><00:25:46.720><c> all</c><00:25:47.120><c> along</c><00:25:47.600><c> the</c><00:25:47.840><c> path</c><00:25:48.159><c> the</c>

25:48.390 --> 25:48.400 align:start position:0%
This is happening all along the path the
 

25:48.400 --> 25:50.950 align:start position:0%
This is happening all along the path the
muon<00:25:48.880><c> takes</c><00:25:49.120><c> through</c><00:25:49.360><c> the</c><00:25:49.600><c> ice.</c><00:25:50.720><c> The</c>

25:50.950 --> 25:50.960 align:start position:0%
muon takes through the ice. The
 

25:50.960 --> 25:53.430 align:start position:0%
muon takes through the ice. The
traveling<00:25:51.360><c> muon</c><00:25:51.840><c> is</c><00:25:52.080><c> triggering</c><00:25:52.640><c> emission</c><00:25:53.200><c> of</c>

25:53.430 --> 25:53.440 align:start position:0%
traveling muon is triggering emission of
 

25:53.440 --> 25:55.830 align:start position:0%
traveling muon is triggering emission of
electromagnetic<00:25:54.400><c> waves</c><00:25:54.720><c> from</c><00:25:54.960><c> the</c><00:25:55.200><c> water</c><00:25:55.520><c> ice</c>

25:55.830 --> 25:55.840 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic waves from the water ice
 

25:55.840 --> 25:58.390 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic waves from the water ice
molecules<00:25:56.640><c> which</c><00:25:56.960><c> radiate</c><00:25:57.520><c> out</c><00:25:57.760><c> into</c><00:25:58.080><c> all</c>

25:58.390 --> 25:58.400 align:start position:0%
molecules which radiate out into all
 

25:58.400 --> 26:01.110 align:start position:0%
molecules which radiate out into all
directions<00:25:59.360><c> producing</c><00:25:59.760><c> a</c><00:26:00.080><c> cone</c><00:26:00.320><c> of</c><00:26:00.480><c> emission</c>

26:01.110 --> 26:01.120 align:start position:0%
directions producing a cone of emission
 

26:01.120 --> 26:03.990 align:start position:0%
directions producing a cone of emission
in<00:26:01.440><c> the</c><00:26:01.600><c> direction</c><00:26:01.919><c> of</c><00:26:02.159><c> the</c><00:26:02.320><c> muon's</c><00:26:02.799><c> motion.</c>

26:03.990 --> 26:04.000 align:start position:0%
in the direction of the muon's motion.
 

26:04.000 --> 26:06.149 align:start position:0%
in the direction of the muon's motion.
If<00:26:04.159><c> the</c><00:26:04.320><c> muon</c><00:26:04.799><c> was</c><00:26:04.960><c> traveling</c><00:26:05.520><c> slower</c><00:26:06.000><c> than</c>

26:06.149 --> 26:06.159 align:start position:0%
If the muon was traveling slower than
 

26:06.159 --> 26:08.070 align:start position:0%
If the muon was traveling slower than
light<00:26:06.400><c> in</c><00:26:06.640><c> the</c><00:26:06.720><c> ice</c><00:26:07.360><c> there</c><00:26:07.600><c> would</c><00:26:07.760><c> be</c><00:26:07.919><c> no</c>

26:08.070 --> 26:08.080 align:start position:0%
light in the ice there would be no
 

26:08.080 --> 26:10.390 align:start position:0%
light in the ice there would be no
wavefront<00:26:08.880><c> and</c><00:26:09.200><c> all</c><00:26:09.360><c> the</c><00:26:09.600><c> expanding</c><00:26:10.159><c> light</c>

26:10.390 --> 26:10.400 align:start position:0%
wavefront and all the expanding light
 

26:10.400 --> 26:12.149 align:start position:0%
wavefront and all the expanding light
spheres<00:26:10.880><c> would</c><00:26:11.039><c> destructively</c><00:26:11.760><c> interfere</c>

26:12.149 --> 26:12.159 align:start position:0%
spheres would destructively interfere
 

26:12.159 --> 26:14.789 align:start position:0%
spheres would destructively interfere
with<00:26:12.400><c> each</c><00:26:12.559><c> other</c><00:26:13.200><c> caning</c><00:26:13.679><c> out</c><00:26:14.000><c> to</c><00:26:14.320><c> complete</c>

26:14.789 --> 26:14.799 align:start position:0%
with each other caning out to complete
 

26:14.799 --> 26:17.669 align:start position:0%
with each other caning out to complete
darkness.<00:26:16.000><c> But</c><00:26:16.240><c> since</c><00:26:16.480><c> the</c><00:26:16.640><c> muon</c><00:26:17.279><c> is</c>

26:17.669 --> 26:17.679 align:start position:0%
darkness. But since the muon is
 

26:17.679 --> 26:20.070 align:start position:0%
darkness. But since the muon is
traveling<00:26:18.159><c> faster</c><00:26:18.559><c> than</c><00:26:18.720><c> light,</c><00:26:19.440><c> the</c><00:26:19.679><c> shock</c>

26:20.070 --> 26:20.080 align:start position:0%
traveling faster than light, the shock
 

26:20.080 --> 26:22.230 align:start position:0%
traveling faster than light, the shock
front<00:26:20.320><c> of</c><00:26:20.559><c> constructive</c><00:26:21.279><c> waves</c><00:26:21.679><c> in</c><00:26:21.840><c> the</c><00:26:22.000><c> form</c>

26:22.230 --> 26:22.240 align:start position:0%
front of constructive waves in the form
 

26:22.240 --> 26:25.430 align:start position:0%
front of constructive waves in the form
of<00:26:22.400><c> blue</c><00:26:22.640><c> light</c><00:26:23.039><c> is</c><00:26:23.279><c> created.</c><00:26:24.640><c> The</c><00:26:24.960><c> thousands</c>

26:25.430 --> 26:25.440 align:start position:0%
of blue light is created. The thousands
 

26:25.440 --> 26:28.310 align:start position:0%
of blue light is created. The thousands
of<00:26:25.679><c> digital</c><00:26:26.320><c> optical</c><00:26:26.880><c> modules</c><00:26:27.360><c> of</c><00:26:27.600><c> ice</c><00:26:27.919><c> cube</c>

26:28.310 --> 26:28.320 align:start position:0%
of digital optical modules of ice cube
 

26:28.320 --> 26:30.549 align:start position:0%
of digital optical modules of ice cube
are<00:26:28.559><c> primed</c><00:26:28.880><c> to</c><00:26:29.120><c> detect</c><00:26:29.520><c> this</c><00:26:29.760><c> signature</c><00:26:30.240><c> blue</c>

26:30.549 --> 26:30.559 align:start position:0%
are primed to detect this signature blue
 

26:30.559 --> 26:33.029 align:start position:0%
are primed to detect this signature blue
light<00:26:30.960><c> flashing</c><00:26:31.440><c> through</c><00:26:31.679><c> the</c><00:26:31.840><c> ice.</c><00:26:32.720><c> The</c>

26:33.029 --> 26:33.039 align:start position:0%
light flashing through the ice. The
 

26:33.039 --> 26:35.190 align:start position:0%
light flashing through the ice. The
minuscule<00:26:33.679><c> differences</c><00:26:34.240><c> between</c><00:26:34.559><c> when</c><00:26:34.880><c> one</c>

26:35.190 --> 26:35.200 align:start position:0%
minuscule differences between when one
 

26:35.200 --> 26:37.350 align:start position:0%
minuscule differences between when one
DOM<00:26:35.600><c> registers</c><00:26:36.080><c> the</c><00:26:36.240><c> flash</c><00:26:36.720><c> and</c><00:26:36.960><c> when</c><00:26:37.200><c> the</c>

26:37.350 --> 26:37.360 align:start position:0%
DOM registers the flash and when the
 

26:37.360 --> 26:39.669 align:start position:0%
DOM registers the flash and when the
neighboring<00:26:37.760><c> DOMs</c><00:26:38.159><c> detect</c><00:26:38.559><c> it</c><00:26:39.279><c> allow</c>

26:39.669 --> 26:39.679 align:start position:0%
neighboring DOMs detect it allow
 

26:39.679 --> 26:42.070 align:start position:0%
neighboring DOMs detect it allow
scientists<00:26:40.240><c> to</c><00:26:40.480><c> triangulate</c><00:26:41.039><c> the</c><00:26:41.200><c> nutrino</c>

26:42.070 --> 26:42.080 align:start position:0%
scientists to triangulate the nutrino
 

26:42.080 --> 26:44.789 align:start position:0%
scientists to triangulate the nutrino
and<00:26:42.400><c> trace</c><00:26:42.720><c> its</c><00:26:43.039><c> path</c><00:26:43.520><c> back</c><00:26:43.840><c> through</c><00:26:44.080><c> the</c><00:26:44.240><c> ice</c>

26:44.789 --> 26:44.799 align:start position:0%
and trace its path back through the ice
 

26:44.799 --> 26:47.430 align:start position:0%
and trace its path back through the ice
and<00:26:45.200><c> ultimately</c><00:26:45.919><c> through</c><00:26:46.240><c> the</c><00:26:46.559><c> universe</c><00:26:47.120><c> to</c>

26:47.430 --> 26:47.440 align:start position:0%
and ultimately through the universe to
 

26:47.440 --> 26:49.669 align:start position:0%
and ultimately through the universe to
its<00:26:47.679><c> origin.</c>

26:49.669 --> 26:49.679 align:start position:0%
its origin.
 

26:49.679 --> 26:52.710 align:start position:0%
its origin.
These<00:26:50.080><c> orblike</c><00:26:50.799><c> detectors</c><00:26:51.440><c> are</c><00:26:51.760><c> marvelous</c>

26:52.710 --> 26:52.720 align:start position:0%
These orblike detectors are marvelous
 

26:52.720 --> 26:55.269 align:start position:0%
These orblike detectors are marvelous
intricate<00:26:53.360><c> devices</c><00:26:54.080><c> designed</c><00:26:54.400><c> to</c><00:26:54.640><c> detect</c><00:26:54.960><c> the</c>

26:55.269 --> 26:55.279 align:start position:0%
intricate devices designed to detect the
 

26:55.279 --> 26:58.549 align:start position:0%
intricate devices designed to detect the
faintest<00:26:55.840><c> luminal</c><00:26:56.400><c> hints</c><00:26:56.720><c> in</c><00:26:56.880><c> the</c><00:26:57.120><c> icy</c><00:26:57.440><c> mass.</c>

26:58.549 --> 26:58.559 align:start position:0%
faintest luminal hints in the icy mass.
 

26:58.559 --> 27:01.830 align:start position:0%
faintest luminal hints in the icy mass.
Each<00:26:58.880><c> dome</c><00:26:59.200><c> is</c><00:26:59.360><c> encased</c><00:26:59.840><c> in</c><00:27:00.080><c> a</c><00:27:00.400><c> 13in</c><00:27:01.279><c> spherical</c>

27:01.830 --> 27:01.840 align:start position:0%
Each dome is encased in a 13in spherical
 

27:01.840 --> 27:03.990 align:start position:0%
Each dome is encased in a 13in spherical
glass<00:27:02.240><c> pressure</c><00:27:02.559><c> case</c><00:27:03.120><c> which</c><00:27:03.440><c> protects</c><00:27:03.760><c> the</c>

27:03.990 --> 27:04.000 align:start position:0%
glass pressure case which protects the
 

27:04.000 --> 27:06.230 align:start position:0%
glass pressure case which protects the
electronics<00:27:04.559><c> inside</c><00:27:05.039><c> from</c><00:27:05.200><c> the</c><00:27:05.440><c> extreme</c><00:27:05.840><c> cold</c>

27:06.230 --> 27:06.240 align:start position:0%
electronics inside from the extreme cold
 

27:06.240 --> 27:08.789 align:start position:0%
electronics inside from the extreme cold
and<00:27:06.480><c> high</c><00:27:06.720><c> pressure</c><00:27:07.039><c> of</c><00:27:07.200><c> the</c><00:27:07.279><c> Antarctic</c><00:27:07.919><c> ice.</c>

27:08.789 --> 27:08.799 align:start position:0%
and high pressure of the Antarctic ice.
 

27:08.799 --> 27:11.590 align:start position:0%
and high pressure of the Antarctic ice.
Inside<00:27:09.520><c> there</c><00:27:09.760><c> is</c><00:27:09.840><c> a</c><00:27:10.080><c> photo</c><00:27:10.480><c> multiplier</c><00:27:11.039><c> tube</c>

27:11.590 --> 27:11.600 align:start position:0%
Inside there is a photo multiplier tube
 

27:11.600 --> 27:14.149 align:start position:0%
Inside there is a photo multiplier tube
sensitive<00:27:12.159><c> enough</c><00:27:12.400><c> to</c><00:27:12.640><c> detect</c><00:27:13.039><c> even</c><00:27:13.360><c> a</c><00:27:13.679><c> single</c>

27:14.149 --> 27:14.159 align:start position:0%
sensitive enough to detect even a single
 

27:14.159 --> 27:17.029 align:start position:0%
sensitive enough to detect even a single
photon<00:27:15.360><c> along</c><00:27:15.760><c> with</c><00:27:16.080><c> various</c><00:27:16.559><c> components</c>

27:17.029 --> 27:17.039 align:start position:0%
photon along with various components
 

27:17.039 --> 27:19.269 align:start position:0%
photon along with various components
that<00:27:17.279><c> amplify</c><00:27:17.840><c> the</c><00:27:18.000><c> signal</c><00:27:18.480><c> and</c><00:27:18.799><c> convert</c><00:27:19.120><c> it</c>

27:19.269 --> 27:19.279 align:start position:0%
that amplify the signal and convert it
 

27:19.279 --> 27:21.510 align:start position:0%
that amplify the signal and convert it
into<00:27:19.600><c> digital</c><00:27:20.159><c> data</c><00:27:20.799><c> which</c><00:27:21.039><c> is</c><00:27:21.200><c> then</c>

27:21.510 --> 27:21.520 align:start position:0%
into digital data which is then
 

27:21.520 --> 27:23.269 align:start position:0%
into digital data which is then
transmitted<00:27:22.080><c> up</c><00:27:22.240><c> the</c><00:27:22.480><c> cables</c><00:27:22.880><c> to</c><00:27:23.120><c> the</c>

27:23.269 --> 27:23.279 align:start position:0%
transmitted up the cables to the
 

27:23.279 --> 27:26.230 align:start position:0%
transmitted up the cables to the
surface.<00:27:24.559><c> And</c><00:27:24.799><c> with</c><00:27:25.039><c> so</c><00:27:25.279><c> many</c><00:27:25.520><c> detectors</c>

27:26.230 --> 27:26.240 align:start position:0%
surface. And with so many detectors
 

27:26.240 --> 27:28.789 align:start position:0%
surface. And with so many detectors
making<00:27:26.559><c> up</c><00:27:26.799><c> this</c><00:27:27.200><c> three-dimensional</c><00:27:28.000><c> array,</c>

27:28.789 --> 27:28.799 align:start position:0%
making up this three-dimensional array,
 

27:28.799 --> 27:32.070 align:start position:0%
making up this three-dimensional array,
there<00:27:29.039><c> is</c><00:27:29.279><c> a</c><00:27:29.520><c> lot</c><00:27:29.679><c> of</c><00:27:29.840><c> data.</c><00:27:30.799><c> A</c><00:27:31.120><c> whole</c><00:27:31.440><c> terabyte</c>

27:32.070 --> 27:32.080 align:start position:0%
there is a lot of data. A whole terabyte
 

27:32.080 --> 27:34.630 align:start position:0%
there is a lot of data. A whole terabyte
of<00:27:32.240><c> measurements</c><00:27:32.799><c> are</c><00:27:33.039><c> captured</c><00:27:33.600><c> every</c><00:27:34.000><c> day</c>

27:34.630 --> 27:34.640 align:start position:0%
of measurements are captured every day
 

27:34.640 --> 27:36.710 align:start position:0%
of measurements are captured every day
with<00:27:34.880><c> hundreds</c><00:27:35.279><c> of</c><00:27:35.440><c> gigabytes</c><00:27:36.000><c> of</c><00:27:36.159><c> that</c><00:27:36.400><c> being</c>

27:36.710 --> 27:36.720 align:start position:0%
with hundreds of gigabytes of that being
 

27:36.720 --> 27:39.029 align:start position:0%
with hundreds of gigabytes of that being
beamed<00:27:37.039><c> by</c><00:27:37.279><c> satellite</c><00:27:37.919><c> to</c><00:27:38.159><c> scientists</c><00:27:38.640><c> across</c>

27:39.029 --> 27:39.039 align:start position:0%
beamed by satellite to scientists across
 

27:39.039 --> 27:41.190 align:start position:0%
beamed by satellite to scientists across
the<00:27:39.279><c> planet</c><00:27:39.760><c> for</c><00:27:39.919><c> them</c><00:27:40.080><c> to</c><00:27:40.320><c> comb</c><00:27:40.640><c> through</c><00:27:40.960><c> in</c>

27:41.190 --> 27:41.200 align:start position:0%
the planet for them to comb through in
 

27:41.200 --> 27:44.710 align:start position:0%
the planet for them to comb through in
search<00:27:41.440><c> of</c><00:27:41.600><c> their</c><00:27:41.840><c> ghostly</c><00:27:42.320><c> quantum</c><00:27:42.799><c> target.</c>

27:44.710 --> 27:44.720 align:start position:0%
search of their ghostly quantum target.
 

27:44.720 --> 27:47.110 align:start position:0%
search of their ghostly quantum target.
Within<00:27:45.120><c> this</c><00:27:45.360><c> trove</c><00:27:45.679><c> of</c><00:27:45.919><c> data</c><00:27:46.559><c> lie</c><00:27:46.880><c> the</c>

27:47.110 --> 27:47.120 align:start position:0%
Within this trove of data lie the
 

27:47.120 --> 27:49.830 align:start position:0%
Within this trove of data lie the
imprints<00:27:47.679><c> of</c><00:27:48.000><c> many</c><00:27:48.400><c> particles</c><00:27:49.039><c> arriving</c><00:27:49.600><c> from</c>

27:49.830 --> 27:49.840 align:start position:0%
imprints of many particles arriving from
 

27:49.840 --> 27:52.710 align:start position:0%
imprints of many particles arriving from
beyond<00:27:50.159><c> our</c><00:27:50.480><c> atmosphere.</c><00:27:51.600><c> The</c><00:27:51.840><c> vast</c><00:27:52.159><c> majority</c>

27:52.710 --> 27:52.720 align:start position:0%
beyond our atmosphere. The vast majority
 

27:52.720 --> 27:56.549 align:start position:0%
beyond our atmosphere. The vast majority
are<00:27:53.120><c> cosmic</c><00:27:53.520><c> rays.</c><00:27:54.960><c> Ice</c><00:27:55.200><c> Cube</c><00:27:55.520><c> detects</c><00:27:56.000><c> around</c>

27:56.549 --> 27:56.559 align:start position:0%
are cosmic rays. Ice Cube detects around
 

27:56.559 --> 27:58.070 align:start position:0%
are cosmic rays. Ice Cube detects around
275

27:58.070 --> 27:58.080 align:start position:0%
275
 

27:58.080 --> 28:01.190 align:start position:0%
275
million<00:27:58.480><c> of</c><00:27:58.640><c> them</c><00:27:58.880><c> daily.</c><00:28:00.080><c> Cosmic</c><00:28:00.559><c> rays</c><00:28:00.960><c> are</c>

28:01.190 --> 28:01.200 align:start position:0%
million of them daily. Cosmic rays are
 

28:01.200 --> 28:03.110 align:start position:0%
million of them daily. Cosmic rays are
interesting<00:28:01.600><c> in</c><00:28:01.840><c> their</c><00:28:02.080><c> own</c><00:28:02.240><c> right,</c><00:28:02.799><c> but</c>

28:03.110 --> 28:03.120 align:start position:0%
interesting in their own right, but
 

28:03.120 --> 28:05.350 align:start position:0%
interesting in their own right, but
serve<00:28:03.440><c> as</c><00:28:03.600><c> an</c><00:28:03.840><c> obscuring</c><00:28:04.480><c> curtain</c><00:28:04.880><c> of</c><00:28:05.120><c> noise</c>

28:05.350 --> 28:05.360 align:start position:0%
serve as an obscuring curtain of noise
 

28:05.360 --> 28:08.070 align:start position:0%
serve as an obscuring curtain of noise
to<00:28:05.600><c> those</c><00:28:05.919><c> seeking</c><00:28:06.320><c> nutrino</c><00:28:07.120><c> interactions,</c>

28:08.070 --> 28:08.080 align:start position:0%
to those seeking nutrino interactions,
 

28:08.080 --> 28:09.830 align:start position:0%
to those seeking nutrino interactions,
which<00:28:08.320><c> occur</c><00:28:08.640><c> a</c><00:28:08.960><c> million</c><00:28:09.200><c> times</c><00:28:09.520><c> less</c>

28:09.830 --> 28:09.840 align:start position:0%
which occur a million times less
 

28:09.840 --> 28:13.510 align:start position:0%
which occur a million times less
frequently<00:28:10.559><c> with</c><00:28:10.799><c> only</c><00:28:11.120><c> around</c><00:28:11.679><c> 275</c><00:28:13.039><c> detected</c>

28:13.510 --> 28:13.520 align:start position:0%
frequently with only around 275 detected
 

28:13.520 --> 28:15.269 align:start position:0%
frequently with only around 275 detected
daily.

28:15.269 --> 28:15.279 align:start position:0%
daily.
 

28:15.279 --> 28:18.470 align:start position:0%
daily.
But<00:28:15.520><c> even</c><00:28:15.840><c> with</c><00:28:16.240><c> the</c><00:28:16.640><c> 100,000</c><00:28:17.840><c> nutrino</c>

28:18.470 --> 28:18.480 align:start position:0%
But even with the 100,000 nutrino
 

28:18.480 --> 28:20.470 align:start position:0%
But even with the 100,000 nutrino
detections<00:28:19.039><c> that</c><00:28:19.279><c> Ice</c><00:28:19.600><c> Cube</c><00:28:19.840><c> makes</c><00:28:20.159><c> each</c>

28:20.470 --> 28:20.480 align:start position:0%
detections that Ice Cube makes each
 

28:20.480 --> 28:23.110 align:start position:0%
detections that Ice Cube makes each
year,<00:28:21.360><c> almost</c><00:28:21.760><c> all</c><00:28:22.000><c> of</c><00:28:22.159><c> them</c><00:28:22.399><c> are</c><00:28:22.559><c> generated</c>

28:23.110 --> 28:23.120 align:start position:0%
year, almost all of them are generated
 

28:23.120 --> 28:26.310 align:start position:0%
year, almost all of them are generated
in<00:28:23.440><c> our</c><00:28:23.760><c> own</c><00:28:24.159><c> atmosphere</c><00:28:25.120><c> as</c><00:28:25.520><c> debris</c><00:28:26.000><c> from</c>

28:26.310 --> 28:26.320 align:start position:0%
in our own atmosphere as debris from
 

28:26.320 --> 28:28.789 align:start position:0%
in our own atmosphere as debris from
collisions<00:28:26.799><c> of</c><00:28:26.960><c> cosmic</c><00:28:27.360><c> rays</c><00:28:27.840><c> with</c><00:28:28.159><c> atoms</c><00:28:28.559><c> in</c>

28:28.789 --> 28:28.799 align:start position:0%
collisions of cosmic rays with atoms in
 

28:28.799 --> 28:31.269 align:start position:0%
collisions of cosmic rays with atoms in
the<00:28:28.960><c> gas</c><00:28:29.200><c> that</c><00:28:29.440><c> surrounds</c><00:28:29.840><c> our</c><00:28:30.159><c> planet</c><00:28:30.960><c> and</c>

28:31.269 --> 28:31.279 align:start position:0%
the gas that surrounds our planet and
 

28:31.279 --> 28:34.389 align:start position:0%
the gas that surrounds our planet and
not<00:28:31.520><c> from</c><00:28:31.840><c> cosmic</c><00:28:32.320><c> origins</c><00:28:32.799><c> themselves.</c><00:28:34.240><c> The</c>

28:34.389 --> 28:34.399 align:start position:0%
not from cosmic origins themselves. The
 

28:34.399 --> 28:38.870 align:start position:0%
not from cosmic origins themselves. The
key<00:28:34.640><c> word</c><00:28:34.880><c> here</c><00:28:35.440><c> being</c><00:28:36.240><c> almost.</c>

28:38.870 --> 28:38.880 align:start position:0%
key word here being almost.
 

