WEBVTT

00:00.000 --> 00:02.470 align:start position:0%
end of it you'll be inclined to agree
with<00:01:57.200><c> me.</c>

00:02.470 --> 00:02.480 align:start position:0%
with me.
 

00:02.480 --> 00:04.870 align:start position:0%
with me.
A<00:01:59.759><c> theory</c><00:02:00.079><c> of</c><00:02:00.240><c> everything</c><00:02:00.640><c> is</c><00:02:00.960><c> the</c><00:02:01.200><c> holy</c><00:02:01.600><c> grail</c>

00:04.870 --> 00:04.880 align:start position:0%
A theory of everything is the holy grail
 

00:04.880 --> 00:06.950 align:start position:0%
A theory of everything is the holy grail
of<00:02:02.159><c> physics</c><00:02:02.719><c> and</c><00:02:02.960><c> something</c><00:02:03.280><c> we've</c><00:02:03.600><c> not</c><00:02:03.759><c> yet</c>

00:06.950 --> 00:06.960 align:start position:0%
of physics and something we've not yet
 

00:06.960 --> 00:09.510 align:start position:0%
of physics and something we've not yet
managed.<00:02:04.880><c> It</c><00:02:05.119><c> turns</c><00:02:05.360><c> out</c><00:02:05.439><c> that</c><00:02:05.759><c> marrying</c><00:02:06.240><c> the</c>

00:09.510 --> 00:09.520 align:start position:0%
managed. It turns out that marrying the
 

00:09.520 --> 00:11.590 align:start position:0%
managed. It turns out that marrying the
large<00:02:06.799><c> scale</c><00:02:07.200><c> universe</c><00:02:07.680><c> mechanics</c><00:02:08.239><c> with</c><00:02:08.399><c> the</c>

00:11.590 --> 00:11.600 align:start position:0%
large scale universe mechanics with the
 

00:11.600 --> 00:15.670 align:start position:0%
large scale universe mechanics with the
quantum<00:02:09.119><c> world</c><00:02:09.759><c> is</c><00:02:10.239><c> somewhat</c><00:02:10.720><c> difficult.</c><00:02:11.840><c> Yet</c>

00:15.670 --> 00:15.680 align:start position:0%
quantum world is somewhat difficult. Yet
 

00:15.680 --> 00:18.710 align:start position:0%
quantum world is somewhat difficult. Yet
here's<00:02:13.280><c> an</c><00:02:13.520><c> intriguing</c><00:02:14.239><c> solution.</c>

00:18.710 --> 00:18.720 align:start position:0%
here's an intriguing solution.
 

00:18.720 --> 00:20.390 align:start position:0%
here's an intriguing solution.
This<00:02:16.000><c> model</c><00:02:16.319><c> has</c><00:02:16.560><c> been</c><00:02:16.720><c> developed</c><00:02:17.040><c> by</c><00:02:17.200><c> my</c>

00:20.390 --> 00:20.400 align:start position:0%
This model has been developed by my
 

00:20.400 --> 00:22.230 align:start position:0%
This model has been developed by my
brother<00:02:17.760><c> John</c><00:02:18.319><c> who</c><00:02:18.560><c> is</c><00:02:18.800><c> one</c><00:02:18.959><c> of</c><00:02:18.959><c> the</c><00:02:19.120><c> main</c>

00:22.230 --> 00:22.240 align:start position:0%
brother John who is one of the main
 

00:22.240 --> 00:24.630 align:start position:0%
brother John who is one of the main
script<00:02:19.599><c> writers</c><00:02:19.920><c> here</c><00:02:20.080><c> on</c><00:02:20.239><c> Astramm.</c><00:02:21.120><c> And</c><00:02:21.280><c> so</c>

00:24.630 --> 00:24.640 align:start position:0%
script writers here on Astramm. And so
 

00:24.640 --> 00:27.430 align:start position:0%
script writers here on Astramm. And so
what<00:02:22.000><c> this</c><00:02:22.239><c> video</c><00:02:22.560><c> is</c><00:02:22.879><c> not</c><00:02:23.200><c> going</c><00:02:23.440><c> to</c><00:02:23.599><c> be</c><00:02:24.000><c> is</c><00:02:24.239><c> a</c>

00:27.430 --> 00:27.440 align:start position:0%
what this video is not going to be is a
 

00:27.440 --> 00:29.430 align:start position:0%
what this video is not going to be is a
breakdown<00:02:24.959><c> of</c><00:02:25.120><c> the</c><00:02:25.280><c> Einsteinian</c><00:02:26.080><c> model</c><00:02:26.319><c> of</c>

00:29.430 --> 00:29.440 align:start position:0%
breakdown of the Einsteinian model of
 

00:29.440 --> 00:31.909 align:start position:0%
breakdown of the Einsteinian model of
special<00:02:26.879><c> relativity.</c><00:02:28.000><c> Instead,</c><00:02:28.480><c> we're</c><00:02:28.800><c> going</c>

00:31.909 --> 00:31.919 align:start position:0%
special relativity. Instead, we're going
 

00:31.919 --> 00:33.829 align:start position:0%
special relativity. Instead, we're going
to<00:02:29.120><c> take</c><00:02:29.360><c> the</c><00:02:29.680><c> observations</c><00:02:30.319><c> of</c><00:02:30.560><c> special</c>

00:33.829 --> 00:33.839 align:start position:0%
to take the observations of special
 

00:33.839 --> 00:36.150 align:start position:0%
to take the observations of special
relativity<00:02:31.760><c> and</c><00:02:32.000><c> are</c><00:02:32.239><c> going</c><00:02:32.400><c> to</c><00:02:32.640><c> come</c><00:02:32.800><c> up</c><00:02:33.040><c> with</c>

00:36.150 --> 00:36.160 align:start position:0%
relativity and are going to come up with
 

00:36.160 --> 00:38.790 align:start position:0%
relativity and are going to come up with
a<00:02:33.519><c> new</c><00:02:33.840><c> way</c><00:02:34.080><c> of</c><00:02:34.319><c> accounting</c><00:02:34.800><c> for</c><00:02:35.120><c> them.</c><00:02:35.680><c> The</c>

00:38.790 --> 00:38.800 align:start position:0%
a new way of accounting for them. The
 

00:38.800 --> 00:41.350 align:start position:0%
a new way of accounting for them. The
one<00:02:36.000><c> that</c><00:02:36.239><c> does</c><00:02:36.400><c> so</c><00:02:36.800><c> simply</c><00:02:37.680><c> while</c><00:02:38.000><c> also</c>

00:41.350 --> 00:41.360 align:start position:0%
one that does so simply while also
 

00:41.360 --> 00:43.430 align:start position:0%
one that does so simply while also
answering<00:02:38.879><c> a</c><00:02:39.200><c> lot</c><00:02:39.360><c> of</c><00:02:39.519><c> the</c><00:02:39.760><c> other</c><00:02:40.000><c> mysteries</c>

00:43.430 --> 00:43.440 align:start position:0%
answering a lot of the other mysteries
 

00:43.440 --> 00:46.469 align:start position:0%
answering a lot of the other mysteries
that<00:02:40.800><c> are</c><00:02:40.959><c> plaguing</c><00:02:41.599><c> science</c><00:02:42.000><c> at</c><00:02:42.239><c> the</c><00:02:42.400><c> moment.</c>

00:46.469 --> 00:46.479 align:start position:0%
that are plaguing science at the moment.
 

00:46.479 --> 00:50.070 align:start position:0%
that are plaguing science at the moment.
Special<00:02:43.920><c> relativity</c><00:02:45.040><c> simple.</c><00:02:46.239><c> Can</c><00:02:46.640><c> such</c><00:02:46.959><c> a</c>

00:50.070 --> 00:50.080 align:start position:0%
Special relativity simple. Can such a
 

00:50.080 --> 00:52.710 align:start position:0%
Special relativity simple. Can such a
thing<00:02:47.440><c> be?</c><00:02:48.720><c> I'll</c><00:02:48.959><c> let</c><00:02:49.120><c> you</c><00:02:49.280><c> judge</c><00:02:49.519><c> for</c>

00:52.710 --> 00:52.720 align:start position:0%
thing be? I'll let you judge for
 

00:52.720 --> 00:55.510 align:start position:0%
thing be? I'll let you judge for
yourself.<00:02:50.640><c> Though</c><00:02:50.959><c> I</c><00:02:51.200><c> warn</c><00:02:51.519><c> you</c><00:02:51.680><c> now,</c><00:02:52.319><c> we're</c>

00:55.510 --> 00:55.520 align:start position:0%
yourself. Though I warn you now, we're
 

00:55.520 --> 00:57.750 align:start position:0%
yourself. Though I warn you now, we're
going<00:02:52.720><c> to</c><00:02:52.879><c> be</c><00:02:53.040><c> playing</c><00:02:53.360><c> a</c><00:02:53.599><c> little</c><00:02:54.000><c> 4D</c><00:02:54.560><c> chess</c>

00:57.750 --> 00:57.760 align:start position:0%
going to be playing a little 4D chess
 

00:57.760 --> 01:00.630 align:start position:0%
going to be playing a little 4D chess
with<00:02:55.040><c> it.</c><00:02:55.680><c> As</c><00:02:55.920><c> a</c><00:02:56.080><c> note,</c><00:02:56.560><c> this</c><00:02:56.800><c> is</c><00:02:56.959><c> not</c><00:02:57.360><c> the</c>

01:00.630 --> 01:00.640 align:start position:0%
with it. As a note, this is not the
 

01:00.640 --> 01:02.549 align:start position:0%
with it. As a note, this is not the
first<00:02:57.920><c> part</c><00:02:58.160><c> in</c><00:02:58.480><c> my</c><00:02:58.720><c> theory</c><00:02:59.040><c> of</c><00:02:59.200><c> everything</c>

01:02.549 --> 01:02.559 align:start position:0%
first part in my theory of everything
 

01:02.559 --> 01:04.790 align:start position:0%
first part in my theory of everything
series.<00:03:00.239><c> If</c><00:03:00.480><c> you</c><00:03:00.720><c> haven't</c><00:03:01.040><c> already,</c><00:03:01.599><c> I'd</c>

01:04.790 --> 01:04.800 align:start position:0%
series. If you haven't already, I'd
 

01:04.800 --> 01:06.390 align:start position:0%
series. If you haven't already, I'd
recommend<00:03:02.239><c> you</c><00:03:02.400><c> take</c><00:03:02.560><c> a</c><00:03:02.800><c> look</c><00:03:02.879><c> at</c><00:03:03.040><c> my</c><00:03:03.200><c> other</c>

01:06.390 --> 01:06.400 align:start position:0%
recommend you take a look at my other
 

01:06.400 --> 01:08.150 align:start position:0%
recommend you take a look at my other
videos<00:03:03.760><c> on</c><00:03:03.920><c> the</c><00:03:04.080><c> topic,</c><00:03:04.480><c> which</c><00:03:04.640><c> you</c><00:03:04.879><c> can</c><00:03:04.959><c> check</c>

01:08.150 --> 01:08.160 align:start position:0%
videos on the topic, which you can check
 

01:08.160 --> 01:10.870 align:start position:0%
videos on the topic, which you can check
out<00:03:05.360><c> here.</c><00:03:06.159><c> I'd</c><00:03:06.480><c> particularly</c><00:03:07.280><c> recommend</c><00:03:07.680><c> the</c>

01:10.870 --> 01:10.880 align:start position:0%
out here. I'd particularly recommend the
 

01:10.880 --> 01:12.549 align:start position:0%
out here. I'd particularly recommend the
one<00:03:08.080><c> that</c><00:03:08.400><c> covers</c><00:03:08.720><c> some</c><00:03:08.959><c> of</c><00:03:09.040><c> the</c><00:03:09.200><c> weird</c>

01:12.549 --> 01:12.559 align:start position:0%
one that covers some of the weird
 

01:12.559 --> 01:14.549 align:start position:0%
one that covers some of the weird
phenomena<00:03:10.080><c> of</c><00:03:10.239><c> special</c><00:03:10.560><c> relativity</c><00:03:11.360><c> that</c>

01:14.549 --> 01:14.559 align:start position:0%
phenomena of special relativity that
 

01:14.559 --> 01:16.790 align:start position:0%
phenomena of special relativity that
I'll<00:03:11.840><c> be</c><00:03:12.000><c> trying</c><00:03:12.159><c> to</c><00:03:12.319><c> account</c><00:03:12.560><c> for</c><00:03:12.879><c> here</c><00:03:13.360><c> as</c><00:03:13.599><c> it</c>

01:16.790 --> 01:16.800 align:start position:0%
I'll be trying to account for here as it
 

01:16.800 --> 01:18.390 align:start position:0%
I'll be trying to account for here as it
does<00:03:13.920><c> a</c><00:03:14.080><c> good</c><00:03:14.319><c> job</c><00:03:14.480><c> of</c><00:03:15.040><c> laying</c><00:03:15.200><c> the</c>

01:18.390 --> 01:18.400 align:start position:0%
does a good job of laying the
 

01:18.400 --> 01:21.350 align:start position:0%
does a good job of laying the
groundwork.<00:03:16.319><c> And</c><00:03:16.560><c> yes,</c><00:03:16.959><c> this</c><00:03:17.200><c> theory</c><00:03:17.760><c> does</c>

01:21.350 --> 01:21.360 align:start position:0%
groundwork. And yes, this theory does
 

01:21.360 --> 01:23.109 align:start position:0%
groundwork. And yes, this theory does
explain<00:03:18.879><c> the</c><00:03:19.120><c> barn</c><00:03:19.519><c> pole</c><00:03:19.840><c> thought</c>

01:23.109 --> 01:23.119 align:start position:0%
explain the barn pole thought
 

01:23.119 --> 01:25.510 align:start position:0%
explain the barn pole thought
experiment.<00:03:21.519><c> All</c><00:03:21.599><c> right,</c><00:03:22.239><c> enough</c>

01:25.510 --> 01:25.520 align:start position:0%
experiment. All right, enough
 

01:25.520 --> 01:28.710 align:start position:0%
experiment. All right, enough
disclaimers.<00:03:23.519><c> It's</c><00:03:23.760><c> on</c><00:03:23.920><c> to</c><00:03:24.080><c> the</c><00:03:24.159><c> theory.</c>

01:28.710 --> 01:28.720 align:start position:0%
disclaimers. It's on to the theory.
 

01:28.720 --> 01:31.189 align:start position:0%
disclaimers. It's on to the theory.
This<00:03:26.000><c> theory</c><00:03:26.480><c> started</c><00:03:26.959><c> with</c><00:03:27.200><c> an</c><00:03:27.360><c> observation,</c>

01:31.189 --> 01:31.199 align:start position:0%
This theory started with an observation,
 

01:31.199 --> 01:33.350 align:start position:0%
This theory started with an observation,
one<00:03:28.480><c> that</c><00:03:28.959><c> longtime</c><00:03:29.519><c> subscribers</c><00:03:30.080><c> of</c><00:03:30.239><c> the</c>

01:33.350 --> 01:33.360 align:start position:0%
one that longtime subscribers of the
 

01:33.360 --> 01:36.150 align:start position:0%
one that longtime subscribers of the
channel<00:03:30.640><c> will</c><00:03:30.959><c> recognize.</c><00:03:32.080><c> Isn't</c><00:03:32.480><c> it</c><00:03:32.640><c> strange</c>

01:36.150 --> 01:36.160 align:start position:0%
channel will recognize. Isn't it strange
 

01:36.160 --> 01:38.950 align:start position:0%
channel will recognize. Isn't it strange
that<00:03:33.440><c> the</c><00:03:33.680><c> faster</c><00:03:34.159><c> things</c><00:03:34.480><c> go</c><00:03:34.720><c> in</c><00:03:34.959><c> space,</c><00:03:35.680><c> the</c>

01:38.950 --> 01:38.960 align:start position:0%
that the faster things go in space, the
 

01:38.960 --> 01:42.070 align:start position:0%
that the faster things go in space, the
slower<00:03:36.560><c> they</c><00:03:36.879><c> go</c><00:03:37.040><c> in</c><00:03:37.360><c> time?</c>

01:42.070 --> 01:42.080 align:start position:0%
slower they go in time?
 

01:42.080 --> 01:44.549 align:start position:0%
slower they go in time?
The<00:03:39.360><c> most</c><00:03:39.599><c> concrete</c><00:03:40.000><c> example</c><00:03:40.319><c> of</c><00:03:40.480><c> this</c><00:03:40.799><c> is</c><00:03:41.120><c> the</c>

01:44.549 --> 01:44.559 align:start position:0%
The most concrete example of this is the
 

01:44.559 --> 01:47.510 align:start position:0%
The most concrete example of this is the
Hellele<00:03:42.400><c> Keating</c><00:03:42.879><c> experiment</c><00:03:43.840><c> where</c><00:03:44.159><c> two</c>

01:47.510 --> 01:47.520 align:start position:0%
Hellele Keating experiment where two
 

01:47.520 --> 01:50.790 align:start position:0%
Hellele Keating experiment where two
scientists,<00:03:45.519><c> Aelle</c><00:03:46.159><c> and</c><00:03:46.480><c> Keating,</c><00:03:47.120><c> a</c><00:03:47.360><c> twist</c><00:03:47.599><c> I</c>

01:50.790 --> 01:50.800 align:start position:0%
scientists, Aelle and Keating, a twist I
 

01:50.800 --> 01:53.430 align:start position:0%
scientists, Aelle and Keating, a twist I
know,<00:03:48.480><c> took</c><00:03:48.879><c> atomic</c><00:03:49.360><c> clocks</c><00:03:49.760><c> on</c><00:03:50.000><c> commercial</c>

01:53.430 --> 01:53.440 align:start position:0%
know, took atomic clocks on commercial
 

01:53.440 --> 01:55.670 align:start position:0%
know, took atomic clocks on commercial
airplanes<00:03:51.280><c> and</c><00:03:51.599><c> flew</c><00:03:51.920><c> them</c><00:03:52.159><c> around</c><00:03:52.480><c> the</c>

01:55.670 --> 01:55.680 align:start position:0%
airplanes and flew them around the
 

01:55.680 --> 01:57.990 align:start position:0%
airplanes and flew them around the
world.<00:03:53.599><c> They</c><00:03:53.840><c> also</c><00:03:54.080><c> left</c><00:03:54.319><c> another</c><00:03:54.720><c> set</c><00:03:54.879><c> of</c>

01:57.990 --> 01:58.000 align:start position:0%
world. They also left another set of
 

01:58.000 --> 02:00.070 align:start position:0%
world. They also left another set of
clocks<00:03:55.360><c> at</c><00:03:55.519><c> home.</c><00:03:56.080><c> And</c><00:03:56.239><c> when</c><00:03:56.480><c> they</c><00:03:56.640><c> returned,</c>

02:00.070 --> 02:00.080 align:start position:0%
clocks at home. And when they returned,
 

02:00.080 --> 02:01.990 align:start position:0%
clocks at home. And when they returned,
they<00:03:57.439><c> compared</c><00:03:57.840><c> the</c><00:03:58.080><c> times</c><00:03:58.319><c> on</c><00:03:58.560><c> all</c><00:03:58.799><c> the</c>

02:01.990 --> 02:02.000 align:start position:0%
they compared the times on all the
 

02:02.000 --> 02:04.790 align:start position:0%
they compared the times on all the
clocks.<00:04:00.080><c> Fascinatingly,</c><00:04:01.040><c> the</c><00:04:01.280><c> clocks</c><00:04:01.599><c> that</c>

02:04.790 --> 02:04.800 align:start position:0%
clocks. Fascinatingly, the clocks that
 

02:04.800 --> 02:07.829 align:start position:0%
clocks. Fascinatingly, the clocks that
traveled<00:04:02.640><c> were</c><00:04:02.959><c> reading</c><00:04:03.360><c> an</c><00:04:03.680><c> earlier</c><00:04:04.080><c> time.</c>

02:07.829 --> 02:07.839 align:start position:0%
traveled were reading an earlier time.
 

02:07.839 --> 02:09.749 align:start position:0%
traveled were reading an earlier time.
They<00:04:05.120><c> had</c><00:04:05.360><c> ticked</c><00:04:05.840><c> slower</c><00:04:06.319><c> than</c><00:04:06.560><c> the</c>

02:09.749 --> 02:09.759 align:start position:0%
They had ticked slower than the
 

02:09.759 --> 02:12.389 align:start position:0%
They had ticked slower than the
stationary<00:04:07.280><c> clocks.</c><00:04:08.239><c> This</c><00:04:08.560><c> result</c><00:04:09.200><c> is</c>

02:12.389 --> 02:12.399 align:start position:0%
stationary clocks. This result is
 

02:12.399 --> 02:14.549 align:start position:0%
stationary clocks. This result is
surprising,<00:04:10.159><c> assuming</c><00:04:10.640><c> you</c><00:04:10.959><c> haven't</c><00:04:11.280><c> already</c>

02:14.549 --> 02:14.559 align:start position:0%
surprising, assuming you haven't already
 

02:14.559 --> 02:17.030 align:start position:0%
surprising, assuming you haven't already
heard<00:04:11.760><c> of</c><00:04:12.000><c> special</c><00:04:12.319><c> relativity,</c><00:04:13.360><c> but</c><00:04:13.599><c> it</c><00:04:13.840><c> is</c>

02:17.030 --> 02:17.040 align:start position:0%
heard of special relativity, but it is
 

02:17.040 --> 02:19.589 align:start position:0%
heard of special relativity, but it is
actually<00:04:14.560><c> a</c><00:04:14.879><c> well-known</c><00:04:15.439><c> and</c><00:04:15.840><c> planned</c><00:04:16.320><c> around</c>

02:19.589 --> 02:19.599 align:start position:0%
actually a well-known and planned around
 

02:19.599 --> 02:21.830 align:start position:0%
actually a well-known and planned around
phenomenon<00:04:17.280><c> in</c><00:04:17.440><c> the</c><00:04:17.680><c> world</c><00:04:17.840><c> we</c><00:04:18.079><c> live</c><00:04:18.160><c> in.</c>

02:21.830 --> 02:21.840 align:start position:0%
phenomenon in the world we live in.
 