28:38.880 --> 28:42.230 align:start position:0%
key word here being almost.
On<00:28:39.120><c> the</c><00:28:39.360><c> 22nd</c><00:28:39.840><c> of</c><00:28:40.000><c> September</c><00:28:40.720><c> 2017,</c><00:28:41.919><c> an</c>

28:42.230 --> 28:42.240 align:start position:0%
On the 22nd of September 2017, an
 

28:42.240 --> 28:45.110 align:start position:0%
On the 22nd of September 2017, an
exceptionally<00:28:43.120><c> bright</c><00:28:43.679><c> burst</c><00:28:44.080><c> of</c><00:28:44.320><c> Sharenov</c>

28:45.110 --> 28:45.120 align:start position:0%
exceptionally bright burst of Sharenov
 

28:45.120 --> 28:47.590 align:start position:0%
exceptionally bright burst of Sharenov
radiation<00:28:45.919><c> was</c><00:28:46.240><c> registered</c><00:28:46.720><c> by</c><00:28:46.960><c> Ice</c><00:28:47.279><c> Cub's</c>

28:47.590 --> 28:47.600 align:start position:0%
radiation was registered by Ice Cub's
 

28:47.600 --> 28:50.630 align:start position:0%
radiation was registered by Ice Cub's
array<00:28:47.919><c> of</c><00:28:48.080><c> detectors.</c><00:28:49.520><c> Working</c><00:28:49.919><c> together,</c>

28:50.630 --> 28:50.640 align:start position:0%
array of detectors. Working together,
 

28:50.640 --> 28:52.870 align:start position:0%
array of detectors. Working together,
the<00:28:50.799><c> doms</c><00:28:51.279><c> used</c><00:28:51.520><c> the</c><00:28:51.679><c> tiny</c><00:28:52.080><c> time</c><00:28:52.320><c> differences</c>

28:52.870 --> 28:52.880 align:start position:0%
the doms used the tiny time differences
 

28:52.880 --> 28:54.630 align:start position:0%
the doms used the tiny time differences
between<00:28:53.200><c> when</c><00:28:53.440><c> they</c><00:28:53.600><c> each</c><00:28:54.000><c> detected</c><00:28:54.399><c> the</c>

28:54.630 --> 28:54.640 align:start position:0%
between when they each detected the
 

28:54.640 --> 28:57.590 align:start position:0%
between when they each detected the
flash<00:28:55.279><c> to</c><00:28:55.520><c> trace</c><00:28:55.919><c> the</c><00:28:56.159><c> path</c><00:28:56.399><c> of</c><00:28:56.480><c> the</c><00:28:56.640><c> muon</c><00:28:57.360><c> and</c>

28:57.590 --> 28:57.600 align:start position:0%
flash to trace the path of the muon and
 

28:57.600 --> 28:59.990 align:start position:0%
flash to trace the path of the muon and
the<00:28:57.919><c> exceptionally</c><00:28:58.640><c> energetic</c><00:28:59.200><c> nutrino</c><00:28:59.760><c> that</c>

28:59.990 --> 29:00.000 align:start position:0%
the exceptionally energetic nutrino that
 

29:00.000 --> 29:02.310 align:start position:0%
the exceptionally energetic nutrino that
created<00:29:00.320><c> it,</c><00:29:01.120><c> all</c><00:29:01.279><c> the</c><00:29:01.440><c> way</c><00:29:01.600><c> back</c><00:29:01.840><c> to</c><00:29:02.080><c> a</c>

29:02.310 --> 29:02.320 align:start position:0%
created it, all the way back to a
 

29:02.320 --> 29:04.870 align:start position:0%
created it, all the way back to a
powerful<00:29:03.120><c> and</c><00:29:03.440><c> mysterious</c><00:29:04.000><c> cosmic</c><00:29:04.480><c> source</c>

29:04.870 --> 29:04.880 align:start position:0%
powerful and mysterious cosmic source
 

29:04.880 --> 29:07.510 align:start position:0%
powerful and mysterious cosmic source
out<00:29:05.120><c> in</c><00:29:05.279><c> the</c><00:29:05.440><c> depths</c><00:29:05.679><c> of</c><00:29:05.840><c> our</c><00:29:06.080><c> universe.</c><00:29:07.200><c> a</c>

29:07.510 --> 29:07.520 align:start position:0%
out in the depths of our universe. a
 

29:07.520 --> 29:10.310 align:start position:0%
out in the depths of our universe. a
blazer,<00:29:08.640><c> a</c><00:29:08.880><c> super</c><00:29:09.120><c> massive</c><00:29:09.600><c> black</c><00:29:09.760><c> hole</c><00:29:10.080><c> at</c>

29:10.310 --> 29:10.320 align:start position:0%
blazer, a super massive black hole at
 

29:10.320 --> 29:13.110 align:start position:0%
blazer, a super massive black hole at
the<00:29:10.480><c> center</c><00:29:10.799><c> of</c><00:29:10.960><c> a</c><00:29:11.200><c> distant</c><00:29:11.600><c> galaxy,</c><00:29:12.480><c> hurling</c>

29:13.110 --> 29:13.120 align:start position:0%
the center of a distant galaxy, hurling
 

29:13.120 --> 29:17.029 align:start position:0%
the center of a distant galaxy, hurling
jets<00:29:13.600><c> of</c><00:29:13.840><c> particles</c><00:29:14.399><c> towards</c><00:29:14.880><c> Earth.</c>

29:17.029 --> 29:17.039 align:start position:0%
jets of particles towards Earth.
 

29:17.039 --> 29:20.070 align:start position:0%
jets of particles towards Earth.
This<00:29:17.279><c> discovery</c><00:29:18.080><c> was</c><00:29:18.559><c> monumental.</c><00:29:19.760><c> It</c><00:29:20.000><c> was</c>

29:20.070 --> 29:20.080 align:start position:0%
This discovery was monumental. It was
 

29:20.080 --> 29:21.830 align:start position:0%
This discovery was monumental. It was
not<00:29:20.240><c> the</c><00:29:20.480><c> first</c><00:29:20.640><c> time</c><00:29:20.799><c> that</c><00:29:21.039><c> Ice</c><00:29:21.360><c> Cube</c><00:29:21.679><c> had</c>

29:21.830 --> 29:21.840 align:start position:0%
not the first time that Ice Cube had
 

29:21.840 --> 29:24.789 align:start position:0%
not the first time that Ice Cube had
detected<00:29:22.240><c> nutrinos</c><00:29:22.960><c> from</c><00:29:23.200><c> deep,</c><00:29:23.520><c> deep</c><00:29:23.919><c> space.</c>

29:24.789 --> 29:24.799 align:start position:0%
detected nutrinos from deep, deep space.
 

29:24.799 --> 29:26.549 align:start position:0%
detected nutrinos from deep, deep space.
But<00:29:24.960><c> this</c><00:29:25.200><c> detection</c><00:29:25.679><c> was</c><00:29:25.919><c> the</c><00:29:26.080><c> first</c><00:29:26.320><c> to</c>

29:26.549 --> 29:26.559 align:start position:0%
But this detection was the first to
 

29:26.559 --> 29:29.110 align:start position:0%
But this detection was the first to
trigger<00:29:26.880><c> a</c><00:29:27.200><c> realtime</c><00:29:27.840><c> alert</c><00:29:28.159><c> to</c><00:29:28.399><c> telescopes</c>

29:29.110 --> 29:29.120 align:start position:0%
trigger a realtime alert to telescopes
 

29:29.120 --> 29:31.269 align:start position:0%
trigger a realtime alert to telescopes
across<00:29:29.440><c> the</c><00:29:29.679><c> globe,</c><00:29:30.320><c> indicating</c><00:29:30.880><c> that</c><00:29:31.039><c> there</c>

29:31.269 --> 29:31.279 align:start position:0%
across the globe, indicating that there
 

29:31.279 --> 29:33.190 align:start position:0%
across the globe, indicating that there
was<00:29:31.440><c> something</c><00:29:31.760><c> significant</c><00:29:32.320><c> to</c><00:29:32.559><c> look</c><00:29:32.720><c> at</c><00:29:32.880><c> in</c>

29:33.190 --> 29:33.200 align:start position:0%
was something significant to look at in
 

29:33.200 --> 29:35.110 align:start position:0%
was something significant to look at in
that<00:29:33.440><c> direction.</c>

29:35.110 --> 29:35.120 align:start position:0%
that direction.
 

29:35.120 --> 29:38.070 align:start position:0%
that direction.
Ice<00:29:35.440><c> Cube</c><00:29:35.840><c> and</c><00:29:36.159><c> Nutrinos</c><00:29:37.200><c> had</c><00:29:37.520><c> entered</c><00:29:37.840><c> the</c>

29:38.070 --> 29:38.080 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube and Nutrinos had entered the
 

29:38.080 --> 29:40.710 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube and Nutrinos had entered the
world<00:29:38.399><c> of</c><00:29:38.720><c> multi-</c><00:29:39.279><c> messenger</c><00:29:39.760><c> astronomy</c>

29:40.710 --> 29:40.720 align:start position:0%
world of multi- messenger astronomy
 

29:40.720 --> 29:42.870 align:start position:0%
world of multi- messenger astronomy
where<00:29:40.960><c> the</c><00:29:41.120><c> cosmos</c><00:29:41.600><c> is</c><00:29:41.840><c> studied</c><00:29:42.240><c> through</c><00:29:42.559><c> not</c>

29:42.870 --> 29:42.880 align:start position:0%
where the cosmos is studied through not
 

29:42.880 --> 29:45.269 align:start position:0%
where the cosmos is studied through not
just<00:29:43.120><c> light</c><00:29:43.760><c> like</c><00:29:44.000><c> it</c><00:29:44.240><c> has</c><00:29:44.399><c> been</c><00:29:44.640><c> for</c><00:29:44.880><c> most</c><00:29:45.120><c> of</c>

29:45.269 --> 29:45.279 align:start position:0%
just light like it has been for most of
 

29:45.279 --> 29:47.510 align:start position:0%
just light like it has been for most of
the<00:29:45.520><c> history</c><00:29:45.679><c> of</c><00:29:45.919><c> astronomy</c><00:29:46.799><c> but</c><00:29:47.039><c> also</c>

29:47.510 --> 29:47.520 align:start position:0%
the history of astronomy but also
 

29:47.520 --> 29:51.269 align:start position:0%
the history of astronomy but also
gravitational<00:29:48.240><c> waves,</c><00:29:49.120><c> cosmic</c><00:29:49.520><c> rays</c><00:29:50.320><c> and</c><00:29:50.559><c> now</c>

29:51.269 --> 29:51.279 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves, cosmic rays and now
 

29:51.279 --> 29:53.510 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves, cosmic rays and now
nutrinos.

29:53.510 --> 29:53.520 align:start position:0%
nutrinos.
 

29:53.520 --> 29:56.149 align:start position:0%
nutrinos.
Nutrinos<00:29:54.320><c> are</c><00:29:54.480><c> a</c><00:29:54.799><c> particularly</c><00:29:55.679><c> useful</c>

29:56.149 --> 29:56.159 align:start position:0%
Nutrinos are a particularly useful
 

29:56.159 --> 29:58.630 align:start position:0%
Nutrinos are a particularly useful
window<00:29:56.480><c> for</c><00:29:56.720><c> us</c><00:29:56.880><c> to</c><00:29:57.039><c> look</c><00:29:57.200><c> through</c><00:29:57.919><c> because</c>

29:58.630 --> 29:58.640 align:start position:0%
window for us to look through because
 

29:58.640 --> 30:00.630 align:start position:0%
window for us to look through because
like<00:29:58.960><c> gravitational</c><00:29:59.600><c> waves,</c><00:30:00.240><c> they</c><00:30:00.480><c> can</c>

30:00.630 --> 30:00.640 align:start position:0%
like gravitational waves, they can
 

30:00.640 --> 30:03.190 align:start position:0%
like gravitational waves, they can
arrive<00:30:00.960><c> at</c><00:30:01.200><c> us</c><00:30:01.760><c> before</c><00:30:02.080><c> the</c><00:30:02.399><c> light</c><00:30:02.720><c> from</c><00:30:02.960><c> a</c>

30:03.190 --> 30:03.200 align:start position:0%
arrive at us before the light from a
 

30:03.200 --> 30:05.669 align:start position:0%
arrive at us before the light from a
major<00:30:03.520><c> astronomical</c><00:30:04.240><c> event</c><00:30:04.640><c> does.</c><00:30:05.360><c> Because</c>

30:05.669 --> 30:05.679 align:start position:0%
major astronomical event does. Because
 

30:05.679 --> 30:07.430 align:start position:0%
major astronomical event does. Because
of<00:30:05.840><c> their</c><00:30:06.080><c> ghostly</c><00:30:06.559><c> nature</c><00:30:06.880><c> that</c><00:30:07.039><c> I</c><00:30:07.279><c> talked</c>

30:07.430 --> 30:07.440 align:start position:0%
of their ghostly nature that I talked
 

30:07.440 --> 30:10.070 align:start position:0%
of their ghostly nature that I talked
about<00:30:07.679><c> before,</c><00:30:08.399><c> nutrinos</c><00:30:09.120><c> take</c><00:30:09.360><c> a</c><00:30:09.679><c> very</c>

30:10.070 --> 30:10.080 align:start position:0%
about before, nutrinos take a very
 

30:10.080 --> 30:12.710 align:start position:0%
about before, nutrinos take a very
direct<00:30:10.559><c> path</c><00:30:10.880><c> to</c><00:30:11.120><c> our</c><00:30:11.279><c> detector.</c><00:30:12.320><c> Whereas</c>

30:12.710 --> 30:12.720 align:start position:0%
direct path to our detector. Whereas
 

30:12.720 --> 30:15.669 align:start position:0%
direct path to our detector. Whereas
light<00:30:13.200><c> faces</c><00:30:13.679><c> many</c><00:30:14.000><c> obstacles</c><00:30:14.640><c> like</c><00:30:14.960><c> dust</c><00:30:15.440><c> and</c>

30:15.669 --> 30:15.679 align:start position:0%
light faces many obstacles like dust and
 

30:15.679 --> 30:17.830 align:start position:0%
light faces many obstacles like dust and
magnetic<00:30:16.159><c> fields</c><00:30:16.640><c> that</c><00:30:16.960><c> interfere</c><00:30:17.360><c> with</c><00:30:17.600><c> its</c>

30:17.830 --> 30:17.840 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields that interfere with its
 

30:17.840 --> 30:20.630 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields that interfere with its
journey<00:30:18.159><c> and</c><00:30:18.480><c> slow</c><00:30:18.640><c> it</c><00:30:18.880><c> down.</c><00:30:19.840><c> Ice</c><00:30:20.159><c> Cube</c><00:30:20.480><c> is</c>

30:20.630 --> 30:20.640 align:start position:0%
journey and slow it down. Ice Cube is
 

30:20.640 --> 30:23.029 align:start position:0%
journey and slow it down. Ice Cube is
now<00:30:20.960><c> fully</c><00:30:21.520><c> integrated</c><00:30:22.080><c> into</c><00:30:22.320><c> a</c><00:30:22.559><c> planetary</c>

30:23.029 --> 30:23.039 align:start position:0%
now fully integrated into a planetary
 

30:23.039 --> 30:25.669 align:start position:0%
now fully integrated into a planetary
network<00:30:23.440><c> of</c><00:30:23.840><c> observatories,</c><00:30:25.039><c> constantly</c>

30:25.669 --> 30:25.679 align:start position:0%
network of observatories, constantly
 

30:25.679 --> 30:27.750 align:start position:0%
network of observatories, constantly
scouring<00:30:26.159><c> the</c><00:30:26.320><c> skies</c><00:30:26.720><c> for</c><00:30:26.960><c> signs</c><00:30:27.279><c> of</c><00:30:27.440><c> high</c>

30:27.750 --> 30:27.760 align:start position:0%
scouring the skies for signs of high
 

30:27.760 --> 30:30.470 align:start position:0%
scouring the skies for signs of high
energy<00:30:28.159><c> events,</c><00:30:28.960><c> ready</c><00:30:29.200><c> to</c><00:30:29.360><c> inform</c><00:30:30.000><c> radio</c>

30:30.470 --> 30:30.480 align:start position:0%
energy events, ready to inform radio
 

30:30.480 --> 30:33.510 align:start position:0%
energy events, ready to inform radio
dishes,<00:30:31.200><c> mirrors,</c><00:30:31.840><c> and</c><00:30:32.080><c> lenses</c><00:30:32.880><c> precisely</c>

30:33.510 --> 30:33.520 align:start position:0%
dishes, mirrors, and lenses precisely
 

30:33.520 --> 30:35.990 align:start position:0%
dishes, mirrors, and lenses precisely
where<00:30:33.760><c> to</c><00:30:33.919><c> point</c><00:30:34.240><c> to</c><00:30:34.399><c> see</c><00:30:34.720><c> rare</c><00:30:35.120><c> and</c><00:30:35.440><c> transient</c>

30:35.990 --> 30:36.000 align:start position:0%
where to point to see rare and transient
 

30:36.000 --> 30:38.310 align:start position:0%
where to point to see rare and transient
phenomena<00:30:36.640><c> that</c><00:30:36.880><c> we</c><00:30:37.120><c> would</c><00:30:37.360><c> otherwise</c><00:30:37.919><c> miss</c>

30:38.310 --> 30:38.320 align:start position:0%
phenomena that we would otherwise miss
 

30:38.320 --> 30:40.630 align:start position:0%
phenomena that we would otherwise miss
completely.

30:40.630 --> 30:40.640 align:start position:0%
completely.
 

30:40.640 --> 30:43.430 align:start position:0%
completely.
Ice<00:30:40.960><c> Cube</c><00:30:41.279><c> is</c><00:30:41.520><c> the</c><00:30:41.760><c> noble</c><00:30:42.240><c> watchman,</c><00:30:43.039><c> sounding</c>

30:43.430 --> 30:43.440 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube is the noble watchman, sounding
 

30:43.440 --> 30:45.990 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube is the noble watchman, sounding
the<00:30:43.600><c> alarm</c><00:30:44.000><c> to</c><00:30:44.159><c> rally</c><00:30:44.559><c> an</c><00:30:44.799><c> army</c><00:30:45.039><c> of</c><00:30:45.279><c> telescopic</c>

30:45.990 --> 30:46.000 align:start position:0%
the alarm to rally an army of telescopic
 

30:46.000 --> 30:48.470 align:start position:0%
the alarm to rally an army of telescopic
troops<00:30:46.399><c> across</c><00:30:46.720><c> the</c><00:30:46.960><c> globe,</c><00:30:47.679><c> commanding</c><00:30:48.159><c> them</c>

30:48.470 --> 30:48.480 align:start position:0%
troops across the globe, commanding them
 

30:48.480 --> 30:50.870 align:start position:0%
troops across the globe, commanding them
where<00:30:48.720><c> to</c><00:30:48.960><c> aim</c><00:30:49.279><c> to</c><00:30:49.520><c> catch</c><00:30:49.760><c> sight</c><00:30:50.080><c> of</c><00:30:50.320><c> raging</c>

30:50.870 --> 30:50.880 align:start position:0%
where to aim to catch sight of raging
 

30:50.880 --> 30:53.750 align:start position:0%
where to aim to catch sight of raging
cosmic<00:30:51.360><c> fires.</c><00:30:52.159><c> And</c><00:30:52.399><c> even</c><00:30:52.640><c> further</c><00:30:52.960><c> to</c><00:30:53.120><c> that,</c>

30:53.750 --> 30:53.760 align:start position:0%
cosmic fires. And even further to that,
 

30:53.760 --> 30:56.070 align:start position:0%
cosmic fires. And even further to that,
Ice<00:30:54.000><c> Cube</c><00:30:54.320><c> can</c><00:30:54.399><c> give</c><00:30:54.559><c> us</c><00:30:54.720><c> a</c><00:30:55.039><c> unique</c><00:30:55.440><c> view</c><00:30:55.760><c> into</c>

30:56.070 --> 30:56.080 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube can give us a unique view into
 

30:56.080 --> 30:58.470 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube can give us a unique view into
the<00:30:56.320><c> heart</c><00:30:56.559><c> of</c><00:30:56.720><c> these</c><00:30:57.039><c> phenomena.</c><00:30:58.159><c> Because</c>

30:58.470 --> 30:58.480 align:start position:0%
the heart of these phenomena. Because
 

30:58.480 --> 31:01.510 align:start position:0%
the heart of these phenomena. Because
again,<00:30:59.279><c> unlike</c><00:30:59.679><c> photons,</c><00:31:00.640><c> nutrinos</c><00:31:01.279><c> can</c>

31:01.510 --> 31:01.520 align:start position:0%
again, unlike photons, nutrinos can
 

31:01.520 --> 31:04.230 align:start position:0%
again, unlike photons, nutrinos can
escape<00:31:02.159><c> relatively</c><00:31:02.799><c> unscathed</c><00:31:03.600><c> from</c><00:31:03.919><c> high</c>

31:04.230 --> 31:04.240 align:start position:0%
escape relatively unscathed from high
 

31:04.240 --> 31:05.990 align:start position:0%
escape relatively unscathed from high
energy<00:31:04.640><c> environments</c><00:31:05.200><c> such</c><00:31:05.360><c> as</c><00:31:05.520><c> the</c><00:31:05.760><c> core</c>

31:05.990 --> 31:06.000 align:start position:0%
energy environments such as the core
 

31:06.000 --> 31:08.549 align:start position:0%
energy environments such as the core
collapse<00:31:06.399><c> of</c><00:31:06.559><c> supernova</c><00:31:07.279><c> explosions</c><00:31:08.240><c> or</c>

31:08.549 --> 31:08.559 align:start position:0%
collapse of supernova explosions or
 

31:08.559 --> 31:11.590 align:start position:0%
collapse of supernova explosions or
cataclysmic<00:31:09.360><c> merges</c><00:31:09.840><c> of</c><00:31:10.159><c> unfathomably</c><00:31:11.279><c> dense</c>

31:11.590 --> 31:11.600 align:start position:0%
cataclysmic merges of unfathomably dense
 

31:11.600 --> 31:14.549 align:start position:0%
cataclysmic merges of unfathomably dense
neutron<00:31:12.080><c> stars</c><00:31:12.960><c> or</c><00:31:13.279><c> even</c><00:31:13.440><c> the</c><00:31:13.679><c> searing</c><00:31:14.159><c> fury</c>

31:14.549 --> 31:14.559 align:start position:0%
neutron stars or even the searing fury
 

31:14.559 --> 31:17.269 align:start position:0%
neutron stars or even the searing fury
of<00:31:14.799><c> super</c><00:31:15.120><c> massive</c><00:31:15.520><c> black</c><00:31:15.760><c> holes.</c><00:31:16.640><c> Ice</c><00:31:16.960><c> Cube</c>

31:17.269 --> 31:17.279 align:start position:0%
of super massive black holes. Ice Cube
 

31:17.279 --> 31:19.269 align:start position:0%
of super massive black holes. Ice Cube
can<00:31:17.520><c> deliver</c><00:31:18.000><c> new</c><00:31:18.399><c> and</c><00:31:18.799><c> different</c>

31:19.269 --> 31:19.279 align:start position:0%
can deliver new and different
 

31:19.279 --> 31:21.430 align:start position:0%
can deliver new and different
information.<00:31:20.399><c> It</c><00:31:20.640><c> can</c><00:31:20.799><c> see</c><00:31:21.039><c> things</c>

31:21.430 --> 31:21.440 align:start position:0%
information. It can see things
 

31:21.440 --> 31:23.830 align:start position:0%
information. It can see things
light-based<00:31:22.080><c> telescopes</c><00:31:22.640><c> are</c><00:31:22.799><c> blind</c><00:31:23.120><c> to,</c><00:31:23.600><c> so</c>

31:23.830 --> 31:23.840 align:start position:0%
light-based telescopes are blind to, so
 

31:23.840 --> 31:25.269 align:start position:0%
light-based telescopes are blind to, so
to<00:31:24.080><c> speak.</c>

31:25.269 --> 31:25.279 align:start position:0%
to speak.
 

31:25.279 --> 31:27.669 align:start position:0%
to speak.
The<00:31:25.520><c> nutrinos</c><00:31:26.080><c> it</c><00:31:26.240><c> detects</c><00:31:26.880><c> can</c><00:31:27.120><c> hugely</c>

31:27.669 --> 31:27.679 align:start position:0%
The nutrinos it detects can hugely
 

31:27.679 --> 31:29.750 align:start position:0%
The nutrinos it detects can hugely
broaden<00:31:28.159><c> our</c><00:31:28.480><c> understanding</c><00:31:28.960><c> of</c><00:31:29.200><c> all</c><00:31:29.440><c> these</c>

31:29.750 --> 31:29.760 align:start position:0%
broaden our understanding of all these
 

31:29.760 --> 31:32.549 align:start position:0%
broaden our understanding of all these
events<00:31:30.559><c> and</c><00:31:30.960><c> of</c><00:31:31.200><c> the</c><00:31:31.440><c> most</c><00:31:31.840><c> fundamental</c>

31:32.549 --> 31:32.559 align:start position:0%
events and of the most fundamental
 

31:32.559 --> 31:35.350 align:start position:0%
events and of the most fundamental
nature<00:31:32.960><c> of</c><00:31:33.200><c> the</c><00:31:33.440><c> universe.</c><00:31:34.720><c> During</c><00:31:35.039><c> these</c>

31:35.350 --> 31:35.360 align:start position:0%
nature of the universe. During these
 

31:35.360 --> 31:37.990 align:start position:0%
nature of the universe. During these
events,<00:31:36.000><c> physics</c><00:31:36.399><c> is</c><00:31:36.559><c> pushed</c><00:31:36.880><c> to</c><00:31:37.039><c> its</c><00:31:37.279><c> limits.</c>

31:37.990 --> 31:38.000 align:start position:0%
events, physics is pushed to its limits.
 

31:38.000 --> 31:40.389 align:start position:0%
events, physics is pushed to its limits.
Particles<00:31:38.640><c> are</c><00:31:38.880><c> accelerated</c><00:31:39.440><c> to</c><00:31:39.760><c> speeds</c><00:31:40.159><c> and</c>

31:40.389 --> 31:40.399 align:start position:0%
Particles are accelerated to speeds and
 

31:40.399 --> 31:42.549 align:start position:0%
Particles are accelerated to speeds and
energies<00:31:41.039><c> thousands</c><00:31:41.600><c> of</c><00:31:41.760><c> times</c><00:31:42.080><c> greater</c><00:31:42.399><c> than</c>

31:42.549 --> 31:42.559 align:start position:0%
energies thousands of times greater than
 

31:42.559 --> 31:44.549 align:start position:0%
energies thousands of times greater than
what<00:31:42.799><c> we</c><00:31:42.960><c> can</c><00:31:43.039><c> achieve</c><00:31:43.440><c> in</c><00:31:43.760><c> our</c><00:31:44.080><c> particle</c>

31:44.549 --> 31:44.559 align:start position:0%
what we can achieve in our particle
 

31:44.559 --> 31:47.669 align:start position:0%
what we can achieve in our particle
accelerators<00:31:45.200><c> on</c><00:31:45.440><c> Earth</c><00:31:46.000><c> like</c><00:31:46.159><c> that</c><00:31:46.399><c> of</c><00:31:46.559><c> CERN.</c>

31:47.669 --> 31:47.679 align:start position:0%
accelerators on Earth like that of CERN.
 

31:47.679 --> 31:49.830 align:start position:0%
accelerators on Earth like that of CERN.
This<00:31:48.000><c> allows</c><00:31:48.480><c> physicists</c><00:31:49.039><c> to</c><00:31:49.279><c> test</c><00:31:49.600><c> their</c>

31:49.830 --> 31:49.840 align:start position:0%
This allows physicists to test their
 

31:49.840 --> 31:52.630 align:start position:0%
This allows physicists to test their
theories<00:31:50.720><c> and</c><00:31:51.039><c> use</c><00:31:51.279><c> the</c><00:31:51.519><c> arrival</c><00:31:51.840><c> of</c><00:31:52.080><c> nutrinos</c>

31:52.630 --> 31:52.640 align:start position:0%
theories and use the arrival of nutrinos
 

31:52.640 --> 31:55.830 align:start position:0%
theories and use the arrival of nutrinos
at<00:31:52.880><c> ice</c><00:31:53.120><c> cube</c><00:31:53.600><c> to</c><00:31:53.840><c> make</c><00:31:54.080><c> new</c><00:31:54.320><c> discoveries</c><00:31:55.519><c> not</c>

31:55.830 --> 31:55.840 align:start position:0%
at ice cube to make new discoveries not
 

31:55.840 --> 31:57.750 align:start position:0%
at ice cube to make new discoveries not
only<00:31:56.080><c> about</c><00:31:56.399><c> the</c><00:31:56.640><c> behavior</c><00:31:57.120><c> and</c><00:31:57.440><c> properties</c>

31:57.750 --> 31:57.760 align:start position:0%
only about the behavior and properties
 

31:57.760 --> 32:00.950 align:start position:0%
only about the behavior and properties
of<00:31:57.919><c> nutrinos</c><00:31:58.880><c> but</c><00:31:59.200><c> also</c><00:31:59.519><c> about</c><00:31:59.840><c> dark</c><00:32:00.240><c> matter</c>

32:00.950 --> 32:00.960 align:start position:0%
of nutrinos but also about dark matter
 

32:00.960 --> 32:04.710 align:start position:0%
of nutrinos but also about dark matter
and<00:32:01.440><c> even</c><00:32:01.840><c> about</c><00:32:02.240><c> ice</c><00:32:02.640><c> itself.</c>

32:04.710 --> 32:04.720 align:start position:0%
and even about ice itself.
 

32:04.720 --> 32:07.190 align:start position:0%
and even about ice itself.
This<00:32:04.880><c> is</c><00:32:05.039><c> why</c><00:32:05.360><c> so</c><00:32:05.679><c> much</c><00:32:05.840><c> effort</c><00:32:06.159><c> was</c><00:32:06.480><c> put</c><00:32:06.799><c> into</c>

32:07.190 --> 32:07.200 align:start position:0%
This is why so much effort was put into
 

32:07.200 --> 32:09.509 align:start position:0%
This is why so much effort was put into
building<00:32:07.600><c> such</c><00:32:07.919><c> an</c><00:32:08.159><c> extreme</c><00:32:08.720><c> telescope</c><00:32:09.279><c> as</c>

32:09.509 --> 32:09.519 align:start position:0%
building such an extreme telescope as
 

32:09.519 --> 32:12.310 align:start position:0%
building such an extreme telescope as
the<00:32:09.760><c> ice</c><00:32:10.080><c> cube</c><00:32:10.320><c> nutrino</c><00:32:10.960><c> observatory.</c><00:32:12.080><c> An</c>

32:12.310 --> 32:12.320 align:start position:0%
the ice cube nutrino observatory. An
 

32:12.320 --> 32:14.710 align:start position:0%
the ice cube nutrino observatory. An
effort<00:32:12.559><c> that</c><00:32:12.799><c> took</c><00:32:13.200><c> seven</c><00:32:13.519><c> years</c><00:32:13.760><c> to</c><00:32:13.919><c> complete</c>

32:14.710 --> 32:14.720 align:start position:0%
effort that took seven years to complete
 

32:14.720 --> 32:17.029 align:start position:0%
effort that took seven years to complete
with<00:32:15.039><c> work</c><00:32:15.360><c> pausing</c><00:32:15.840><c> during</c><00:32:16.159><c> the</c><00:32:16.320><c> Antarctic</c>

32:17.029 --> 32:17.039 align:start position:0%
with work pausing during the Antarctic
 

32:17.039 --> 32:19.029 align:start position:0%
with work pausing during the Antarctic
winter<00:32:17.440><c> when</c><00:32:17.679><c> planes</c><00:32:18.080><c> are</c><00:32:18.320><c> shut</c><00:32:18.640><c> out</c><00:32:18.799><c> from</c>

32:19.029 --> 32:19.039 align:start position:0%
winter when planes are shut out from
 

32:19.039 --> 32:20.710 align:start position:0%
winter when planes are shut out from
Earth's<00:32:19.360><c> most</c><00:32:19.600><c> southerntherly</c><00:32:20.080><c> continent</c><00:32:20.559><c> by</c>

32:20.710 --> 32:20.720 align:start position:0%
Earth's most southerntherly continent by
 

32:20.720 --> 32:23.669 align:start position:0%
Earth's most southerntherly continent by
the<00:32:20.960><c> brutal</c><00:32:21.440><c> weather.</c><00:32:22.240><c> Only</c><00:32:22.480><c> able</c><00:32:22.799><c> to</c><00:32:23.120><c> briefly</c>

32:23.669 --> 32:23.679 align:start position:0%
the brutal weather. Only able to briefly
 

32:23.679 --> 32:25.909 align:start position:0%
the brutal weather. Only able to briefly
resume<00:32:24.159><c> for</c><00:32:24.399><c> the</c><00:32:24.559><c> summer</c><00:32:24.880><c> months</c><00:32:25.200><c> of</c><00:32:25.440><c> November</c>

32:25.909 --> 32:25.919 align:start position:0%
resume for the summer months of November
 

32:25.919 --> 32:29.190 align:start position:0%
resume for the summer months of November
to<00:32:26.240><c> February.</c><00:32:27.440><c> Over</c><00:32:27.919><c> those</c><00:32:28.159><c> seven</c><00:32:28.480><c> years,</c><00:32:29.039><c> the</c>

32:29.190 --> 32:29.200 align:start position:0%
to February. Over those seven years, the
 

32:29.200 --> 32:32.630 align:start position:0%
to February. Over those seven years, the
Ice<00:32:29.440><c> Cube</c><00:32:29.760><c> team</c><00:32:30.159><c> drilled</c><00:32:30.720><c> 86</c><00:32:31.440><c> holes</c><00:32:32.240><c> 2</c><00:32:32.480><c> and</c><00:32:32.559><c> a</c>

32:32.630 --> 32:32.640 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube team drilled 86 holes 2 and a
 

32:32.640 --> 32:36.549 align:start position:0%
Ice Cube team drilled 86 holes 2 and a
half<00:32:32.960><c> km</c><00:32:33.519><c> deep,</c><00:32:34.159><c> using</c><00:32:34.640><c> 18,000</c><00:32:35.440><c> L</c><00:32:35.840><c> of</c><00:32:36.000><c> fuel</c><00:32:36.240><c> per</c>

32:36.549 --> 32:36.559 align:start position:0%
half km deep, using 18,000 L of fuel per
 

32:36.559 --> 32:40.070 align:start position:0%
half km deep, using 18,000 L of fuel per
pole<00:32:37.279><c> and</c><00:32:37.440><c> melting</c><00:32:38.320><c> 750,000</c>

32:40.070 --> 32:40.080 align:start position:0%
pole and melting 750,000
 

32:40.080 --> 32:43.590 align:start position:0%
pole and melting 750,000
L<00:32:40.480><c> of</c><00:32:40.559><c> ice</c><00:32:40.880><c> in</c><00:32:41.120><c> the</c><00:32:41.279><c> process.</c><00:32:42.480><c> All</c><00:32:42.720><c> to</c><00:32:42.960><c> have</c><00:32:43.279><c> a</c>

32:43.590 --> 32:43.600 align:start position:0%
L of ice in the process. All to have a
 

32:43.600 --> 32:46.070 align:start position:0%
L of ice in the process. All to have a
few<00:32:43.840><c> hundred</c><00:32:44.240><c> scientists</c><00:32:44.799><c> live</c><00:32:45.120><c> and</c><00:32:45.519><c> work</c><00:32:45.760><c> in</c>

32:46.070 --> 32:46.080 align:start position:0%
few hundred scientists live and work in
 

32:46.080 --> 32:47.990 align:start position:0%
few hundred scientists live and work in
one<00:32:46.240><c> of</c><00:32:46.320><c> the</c><00:32:46.559><c> most</c><00:32:46.960><c> inhospitable</c>

32:47.990 --> 32:48.000 align:start position:0%
one of the most inhospitable
 

32:48.000 --> 32:50.789 align:start position:0%
one of the most inhospitable
environments<00:32:48.640><c> on</c><00:32:48.960><c> our</c><00:32:49.279><c> planet</c><00:32:50.000><c> in</c><00:32:50.240><c> attempt</c><00:32:50.559><c> to</c>

32:50.789 --> 32:50.799 align:start position:0%
environments on our planet in attempt to
 

32:50.799 --> 32:53.350 align:start position:0%
environments on our planet in attempt to
understand<00:32:51.360><c> the</c><00:32:51.600><c> most</c><00:32:52.000><c> extreme</c><00:32:52.720><c> events</c><00:32:53.120><c> in</c>

32:53.350 --> 32:53.360 align:start position:0%
understand the most extreme events in
 

32:53.360 --> 32:56.230 align:start position:0%
understand the most extreme events in
our<00:32:53.600><c> universe</c><00:32:54.480><c> and</c><00:32:54.720><c> to</c><00:32:54.880><c> capture</c><00:32:55.200><c> a</c><00:32:55.440><c> glimpse</c><00:32:56.000><c> of</c>

32:56.230 --> 32:56.240 align:start position:0%
our universe and to capture a glimpse of
 

32:56.240 --> 32:58.310 align:start position:0%
our universe and to capture a glimpse of
the<00:32:56.480><c> most</c><00:32:56.720><c> elusive</c><00:32:57.279><c> particle</c><00:32:57.919><c> in</c><00:32:58.159><c> the</c>

32:58.310 --> 32:58.320 align:start position:0%
the most elusive particle in the
 

32:58.320 --> 33:00.549 align:start position:0%
the most elusive particle in the
universe.

33:00.549 --> 33:00.559 align:start position:0%
universe.
 

33:00.559 --> 33:03.029 align:start position:0%
universe.
Nutrinos<00:33:01.440><c> are</c><00:33:01.840><c> the</c><00:33:02.159><c> phantoms</c><00:33:02.720><c> of</c><00:33:02.799><c> the</c>

33:03.029 --> 33:03.039 align:start position:0%
Nutrinos are the phantoms of the
 

33:03.039 --> 33:05.909 align:start position:0%
Nutrinos are the phantoms of the
particle<00:33:03.519><c> kingdom.</c><00:33:04.480><c> It</c><00:33:04.640><c> takes</c><00:33:04.960><c> bold</c><00:33:05.519><c> and</c>

33:05.909 --> 33:05.919 align:start position:0%
particle kingdom. It takes bold and
 

33:05.919 --> 33:07.750 align:start position:0%
particle kingdom. It takes bold and
ingenious<00:33:06.399><c> ideas</c><00:33:06.880><c> from</c><00:33:07.200><c> ambitious</c>

33:07.750 --> 33:07.760 align:start position:0%
ingenious ideas from ambitious
 

33:07.760 --> 33:10.710 align:start position:0%
ingenious ideas from ambitious
scientists<00:33:08.240><c> to</c><00:33:08.480><c> witness</c><00:33:08.880><c> even</c><00:33:09.120><c> a</c><00:33:09.440><c> single</c><00:33:10.240><c> one</c>

33:10.710 --> 33:10.720 align:start position:0%
scientists to witness even a single one
 

33:10.720 --> 33:13.830 align:start position:0%
scientists to witness even a single one
nutrino.<00:33:12.159><c> We</c><00:33:12.480><c> know</c><00:33:12.720><c> so</c><00:33:12.960><c> little</c><00:33:13.279><c> about</c><00:33:13.519><c> them</c>

33:13.830 --> 33:13.840 align:start position:0%
nutrino. We know so little about them
 

33:13.840 --> 33:15.909 align:start position:0%
nutrino. We know so little about them
compared<00:33:14.159><c> to</c><00:33:14.320><c> other</c><00:33:14.640><c> particles,</c><00:33:15.440><c> but</c><00:33:15.600><c> they</c>

33:15.909 --> 33:15.919 align:start position:0%
compared to other particles, but they
 

33:15.919 --> 33:18.470 align:start position:0%
compared to other particles, but they
are<00:33:16.159><c> just</c><00:33:16.399><c> as</c><00:33:16.720><c> important</c><00:33:17.279><c> in</c><00:33:17.600><c> furthering</c><00:33:18.159><c> our</c>

33:18.470 --> 33:18.480 align:start position:0%
are just as important in furthering our
 

33:18.480 --> 33:20.789 align:start position:0%
are just as important in furthering our
understanding<00:33:19.120><c> of</c><00:33:19.360><c> the</c><00:33:19.679><c> fundamental</c><00:33:20.320><c> laws</c><00:33:20.640><c> of</c>

33:20.789 --> 33:20.799 align:start position:0%
understanding of the fundamental laws of
 

33:20.799 --> 33:24.149 align:start position:0%
understanding of the fundamental laws of
nature.<00:33:21.919><c> With</c><00:33:22.159><c> each</c><00:33:22.480><c> nutrino</c><00:33:23.120><c> detected,</c><00:33:23.919><c> we</c>

33:24.149 --> 33:24.159 align:start position:0%
nature. With each nutrino detected, we
 

33:24.159 --> 33:26.070 align:start position:0%
nature. With each nutrino detected, we
are<00:33:24.320><c> moving</c><00:33:24.640><c> closer</c><00:33:25.039><c> to</c><00:33:25.279><c> comprehending</c><00:33:25.840><c> the</c>

33:26.070 --> 33:26.080 align:start position:0%
are moving closer to comprehending the
 

33:26.080 --> 33:28.389 align:start position:0%
are moving closer to comprehending the
universe<00:33:26.720><c> and</c><00:33:26.960><c> the</c><00:33:27.200><c> powerful</c><00:33:27.679><c> forces</c><00:33:28.159><c> that</c>

33:28.389 --> 33:28.399 align:start position:0%
universe and the powerful forces that
 

33:28.399 --> 33:33.029 align:start position:0%
universe and the powerful forces that
shaped<00:33:28.720><c> it.</c>

33:33.029 --> 33:33.039 align:start position:0%
 
 

33:33.039 --> 33:35.830 align:start position:0%
 
Few<00:33:33.440><c> questions</c><00:33:33.919><c> hold</c><00:33:34.399><c> greater</c><00:33:34.960><c> importance</c><00:33:35.519><c> in</c>

33:35.830 --> 33:35.840 align:start position:0%
Few questions hold greater importance in
 

33:35.840 --> 33:39.909 align:start position:0%
Few questions hold greater importance in
science<00:33:36.480><c> than</c><00:33:36.880><c> how</c><00:33:37.200><c> it</c><00:33:37.519><c> all</c><00:33:37.919><c> began.</c><00:33:39.279><c> What</c><00:33:39.519><c> did</c>

33:39.909 --> 33:39.919 align:start position:0%
science than how it all began. What did
 

33:39.919 --> 33:42.630 align:start position:0%
science than how it all began. What did
the<00:33:40.159><c> beginning</c><00:33:40.480><c> of</c><00:33:40.640><c> the</c><00:33:40.799><c> universe</c><00:33:41.360><c> look</c><00:33:41.600><c> like?</c>

33:42.630 --> 33:42.640 align:start position:0%
the beginning of the universe look like?
 

33:42.640 --> 33:45.669 align:start position:0%
the beginning of the universe look like?
Why<00:33:43.039><c> did</c><00:33:43.279><c> it</c><00:33:43.519><c> happen</c><00:33:43.840><c> in</c><00:33:44.080><c> the</c><00:33:44.240><c> first</c><00:33:44.480><c> place?</c>

33:45.669 --> 33:45.679 align:start position:0%
Why did it happen in the first place?
 

33:45.679 --> 33:47.990 align:start position:0%
Why did it happen in the first place?
And<00:33:46.080><c> although</c><00:33:46.480><c> we</c><00:33:46.799><c> are</c><00:33:46.960><c> a</c><00:33:47.200><c> long</c><00:33:47.360><c> way</c><00:33:47.600><c> off</c><00:33:47.760><c> from</c>

33:47.990 --> 33:48.000 align:start position:0%
And although we are a long way off from
 

33:48.000 --> 33:50.470 align:start position:0%
And although we are a long way off from
having<00:33:48.240><c> a</c><00:33:48.480><c> complete</c><00:33:48.880><c> answer,</c><00:33:49.760><c> scientists</c>

33:50.470 --> 33:50.480 align:start position:0%
having a complete answer, scientists
 

33:50.480 --> 33:53.029 align:start position:0%
having a complete answer, scientists
have<00:33:50.799><c> learned</c><00:33:51.120><c> enough</c><00:33:51.679><c> that</c><00:33:51.919><c> a</c><00:33:52.080><c> theory</c><00:33:52.480><c> has</c>

33:53.029 --> 33:53.039 align:start position:0%
have learned enough that a theory has
 

33:53.039 --> 33:56.789 align:start position:0%
have learned enough that a theory has
been<00:33:53.279><c> conceived,</c><00:33:54.320><c> the</c><00:33:54.640><c> Big</c><00:33:55.039><c> Bang.</c><00:33:56.480><c> By</c>

33:56.789 --> 33:56.799 align:start position:0%
been conceived, the Big Bang. By
 

33:56.799 --> 33:58.950 align:start position:0%
been conceived, the Big Bang. By
examining<00:33:57.360><c> stars</c><00:33:57.760><c> and</c><00:33:57.919><c> the</c><00:33:58.080><c> spectrographic</c>

33:58.950 --> 33:58.960 align:start position:0%
examining stars and the spectrographic
 

33:58.960 --> 34:01.110 align:start position:0%
examining stars and the spectrographic
data<00:33:59.360><c> given</c><00:33:59.679><c> off</c><00:33:59.919><c> by</c><00:34:00.080><c> matter</c><00:34:00.480><c> when</c><00:34:00.799><c> light</c>

34:01.110 --> 34:01.120 align:start position:0%
data given off by matter when light
 

34:01.120 --> 34:03.350 align:start position:0%
data given off by matter when light
passes<00:34:01.519><c> through</c><00:34:01.760><c> it,</c><00:34:02.320><c> we</c><00:34:02.559><c> have</c><00:34:02.720><c> assembled</c><00:34:03.120><c> the</c>

34:03.350 --> 34:03.360 align:start position:0%
passes through it, we have assembled the
 

34:03.360 --> 34:05.669 align:start position:0%
passes through it, we have assembled the
jigsaw<00:34:03.840><c> pieces</c><00:34:04.159><c> of</c><00:34:04.320><c> the</c><00:34:04.480><c> Big</c><00:34:04.720><c> Bang</c><00:34:05.200><c> and</c><00:34:05.440><c> have</c>

34:05.669 --> 34:05.679 align:start position:0%
jigsaw pieces of the Big Bang and have
 

34:05.679 --> 34:08.710 align:start position:0%
jigsaw pieces of the Big Bang and have
begun<00:34:06.000><c> to</c><00:34:06.159><c> form</c><00:34:06.559><c> a</c><00:34:06.799><c> picture</c><00:34:07.279><c> of</c><00:34:07.519><c> those</c><00:34:08.000><c> first</c>

34:08.710 --> 34:08.720 align:start position:0%
begun to form a picture of those first
 

34:08.720 --> 34:11.030 align:start position:0%
begun to form a picture of those first
explosive<00:34:09.520><c> moments.</c>

34:11.030 --> 34:11.040 align:start position:0%
explosive moments.
 