02:21.840 --> 02:23.830 align:start position:0%
phenomenon in the world we live in.
Satellites<00:04:19.600><c> have</c><00:04:19.840><c> to</c><00:04:20.000><c> have</c><00:04:20.239><c> their</c><00:04:20.479><c> internal</c>

02:23.830 --> 02:23.840 align:start position:0%
Satellites have to have their internal
 

02:23.840 --> 02:26.230 align:start position:0%
Satellites have to have their internal
clocks<00:04:21.359><c> adjusted</c><00:04:21.840><c> with</c><00:04:22.079><c> this</c><00:04:22.240><c> in</c><00:04:22.479><c> mind,</c><00:04:23.040><c> as</c>

02:26.230 --> 02:26.240 align:start position:0%
clocks adjusted with this in mind, as
 

02:26.240 --> 02:28.470 align:start position:0%
clocks adjusted with this in mind, as
due<00:04:23.440><c> to</c><00:04:23.600><c> their</c><00:04:23.840><c> speed</c><00:04:24.080><c> of</c><00:04:24.240><c> travel</c><00:04:24.960><c> along</c><00:04:25.360><c> with</c>

02:28.470 --> 02:28.480 align:start position:0%
due to their speed of travel along with
 

02:28.480 --> 02:31.190 align:start position:0%
due to their speed of travel along with
the<00:04:25.919><c> time</c><00:04:26.240><c> warping</c><00:04:26.800><c> effects</c><00:04:27.120><c> of</c><00:04:27.360><c> not</c><00:04:27.600><c> being</c><00:04:27.919><c> as</c>

02:31.190 --> 02:31.200 align:start position:0%
the time warping effects of not being as
 

02:31.200 --> 02:33.589 align:start position:0%
the time warping effects of not being as
much<00:04:28.479><c> in</c><00:04:28.880><c> Earth's</c><00:04:29.120><c> gravity.</c><00:04:29.680><c> Well,</c><00:04:30.320><c> their</c>

02:33.589 --> 02:33.599 align:start position:0%
much in Earth's gravity. Well, their
 

02:33.599 --> 02:36.630 align:start position:0%
much in Earth's gravity. Well, their
times<00:04:31.120><c> and</c><00:04:31.440><c> ours</c><00:04:32.000><c> would</c><00:04:32.320><c> otherwise</c><00:04:32.880><c> not</c><00:04:33.360><c> be</c><00:04:33.440><c> in</c>

02:36.630 --> 02:36.640 align:start position:0%
times and ours would otherwise not be in
 

02:36.640 --> 02:39.589 align:start position:0%
times and ours would otherwise not be in
sync.<00:04:35.040><c> Instinct</c><00:04:35.520><c> tells</c><00:04:35.759><c> us</c><00:04:35.919><c> that</c><00:04:36.160><c> time</c><00:04:36.400><c> should</c>

02:39.589 --> 02:39.599 align:start position:0%
sync. Instinct tells us that time should
 

02:39.599 --> 02:41.910 align:start position:0%
sync. Instinct tells us that time should
flow<00:04:36.880><c> the</c><00:04:37.120><c> same</c><00:04:37.199><c> for</c><00:04:37.440><c> everybody.</c><00:04:38.240><c> My</c><00:04:38.479><c> now</c><00:04:38.720><c> is</c>

02:41.910 --> 02:41.920 align:start position:0%
flow the same for everybody. My now is
 

02:41.920 --> 02:44.470 align:start position:0%
flow the same for everybody. My now is
the<00:04:39.120><c> same</c><00:04:39.280><c> as</c><00:04:39.680><c> your</c><00:04:40.000><c> now.</c><00:04:40.800><c> But</c><00:04:41.120><c> special</c>

02:44.470 --> 02:44.480 align:start position:0%
the same as your now. But special
 

02:44.480 --> 02:47.110 align:start position:0%
the same as your now. But special
relativity<00:04:42.320><c> tells</c><00:04:42.560><c> us</c><00:04:42.800><c> that</c><00:04:43.120><c> this</c><00:04:43.440><c> is</c><00:04:43.680><c> not</c><00:04:43.919><c> the</c>

02:47.110 --> 02:47.120 align:start position:0%
relativity tells us that this is not the
 

02:47.120 --> 02:49.589 align:start position:0%
relativity tells us that this is not the
case.<00:04:45.040><c> Even</c><00:04:45.360><c> the</c><00:04:45.600><c> concept</c><00:04:46.000><c> of</c><00:04:46.240><c> events</c>

02:49.589 --> 02:49.599 align:start position:0%
case. Even the concept of events
 

02:49.599 --> 02:51.750 align:start position:0%
case. Even the concept of events
happening<00:04:46.960><c> in</c><00:04:47.199><c> a</c><00:04:47.360><c> particular</c><00:04:47.840><c> order</c><00:04:48.320><c> is</c><00:04:48.560><c> up</c>

02:51.750 --> 02:51.760 align:start position:0%
happening in a particular order is up
 

02:51.760 --> 02:54.390 align:start position:0%
happening in a particular order is up
for<00:04:48.960><c> debate.</c><00:04:49.759><c> As</c><00:04:50.080><c> just</c><00:04:50.400><c> because</c><00:04:50.720><c> I</c><00:04:50.960><c> see</c><00:04:51.199><c> two</c>

02:54.390 --> 02:54.400 align:start position:0%
for debate. As just because I see two
 

02:54.400 --> 02:56.230 align:start position:0%
for debate. As just because I see two
events<00:04:51.840><c> happening</c><00:04:52.160><c> in</c><00:04:52.400><c> the</c><00:04:52.560><c> same</c><00:04:52.639><c> moment</c>

02:56.230 --> 02:56.240 align:start position:0%
events happening in the same moment
 

02:56.240 --> 02:58.869 align:start position:0%
events happening in the same moment
doesn't<00:04:53.680><c> mean</c><00:04:53.840><c> that</c><00:04:54.320><c> you</c><00:04:54.960><c> see</c><00:04:55.280><c> things</c><00:04:55.600><c> the</c>

02:58.869 --> 02:58.879 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean that you see things the
 

02:58.879 --> 03:03.270 align:start position:0%
doesn't mean that you see things the
same<00:04:56.080><c> way.</c><00:04:57.360><c> So</c><00:04:57.840><c> why</c><00:04:58.240><c> does</c><00:04:58.639><c> this</c><00:04:58.960><c> occur?</c><00:05:00.080><c> The</c>

03:03.270 --> 03:03.280 align:start position:0%
same way. So why does this occur? The
 

03:03.280 --> 03:05.030 align:start position:0%
same way. So why does this occur? The
conventional<00:05:00.880><c> wisdom</c><00:05:01.280><c> is</c><00:05:01.520><c> that</c><00:05:01.759><c> this</c><00:05:01.919><c> is</c>

03:05.030 --> 03:05.040 align:start position:0%
conventional wisdom is that this is
 

03:05.040 --> 03:07.589 align:start position:0%
conventional wisdom is that this is
because<00:05:02.479><c> light</c><00:05:02.880><c> must</c><00:05:03.199><c> always</c><00:05:03.600><c> go</c><00:05:03.919><c> at</c><00:05:04.160><c> the</c><00:05:04.400><c> same</c>

03:07.589 --> 03:07.599 align:start position:0%
because light must always go at the same
 

03:07.599 --> 03:14.630 align:start position:0%
because light must always go at the same
speed<00:05:04.960><c> in</c><00:05:05.199><c> a</c><00:05:05.360><c> vacuum.</c><00:05:06.400><c> 299,792,458</c>

03:14.630 --> 03:14.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:14.640 --> 03:17.830 align:start position:0%
 
m/s,<00:05:13.120><c> no</c><00:05:13.120><c> matter</c><00:05:13.600><c> what</c><00:05:14.000><c> your</c><00:05:14.240><c> frame</c><00:05:14.639><c> of</c>

03:17.830 --> 03:17.840 align:start position:0%
m/s, no matter what your frame of
 

03:17.840 --> 03:20.390 align:start position:0%
m/s, no matter what your frame of
reference<00:05:15.360><c> is.</c><00:05:16.320><c> Standing</c><00:05:16.639><c> on</c><00:05:16.800><c> a</c><00:05:17.039><c> planet</c>

03:20.390 --> 03:20.400 align:start position:0%
reference is. Standing on a planet
 

03:20.400 --> 03:22.550 align:start position:0%
reference is. Standing on a planet
looking<00:05:17.680><c> at</c><00:05:17.840><c> the</c><00:05:18.000><c> sun,</c><00:05:18.720><c> that</c><00:05:18.960><c> light</c><00:05:19.360><c> is</c>

03:22.550 --> 03:22.560 align:start position:0%
looking at the sun, that light is
 

03:22.560 --> 03:27.989 align:start position:0%
looking at the sun, that light is
traveling<00:05:20.000><c> towards</c><00:05:20.400><c> you</c><00:05:20.720><c> at</c><00:05:21.039><c> 299,792,458</c>

03:27.989 --> 03:27.999 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:27.999 --> 03:31.350 align:start position:0%
 
m/s.<00:05:26.320><c> on</c><00:05:26.560><c> a</c><00:05:26.720><c> rocket</c><00:05:27.039><c> ship</c><00:05:27.360><c> flying</c><00:05:27.840><c> towards</c><00:05:28.240><c> the</c>

03:31.350 --> 03:31.360 align:start position:0%
m/s. on a rocket ship flying towards the
 

03:31.360 --> 03:33.910 align:start position:0%
m/s. on a rocket ship flying towards the
sun.<00:05:29.280><c> That</c><00:05:29.520><c> light</c><00:05:29.919><c> is</c><00:05:30.240><c> still</c><00:05:30.560><c> traveling</c>

03:33.910 --> 03:33.920 align:start position:0%
sun. That light is still traveling
 

03:33.920 --> 03:38.950 align:start position:0%
sun. That light is still traveling
towards<00:05:31.360><c> you</c><00:05:31.600><c> at</c><00:05:32.000><c> 299,792,458</c>

03:38.950 --> 03:38.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:38.960 --> 03:43.910 align:start position:0%
 
m/s<00:05:37.360><c> unaffected</c><00:05:38.320><c> by</c><00:05:38.720><c> your</c><00:05:39.199><c> speed.</c><00:05:40.400><c> Flying</c><00:05:40.720><c> on</c>

03:43.910 --> 03:43.920 align:start position:0%
m/s unaffected by your speed. Flying on
 

03:43.920 --> 03:46.470 align:start position:0%
m/s unaffected by your speed. Flying on
a<00:05:41.120><c> rocket</c><00:05:41.440><c> ship</c><00:05:41.759><c> going</c><00:05:42.000><c> the</c><00:05:42.240><c> opposite</c><00:05:42.560><c> way.</c>

03:46.470 --> 03:46.480 align:start position:0%
a rocket ship going the opposite way.
 

03:46.480 --> 03:51.989 align:start position:0%
a rocket ship going the opposite way.
Once<00:05:43.759><c> again,</c><00:05:44.639><c> 299,792,458</c>

03:51.989 --> 03:51.999 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:51.999 --> 03:53.910 align:start position:0%
 
m/s.

03:53.910 --> 03:53.920 align:start position:0%
m/s.
 

03:53.920 --> 03:56.310 align:start position:0%
m/s.
This<00:05:51.280><c> means</c><00:05:51.840><c> that</c><00:05:52.080><c> if</c><00:05:52.320><c> you</c><00:05:52.479><c> want</c><00:05:52.560><c> to</c><00:05:52.800><c> keep</c><00:05:53.039><c> the</c>

03:56.310 --> 03:56.320 align:start position:0%
This means that if you want to keep the
 

03:56.320 --> 03:59.110 align:start position:0%
This means that if you want to keep the
speed<00:05:53.600><c> of</c><00:05:53.840><c> light</c><00:05:54.320><c> consistent,</c><00:05:55.520><c> the</c><00:05:55.759><c> rest</c><00:05:55.919><c> of</c>

03:59.110 --> 03:59.120 align:start position:0%
speed of light consistent, the rest of
 

03:59.120 --> 04:01.190 align:start position:0%
speed of light consistent, the rest of
time<00:05:56.400><c> and</c><00:05:56.639><c> space</c><00:05:56.960><c> has</c><00:05:57.199><c> to</c><00:05:57.440><c> bend</c><00:05:57.840><c> over</c>

04:01.190 --> 04:01.200 align:start position:0%
time and space has to bend over
 

04:01.200 --> 04:04.070 align:start position:0%
time and space has to bend over
backwards<00:05:58.720><c> to</c><00:05:58.960><c> accommodate</c><00:05:59.840><c> quite</c><00:06:00.160><c> literally</c>

04:04.070 --> 04:04.080 align:start position:0%
backwards to accommodate quite literally
 

04:04.080 --> 04:06.869 align:start position:0%
backwards to accommodate quite literally
stretching<00:06:01.759><c> and</c><00:06:02.160><c> contracting</c><00:06:03.120><c> to</c><00:06:03.440><c> make</c><00:06:03.600><c> sure</c>

04:06.869 --> 04:06.879 align:start position:0%
stretching and contracting to make sure
 

04:06.879 --> 04:10.470 align:start position:0%
stretching and contracting to make sure
the<00:06:04.240><c> numbers</c><00:06:04.800><c> always</c><00:06:05.199><c> add</c><00:06:05.520><c> up.</c><00:06:06.479><c> But</c><00:06:06.720><c> why</c><00:06:07.120><c> does</c>

04:10.470 --> 04:10.480 align:start position:0%
the numbers always add up. But why does
 

04:10.480 --> 04:13.750 align:start position:0%
the numbers always add up. But why does
light<00:06:08.000><c> need</c><00:06:08.240><c> to</c><00:06:08.479><c> go</c><00:06:08.720><c> at</c><00:06:08.960><c> that</c><00:06:09.280><c> speed?</c><00:06:10.240><c> And</c><00:06:10.479><c> why</c>

04:13.750 --> 04:13.760 align:start position:0%
light need to go at that speed? And why
 

04:13.760 --> 04:16.310 align:start position:0%
light need to go at that speed? And why
does<00:06:11.039><c> the</c><00:06:11.280><c> universe</c><00:06:11.759><c> accommodate?</c><00:06:13.039><c> Different</c>

04:16.310 --> 04:16.320 align:start position:0%
does the universe accommodate? Different
 

04:16.320 --> 04:18.709 align:start position:0%
does the universe accommodate? Different
people<00:06:13.919><c> have</c><00:06:14.160><c> different</c><00:06:14.479><c> answers,</c><00:06:15.280><c> but</c><00:06:15.520><c> it</c>

04:18.709 --> 04:18.719 align:start position:0%
people have different answers, but it
 

04:18.719 --> 04:21.830 align:start position:0%
people have different answers, but it
seems<00:06:16.000><c> that</c><00:06:16.400><c> no</c><00:06:16.720><c> one</c><00:06:17.199><c> really</c><00:06:17.680><c> knows.</c><00:06:18.560><c> It's</c>

04:21.830 --> 04:21.840 align:start position:0%
seems that no one really knows. It's
 

04:21.840 --> 04:24.630 align:start position:0%
seems that no one really knows. It's
just<00:06:19.280><c> what</c><00:06:19.600><c> we</c><00:06:19.840><c> observe</c><00:06:20.240><c> to</c><00:06:20.479><c> be</c><00:06:20.639><c> the</c><00:06:20.800><c> case.</c><00:06:21.440><c> And</c>

04:24.630 --> 04:24.640 align:start position:0%
just what we observe to be the case. And
 

04:24.640 --> 04:26.230 align:start position:0%
just what we observe to be the case. And
scientists<00:06:22.319><c> have</c><00:06:22.560><c> done</c><00:06:22.800><c> numerous</c>

04:26.230 --> 04:26.240 align:start position:0%
scientists have done numerous
 

04:26.240 --> 04:28.149 align:start position:0%
scientists have done numerous
experiments<00:06:23.759><c> to</c><00:06:23.919><c> prove</c><00:06:24.160><c> that</c><00:06:24.319><c> the</c><00:06:24.560><c> universe</c>

04:28.149 --> 04:28.159 align:start position:0%
experiments to prove that the universe
 

04:28.159 --> 04:31.190 align:start position:0%
experiments to prove that the universe
really<00:06:25.680><c> does</c><00:06:26.080><c> work</c><00:06:26.319><c> that</c><00:06:26.639><c> way.</c><00:06:27.600><c> But</c><00:06:27.840><c> something</c>

04:31.190 --> 04:31.200 align:start position:0%
really does work that way. But something
 

04:31.200 --> 04:33.510 align:start position:0%
really does work that way. But something
definitely<00:06:28.800><c> seemed</c><00:06:29.120><c> odd</c><00:06:29.440><c> about</c><00:06:29.759><c> this</c><00:06:30.000><c> to</c><00:06:30.319><c> my</c>

04:33.510 --> 04:33.520 align:start position:0%
definitely seemed odd about this to my
 

04:33.520 --> 04:35.510 align:start position:0%
definitely seemed odd about this to my
brother.

04:35.510 --> 04:35.520 align:start position:0%
brother.
 

04:35.520 --> 04:38.070 align:start position:0%
brother.
Here's<00:06:32.880><c> another</c><00:06:33.120><c> oddity.</c><00:06:34.160><c> We</c><00:06:34.479><c> talked</c><00:06:34.800><c> about</c>

04:38.070 --> 04:38.080 align:start position:0%
Here's another oddity. We talked about
 

04:38.080 --> 04:40.390 align:start position:0%
Here's another oddity. We talked about
how<00:06:35.440><c> the</c><00:06:35.680><c> faster</c><00:06:36.000><c> you</c><00:06:36.240><c> go,</c><00:06:36.720><c> the</c><00:06:36.880><c> slower</c><00:06:37.199><c> you</c>

04:40.390 --> 04:40.400 align:start position:0%
how the faster you go, the slower you
 

04:40.400 --> 04:42.950 align:start position:0%
how the faster you go, the slower you
go.<00:06:38.240><c> But</c><00:06:38.479><c> this</c><00:06:38.880><c> has</c><00:06:39.120><c> an</c><00:06:39.440><c> interesting</c>

04:42.950 --> 04:42.960 align:start position:0%
go. But this has an interesting
 

04:42.960 --> 04:45.110 align:start position:0%
go. But this has an interesting
parallel.<00:06:41.039><c> You</c><00:06:41.280><c> may</c><00:06:41.440><c> have</c><00:06:41.600><c> heard</c><00:06:41.759><c> that</c><00:06:42.000><c> the</c>

04:45.110 --> 04:45.120 align:start position:0%
parallel. You may have heard that the
 

04:45.120 --> 04:47.190 align:start position:0%
parallel. You may have heard that the
universe<00:06:42.479><c> is</c><00:06:42.720><c> expanding.</c><00:06:43.600><c> Everything</c><00:06:44.000><c> is</c>

04:47.190 --> 04:47.200 align:start position:0%
universe is expanding. Everything is
 

04:47.200 --> 04:49.830 align:start position:0%
universe is expanding. Everything is
heading<00:06:44.560><c> away</c><00:06:44.800><c> from</c><00:06:45.039><c> us</c><00:06:45.199><c> in</c><00:06:45.440><c> all</c><00:06:45.759><c> directions.</c>

04:49.830 --> 04:49.840 align:start position:0%
heading away from us in all directions.
 

04:49.840 --> 04:52.230 align:start position:0%
heading away from us in all directions.
You<00:06:47.120><c> have</c><00:06:47.360><c> also</c><00:06:47.840><c> likely</c><00:06:48.160><c> heard,</c><00:06:48.720><c> if</c><00:06:49.039><c> you're</c>

04:52.230 --> 04:52.240 align:start position:0%
You have also likely heard, if you're
 

04:52.240 --> 04:54.149 align:start position:0%
You have also likely heard, if you're
the<00:06:49.520><c> kind</c><00:06:49.680><c> of</c><00:06:49.840><c> person</c><00:06:50.160><c> who</c><00:06:50.400><c> would</c><00:06:50.639><c> click</c><00:06:50.800><c> on</c><00:06:50.960><c> a</c>

04:54.149 --> 04:54.159 align:start position:0%
the kind of person who would click on a
 

04:54.159 --> 04:56.550 align:start position:0%
the kind of person who would click on a
video<00:06:51.360><c> about</c><00:06:51.680><c> a</c><00:06:51.919><c> new</c><00:06:52.160><c> theory</c><00:06:52.479><c> of</c><00:06:52.639><c> everything,</c>

04:56.550 --> 04:56.560 align:start position:0%
video about a new theory of everything,
 

04:56.560 --> 04:59.190 align:start position:0%
video about a new theory of everything,
that<00:06:53.919><c> things</c><00:06:54.240><c> travel</c><00:06:54.639><c> away</c><00:06:54.880><c> from</c><00:06:55.120><c> us</c><00:06:55.520><c> faster</c>

04:59.190 --> 04:59.200 align:start position:0%
that things travel away from us faster
 

04:59.200 --> 05:02.390 align:start position:0%
that things travel away from us faster
the<00:06:56.479><c> further</c><00:06:56.800><c> from</c><00:06:57.039><c> us</c><00:06:57.360><c> they</c><00:06:57.600><c> are.</c><00:06:58.720><c> Objects</c><00:06:59.199><c> at</c>

05:02.390 --> 05:02.400 align:start position:0%
the further from us they are. Objects at
 

05:02.400 --> 05:04.790 align:start position:0%
the further from us they are. Objects at
the<00:06:59.680><c> edge</c><00:07:00.000><c> of</c><00:07:00.160><c> the</c><00:07:00.319><c> observable</c><00:07:00.960><c> universe</c><00:07:01.520><c> are</c>

05:04.790 --> 05:04.800 align:start position:0%
the edge of the observable universe are
 

05:04.800 --> 05:07.429 align:start position:0%
the edge of the observable universe are
traveling<00:07:02.319><c> away</c><00:07:02.639><c> from</c><00:07:02.880><c> us</c><00:07:03.199><c> so</c><00:07:03.520><c> quickly,</c><00:07:04.240><c> they</c>

05:07.429 --> 05:07.439 align:start position:0%
traveling away from us so quickly, they
 

05:07.439 --> 05:09.830 align:start position:0%
traveling away from us so quickly, they
are<00:07:04.720><c> approaching</c><00:07:05.120><c> the</c><00:07:05.440><c> speed</c><00:07:05.680><c> of</c><00:07:05.840><c> light.</c>

05:09.830 --> 05:09.840 align:start position:0%
are approaching the speed of light.
 

05:09.840 --> 05:12.709 align:start position:0%
are approaching the speed of light.
Objects<00:07:07.520><c> beyond</c><00:07:08.160><c> the</c><00:07:08.400><c> observable</c><00:07:09.039><c> universe</c>

05:12.709 --> 05:12.719 align:start position:0%
Objects beyond the observable universe
 

05:12.719 --> 05:15.269 align:start position:0%
Objects beyond the observable universe
are<00:07:10.080><c> traveling</c><00:07:10.479><c> away</c><00:07:10.800><c> from</c><00:07:11.039><c> us</c><00:07:11.440><c> even</c><00:07:11.919><c> faster</c>

05:15.269 --> 05:15.279 align:start position:0%
are traveling away from us even faster
 

05:15.279 --> 05:18.709 align:start position:0%
are traveling away from us even faster
than<00:07:12.560><c> that.</c><00:07:13.360><c> so</c><00:07:13.680><c> fast</c><00:07:14.400><c> the</c><00:07:14.639><c> light</c><00:07:14.880><c> from</c><00:07:15.199><c> them</c>

05:18.709 --> 05:18.719 align:start position:0%
than that. so fast the light from them
 

05:18.719 --> 05:22.630 align:start position:0%
than that. so fast the light from them
is<00:07:16.160><c> never</c><00:07:16.720><c> going</c><00:07:16.960><c> to</c><00:07:17.120><c> get</c><00:07:17.280><c> to</c><00:07:17.440><c> us</c><00:07:17.759><c> at</c><00:07:18.080><c> all.</c><00:07:19.440><c> But</c>

05:22.630 --> 05:22.640 align:start position:0%
is never going to get to us at all. But
 

05:22.640 --> 05:24.950 align:start position:0%
is never going to get to us at all. But
did<00:07:19.919><c> you</c><00:07:20.080><c> know</c><00:07:20.639><c> that</c><00:07:20.880><c> at</c><00:07:21.280><c> those</c><00:07:21.520><c> extreme</c>

05:24.950 --> 05:24.960 align:start position:0%
did you know that at those extreme
 

05:24.960 --> 05:28.070 align:start position:0%
did you know that at those extreme
locations,<00:07:23.039><c> time</c><00:07:23.599><c> also</c><00:07:24.160><c> seemingly</c><00:07:24.720><c> tick</c>

05:28.070 --> 05:28.080 align:start position:0%
locations, time also seemingly tick
 

05:28.080 --> 05:31.589 align:start position:0%
locations, time also seemingly tick
slower<00:07:25.599><c> for</c><00:07:25.919><c> those</c><00:07:26.319><c> objects?</c><00:07:27.360><c> As</c><00:07:27.520><c> in,</c><00:07:28.160><c> if</c><00:07:28.400><c> we</c>

05:31.589 --> 05:31.599 align:start position:0%
slower for those objects? As in, if we
 

05:31.599 --> 05:33.670 align:start position:0%
slower for those objects? As in, if we
got<00:07:28.800><c> the</c><00:07:28.960><c> James</c><00:07:29.280><c> Webb</c><00:07:29.599><c> Space</c><00:07:29.840><c> Telescope</c><00:07:30.319><c> and</c>

05:33.670 --> 05:33.680 align:start position:0%
got the James Webb Space Telescope and
 

05:33.680 --> 05:35.910 align:start position:0%
got the James Webb Space Telescope and
super<00:07:31.120><c> enhanced</c><00:07:31.599><c> its</c><00:07:31.840><c> resolution</c><00:07:32.639><c> and</c>

05:35.910 --> 05:35.920 align:start position:0%
super enhanced its resolution and
 

05:35.920 --> 05:38.310 align:start position:0%
super enhanced its resolution and
somehow<00:07:33.440><c> were</c><00:07:33.680><c> able</c><00:07:33.919><c> to</c><00:07:34.080><c> see</c><00:07:34.240><c> a</c><00:07:34.479><c> man</c><00:07:34.800><c> waving</c><00:07:35.199><c> at</c>

05:38.310 --> 05:38.320 align:start position:0%
somehow were able to see a man waving at
 

05:38.320 --> 05:40.470 align:start position:0%
somehow were able to see a man waving at
us<00:07:35.599><c> on</c><00:07:35.759><c> a</c><00:07:35.919><c> distant</c><00:07:36.319><c> planet</c><00:07:36.720><c> out</c><00:07:36.960><c> at</c><00:07:37.199><c> the</c><00:07:37.360><c> edge</c>

05:40.470 --> 05:40.480 align:start position:0%
us on a distant planet out at the edge
 

05:40.480 --> 05:43.589 align:start position:0%
us on a distant planet out at the edge
of<00:07:37.680><c> the</c><00:07:37.840><c> universe,</c><00:07:38.880><c> we'd</c><00:07:39.280><c> see</c><00:07:39.520><c> him</c><00:07:39.840><c> moving</c>

05:43.589 --> 05:43.599 align:start position:0%
of the universe, we'd see him moving
 

05:43.599 --> 05:46.869 align:start position:0%
of the universe, we'd see him moving
really<00:07:41.199><c> slowly.</c><00:07:42.560><c> This</c><00:07:42.800><c> might</c><00:07:43.120><c> make</c><00:07:43.360><c> him</c><00:07:43.599><c> a</c>

05:46.869 --> 05:46.879 align:start position:0%
really slowly. This might make him a
 

05:46.879 --> 05:48.630 align:start position:0%
really slowly. This might make him a
little<00:07:44.080><c> difficult</c><00:07:44.400><c> to</c><00:07:44.639><c> communicate</c><00:07:45.120><c> with,</c>

05:48.630 --> 05:48.640 align:start position:0%
little difficult to communicate with,
 

05:48.640 --> 05:50.950 align:start position:0%
little difficult to communicate with,
even<00:07:46.000><c> if</c><00:07:46.319><c> somehow</c><00:07:46.720><c> you</c><00:07:46.960><c> could</c><00:07:47.120><c> trade</c><00:07:47.440><c> messages</c>

05:50.950 --> 05:50.960 align:start position:0%
even if somehow you could trade messages
 

05:50.960 --> 05:53.350 align:start position:0%
even if somehow you could trade messages
with<00:07:48.240><c> him</c><00:07:48.479><c> instantly.</c><00:07:49.440><c> Thankfully,</c><00:07:50.000><c> pictures</c>

05:50.960 --> 05:54.470 align:start position:0%
three when you purchase most display
plates.<00:09:12.560><c> Now,</c><00:09:13.040><c> back</c><00:09:13.279><c> to</c><00:09:13.440><c> time</c><00:09:13.760><c> dilation.</c>

05:52.562 --> 05:52.572 align:start position:0%
plates. Now, back to time dilation.
 