34:11.040 --> 34:13.990 align:start position:0%
explosive moments.
But<00:34:11.520><c> here's</c><00:34:11.919><c> the</c><00:34:12.159><c> thing</c><00:34:12.399><c> about</c><00:34:12.720><c> jigsaws.</c>

34:13.990 --> 34:14.000 align:start position:0%
But here's the thing about jigsaws.
 

34:14.000 --> 34:16.470 align:start position:0%
But here's the thing about jigsaws.
Sometimes<00:34:14.480><c> you</c><00:34:14.639><c> find</c><00:34:14.879><c> a</c><00:34:15.040><c> piece</c><00:34:15.520><c> that</c><00:34:15.919><c> just</c>

34:16.470 --> 34:16.480 align:start position:0%
Sometimes you find a piece that just
 

34:16.480 --> 34:19.990 align:start position:0%
Sometimes you find a piece that just
doesn't<00:34:16.879><c> fit.</c><00:34:18.240><c> At</c><00:34:18.480><c> that</c><00:34:18.720><c> moment,</c><00:34:19.440><c> you</c><00:34:19.679><c> realize</c>

34:19.990 --> 34:20.000 align:start position:0%
doesn't fit. At that moment, you realize
 

34:20.000 --> 34:22.629 align:start position:0%
doesn't fit. At that moment, you realize
with<00:34:20.240><c> a</c><00:34:20.399><c> sinking</c><00:34:20.800><c> heart,</c><00:34:21.760><c> you've</c><00:34:22.159><c> made</c><00:34:22.399><c> a</c>

34:22.629 --> 34:22.639 align:start position:0%
with a sinking heart, you've made a
 

34:22.639 --> 34:26.389 align:start position:0%
with a sinking heart, you've made a
mistake<00:34:23.359><c> somewhere</c><00:34:23.919><c> along</c><00:34:24.240><c> the</c><00:34:24.480><c> way,</c><00:34:25.520><c> and</c><00:34:26.079><c> you</c>

34:26.389 --> 34:26.399 align:start position:0%
mistake somewhere along the way, and you
 

34:26.399 --> 34:30.069 align:start position:0%
mistake somewhere along the way, and you
have<00:34:26.879><c> no</c><00:34:27.359><c> idea</c><00:34:27.919><c> where.</c><00:34:29.119><c> Is</c><00:34:29.359><c> this</c><00:34:29.679><c> what's</c>

34:30.069 --> 34:30.079 align:start position:0%
have no idea where. Is this what's
 

34:30.079 --> 34:33.030 align:start position:0%
have no idea where. Is this what's
happening<00:34:30.399><c> to</c><00:34:30.639><c> the</c><00:34:30.879><c> Big</c><00:34:31.119><c> Bang</c><00:34:31.520><c> Theory,</c><00:34:32.480><c> or</c><00:34:32.800><c> are</c>

34:33.030 --> 34:33.040 align:start position:0%
happening to the Big Bang Theory, or are
 

34:33.040 --> 34:35.589 align:start position:0%
happening to the Big Bang Theory, or are
we<00:34:33.359><c> looking</c><00:34:33.679><c> at</c><00:34:33.919><c> our</c><00:34:34.240><c> puzzle</c><00:34:34.560><c> piece</c><00:34:35.040><c> the</c><00:34:35.359><c> wrong</c>

34:35.589 --> 34:35.599 align:start position:0%
we looking at our puzzle piece the wrong
 

34:35.599 --> 34:38.790 align:start position:0%
we looking at our puzzle piece the wrong
way<00:34:35.839><c> round?</c><00:34:37.280><c> It</c><00:34:37.520><c> all</c><00:34:37.679><c> comes</c><00:34:38.000><c> down</c><00:34:38.240><c> to</c><00:34:38.560><c> an</c>

34:38.790 --> 34:38.800 align:start position:0%
way round? It all comes down to an
 

34:38.800 --> 34:42.470 align:start position:0%
way round? It all comes down to an
element<00:34:39.280><c> we</c><00:34:39.599><c> use</c><00:34:40.000><c> every</c><00:34:40.320><c> day</c><00:34:41.119><c> in</c><00:34:41.440><c> medicines,</c>

34:42.470 --> 34:42.480 align:start position:0%
element we use every day in medicines,
 

34:42.480 --> 34:45.430 align:start position:0%
element we use every day in medicines,
alloys,<00:34:43.359><c> and</c><00:34:43.760><c> most</c><00:34:44.159><c> importantly,</c><00:34:45.119><c> the</c>

34:45.430 --> 34:45.440 align:start position:0%
alloys, and most importantly, the
 

34:45.440 --> 34:48.550 align:start position:0%
alloys, and most importantly, the
batteries<00:34:45.919><c> in</c><00:34:46.079><c> our</c><00:34:46.320><c> phones.</c><00:34:47.599><c> one</c><00:34:48.000><c> that</c><00:34:48.320><c> is</c>

34:48.550 --> 34:48.560 align:start position:0%
batteries in our phones. one that is
 

34:48.560 --> 34:50.869 align:start position:0%
batteries in our phones. one that is
strangely<00:34:49.119><c> missing</c><00:34:49.520><c> from</c><00:34:49.760><c> the</c><00:34:50.000><c> universe,</c><00:34:50.879><c> at</c>

34:50.869 --> 34:50.879 align:start position:0%
strangely missing from the universe, at
 

34:50.879 --> 34:54.149 align:start position:0%
strangely missing from the universe, at
least<00:34:51.440><c> in</c><00:34:51.679><c> the</c><00:34:51.919><c> amounts</c><00:34:52.240><c> we</c><00:34:52.560><c> would</c><00:34:52.800><c> expect.</c>

34:54.149 --> 34:54.159 align:start position:0%
least in the amounts we would expect.
 

34:54.159 --> 34:58.069 align:start position:0%
least in the amounts we would expect.
So,<00:34:54.639><c> here's</c><00:34:55.040><c> the</c><00:34:55.359><c> big</c><00:34:55.839><c> question.</c><00:34:57.119><c> Where</c><00:34:57.440><c> is</c>

34:58.069 --> 34:58.079 align:start position:0%
So, here's the big question. Where is
 

34:58.079 --> 35:01.270 align:start position:0%
So, here's the big question. Where is
all<00:34:58.480><c> the</c><00:34:58.800><c> lithium?</c>

35:01.270 --> 35:01.280 align:start position:0%
all the lithium?
 

35:01.280 --> 35:03.349 align:start position:0%
all the lithium?
I'm<00:35:01.520><c> Alex</c><00:35:01.839><c> Mccoan</c><00:35:02.560><c> and</c><00:35:02.800><c> you're</c><00:35:03.040><c> watching</c>

35:03.349 --> 35:03.359 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

35:03.359 --> 35:06.390 align:start position:0%
I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:35:04.240><c> Join</c><00:35:04.560><c> me</c><00:35:04.720><c> today</c><00:35:04.960><c> as</c><00:35:05.280><c> we</c><00:35:05.520><c> examine</c><00:35:06.079><c> the</c>

35:06.390 --> 35:06.400 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we examine the
 

35:06.400 --> 35:09.270 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we examine the
lithium<00:35:07.119><c> discrepancy.</c><00:35:08.480><c> A</c><00:35:08.640><c> mystery</c><00:35:08.960><c> that</c>

35:09.270 --> 35:09.280 align:start position:0%
lithium discrepancy. A mystery that
 

35:09.280 --> 35:11.510 align:start position:0%
lithium discrepancy. A mystery that
continues<00:35:09.760><c> to</c><00:35:10.000><c> confound</c><00:35:10.480><c> scientists</c><00:35:11.040><c> to</c><00:35:11.280><c> this</c>

35:11.510 --> 35:11.520 align:start position:0%
continues to confound scientists to this
 

35:11.520 --> 35:14.230 align:start position:0%
continues to confound scientists to this
day<00:35:12.320><c> and</c><00:35:12.640><c> might</c><00:35:12.960><c> force</c><00:35:13.280><c> us</c><00:35:13.440><c> to</c><00:35:13.599><c> re-evaluate</c>

35:14.230 --> 35:14.240 align:start position:0%
day and might force us to re-evaluate
 

35:14.240 --> 35:16.950 align:start position:0%
day and might force us to re-evaluate
our<00:35:14.560><c> models</c><00:35:15.200><c> if</c><00:35:15.440><c> we</c><00:35:15.599><c> ever</c><00:35:15.920><c> hope</c><00:35:16.160><c> to</c><00:35:16.400><c> answer</c><00:35:16.720><c> the</c>

35:16.950 --> 35:16.960 align:start position:0%
our models if we ever hope to answer the
 

35:16.960 --> 35:21.990 align:start position:0%
our models if we ever hope to answer the
question<00:35:17.599><c> of</c><00:35:17.920><c> where</c><00:35:18.320><c> we</c><00:35:18.640><c> came</c><00:35:18.800><c> from.</c>

35:21.990 --> 35:22.000 align:start position:0%
 
 

35:22.000 --> 35:24.550 align:start position:0%
 
To<00:35:22.320><c> begin</c><00:35:22.480><c> with,</c><00:35:23.040><c> let's</c><00:35:23.440><c> cover</c><00:35:23.839><c> some</c><00:35:24.079><c> of</c><00:35:24.240><c> the</c>

35:24.550 --> 35:24.560 align:start position:0%
To begin with, let's cover some of the
 

35:24.560 --> 35:27.510 align:start position:0%
To begin with, let's cover some of the
basics<00:35:25.119><c> about</c><00:35:25.440><c> lithium.</c><00:35:26.640><c> Lithium</c><00:35:27.119><c> is</c><00:35:27.280><c> a</c>

35:27.510 --> 35:27.520 align:start position:0%
basics about lithium. Lithium is a
 

35:27.520 --> 35:29.750 align:start position:0%
basics about lithium. Lithium is a
relatively<00:35:28.000><c> simple</c><00:35:28.320><c> element.</c><00:35:29.200><c> It's</c><00:35:29.520><c> one</c><00:35:29.680><c> of</c>

35:29.750 --> 35:29.760 align:start position:0%
relatively simple element. It's one of
 

35:29.760 --> 35:32.630 align:start position:0%
relatively simple element. It's one of
the<00:35:29.839><c> alkaline</c><00:35:30.400><c> metals</c><00:35:31.119><c> and</c><00:35:31.440><c> for</c><00:35:31.599><c> a</c><00:35:31.839><c> metal</c><00:35:32.320><c> is</c>

35:32.630 --> 35:32.640 align:start position:0%
the alkaline metals and for a metal is
 

35:32.640 --> 35:35.349 align:start position:0%
the alkaline metals and for a metal is
surprisingly<00:35:33.359><c> soft,</c><00:35:34.079><c> capable</c><00:35:34.480><c> of</c><00:35:34.720><c> being</c><00:35:35.040><c> cut</c>

35:35.349 --> 35:35.359 align:start position:0%
surprisingly soft, capable of being cut
 

35:35.359 --> 35:38.310 align:start position:0%
surprisingly soft, capable of being cut
with<00:35:35.680><c> just</c><00:35:35.920><c> an</c><00:35:36.160><c> ordinary</c><00:35:36.720><c> steel</c><00:35:37.040><c> knife.</c><00:35:38.079><c> You</c>

35:38.310 --> 35:38.320 align:start position:0%
with just an ordinary steel knife. You
 

35:38.320 --> 35:39.990 align:start position:0%
with just an ordinary steel knife. You
might<00:35:38.480><c> have</c><00:35:38.640><c> seen</c><00:35:38.880><c> it</c><00:35:39.119><c> used</c><00:35:39.359><c> in</c><00:35:39.680><c> science</c>

35:39.990 --> 35:40.000 align:start position:0%
might have seen it used in science
 

35:40.000 --> 35:42.710 align:start position:0%
might have seen it used in science
experiments<00:35:40.560><c> in</c><00:35:40.880><c> school</c><00:35:41.440><c> as</c><00:35:41.680><c> it</c><00:35:41.920><c> reacts</c><00:35:42.320><c> quite</c>

35:42.710 --> 35:42.720 align:start position:0%
experiments in school as it reacts quite
 

35:42.720 --> 35:45.030 align:start position:0%
experiments in school as it reacts quite
satisfyingly<00:35:43.520><c> when</c><00:35:43.760><c> mixed</c><00:35:44.079><c> with</c><00:35:44.320><c> water,</c>

35:45.030 --> 35:45.040 align:start position:0%
satisfyingly when mixed with water,
 

35:45.040 --> 35:48.230 align:start position:0%
satisfyingly when mixed with water,
producing<00:35:45.760><c> lithium</c><00:35:46.240><c> hydroxide</c><00:35:47.200><c> and</c><00:35:47.680><c> hydrogen</c>

35:48.230 --> 35:48.240 align:start position:0%
producing lithium hydroxide and hydrogen
 

35:48.240 --> 35:51.829 align:start position:0%
producing lithium hydroxide and hydrogen
gas.<00:35:49.599><c> More</c><00:35:49.839><c> commonly</c><00:35:50.480><c> is</c><00:35:50.800><c> used</c><00:35:51.040><c> in</c><00:35:51.520><c> phone</c>

35:51.829 --> 35:51.839 align:start position:0%
gas. More commonly is used in phone
 

35:51.839 --> 35:54.550 align:start position:0%
gas. More commonly is used in phone
batteries,<00:35:52.560><c> laptop</c><00:35:53.040><c> batteries,</c><00:35:54.000><c> and</c><00:35:54.240><c> in</c>

35:54.550 --> 35:54.560 align:start position:0%
batteries, laptop batteries, and in
 

35:54.560 --> 35:57.510 align:start position:0%
batteries, laptop batteries, and in
other<00:35:54.880><c> electronic</c><00:35:55.520><c> devices</c><00:35:56.320><c> due</c><00:35:56.560><c> to</c><00:35:56.720><c> its</c><00:35:57.040><c> high</c>

35:57.510 --> 35:57.520 align:start position:0%
other electronic devices due to its high
 

35:57.520 --> 36:00.230 align:start position:0%
other electronic devices due to its high
electrochemical<00:35:58.480><c> potential.</c><00:35:59.760><c> But</c><00:36:00.000><c> the</c>

36:00.230 --> 36:00.240 align:start position:0%
electrochemical potential. But the
 

36:00.240 --> 36:02.390 align:start position:0%
electrochemical potential. But the
feature<00:36:00.560><c> of</c><00:36:00.800><c> lithium</c><00:36:01.280><c> that</c><00:36:01.520><c> makes</c><00:36:01.760><c> it</c><00:36:02.000><c> so</c>

36:02.390 --> 36:02.400 align:start position:0%
feature of lithium that makes it so
 

36:02.400 --> 36:04.630 align:start position:0%
feature of lithium that makes it so
important<00:36:02.800><c> for</c><00:36:03.040><c> our</c><00:36:03.359><c> discussion</c><00:36:04.079><c> is</c><00:36:04.320><c> its</c>

36:04.630 --> 36:04.640 align:start position:0%
important for our discussion is its
 

36:04.640 --> 36:07.910 align:start position:0%
important for our discussion is its
internal<00:36:05.200><c> structure.</c><00:36:06.400><c> It's</c><00:36:06.720><c> made</c><00:36:06.960><c> with</c><00:36:07.359><c> just</c>

36:07.910 --> 36:07.920 align:start position:0%
internal structure. It's made with just
 

36:07.920 --> 36:10.630 align:start position:0%
internal structure. It's made with just
three<00:36:08.320><c> protons</c><00:36:08.880><c> in</c><00:36:09.040><c> the</c><00:36:09.200><c> nucleus,</c><00:36:10.240><c> meaning</c>

36:10.630 --> 36:10.640 align:start position:0%
three protons in the nucleus, meaning
 

36:10.640 --> 36:13.510 align:start position:0%
three protons in the nucleus, meaning
it's<00:36:10.960><c> one</c><00:36:11.200><c> of</c><00:36:11.359><c> only</c><00:36:11.599><c> a</c><00:36:11.920><c> handful</c><00:36:12.640><c> of</c><00:36:12.960><c> very</c>

36:13.510 --> 36:13.520 align:start position:0%
it's one of only a handful of very
 

36:13.520 --> 36:15.510 align:start position:0%
it's one of only a handful of very
lightweight<00:36:14.079><c> elements</c><00:36:14.720><c> that</c><00:36:15.040><c> could</c><00:36:15.280><c> be</c>

36:15.510 --> 36:15.520 align:start position:0%
lightweight elements that could be
 

36:15.520 --> 36:18.069 align:start position:0%
lightweight elements that could be
created<00:36:16.079><c> in</c><00:36:16.400><c> the</c><00:36:16.640><c> early</c><00:36:17.040><c> moments</c><00:36:17.520><c> of</c><00:36:17.760><c> the</c>

36:18.069 --> 36:18.079 align:start position:0%
created in the early moments of the
 

36:18.079 --> 36:21.349 align:start position:0%
created in the early moments of the
universe.<00:36:19.200><c> But</c><00:36:19.359><c> it's</c><00:36:19.599><c> the</c><00:36:20.079><c> expected</c><00:36:20.960><c> presence</c>

36:21.349 --> 36:21.359 align:start position:0%
universe. But it's the expected presence
 

36:21.359 --> 36:23.589 align:start position:0%
universe. But it's the expected presence
of<00:36:21.599><c> lithium</c><00:36:22.079><c> in</c><00:36:22.240><c> the</c><00:36:22.400><c> universe's</c><00:36:23.040><c> beginning</c>

36:23.589 --> 36:23.599 align:start position:0%
of lithium in the universe's beginning
 

36:23.599 --> 36:25.990 align:start position:0%
of lithium in the universe's beginning
that<00:36:24.000><c> causes</c><00:36:24.480><c> our</c><00:36:24.880><c> problem</c><00:36:25.280><c> with</c><00:36:25.520><c> the</c><00:36:25.760><c> big</c>

36:25.990 --> 36:26.000 align:start position:0%
that causes our problem with the big
 

36:26.000 --> 36:28.950 align:start position:0%
that causes our problem with the big
bang<00:36:26.400><c> model.</c><00:36:27.440><c> So</c><00:36:27.839><c> what</c><00:36:28.079><c> do</c><00:36:28.240><c> we</c><00:36:28.480><c> think</c><00:36:28.640><c> was</c>

36:28.950 --> 36:28.960 align:start position:0%
bang model. So what do we think was
 

36:28.960 --> 36:31.990 align:start position:0%
bang model. So what do we think was
going<00:36:29.119><c> on</c><00:36:29.359><c> back</c><00:36:29.599><c> then?</c><00:36:30.480><c> How</c><00:36:30.800><c> exactly</c><00:36:31.520><c> does</c>

36:31.990 --> 36:32.000 align:start position:0%
going on back then? How exactly does
 

36:32.000 --> 36:36.069 align:start position:0%
going on back then? How exactly does
lithium<00:36:32.720><c> prove</c><00:36:33.359><c> it's</c><00:36:33.760><c> wrong?</c>

36:36.069 --> 36:36.079 align:start position:0%
lithium prove it's wrong?
 

36:36.079 --> 36:38.950 align:start position:0%
lithium prove it's wrong?
Well,<00:36:36.400><c> the</c><00:36:36.640><c> universe's</c><00:36:37.280><c> origin</c><00:36:37.839><c> is</c><00:36:38.240><c> murky</c><00:36:38.720><c> to</c>

36:38.950 --> 36:38.960 align:start position:0%
Well, the universe's origin is murky to
 

36:38.960 --> 36:41.750 align:start position:0%
Well, the universe's origin is murky to
us.<00:36:39.680><c> After</c><00:36:40.000><c> the</c><00:36:40.240><c> discovery</c><00:36:40.720><c> in</c><00:36:40.960><c> the</c><00:36:41.119><c> 1920s</c>

36:41.750 --> 36:41.760 align:start position:0%
us. After the discovery in the 1920s
 

36:41.760 --> 36:44.310 align:start position:0%
us. After the discovery in the 1920s
that<00:36:42.000><c> our</c><00:36:42.320><c> universe</c><00:36:42.720><c> was</c><00:36:43.040><c> expanding,</c><00:36:44.079><c> a</c>

36:44.310 --> 36:44.320 align:start position:0%
that our universe was expanding, a
 

36:44.320 --> 36:47.829 align:start position:0%
that our universe was expanding, a
Belgian<00:36:44.800><c> cosmologist</c><00:36:45.760><c> Gor</c><00:36:46.240><c> Lmetra</c><00:36:47.280><c> theorized</c>

36:47.829 --> 36:47.839 align:start position:0%
Belgian cosmologist Gor Lmetra theorized
 

36:47.839 --> 36:49.829 align:start position:0%
Belgian cosmologist Gor Lmetra theorized
that<00:36:48.000><c> if</c><00:36:48.160><c> the</c><00:36:48.320><c> universe</c><00:36:48.720><c> was</c><00:36:49.040><c> getting</c><00:36:49.440><c> larger</c>

36:49.829 --> 36:49.839 align:start position:0%
that if the universe was getting larger
 

36:49.839 --> 36:52.630 align:start position:0%
that if the universe was getting larger
and<00:36:50.160><c> cooler,</c><00:36:51.119><c> it</c><00:36:51.359><c> used</c><00:36:51.599><c> to</c><00:36:51.760><c> be</c><00:36:52.000><c> smaller</c><00:36:52.400><c> and</c>

36:52.630 --> 36:52.640 align:start position:0%
and cooler, it used to be smaller and
 

36:52.640 --> 36:54.870 align:start position:0%
and cooler, it used to be smaller and
hotter<00:36:53.440><c> with</c><00:36:53.760><c> all</c><00:36:53.920><c> that</c><00:36:54.160><c> energy</c><00:36:54.560><c> being</c>

36:54.870 --> 36:54.880 align:start position:0%
hotter with all that energy being
 

36:54.880 --> 36:57.270 align:start position:0%
hotter with all that energy being
squeezed<00:36:55.359><c> into</c><00:36:55.680><c> a</c><00:36:55.920><c> smaller</c><00:36:56.400><c> and</c><00:36:56.720><c> smaller</c>

36:57.270 --> 36:57.280 align:start position:0%
squeezed into a smaller and smaller
 

36:57.280 --> 37:00.230 align:start position:0%
squeezed into a smaller and smaller
area.<00:36:58.480><c> The</c><00:36:58.720><c> logical</c><00:36:59.119><c> conclusion</c><00:36:59.520><c> to</c><00:36:59.760><c> this</c><00:37:00.000><c> was</c>

37:00.230 --> 37:00.240 align:start position:0%
area. The logical conclusion to this was
 

37:00.240 --> 37:02.870 align:start position:0%
area. The logical conclusion to this was
that<00:37:00.480><c> if</c><00:37:00.800><c> you</c><00:37:01.119><c> rewound</c><00:37:01.680><c> the</c><00:37:01.920><c> universe</c><00:37:02.400><c> back</c><00:37:02.640><c> to</c>

37:02.870 --> 37:02.880 align:start position:0%
that if you rewound the universe back to
 

37:02.880 --> 37:05.270 align:start position:0%
that if you rewound the universe back to
its<00:37:03.200><c> very</c><00:37:03.599><c> beginning,</c><00:37:04.640><c> all</c><00:37:04.880><c> of</c><00:37:05.040><c> the</c>

37:05.270 --> 37:05.280 align:start position:0%
its very beginning, all of the
 

37:05.280 --> 37:07.270 align:start position:0%
its very beginning, all of the
universe's<00:37:05.760><c> energy</c><00:37:06.160><c> would</c><00:37:06.400><c> exist</c><00:37:06.720><c> in</c><00:37:07.040><c> a</c>

37:07.270 --> 37:07.280 align:start position:0%
universe's energy would exist in a
 

37:07.280 --> 37:11.910 align:start position:0%
universe's energy would exist in a
single<00:37:07.760><c> point</c><00:37:08.160><c> in</c><00:37:08.560><c> space.</c><00:37:09.920><c> This</c><00:37:10.480><c> singularity</c>

37:11.910 --> 37:11.920 align:start position:0%
single point in space. This singularity
 

37:11.920 --> 37:15.109 align:start position:0%
single point in space. This singularity
would<00:37:12.240><c> be</c><00:37:12.720><c> infinitely</c><00:37:13.440><c> hot</c><00:37:13.680><c> and</c><00:37:13.920><c> dense,</c><00:37:14.800><c> which</c>

37:15.109 --> 37:15.119 align:start position:0%
would be infinitely hot and dense, which
 

37:15.119 --> 37:18.150 align:start position:0%
would be infinitely hot and dense, which
makes<00:37:15.440><c> sense.</c><00:37:16.560><c> Based</c><00:37:16.880><c> on</c><00:37:17.119><c> that</c><00:37:17.359><c> heat,</c><00:37:17.839><c> this</c>

37:18.150 --> 37:18.160 align:start position:0%
makes sense. Based on that heat, this
 

37:18.160 --> 37:22.150 align:start position:0%
makes sense. Based on that heat, this
idea<00:37:18.560><c> is</c><00:37:18.800><c> known</c><00:37:19.119><c> as</c><00:37:19.359><c> the</c><00:37:19.680><c> hot</c><00:37:20.160><c> big</c><00:37:20.560><c> bang</c><00:37:21.040><c> model.</c>

37:22.150 --> 37:22.160 align:start position:0%
idea is known as the hot big bang model.
 