05:52.572 --> 05:54.401 align:start position:0%
plates. Now, back to time dilation.
Scientists<00:09:15.680><c> discovered</c><00:09:16.080><c> that</c><00:09:16.399><c> this</c><00:09:16.560><c> was</c><00:09:16.720><c> the</c>

05:54.401 --> 05:54.411 align:start position:0%
Scientists discovered that this was the
 

05:54.411 --> 05:58.002 align:start position:0%
Scientists discovered that this was the
case<00:09:17.120><c> back</c><00:09:17.440><c> in</c><00:09:17.680><c> 2023,</c><00:09:18.880><c> not</c><00:09:19.120><c> with</c><00:09:19.519><c> distant</c><00:09:20.000><c> men,</c>

05:58.002 --> 05:58.012 align:start position:0%
case back in 2023, not with distant men,
 

05:58.012 --> 06:01.682 align:start position:0%
case back in 2023, not with distant men,
but<00:09:20.800><c> with</c><00:09:21.040><c> quazars.</c><00:09:22.320><c> They</c><00:09:22.640><c> looked</c><00:09:22.880><c> at</c><00:09:23.680><c> 190</c><00:09:24.000><c> of</c>

06:01.682 --> 06:01.692 align:start position:0%
but with quazars. They looked at 190 of
 

06:01.692 --> 06:04.562 align:start position:0%
but with quazars. They looked at 190 of
them,<00:09:24.720><c> some</c><00:09:25.040><c> out</c><00:09:25.279><c> at</c><00:09:25.600><c> extreme</c><00:09:26.080><c> distances,</c>

06:04.562 --> 06:04.572 align:start position:0%
them, some out at extreme distances,
 

06:04.572 --> 06:07.122 align:start position:0%
them, some out at extreme distances,
some<00:09:27.440><c> much</c><00:09:27.760><c> closer</c><00:09:28.080><c> to</c><00:09:28.320><c> home.</c><00:09:29.040><c> They</c><00:09:29.360><c> compared</c>

06:07.122 --> 06:07.132 align:start position:0%
some much closer to home. They compared
 

06:07.132 --> 06:09.122 align:start position:0%
some much closer to home. They compared
the<00:09:29.839><c> flickers</c><00:09:30.240><c> in</c><00:09:30.480><c> each</c><00:09:30.800><c> and</c><00:09:31.120><c> found</c><00:09:31.279><c> that</c><00:09:31.519><c> the</c>

06:09.122 --> 06:09.132 align:start position:0%
the flickers in each and found that the
 

06:09.132 --> 06:11.682 align:start position:0%
the flickers in each and found that the
distant<00:09:32.000><c> quaars</c><00:09:32.640><c> were</c><00:09:32.800><c> flickering</c><00:09:33.680><c> five</c>

06:11.682 --> 06:11.692 align:start position:0%
distant quaars were flickering five
 

06:11.692 --> 06:14.562 align:start position:0%
distant quaars were flickering five
times<00:09:34.720><c> slower</c><00:09:35.360><c> than</c><00:09:35.600><c> they</c><00:09:35.839><c> should</c><00:09:36.080><c> have</c><00:09:36.240><c> been.</c>

06:14.562 --> 06:14.572 align:start position:0%
times slower than they should have been.
 

06:14.572 --> 06:18.242 align:start position:0%
times slower than they should have been.
Time<00:09:37.760><c> was</c><00:09:38.000><c> ticking</c><00:09:38.399><c> more</c><00:09:38.720><c> slowly</c><00:09:39.279><c> for</c><00:09:39.519><c> them.</c>

06:18.242 --> 06:18.252 align:start position:0%
Time was ticking more slowly for them.
 

06:18.252 --> 06:20.802 align:start position:0%
Time was ticking more slowly for them.
Of<00:09:41.040><c> course,</c><00:09:41.760><c> time</c><00:09:42.080><c> wasn't</c><00:09:42.560><c> actually</c><00:09:42.959><c> ticking</c>

06:20.802 --> 06:20.812 align:start position:0%
Of course, time wasn't actually ticking
 

06:20.812 --> 06:23.602 align:start position:0%
Of course, time wasn't actually ticking
slower<00:09:43.680><c> for</c><00:09:43.839><c> those</c><00:09:44.080><c> quazars.</c><00:09:45.120><c> If</c><00:09:45.360><c> you</c><00:09:45.519><c> were</c><00:09:45.839><c> by</c>

06:23.602 --> 06:23.612 align:start position:0%
slower for those quazars. If you were by
 

06:23.612 --> 06:25.762 align:start position:0%
slower for those quazars. If you were by
them,<00:09:46.800><c> they'd</c><00:09:47.200><c> be</c><00:09:47.279><c> ticking</c><00:09:47.600><c> at</c><00:09:47.760><c> a</c><00:09:48.000><c> normal</c>

06:25.762 --> 06:25.772 align:start position:0%
them, they'd be ticking at a normal
 

06:25.772 --> 06:28.482 align:start position:0%
them, they'd be ticking at a normal
rate.<00:09:49.120><c> Is</c><00:09:49.360><c> more</c><00:09:49.600><c> a</c><00:09:49.920><c> trick</c><00:09:50.080><c> of</c><00:09:50.240><c> the</c><00:09:50.480><c> light,</c><00:09:50.800><c> so</c>

06:28.482 --> 06:28.492 align:start position:0%
rate. Is more a trick of the light, so
 

06:28.492 --> 06:30.882 align:start position:0%
rate. Is more a trick of the light, so
to<00:09:51.200><c> speak,</c><00:09:51.760><c> caused</c><00:09:52.160><c> by</c><00:09:52.320><c> the</c><00:09:52.480><c> expansion</c><00:09:53.040><c> of</c><00:09:53.200><c> the</c>

06:30.882 --> 06:30.892 align:start position:0%
to speak, caused by the expansion of the
 

06:30.892 --> 06:33.442 align:start position:0%
to speak, caused by the expansion of the
universe.<00:09:54.560><c> If</c><00:09:54.800><c> you</c><00:09:54.959><c> imagine</c><00:09:55.360><c> the</c><00:09:55.600><c> stream</c><00:09:55.839><c> of</c>

06:33.442 --> 06:33.452 align:start position:0%
universe. If you imagine the stream of
 

06:33.452 --> 06:35.442 align:start position:0%
universe. If you imagine the stream of
photons<00:09:56.480><c> released</c><00:09:56.800><c> from</c><00:09:56.959><c> those</c><00:09:57.120><c> quazars</c><00:09:57.760><c> 1</c>

06:35.442 --> 06:35.452 align:start position:0%
photons released from those quazars 1
 

06:35.452 --> 06:37.442 align:start position:0%
photons released from those quazars 1
billion<00:09:58.399><c> years</c><00:09:58.640><c> after</c><00:09:58.880><c> the</c><00:09:59.040><c> big</c><00:09:59.279><c> bang</c><00:09:59.600><c> to</c><00:09:59.839><c> be</c>

06:37.442 --> 06:37.452 align:start position:0%
billion years after the big bang to be
 

06:37.452 --> 06:40.002 align:start position:0%
billion years after the big bang to be
like<00:10:00.160><c> a</c><00:10:00.320><c> film</c><00:10:00.640><c> reel,</c><00:10:01.360><c> as</c><00:10:01.600><c> that</c><00:10:01.839><c> reel</c><00:10:02.160><c> travels</c>

06:40.002 --> 06:40.012 align:start position:0%
like a film reel, as that reel travels
 

06:40.012 --> 06:42.322 align:start position:0%
like a film reel, as that reel travels
through<00:10:02.880><c> space</c><00:10:03.200><c> towards</c><00:10:03.600><c> us,</c><00:10:04.240><c> the</c><00:10:04.480><c> universe</c>

06:42.322 --> 06:42.332 align:start position:0%
through space towards us, the universe
 

06:42.332 --> 06:45.362 align:start position:0%
through space towards us, the universe
they<00:10:05.120><c> are</c><00:10:05.440><c> traveling</c><00:10:05.920><c> through</c><00:10:06.399><c> is</c><00:10:06.720><c> expanding.</c>

06:45.362 --> 06:45.372 align:start position:0%
they are traveling through is expanding.
 

06:45.372 --> 06:47.682 align:start position:0%
they are traveling through is expanding.
This<00:10:08.240><c> has</c><00:10:08.480><c> the</c><00:10:08.800><c> effect</c><00:10:09.040><c> of</c><00:10:09.440><c> stretching</c><00:10:09.920><c> the</c>

06:47.682 --> 06:47.692 align:start position:0%
This has the effect of stretching the
 

06:47.692 --> 06:50.162 align:start position:0%
This has the effect of stretching the
wavelengths<00:10:10.800><c> of</c><00:10:11.040><c> those</c><00:10:11.279><c> photons,</c><00:10:12.160><c> causing</c>

06:50.162 --> 06:50.172 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of those photons, causing
 

06:50.172 --> 06:52.322 align:start position:0%
wavelengths of those photons, causing
red<00:10:13.040><c> shift,</c><00:10:13.600><c> another</c><00:10:14.000><c> phenomenon</c><00:10:14.560><c> you've</c>

06:52.322 --> 06:52.332 align:start position:0%
red shift, another phenomenon you've
 

06:52.332 --> 06:55.202 align:start position:0%
red shift, another phenomenon you've
likely<00:10:15.200><c> heard</c><00:10:15.440><c> of,</c><00:10:16.160><c> effectively</c><00:10:16.880><c> pulling</c><00:10:17.440><c> at</c>

06:55.202 --> 06:55.212 align:start position:0%
likely heard of, effectively pulling at
 

06:55.212 --> 06:57.841 align:start position:0%
likely heard of, effectively pulling at
both<00:10:18.000><c> ends</c><00:10:18.320><c> of</c><00:10:18.480><c> the</c><00:10:18.640><c> film</c><00:10:18.959><c> reel.</c><00:10:19.760><c> By</c><00:10:20.000><c> the</c><00:10:20.160><c> time</c>

06:57.841 --> 06:57.851 align:start position:0%
both ends of the film reel. By the time
 

06:57.851 --> 07:00.721 align:start position:0%
both ends of the film reel. By the time
it<00:10:20.640><c> arrives</c><00:10:20.959><c> at</c><00:10:21.120><c> us</c><00:10:21.440><c> and</c><00:10:21.760><c> starts</c><00:10:22.160><c> playing,</c><00:10:23.040><c> the</c>

07:00.721 --> 07:00.731 align:start position:0%
it arrives at us and starts playing, the
 

07:00.731 --> 07:03.122 align:start position:0%
it arrives at us and starts playing, the
reel<00:10:23.600><c> is</c><00:10:24.000><c> five</c><00:10:24.320><c> times</c><00:10:24.720><c> longer</c><00:10:25.120><c> than</c><00:10:25.279><c> it</c><00:10:25.440><c> used</c>

07:03.122 --> 07:03.132 align:start position:0%
reel is five times longer than it used
 

07:03.132 --> 07:05.602 align:start position:0%
reel is five times longer than it used
to<00:10:25.760><c> be</c><00:10:26.160><c> and</c><00:10:26.399><c> takes</c><00:10:26.880><c> five</c><00:10:27.200><c> times</c><00:10:27.519><c> longer</c><00:10:27.839><c> to</c>

07:05.602 --> 07:05.612 align:start position:0%
to be and takes five times longer to
 

07:05.612 --> 07:08.401 align:start position:0%
to be and takes five times longer to
play<00:10:28.800><c> at</c><00:10:29.040><c> a</c><00:10:29.279><c> normal</c><00:10:29.600><c> speed.</c><00:10:30.480><c> The</c><00:10:30.720><c> time</c>

07:08.401 --> 07:08.411 align:start position:0%
play at a normal speed. The time
 

07:08.411 --> 07:10.562 align:start position:0%
play at a normal speed. The time
interval<00:10:31.519><c> between</c><00:10:31.839><c> the</c><00:10:32.160><c> two</c><00:10:32.480><c> consecutive</c>

07:10.562 --> 07:10.572 align:start position:0%
interval between the two consecutive
 

07:10.572 --> 07:13.841 align:start position:0%
interval between the two consecutive
events,<00:10:33.839><c> the</c><00:10:34.000><c> flickers</c><00:10:34.560><c> of</c><00:10:34.880><c> Aquazar</c><00:10:36.079><c> is</c>

07:13.841 --> 07:13.851 align:start position:0%
events, the flickers of Aquazar is
 

07:13.851 --> 07:16.642 align:start position:0%
events, the flickers of Aquazar is
stretched.<00:10:37.839><c> But</c><00:10:38.000><c> there's</c><00:10:38.320><c> an</c><00:10:38.640><c> interesting</c>

07:16.642 --> 07:16.652 align:start position:0%
stretched. But there's an interesting
 

07:16.652 --> 07:19.202 align:start position:0%
stretched. But there's an interesting
parallel<00:10:39.680><c> there.</c><00:10:40.640><c> Once</c><00:10:40.880><c> again,</c><00:10:41.360><c> we</c><00:10:41.600><c> have</c>

07:19.202 --> 07:19.212 align:start position:0%
parallel there. Once again, we have
 

07:19.212 --> 07:21.442 align:start position:0%
parallel there. Once again, we have
objects<00:10:42.240><c> that</c><00:10:42.480><c> are</c><00:10:42.720><c> traveling</c><00:10:43.120><c> faster,</c>

07:21.442 --> 07:21.452 align:start position:0%
objects that are traveling faster,
 

07:21.452 --> 07:24.002 align:start position:0%
objects that are traveling faster,
seemingly<00:10:44.720><c> experiencing</c><00:10:45.440><c> slower</c><00:10:45.920><c> time</c><00:10:46.320><c> to</c>

07:24.002 --> 07:24.012 align:start position:0%
seemingly experiencing slower time to
 

07:24.012 --> 07:26.401 align:start position:0%
seemingly experiencing slower time to
us.<00:10:47.519><c> And</c><00:10:47.760><c> while</c><00:10:48.079><c> the</c><00:10:48.240><c> expansion</c><00:10:48.640><c> of</c><00:10:48.800><c> the</c>

07:26.401 --> 07:26.411 align:start position:0%
us. And while the expansion of the
 

07:26.411 --> 07:28.562 align:start position:0%
us. And while the expansion of the
universe<00:10:49.360><c> is</c><00:10:49.519><c> a</c><00:10:49.760><c> good</c><00:10:50.079><c> explanation</c><00:10:50.640><c> for</c><00:10:50.880><c> how</c>

07:28.562 --> 07:28.572 align:start position:0%
universe is a good explanation for how
 

07:28.572 --> 07:30.642 align:start position:0%
universe is a good explanation for how
distant<00:10:51.519><c> pulsars</c><00:10:52.079><c> are</c><00:10:52.320><c> seemingly</c><00:10:52.880><c> moving</c>

07:30.642 --> 07:30.652 align:start position:0%
distant pulsars are seemingly moving
 

07:30.652 --> 07:33.682 align:start position:0%
distant pulsars are seemingly moving
slower,<00:10:54.160><c> the</c><00:10:54.480><c> same</c><00:10:54.720><c> explanation</c><00:10:55.440><c> does</c><00:10:55.839><c> not</c>

07:33.682 --> 07:33.692 align:start position:0%
slower, the same explanation does not
 

07:33.692 --> 07:36.401 align:start position:0%
slower, the same explanation does not
work<00:10:56.800><c> on</c><00:10:57.040><c> the</c><00:10:57.360><c> rapidly</c><00:10:57.920><c> moving</c><00:10:58.399><c> atomic</c>

07:36.401 --> 07:36.411 align:start position:0%
work on the rapidly moving atomic
 

07:36.411 --> 07:38.999 align:start position:0%
work on the rapidly moving atomic
clocks.<00:11:00.160><c> There's</c><00:11:00.480><c> not</c><00:11:00.800><c> enough</c><00:11:01.120><c> space</c><00:11:01.519><c> between</c>

07:38.999 --> 07:39.009 align:start position:0%
clocks. There's not enough space between
 

07:39.009 --> 07:41.362 align:start position:0%
clocks. There's not enough space between
[music]<00:11:01.920><c> us</c><00:11:02.240><c> and</c><00:11:02.560><c> them</c><00:11:02.959><c> for</c><00:11:03.200><c> the</c><00:11:03.360><c> expansion</c><00:11:03.760><c> of</c>

07:41.362 --> 07:41.372 align:start position:0%
[music] us and them for the expansion of
 

07:41.372 --> 07:44.562 align:start position:0%
[music] us and them for the expansion of
the<00:11:04.079><c> universe</c><00:11:04.480><c> to</c><00:11:04.720><c> have</c><00:11:05.120><c> that</c><00:11:05.600><c> much</c><00:11:05.920><c> effect.</c>

07:44.562 --> 07:44.572 align:start position:0%
the universe to have that much effect.
 

07:44.572 --> 07:46.721 align:start position:0%
the universe to have that much effect.
And<00:11:07.360><c> if</c><00:11:07.600><c> you'll</c><00:11:07.839><c> forgive</c><00:11:08.160><c> me</c><00:11:08.320><c> for</c><00:11:08.720><c> belaboring</c>

07:46.721 --> 07:46.731 align:start position:0%
And if you'll forgive me for belaboring
 

07:46.731 --> 07:49.042 align:start position:0%
And if you'll forgive me for belaboring
this<00:11:09.519><c> point,</c><00:11:10.320><c> there</c><00:11:10.560><c> is</c><00:11:10.800><c> something</c><00:11:11.120><c> a</c><00:11:11.440><c> little</c>

07:49.042 --> 07:49.052 align:start position:0%
this point, there is something a little
 

07:49.052 --> 07:51.042 align:start position:0%
this point, there is something a little
torturous<00:11:12.160><c> in</c><00:11:12.399><c> our</c><00:11:12.640><c> explanation</c><00:11:13.120><c> for</c><00:11:13.360><c> the</c>

07:51.042 --> 07:51.052 align:start position:0%
torturous in our explanation for the
 

07:51.052 --> 07:53.281 align:start position:0%
torturous in our explanation for the
expansion<00:11:14.000><c> of</c><00:11:14.160><c> the</c><00:11:14.320><c> universe</c><00:11:14.800><c> too</c><00:11:15.440><c> because</c>

07:53.281 --> 07:53.291 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe too because
 

07:53.291 --> 07:55.442 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe too because
scientists<00:11:16.480><c> have</c><00:11:16.800><c> had</c><00:11:16.959><c> to</c><00:11:17.200><c> invent</c><00:11:17.600><c> a</c>

07:55.442 --> 07:55.452 align:start position:0%
scientists have had to invent a
 

07:55.452 --> 07:57.922 align:start position:0%
scientists have had to invent a
something<00:11:18.800><c> that</c><00:11:19.040><c> is</c><00:11:19.200><c> the</c><00:11:19.440><c> force</c><00:11:20.000><c> that</c><00:11:20.320><c> is</c>

07:57.922 --> 07:57.932 align:start position:0%
something that is the force that is
 

07:57.932 --> 08:00.882 align:start position:0%
something that is the force that is
driving<00:11:20.880><c> the</c><00:11:21.120><c> expansion.</c><00:11:22.320><c> They</c><00:11:22.640><c> labeled</c><00:11:23.120><c> that</c>

08:00.882 --> 08:00.892 align:start position:0%
driving the expansion. They labeled that
 

08:00.892 --> 08:03.602 align:start position:0%
driving the expansion. They labeled that
something<00:11:24.079><c> dark</c><00:11:24.480><c> energy</c><00:11:25.040><c> because</c><00:11:25.519><c> it</c><00:11:25.760><c> is</c><00:11:25.920><c> so</c>

08:03.602 --> 08:03.612 align:start position:0%
something dark energy because it is so
 

08:03.612 --> 08:06.002 align:start position:0%
something dark energy because it is so
hard<00:11:26.320><c> to</c><00:11:26.560><c> see.</c><00:11:27.040><c> We</c><00:11:27.279><c> have</c><00:11:27.440><c> only</c><00:11:27.760><c> detected</c><00:11:28.240><c> it</c>

08:06.002 --> 08:06.012 align:start position:0%
hard to see. We have only detected it
 

08:06.012 --> 08:07.841 align:start position:0%
hard to see. We have only detected it
based<00:11:28.880><c> on</c><00:11:29.040><c> the</c><00:11:29.279><c> fact</c><00:11:29.360><c> that</c><00:11:29.600><c> we</c><00:11:29.839><c> see</c><00:11:30.160><c> the</c>

08:07.841 --> 08:07.851 align:start position:0%
based on the fact that we see the
 

08:07.851 --> 08:10.082 align:start position:0%
based on the fact that we see the
universe<00:11:30.880><c> expanding.</c><00:11:32.000><c> But</c><00:11:32.160><c> we</c><00:11:32.320><c> aren't</c>

08:10.082 --> 08:10.092 align:start position:0%
universe expanding. But we aren't
 

08:10.092 --> 08:13.442 align:start position:0%
universe expanding. But we aren't
exactly<00:11:33.120><c> clear</c><00:11:33.600><c> on</c><00:11:33.920><c> what</c><00:11:34.160><c> dark</c><00:11:34.480><c> energy</c><00:11:34.880><c> is.</c>

08:13.442 --> 08:13.452 align:start position:0%
exactly clear on what dark energy is.
 

08:13.452 --> 08:15.521 align:start position:0%
exactly clear on what dark energy is.
There<00:11:36.240><c> is</c><00:11:36.800><c> considerable</c><00:11:37.440><c> debate</c><00:11:37.760><c> in</c><00:11:38.000><c> the</c>

08:15.521 --> 08:15.531 align:start position:0%
There is considerable debate in the
 

08:15.531 --> 08:17.922 align:start position:0%
There is considerable debate in the
scientific<00:11:38.560><c> community</c><00:11:39.040><c> about</c><00:11:39.360><c> dark</c><00:11:39.760><c> energy,</c>

08:17.922 --> 08:17.932 align:start position:0%
scientific community about dark energy,
 

08:17.932 --> 08:20.562 align:start position:0%
scientific community about dark energy,
whether<00:11:40.720><c> it's</c><00:11:41.120><c> getting</c><00:11:41.519><c> stronger,</c><00:11:42.320><c> weaker,</c>

08:20.562 --> 08:20.572 align:start position:0%
whether it's getting stronger, weaker,
 

08:20.572 --> 08:22.482 align:start position:0%
whether it's getting stronger, weaker,
or<00:11:43.440><c> remaining</c><00:11:43.839><c> the</c><00:11:44.160><c> same</c><00:11:44.320><c> strength</c><00:11:44.720><c> over</c>

08:22.482 --> 08:22.492 align:start position:0%
or remaining the same strength over
 

08:22.492 --> 08:25.362 align:start position:0%
or remaining the same strength over
time.<00:11:46.240><c> But</c><00:11:46.480><c> whatever</c><00:11:46.880><c> the</c><00:11:47.040><c> case,</c><00:11:47.600><c> any</c>

08:25.362 --> 08:25.372 align:start position:0%
time. But whatever the case, any
 

08:25.372 --> 08:27.442 align:start position:0%
time. But whatever the case, any
explanations<00:11:48.560><c> that</c><00:11:48.800><c> rely</c><00:11:49.120><c> on</c><00:11:49.279><c> this</c><00:11:49.519><c> energy</c>

08:27.442 --> 08:27.452 align:start position:0%
explanations that rely on this energy
 

08:27.452 --> 08:30.242 align:start position:0%
explanations that rely on this energy
are<00:11:50.240><c> a</c><00:11:50.480><c> little</c><00:11:50.800><c> uncomfortable</c><00:11:51.839><c> as</c><00:11:52.079><c> they</c><00:11:52.480><c> all</c>

08:30.242 --> 08:30.252 align:start position:0%
are a little uncomfortable as they all
 

08:30.252 --> 08:32.721 align:start position:0%
are a little uncomfortable as they all
rely<00:11:53.200><c> on</c><00:11:53.519><c> an</c><00:11:53.760><c> everinccreasing</c><00:11:54.880><c> amount</c><00:11:55.120><c> of</c>

08:32.721 --> 08:32.731 align:start position:0%
rely on an everinccreasing amount of
 

08:32.731 --> 08:35.202 align:start position:0%
rely on an everinccreasing amount of
dark<00:11:55.600><c> energy</c><00:11:56.000><c> to</c><00:11:56.240><c> fill</c><00:11:56.480><c> the</c><00:11:56.640><c> gaps</c><00:11:57.120><c> created</c><00:11:57.519><c> by</c>

08:35.202 --> 08:35.212 align:start position:0%
dark energy to fill the gaps created by
 

08:35.212 --> 08:37.762 align:start position:0%
dark energy to fill the gaps created by
the<00:11:58.000><c> universal</c><00:11:58.480><c> expansion.</c><00:11:59.519><c> And</c><00:11:59.760><c> while</c><00:12:00.079><c> some</c>

08:37.762 --> 08:37.772 align:start position:0%
the universal expansion. And while some
 

08:37.772 --> 08:40.162 align:start position:0%
the universal expansion. And while some
scientists<00:12:00.800><c> talk</c><00:12:01.040><c> of</c><00:12:01.360><c> vacuum</c><00:12:01.760><c> energy,</c><00:12:02.480><c> an</c>

08:40.162 --> 08:40.172 align:start position:0%
scientists talk of vacuum energy, an
 

08:40.172 --> 08:42.242 align:start position:0%
scientists talk of vacuum energy, an
energy<00:12:03.120><c> inherent</c><00:12:03.600><c> in</c><00:12:03.920><c> every</c><00:12:04.240><c> patch</c><00:12:04.560><c> of</c><00:12:04.640><c> the</c>

08:42.242 --> 08:42.252 align:start position:0%
energy inherent in every patch of the
 

08:42.252 --> 08:44.961 align:start position:0%
energy inherent in every patch of the
universe<00:12:05.120><c> itself</c><00:12:05.600><c> as</c><00:12:05.760><c> an</c><00:12:06.000><c> explanation,</c><00:12:07.200><c> it</c>

08:44.961 --> 08:44.971 align:start position:0%
universe itself as an explanation, it
 

08:44.971 --> 08:47.042 align:start position:0%
universe itself as an explanation, it
feels<00:12:07.839><c> a</c><00:12:08.160><c> little</c><00:12:08.399><c> contradictory</c><00:12:09.040><c> to</c><00:12:09.279><c> how</c>

08:47.042 --> 08:47.052 align:start position:0%
feels a little contradictory to how
 

08:47.052 --> 08:49.841 align:start position:0%
feels a little contradictory to how
things<00:12:10.000><c> normally</c><00:12:10.480><c> work,</c><00:12:11.120><c> that</c><00:12:11.519><c> more</c><00:12:11.839><c> and</c><00:12:12.160><c> more</c>

08:49.841 --> 08:49.851 align:start position:0%
things normally work, that more and more
 

08:49.851 --> 08:52.642 align:start position:0%
things normally work, that more and more
energy<00:12:13.120><c> can</c><00:12:13.360><c> just</c><00:12:13.760><c> spring</c><00:12:14.160><c> out</c><00:12:14.399><c> of</c><00:12:14.639><c> literally</c>

08:52.642 --> 08:52.652 align:start position:0%
energy can just spring out of literally
 

08:52.652 --> 08:55.602 align:start position:0%
energy can just spring out of literally
nowhere.<00:12:16.240><c> It</c><00:12:16.560><c> certainly</c><00:12:17.120><c> defies</c><00:12:17.760><c> our</c>

08:55.602 --> 08:55.612 align:start position:0%
nowhere. It certainly defies our
 

08:55.612 --> 08:58.401 align:start position:0%
nowhere. It certainly defies our
intuition.<00:12:19.519><c> Energy</c><00:12:20.079><c> doesn't</c><00:12:20.399><c> normally</c><00:12:20.800><c> do</c>

08:58.401 --> 08:58.411 align:start position:0%
intuition. Energy doesn't normally do
 

08:58.411 --> 09:01.202 align:start position:0%
intuition. Energy doesn't normally do
that,<00:12:21.600><c> even</c><00:12:21.920><c> if</c><00:12:22.160><c> there</c><00:12:22.480><c> are</c><00:12:22.800><c> explanations</c><00:12:23.440><c> for</c>

09:01.202 --> 09:01.212 align:start position:0%
that, even if there are explanations for
 

09:01.212 --> 09:04.162 align:start position:0%
that, even if there are explanations for
why<00:12:24.079><c> it</c><00:12:24.320><c> does</c><00:12:24.560><c> so.</c><00:12:24.800><c> In</c><00:12:25.040><c> this</c><00:12:25.279><c> case,</c><00:12:26.160><c> if</c><00:12:26.399><c> there</c>

09:04.162 --> 09:04.172 align:start position:0%
why it does so. In this case, if there
 

09:04.172 --> 09:06.401 align:start position:0%
why it does so. In this case, if there
was<00:12:27.040><c> an</c><00:12:27.279><c> explanation</c><00:12:27.760><c> that</c><00:12:28.160><c> didn't</c><00:12:28.480><c> need</c><00:12:28.639><c> dark</c>

09:06.401 --> 09:06.411 align:start position:0%
was an explanation that didn't need dark
 

09:06.411 --> 09:09.682 align:start position:0%
was an explanation that didn't need dark
energy,<00:12:29.920><c> that</c><00:12:30.480><c> would</c><00:12:30.639><c> be</c><00:12:30.800><c> very</c><00:12:31.120><c> convenient.</c>

09:09.682 --> 09:09.692 align:start position:0%
energy, that would be very convenient.
 

09:09.692 --> 09:11.362 align:start position:0%
energy, that would be very convenient.
If<00:12:32.480><c> there</c><00:12:32.639><c> was</c><00:12:32.800><c> an</c><00:12:32.959><c> explanation</c><00:12:33.440><c> that</c><00:12:33.680><c> gave</c>

09:11.362 --> 09:11.372 align:start position:0%
If there was an explanation that gave
 

09:11.372 --> 09:13.281 align:start position:0%
If there was an explanation that gave
the<00:12:34.160><c> same</c><00:12:34.399><c> reason</c><00:12:34.639><c> for</c><00:12:34.880><c> the</c><00:12:35.040><c> slower</c><00:12:35.440><c> time</c><00:12:35.680><c> on</c>

09:13.281 --> 09:13.291 align:start position:0%
the same reason for the slower time on
 

09:13.291 --> 09:15.202 align:start position:0%
the same reason for the slower time on
the<00:12:36.079><c> moving</c><00:12:36.320><c> clocks</c><00:12:36.720><c> as</c><00:12:36.880><c> it</c><00:12:37.040><c> did</c><00:12:37.279><c> on</c><00:12:37.519><c> the</c>

09:15.202 --> 09:15.212 align:start position:0%
the moving clocks as it did on the
 

09:15.212 --> 09:18.162 align:start position:0%
the moving clocks as it did on the
moving<00:12:38.160><c> pulsars,</c><00:12:39.519><c> that</c><00:12:40.079><c> would</c><00:12:40.320><c> be</c><00:12:40.480><c> more</c>

09:18.162 --> 09:18.172 align:start position:0%
moving pulsars, that would be more
 

09:18.172 --> 09:21.202 align:start position:0%
moving pulsars, that would be more
elegant.<00:12:41.839><c> If</c><00:12:42.160><c> there</c><00:12:42.399><c> was</c><00:12:42.720><c> an</c><00:12:43.040><c> explanation</c><00:12:43.600><c> for</c>

09:21.202 --> 09:21.212 align:start position:0%
elegant. If there was an explanation for
 

09:21.212 --> 09:23.202 align:start position:0%
elegant. If there was an explanation for
why<00:12:44.079><c> light</c><00:12:44.480><c> always</c><00:12:44.800><c> seemed</c><00:12:45.040><c> to</c><00:12:45.200><c> move</c><00:12:45.440><c> at</c><00:12:45.600><c> the</c>

09:23.202 --> 09:23.212 align:start position:0%
why light always seemed to move at the
 

09:23.212 --> 09:25.922 align:start position:0%
why light always seemed to move at the
same<00:12:46.000><c> speed</c><00:12:46.399><c> no</c><00:12:46.399><c> matter</c><00:12:46.880><c> the</c><00:12:47.120><c> viewpoint,</c><00:12:48.240><c> that</c>

09:25.922 --> 09:25.932 align:start position:0%
same speed no matter the viewpoint, that
 

09:25.932 --> 09:27.841 align:start position:0%
same speed no matter the viewpoint, that
might<00:12:48.720><c> help</c><00:12:48.959><c> my</c><00:12:49.200><c> brain</c><00:12:49.440><c> stop</c><00:12:49.680><c> hurting</c><00:12:50.000><c> so</c><00:12:50.240><c> much</c>

09:27.841 --> 09:27.851 align:start position:0%
might help my brain stop hurting so much
 

09:27.851 --> 09:30.401 align:start position:0%
might help my brain stop hurting so much
when<00:12:50.560><c> I</c><00:12:50.720><c> think</c><00:12:50.880><c> about</c><00:12:51.120><c> it.</c><00:12:52.160><c> And</c><00:12:52.480><c> that's</c><00:12:52.720><c> the</c>

09:30.401 --> 09:30.411 align:start position:0%
when I think about it. And that's the
 

09:30.411 --> 09:32.562 align:start position:0%
when I think about it. And that's the
model<00:12:53.200><c> that</c><00:12:53.440><c> my</c><00:12:53.600><c> brother</c><00:12:54.000><c> believes</c><00:12:54.399><c> he</c><00:12:54.800><c> has</c>

09:32.562 --> 09:32.572 align:start position:0%
model that my brother believes he has
 

09:32.572 --> 09:38.081 align:start position:0%
model that my brother believes he has
made.<00:12:56.160><c> So</c><00:12:56.800><c> let's</c><00:12:57.120><c> see</c><00:12:57.360><c> if</c><00:12:57.600><c> he's</c><00:12:57.920><c> right.</c>

09:38.081 --> 09:38.091 align:start position:0%
made. So let's see if he's right.
 

09:38.091 --> 09:39.521 align:start position:0%
made. So let's see if he's right.
The<00:13:00.800><c> first</c><00:13:01.040><c> key</c><00:13:01.279><c> to</c><00:13:01.440><c> understanding</c><00:13:01.839><c> my</c>

09:39.521 --> 09:39.531 align:start position:0%
The first key to understanding my
 

09:39.531 --> 09:41.202 align:start position:0%
The first key to understanding my
brother's<00:13:02.399><c> model</c><00:13:02.639><c> is</c><00:13:02.880><c> understanding</c><00:13:03.360><c> that</c>

09:41.202 --> 09:41.212 align:start position:0%
brother's model is understanding that
 

09:41.212 --> 09:44.002 align:start position:0%
brother's model is understanding that
time<00:13:04.079><c> and</c><00:13:04.480><c> space</c><00:13:04.880><c> are</c><00:13:05.120><c> the</c><00:13:05.360><c> same</c><00:13:05.600><c> thing.</c><00:13:06.399><c> This</c>

09:44.002 --> 09:44.012 align:start position:0%
time and space are the same thing. This
 

09:44.012 --> 09:46.482 align:start position:0%
time and space are the same thing. This
is<00:13:06.720><c> hardly</c><00:13:07.200><c> revolutionary.</c><00:13:08.160><c> Einstein</c><00:13:08.800><c> and</c>

09:46.482 --> 09:46.492 align:start position:0%
is hardly revolutionary. Einstein and
 

09:46.492 --> 09:48.642 align:start position:0%
is hardly revolutionary. Einstein and
Manovski<00:13:09.839><c> were</c><00:13:10.079><c> talking</c><00:13:10.320><c> about</c><00:13:10.560><c> the</c><00:13:10.720><c> idea</c><00:13:10.959><c> of</c>

09:48.642 --> 09:48.652 align:start position:0%
Manovski were talking about the idea of
 

09:48.652 --> 09:50.721 align:start position:0%
Manovski were talking about the idea of
spacetime<00:13:11.839><c> back</c><00:13:12.079><c> in</c><00:13:12.320><c> the</c><00:13:12.480><c> first</c><00:13:12.800><c> decade</c><00:13:13.120><c> of</c>

09:50.721 --> 09:50.731 align:start position:0%
spacetime back in the first decade of
 

09:50.731 --> 09:53.922 align:start position:0%
spacetime back in the first decade of
the<00:13:13.519><c> 1900s.</c><00:13:14.880><c> But</c><00:13:15.040><c> seeing</c><00:13:15.360><c> as</c><00:13:15.600><c> we're</c><00:13:16.000><c> much</c><00:13:16.320><c> more</c>

09:53.922 --> 09:53.932 align:start position:0%
the 1900s. But seeing as we're much more
 

09:53.932 --> 09:56.401 align:start position:0%
the 1900s. But seeing as we're much more
comfortable<00:13:16.880><c> with</c><00:13:17.040><c> a</c><00:13:17.279><c> 3D</c><00:13:17.760><c> universe</c><00:13:18.160><c> than</c><00:13:18.320><c> a</c><00:13:18.480><c> 4D</c>

09:56.401 --> 09:56.411 align:start position:0%
comfortable with a 3D universe than a 4D
 

09:56.411 --> 09:59.122 align:start position:0%
comfortable with a 3D universe than a 4D
one,<00:13:19.519><c> let's</c><00:13:19.839><c> just</c><00:13:20.000><c> go</c><00:13:20.160><c> over</c><00:13:20.560><c> what</c><00:13:21.040><c> spacetime</c>

09:59.122 --> 09:59.132 align:start position:0%
one, let's just go over what spacetime
 

09:59.132 --> 10:02.562 align:start position:0%
one, let's just go over what spacetime
means.<00:13:22.880><c> A</c><00:13:23.040><c> 1D</c><00:13:23.519><c> universe</c><00:13:24.000><c> is</c><00:13:24.320><c> one</c><00:13:24.639><c> where</c><00:13:24.880><c> there</c>

10:02.562 --> 10:02.572 align:start position:0%
means. A 1D universe is one where there
 

10:02.572 --> 10:05.841 align:start position:0%
means. A 1D universe is one where there
is<00:13:25.279><c> only</c><00:13:25.760><c> one</c><00:13:26.160><c> axis</c><00:13:26.639><c> of</c><00:13:26.880><c> direction.</c><00:13:27.760><c> Let's</c><00:13:28.000><c> say</c>

10:05.841 --> 10:05.851 align:start position:0%
is only one axis of direction. Let's say
 

10:05.851 --> 10:08.642 align:start position:0%
is only one axis of direction. Let's say
forwards<00:13:28.934><c> [music]</c><00:13:29.120><c> and</c><00:13:29.440><c> backwards.</c><00:13:30.480><c> A</c><00:13:30.720><c> 2D</c>

10:08.642 --> 10:08.652 align:start position:0%
forwards [music] and backwards. A 2D
 

10:08.652 --> 10:10.401 align:start position:0%
forwards [music] and backwards. A 2D
universe<00:13:31.600><c> is</c><00:13:31.839><c> one</c><00:13:32.000><c> where</c><00:13:32.240><c> we</c><00:13:32.399><c> gain</c><00:13:32.720><c> an</c>

10:10.401 --> 10:10.411 align:start position:0%
universe is one where we gain an
 

10:10.411 --> 10:13.042 align:start position:0%
universe is one where we gain an
additional<00:13:33.440><c> axis</c><00:13:33.839><c> of</c><00:13:34.079><c> direction.</c><00:13:34.959><c> Let's</c><00:13:35.279><c> say</c>

10:13.042 --> 10:13.052 align:start position:0%
additional axis of direction. Let's say
 

10:13.052 --> 10:16.081 align:start position:0%
additional axis of direction. Let's say
up<00:13:36.000><c> and</c><00:13:36.399><c> down.</c><00:13:37.279><c> Note</c><00:13:37.680><c> this</c><00:13:37.839><c> axis</c><00:13:38.320><c> is</c>

10:16.081 --> 10:16.091 align:start position:0%
up and down. Note this axis is
 

10:16.091 --> 10:19.202 align:start position:0%
up and down. Note this axis is
perpendicular<00:13:39.360><c> to</c><00:13:39.600><c> the</c><00:13:39.760><c> first</c><00:13:40.000><c> axis.</c><00:13:41.040><c> A</c><00:13:41.360><c> 3D</c>

10:19.202 --> 10:19.212 align:start position:0%
perpendicular to the first axis. A 3D
 

10:19.212 --> 10:21.042 align:start position:0%
perpendicular to the first axis. A 3D
universe<00:13:42.160><c> is</c><00:13:42.399><c> one</c><00:13:42.639><c> where</c><00:13:42.800><c> we</c><00:13:43.040><c> gain</c><00:13:43.279><c> an</c>

10:21.042 --> 10:21.052 align:start position:0%
universe is one where we gain an
 

10:21.052 --> 10:23.602 align:start position:0%
universe is one where we gain an
additional<00:13:43.920><c> axis</c><00:13:44.320><c> on</c><00:13:44.560><c> top</c><00:13:44.639><c> of</c><00:13:44.800><c> that.</c><00:13:45.680><c> Now</c><00:13:45.920><c> we</c>

10:23.602 --> 10:23.612 align:start position:0%
additional axis on top of that. Now we
 

10:23.612 --> 10:25.922 align:start position:0%
additional axis on top of that. Now we
have<00:13:46.480><c> left</c><00:13:46.720><c> and</c><00:13:46.959><c> right</c><00:13:47.519><c> and</c><00:13:47.760><c> this</c><00:13:48.000><c> universe</c>

10:25.922 --> 10:25.932 align:start position:0%
have left and right and this universe
 

10:25.932 --> 10:28.242 align:start position:0%
have left and right and this universe
looks<00:13:48.800><c> the</c><00:13:49.040><c> same</c><00:13:49.120><c> as</c><00:13:49.360><c> the</c><00:13:49.519><c> one</c><00:13:49.680><c> we</c><00:13:49.839><c> live</c><00:13:50.000><c> in.</c>

10:28.242 --> 10:28.252 align:start position:0%
looks the same as the one we live in.
 

10:28.252 --> 10:30.242 align:start position:0%
looks the same as the one we live in.
Once<00:13:51.040><c> again,</c><00:13:51.519><c> this</c><00:13:51.839><c> new</c><00:13:52.000><c> axis</c><00:13:52.480><c> is</c>

10:30.242 --> 10:30.252 align:start position:0%
Once again, this new axis is
 

10:30.252 --> 10:32.081 align:start position:0%
Once again, this new axis is
perpendicular<00:13:53.519><c> to</c><00:13:53.680><c> the</c><00:13:53.920><c> dimensions</c><00:13:54.399><c> we</c>

10:32.081 --> 10:32.091 align:start position:0%
perpendicular to the dimensions we
 

10:32.091 --> 10:35.281 align:start position:0%
perpendicular to the dimensions we
already<00:13:55.120><c> have.</c><00:13:56.240><c> Spacetime</c><00:13:56.800><c> is</c><00:13:56.959><c> the</c><00:13:57.199><c> idea</c><00:13:57.600><c> that</c>

10:35.281 --> 10:35.291 align:start position:0%
already have. Spacetime is the idea that
 

10:35.291 --> 10:38.961 align:start position:0%
already have. Spacetime is the idea that
we<00:13:58.160><c> live</c><00:13:58.399><c> in</c><00:13:58.639><c> a</c><00:13:58.959><c> 4D</c><00:13:59.440><c> universe</c><00:14:00.320><c> where</c><00:14:00.720><c> time</c><00:14:01.279><c> is</c>

10:38.961 --> 10:38.971 align:start position:0%
we live in a 4D universe where time is
 

10:38.971 --> 10:41.202 align:start position:0%
we live in a 4D universe where time is
another<00:14:01.839><c> axis</c><00:14:02.240><c> of</c><00:14:02.480><c> direction</c><00:14:02.880><c> to</c><00:14:03.120><c> add</c><00:14:03.360><c> to</c><00:14:03.519><c> the</c>

10:41.202 --> 10:41.212 align:start position:0%
another axis of direction to add to the
 

10:41.212 --> 10:44.002 align:start position:0%
another axis of direction to add to the
space<00:14:04.160><c> directions.</c><00:14:05.279><c> Ideally,</c><00:14:06.000><c> it</c><00:14:06.160><c> should</c><00:14:06.399><c> be</c>

10:44.002 --> 10:44.012 align:start position:0%
space directions. Ideally, it should be
 

10:44.012 --> 10:46.322 align:start position:0%
space directions. Ideally, it should be
perpendicular<00:14:07.279><c> to</c><00:14:07.519><c> the</c><00:14:07.680><c> other</c><00:14:07.839><c> three</c><00:14:08.079><c> axes,</c>

10:46.322 --> 10:46.332 align:start position:0%
perpendicular to the other three axes,
 

10:46.332 --> 10:48.242 align:start position:0%
perpendicular to the other three axes,
which<00:14:09.440><c> makes</c><00:14:09.680><c> it</c><00:14:09.839><c> a</c><00:14:10.079><c> little</c><00:14:10.240><c> difficult</c><00:14:10.560><c> to</c>

10:48.242 --> 10:48.252 align:start position:0%
which makes it a little difficult to
 

10:48.252 --> 10:52.081 align:start position:0%
which makes it a little difficult to
draw<00:14:11.360><c> or</c><00:14:11.920><c> even</c><00:14:12.240><c> imagine</c><00:14:12.800><c> with</c><00:14:13.120><c> our</c><00:14:13.360><c> 3D</c><00:14:13.760><c> brains.</c>

10:52.081 --> 10:52.091 align:start position:0%
draw or even imagine with our 3D brains.
 