37:22.160 --> 37:24.870 align:start position:0%
idea is known as the hot big bang model.
But<00:37:22.320><c> it's</c><00:37:22.560><c> this</c><00:37:23.040><c> infinity</c><00:37:24.000><c> that</c><00:37:24.320><c> causes</c><00:37:24.720><c> the</c>

37:24.870 --> 37:24.880 align:start position:0%
But it's this infinity that causes the
 

37:24.880 --> 37:28.069 align:start position:0%
But it's this infinity that causes the
murkiness<00:37:25.440><c> to</c><00:37:25.680><c> creep</c><00:37:25.920><c> in.</c><00:37:27.040><c> Einstein's</c><00:37:27.760><c> theory</c>

37:28.069 --> 37:28.079 align:start position:0%
murkiness to creep in. Einstein's theory
 

37:28.079 --> 37:30.230 align:start position:0%
murkiness to creep in. Einstein's theory
of<00:37:28.320><c> relativity</c><00:37:29.040><c> can</c><00:37:29.200><c> be</c><00:37:29.359><c> used</c><00:37:29.520><c> to</c><00:37:29.760><c> predict</c><00:37:30.000><c> the</c>

37:30.230 --> 37:30.240 align:start position:0%
of relativity can be used to predict the
 

37:30.240 --> 37:32.630 align:start position:0%
of relativity can be used to predict the
motions<00:37:30.640><c> of</c><00:37:30.960><c> objects</c><00:37:31.520><c> under</c><00:37:31.839><c> the</c><00:37:32.079><c> effects</c><00:37:32.400><c> of</c>

37:32.630 --> 37:32.640 align:start position:0%
motions of objects under the effects of
 

37:32.640 --> 37:35.829 align:start position:0%
motions of objects under the effects of
gravity.<00:37:33.760><c> But</c><00:37:34.160><c> no</c><00:37:34.720><c> equation</c><00:37:35.280><c> tends</c><00:37:35.680><c> to</c>

37:35.829 --> 37:35.839 align:start position:0%
gravity. But no equation tends to
 

37:35.839 --> 37:38.390 align:start position:0%
gravity. But no equation tends to
function<00:37:36.400><c> when</c><00:37:36.640><c> you</c><00:37:36.880><c> start</c><00:37:37.119><c> adding</c><00:37:37.599><c> infinity</c>

37:38.390 --> 37:38.400 align:start position:0%
function when you start adding infinity
 

37:38.400 --> 37:41.750 align:start position:0%
function when you start adding infinity
into<00:37:38.640><c> the</c><00:37:38.880><c> mix.</c><00:37:39.760><c> Hence,</c><00:37:40.560><c> at</c><00:37:40.800><c> the</c><00:37:41.040><c> very</c><00:37:41.440><c> first</c>

37:41.750 --> 37:41.760 align:start position:0%
into the mix. Hence, at the very first
 

37:41.760 --> 37:44.470 align:start position:0%
into the mix. Hence, at the very first
moment<00:37:42.160><c> of</c><00:37:42.400><c> the</c><00:37:42.640><c> universe's</c><00:37:43.200><c> origin,</c><00:37:44.160><c> we</c>

37:44.470 --> 37:44.480 align:start position:0%
moment of the universe's origin, we
 

37:44.480 --> 37:46.950 align:start position:0%
moment of the universe's origin, we
don't<00:37:44.960><c> have</c><00:37:45.200><c> the</c><00:37:45.520><c> equations</c><00:37:46.079><c> to</c><00:37:46.320><c> describe</c>

37:46.950 --> 37:46.960 align:start position:0%
don't have the equations to describe
 

37:46.960 --> 37:49.670 align:start position:0%
don't have the equations to describe
very<00:37:47.280><c> well</c><00:37:47.520><c> what</c><00:37:47.839><c> was</c><00:37:48.000><c> going</c><00:37:48.160><c> on</c><00:37:48.800><c> or</c><00:37:49.200><c> what</c>

37:49.670 --> 37:49.680 align:start position:0%
very well what was going on or what
 

37:49.680 --> 37:52.550 align:start position:0%
very well what was going on or what
caused<00:37:50.079><c> the</c><00:37:50.320><c> universe</c><00:37:50.720><c> to</c><00:37:50.960><c> start</c><00:37:51.200><c> expanding.</c>

37:52.550 --> 37:52.560 align:start position:0%
caused the universe to start expanding.
 

37:52.560 --> 37:56.230 align:start position:0%
caused the universe to start expanding.
And<00:37:53.200><c> with</c><00:37:53.599><c> an</c><00:37:54.000><c> infinitely</c><00:37:54.880><c> hot</c><00:37:55.359><c> and</c><00:37:55.680><c> dense</c>

37:56.230 --> 37:56.240 align:start position:0%
And with an infinitely hot and dense
 

37:56.240 --> 37:58.950 align:start position:0%
And with an infinitely hot and dense
singularity,<00:37:57.440><c> there's</c><00:37:57.680><c> no</c><00:37:57.920><c> way</c><00:37:58.079><c> of</c><00:37:58.320><c> knowing</c>

37:58.950 --> 37:58.960 align:start position:0%
singularity, there's no way of knowing
 

37:58.960 --> 38:01.750 align:start position:0%
singularity, there's no way of knowing
what<00:37:59.359><c> might</c><00:37:59.599><c> have</c><00:37:59.760><c> gone</c><00:38:00.000><c> on</c><00:38:00.240><c> before</c><00:38:00.560><c> it.</c><00:38:01.359><c> Any</c>

38:01.750 --> 38:01.760 align:start position:0%
what might have gone on before it. Any
 

38:01.760 --> 38:03.829 align:start position:0%
what might have gone on before it. Any
evidence<00:38:02.240><c> or</c><00:38:02.560><c> signals</c><00:38:02.960><c> from</c><00:38:03.200><c> before</c><00:38:03.520><c> that</c>

38:03.829 --> 38:03.839 align:start position:0%
evidence or signals from before that
 

38:03.839 --> 38:05.910 align:start position:0%
evidence or signals from before that
time<00:38:04.400><c> would</c><00:38:04.720><c> have</c><00:38:04.880><c> been</c><00:38:05.119><c> met</c><00:38:05.440><c> with</c><00:38:05.680><c> the</c>

38:05.910 --> 38:05.920 align:start position:0%
time would have been met with the
 

38:05.920 --> 38:08.550 align:start position:0%
time would have been met with the
hottest<00:38:06.480><c> incinerator</c><00:38:07.440><c> the</c><00:38:07.760><c> universe</c><00:38:08.160><c> has</c>

38:08.550 --> 38:08.560 align:start position:0%
hottest incinerator the universe has
 

38:08.560 --> 38:12.470 align:start position:0%
hottest incinerator the universe has
ever<00:38:09.040><c> created.</c><00:38:10.480><c> It</c><00:38:11.040><c> happened</c><00:38:11.520><c> somehow.</c>

38:12.470 --> 38:12.480 align:start position:0%
ever created. It happened somehow.
 

38:12.480 --> 38:15.910 align:start position:0%
ever created. It happened somehow.
That's<00:38:12.880><c> all</c><00:38:13.200><c> we</c><00:38:13.440><c> can</c><00:38:13.680><c> say</c><00:38:13.920><c> for</c><00:38:14.160><c> sure.</c>

38:15.910 --> 38:15.920 align:start position:0%
That's all we can say for sure.
 

38:15.920 --> 38:17.910 align:start position:0%
That's all we can say for sure.
At<00:38:16.240><c> this</c><00:38:16.400><c> point,</c><00:38:16.880><c> there</c><00:38:17.200><c> would</c><00:38:17.520><c> be</c><00:38:17.680><c> no</c>

38:17.910 --> 38:17.920 align:start position:0%
At this point, there would be no
 

38:17.920 --> 38:20.310 align:start position:0%
At this point, there would be no
lithium.<00:38:18.720><c> The</c><00:38:18.960><c> very</c><00:38:19.280><c> start</c><00:38:19.520><c> of</c><00:38:19.680><c> the</c><00:38:19.839><c> universe</c>

38:20.310 --> 38:20.320 align:start position:0%
lithium. The very start of the universe
 

38:20.320 --> 38:23.910 align:start position:0%
lithium. The very start of the universe
would<00:38:20.560><c> have</c><00:38:20.800><c> been</c><00:38:21.119><c> simply</c><00:38:21.680><c> too</c><00:38:22.079><c> hot.</c><00:38:23.520><c> After</c>

38:23.910 --> 38:23.920 align:start position:0%
would have been simply too hot. After
 

38:23.920 --> 38:27.430 align:start position:0%
would have been simply too hot. After
that<00:38:24.320><c> though,</c><00:38:25.200><c> even</c><00:38:25.520><c> just</c><00:38:26.160><c> 1</c><00:38:26.640><c> second</c><00:38:27.119><c> after</c>

38:27.430 --> 38:27.440 align:start position:0%
that though, even just 1 second after
 

38:27.440 --> 38:30.150 align:start position:0%
that though, even just 1 second after
the<00:38:27.680><c> universe</c><00:38:28.240><c> begins</c><00:38:28.720><c> to</c><00:38:28.960><c> expand,</c><00:38:29.920><c> the</c>

38:30.150 --> 38:30.160 align:start position:0%
the universe begins to expand, the
 

38:30.160 --> 38:33.109 align:start position:0%
the universe begins to expand, the
picture<00:38:30.560><c> becomes</c><00:38:31.200><c> much</c><00:38:31.599><c> clearer.</c>

38:33.109 --> 38:33.119 align:start position:0%
picture becomes much clearer.
 

38:33.119 --> 38:35.670 align:start position:0%
picture becomes much clearer.
1<00:38:33.520><c> second</c><00:38:34.000><c> after</c><00:38:34.320><c> the</c><00:38:34.560><c> universe's</c><00:38:35.119><c> expansion</c>

38:35.670 --> 38:35.680 align:start position:0%
1 second after the universe's expansion
 

38:35.680 --> 38:37.990 align:start position:0%
1 second after the universe's expansion
began,<00:38:36.560><c> the</c><00:38:36.800><c> temperature</c><00:38:37.119><c> of</c><00:38:37.359><c> the</c><00:38:37.520><c> universe</c>

38:37.990 --> 38:38.000 align:start position:0%
began, the temperature of the universe
 

38:38.000 --> 38:42.069 align:start position:0%
began, the temperature of the universe
dropped<00:38:38.320><c> down</c><00:38:38.640><c> to</c><00:38:38.880><c> a</c><00:38:39.040><c> mere</c><00:38:39.440><c> 10</c><00:38:39.920><c> billion°</c><00:38:40.800><c> C,</c>

38:42.069 --> 38:42.079 align:start position:0%
dropped down to a mere 10 billion° C,
 

38:42.079 --> 38:44.950 align:start position:0%
dropped down to a mere 10 billion° C,
which<00:38:42.320><c> is</c><00:38:42.560><c> actually</c><00:38:43.040><c> only</c><00:38:43.520><c> 1,000</c><00:38:44.320><c> times</c><00:38:44.720><c> the</c>

38:44.950 --> 38:44.960 align:start position:0%
which is actually only 1,000 times the
 

38:44.960 --> 38:47.670 align:start position:0%
which is actually only 1,000 times the
temperature<00:38:45.440><c> at</c><00:38:45.680><c> the</c><00:38:45.839><c> center</c><00:38:46.079><c> of</c><00:38:46.240><c> our</c><00:38:46.560><c> sun.</c>

38:47.670 --> 38:47.680 align:start position:0%
temperature at the center of our sun.
 

38:47.680 --> 38:49.910 align:start position:0%
temperature at the center of our sun.
This<00:38:48.000><c> was</c><00:38:48.320><c> still</c><00:38:48.560><c> hot</c><00:38:48.880><c> enough</c><00:38:49.119><c> that</c><00:38:49.440><c> matter</c>

38:49.910 --> 38:49.920 align:start position:0%
This was still hot enough that matter
 

38:49.920 --> 38:52.470 align:start position:0%
This was still hot enough that matter
couldn't<00:38:50.240><c> form</c><00:38:50.640><c> yet.</c><00:38:51.440><c> The</c><00:38:51.680><c> fundamental</c><00:38:52.240><c> force</c>

38:52.470 --> 38:52.480 align:start position:0%
couldn't form yet. The fundamental force
 

38:52.480 --> 38:55.190 align:start position:0%
couldn't form yet. The fundamental force
that<00:38:52.720><c> holds</c><00:38:53.040><c> together</c><00:38:53.359><c> the</c><00:38:53.599><c> nuclei</c><00:38:54.160><c> of</c><00:38:54.400><c> atoms</c>

38:55.190 --> 38:55.200 align:start position:0%
that holds together the nuclei of atoms
 

38:55.200 --> 38:57.030 align:start position:0%
that holds together the nuclei of atoms
would<00:38:55.440><c> have</c><00:38:55.599><c> been</c><00:38:55.920><c> overwhelmed</c><00:38:56.560><c> by</c><00:38:56.800><c> this</c>

38:57.030 --> 38:57.040 align:start position:0%
would have been overwhelmed by this
 

38:57.040 --> 39:00.310 align:start position:0%
would have been overwhelmed by this
intense<00:38:57.520><c> energy.</c><00:38:58.640><c> So</c><00:38:59.359><c> everything</c><00:38:59.839><c> would</c><00:39:00.079><c> have</c>

39:00.310 --> 39:00.320 align:start position:0%
intense energy. So everything would have
 

39:00.320 --> 39:02.550 align:start position:0%
intense energy. So everything would have
existed<00:39:00.720><c> in</c><00:39:00.960><c> the</c><00:39:01.119><c> form</c><00:39:01.359><c> of</c><00:39:01.760><c> radiation</c>

39:02.550 --> 39:02.560 align:start position:0%
existed in the form of radiation
 

39:02.560 --> 39:05.030 align:start position:0%
existed in the form of radiation
instead.<00:39:03.440><c> The</c><00:39:03.599><c> remnants</c><00:39:04.079><c> of</c><00:39:04.240><c> which</c><00:39:04.560><c> we</c><00:39:04.800><c> can</c>

39:05.030 --> 39:05.040 align:start position:0%
instead. The remnants of which we can
 

39:05.040 --> 39:07.829 align:start position:0%
instead. The remnants of which we can
still<00:39:05.280><c> see</c><00:39:05.599><c> today</c><00:39:06.160><c> in</c><00:39:06.400><c> the</c><00:39:06.640><c> cosmic</c><00:39:07.280><c> background</c>

39:07.829 --> 39:07.839 align:start position:0%
still see today in the cosmic background
 

39:07.839 --> 39:09.349 align:start position:0%
still see today in the cosmic background
radiation.

39:09.349 --> 39:09.359 align:start position:0%
radiation.
 

39:09.359 --> 39:11.430 align:start position:0%
radiation.
Discovering<00:39:10.000><c> this</c><00:39:10.560><c> became</c><00:39:10.960><c> one</c><00:39:11.200><c> of</c><00:39:11.280><c> the</c>

39:11.430 --> 39:11.440 align:start position:0%
Discovering this became one of the
 

39:11.440 --> 39:13.190 align:start position:0%
Discovering this became one of the
proofs<00:39:11.760><c> that</c><00:39:12.079><c> scientists</c><00:39:12.560><c> are</c><00:39:12.800><c> on</c><00:39:13.040><c> to</c>

39:13.190 --> 39:13.200 align:start position:0%
proofs that scientists are on to
 

39:13.200 --> 39:16.069 align:start position:0%
proofs that scientists are on to
something<00:39:13.520><c> with</c><00:39:13.839><c> this</c><00:39:14.079><c> model.</c>

39:16.069 --> 39:16.079 align:start position:0%
something with this model.
 

39:16.079 --> 39:17.910 align:start position:0%
something with this model.
The<00:39:16.320><c> universe</c><00:39:16.640><c> didn't</c><00:39:16.960><c> remain</c><00:39:17.359><c> as</c><00:39:17.599><c> just</c>

39:17.910 --> 39:17.920 align:start position:0%
The universe didn't remain as just
 

39:17.920 --> 39:21.589 align:start position:0%
The universe didn't remain as just
radiation<00:39:18.480><c> for</c><00:39:18.720><c> long.</c><00:39:19.680><c> Just</c><00:39:20.320><c> 99</c><00:39:21.119><c> seconds</c>

39:21.589 --> 39:21.599 align:start position:0%
radiation for long. Just 99 seconds
 

39:21.599 --> 39:23.910 align:start position:0%
radiation for long. Just 99 seconds
later,<00:39:22.400><c> it</c><00:39:22.640><c> would</c><00:39:22.720><c> have</c><00:39:22.880><c> cooled</c><00:39:23.280><c> to</c><00:39:23.599><c> 1</c>

39:23.910 --> 39:23.920 align:start position:0%
later, it would have cooled to 1
 

39:23.920 --> 39:28.069 align:start position:0%
later, it would have cooled to 1
billion°<00:39:24.880><c> C</c><00:39:26.240><c> and</c><00:39:26.560><c> the</c><00:39:26.720><c> strong</c><00:39:27.040><c> force</c><00:39:27.680><c> would</c>

39:28.069 --> 39:28.079 align:start position:0%
billion° C and the strong force would
 

39:28.079 --> 39:31.030 align:start position:0%
billion° C and the strong force would
have<00:39:28.320><c> kicked</c><00:39:28.560><c> in.</c><00:39:29.599><c> The</c><00:39:29.839><c> universe's</c><00:39:30.640><c> first</c>

39:31.030 --> 39:31.040 align:start position:0%
have kicked in. The universe's first
 

39:31.040 --> 39:34.710 align:start position:0%
have kicked in. The universe's first
protons<00:39:31.760><c> by</c><00:39:32.079><c> then</c><00:39:32.640><c> had</c><00:39:33.040><c> started</c><00:39:33.520><c> forming</c><00:39:34.400><c> and</c>

39:34.710 --> 39:34.720 align:start position:0%
protons by then had started forming and
 

39:34.720 --> 39:37.589 align:start position:0%
protons by then had started forming and
began<00:39:35.280><c> binding</c><00:39:35.760><c> with</c><00:39:36.079><c> neutrons,</c><00:39:37.119><c> creating</c>

39:37.589 --> 39:37.599 align:start position:0%
began binding with neutrons, creating
 

39:37.599 --> 39:41.270 align:start position:0%
began binding with neutrons, creating
hydrogen<00:39:38.640><c> and</c><00:39:38.960><c> the</c><00:39:39.280><c> one</c><00:39:39.520><c> proton,</c><00:39:40.400><c> one</c><00:39:40.640><c> neutron</c>

39:41.270 --> 39:41.280 align:start position:0%
hydrogen and the one proton, one neutron
 

39:41.280 --> 39:44.950 align:start position:0%
hydrogen and the one proton, one neutron
isotope<00:39:41.839><c> of</c><00:39:42.000><c> hydrogen</c><00:39:42.720><c> known</c><00:39:43.040><c> as</c><00:39:43.440><c> dutyium.</c>

39:44.950 --> 39:44.960 align:start position:0%
isotope of hydrogen known as dutyium.
 

39:44.960 --> 39:47.510 align:start position:0%
isotope of hydrogen known as dutyium.
Hydrogen<00:39:45.440><c> and</c><00:39:45.680><c> its</c><00:39:45.839><c> isotopes,</c><00:39:46.720><c> or</c><00:39:47.040><c> versions</c>

39:47.510 --> 39:47.520 align:start position:0%
Hydrogen and its isotopes, or versions
 

39:47.520 --> 39:49.670 align:start position:0%
Hydrogen and its isotopes, or versions
of<00:39:47.760><c> hydrogen</c><00:39:48.320><c> that</c><00:39:48.640><c> had</c><00:39:48.800><c> the</c><00:39:49.040><c> same</c><00:39:49.200><c> number</c><00:39:49.440><c> of</c>

39:49.670 --> 39:49.680 align:start position:0%
of hydrogen that had the same number of
 

39:49.680 --> 39:53.270 align:start position:0%
of hydrogen that had the same number of
protons,<00:39:50.640><c> but</c><00:39:50.960><c> more</c><00:39:51.359><c> or</c><00:39:51.760><c> less</c><00:39:52.160><c> neutrons,</c><00:39:53.040><c> were</c>

39:53.270 --> 39:53.280 align:start position:0%
protons, but more or less neutrons, were
 

39:53.280 --> 39:56.150 align:start position:0%
protons, but more or less neutrons, were
the<00:39:53.520><c> most</c><00:39:53.839><c> common</c><00:39:54.240><c> element</c><00:39:54.640><c> in</c><00:39:54.880><c> the</c><00:39:55.040><c> universe.</c>

39:56.150 --> 39:56.160 align:start position:0%
the most common element in the universe.
 

39:56.160 --> 39:59.750 align:start position:0%
the most common element in the universe.
But<00:39:56.640><c> hydrogen</c><00:39:57.359><c> wasn't</c><00:39:57.839><c> the</c><00:39:58.240><c> only</c><00:39:58.560><c> one.</c>

39:59.750 --> 39:59.760 align:start position:0%
But hydrogen wasn't the only one.
 