10:52.091 --> 10:54.081 align:start position:0%
draw or even imagine with our 3D brains.
But<00:14:14.800><c> the</c><00:14:15.040><c> idea</c><00:14:15.279><c> is</c><00:14:15.519><c> that</c><00:14:15.760><c> objects</c><00:14:16.160><c> in</c><00:14:16.399><c> our</c>

10:54.081 --> 10:54.091 align:start position:0%
But the idea is that objects in our
 

10:54.091 --> 10:56.802 align:start position:0%
But the idea is that objects in our
universe<00:14:17.199><c> are</c><00:14:17.519><c> not</c><00:14:17.920><c> static,</c><00:14:18.639><c> but</c><00:14:18.880><c> are</c><00:14:19.120><c> moving</c>

10:56.802 --> 10:56.812 align:start position:0%
universe are not static, but are moving
 

10:56.812 --> 10:59.281 align:start position:0%
universe are not static, but are moving
in<00:14:19.600><c> the</c><00:14:19.760><c> direction</c><00:14:20.079><c> of</c><00:14:20.320><c> time</c><00:14:20.959><c> even</c><00:14:21.360><c> as</c><00:14:21.600><c> they</c>

10:59.281 --> 10:59.291 align:start position:0%
in the direction of time even as they
 

10:59.291 --> 11:03.442 align:start position:0%
in the direction of time even as they
move<00:14:22.160><c> or</c><00:14:22.560><c> stay</c><00:14:22.880><c> still</c><00:14:23.519><c> within</c><00:14:24.160><c> 3D</c><00:14:24.720><c> space.</c><00:14:25.760><c> And</c>

11:03.442 --> 11:03.452 align:start position:0%
move or stay still within 3D space. And
 

11:03.452 --> 11:05.122 align:start position:0%
move or stay still within 3D space. And
of<00:14:26.240><c> course,</c><00:14:26.639><c> this</c><00:14:26.800><c> is</c><00:14:26.959><c> where</c><00:14:27.199><c> all</c><00:14:27.440><c> the</c>

11:05.122 --> 11:05.132 align:start position:0%
of course, this is where all the
 

11:05.132 --> 11:07.442 align:start position:0%
of course, this is where all the
relativity<00:14:28.240><c> bits</c><00:14:28.639><c> come</c><00:14:28.800><c> in,</c><00:14:29.279><c> as</c><00:14:29.519><c> objects</c>

11:07.442 --> 11:07.452 align:start position:0%
relativity bits come in, as objects
 

11:07.452 --> 11:09.122 align:start position:0%
relativity bits come in, as objects
don't<00:14:30.320><c> have</c><00:14:30.480><c> to</c><00:14:30.639><c> travel</c><00:14:30.959><c> the</c><00:14:31.279><c> same</c><00:14:31.440><c> rate</c>

11:09.122 --> 11:09.132 align:start position:0%
don't have to travel the same rate
 

11:09.132 --> 11:12.882 align:start position:0%
don't have to travel the same rate
through<00:14:32.000><c> time.</c><00:14:33.120><c> But</c><00:14:33.600><c> how</c><00:14:33.839><c> can</c><00:14:34.000><c> you</c><00:14:34.160><c> draw</c><00:14:34.480><c> this?</c>

11:12.882 --> 11:12.892 align:start position:0%
through time. But how can you draw this?
 

11:12.892 --> 11:14.562 align:start position:0%
through time. But how can you draw this?
Well,<00:14:35.680><c> my</c><00:14:35.920><c> brother</c><00:14:36.240><c> found</c><00:14:36.560><c> out</c><00:14:36.800><c> it's</c>

11:14.562 --> 11:14.572 align:start position:0%
Well, my brother found out it's
 

11:14.572 --> 11:17.122 align:start position:0%
Well, my brother found out it's
surprisingly<00:14:37.839><c> easy</c><00:14:38.320><c> and</c><00:14:38.639><c> can</c><00:14:38.880><c> even</c><00:14:39.199><c> be</c><00:14:39.360><c> done</c>

11:17.122 --> 11:17.132 align:start position:0%
surprisingly easy and can even be done
 

11:17.132 --> 11:20.002 align:start position:0%
surprisingly easy and can even be done
using<00:14:40.079><c> just</c><00:14:40.399><c> two</c><00:14:40.720><c> dimensions.</c><00:14:42.000><c> But</c><00:14:42.160><c> we</c><00:14:42.399><c> need</c>

11:20.002 --> 11:20.012 align:start position:0%
using just two dimensions. But we need
 

11:20.012 --> 11:23.202 align:start position:0%
using just two dimensions. But we need
to<00:14:42.720><c> make</c><00:14:42.959><c> a</c><00:14:43.279><c> few</c><00:14:43.600><c> assumptions</c><00:14:44.240><c> first.</c><00:14:45.360><c> First,</c>

11:23.202 --> 11:23.212 align:start position:0%
to make a few assumptions first. First,
 

11:23.212 --> 11:24.802 align:start position:0%
to make a few assumptions first. First,
we<00:14:45.920><c> need</c><00:14:46.000><c> to</c><00:14:46.160><c> imagine</c><00:14:46.480><c> that</c><00:14:46.720><c> at</c><00:14:46.959><c> the</c><00:14:47.199><c> beginning</c>

11:24.802 --> 11:24.812 align:start position:0%
we need to imagine that at the beginning
 

11:24.812 --> 11:27.042 align:start position:0%
we need to imagine that at the beginning
of<00:14:47.519><c> the</c><00:14:47.680><c> universe,</c><00:14:48.320><c> everything</c><00:14:48.800><c> occupied</c><00:14:49.360><c> a</c>

11:27.042 --> 11:27.052 align:start position:0%
of the universe, everything occupied a
 

11:27.052 --> 11:29.682 align:start position:0%
of the universe, everything occupied a
single<00:14:49.839><c> point</c><00:14:50.160><c> in</c><00:14:50.480><c> our</c><00:14:50.720><c> four</c><00:14:51.040><c> dimensions.</c><00:14:52.079><c> And</c>

11:29.682 --> 11:29.692 align:start position:0%
single point in our four dimensions. And
 

11:29.692 --> 11:31.682 align:start position:0%
single point in our four dimensions. And
then<00:14:52.480><c> that</c><00:14:52.959><c> everything</c><00:14:53.360><c> expanded</c><00:14:53.920><c> outward</c>

11:31.682 --> 11:31.692 align:start position:0%
then that everything expanded outward
 

11:31.692 --> 11:34.322 align:start position:0%
then that everything expanded outward
from<00:14:54.480><c> that</c><00:14:54.720><c> point</c><00:14:54.959><c> in</c><00:14:55.279><c> all</c><00:14:55.600><c> directions.</c><00:14:56.639><c> If</c>

11:34.322 --> 11:34.332 align:start position:0%
from that point in all directions. If
 

11:34.332 --> 11:36.081 align:start position:0%
from that point in all directions. If
only<00:14:57.040><c> we</c><00:14:57.279><c> had</c><00:14:57.519><c> some</c><00:14:57.680><c> kind</c><00:14:57.920><c> of</c><00:14:58.160><c> already</c>

11:36.081 --> 11:36.091 align:start position:0%
only we had some kind of already
 

11:36.091 --> 11:39.281 align:start position:0%
only we had some kind of already
existing<00:14:59.040><c> idea</c><00:14:59.360><c> for</c><00:14:59.600><c> this,</c><00:15:00.240><c> some</c><00:15:00.560><c> kind</c><00:15:00.800><c> of</c><00:15:01.519><c> big</c>

11:39.281 --> 11:39.291 align:start position:0%
existing idea for this, some kind of big
 

11:39.291 --> 11:42.882 align:start position:0%
existing idea for this, some kind of big
explosion<00:15:02.639><c> or</c><00:15:03.040><c> a</c><00:15:03.360><c> big</c><00:15:03.839><c> bang.</c><00:15:04.959><c> It's</c><00:15:05.199><c> pretty</c>

11:42.882 --> 11:42.892 align:start position:0%
explosion or a big bang. It's pretty
 

11:42.892 --> 11:44.961 align:start position:0%
explosion or a big bang. It's pretty
controversial,<00:15:06.079><c> I</c><00:15:06.240><c> know.</c><00:15:06.880><c> However,</c>

11:44.961 --> 11:44.971 align:start position:0%
controversial, I know. However,
 

11:44.971 --> 11:46.961 align:start position:0%
controversial, I know. However,
crucially,<00:15:08.079><c> this</c><00:15:08.240><c> is</c><00:15:08.399><c> not</c><00:15:08.639><c> just</c><00:15:08.800><c> a</c><00:15:09.120><c> 3D</c>

11:46.961 --> 11:46.971 align:start position:0%
crucially, this is not just a 3D
 

11:46.971 --> 11:50.401 align:start position:0%
crucially, this is not just a 3D
expansion,<00:15:10.240><c> but</c><00:15:10.560><c> a</c><00:15:10.959><c> 4D</c><00:15:11.440><c> one,</c><00:15:12.160><c> which</c><00:15:12.480><c> means</c><00:15:12.720><c> the</c>

11:50.401 --> 11:50.411 align:start position:0%
expansion, but a 4D one, which means the
 

11:50.411 --> 11:53.122 align:start position:0%
expansion, but a 4D one, which means the
explosion<00:15:13.440><c> is</c><00:15:13.680><c> happening</c><00:15:14.240><c> into</c><00:15:14.560><c> time</c><00:15:15.279><c> as</c><00:15:15.519><c> well</c>

11:53.122 --> 11:53.132 align:start position:0%
explosion is happening into time as well
 

11:53.132 --> 11:56.641 align:start position:0%
explosion is happening into time as well
as<00:15:15.920><c> into</c><00:15:16.240><c> space.</c><00:15:17.600><c> Speaking</c><00:15:17.920><c> of</c><00:15:18.160><c> time,</c><00:15:18.800><c> what</c>

11:56.641 --> 11:56.651 align:start position:0%
as into space. Speaking of time, what
 

11:56.651 --> 12:00.002 align:start position:0%
as into space. Speaking of time, what
direction<00:15:19.920><c> is</c><00:15:20.399><c> time</c><00:15:20.880><c> in</c><00:15:21.120><c> this</c><00:15:21.360><c> space?</c><00:15:22.240><c> What</c>

12:00.002 --> 12:00.012 align:start position:0%
direction is time in this space? What
 

12:00.012 --> 12:02.482 align:start position:0%
direction is time in this space? What
direction<00:15:22.880><c> is</c><00:15:23.199><c> left</c><00:15:23.519><c> and</c><00:15:23.760><c> right,</c><00:15:24.399><c> up</c><00:15:24.720><c> and</c>

12:02.482 --> 12:02.492 align:start position:0%
direction is left and right, up and
 

12:02.492 --> 12:03.682 align:start position:0%
direction is left and right, up and
down?

12:03.682 --> 12:03.692 align:start position:0%
down?
 

12:03.692 --> 12:05.841 align:start position:0%
down?
Well,<00:15:26.639><c> technically</c><00:15:27.199><c> speaking,</c><00:15:27.839><c> there</c><00:15:28.079><c> isn't</c>

12:05.841 --> 12:05.851 align:start position:0%
Well, technically speaking, there isn't
 

12:05.851 --> 12:08.401 align:start position:0%
Well, technically speaking, there isn't
a<00:15:28.560><c> set</c><00:15:29.040><c> time</c><00:15:29.440><c> direction</c><00:15:30.320><c> any</c><00:15:30.560><c> more</c><00:15:30.800><c> than</c>

12:08.401 --> 12:08.411 align:start position:0%
a set time direction any more than
 

12:08.411 --> 12:10.482 align:start position:0%
a set time direction any more than
there's<00:15:31.199><c> a</c><00:15:31.360><c> set</c><00:15:31.760><c> universal</c><00:15:32.560><c> forward</c>

12:10.482 --> 12:10.492 align:start position:0%
there's a set universal forward
 

12:10.492 --> 12:13.202 align:start position:0%
there's a set universal forward
direction<00:15:33.440><c> in</c><00:15:33.600><c> the</c><00:15:33.760><c> 3D</c><00:15:34.240><c> world.</c><00:15:35.120><c> Forward</c><00:15:35.519><c> here</c>

12:13.202 --> 12:13.212 align:start position:0%
direction in the 3D world. Forward here
 

12:13.212 --> 12:15.281 align:start position:0%
direction in the 3D world. Forward here
is<00:15:36.000><c> simply</c><00:15:36.240><c> the</c><00:15:36.480><c> direction</c><00:15:36.800><c> you</c><00:15:36.959><c> are</c><00:15:37.120><c> facing.</c>

12:15.281 --> 12:15.291 align:start position:0%
is simply the direction you are facing.
 

12:15.291 --> 12:18.162 align:start position:0%
is simply the direction you are facing.
Turn<00:15:38.079><c> 90°</c><00:15:39.040><c> and</c><00:15:39.279><c> there's</c><00:15:39.440><c> a</c><00:15:39.600><c> new</c><00:15:39.839><c> forward.</c><00:15:40.560><c> And</c>

12:18.162 --> 12:18.172 align:start position:0%
Turn 90° and there's a new forward. And
 

12:18.172 --> 12:20.641 align:start position:0%
Turn 90° and there's a new forward. And
the<00:15:40.880><c> same</c><00:15:41.120><c> can</c><00:15:41.279><c> be</c><00:15:41.440><c> said</c><00:15:41.680><c> about</c><00:15:42.000><c> time,</c><00:15:42.320><c> too.</c>

12:20.641 --> 12:20.651 align:start position:0%
the same can be said about time, too.
 

12:20.651 --> 12:22.961 align:start position:0%
the same can be said about time, too.
Time<00:15:43.600><c> is</c><00:15:43.920><c> simply</c><00:15:44.320><c> the</c><00:15:44.560><c> direction</c><00:15:45.040><c> you</c><00:15:45.360><c> are</c>

12:22.961 --> 12:22.971 align:start position:0%
Time is simply the direction you are
 

12:22.971 --> 12:27.042 align:start position:0%
Time is simply the direction you are
facing.<00:15:46.480><c> All</c><00:15:46.800><c> other</c><00:15:47.199><c> directions</c><00:15:48.079><c> are</c><00:15:48.320><c> space.</c>

12:27.042 --> 12:27.052 align:start position:0%
facing. All other directions are space.
 

12:27.052 --> 12:28.802 align:start position:0%
facing. All other directions are space.
That's<00:15:49.839><c> the</c><00:15:50.079><c> second</c><00:15:50.320><c> assumption,</c><00:15:50.959><c> and</c><00:15:51.120><c> we'll</c>

12:28.802 --> 12:28.812 align:start position:0%
That's the second assumption, and we'll
 

12:28.812 --> 12:30.641 align:start position:0%
That's the second assumption, and we'll
explore<00:15:51.680><c> it</c><00:15:51.920><c> later.</c>

12:30.641 --> 12:30.651 align:start position:0%
explore it later.
 

12:30.651 --> 12:32.882 align:start position:0%
explore it later.
The<00:15:53.440><c> third</c><00:15:53.759><c> assumption</c><00:15:54.160><c> is</c><00:15:54.560><c> more</c><00:15:54.800><c> of</c><00:15:55.040><c> a</c>

12:32.882 --> 12:32.892 align:start position:0%
The third assumption is more of a
 

12:32.892 --> 12:35.922 align:start position:0%
The third assumption is more of a
realization<00:15:56.240><c> really</c><00:15:57.279><c> because</c><00:15:57.759><c> time</c><00:15:58.079><c> is</c><00:15:58.240><c> a</c>

12:35.922 --> 12:35.932 align:start position:0%
realization really because time is a
 

12:35.932 --> 12:37.762 align:start position:0%
realization really because time is a
direction.<00:15:59.199><c> We</c><00:15:59.440><c> only</c><00:15:59.680><c> experience</c><00:16:00.079><c> the</c>

12:37.762 --> 12:37.772 align:start position:0%
direction. We only experience the
 

12:37.772 --> 12:39.841 align:start position:0%
direction. We only experience the
passage<00:16:00.639><c> of</c><00:16:00.800><c> time</c><00:16:01.040><c> by</c><00:16:01.360><c> moving</c><00:16:01.839><c> in</c><00:16:02.079><c> that</c>

12:39.841 --> 12:39.851 align:start position:0%
passage of time by moving in that
 

12:39.851 --> 12:42.482 align:start position:0%
passage of time by moving in that
direction.<00:16:03.680><c> We</c><00:16:04.000><c> can</c><00:16:04.160><c> see</c><00:16:04.320><c> the</c><00:16:04.560><c> universe</c>

12:42.482 --> 12:42.492 align:start position:0%
direction. We can see the universe
 

12:42.492 --> 12:44.482 align:start position:0%
direction. We can see the universe
thanks<00:16:05.279><c> to</c><00:16:05.519><c> photons</c><00:16:06.079><c> moving</c><00:16:06.399><c> out</c><00:16:06.560><c> across</c>

12:44.482 --> 12:44.492 align:start position:0%
thanks to photons moving out across
 

12:44.492 --> 12:46.721 align:start position:0%
thanks to photons moving out across
space<00:16:07.600><c> from</c><00:16:07.920><c> various</c><00:16:08.399><c> objects</c><00:16:08.800><c> to</c><00:16:09.040><c> our</c>

12:46.721 --> 12:46.731 align:start position:0%
space from various objects to our
 

12:46.731 --> 12:49.362 align:start position:0%
space from various objects to our
eyeballs.<00:16:10.240><c> And</c><00:16:10.399><c> the</c><00:16:10.560><c> exact</c><00:16:10.959><c> photons</c><00:16:11.440><c> that</c><00:16:11.600><c> we</c>

12:49.362 --> 12:49.372 align:start position:0%
eyeballs. And the exact photons that we
 

12:49.372 --> 12:52.162 align:start position:0%
eyeballs. And the exact photons that we
intercept<00:16:12.880><c> are</c><00:16:13.199><c> dependent</c><00:16:13.680><c> on</c><00:16:13.920><c> the</c><00:16:14.160><c> exact</c>

12:52.162 --> 12:52.172 align:start position:0%
intercept are dependent on the exact
 

12:52.172 --> 12:55.042 align:start position:0%
intercept are dependent on the exact
combinations<00:16:15.279><c> of</c><00:16:15.519><c> time</c><00:16:15.920><c> and</c><00:16:16.240><c> space</c><00:16:16.720><c> we</c><00:16:17.199><c> travel</c>

12:55.042 --> 12:55.052 align:start position:0%
combinations of time and space we travel
 

12:55.052 --> 12:58.162 align:start position:0%
combinations of time and space we travel
through.<00:16:18.399><c> The</c><00:16:18.639><c> photons</c><00:16:19.120><c> hitting</c><00:16:19.440><c> me</c><00:16:19.680><c> here</c><00:16:20.480><c> are</c>

12:58.162 --> 12:58.172 align:start position:0%
through. The photons hitting me here are
 

12:58.172 --> 12:59.682 align:start position:0%
through. The photons hitting me here are
different<00:16:20.959><c> to</c><00:16:21.120><c> the</c><00:16:21.279><c> photons</c><00:16:21.680><c> that</c><00:16:21.920><c> would</c><00:16:22.079><c> be</c>

12:59.682 --> 12:59.692 align:start position:0%
different to the photons that would be
 

12:59.692 --> 13:02.081 align:start position:0%
different to the photons that would be
hitting<00:16:22.560><c> me</c><00:16:23.040><c> if</c><00:16:23.279><c> I</c><00:16:23.440><c> were</c><00:16:23.680><c> to</c><00:16:23.920><c> take</c><00:16:24.079><c> a</c><00:16:24.320><c> step</c><00:16:24.480><c> to</c>

13:02.081 --> 13:02.091 align:start position:0%
hitting me if I were to take a step to
 

13:02.091 --> 13:04.242 align:start position:0%
hitting me if I were to take a step to
the<00:16:24.800><c> left.</c><00:16:25.519><c> The</c><00:16:25.759><c> photons</c><00:16:26.160><c> that</c><00:16:26.399><c> are</c><00:16:26.560><c> hitting</c>

13:04.242 --> 13:04.252 align:start position:0%
the left. The photons that are hitting
 

13:04.252 --> 13:06.002 align:start position:0%
the left. The photons that are hitting
me<00:16:26.959><c> now</c><00:16:27.279><c> are</c><00:16:27.519><c> different</c><00:16:27.759><c> to</c><00:16:27.920><c> the</c><00:16:28.079><c> ones</c><00:16:28.320><c> that</c>

13:06.002 --> 13:06.012 align:start position:0%
me now are different to the ones that
 

13:06.012 --> 13:08.002 align:start position:0%
me now are different to the ones that
hit<00:16:28.720><c> me</c><00:16:28.880><c> a</c><00:16:29.120><c> second</c><00:16:29.279><c> ago</c><00:16:29.759><c> or</c><00:16:30.000><c> the</c><00:16:30.160><c> ones</c><00:16:30.399><c> that</c>

13:08.002 --> 13:08.012 align:start position:0%
hit me a second ago or the ones that
 

13:08.012 --> 13:11.602 align:start position:0%
hit me a second ago or the ones that
will<00:16:30.720><c> hit</c><00:16:30.880><c> me</c><00:16:31.120><c> a</c><00:16:31.360><c> second</c><00:16:31.839><c> from</c><00:16:32.240><c> now.</c><00:16:33.360><c> For</c><00:16:33.759><c> every</c>

13:11.602 --> 13:11.612 align:start position:0%
will hit me a second from now. For every
 

13:11.612 --> 13:14.562 align:start position:0%
will hit me a second from now. For every
space<00:16:34.720><c> on</c><00:16:35.040><c> the</c><00:16:35.279><c> 4D</c><00:16:35.759><c> map</c><00:16:36.000><c> of</c><00:16:36.160><c> the</c><00:16:36.240><c> universe,</c>

13:14.562 --> 13:14.572 align:start position:0%
space on the 4D map of the universe,
 

13:14.572 --> 13:16.802 align:start position:0%
space on the 4D map of the universe,
there<00:16:37.360><c> are</c><00:16:37.600><c> a</c><00:16:38.000><c> different</c><00:16:38.320><c> array</c><00:16:38.720><c> of</c><00:16:38.880><c> photons</c>

13:16.802 --> 13:16.812 align:start position:0%
there are a different array of photons
 

13:16.812 --> 13:19.762 align:start position:0%
there are a different array of photons
that<00:16:39.600><c> arrive</c><00:16:39.920><c> at</c><00:16:40.240><c> that</c><00:16:40.560><c> exact</c><00:16:41.120><c> point</c><00:16:41.440><c> in</c><00:16:41.839><c> space</c>

13:19.762 --> 13:19.772 align:start position:0%
that arrive at that exact point in space
 

13:19.772 --> 13:22.961 align:start position:0%
that arrive at that exact point in space
and<00:16:42.800><c> time.</c><00:16:43.839><c> And</c><00:16:44.079><c> those</c><00:16:44.320><c> photons</c><00:16:45.040><c> and</c><00:16:45.360><c> the</c>

13:22.961 --> 13:22.971 align:start position:0%
and time. And those photons and the
 

13:22.971 --> 13:25.281 align:start position:0%
and time. And those photons and the
forces<00:16:45.920><c> and</c><00:16:46.160><c> energies</c><00:16:46.639><c> imparted</c><00:16:47.199><c> by</c><00:16:47.519><c> other</c>

13:25.281 --> 13:25.291 align:start position:0%
forces and energies imparted by other
 

13:25.291 --> 13:28.002 align:start position:0%
forces and energies imparted by other
particles<00:16:48.320><c> traveling</c><00:16:48.720><c> to</c><00:16:48.880><c> us</c><00:16:49.600><c> are</c><00:16:49.920><c> really</c><00:16:50.240><c> the</c>

13:28.002 --> 13:28.012 align:start position:0%
particles traveling to us are really the
 

13:28.012 --> 13:30.562 align:start position:0%
particles traveling to us are really the
only<00:16:50.959><c> way</c><00:16:51.279><c> we</c><00:16:51.600><c> can</c><00:16:51.759><c> experience</c><00:16:52.160><c> the</c><00:16:52.399><c> universe</c>

13:30.562 --> 13:30.572 align:start position:0%
only way we can experience the universe
 

13:30.572 --> 13:34.401 align:start position:0%
only way we can experience the universe
or<00:16:53.440><c> the</c><00:16:53.680><c> passage</c><00:16:54.000><c> of</c><00:16:54.160><c> time.</c><00:16:55.600><c> If</c><00:16:55.839><c> we</c><00:16:56.240><c> draw</c><00:16:56.639><c> out</c>

13:34.401 --> 13:34.411 align:start position:0%
or the passage of time. If we draw out
 

13:34.411 --> 13:37.362 align:start position:0%
or the passage of time. If we draw out
the<00:16:57.279><c> entirety</c><00:16:57.839><c> of</c><00:16:58.000><c> the</c><00:16:58.240><c> universe</c><00:16:58.959><c> and</c><00:16:59.360><c> all</c><00:16:59.600><c> its</c>

13:37.362 --> 13:37.372 align:start position:0%
the entirety of the universe and all its
 

13:37.372 --> 13:40.002 align:start position:0%
the entirety of the universe and all its
history<00:17:00.480><c> into</c><00:17:00.880><c> this</c><00:17:01.120><c> space,</c><00:17:01.920><c> which</c><00:17:02.160><c> we</c><00:17:02.399><c> need</c>

13:40.002 --> 13:40.012 align:start position:0%
history into this space, which we need
 

13:40.012 --> 13:43.281 align:start position:0%
history into this space, which we need
to<00:17:02.959><c> as</c><00:17:03.199><c> a</c><00:17:03.600><c> 4D</c><00:17:04.079><c> space</c><00:17:04.480><c> contains</c><00:17:05.039><c> all</c><00:17:05.280><c> the</c><00:17:05.520><c> events</c>

13:43.281 --> 13:43.291 align:start position:0%
to as a 4D space contains all the events
 

13:43.291 --> 13:46.401 align:start position:0%
to as a 4D space contains all the events
that<00:17:06.079><c> happen</c><00:17:06.400><c> across</c><00:17:07.039><c> all</c><00:17:07.360><c> of</c><00:17:07.520><c> time,</c><00:17:08.559><c> the</c><00:17:08.799><c> only</c>

13:46.401 --> 13:46.411 align:start position:0%
that happen across all of time, the only
 

13:46.411 --> 13:48.322 align:start position:0%
that happen across all of time, the only
way<00:17:09.120><c> we</c><00:17:09.360><c> can</c><00:17:09.520><c> experience</c><00:17:09.919><c> it</c><00:17:10.079><c> is</c><00:17:10.319><c> by</c><00:17:10.559><c> moving</c>

13:48.322 --> 13:48.332 align:start position:0%
way we can experience it is by moving
 

13:48.332 --> 13:51.202 align:start position:0%
way we can experience it is by moving
our<00:17:11.199><c> finger</c><00:17:11.600><c> along</c><00:17:12.000><c> one</c><00:17:12.319><c> of</c><00:17:12.400><c> these</c><00:17:12.720><c> arrows</c><00:17:13.439><c> and</c>

13:51.202 --> 13:51.212 align:start position:0%
our finger along one of these arrows and
 

13:51.212 --> 13:54.562 align:start position:0%
our finger along one of these arrows and
seeing<00:17:14.400><c> what</c><00:17:14.720><c> photons</c><00:17:15.280><c> we</c><00:17:15.520><c> bump</c><00:17:15.919><c> into</c><00:17:16.640><c> one</c>

13:54.562 --> 13:54.572 align:start position:0%
seeing what photons we bump into one
 

13:54.572 --> 13:57.842 align:start position:0%
seeing what photons we bump into one
after<00:17:17.600><c> another.</c><00:17:18.559><c> In</c><00:17:18.799><c> some</c><00:17:19.039><c> way,</c><00:17:19.600><c> this</c><00:17:19.760><c> is</c><00:17:19.919><c> what</c>

13:57.842 --> 13:57.852 align:start position:0%
after another. In some way, this is what
 

13:57.852 --> 14:00.481 align:start position:0%
after another. In some way, this is what
each<00:17:20.640><c> of</c><00:17:20.799><c> us</c><00:17:21.039><c> is</c><00:17:21.280><c> doing.</c><00:17:22.480><c> Speaking</c><00:17:22.799><c> of</c>

14:00.481 --> 14:00.491 align:start position:0%
each of us is doing. Speaking of
 

14:00.491 --> 14:03.281 align:start position:0%
each of us is doing. Speaking of
photons,<00:17:23.919><c> there</c><00:17:24.079><c> is</c><00:17:24.400><c> one</c><00:17:24.799><c> last</c><00:17:25.120><c> assumption</c><00:17:25.600><c> to</c>

14:03.281 --> 14:03.291 align:start position:0%
photons, there is one last assumption to
 

14:03.291 --> 14:05.602 align:start position:0%
photons, there is one last assumption to
add<00:17:26.240><c> before</c><00:17:26.559><c> we</c><00:17:26.799><c> can</c><00:17:27.120><c> understand</c><00:17:27.520><c> this</c><00:17:27.839><c> space</c>

14:05.602 --> 14:05.612 align:start position:0%
add before we can understand this space
 

14:05.612 --> 14:09.762 align:start position:0%
add before we can understand this space
properly.<00:17:29.360><c> And</c><00:17:29.679><c> it</c><00:17:30.000><c> goes</c><00:17:30.240><c> like</c><00:17:30.480><c> this.</c><00:17:31.679><c> Light</c>

14:09.762 --> 14:09.772 align:start position:0%
properly. And it goes like this. Light
 

14:09.772 --> 14:13.361 align:start position:0%
properly. And it goes like this. Light
does<00:17:32.559><c> not</c><00:17:32.880><c> have</c><00:17:33.200><c> a</c><00:17:33.520><c> speed</c><00:17:33.840><c> limit.</c><00:17:34.880><c> It</c><00:17:35.200><c> travels</c>

14:13.361 --> 14:13.371 align:start position:0%
does not have a speed limit. It travels
 

14:13.371 --> 14:16.162 align:start position:0%
does not have a speed limit. It travels
instantly<00:17:36.559><c> in</c><00:17:36.799><c> its</c><00:17:36.960><c> frame</c><00:17:37.200><c> of</c><00:17:37.440><c> view.</c><00:17:38.240><c> It</c><00:17:38.480><c> just</c>

14:16.162 --> 14:16.172 align:start position:0%
instantly in its frame of view. It just
 

14:16.172 --> 14:17.922 align:start position:0%
instantly in its frame of view. It just
looks<00:17:38.960><c> like</c><00:17:39.120><c> it</c><00:17:39.280><c> has</c><00:17:39.360><c> a</c><00:17:39.520><c> speed</c><00:17:39.760><c> limit</c><00:17:40.080><c> from</c>

14:17.922 --> 14:17.932 align:start position:0%
looks like it has a speed limit from
 

14:17.932 --> 14:21.042 align:start position:0%
looks like it has a speed limit from
other<00:17:40.799><c> people's</c><00:17:41.280><c> point</c><00:17:41.520><c> of</c><00:17:41.760><c> view.</c><00:17:42.960><c> Now,</c><00:17:43.360><c> this</c>

14:21.042 --> 14:21.052 align:start position:0%
other people's point of view. Now, this
 

14:21.052 --> 14:23.282 align:start position:0%
other people's point of view. Now, this
idea<00:17:43.919><c> of</c><00:17:44.080><c> my</c><00:17:44.320><c> brothers</c><00:17:44.720><c> is</c><00:17:44.960><c> a</c><00:17:45.200><c> controversial</c>

14:23.282 --> 14:23.292 align:start position:0%
idea of my brothers is a controversial
 

14:23.292 --> 14:26.481 align:start position:0%
idea of my brothers is a controversial
one.<00:17:46.559><c> What</c><00:17:46.880><c> is</c><00:17:47.039><c> he</c><00:17:47.440><c> thinking?</c><00:17:48.400><c> Well,</c><00:17:48.720><c> let's</c>

14:26.481 --> 14:26.491 align:start position:0%
one. What is he thinking? Well, let's
 

14:26.491 --> 14:29.121 align:start position:0%
one. What is he thinking? Well, let's
explore.

14:29.121 --> 14:29.131 align:start position:0%
explore.
 

14:29.131 --> 14:31.762 align:start position:0%
explore.
Normally,<00:17:52.240><c> it's</c><00:17:52.799><c> conventional</c><00:17:53.360><c> in</c><00:17:53.600><c> 4D</c><00:17:54.000><c> graphs</c>

14:31.762 --> 14:31.772 align:start position:0%
Normally, it's conventional in 4D graphs
 

14:31.772 --> 14:35.842 align:start position:0%
Normally, it's conventional in 4D graphs
to<00:17:54.559><c> draw</c><00:17:54.880><c> light</c><00:17:55.200><c> as</c><00:17:55.520><c> moving</c><00:17:55.840><c> at</c><00:17:56.080><c> a</c><00:17:56.480><c> 45°</c><00:17:57.600><c> angle.</c>

14:35.842 --> 14:35.852 align:start position:0%
to draw light as moving at a 45° angle.
 

14:35.852 --> 14:38.001 align:start position:0%
to draw light as moving at a 45° angle.
This<00:17:58.640><c> reflects</c><00:17:59.039><c> the</c><00:17:59.280><c> fact</c><00:17:59.440><c> that</c><00:17:59.840><c> as</c><00:18:00.240><c> light</c>

14:38.001 --> 14:38.011 align:start position:0%
This reflects the fact that as light
 

14:38.011 --> 14:40.162 align:start position:0%
This reflects the fact that as light
travels<00:18:00.960><c> through</c><00:18:01.280><c> space,</c><00:18:01.840><c> it</c><00:18:02.160><c> also</c><00:18:02.400><c> travels</c>

14:40.162 --> 14:40.172 align:start position:0%
travels through space, it also travels
 

14:40.172 --> 14:42.322 align:start position:0%
travels through space, it also travels
through<00:18:03.039><c> time.</c><00:18:03.760><c> And</c><00:18:04.000><c> people</c><00:18:04.320><c> drawing</c><00:18:04.640><c> this</c>

14:42.322 --> 14:42.332 align:start position:0%
through time. And people drawing this
 

14:42.332 --> 14:44.722 align:start position:0%
through time. And people drawing this
out<00:18:05.280><c> usually</c><00:18:05.600><c> assign</c><00:18:06.080><c> both</c><00:18:06.400><c> those</c><00:18:06.640><c> distances</c>

14:44.722 --> 14:44.732 align:start position:0%
out usually assign both those distances
 

14:44.732 --> 14:47.522 align:start position:0%
out usually assign both those distances
to<00:18:07.520><c> be</c><00:18:07.679><c> the</c><00:18:07.919><c> same</c><00:18:08.160><c> value</c><00:18:08.480><c> on</c><00:18:08.640><c> a</c><00:18:08.799><c> 4D</c><00:18:09.280><c> map.</c>

14:47.522 --> 14:47.532 align:start position:0%
to be the same value on a 4D map.
 

14:47.532 --> 14:49.842 align:start position:0%
to be the same value on a 4D map.
However,<00:18:10.559><c> this</c><00:18:10.799><c> idea</c><00:18:11.440><c> that</c><00:18:11.760><c> light</c><00:18:12.080><c> always</c>

14:49.842 --> 14:49.852 align:start position:0%
However, this idea that light always
 

14:49.852 --> 14:52.241 align:start position:0%
However, this idea that light always
travels<00:18:12.720><c> through</c><00:18:13.039><c> space</c><00:18:13.360><c> and</c><00:18:13.520><c> time</c><00:18:14.320><c> does</c><00:18:14.559><c> not</c>

14:52.241 --> 14:52.251 align:start position:0%
travels through space and time does not
 

14:52.251 --> 14:55.522 align:start position:0%
travels through space and time does not
quite<00:18:15.200><c> bear</c><00:18:15.520><c> scrutiny</c><00:18:16.080><c> for</c><00:18:16.480><c> two</c><00:18:16.799><c> reasons.</c><00:18:17.840><c> The</c>

14:55.522 --> 14:55.532 align:start position:0%
quite bear scrutiny for two reasons. The
 

14:55.532 --> 14:58.722 align:start position:0%
quite bear scrutiny for two reasons. The
first<00:18:18.320><c> is</c><00:18:19.039><c> we</c><00:18:19.360><c> don't</c><00:18:19.679><c> actually</c><00:18:20.080><c> know</c><00:18:20.480><c> how</c><00:18:20.880><c> fast</c>

14:58.722 --> 14:58.732 align:start position:0%
first is we don't actually know how fast
 

14:58.732 --> 15:01.121 align:start position:0%
first is we don't actually know how fast
light<00:18:21.600><c> travels</c><00:18:21.919><c> in</c><00:18:22.080><c> a</c><00:18:22.320><c> vacuum.</c><00:18:23.120><c> Don't</c><00:18:23.360><c> get</c><00:18:23.520><c> me</c>

15:01.121 --> 15:01.131 align:start position:0%
light travels in a vacuum. Don't get me
 

15:01.131 --> 15:03.682 align:start position:0%
light travels in a vacuum. Don't get me
wrong,<00:18:24.320><c> we</c><00:18:24.559><c> know</c><00:18:24.799><c> how</c><00:18:25.200><c> fast</c><00:18:25.440><c> it</c><00:18:25.679><c> travels</c><00:18:25.919><c> on</c><00:18:26.160><c> a</c>

15:03.682 --> 15:03.692 align:start position:0%
wrong, we know how fast it travels on a
 

15:03.692 --> 15:05.922 align:start position:0%
wrong, we know how fast it travels on a
round<00:18:26.559><c> trip.</c><00:18:27.280><c> But</c><00:18:27.440><c> much</c><00:18:27.679><c> like</c><00:18:27.919><c> sending</c><00:18:28.160><c> your</c>

15:05.922 --> 15:05.932 align:start position:0%
round trip. But much like sending your
 

15:05.932 --> 15:08.162 align:start position:0%
round trip. But much like sending your
kid<00:18:28.720><c> out</c><00:18:28.880><c> to</c><00:18:29.120><c> school</c><00:18:29.440><c> and</c><00:18:29.919><c> seeing</c><00:18:30.240><c> when</c><00:18:30.480><c> they</c>

15:08.162 --> 15:08.172 align:start position:0%
kid out to school and seeing when they
 

15:08.172 --> 15:10.082 align:start position:0%
kid out to school and seeing when they
get<00:18:30.880><c> back</c><00:18:31.039><c> again</c><00:18:31.280><c> at</c><00:18:31.520><c> the</c><00:18:31.600><c> end</c><00:18:31.760><c> of</c><00:18:31.840><c> the</c><00:18:32.000><c> day,</c>

15:10.082 --> 15:10.092 align:start position:0%
get back again at the end of the day,
 

15:10.092 --> 15:12.001 align:start position:0%
get back again at the end of the day,
you<00:18:32.880><c> don't</c><00:18:33.120><c> entirely</c><00:18:33.760><c> know</c><00:18:34.000><c> what</c><00:18:34.240><c> they</c><00:18:34.400><c> were</c>

15:12.001 --> 15:12.011 align:start position:0%
you don't entirely know what they were
 

15:12.011 --> 15:14.241 align:start position:0%
you don't entirely know what they were
getting<00:18:34.799><c> up</c><00:18:34.960><c> to</c><00:18:35.120><c> in</c><00:18:35.280><c> the</c><00:18:35.440><c> meantime.</c><00:18:36.400><c> You</c><00:18:36.640><c> don't</c>

15:14.241 --> 15:14.251 align:start position:0%
getting up to in the meantime. You don't
 

15:14.251 --> 15:16.241 align:start position:0%
getting up to in the meantime. You don't
know<00:18:36.960><c> if</c><00:18:37.200><c> they</c><00:18:37.600><c> dragged</c><00:18:38.000><c> their</c><00:18:38.240><c> feet</c><00:18:38.400><c> on</c><00:18:38.640><c> the</c>

15:16.241 --> 15:16.251 align:start position:0%
know if they dragged their feet on the
 

15:16.251 --> 15:18.402 align:start position:0%
know if they dragged their feet on the
way<00:18:38.880><c> to</c><00:18:39.039><c> the</c><00:18:39.200><c> classroom</c><00:18:39.679><c> and</c><00:18:40.160><c> ran</c><00:18:40.480><c> back</c><00:18:40.720><c> home</c>

15:18.402 --> 15:18.412 align:start position:0%
way to the classroom and ran back home
 

15:18.412 --> 15:21.121 align:start position:0%
way to the classroom and ran back home
again<00:18:41.280><c> once</c><00:18:41.520><c> school</c><00:18:41.760><c> was</c><00:18:42.000><c> done.</c><00:18:42.799><c> All</c><00:18:43.039><c> you</c><00:18:43.360><c> have</c>

15:21.121 --> 15:21.131 align:start position:0%
again once school was done. All you have
 

15:21.131 --> 15:23.522 align:start position:0%
again once school was done. All you have
are<00:18:43.919><c> the</c><00:18:44.080><c> start</c><00:18:44.400><c> time</c><00:18:44.799><c> and</c><00:18:45.039><c> the</c><00:18:45.200><c> end</c><00:18:45.440><c> time.</c>

15:23.522 --> 15:23.532 align:start position:0%
are the start time and the end time.
 

15:23.532 --> 15:25.602 align:start position:0%
are the start time and the end time.
Simply<00:18:46.640><c> dividing</c><00:18:47.039><c> that</c><00:18:47.280><c> by</c><00:18:47.520><c> two</c><00:18:47.760><c> might</c><00:18:48.000><c> not</c>

15:25.602 --> 15:25.612 align:start position:0%
Simply dividing that by two might not
 

15:25.612 --> 15:27.361 align:start position:0%
Simply dividing that by two might not
give<00:18:48.320><c> you</c><00:18:48.480><c> an</c><00:18:48.720><c> accurate</c><00:18:49.120><c> description</c><00:18:49.520><c> of</c><00:18:49.679><c> your</c>

15:27.361 --> 15:27.371 align:start position:0%
give you an accurate description of your
 

15:27.371 --> 15:31.121 align:start position:0%
give you an accurate description of your
child<00:18:50.640><c> or</c><00:18:51.039><c> light's</c><00:18:51.840><c> real</c><00:18:52.160><c> movement.</c><00:18:53.440><c> But</c>

15:31.121 --> 15:31.131 align:start position:0%
child or light's real movement. But
 

15:31.131 --> 15:33.202 align:start position:0%
child or light's real movement. But
wait,<00:18:54.080><c> surely</c><00:18:54.480><c> there's</c><00:18:54.799><c> some</c><00:18:55.039><c> way</c><00:18:55.200><c> to</c><00:18:55.440><c> test</c>

15:33.202 --> 15:33.212 align:start position:0%
wait, surely there's some way to test
 

15:33.212 --> 15:36.001 align:start position:0%
wait, surely there's some way to test
light's<00:18:56.240><c> real</c><00:18:56.559><c> speed.</c><00:18:57.440><c> Do</c><00:18:57.600><c> we</c><00:18:57.919><c> really</c><00:18:58.400><c> not</c>

15:36.001 --> 15:36.011 align:start position:0%
light's real speed. Do we really not
 

15:36.011 --> 15:38.241 align:start position:0%
light's real speed. Do we really not
know<00:18:58.799><c> this?</c><00:18:59.600><c> Surely</c><00:18:59.919><c> you</c><00:19:00.160><c> could</c><00:19:00.400><c> meet</c><00:19:00.640><c> a</c>

15:38.241 --> 15:38.251 align:start position:0%
know this? Surely you could meet a
 

15:38.251 --> 15:40.402 align:start position:0%
know this? Surely you could meet a
friend,<00:19:01.280><c> synchronize</c><00:19:01.840><c> your</c><00:19:02.080><c> watches,</c><00:19:02.720><c> move</c>

15:40.402 --> 15:40.412 align:start position:0%
friend, synchronize your watches, move
 

15:40.412 --> 15:42.642 align:start position:0%
friend, synchronize your watches, move
apart,<00:19:03.440><c> and</c><00:19:03.600><c> then</c><00:19:03.840><c> shine</c><00:19:04.080><c> a</c><00:19:04.320><c> light</c><00:19:04.480><c> at</c><00:19:04.640><c> them.</c>

15:42.642 --> 15:42.652 align:start position:0%
apart, and then shine a light at them.
 

15:42.652 --> 15:44.481 align:start position:0%
apart, and then shine a light at them.
If<00:19:05.360><c> you</c><00:19:05.600><c> both</c><00:19:05.840><c> know</c><00:19:06.080><c> you'll</c><00:19:06.400><c> shine</c><00:19:06.640><c> the</c><00:19:06.799><c> light</c>

15:44.481 --> 15:44.491 align:start position:0%
If you both know you'll shine the light
 

15:44.491 --> 15:46.642 align:start position:0%
If you both know you'll shine the light
after<00:19:07.360><c> 5</c><00:19:07.600><c> minutes,</c><00:19:08.160><c> surely</c><00:19:08.559><c> they</c><00:19:08.799><c> could</c><00:19:08.960><c> then</c>

15:46.642 --> 15:46.652 align:start position:0%
after 5 minutes, surely they could then
 

15:46.652 --> 15:48.481 align:start position:0%
after 5 minutes, surely they could then
just<00:19:09.600><c> time</c><00:19:09.840><c> the</c><00:19:10.080><c> difference</c><00:19:10.400><c> between</c><00:19:10.799><c> 5</c>

15:48.481 --> 15:48.491 align:start position:0%
just time the difference between 5
 

15:48.491 --> 15:50.241 align:start position:0%
just time the difference between 5
minutes<00:19:11.280><c> and</c><00:19:11.440><c> the</c><00:19:11.600><c> arrival</c><00:19:11.919><c> of</c><00:19:12.080><c> the</c><00:19:12.240><c> light</c><00:19:12.559><c> to</c>

15:50.241 --> 15:50.251 align:start position:0%
minutes and the arrival of the light to
 

15:50.251 --> 15:53.922 align:start position:0%
minutes and the arrival of the light to
get<00:19:12.960><c> a</c><00:19:13.200><c> value</c><00:19:13.440><c> for</c><00:19:13.840><c> oneway</c><00:19:14.320><c> light</c><00:19:14.640><c> speed.</c><00:19:15.840><c> No,</c>

15:53.922 --> 15:53.932 align:start position:0%
get a value for oneway light speed. No,
 

15:53.932 --> 15:56.402 align:start position:0%
get a value for oneway light speed. No,
this<00:19:16.799><c> doesn't</c><00:19:17.039><c> work</c><00:19:17.280><c> either</c><00:19:18.080><c> because</c><00:19:18.480><c> as</c><00:19:18.799><c> soon</c>

15:56.402 --> 15:56.412 align:start position:0%
this doesn't work either because as soon
 

15:56.412 --> 15:58.241 align:start position:0%
this doesn't work either because as soon
as<00:19:19.120><c> your</c><00:19:19.280><c> friend</c><00:19:19.600><c> leaves,</c><00:19:20.080><c> they</c><00:19:20.320><c> are</c><00:19:20.400><c> now</c><00:19:20.640><c> in</c>

15:58.241 --> 15:58.251 align:start position:0%
as your friend leaves, they are now in
 

15:58.251 --> 16:00.642 align:start position:0%
as your friend leaves, they are now in
motion.<00:19:21.679><c> Remember</c><00:19:22.080><c> our</c><00:19:22.400><c> example</c><00:19:22.799><c> of</c><00:19:22.960><c> the</c>

16:00.642 --> 16:00.652 align:start position:0%
motion. Remember our example of the
 

16:00.652 --> 16:03.202 align:start position:0%
motion. Remember our example of the
moving<00:19:23.520><c> clocks</c><00:19:23.919><c> experiment</c><00:19:24.480><c> earlier?</c><00:19:25.280><c> Once</c><00:19:25.520><c> a</c>

16:03.202 --> 16:03.212 align:start position:0%
moving clocks experiment earlier? Once a
 

16:03.212 --> 16:05.682 align:start position:0%
moving clocks experiment earlier? Once a
clock<00:19:26.000><c> is</c><00:19:26.160><c> in</c><00:19:26.400><c> motion,</c><00:19:27.039><c> it</c><00:19:27.360><c> desynchronizes</c>

16:05.682 --> 16:05.692 align:start position:0%
clock is in motion, it desynchronizes
 

16:05.692 --> 16:07.762 align:start position:0%
clock is in motion, it desynchronizes
from<00:19:28.400><c> the</c><00:19:28.559><c> clock</c><00:19:28.799><c> at</c><00:19:29.039><c> rest.</c><00:19:29.679><c> And</c><00:19:29.919><c> the</c><00:19:30.080><c> amount</c>

16:07.762 --> 16:07.772 align:start position:0%
from the clock at rest. And the amount
 