39:59.760 --> 40:02.390 align:start position:0%
But hydrogen wasn't the only one.
Everything<00:40:00.320><c> was</c><00:40:00.640><c> still</c><00:40:00.960><c> filled</c><00:40:01.440><c> with</c><00:40:01.760><c> so</c><00:40:02.160><c> much</c>

40:02.390 --> 40:02.400 align:start position:0%
Everything was still filled with so much
 

40:02.400 --> 40:04.950 align:start position:0%
Everything was still filled with so much
energy<00:40:03.040><c> that</c><00:40:03.359><c> the</c><00:40:03.520><c> hydrogen</c><00:40:04.079><c> protons</c>

40:04.950 --> 40:04.960 align:start position:0%
energy that the hydrogen protons
 

40:04.960 --> 40:07.430 align:start position:0%
energy that the hydrogen protons
frequently<00:40:05.760><c> smashed</c><00:40:06.240><c> into</c><00:40:06.480><c> each</c><00:40:06.720><c> other,</c>

40:07.430 --> 40:07.440 align:start position:0%
frequently smashed into each other,
 

40:07.440 --> 40:10.310 align:start position:0%
frequently smashed into each other,
underwent<00:40:08.000><c> nuclear</c><00:40:08.560><c> fusion,</c><00:40:09.440><c> and</c><00:40:09.760><c> soon</c>

40:10.310 --> 40:10.320 align:start position:0%
underwent nuclear fusion, and soon
 

40:10.320 --> 40:13.430 align:start position:0%
underwent nuclear fusion, and soon
created<00:40:10.800><c> the</c><00:40:11.040><c> larger,</c><00:40:11.839><c> more</c><00:40:12.160><c> complex</c><00:40:12.720><c> element</c>

40:13.430 --> 40:13.440 align:start position:0%
created the larger, more complex element
 

40:13.440 --> 40:17.270 align:start position:0%
created the larger, more complex element
helium<00:40:14.320><c> with</c><00:40:14.880><c> two</c><00:40:15.280><c> protons.</c><00:40:16.480><c> Once</c><00:40:16.800><c> you</c><00:40:17.040><c> run</c>

40:17.270 --> 40:17.280 align:start position:0%
helium with two protons. Once you run
 

40:17.280 --> 40:20.710 align:start position:0%
helium with two protons. Once you run
the<00:40:17.520><c> equations,</c><00:40:18.480><c> in</c><00:40:18.720><c> the</c><00:40:19.040><c> primeval</c><00:40:19.839><c> universe,</c>

40:20.710 --> 40:20.720 align:start position:0%
the equations, in the primeval universe,
 

40:20.720 --> 40:24.550 align:start position:0%
the equations, in the primeval universe,
matter<00:40:21.200><c> was</c><00:40:21.520><c> nearly</c><00:40:22.079><c> 76%</c><00:40:23.280><c> hydrogen</c><00:40:24.240><c> and</c>

40:24.550 --> 40:24.560 align:start position:0%
matter was nearly 76% hydrogen and
 

40:24.560 --> 40:29.190 align:start position:0%
matter was nearly 76% hydrogen and
nearly<00:40:25.200><c> 24%</c><00:40:26.400><c> helium.</c><00:40:27.520><c> But</c><00:40:27.839><c> sometimes,</c><00:40:28.880><c> very</c>

40:29.190 --> 40:29.200 align:start position:0%
nearly 24% helium. But sometimes, very
 

40:29.200 --> 40:32.069 align:start position:0%
nearly 24% helium. But sometimes, very
rarely,<00:40:30.160><c> another</c><00:40:30.640><c> proton</c><00:40:31.119><c> would</c><00:40:31.359><c> merge</c><00:40:31.760><c> with</c>

40:32.069 --> 40:32.079 align:start position:0%
rarely, another proton would merge with
 

40:32.079 --> 40:35.109 align:start position:0%
rarely, another proton would merge with
the<00:40:32.320><c> other</c><00:40:32.560><c> two</c><00:40:33.119><c> and</c><00:40:33.359><c> would</c><00:40:33.599><c> form</c><00:40:34.079><c> isotopes</c><00:40:34.800><c> of</c>

40:35.109 --> 40:35.119 align:start position:0%
the other two and would form isotopes of
 

40:35.119 --> 40:37.750 align:start position:0%
the other two and would form isotopes of
lithium,<00:40:36.160><c> bringing</c><00:40:36.480><c> the</c><00:40:36.720><c> number</c><00:40:36.960><c> of</c><00:40:37.119><c> protons</c>

40:37.750 --> 40:37.760 align:start position:0%
lithium, bringing the number of protons
 

40:37.760 --> 40:41.589 align:start position:0%
lithium, bringing the number of protons
up<00:40:38.160><c> to</c><00:40:38.560><c> three</c><00:40:39.119><c> in</c><00:40:39.359><c> these</c><00:40:39.599><c> atoms.</c><00:40:40.720><c> By</c><00:40:41.040><c> mass,</c>

40:41.589 --> 40:41.599 align:start position:0%
up to three in these atoms. By mass,
 

40:41.599 --> 40:49.829 align:start position:0%
up to three in these atoms. By mass,
this<00:40:41.920><c> made</c><00:40:42.160><c> up</c><00:40:42.400><c> only</c><00:40:43.040><c> 0.00</c><00:40:44.240><c> 0</c><00:40:44.960><c> 0</c><00:40:45.520><c> 07%</c>

40:49.829 --> 40:49.839 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:49.839 --> 40:52.710 align:start position:0%
 
of<00:40:50.160><c> matter</c><00:40:50.560><c> in</c><00:40:50.800><c> the</c><00:40:50.960><c> early</c><00:40:51.280><c> universe.</c><00:40:52.480><c> But</c>

40:52.710 --> 40:52.720 align:start position:0%
of matter in the early universe. But
 

40:52.720 --> 40:55.109 align:start position:0%
of matter in the early universe. But
here<00:40:52.960><c> is</c><00:40:53.119><c> where</c><00:40:53.280><c> the</c><00:40:53.520><c> mystery</c><00:40:53.920><c> comes</c><00:40:54.160><c> in.</c><00:40:54.800><c> By</c>

40:55.109 --> 40:55.119 align:start position:0%
here is where the mystery comes in. By
 

40:55.119 --> 40:57.670 align:start position:0%
here is where the mystery comes in. By
examining<00:40:55.760><c> the</c><00:40:56.079><c> spectroscopic</c><00:40:56.960><c> data</c><00:40:57.359><c> from</c>

40:57.670 --> 40:57.680 align:start position:0%
examining the spectroscopic data from
 

40:57.680 --> 41:00.550 align:start position:0%
examining the spectroscopic data from
stars<00:40:58.560><c> or</c><00:40:58.800><c> by</c><00:40:59.040><c> evaluating</c><00:40:59.680><c> that</c><00:41:00.000><c> same</c><00:41:00.240><c> light</c>

41:00.550 --> 41:00.560 align:start position:0%
stars or by evaluating that same light
 

41:00.560 --> 41:03.349 align:start position:0%
stars or by evaluating that same light
as<00:41:00.880><c> it</c><00:41:01.119><c> passes</c><00:41:01.520><c> through</c><00:41:01.839><c> clouds</c><00:41:02.240><c> of</c><00:41:02.400><c> matter,</c>

41:03.349 --> 41:03.359 align:start position:0%
as it passes through clouds of matter,
 

41:03.359 --> 41:05.349 align:start position:0%
as it passes through clouds of matter,
we<00:41:03.599><c> can</c><00:41:03.760><c> evaluate</c><00:41:04.240><c> the</c><00:41:04.560><c> distributions</c><00:41:05.119><c> of</c>

41:05.349 --> 41:05.359 align:start position:0%
we can evaluate the distributions of
 

41:05.359 --> 41:08.630 align:start position:0%
we can evaluate the distributions of
elements<00:41:05.839><c> in</c><00:41:06.079><c> the</c><00:41:06.319><c> universe</c><00:41:06.800><c> today.</c><00:41:08.079><c> And</c><00:41:08.400><c> what</c>

41:08.630 --> 41:08.640 align:start position:0%
elements in the universe today. And what
 

41:08.640 --> 41:11.109 align:start position:0%
elements in the universe today. And what
we<00:41:08.800><c> see</c><00:41:09.040><c> roughly</c><00:41:09.520><c> matches</c><00:41:10.000><c> this</c><00:41:10.319><c> prediction.</c>

41:11.109 --> 41:11.119 align:start position:0%
we see roughly matches this prediction.
 

41:11.119 --> 41:16.870 align:start position:0%
we see roughly matches this prediction.
Our<00:41:11.760><c> own</c><00:41:12.000><c> sun</c><00:41:12.319><c> is</c><00:41:12.720><c> by</c><00:41:13.040><c> mass</c><00:41:13.839><c> 71%</c><00:41:14.880><c> hydrogen,</c><00:41:15.920><c> 27%</c>

41:16.870 --> 41:16.880 align:start position:0%
Our own sun is by mass 71% hydrogen, 27%
 

41:16.880 --> 41:20.790 align:start position:0%
Our own sun is by mass 71% hydrogen, 27%
helium,<00:41:17.680><c> and</c><00:41:18.000><c> 2%</c><00:41:18.640><c> other</c><00:41:19.119><c> heavy</c><00:41:19.599><c> elements,</c>

41:20.790 --> 41:20.800 align:start position:0%
helium, and 2% other heavy elements,
 

41:20.800 --> 41:23.349 align:start position:0%
helium, and 2% other heavy elements,
which<00:41:21.280><c> makes</c><00:41:21.520><c> sense</c><00:41:22.160><c> as</c><00:41:22.400><c> the</c><00:41:22.640><c> sun</c><00:41:22.960><c> would</c><00:41:23.200><c> have</c>

41:23.349 --> 41:23.359 align:start position:0%
which makes sense as the sun would have
 

41:23.359 --> 41:25.670 align:start position:0%
which makes sense as the sun would have
had<00:41:23.599><c> time</c><00:41:23.839><c> to</c><00:41:24.079><c> undergo</c><00:41:24.560><c> more</c><00:41:24.880><c> nuclear</c><00:41:25.359><c> fusion</c>

41:25.670 --> 41:25.680 align:start position:0%
had time to undergo more nuclear fusion
 

41:25.680 --> 41:28.230 align:start position:0%
had time to undergo more nuclear fusion
in<00:41:25.839><c> its</c><00:41:26.079><c> lifetime,</c><00:41:26.960><c> slightly</c><00:41:27.520><c> altering</c><00:41:28.000><c> the</c>

41:28.230 --> 41:28.240 align:start position:0%
in its lifetime, slightly altering the
 

41:28.240 --> 41:31.670 align:start position:0%
in its lifetime, slightly altering the
ratios<00:41:28.720><c> of</c><00:41:28.960><c> these</c><00:41:29.280><c> elements.</c><00:41:30.720><c> These</c><00:41:31.040><c> ratios</c>

41:31.670 --> 41:31.680 align:start position:0%
ratios of these elements. These ratios
 

41:31.680 --> 41:33.349 align:start position:0%
ratios of these elements. These ratios
are<00:41:31.839><c> mirrored</c><00:41:32.319><c> throughout</c><00:41:32.640><c> the</c><00:41:32.800><c> universe</c><00:41:33.119><c> as</c>

41:33.349 --> 41:33.359 align:start position:0%
are mirrored throughout the universe as
 

41:33.359 --> 41:36.390 align:start position:0%
are mirrored throughout the universe as
a<00:41:33.520><c> whole.</c><00:41:34.079><c> Another</c><00:41:34.800><c> strong</c><00:41:35.359><c> proof</c><00:41:35.839><c> that</c><00:41:36.160><c> the</c>

41:36.390 --> 41:36.400 align:start position:0%
a whole. Another strong proof that the
 

41:36.400 --> 41:39.510 align:start position:0%
a whole. Another strong proof that the
hot<00:41:36.880><c> big</c><00:41:37.119><c> bang</c><00:41:37.520><c> model</c><00:41:38.000><c> and</c><00:41:38.400><c> our</c><00:41:38.720><c> equations</c><00:41:39.280><c> are</c>

41:39.510 --> 41:39.520 align:start position:0%
hot big bang model and our equations are
 

41:39.520 --> 41:42.230 align:start position:0%
hot big bang model and our equations are
right<00:41:40.160><c> and</c><00:41:40.400><c> that</c><00:41:40.640><c> the</c><00:41:40.880><c> universe</c><00:41:41.440><c> did</c><00:41:41.839><c> evolve</c>

41:42.230 --> 41:42.240 align:start position:0%
right and that the universe did evolve
 

41:42.240 --> 41:45.750 align:start position:0%
right and that the universe did evolve
in<00:41:42.480><c> this</c><00:41:42.720><c> way.</c><00:41:43.920><c> And</c><00:41:44.160><c> yet</c><00:41:44.960><c> our</c><00:41:45.280><c> predictions</c>

41:45.750 --> 41:45.760 align:start position:0%
in this way. And yet our predictions
 

41:45.760 --> 41:49.910 align:start position:0%
in this way. And yet our predictions
about<00:41:46.160><c> lithium</c><00:41:47.040><c> are</c><00:41:47.359><c> wrong.</c>

41:49.910 --> 41:49.920 align:start position:0%
about lithium are wrong.
 

41:49.920 --> 41:51.430 align:start position:0%
about lithium are wrong.
Although<00:41:50.319><c> the</c><00:41:50.560><c> prediction</c><00:41:50.960><c> for</c><00:41:51.119><c> the</c><00:41:51.280><c> amount</c>

41:51.430 --> 41:51.440 align:start position:0%
Although the prediction for the amount
 

41:51.440 --> 41:53.589 align:start position:0%
Although the prediction for the amount
of<00:41:51.599><c> lithium</c><00:41:52.079><c> in</c><00:41:52.240><c> the</c><00:41:52.400><c> early</c><00:41:52.640><c> universe</c><00:41:53.119><c> is</c>

41:53.589 --> 41:53.599 align:start position:0%
of lithium in the early universe is
 

41:53.599 --> 41:56.309 align:start position:0%
of lithium in the early universe is
really<00:41:53.920><c> low,</c><00:41:54.720><c> the</c><00:41:55.040><c> prediction</c><00:41:55.440><c> is</c><00:41:55.839><c> actually</c>

41:56.309 --> 41:56.319 align:start position:0%
really low, the prediction is actually
 

41:56.319 --> 42:00.150 align:start position:0%
really low, the prediction is actually
still<00:41:56.880><c> too</c><00:41:57.280><c> high</c><00:41:58.079><c> compared</c><00:41:58.480><c> to</c><00:41:58.640><c> what</c><00:41:58.880><c> we</c><00:41:59.119><c> see.</c>

42:00.150 --> 42:00.160 align:start position:0%
still too high compared to what we see.
 

42:00.160 --> 42:03.270 align:start position:0%
still too high compared to what we see.
Three<00:42:00.560><c> times</c><00:42:01.040><c> too</c><00:42:01.280><c> high.</c><00:42:02.480><c> Or</c><00:42:02.720><c> to</c><00:42:02.960><c> put</c><00:42:03.119><c> it</c>

42:03.270 --> 42:03.280 align:start position:0%
Three times too high. Or to put it
 

42:03.280 --> 42:05.270 align:start position:0%
Three times too high. Or to put it
another<00:42:03.680><c> way,</c><00:42:04.400><c> as</c><00:42:04.640><c> we</c><00:42:04.800><c> study</c><00:42:05.040><c> the</c>

42:05.270 --> 42:05.280 align:start position:0%
another way, as we study the
 

42:05.280 --> 42:08.309 align:start position:0%
another way, as we study the
spectroscopy<00:42:06.079><c> of</c><00:42:06.480><c> primordial</c><00:42:07.200><c> stars,</c><00:42:08.079><c> the</c>

42:08.309 --> 42:08.319 align:start position:0%
spectroscopy of primordial stars, the
 

42:08.319 --> 42:10.550 align:start position:0%
spectroscopy of primordial stars, the
further<00:42:08.640><c> away</c><00:42:08.880><c> the</c><00:42:09.119><c> star,</c><00:42:09.599><c> the</c><00:42:09.920><c> earlier</c><00:42:10.319><c> in</c>

42:10.550 --> 42:10.560 align:start position:0%
further away the star, the earlier in
 

42:10.560 --> 42:13.510 align:start position:0%
further away the star, the earlier in
time<00:42:10.720><c> the</c><00:42:10.960><c> light</c><00:42:11.200><c> would</c><00:42:11.359><c> have</c><00:42:11.520><c> left</c><00:42:11.760><c> it.</c><00:42:12.880><c> We</c>

42:13.510 --> 42:13.520 align:start position:0%
time the light would have left it. We
 

42:13.520 --> 42:15.990 align:start position:0%
time the light would have left it. We
don't<00:42:13.839><c> see</c><00:42:14.319><c> anywhere</c><00:42:14.960><c> near</c><00:42:15.359><c> the</c><00:42:15.599><c> amount</c><00:42:15.839><c> of</c>

42:15.990 --> 42:16.000 align:start position:0%
don't see anywhere near the amount of
 

42:16.000 --> 42:18.630 align:start position:0%
don't see anywhere near the amount of
lithium<00:42:16.560><c> we</c><00:42:16.960><c> ought</c><00:42:17.040><c> to</c><00:42:17.280><c> be</c><00:42:17.440><c> seeing</c><00:42:18.000><c> if</c><00:42:18.319><c> our</c>

42:18.630 --> 42:18.640 align:start position:0%
lithium we ought to be seeing if our
 

42:18.640 --> 42:21.510 align:start position:0%
lithium we ought to be seeing if our
prediction<00:42:19.280><c> was</c><00:42:19.599><c> correct.</c><00:42:20.960><c> There</c><00:42:21.280><c> are</c>

42:21.510 --> 42:21.520 align:start position:0%
prediction was correct. There are
 

42:21.520 --> 42:23.910 align:start position:0%
prediction was correct. There are
further<00:42:21.920><c> mysteries</c><00:42:22.400><c> surrounding</c><00:42:22.880><c> lithium.</c>

42:23.910 --> 42:23.920 align:start position:0%
further mysteries surrounding lithium.
 

42:23.920 --> 42:26.550 align:start position:0%
further mysteries surrounding lithium.
Lithium<00:42:24.480><c> 7</c><00:42:24.800><c> is</c><00:42:24.960><c> the</c><00:42:25.200><c> isotope</c><00:42:25.760><c> that</c><00:42:26.000><c> we</c><00:42:26.160><c> tend</c><00:42:26.400><c> to</c>

42:26.550 --> 42:26.560 align:start position:0%
Lithium 7 is the isotope that we tend to
 

42:26.560 --> 42:28.950 align:start position:0%
Lithium 7 is the isotope that we tend to
see<00:42:26.720><c> in</c><00:42:26.960><c> the</c><00:42:27.119><c> early</c><00:42:27.359><c> universe.</c><00:42:28.480><c> This</c><00:42:28.720><c> means</c>

42:28.950 --> 42:28.960 align:start position:0%
see in the early universe. This means
 

42:28.960 --> 42:32.230 align:start position:0%
see in the early universe. This means
that<00:42:29.200><c> a</c><00:42:29.520><c> lithium</c><00:42:30.079><c> atom</c><00:42:30.560><c> has</c><00:42:31.119><c> three</c><00:42:31.520><c> protons</c>

42:32.230 --> 42:32.240 align:start position:0%
that a lithium atom has three protons
 

42:32.240 --> 42:35.430 align:start position:0%
that a lithium atom has three protons
and<00:42:32.640><c> four</c><00:42:32.960><c> neutrons</c><00:42:33.520><c> in</c><00:42:33.680><c> its</c><00:42:33.920><c> nucleus.</c><00:42:35.200><c> But</c>

42:35.430 --> 42:35.440 align:start position:0%
and four neutrons in its nucleus. But
 

42:35.440 --> 42:37.750 align:start position:0%
and four neutrons in its nucleus. But
there<00:42:35.680><c> is</c><00:42:35.839><c> another</c><00:42:36.160><c> isotope</c><00:42:36.720><c> of</c><00:42:36.880><c> lithium</c>

42:37.750 --> 42:37.760 align:start position:0%
there is another isotope of lithium
 

42:37.760 --> 42:41.190 align:start position:0%
there is another isotope of lithium
known<00:42:38.079><c> as</c><00:42:38.400><c> lithium</c><00:42:38.960><c> 6</c><00:42:39.760><c> with</c><00:42:40.160><c> one</c><00:42:40.640><c> fewer</c>

42:41.190 --> 42:41.200 align:start position:0%
known as lithium 6 with one fewer
 

42:41.200 --> 42:43.670 align:start position:0%
known as lithium 6 with one fewer
neutron<00:42:41.839><c> that</c><00:42:42.079><c> is</c><00:42:42.240><c> meant</c><00:42:42.400><c> to</c><00:42:42.560><c> be</c><00:42:42.960><c> much</c><00:42:43.280><c> less</c>

42:43.670 --> 42:43.680 align:start position:0%
neutron that is meant to be much less
 

42:43.680 --> 42:46.230 align:start position:0%
neutron that is meant to be much less
stable<00:42:44.319><c> and</c><00:42:44.800><c> much</c><00:42:45.119><c> less</c><00:42:45.440><c> common</c><00:42:45.760><c> than</c><00:42:46.000><c> its</c>

42:46.230 --> 42:46.240 align:start position:0%
stable and much less common than its
 

42:46.240 --> 42:49.190 align:start position:0%
stable and much less common than its
counterpart.<00:42:47.520><c> Supposedly</c><00:42:48.240><c> making</c><00:42:48.480><c> up</c><00:42:48.720><c> only</c>

42:49.190 --> 42:49.200 align:start position:0%
counterpart. Supposedly making up only
 

42:49.200 --> 42:53.829 align:start position:0%
counterpart. Supposedly making up only
two<00:42:49.680><c> out</c><00:42:49.920><c> of</c><00:42:50.079><c> every</c><00:42:50.800><c> 100,000</c><00:42:51.920><c> lithium</c><00:42:52.480><c> nuclei.</c>

42:53.829 --> 42:53.839 align:start position:0%
two out of every 100,000 lithium nuclei.
 

42:53.839 --> 42:55.750 align:start position:0%
two out of every 100,000 lithium nuclei.
While<00:42:54.079><c> the</c><00:42:54.400><c> amount</c><00:42:54.640><c> of</c><00:42:54.960><c> lithium</c><00:42:55.440><c> in</c><00:42:55.599><c> the</c>

42:55.750 --> 42:55.760 align:start position:0%
While the amount of lithium in the
 

42:55.760 --> 42:58.630 align:start position:0%
While the amount of lithium in the
universe<00:42:56.079><c> is</c><00:42:56.400><c> too</c><00:42:56.720><c> low,</c><00:42:57.599><c> the</c><00:42:57.920><c> ratio</c><00:42:58.240><c> of</c>

42:58.630 --> 42:58.640 align:start position:0%
universe is too low, the ratio of
 

42:58.640 --> 43:03.349 align:start position:0%
universe is too low, the ratio of
lithium<00:42:59.280><c> 6</c><00:42:59.760><c> to</c><00:43:00.079><c> lithium</c><00:43:00.720><c> 7</c><00:43:01.520><c> is</c><00:43:01.839><c> much</c><00:43:02.160><c> too</c><00:43:02.400><c> high.</c>

43:03.349 --> 43:03.359 align:start position:0%
lithium 6 to lithium 7 is much too high.
 

43:03.359 --> 43:06.950 align:start position:0%
lithium 6 to lithium 7 is much too high.
Lithium<00:43:03.920><c> 6</c><00:43:04.160><c> is</c><00:43:04.400><c> a</c><00:43:04.560><c> staggering</c><00:43:05.440><c> 1,000</c><00:43:06.480><c> times</c>

43:06.950 --> 43:06.960 align:start position:0%
Lithium 6 is a staggering 1,000 times
 

43:06.960 --> 43:08.950 align:start position:0%
Lithium 6 is a staggering 1,000 times
more<00:43:07.200><c> prevalent</c><00:43:07.680><c> in</c><00:43:07.920><c> the</c><00:43:08.079><c> early</c><00:43:08.319><c> universe</c>

43:08.950 --> 43:08.960 align:start position:0%
more prevalent in the early universe
 

43:08.960 --> 43:12.309 align:start position:0%
more prevalent in the early universe
than<00:43:09.200><c> it</c><00:43:09.440><c> should</c><00:43:09.680><c> be.</c><00:43:10.960><c> So,</c><00:43:11.520><c> what</c><00:43:11.839><c> does</c><00:43:12.079><c> this</c>

43:12.309 --> 43:12.319 align:start position:0%
than it should be. So, what does this
 

43:12.319 --> 43:15.910 align:start position:0%
than it should be. So, what does this
mean<00:43:12.720><c> for</c><00:43:12.960><c> the</c><00:43:13.119><c> hot</c><00:43:13.520><c> big</c><00:43:13.839><c> bang</c><00:43:14.240><c> model?</c><00:43:15.440><c> Is</c><00:43:15.680><c> it</c>

43:15.910 --> 43:15.920 align:start position:0%
mean for the hot big bang model? Is it
 

43:15.920 --> 43:17.829 align:start position:0%
mean for the hot big bang model? Is it
really<00:43:16.319><c> back</c><00:43:16.560><c> to</c><00:43:16.720><c> the</c><00:43:16.880><c> drawing</c><00:43:17.200><c> board</c><00:43:17.440><c> for</c><00:43:17.599><c> our</c>

43:17.829 --> 43:17.839 align:start position:0%
really back to the drawing board for our
 

43:17.839 --> 43:19.829 align:start position:0%
really back to the drawing board for our
most<00:43:18.160><c> trusted</c><00:43:18.480><c> theory</c><00:43:18.880><c> about</c><00:43:19.040><c> the</c><00:43:19.280><c> universe's</c>

43:19.829 --> 43:19.839 align:start position:0%
most trusted theory about the universe's
 

43:19.839 --> 43:23.030 align:start position:0%
most trusted theory about the universe's
origins?<00:43:21.119><c> Not</c><00:43:21.359><c> necessarily.</c><00:43:22.640><c> Two</c>

43:23.030 --> 43:23.040 align:start position:0%
origins? Not necessarily. Two
 

43:23.040 --> 43:25.430 align:start position:0%
origins? Not necessarily. Two
possibilities<00:43:23.680><c> exist.</c><00:43:24.560><c> One</c><00:43:24.720><c> that</c><00:43:24.960><c> involves</c>

43:25.430 --> 43:25.440 align:start position:0%
possibilities exist. One that involves
 

43:25.440 --> 43:27.430 align:start position:0%
possibilities exist. One that involves
rewriting<00:43:25.920><c> the</c><00:43:26.160><c> Big</c><00:43:26.400><c> Bang</c><00:43:26.640><c> theory</c><00:43:26.960><c> as</c><00:43:27.119><c> we</c><00:43:27.280><c> know</c>

43:27.430 --> 43:27.440 align:start position:0%
rewriting the Big Bang theory as we know
 

43:27.440 --> 43:30.790 align:start position:0%
rewriting the Big Bang theory as we know
it.<00:43:28.400><c> But</c><00:43:28.720><c> there</c><00:43:29.040><c> is</c><00:43:29.200><c> another</c><00:43:29.599><c> explanation</c>

43:30.790 --> 43:30.800 align:start position:0%
it. But there is another explanation
 

43:30.800 --> 43:32.710 align:start position:0%
it. But there is another explanation
that<00:43:31.119><c> might</c><00:43:31.359><c> just</c><00:43:31.680><c> hold</c><00:43:31.920><c> the</c><00:43:32.160><c> answer</c><00:43:32.319><c> to</c><00:43:32.480><c> it</c>

43:32.710 --> 43:32.720 align:start position:0%
that might just hold the answer to it
 

43:32.720 --> 43:34.470 align:start position:0%
that might just hold the answer to it
all.

43:34.470 --> 43:34.480 align:start position:0%
all.
 

43:34.480 --> 43:36.950 align:start position:0%
all.
When<00:43:34.720><c> faced</c><00:43:35.119><c> with</c><00:43:35.359><c> something</c><00:43:35.680><c> like</c><00:43:35.920><c> this,</c><00:43:36.800><c> one</c>

43:36.950 --> 43:36.960 align:start position:0%
When faced with something like this, one
 

43:36.960 --> 43:39.910 align:start position:0%
When faced with something like this, one
of<00:43:37.119><c> two</c><00:43:37.359><c> things</c><00:43:37.599><c> must</c><00:43:37.920><c> be</c><00:43:38.079><c> true.</c><00:43:39.040><c> Either</c><00:43:39.520><c> our</c>

43:39.910 --> 43:39.920 align:start position:0%
of two things must be true. Either our
 

43:39.920 --> 43:42.870 align:start position:0%
of two things must be true. Either our
observations<00:43:40.560><c> are</c><00:43:40.800><c> wrong</c><00:43:41.520><c> or</c><00:43:42.000><c> our</c><00:43:42.400><c> models</c><00:43:42.720><c> are</c>

43:42.870 --> 43:42.880 align:start position:0%
observations are wrong or our models are
 

43:42.880 --> 43:47.190 align:start position:0%
observations are wrong or our models are
wrong.<00:43:44.160><c> Let's</c><00:43:44.480><c> consider</c><00:43:44.960><c> each</c><00:43:45.359><c> possibility.</c>

43:47.190 --> 43:47.200 align:start position:0%
wrong. Let's consider each possibility.
 

43:47.200 --> 43:49.430 align:start position:0%
wrong. Let's consider each possibility.
It's<00:43:47.599><c> difficult</c><00:43:48.000><c> to</c><00:43:48.240><c> throw</c><00:43:48.480><c> out</c><00:43:48.640><c> the</c><00:43:48.800><c> hot</c><00:43:49.119><c> big</c>

43:49.430 --> 43:49.440 align:start position:0%
It's difficult to throw out the hot big
 

43:49.440 --> 43:52.069 align:start position:0%
It's difficult to throw out the hot big
bang<00:43:49.760><c> model</c><00:43:50.160><c> completely.</c><00:43:51.040><c> Nothing</c><00:43:51.440><c> else</c><00:43:51.760><c> does</c>

43:52.069 --> 43:52.079 align:start position:0%
bang model completely. Nothing else does
 

43:52.079 --> 43:53.910 align:start position:0%
bang model completely. Nothing else does
as<00:43:52.400><c> good</c><00:43:52.560><c> a</c><00:43:52.800><c> job</c><00:43:52.960><c> at</c><00:43:53.200><c> explaining</c><00:43:53.680><c> the</c>

43:53.910 --> 43:53.920 align:start position:0%
as good a job at explaining the
 

43:53.920 --> 43:55.589 align:start position:0%
as good a job at explaining the
existence<00:43:54.319><c> of</c><00:43:54.480><c> the</c><00:43:54.640><c> cosmic</c><00:43:55.119><c> background</c>

43:55.589 --> 43:55.599 align:start position:0%
existence of the cosmic background
 

43:55.599 --> 43:58.550 align:start position:0%
existence of the cosmic background
radiation<00:43:56.640><c> or</c><00:43:56.960><c> the</c><00:43:57.200><c> amounts</c><00:43:57.520><c> of</c><00:43:57.760><c> hydrogen</c><00:43:58.240><c> and</c>

43:58.550 --> 43:58.560 align:start position:0%
radiation or the amounts of hydrogen and
 

43:58.560 --> 44:01.430 align:start position:0%
radiation or the amounts of hydrogen and
helium<00:43:58.960><c> that</c><00:43:59.119><c> we</c><00:43:59.359><c> see</c><00:43:59.440><c> in</c><00:43:59.680><c> our</c><00:43:59.920><c> universe.</c><00:44:01.200><c> The</c>

44:01.430 --> 44:01.440 align:start position:0%
helium that we see in our universe. The
 

44:01.440 --> 44:03.589 align:start position:0%
helium that we see in our universe. The
quantities<00:44:01.920><c> of</c><00:44:02.160><c> those</c><00:44:02.400><c> elements</c><00:44:03.040><c> check</c><00:44:03.359><c> out</c>

44:03.589 --> 44:03.599 align:start position:0%
quantities of those elements check out
 

44:03.599 --> 44:06.230 align:start position:0%
quantities of those elements check out
almost<00:44:04.079><c> exactly</c><00:44:04.720><c> with</c><00:44:05.040><c> the</c><00:44:05.280><c> hot</c><00:44:05.599><c> big</c><00:44:05.839><c> bangs</c>

44:06.230 --> 44:06.240 align:start position:0%
almost exactly with the hot big bangs
 

44:06.240 --> 44:08.309 align:start position:0%
almost exactly with the hot big bangs
predictions<00:44:07.200><c> which</c><00:44:07.440><c> seems</c><00:44:07.680><c> to</c><00:44:07.839><c> be</c><00:44:08.000><c> too</c>

44:08.309 --> 44:08.319 align:start position:0%
predictions which seems to be too
 

44:08.319 --> 44:11.510 align:start position:0%
predictions which seems to be too
perfect<00:44:08.640><c> to</c><00:44:08.880><c> be</c><00:44:08.960><c> a</c><00:44:09.200><c> coincidence.</c><00:44:10.480><c> That</c><00:44:10.720><c> said,</c>

44:11.510 --> 44:11.520 align:start position:0%
perfect to be a coincidence. That said,
 

44:11.520 --> 44:13.510 align:start position:0%
perfect to be a coincidence. That said,
scientists<00:44:12.079><c> are</c><00:44:12.319><c> becoming</c><00:44:12.800><c> less</c><00:44:13.200><c> certain</c>

44:13.510 --> 44:13.520 align:start position:0%
scientists are becoming less certain
 

44:13.520 --> 44:16.230 align:start position:0%
scientists are becoming less certain
about<00:44:13.760><c> the</c><00:44:14.000><c> model</c><00:44:14.319><c> as</c><00:44:14.560><c> it</c><00:44:14.800><c> stands.</c><00:44:15.839><c> Steven</c>

44:16.230 --> 44:16.240 align:start position:0%
about the model as it stands. Steven
 

44:16.240 --> 44:18.710 align:start position:0%
about the model as it stands. Steven
Hawking,<00:44:16.960><c> who</c><00:44:17.200><c> was</c><00:44:17.359><c> once</c><00:44:17.680><c> one</c><00:44:17.920><c> of</c><00:44:18.000><c> the</c><00:44:18.240><c> leading</c>

44:18.710 --> 44:18.720 align:start position:0%
Hawking, who was once one of the leading
 

44:18.720 --> 44:21.030 align:start position:0%
Hawking, who was once one of the leading
advocates<00:44:19.280><c> of</c><00:44:19.520><c> the</c><00:44:19.760><c> idea</c><00:44:20.000><c> that</c><00:44:20.240><c> our</c><00:44:20.560><c> universe</c>

44:21.030 --> 44:21.040 align:start position:0%
advocates of the idea that our universe
 

44:21.040 --> 44:23.910 align:start position:0%
advocates of the idea that our universe
began<00:44:21.359><c> with</c><00:44:21.599><c> a</c><00:44:21.760><c> singularity,</c><00:44:22.960><c> later</c><00:44:23.440><c> went</c><00:44:23.760><c> off</c>

44:23.910 --> 44:23.920 align:start position:0%
began with a singularity, later went off
 

44:23.920 --> 44:27.109 align:start position:0%
began with a singularity, later went off
the<00:44:24.160><c> idea.</c><00:44:25.200><c> In</c><00:44:25.440><c> his</c><00:44:25.680><c> book,</c><00:44:26.160><c> A</c><00:44:26.400><c> Brief</c><00:44:26.800><c> History</c>

44:27.109 --> 44:27.119 align:start position:0%
the idea. In his book, A Brief History
 

44:27.119 --> 44:30.150 align:start position:0%
the idea. In his book, A Brief History
of<00:44:27.359><c> Time,</c><00:44:27.839><c> he</c><00:44:28.079><c> stated,</c><00:44:28.640><c> "Roger</c><00:44:29.200><c> Penrose's</c><00:44:29.920><c> and</c>

44:30.150 --> 44:30.160 align:start position:0%
of Time, he stated, "Roger Penrose's and
 

44:30.160 --> 44:33.030 align:start position:0%
of Time, he stated, "Roger Penrose's and
my<00:44:30.400><c> work</c><00:44:30.800><c> became</c><00:44:31.280><c> generally</c><00:44:31.920><c> accepted,</c><00:44:32.800><c> and</c>

44:33.030 --> 44:33.040 align:start position:0%
my work became generally accepted, and
 

44:33.040 --> 44:34.950 align:start position:0%
my work became generally accepted, and
nowadays<00:44:33.599><c> nearly</c><00:44:33.920><c> everyone</c><00:44:34.319><c> assumes</c><00:44:34.720><c> that</c>

44:34.950 --> 44:34.960 align:start position:0%
nowadays nearly everyone assumes that
 

44:34.960 --> 44:36.790 align:start position:0%
nowadays nearly everyone assumes that
the<00:44:35.119><c> universe</c><00:44:35.440><c> started</c><00:44:35.839><c> with</c><00:44:36.000><c> a</c><00:44:36.240><c> big</c><00:44:36.480><c> bang</c>

44:36.790 --> 44:36.800 align:start position:0%
the universe started with a big bang
 

44:36.800 --> 44:40.150 align:start position:0%
the universe started with a big bang
singularity.<00:44:38.160><c> It</c><00:44:38.400><c> is</c><00:44:38.560><c> perhaps</c><00:44:38.960><c> ironic</c><00:44:39.520><c> that</c>

44:40.150 --> 44:40.160 align:start position:0%
singularity. It is perhaps ironic that
 

44:40.160 --> 44:42.710 align:start position:0%
singularity. It is perhaps ironic that
having<00:44:40.560><c> changed</c><00:44:40.880><c> my</c><00:44:41.119><c> mind,</c><00:44:41.760><c> I</c><00:44:42.079><c> am</c><00:44:42.240><c> now</c><00:44:42.480><c> trying</c>

44:42.710 --> 44:42.720 align:start position:0%
having changed my mind, I am now trying
 

44:42.720 --> 44:44.710 align:start position:0%
having changed my mind, I am now trying
to<00:44:42.880><c> convince</c><00:44:43.359><c> other</c><00:44:43.680><c> physicists</c><00:44:44.240><c> that</c><00:44:44.480><c> there</c>

44:44.710 --> 44:44.720 align:start position:0%
to convince other physicists that there
 

44:44.720 --> 44:46.790 align:start position:0%
to convince other physicists that there
was<00:44:44.960><c> in</c><00:44:45.119><c> fact</c><00:44:45.359><c> no</c><00:44:45.680><c> singularity</c><00:44:46.400><c> at</c><00:44:46.640><c> the</c>

44:46.790 --> 44:46.800 align:start position:0%
was in fact no singularity at the
 

44:46.800 --> 44:49.030 align:start position:0%
was in fact no singularity at the
beginning<00:44:46.960><c> of</c><00:44:47.119><c> the</c><00:44:47.359><c> universe.</c><00:44:48.400><c> As</c><00:44:48.640><c> we</c><00:44:48.800><c> shall</c>

44:49.030 --> 44:49.040 align:start position:0%
beginning of the universe. As we shall
 

44:49.040 --> 44:51.910 align:start position:0%
beginning of the universe. As we shall
see<00:44:49.200><c> later,</c><00:44:49.920><c> it</c><00:44:50.160><c> can</c><00:44:50.400><c> disappear</c><00:44:51.040><c> once</c><00:44:51.520><c> quantum</c>

44:51.910 --> 44:51.920 align:start position:0%
see later, it can disappear once quantum
 

44:51.920 --> 44:54.870 align:start position:0%
see later, it can disappear once quantum
effects<00:44:52.400><c> are</c><00:44:52.640><c> taken</c><00:44:52.960><c> into</c><00:44:53.280><c> account.</c>

44:54.870 --> 44:54.880 align:start position:0%
effects are taken into account.
 

44:54.880 --> 44:56.710 align:start position:0%
effects are taken into account.
Those<00:44:55.200><c> quantum</c><00:44:55.680><c> effects</c><00:44:56.079><c> are</c><00:44:56.400><c> too</c>

44:56.710 --> 44:56.720 align:start position:0%
Those quantum effects are too
 

44:56.720 --> 44:59.109 align:start position:0%
Those quantum effects are too
complicated<00:44:57.280><c> to</c><00:44:57.440><c> go</c><00:44:57.599><c> into</c><00:44:57.920><c> for</c><00:44:58.160><c> this</c><00:44:58.400><c> video,</c>

44:59.109 --> 44:59.119 align:start position:0%
complicated to go into for this video,
 

44:59.119 --> 45:01.109 align:start position:0%
complicated to go into for this video,
and<00:44:59.440><c> this</c><00:44:59.760><c> doesn't</c><00:45:00.079><c> necessarily</c><00:45:00.640><c> solve</c><00:45:00.880><c> the</c>

45:01.109 --> 45:01.119 align:start position:0%
and this doesn't necessarily solve the
 

45:01.119 --> 45:03.670 align:start position:0%
and this doesn't necessarily solve the
lithium<00:45:01.520><c> problem,</c><00:45:02.000><c> even</c><00:45:02.160><c> if</c><00:45:02.480><c> true.</c><00:45:03.280><c> But</c><00:45:03.440><c> it</c>

45:03.670 --> 45:03.680 align:start position:0%
lithium problem, even if true. But it
 

45:03.680 --> 45:05.510 align:start position:0%
lithium problem, even if true. But it
does<00:45:03.839><c> highlight</c><00:45:04.319><c> that</c><00:45:04.560><c> the</c><00:45:04.800><c> origin</c><00:45:05.119><c> of</c><00:45:05.280><c> the</c>

45:05.510 --> 45:05.520 align:start position:0%
does highlight that the origin of the
 

45:05.520 --> 45:07.589 align:start position:0%
does highlight that the origin of the
universe<00:45:06.000><c> is</c><00:45:06.240><c> an</c><00:45:06.480><c> evolving</c><00:45:07.040><c> branch</c><00:45:07.359><c> of</c>

45:07.589 --> 45:07.599 align:start position:0%
universe is an evolving branch of
 

45:07.599 --> 45:10.230 align:start position:0%
universe is an evolving branch of
physics<00:45:08.000><c> and</c><00:45:08.240><c> cosmology</c><00:45:09.280><c> where</c><00:45:09.599><c> the</c><00:45:09.920><c> full</c>

45:10.230 --> 45:10.240 align:start position:0%
physics and cosmology where the full
 

45:10.240 --> 45:12.309 align:start position:0%
physics and cosmology where the full
explanation<00:45:10.800><c> of</c><00:45:10.960><c> it</c><00:45:11.280><c> has</c><00:45:11.520><c> not</c><00:45:11.760><c> yet</c><00:45:12.079><c> been</c>

45:12.309 --> 45:12.319 align:start position:0%
explanation of it has not yet been
 

45:12.319 --> 45:15.430 align:start position:0%
explanation of it has not yet been
found.<00:45:13.440><c> Perhaps</c><00:45:13.920><c> our</c><00:45:14.240><c> models</c><00:45:14.720><c> will</c><00:45:15.040><c> one</c><00:45:15.280><c> day</c>

45:15.430 --> 45:15.440 align:start position:0%
found. Perhaps our models will one day
 

45:15.440 --> 45:17.670 align:start position:0%
found. Perhaps our models will one day
adjust<00:45:16.079><c> in</c><00:45:16.400><c> such</c><00:45:16.560><c> a</c><00:45:16.720><c> way</c><00:45:16.880><c> that</c><00:45:17.040><c> the</c><00:45:17.200><c> lithium</c>

45:17.670 --> 45:17.680 align:start position:0%
adjust in such a way that the lithium
 

45:17.680 --> 45:20.630 align:start position:0%
adjust in such a way that the lithium
problem<00:45:18.000><c> falls</c><00:45:18.400><c> away</c><00:45:19.200><c> even</c><00:45:19.520><c> as</c><00:45:19.920><c> the</c><00:45:20.240><c> broad</c>

45:20.630 --> 45:20.640 align:start position:0%
problem falls away even as the broad
 

45:20.640 --> 45:22.710 align:start position:0%
problem falls away even as the broad
brush<00:45:20.960><c> strokes</c><00:45:21.359><c> of</c><00:45:21.520><c> the</c><00:45:21.599><c> theory</c><00:45:22.079><c> remain</c><00:45:22.480><c> in</c>

45:22.710 --> 45:22.720 align:start position:0%
brush strokes of the theory remain in
 

45:22.720 --> 45:25.030 align:start position:0%
brush strokes of the theory remain in
place,<00:45:23.440><c> letting</c><00:45:23.760><c> the</c><00:45:24.000><c> jigsaw</c><00:45:24.480><c> piece</c><00:45:24.720><c> of</c><00:45:24.880><c> the</c>

45:25.030 --> 45:25.040 align:start position:0%
place, letting the jigsaw piece of the
 

45:25.040 --> 45:27.510 align:start position:0%
place, letting the jigsaw piece of the
lithium<00:45:25.440><c> numbers</c><00:45:25.920><c> fit</c><00:45:26.240><c> nicely</c><00:45:26.720><c> with</c><00:45:27.040><c> hydrogen</c>

45:27.510 --> 45:27.520 align:start position:0%
lithium numbers fit nicely with hydrogen
 

45:27.520 --> 45:29.670 align:start position:0%
lithium numbers fit nicely with hydrogen
and<00:45:27.760><c> helium.</c>

45:29.670 --> 45:29.680 align:start position:0%
and helium.
 