16:07.772 --> 16:10.001 align:start position:0%
from the clock at rest. And the amount
of<00:19:30.480><c> that</c><00:19:30.720><c> desynchronization</c><00:19:31.679><c> is</c><00:19:32.000><c> tied</c><00:19:32.240><c> to</c><00:19:32.400><c> the</c>

16:10.001 --> 16:10.011 align:start position:0%
of that desynchronization is tied to the
 

16:10.011 --> 16:12.402 align:start position:0%
of that desynchronization is tied to the
warping<00:19:32.960><c> of</c><00:19:33.200><c> space</c><00:19:33.520><c> and</c><00:19:33.760><c> time,</c><00:19:34.400><c> which</c><00:19:34.720><c> is</c>

16:12.402 --> 16:12.412 align:start position:0%
warping of space and time, which is
 

16:12.412 --> 16:15.202 align:start position:0%
warping of space and time, which is
directly<00:19:35.520><c> tied</c><00:19:35.840><c> to,</c><00:19:36.559><c> you</c><00:19:36.799><c> guessed</c><00:19:37.039><c> it,</c><00:19:37.520><c> the</c>

16:15.202 --> 16:15.212 align:start position:0%
directly tied to, you guessed it, the
 

16:15.212 --> 16:17.762 align:start position:0%
directly tied to, you guessed it, the
speed<00:19:38.080><c> of</c><00:19:38.240><c> light,</c><00:19:38.880><c> the</c><00:19:39.200><c> very</c><00:19:39.440><c> thing</c><00:19:39.840><c> you</c><00:19:40.080><c> are</c>

16:17.762 --> 16:17.772 align:start position:0%
speed of light, the very thing you are
 

16:17.772 --> 16:20.241 align:start position:0%
speed of light, the very thing you are
trying<00:19:40.559><c> to</c><00:19:40.799><c> test.</c><00:19:41.679><c> And</c><00:19:41.919><c> obviously</c><00:19:42.320><c> you</c><00:19:42.559><c> can't</c>

16:20.241 --> 16:20.251 align:start position:0%
trying to test. And obviously you can't
 

16:20.251 --> 16:22.562 align:start position:0%
trying to test. And obviously you can't
have<00:19:43.039><c> a</c><00:19:43.280><c> test</c><00:19:43.520><c> for</c><00:19:43.679><c> the</c><00:19:43.919><c> speed</c><00:19:44.080><c> of</c><00:19:44.240><c> light</c><00:19:44.720><c> that</c>

16:22.562 --> 16:22.572 align:start position:0%
have a test for the speed of light that
 

16:22.572 --> 16:24.962 align:start position:0%
have a test for the speed of light that
presupposes<00:19:46.000><c> the</c><00:19:46.320><c> speed</c><00:19:46.480><c> of</c><00:19:46.640><c> light</c><00:19:46.880><c> in</c><00:19:47.200><c> any</c>

16:24.962 --> 16:24.972 align:start position:0%
presupposes the speed of light in any
 

16:24.972 --> 16:28.082 align:start position:0%
presupposes the speed of light in any
other<00:19:47.840><c> part</c><00:19:48.080><c> of</c><00:19:48.240><c> the</c><00:19:48.480><c> test.</c><00:19:49.440><c> So</c><00:19:49.760><c> in</c><00:19:50.000><c> this</c><00:19:50.160><c> way</c>

16:28.082 --> 16:28.092 align:start position:0%
other part of the test. So in this way
 

16:28.092 --> 16:30.402 align:start position:0%
other part of the test. So in this way
all<00:19:50.960><c> tests</c><00:19:51.280><c> that</c><00:19:51.520><c> rely</c><00:19:51.840><c> on</c><00:19:52.080><c> two</c><00:19:52.320><c> things</c><00:19:52.640><c> moving</c>

16:30.402 --> 16:30.412 align:start position:0%
all tests that rely on two things moving
 

16:30.412 --> 16:33.042 align:start position:0%
all tests that rely on two things moving
apart<00:19:53.280><c> from</c><00:19:53.440><c> each</c><00:19:53.679><c> other</c><00:19:54.320><c> struggle</c><00:19:54.960><c> with</c><00:19:55.280><c> this</c>

16:33.042 --> 16:33.052 align:start position:0%
apart from each other struggle with this
 

16:33.052 --> 16:35.361 align:start position:0%
apart from each other struggle with this
problem.<00:19:56.640><c> And</c><00:19:56.960><c> obviously</c><00:19:57.360><c> you</c><00:19:57.600><c> can't</c>

16:35.361 --> 16:35.371 align:start position:0%
problem. And obviously you can't
 

16:35.371 --> 16:37.842 align:start position:0%
problem. And obviously you can't
synchronize<00:19:58.400><c> at</c><00:19:58.559><c> a</c><00:19:58.799><c> distance</c><00:19:59.520><c> because</c><00:20:00.080><c> you</c>

16:37.842 --> 16:37.852 align:start position:0%
synchronize at a distance because you
 

16:37.852 --> 16:39.522 align:start position:0%
synchronize at a distance because you
signaling<00:20:00.960><c> to</c><00:20:01.120><c> your</c><00:20:01.360><c> friend</c><00:20:01.600><c> that</c><00:20:01.840><c> you're</c>

16:39.522 --> 16:39.532 align:start position:0%
signaling to your friend that you're
 

16:39.532 --> 16:42.001 align:start position:0%
signaling to your friend that you're
ready<00:20:02.320><c> to</c><00:20:02.480><c> synchronize</c><00:20:03.120><c> watches</c><00:20:03.919><c> depends</c><00:20:04.320><c> on</c>

16:42.001 --> 16:42.011 align:start position:0%
ready to synchronize watches depends on
 

16:42.011 --> 16:43.842 align:start position:0%
ready to synchronize watches depends on
that<00:20:04.960><c> information</c><00:20:05.520><c> traveling</c><00:20:05.919><c> to</c><00:20:06.080><c> them</c><00:20:06.240><c> at</c>

16:43.842 --> 16:43.852 align:start position:0%
that information traveling to them at
 

16:43.852 --> 16:46.001 align:start position:0%
that information traveling to them at
the<00:20:06.559><c> speed</c><00:20:06.720><c> of</c><00:20:06.960><c> light.</c><00:20:07.840><c> And</c><00:20:08.000><c> you</c><00:20:08.240><c> don't</c><00:20:08.400><c> know</c>

16:46.001 --> 16:46.011 align:start position:0%
the speed of light. And you don't know
 

16:46.011 --> 16:48.241 align:start position:0%
the speed of light. And you don't know
how<00:20:08.720><c> long</c><00:20:08.960><c> that</c><00:20:09.200><c> takes</c><00:20:09.440><c> one</c><00:20:09.679><c> way.</c><00:20:10.320><c> only</c><00:20:10.559><c> the</c>

16:48.241 --> 16:48.251 align:start position:0%
how long that takes one way. only the
 

16:48.251 --> 16:50.241 align:start position:0%
how long that takes one way. only the
round<00:20:11.120><c> trip</c><00:20:11.440><c> when</c><00:20:11.679><c> you</c><00:20:11.840><c> see</c><00:20:12.000><c> them</c><00:20:12.240><c> wave</c><00:20:12.559><c> back</c>

16:50.241 --> 16:50.251 align:start position:0%
round trip when you see them wave back
 

16:50.251 --> 16:53.602 align:start position:0%
round trip when you see them wave back
that<00:20:13.039><c> they</c><00:20:13.280><c> have</c><00:20:13.520><c> done</c><00:20:13.679><c> it.</c><00:20:15.120><c> This</c><00:20:15.360><c> has</c><00:20:15.600><c> been</c><00:20:15.840><c> a</c>

16:53.602 --> 16:53.612 align:start position:0%
that they have done it. This has been a
 

16:53.612 --> 16:56.322 align:start position:0%
that they have done it. This has been a
bit<00:20:16.400><c> of</c><00:20:16.480><c> a</c><00:20:16.720><c> puzzler</c><00:20:17.200><c> for</c><00:20:17.440><c> all</c><00:20:17.760><c> scientists</c><00:20:18.640><c> all</c>

16:56.322 --> 16:56.332 align:start position:0%
bit of a puzzler for all scientists all
 

16:56.332 --> 16:59.042 align:start position:0%
bit of a puzzler for all scientists all
the<00:20:19.039><c> way</c><00:20:19.120><c> back</c><00:20:19.360><c> to</c><00:20:19.520><c> Einstein.</c><00:20:20.640><c> To</c><00:20:20.880><c> date,</c><00:20:21.360><c> there</c>

16:59.042 --> 16:59.052 align:start position:0%
the way back to Einstein. To date, there
 

16:59.052 --> 17:00.802 align:start position:0%
the way back to Einstein. To date, there
has<00:20:21.840><c> been</c><00:20:22.080><c> no</c><00:20:22.320><c> experiment</c><00:20:22.799><c> that</c><00:20:23.039><c> has</c>

17:00.802 --> 17:00.812 align:start position:0%
has been no experiment that has
 

17:00.812 --> 17:03.682 align:start position:0%
has been no experiment that has
successfully<00:20:24.080><c> measured</c><00:20:24.559><c> a</c><00:20:24.960><c> one-way</c><00:20:25.760><c> speed</c><00:20:26.080><c> of</c>

17:03.682 --> 17:03.692 align:start position:0%
successfully measured a one-way speed of
 

17:03.692 --> 17:05.922 align:start position:0%
successfully measured a one-way speed of
light.<00:20:26.960><c> The</c><00:20:27.280><c> solution</c><00:20:27.520><c> to</c><00:20:27.760><c> this</c><00:20:27.919><c> was</c><00:20:28.240><c> to</c>

17:05.922 --> 17:05.932 align:start position:0%
light. The solution to this was to
 

17:05.932 --> 17:08.642 align:start position:0%
light. The solution to this was to
simply<00:20:28.880><c> divide</c><00:20:29.440><c> two-way</c><00:20:30.000><c> trips</c><00:20:30.400><c> of</c><00:20:30.559><c> light</c><00:20:30.880><c> by</c>

17:08.642 --> 17:08.652 align:start position:0%
simply divide two-way trips of light by
 

17:08.652 --> 17:10.802 align:start position:0%
simply divide two-way trips of light by
two,<00:20:31.840><c> which</c><00:20:32.080><c> is</c><00:20:32.240><c> where</c><00:20:32.480><c> we</c><00:20:32.640><c> get</c><00:20:33.039><c> the</c>

17:10.802 --> 17:10.812 align:start position:0%
two, which is where we get the
 

17:10.812 --> 17:15.042 align:start position:0%
two, which is where we get the
299,792,458

17:15.042 --> 17:15.052 align:start position:0%
 
 

17:15.052 --> 17:18.722 align:start position:0%
 
m/s<00:20:38.400><c> in</c><00:20:38.640><c> a</c><00:20:38.799><c> vacuum</c><00:20:39.360><c> value</c><00:20:39.760><c> from.</c><00:20:40.799><c> But</c><00:20:40.960><c> to</c><00:20:41.120><c> be</c>

17:18.722 --> 17:18.732 align:start position:0%
m/s in a vacuum value from. But to be
 

17:18.732 --> 17:21.202 align:start position:0%
m/s in a vacuum value from. But to be
clear,<00:20:41.840><c> this</c><00:20:42.080><c> was</c><00:20:42.400><c> always</c><00:20:42.640><c> a</c><00:20:42.880><c> choice</c><00:20:43.200><c> made</c>

17:21.202 --> 17:21.212 align:start position:0%
clear, this was always a choice made
 

17:21.212 --> 17:23.202 align:start position:0%
clear, this was always a choice made
because<00:20:44.159><c> it</c><00:20:44.400><c> was</c><00:20:44.640><c> convenient.</c><00:20:45.440><c> Light</c>

17:23.202 --> 17:23.212 align:start position:0%
because it was convenient. Light
 

17:23.212 --> 17:25.842 align:start position:0%
because it was convenient. Light
traveling<00:20:46.159><c> at</c><00:20:46.480><c> different</c><00:20:46.799><c> speeds</c><00:20:47.120><c> is</c><00:20:47.679><c> harder.</c>

17:25.842 --> 17:25.852 align:start position:0%
traveling at different speeds is harder.
 

17:25.852 --> 17:28.322 align:start position:0%
traveling at different speeds is harder.
So,<00:20:48.559><c> we</c><00:20:48.799><c> just</c><00:20:49.280><c> decided</c><00:20:50.080><c> it</c><00:20:50.400><c> wasn't</c><00:20:50.640><c> doing</c>

17:28.322 --> 17:28.332 align:start position:0%
So, we just decided it wasn't doing
 

17:28.332 --> 17:29.601 align:start position:0%
So, we just decided it wasn't doing
that.

17:29.601 --> 17:29.611 align:start position:0%
that.
 

17:29.611 --> 17:31.842 align:start position:0%
that.
But<00:20:52.400><c> there</c><00:20:52.720><c> has</c><00:20:53.039><c> always</c><00:20:53.440><c> been</c><00:20:53.760><c> a</c><00:20:54.080><c> second</c>

17:31.842 --> 17:31.852 align:start position:0%
But there has always been a second
 

17:31.852 --> 17:33.762 align:start position:0%
But there has always been a second
reason<00:20:54.640><c> to</c><00:20:54.880><c> question</c><00:20:55.200><c> this</c><00:20:55.440><c> consistent</c><00:20:56.000><c> speed</c>

17:33.762 --> 17:33.772 align:start position:0%
reason to question this consistent speed
 

17:33.772 --> 17:36.322 align:start position:0%
reason to question this consistent speed
idea,<00:20:57.120><c> and</c><00:20:57.360><c> that</c><00:20:57.679><c> is</c><00:20:57.840><c> the</c><00:20:58.080><c> fact</c><00:20:58.240><c> that</c><00:20:58.480><c> light</c>

17:36.322 --> 17:36.332 align:start position:0%
idea, and that is the fact that light
 

17:36.332 --> 17:38.962 align:start position:0%
idea, and that is the fact that light
always<00:20:59.360><c> travels</c><00:20:59.760><c> at</c><00:20:59.919><c> the</c><00:21:00.159><c> same</c><00:21:00.400><c> speed</c><00:21:00.720><c> in</c><00:21:01.120><c> all</c>

17:38.962 --> 17:38.972 align:start position:0%
always travels at the same speed in all
 

17:38.972 --> 17:41.522 align:start position:0%
always travels at the same speed in all
reference<00:21:02.000><c> frames,</c><00:21:02.799><c> or</c><00:21:03.039><c> at</c><00:21:03.039><c> least</c><00:21:03.679><c> all</c>

17:41.522 --> 17:41.532 align:start position:0%
reference frames, or at least all
 

17:41.532 --> 17:44.481 align:start position:0%
reference frames, or at least all
reference<00:21:04.480><c> frames,</c><00:21:05.039><c> but</c><00:21:05.360><c> one,</c><00:21:06.240><c> that</c><00:21:06.640><c> of</c><00:21:06.880><c> the</c>

17:44.481 --> 17:44.491 align:start position:0%
reference frames, but one, that of the
 

17:44.491 --> 17:47.522 align:start position:0%
reference frames, but one, that of the
light<00:21:07.360><c> itself.</c><00:21:08.799><c> Speed</c><00:21:09.200><c> is</c><00:21:09.520><c> simple</c><00:21:09.840><c> to</c>

17:47.522 --> 17:47.532 align:start position:0%
light itself. Speed is simple to
 

17:47.532 --> 17:49.522 align:start position:0%
light itself. Speed is simple to
calculate.<00:21:10.960><c> It's</c><00:21:11.200><c> distance</c><00:21:11.369><c> [music]</c><00:21:11.679><c> divided</c>

17:49.522 --> 17:49.532 align:start position:0%
calculate. It's distance [music] divided
 

17:49.532 --> 17:52.001 align:start position:0%
calculate. It's distance [music] divided
by<00:21:12.320><c> time.</c><00:21:13.120><c> And</c><00:21:13.360><c> every</c><00:21:13.679><c> person</c><00:21:14.000><c> tracking</c><00:21:14.400><c> the</c>

17:52.001 --> 17:52.011 align:start position:0%
by time. And every person tracking the
 

17:52.011 --> 17:53.922 align:start position:0%
by time. And every person tracking the
speed<00:21:14.799><c> of</c><00:21:14.960><c> light</c><00:21:15.280><c> finds</c><00:21:15.600><c> the</c><00:21:15.760><c> answer</c><00:21:16.000><c> to</c><00:21:16.159><c> be</c>

17:53.922 --> 17:53.932 align:start position:0%
speed of light finds the answer to be
 

17:53.932 --> 17:57.682 align:start position:0%
speed of light finds the answer to be
299,792,458

17:57.682 --> 17:57.692 align:start position:0%
 
 

17:57.692 --> 17:59.202 align:start position:0%
 
m/s.

17:59.202 --> 17:59.212 align:start position:0%
m/s.
 

17:59.212 --> 18:01.202 align:start position:0%
m/s.
However,<00:21:22.240><c> we</c><00:21:22.480><c> have</c><00:21:22.799><c> already</c><00:21:23.200><c> noticed</c><00:21:23.520><c> that</c>

18:01.202 --> 18:01.212 align:start position:0%
However, we have already noticed that
 

18:01.212 --> 18:03.282 align:start position:0%
However, we have already noticed that
clocks<00:21:24.159><c> experience</c><00:21:24.640><c> less</c><00:21:25.039><c> time</c><00:21:25.280><c> the</c><00:21:25.520><c> faster</c>

18:03.282 --> 18:03.292 align:start position:0%
clocks experience less time the faster
 

18:03.292 --> 18:06.001 align:start position:0%
clocks experience less time the faster
they<00:21:26.159><c> travel.</c><00:21:26.960><c> And</c><00:21:27.120><c> it</c><00:21:27.360><c> is</c><00:21:27.520><c> a</c><00:21:27.760><c> well-known</c><00:21:28.240><c> idea</c>

18:06.001 --> 18:06.011 align:start position:0%
they travel. And it is a well-known idea
 

18:06.011 --> 18:08.322 align:start position:0%
they travel. And it is a well-known idea
in<00:21:28.799><c> science</c><00:21:29.200><c> and</c><00:21:29.520><c> science</c><00:21:29.919><c> fiction</c><00:21:30.400><c> that</c><00:21:30.720><c> the</c>

18:08.322 --> 18:08.332 align:start position:0%
in science and science fiction that the
 

18:08.332 --> 18:10.322 align:start position:0%
in science and science fiction that the
more<00:21:31.039><c> you</c><00:21:31.200><c> speed</c><00:21:31.520><c> up</c><00:21:31.679><c> your</c><00:21:31.840><c> motion,</c><00:21:32.640><c> the</c>

18:10.322 --> 18:10.332 align:start position:0%
more you speed up your motion, the
 

18:10.332 --> 18:13.121 align:start position:0%
more you speed up your motion, the
greater<00:21:33.280><c> this</c><00:21:33.520><c> time</c><00:21:33.760><c> drag</c><00:21:34.159><c> becomes.</c><00:21:35.280><c> If</c><00:21:35.520><c> you</c>

18:13.121 --> 18:13.131 align:start position:0%
greater this time drag becomes. If you
 

18:13.131 --> 18:15.202 align:start position:0%
greater this time drag becomes. If you
could<00:21:35.919><c> increase</c><00:21:36.240><c> your</c><00:21:36.480><c> speed</c><00:21:36.720><c> to</c><00:21:36.880><c> the</c><00:21:37.120><c> fastest</c>

18:15.202 --> 18:15.212 align:start position:0%
could increase your speed to the fastest
 

18:15.212 --> 18:17.922 align:start position:0%
could increase your speed to the fastest
possible<00:21:38.320><c> speed,</c><00:21:39.280><c> light</c><00:21:39.600><c> speed,</c><00:21:40.000><c> funnily</c>

18:17.922 --> 18:17.932 align:start position:0%
possible speed, light speed, funnily
 

18:17.932 --> 18:22.162 align:start position:0%
possible speed, light speed, funnily
enough,<00:21:41.200><c> your</c><00:21:41.520><c> time</c><00:21:42.080><c> would</c><00:21:42.480><c> completely</c><00:21:43.440><c> stop.</c>

18:22.162 --> 18:22.172 align:start position:0%
enough, your time would completely stop.
 

18:22.172 --> 18:25.042 align:start position:0%
enough, your time would completely stop.
So<00:21:45.120><c> based</c><00:21:45.440><c> on</c><00:21:45.600><c> this</c><00:21:45.760><c> logic,</c><00:21:46.559><c> how</c><00:21:46.880><c> fast</c><00:21:47.280><c> does</c><00:21:47.440><c> a</c>

18:25.042 --> 18:25.052 align:start position:0%
So based on this logic, how fast does a
 

18:25.052 --> 18:28.481 align:start position:0%
So based on this logic, how fast does a
photon<00:21:48.080><c> think</c><00:21:48.400><c> it</c><00:21:48.640><c> covers</c><00:21:49.039><c> a</c><00:21:49.360><c> 10</c><00:21:49.679><c> m</c><00:21:50.000><c> distance?</c>

18:28.481 --> 18:28.491 align:start position:0%
photon think it covers a 10 m distance?
 

18:28.491 --> 18:30.882 align:start position:0%
photon think it covers a 10 m distance?
Well,<00:21:51.440><c> a</c><00:21:51.679><c> photon</c><00:21:52.080><c> is</c><00:21:52.320><c> presumably</c><00:21:52.960><c> going</c><00:21:53.200><c> to</c>

18:30.882 --> 18:30.892 align:start position:0%
Well, a photon is presumably going to
 

18:30.892 --> 18:34.082 align:start position:0%
Well, a photon is presumably going to
experience<00:21:54.480><c> zero</c><00:21:55.039><c> personal</c><00:21:55.520><c> time</c><00:21:56.159><c> and</c><00:21:56.400><c> will</c>

18:34.082 --> 18:34.092 align:start position:0%
experience zero personal time and will
 

18:34.092 --> 18:37.121 align:start position:0%
experience zero personal time and will
cover<00:21:56.960><c> that</c><00:21:57.280><c> distance</c><00:21:57.919><c> instantly.</c><00:21:59.039><c> So</c><00:21:59.360><c> either</c>

18:37.121 --> 18:37.131 align:start position:0%
cover that distance instantly. So either
 

18:37.131 --> 18:40.562 align:start position:0%
cover that distance instantly. So either
we<00:21:59.840><c> call</c><00:22:00.080><c> that</c><00:22:00.480><c> 10</c><00:22:00.799><c> m</c><00:22:01.200><c> over</c><00:22:01.520><c> 0</c><00:22:02.000><c> seconds</c><00:22:02.799><c> which</c>

18:40.562 --> 18:40.572 align:start position:0%
we call that 10 m over 0 seconds which
 

18:40.572 --> 18:42.241 align:start position:0%
we call that 10 m over 0 seconds which
is<00:22:03.280><c> impossible</c><00:22:03.840><c> to</c><00:22:04.080><c> mathematically</c>

18:42.241 --> 18:42.251 align:start position:0%
is impossible to mathematically
 

18:42.251 --> 18:45.282 align:start position:0%
is impossible to mathematically
calculate<00:22:05.360><c> as</c><00:22:05.600><c> you</c><00:22:05.840><c> can't</c><00:22:06.159><c> divide</c><00:22:06.480><c> by</c><00:22:06.720><c> 0</c><00:22:07.520><c> but</c>

18:45.282 --> 18:45.292 align:start position:0%
calculate as you can't divide by 0 but
 

18:45.292 --> 18:46.882 align:start position:0%
calculate as you can't divide by 0 but
would<00:22:08.080><c> be</c><00:22:08.159><c> somewhere</c><00:22:08.480><c> in</c><00:22:08.640><c> the</c><00:22:08.799><c> ballpark</c><00:22:09.200><c> of</c>

18:46.882 --> 18:46.892 align:start position:0%
would be somewhere in the ballpark of
 

18:46.892 --> 18:49.601 align:start position:0%
would be somewhere in the ballpark of
infinity<00:22:10.400><c> as</c><00:22:10.640><c> that's</c><00:22:10.960><c> what</c><00:22:11.200><c> dividing</c><00:22:11.760><c> by</c>

18:49.601 --> 18:49.611 align:start position:0%
infinity as that's what dividing by
 

18:49.611 --> 18:51.601 align:start position:0%
infinity as that's what dividing by
increasingly<00:22:12.880><c> in</c><00:22:13.039><c> small</c><00:22:13.360><c> numbers</c><00:22:13.760><c> trends</c>

18:51.601 --> 18:51.611 align:start position:0%
increasingly in small numbers trends
 

18:51.611 --> 18:54.162 align:start position:0%
increasingly in small numbers trends
towards<00:22:15.120><c> or</c><00:22:15.360><c> we</c><00:22:15.600><c> remember</c><00:22:15.840><c> that</c><00:22:16.320><c> length</c>

18:54.162 --> 18:54.172 align:start position:0%
towards or we remember that length
 

18:54.172 --> 18:56.642 align:start position:0%
towards or we remember that length
contraction<00:22:17.280><c> exists</c><00:22:17.919><c> and</c><00:22:18.240><c> we</c><00:22:18.559><c> can</c><00:22:18.720><c> track</c><00:22:18.960><c> that</c>

18:56.642 --> 18:56.652 align:start position:0%
contraction exists and we can track that
 

18:56.652 --> 19:00.562 align:start position:0%
contraction exists and we can track that
10<00:22:19.440><c> m</c><00:22:19.760><c> down</c><00:22:20.000><c> to</c><00:22:20.240><c> 0</c><00:22:20.640><c> m</c><00:22:21.360><c> and</c><00:22:21.520><c> then</c><00:22:21.760><c> we</c><00:22:21.919><c> have</c><00:22:22.320><c> 0</c><00:22:22.720><c> m</c>

19:00.562 --> 19:00.572 align:start position:0%
10 m down to 0 m and then we have 0 m
 

19:00.572 --> 19:02.802 align:start position:0%
10 m down to 0 m and then we have 0 m
over<00:22:23.440><c> 0</c><00:22:23.840><c> seconds.</c><00:22:24.799><c> But</c><00:22:24.960><c> that's</c><00:22:25.200><c> still</c>

19:02.802 --> 19:02.812 align:start position:0%
over 0 seconds. But that's still
 

19:02.812 --> 19:04.562 align:start position:0%
over 0 seconds. But that's still
impossible<00:22:25.840><c> to</c><00:22:26.000><c> calculate</c><00:22:26.480><c> because</c><00:22:26.880><c> you</c>

19:04.562 --> 19:04.572 align:start position:0%
impossible to calculate because you
 

19:04.572 --> 19:08.162 align:start position:0%
impossible to calculate because you
can't<00:22:27.360><c> divide</c><00:22:27.760><c> by</c><00:22:28.000><c> zero.</c><00:22:29.039><c> Either</c><00:22:29.360><c> way,</c><00:22:30.000><c> notice</c>

19:08.162 --> 19:08.172 align:start position:0%
can't divide by zero. Either way, notice
 

19:08.172 --> 19:10.642 align:start position:0%
can't divide by zero. Either way, notice
neither<00:22:31.200><c> of</c><00:22:31.440><c> these</c><00:22:31.840><c> answers</c><00:22:32.400><c> gives</c><00:22:32.720><c> us</c>

19:10.642 --> 19:10.652 align:start position:0%
neither of these answers gives us
 

19:10.652 --> 19:14.562 align:start position:0%
neither of these answers gives us
299,792,458

19:14.562 --> 19:14.572 align:start position:0%
 
 

19:14.572 --> 19:16.481 align:start position:0%
 
m/s.