45:29.680 --> 45:32.069 align:start position:0%
and helium.
The<00:45:30.000><c> other</c><00:45:30.160><c> option</c><00:45:31.040><c> is</c><00:45:31.359><c> that</c><00:45:31.599><c> there</c><00:45:31.839><c> is</c>

45:32.069 --> 45:32.079 align:start position:0%
The other option is that there is
 

45:32.079 --> 45:34.550 align:start position:0%
The other option is that there is
something<00:45:32.400><c> wrong</c><00:45:32.720><c> with</c><00:45:32.960><c> our</c><00:45:33.280><c> observations</c>

45:34.550 --> 45:34.560 align:start position:0%
something wrong with our observations
 

45:34.560 --> 45:37.030 align:start position:0%
something wrong with our observations
and<00:45:35.200><c> there</c><00:45:35.520><c> may</c><00:45:35.760><c> well</c><00:45:36.079><c> be</c><00:45:36.319><c> some</c><00:45:36.480><c> grounds</c><00:45:36.880><c> to</c>

45:37.030 --> 45:37.040 align:start position:0%
and there may well be some grounds to
 

45:37.040 --> 45:39.750 align:start position:0%
and there may well be some grounds to
this.<00:45:38.000><c> Because</c><00:45:38.240><c> of</c><00:45:38.480><c> the</c><00:45:38.720><c> small</c><00:45:39.200><c> amounts</c><00:45:39.599><c> of</c>

45:39.750 --> 45:39.760 align:start position:0%
this. Because of the small amounts of
 

45:39.760 --> 45:42.150 align:start position:0%
this. Because of the small amounts of
lithium<00:45:40.240><c> being</c><00:45:40.560><c> discussed,</c><00:45:41.440><c> it</c><00:45:41.599><c> is</c><00:45:41.839><c> quite</c>

45:42.150 --> 45:42.160 align:start position:0%
lithium being discussed, it is quite
 

45:42.160 --> 45:44.870 align:start position:0%
lithium being discussed, it is quite
difficult<00:45:42.560><c> to</c><00:45:42.800><c> see</c><00:45:43.040><c> the</c><00:45:43.359><c> exact</c><00:45:43.920><c> amounts</c><00:45:44.319><c> of</c><00:45:44.480><c> it</c>

45:44.870 --> 45:44.880 align:start position:0%
difficult to see the exact amounts of it
 

45:44.880 --> 45:47.030 align:start position:0%
difficult to see the exact amounts of it
that<00:45:45.200><c> exist</c><00:45:45.520><c> in</c><00:45:45.680><c> the</c><00:45:45.839><c> interstellar</c><00:45:46.480><c> medium</c>

45:47.030 --> 45:47.040 align:start position:0%
that exist in the interstellar medium
 

45:47.040 --> 45:50.150 align:start position:0%
that exist in the interstellar medium
once<00:45:47.280><c> you</c><00:45:47.520><c> look</c><00:45:48.000><c> far</c><00:45:48.400><c> back</c><00:45:48.720><c> enough.</c><00:45:49.760><c> The</c><00:45:50.000><c> only</c>

45:50.150 --> 45:50.160 align:start position:0%
once you look far back enough. The only
 

45:50.160 --> 45:52.230 align:start position:0%
once you look far back enough. The only
way<00:45:50.319><c> to</c><00:45:50.560><c> probe</c><00:45:50.880><c> the</c><00:45:51.040><c> interstellar</c><00:45:51.680><c> medium's</c>

45:52.230 --> 45:52.240 align:start position:0%
way to probe the interstellar medium's
 

45:52.240 --> 45:55.109 align:start position:0%
way to probe the interstellar medium's
makeup<00:45:53.040><c> is</c><00:45:53.280><c> to</c><00:45:53.599><c> shine</c><00:45:53.920><c> a</c><00:45:54.160><c> light</c><00:45:54.400><c> through</c><00:45:54.640><c> it</c>

45:55.109 --> 45:55.119 align:start position:0%
makeup is to shine a light through it
 

45:55.119 --> 45:56.870 align:start position:0%
makeup is to shine a light through it
and<00:45:55.359><c> then</c><00:45:55.680><c> see</c><00:45:55.920><c> which</c><00:45:56.240><c> lines</c><00:45:56.480><c> in</c><00:45:56.720><c> your</c>

45:56.870 --> 45:56.880 align:start position:0%
and then see which lines in your
 

45:56.880 --> 45:59.670 align:start position:0%
and then see which lines in your
spectrograph<00:45:57.520><c> get</c><00:45:57.760><c> blocked</c><00:45:58.160><c> out.</c><00:45:59.200><c> This</c><00:45:59.440><c> can</c>

45:59.670 --> 45:59.680 align:start position:0%
spectrograph get blocked out. This can
 

45:59.680 --> 46:01.670 align:start position:0%
spectrograph get blocked out. This can
tell<00:46:00.000><c> scientists</c><00:46:00.480><c> what</c><00:46:00.800><c> elements</c><00:46:01.200><c> might</c><00:46:01.440><c> make</c>

46:01.670 --> 46:01.680 align:start position:0%
tell scientists what elements might make
 

46:01.680 --> 46:04.790 align:start position:0%
tell scientists what elements might make
up<00:46:01.839><c> a</c><00:46:02.079><c> particular</c><00:46:02.640><c> nebula</c><00:46:03.119><c> or</c><00:46:03.440><c> dust</c><00:46:03.760><c> cloud.</c>

46:04.790 --> 46:04.800 align:start position:0%
up a particular nebula or dust cloud.
 

46:04.800 --> 46:07.589 align:start position:0%
up a particular nebula or dust cloud.
But<00:46:04.960><c> this</c><00:46:05.280><c> gets</c><00:46:05.760><c> harder</c><00:46:06.160><c> and</c><00:46:06.480><c> harder</c><00:46:06.800><c> to</c><00:46:07.040><c> do</c>

46:07.589 --> 46:07.599 align:start position:0%
But this gets harder and harder to do
 

46:07.599 --> 46:10.309 align:start position:0%
But this gets harder and harder to do
the<00:46:07.920><c> further</c><00:46:08.319><c> away</c><00:46:08.640><c> the</c><00:46:08.880><c> target</c><00:46:09.280><c> is.</c>

46:10.309 --> 46:10.319 align:start position:0%
the further away the target is.
 

46:10.319 --> 46:12.550 align:start position:0%
the further away the target is.
Eventually,<00:46:11.040><c> it</c><00:46:11.280><c> becomes</c><00:46:11.920><c> completely</c>

46:12.550 --> 46:12.560 align:start position:0%
Eventually, it becomes completely
 

46:12.560 --> 46:15.270 align:start position:0%
Eventually, it becomes completely
impossible<00:46:13.200><c> to</c><00:46:13.440><c> get</c><00:46:13.599><c> an</c><00:46:13.839><c> exact</c><00:46:14.240><c> estimate.</c>

46:15.270 --> 46:15.280 align:start position:0%
impossible to get an exact estimate.
 

46:15.280 --> 46:17.670 align:start position:0%
impossible to get an exact estimate.
Instead,<00:46:16.160><c> scientists</c><00:46:16.720><c> are</c><00:46:16.880><c> left</c><00:46:17.200><c> looking</c><00:46:17.520><c> at</c>

46:17.670 --> 46:17.680 align:start position:0%
Instead, scientists are left looking at
 

46:17.680 --> 46:20.069 align:start position:0%
Instead, scientists are left looking at
the<00:46:17.839><c> spectrographs</c><00:46:18.480><c> of</c><00:46:18.640><c> primordial</c><00:46:19.280><c> stars</c>

46:20.069 --> 46:20.079 align:start position:0%
the spectrographs of primordial stars
 

46:20.079 --> 46:22.470 align:start position:0%
the spectrographs of primordial stars
which<00:46:20.319><c> are</c><00:46:20.480><c> not</c><00:46:20.720><c> necessarily</c><00:46:21.680><c> representative</c>

46:22.470 --> 46:22.480 align:start position:0%
which are not necessarily representative
 

46:22.480 --> 46:25.990 align:start position:0%
which are not necessarily representative
of<00:46:22.720><c> the</c><00:46:23.040><c> universe</c><00:46:23.440><c> as</c><00:46:23.680><c> a</c><00:46:23.920><c> whole</c><00:46:24.480><c> at</c><00:46:24.720><c> that</c><00:46:25.040><c> time.</c>

46:25.990 --> 46:26.000 align:start position:0%
of the universe as a whole at that time.
 

46:26.000 --> 46:28.710 align:start position:0%
of the universe as a whole at that time.
A<00:46:26.319><c> star</c><00:46:26.720><c> is</c><00:46:26.960><c> a</c><00:46:27.200><c> special</c><00:46:27.440><c> case.</c><00:46:28.319><c> Something</c>

46:28.710 --> 46:28.720 align:start position:0%
A star is a special case. Something
 

46:28.720 --> 46:30.790 align:start position:0%
A star is a special case. Something
going<00:46:28.960><c> on</c><00:46:29.200><c> inside</c><00:46:29.599><c> there</c><00:46:29.920><c> might</c><00:46:30.160><c> be</c><00:46:30.319><c> altering</c>

46:30.790 --> 46:30.800 align:start position:0%
going on inside there might be altering
 

46:30.800 --> 46:33.190 align:start position:0%
going on inside there might be altering
the<00:46:31.040><c> amount</c><00:46:31.280><c> of</c><00:46:31.440><c> lithium</c><00:46:32.000><c> present</c><00:46:32.319><c> within,</c>

46:33.190 --> 46:33.200 align:start position:0%
the amount of lithium present within,
 

46:33.200 --> 46:34.950 align:start position:0%
the amount of lithium present within,
converting<00:46:33.680><c> the</c><00:46:33.920><c> lithium</c><00:46:34.319><c> into</c><00:46:34.640><c> something</c>

46:34.950 --> 46:34.960 align:start position:0%
converting the lithium into something
 

46:34.960 --> 46:37.109 align:start position:0%
converting the lithium into something
else<00:46:35.599><c> while</c><00:46:36.000><c> boosting</c><00:46:36.480><c> the</c><00:46:36.720><c> amount</c><00:46:36.960><c> of</c>

46:37.109 --> 46:37.119 align:start position:0%
else while boosting the amount of
 

46:37.119 --> 46:40.069 align:start position:0%
else while boosting the amount of
lithium<00:46:37.680><c> 6.</c><00:46:38.480><c> Although</c><00:46:39.119><c> it's</c><00:46:39.440><c> difficult</c><00:46:39.839><c> to</c>

46:40.069 --> 46:40.079 align:start position:0%
lithium 6. Although it's difficult to
 

46:40.079 --> 46:43.109 align:start position:0%
lithium 6. Although it's difficult to
guess<00:46:40.480><c> what</c><00:46:40.720><c> that</c><00:46:41.040><c> process</c><00:46:41.520><c> might</c><00:46:41.760><c> be.</c><00:46:42.640><c> If</c><00:46:42.880><c> our</c>

46:43.109 --> 46:43.119 align:start position:0%
guess what that process might be. If our
 

46:43.119 --> 46:45.430 align:start position:0%
guess what that process might be. If our
observations<00:46:43.760><c> could</c><00:46:44.000><c> improve</c><00:46:44.800><c> and</c><00:46:45.119><c> we</c><00:46:45.280><c> could</c>

46:45.430 --> 46:45.440 align:start position:0%
observations could improve and we could
 

46:45.440 --> 46:47.510 align:start position:0%
observations could improve and we could
better<00:46:45.839><c> measure</c><00:46:46.240><c> the</c><00:46:46.480><c> amount</c><00:46:46.640><c> of</c><00:46:46.800><c> lithium</c><00:46:47.280><c> in</c>

46:47.510 --> 46:47.520 align:start position:0%
better measure the amount of lithium in
 

46:47.520 --> 46:49.990 align:start position:0%
better measure the amount of lithium in
the<00:46:47.680><c> early</c><00:46:47.920><c> universe</c><00:46:48.319><c> as</c><00:46:48.560><c> a</c><00:46:48.720><c> whole,</c><00:46:49.599><c> perhaps</c>

46:49.990 --> 46:50.000 align:start position:0%
the early universe as a whole, perhaps
 

46:50.000 --> 46:52.150 align:start position:0%
the early universe as a whole, perhaps
the<00:46:50.240><c> numbers</c><00:46:50.560><c> would</c><00:46:50.880><c> come</c><00:46:51.119><c> back</c><00:46:51.359><c> into</c><00:46:51.680><c> line</c><00:46:52.000><c> on</c>

46:52.150 --> 46:52.160 align:start position:0%
the numbers would come back into line on
 

46:52.160 --> 46:55.109 align:start position:0%
the numbers would come back into line on
their<00:46:52.400><c> own.</c><00:46:53.440><c> Maybe</c><00:46:53.760><c> the</c><00:46:54.000><c> lithium</c><00:46:54.480><c> problem</c>

46:55.109 --> 46:55.119 align:start position:0%
their own. Maybe the lithium problem
 

46:55.119 --> 46:57.990 align:start position:0%
their own. Maybe the lithium problem
never<00:46:55.440><c> existed</c><00:46:55.920><c> in</c><00:46:56.160><c> the</c><00:46:56.400><c> first</c><00:46:56.560><c> place.</c>

46:57.990 --> 46:58.000 align:start position:0%
never existed in the first place.
 

46:58.000 --> 47:00.470 align:start position:0%
never existed in the first place.
Ultimately,<00:46:59.040><c> no</c><00:46:59.359><c> answer</c><00:46:59.680><c> to</c><00:46:59.920><c> how</c><00:47:00.240><c> the</c>

47:00.470 --> 47:00.480 align:start position:0%
Ultimately, no answer to how the
 

47:00.480 --> 47:02.630 align:start position:0%
Ultimately, no answer to how the
universe<00:47:00.880><c> came</c><00:47:01.119><c> to</c><00:47:01.359><c> be</c><00:47:01.839><c> will</c><00:47:02.160><c> ever</c><00:47:02.400><c> be</c>

47:02.630 --> 47:02.640 align:start position:0%
universe came to be will ever be
 

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universe came to be will ever be
complete<00:47:03.200><c> until</c><00:47:03.680><c> all</c><00:47:04.000><c> the</c><00:47:04.240><c> available</c><00:47:04.720><c> data</c>

47:05.190 --> 47:05.200 align:start position:0%
complete until all the available data
 

47:05.200 --> 47:07.349 align:start position:0%
complete until all the available data
matches<00:47:05.599><c> the</c><00:47:05.839><c> theory's</c><00:47:06.319><c> predictions.</c>

47:07.349 --> 47:07.359 align:start position:0%
matches the theory's predictions.
 

47:07.359 --> 47:09.510 align:start position:0%
matches the theory's predictions.
Whether<00:47:07.680><c> that's</c><00:47:08.000><c> lithium</c><00:47:08.880><c> or</c><00:47:09.200><c> other</c>

47:09.510 --> 47:09.520 align:start position:0%
Whether that's lithium or other
 

47:09.520 --> 47:11.349 align:start position:0%
Whether that's lithium or other
problematic<00:47:10.079><c> elements</c><00:47:10.400><c> in</c><00:47:10.640><c> the</c><00:47:10.800><c> universe</c>

47:11.349 --> 47:11.359 align:start position:0%
problematic elements in the universe
 

47:11.359 --> 47:13.430 align:start position:0%
problematic elements in the universe
like<00:47:11.599><c> the</c><00:47:11.760><c> overabundance</c><00:47:12.560><c> of</c><00:47:12.880><c> gold</c><00:47:13.200><c> out</c>

47:13.430 --> 47:13.440 align:start position:0%
like the overabundance of gold out
 

47:13.440 --> 47:15.750 align:start position:0%
like the overabundance of gold out
there,<00:47:13.920><c> which</c><00:47:14.160><c> I</c><00:47:14.400><c> talk</c><00:47:14.560><c> about</c><00:47:14.800><c> in</c><00:47:15.119><c> this</c><00:47:15.359><c> video</c>

47:15.750 --> 47:15.760 align:start position:0%
there, which I talk about in this video
 

47:15.760 --> 47:17.750 align:start position:0%
there, which I talk about in this video
here.

47:17.750 --> 47:17.760 align:start position:0%
here.
 

47:17.760 --> 47:19.910 align:start position:0%
here.
All<00:47:17.920><c> these</c><00:47:18.160><c> numbers</c><00:47:18.800><c> have</c><00:47:19.040><c> to</c><00:47:19.280><c> be</c><00:47:19.440><c> brought</c>

47:19.910 --> 47:19.920 align:start position:0%
All these numbers have to be brought
 

47:19.920 --> 47:23.109 align:start position:0%
All these numbers have to be brought
into<00:47:20.240><c> line.</c><00:47:21.200><c> There</c><00:47:21.440><c> is</c><00:47:21.680><c> still</c><00:47:22.240><c> so</c><00:47:22.560><c> much</c><00:47:22.800><c> to</c>

47:23.109 --> 47:23.119 align:start position:0%
into line. There is still so much to
 

47:23.119 --> 47:26.470 align:start position:0%
into line. There is still so much to
learn<00:47:23.440><c> about</c><00:47:23.760><c> the</c><00:47:24.000><c> universe's</c><00:47:24.640><c> origins.</c><00:47:25.920><c> I</c><00:47:26.240><c> do</c>

47:26.470 --> 47:26.480 align:start position:0%
learn about the universe's origins. I do
 

47:26.480 --> 47:29.270 align:start position:0%
learn about the universe's origins. I do
find<00:47:26.720><c> it</c><00:47:27.040><c> incredible</c><00:47:28.000><c> just</c><00:47:28.400><c> how</c><00:47:28.640><c> much</c><00:47:28.880><c> we</c><00:47:29.119><c> are</c>

47:29.270 --> 47:29.280 align:start position:0%
find it incredible just how much we are
 

47:29.280 --> 47:31.670 align:start position:0%
find it incredible just how much we are
able<00:47:29.520><c> to</c><00:47:29.760><c> learn</c><00:47:30.000><c> and</c><00:47:30.319><c> deduce</c><00:47:30.960><c> about</c><00:47:31.359><c> events</c>

47:31.670 --> 47:31.680 align:start position:0%
able to learn and deduce about events
 

47:31.680 --> 47:34.630 align:start position:0%
able to learn and deduce about events
that<00:47:32.000><c> happened</c><00:47:32.640><c> billions</c><00:47:33.119><c> of</c><00:47:33.359><c> years</c><00:47:33.520><c> ago</c><00:47:34.319><c> back</c>

47:34.630 --> 47:34.640 align:start position:0%
that happened billions of years ago back
 

47:34.640 --> 47:37.990 align:start position:0%
that happened billions of years ago back
before<00:47:35.040><c> matter</c><00:47:35.440><c> itself</c><00:47:36.000><c> had</c><00:47:36.400><c> properly</c><00:47:36.960><c> formed</c>

47:37.990 --> 47:38.000 align:start position:0%
before matter itself had properly formed
 

47:38.000 --> 47:41.829 align:start position:0%
before matter itself had properly formed
using<00:47:38.400><c> just</c><00:47:38.720><c> our</c><00:47:39.119><c> telescopes</c><00:47:40.000><c> and</c><00:47:40.240><c> our</c><00:47:40.560><c> minds.</c>

47:41.829 --> 47:41.839 align:start position:0%
using just our telescopes and our minds.
 

47:41.839 --> 47:44.309 align:start position:0%
using just our telescopes and our minds.
That<00:47:42.079><c> picture,</c><00:47:42.880><c> the</c><00:47:43.119><c> grand</c><00:47:43.520><c> picture</c><00:47:43.920><c> of</c><00:47:44.160><c> how</c>

47:44.309 --> 47:44.319 align:start position:0%
That picture, the grand picture of how
 

47:44.319 --> 47:47.990 align:start position:0%
That picture, the grand picture of how
it<00:47:44.640><c> all</c><00:47:44.960><c> began</c><00:47:45.839><c> is</c><00:47:46.160><c> waiting</c><00:47:46.480><c> to</c><00:47:46.720><c> be</c><00:47:46.880><c> assembled.</c>

47:47.990 --> 47:48.000 align:start position:0%
it all began is waiting to be assembled.
 

47:48.000 --> 47:50.470 align:start position:0%
it all began is waiting to be assembled.
However<00:47:48.480><c> the</c><00:47:48.720><c> universe</c><00:47:49.119><c> came</c><00:47:49.359><c> to</c><00:47:49.599><c> be,</c><00:47:50.160><c> it</c><00:47:50.319><c> is</c>

47:50.470 --> 47:50.480 align:start position:0%
However the universe came to be, it is
 

47:50.480 --> 47:53.270 align:start position:0%
However the universe came to be, it is
built<00:47:50.800><c> on</c><00:47:50.960><c> a</c><00:47:51.200><c> foundation</c><00:47:51.760><c> of</c><00:47:52.079><c> an</c><00:47:52.400><c> underlying</c>

47:53.270 --> 47:53.280 align:start position:0%
built on a foundation of an underlying
 

47:53.280 --> 47:55.750 align:start position:0%
built on a foundation of an underlying
order<00:47:53.920><c> that</c><00:47:54.240><c> allows</c><00:47:54.640><c> us</c><00:47:54.880><c> to</c><00:47:55.040><c> unlock</c><00:47:55.440><c> its</c>

47:55.750 --> 47:55.760 align:start position:0%
order that allows us to unlock its
 

47:55.760 --> 47:59.109 align:start position:0%
order that allows us to unlock its
principles,<00:47:56.800><c> tease</c><00:47:57.200><c> out</c><00:47:57.440><c> its</c><00:47:57.760><c> mysteries,</c><00:47:58.800><c> and</c>

47:59.109 --> 47:59.119 align:start position:0%
principles, tease out its mysteries, and
 

47:59.119 --> 48:01.430 align:start position:0%
principles, tease out its mysteries, and
reconstruct<00:47:59.920><c> the</c><00:48:00.240><c> configuration</c><00:48:00.960><c> of</c><00:48:01.200><c> its</c>

48:01.430 --> 48:01.440 align:start position:0%
reconstruct the configuration of its
 

48:01.440 --> 48:04.710 align:start position:0%
reconstruct the configuration of its
individual<00:48:02.000><c> pieces.</c><00:48:03.440><c> One</c><00:48:03.680><c> day,</c><00:48:04.000><c> I</c><00:48:04.400><c> am</c>

48:04.710 --> 48:04.720 align:start position:0%
individual pieces. One day, I am
 

48:04.720 --> 48:06.550 align:start position:0%
individual pieces. One day, I am
confident<00:48:05.200><c> we</c><00:48:05.520><c> will</c><00:48:05.680><c> solve</c><00:48:05.920><c> the</c><00:48:06.160><c> lithium</c>

48:06.550 --> 48:06.560 align:start position:0%
confident we will solve the lithium
 

48:06.560 --> 48:09.750 align:start position:0%
confident we will solve the lithium
problem,<00:48:06.960><c> too.</c><00:48:07.839><c> How</c><00:48:08.079><c> can</c><00:48:08.319><c> we</c><00:48:08.560><c> resist</c><00:48:09.200><c> when</c><00:48:09.520><c> the</c>

48:09.750 --> 48:09.760 align:start position:0%
problem, too. How can we resist when the
 

48:09.760 --> 48:13.270 align:start position:0%
problem, too. How can we resist when the
answer<00:48:10.079><c> to</c><00:48:10.319><c> our</c><00:48:10.800><c> ultimate</c><00:48:11.280><c> origins</c><00:48:11.839><c> awaits?</c>

48:13.270 --> 48:13.280 align:start position:0%
answer to our ultimate origins awaits?
 

48:13.280 --> 48:15.270 align:start position:0%
answer to our ultimate origins awaits?
Some<00:48:13.599><c> questions</c><00:48:14.079><c> are</c><00:48:14.319><c> just</c><00:48:14.560><c> too</c><00:48:14.800><c> important</c><00:48:15.119><c> to</c>

48:15.270 --> 48:15.280 align:start position:0%
Some questions are just too important to
 

48:15.280 --> 48:18.470 align:start position:0%
Some questions are just too important to
leave<00:48:15.520><c> unanswered.</c><00:48:16.480><c> And</c><00:48:16.720><c> I</c><00:48:17.119><c> for</c><00:48:17.440><c> one</c><00:48:18.079><c> can't</c>

48:18.470 --> 48:18.480 align:start position:0%
leave unanswered. And I for one can't
 

48:18.480 --> 48:21.349 align:start position:0%
leave unanswered. And I for one can't
wait<00:48:18.880><c> for</c><00:48:19.119><c> the</c><00:48:19.280><c> day</c><00:48:19.599><c> this</c><00:48:19.839><c> jigsaw</c><00:48:20.400><c> piece</c><00:48:20.960><c> is</c>

48:21.349 --> 48:21.359 align:start position:0%
wait for the day this jigsaw piece is
 

48:21.359 --> 48:28.069 align:start position:0%
wait for the day this jigsaw piece is
ultimately<00:48:22.000><c> completed.</c>

48:28.069 --> 48:28.079 align:start position:0%
 
 

48:28.079 --> 48:30.309 align:start position:0%
 
Thanks<00:48:28.319><c> for</c><00:48:28.559><c> watching</c><00:48:29.440><c> and</c><00:48:29.760><c> thanks</c><00:48:30.000><c> to</c><00:48:30.160><c> our</c>

48:28.333 --> 48:28.343 align:start position:0%
the link to this playlist for more
 

48:28.343 --> 48:32.583 align:start position:0%
the link to this playlist for more
Astramm<00:49:01.440><c> content.</c><00:49:02.400><c> I'll</c><00:49:02.640><c> see</c><00:49:02.800><c> you</c><00:49:02.960><c> next</c>