19:16.481 --> 19:16.491 align:start position:0%
m/s.
 

19:16.491 --> 19:18.402 align:start position:0%
m/s.
With<00:22:39.360><c> maths</c><00:22:39.919><c> breaking</c><00:22:40.240><c> down,</c><00:22:40.559><c> when</c><00:22:40.720><c> we</c>

19:18.402 --> 19:18.412 align:start position:0%
With maths breaking down, when we
 

19:18.412 --> 19:19.922 align:start position:0%
With maths breaking down, when we
consider<00:22:41.280><c> things</c><00:22:41.520><c> from</c><00:22:41.679><c> the</c><00:22:41.919><c> photons</c>

19:19.922 --> 19:19.932 align:start position:0%
consider things from the photons
 

19:19.932 --> 19:22.562 align:start position:0%
consider things from the photons
perspective,<00:22:43.360><c> it</c><00:22:43.679><c> suggests</c><00:22:44.320><c> that</c><00:22:44.640><c> we</c><00:22:44.880><c> are</c>

19:22.562 --> 19:22.572 align:start position:0%
perspective, it suggests that we are
 

19:22.572 --> 19:26.241 align:start position:0%
perspective, it suggests that we are
going<00:22:45.600><c> wrong</c><00:22:46.080><c> somewhere</c><00:22:46.559><c> here.</c><00:22:47.840><c> So,</c><00:22:48.480><c> what's</c>

19:26.241 --> 19:26.251 align:start position:0%
going wrong somewhere here. So, what's
 

19:26.251 --> 19:28.882 align:start position:0%
going wrong somewhere here. So, what's
my<00:22:49.039><c> brother's</c><00:22:49.520><c> alternative?</c><00:22:50.720><c> Well,</c><00:22:51.120><c> it's</c>

19:28.882 --> 19:28.892 align:start position:0%
my brother's alternative? Well, it's
 

19:28.892 --> 19:32.802 align:start position:0%
my brother's alternative? Well, it's
simple.<00:22:52.320><c> In</c><00:22:52.559><c> this</c><00:22:52.799><c> 4D</c><00:22:53.280><c> space,</c><00:22:54.159><c> allow</c><00:22:54.640><c> light</c><00:22:55.120><c> to</c>

19:32.802 --> 19:32.812 align:start position:0%
simple. In this 4D space, allow light to
 

19:32.812 --> 19:35.202 align:start position:0%
simple. In this 4D space, allow light to
travel<00:22:55.919><c> infinitely</c><00:22:56.640><c> fast</c><00:22:56.960><c> from</c><00:22:57.200><c> its</c><00:22:57.440><c> point</c><00:22:57.600><c> of</c>

19:35.202 --> 19:35.212 align:start position:0%
travel infinitely fast from its point of
 

19:35.212 --> 19:36.882 align:start position:0%
travel infinitely fast from its point of
view.<00:22:58.320><c> It</c><00:22:58.480><c> will</c><00:22:58.720><c> still</c><00:22:58.880><c> look</c><00:22:59.120><c> like</c>

19:36.882 --> 19:36.892 align:start position:0%
view. It will still look like
 

19:36.892 --> 19:40.562 align:start position:0%
view. It will still look like
299,792,458

19:40.562 --> 19:40.572 align:start position:0%
 
 

19:40.572 --> 19:43.762 align:start position:0%
 
m/s<00:23:03.919><c> from</c><00:23:04.159><c> everyone</c><00:23:04.559><c> else's.</c><00:23:05.840><c> Let</c><00:23:06.000><c> me</c><00:23:06.159><c> show</c>

19:43.762 --> 19:43.772 align:start position:0%
m/s from everyone else's. Let me show
 

19:43.772 --> 19:46.241 align:start position:0%
m/s from everyone else's. Let me show
you<00:23:06.480><c> with</c><00:23:06.720><c> an</c><00:23:06.880><c> example.</c><00:23:07.760><c> Here</c><00:23:08.080><c> we</c><00:23:08.400><c> have</c><00:23:08.559><c> two</c>

19:46.241 --> 19:46.251 align:start position:0%
you with an example. Here we have two
 

19:46.251 --> 19:48.402 align:start position:0%
you with an example. Here we have two
arrows<00:23:09.280><c> expanding</c><00:23:09.760><c> outwards</c><00:23:10.320><c> from</c><00:23:10.559><c> our</c>

19:48.402 --> 19:48.412 align:start position:0%
arrows expanding outwards from our
 

19:48.412 --> 19:51.282 align:start position:0%
arrows expanding outwards from our
central<00:23:11.520><c> Big</c><00:23:11.840><c> Bang</c><00:23:12.240><c> moment.</c><00:23:13.200><c> These</c><00:23:13.440><c> arrows</c>

19:51.282 --> 19:51.292 align:start position:0%
central Big Bang moment. These arrows
 

19:51.292 --> 19:53.121 align:start position:0%
central Big Bang moment. These arrows
can<00:23:14.000><c> represent</c><00:23:14.400><c> two</c><00:23:14.720><c> people</c><00:23:14.960><c> standing</c><00:23:15.280><c> in</c><00:23:15.520><c> a</c>

19:53.121 --> 19:53.131 align:start position:0%
can represent two people standing in a
 

19:53.131 --> 19:56.642 align:start position:0%
can represent two people standing in a
field.<00:23:16.400><c> Let's</c><00:23:16.720><c> call</c><00:23:16.880><c> them</c><00:23:17.280><c> Tom</c><00:23:17.679><c> and</c><00:23:17.919><c> Alice.</c>

19:56.642 --> 19:56.652 align:start position:0%
field. Let's call them Tom and Alice.
 

19:56.652 --> 19:59.282 align:start position:0%
field. Let's call them Tom and Alice.
Note,<00:23:20.000><c> due</c><00:23:20.240><c> to</c><00:23:20.480><c> the</c><00:23:20.640><c> nature</c><00:23:20.960><c> of</c><00:23:21.200><c> the</c><00:23:21.360><c> initial</c>

19:59.282 --> 19:59.292 align:start position:0%
Note, due to the nature of the initial
 

19:59.292 --> 20:01.682 align:start position:0%
Note, due to the nature of the initial
universal<00:23:22.400><c> expansion</c><00:23:22.880><c> of</c><00:23:23.039><c> the</c><00:23:23.120><c> Big</c><00:23:23.360><c> Bang,</c><00:23:24.000><c> the</c>

20:01.682 --> 20:01.692 align:start position:0%
universal expansion of the Big Bang, the
 

20:01.692 --> 20:03.922 align:start position:0%
universal expansion of the Big Bang, the
arrows<00:23:24.559><c> for</c><00:23:24.799><c> Tom</c><00:23:25.039><c> and</c><00:23:25.280><c> Alice</c><00:23:25.679><c> are</c><00:23:25.919><c> pointing</c>

20:03.922 --> 20:03.932 align:start position:0%
arrows for Tom and Alice are pointing
 

20:03.932 --> 20:06.722 align:start position:0%
arrows for Tom and Alice are pointing
slightly<00:23:27.120><c> away</c><00:23:27.440><c> from</c><00:23:27.600><c> each</c><00:23:27.840><c> other.</c><00:23:28.640><c> Hey,</c><00:23:29.120><c> look</c>

20:06.722 --> 20:06.732 align:start position:0%
slightly away from each other. Hey, look
 

20:06.732 --> 20:08.722 align:start position:0%
slightly away from each other. Hey, look
at<00:23:29.440><c> that.</c><00:23:29.919><c> We</c><00:23:30.159><c> have</c><00:23:30.320><c> the</c><00:23:30.559><c> expansion</c><00:23:30.960><c> of</c><00:23:31.120><c> the</c>

20:08.722 --> 20:08.732 align:start position:0%
at that. We have the expansion of the
 

20:08.732 --> 20:10.562 align:start position:0%
at that. We have the expansion of the
universe<00:23:31.600><c> baked</c><00:23:31.919><c> into</c><00:23:32.159><c> this</c><00:23:32.559><c> without</c><00:23:32.880><c> the</c>

20:10.562 --> 20:10.572 align:start position:0%
universe baked into this without the
 

20:10.572 --> 20:13.442 align:start position:0%
universe baked into this without the
need<00:23:33.200><c> for</c><00:23:33.360><c> dark</c><00:23:33.679><c> energy</c><00:23:34.000><c> at</c><00:23:34.240><c> all.</c><00:23:35.120><c> Things</c><00:23:35.600><c> are</c>

20:13.442 --> 20:13.452 align:start position:0%
need for dark energy at all. Things are
 

20:13.452 --> 20:15.922 align:start position:0%
need for dark energy at all. Things are
just<00:23:36.480><c> naturally</c><00:23:36.960><c> drifting</c><00:23:37.360><c> apart</c><00:23:38.000><c> due</c><00:23:38.240><c> to</c>

20:15.922 --> 20:15.932 align:start position:0%
just naturally drifting apart due to
 

20:15.932 --> 20:18.402 align:start position:0%
just naturally drifting apart due to
Newton's<00:23:39.120><c> objects</c><00:23:39.679><c> in</c><00:23:39.840><c> motion</c><00:23:40.320><c> remain</c><00:23:40.720><c> in</c>

20:18.402 --> 20:18.412 align:start position:0%
Newton's objects in motion remain in
 

20:18.412 --> 20:21.442 align:start position:0%
Newton's objects in motion remain in
motion<00:23:41.280><c> rule.</c><00:23:42.240><c> To</c><00:23:42.480><c> be</c><00:23:42.640><c> specific,</c><00:23:43.440><c> this</c><00:23:43.679><c> lines</c>

20:21.442 --> 20:21.452 align:start position:0%
motion rule. To be specific, this lines
 

20:21.452 --> 20:24.402 align:start position:0%
motion rule. To be specific, this lines
up<00:23:44.159><c> with</c><00:23:44.400><c> the</c><00:23:45.039><c> expansion</c><00:23:45.760><c> remains</c><00:23:46.400><c> constant</c>

20:24.402 --> 20:24.412 align:start position:0%
up with the expansion remains constant
 

20:24.412 --> 20:26.481 align:start position:0%
up with the expansion remains constant
model<00:23:47.280><c> of</c><00:23:47.440><c> the</c><00:23:47.600><c> universe</c><00:23:48.320><c> rather</c><00:23:48.640><c> than</c><00:23:48.799><c> the</c>

20:26.481 --> 20:26.491 align:start position:0%
model of the universe rather than the
 

20:26.491 --> 20:29.042 align:start position:0%
model of the universe rather than the
models<00:23:49.600><c> that</c><00:23:49.840><c> see</c><00:23:50.080><c> it</c><00:23:50.320><c> getting</c><00:23:50.640><c> stronger.</c>

20:29.042 --> 20:29.052 align:start position:0%
models that see it getting stronger.
 

20:29.052 --> 20:30.402 align:start position:0%
models that see it getting stronger.
We'll<00:23:51.760><c> have</c><00:23:51.919><c> to</c><00:23:52.080><c> wait</c><00:23:52.240><c> and</c><00:23:52.480><c> see</c><00:23:52.559><c> if</c><00:23:52.720><c> that's</c>

20:30.402 --> 20:30.412 align:start position:0%
We'll have to wait and see if that's
 

20:30.412 --> 20:33.121 align:start position:0%
We'll have to wait and see if that's
what<00:23:53.120><c> our</c><00:23:53.440><c> universe</c><00:23:54.000><c> proves</c><00:23:54.400><c> to</c><00:23:54.640><c> be</c><00:23:54.799><c> doing.</c>

20:33.121 --> 20:33.131 align:start position:0%
what our universe proves to be doing.
 

20:33.131 --> 20:35.361 align:start position:0%
what our universe proves to be doing.
And<00:23:55.919><c> no,</c><00:23:56.559><c> I'm</c><00:23:56.880><c> not</c><00:23:57.039><c> yet</c><00:23:57.360><c> considering</c>

20:35.361 --> 20:35.371 align:start position:0%
And no, I'm not yet considering
 

20:35.371 --> 20:37.762 align:start position:0%
And no, I'm not yet considering
gravity's<00:23:58.480><c> effect</c><00:23:58.720><c> on</c><00:23:58.960><c> all</c><00:23:59.200><c> this.</c><00:23:59.840><c> That'll</c>

20:37.762 --> 20:37.772 align:start position:0%
gravity's effect on all this. That'll
 

20:37.772 --> 20:39.842 align:start position:0%
gravity's effect on all this. That'll
inevitably<00:24:01.120><c> slow</c><00:24:01.440><c> that</c><00:24:01.679><c> constant</c><00:24:02.080><c> motion</c>

20:39.842 --> 20:39.852 align:start position:0%
inevitably slow that constant motion
 

20:39.852 --> 20:42.882 align:start position:0%
inevitably slow that constant motion
down.<00:24:03.360><c> But</c><00:24:03.600><c> let's</c><00:24:04.000><c> ignore</c><00:24:04.159><c> that</c><00:24:04.400><c> for</c><00:24:04.640><c> now.</c>

20:42.882 --> 20:42.892 align:start position:0%
down. But let's ignore that for now.
 

20:42.892 --> 20:44.562 align:start position:0%
down. But let's ignore that for now.
Let's<00:24:05.679><c> keep</c><00:24:05.760><c> it</c><00:24:05.919><c> to</c><00:24:06.159><c> one</c><00:24:06.400><c> principle</c><00:24:06.799><c> at</c><00:24:06.960><c> a</c>

20:44.562 --> 20:44.572 align:start position:0%
Let's keep it to one principle at a
 

20:44.572 --> 20:47.361 align:start position:0%
Let's keep it to one principle at a
time.<00:24:08.000><c> Back</c><00:24:08.159><c> to</c><00:24:08.320><c> the</c><00:24:08.480><c> point</c><00:24:08.640><c> at</c><00:24:08.880><c> hand.</c><00:24:09.600><c> Let's</c>

20:47.361 --> 20:47.371 align:start position:0%
time. Back to the point at hand. Let's
 

20:47.371 --> 20:50.241 align:start position:0%
time. Back to the point at hand. Let's
have<00:24:10.159><c> Tom</c><00:24:10.880><c> at</c><00:24:11.279><c> some</c><00:24:11.600><c> point</c><00:24:11.760><c> on</c><00:24:12.080><c> his</c><00:24:12.400><c> timeline</c>

20:50.241 --> 20:50.251 align:start position:0%
have Tom at some point on his timeline
 

20:50.251 --> 20:53.361 align:start position:0%
have Tom at some point on his timeline
of<00:24:13.039><c> existence</c><00:24:14.080><c> send</c><00:24:14.400><c> out</c><00:24:14.720><c> a</c><00:24:14.960><c> photon</c><00:24:15.520><c> at</c>

20:53.361 --> 20:53.371 align:start position:0%
of existence send out a photon at
 

20:53.371 --> 20:56.082 align:start position:0%
of existence send out a photon at
infinitely<00:24:16.720><c> far</c><00:24:17.039><c> speed</c><00:24:17.520><c> from</c><00:24:17.840><c> his</c><00:24:18.240><c> point</c><00:24:18.480><c> of</c>

20:56.082 --> 20:56.092 align:start position:0%
infinitely far speed from his point of
 

20:56.092 --> 20:58.721 align:start position:0%
infinitely far speed from his point of
view<00:24:19.039><c> towards</c><00:24:19.520><c> Alice.</c><00:24:20.400><c> In</c><00:24:20.640><c> other</c><00:24:20.799><c> words,</c><00:24:21.039><c> the</c>

20:58.721 --> 20:58.731 align:start position:0%
view towards Alice. In other words, the
 

20:58.731 --> 21:01.842 align:start position:0%
view towards Alice. In other words, the
photon<00:24:21.760><c> goes</c><00:24:22.080><c> from</c><00:24:22.480><c> Tom's</c><00:24:22.960><c> line</c><00:24:23.279><c> to</c><00:24:23.840><c> Alice's</c>

21:01.842 --> 21:01.852 align:start position:0%
photon goes from Tom's line to Alice's
 

21:01.852 --> 21:05.842 align:start position:0%
photon goes from Tom's line to Alice's
line<00:24:24.720><c> in</c><00:24:25.360><c> zero</c><00:24:25.840><c> of</c><00:24:26.159><c> Tom's</c><00:24:26.640><c> time.</c><00:24:27.600><c> Tom's</c><00:24:28.080><c> time</c>

21:05.842 --> 21:05.852 align:start position:0%
line in zero of Tom's time. Tom's time
 

21:05.852 --> 21:08.402 align:start position:0%
line in zero of Tom's time. Tom's time
is<00:24:28.640><c> our</c><00:24:29.039><c> current</c><00:24:29.360><c> frame</c><00:24:29.600><c> of</c><00:24:29.760><c> reference</c><00:24:30.480><c> and</c><00:24:30.720><c> is</c>

21:08.402 --> 21:08.412 align:start position:0%
is our current frame of reference and is
 

21:08.412 --> 21:12.082 align:start position:0%
is our current frame of reference and is
the<00:24:31.200><c> direction</c><00:24:31.760><c> of</c><00:24:32.240><c> time</c><00:24:32.720><c> for</c><00:24:32.880><c> the</c><00:24:33.039><c> photon</c><00:24:33.600><c> 2.</c>

21:12.082 --> 21:12.092 align:start position:0%
the direction of time for the photon 2.
 

21:12.092 --> 21:14.241 align:start position:0%
the direction of time for the photon 2.
The<00:24:34.799><c> photon</c><00:24:35.360><c> travels</c><00:24:35.760><c> the</c><00:24:36.000><c> distance</c><00:24:36.400><c> to</c>

21:14.241 --> 21:14.251 align:start position:0%
The photon travels the distance to
 

21:14.251 --> 21:17.601 align:start position:0%
The photon travels the distance to
Alice.<00:24:38.080><c> But</c><00:24:38.400><c> unlike</c><00:24:38.880><c> Tom,</c><00:24:39.360><c> who</c><00:24:39.679><c> sees</c><00:24:39.919><c> it</c>

21:17.601 --> 21:17.611 align:start position:0%
Alice. But unlike Tom, who sees it
 

21:17.611 --> 21:21.042 align:start position:0%
Alice. But unlike Tom, who sees it
arrive<00:24:40.640><c> instantly,</c><00:24:41.760><c> Alice</c><00:24:42.400><c> does</c><00:24:42.640><c> not.</c><00:24:43.360><c> Here</c>

21:21.042 --> 21:21.052 align:start position:0%
arrive instantly, Alice does not. Here
 

21:21.052 --> 21:23.202 align:start position:0%
arrive instantly, Alice does not. Here
is<00:24:43.760><c> where</c><00:24:44.000><c> Tom</c><00:24:44.400><c> released</c><00:24:44.720><c> the</c><00:24:44.880><c> photon</c><00:24:45.440><c> on</c>

21:23.202 --> 21:23.212 align:start position:0%
is where Tom released the photon on
 

21:23.212 --> 21:26.402 align:start position:0%
is where Tom released the photon on
Alice's<00:24:46.400><c> timeline.</c><00:24:47.600><c> Here</c><00:24:48.080><c> is</c><00:24:48.320><c> where</c><00:24:48.640><c> it</c>

21:26.402 --> 21:26.412 align:start position:0%
Alice's timeline. Here is where it
 

21:26.412 --> 21:29.522 align:start position:0%
Alice's timeline. Here is where it
arrives.<00:24:50.240><c> As</c><00:24:50.480><c> you</c><00:24:50.640><c> can</c><00:24:50.799><c> see</c><00:24:51.120><c> from</c><00:24:51.440><c> Alice's</c>

21:29.522 --> 21:29.532 align:start position:0%
arrives. As you can see from Alice's
 

21:29.532 --> 21:32.481 align:start position:0%
arrives. As you can see from Alice's
perspective,<00:24:52.880><c> the</c><00:24:53.120><c> photon</c><00:24:53.600><c> took</c><00:24:54.080><c> a</c><00:24:54.400><c> while</c><00:24:54.799><c> to</c>

21:32.481 --> 21:32.491 align:start position:0%
perspective, the photon took a while to
 

21:32.491 --> 21:35.442 align:start position:0%
perspective, the photon took a while to
get<00:24:55.200><c> to</c><00:24:55.440><c> her,</c><00:24:56.080><c> even</c><00:24:56.320><c> when</c><00:24:56.720><c> it</c><00:24:57.039><c> thought</c><00:24:57.520><c> it</c><00:24:57.760><c> was</c>

21:35.442 --> 21:35.452 align:start position:0%
get to her, even when it thought it was
 

21:35.452 --> 21:39.121 align:start position:0%
get to her, even when it thought it was
traveling<00:24:58.640><c> infinitely</c><00:24:59.360><c> fast.</c><00:25:00.720><c> Alice,</c><00:25:01.279><c> upon</c>

21:39.121 --> 21:39.131 align:start position:0%
traveling infinitely fast. Alice, upon
 

21:39.131 --> 21:41.601 align:start position:0%
traveling infinitely fast. Alice, upon
receiving<00:25:02.080><c> the</c><00:25:02.240><c> photon,</c><00:25:03.039><c> sends</c><00:25:03.360><c> one</c><00:25:03.679><c> back</c><00:25:03.919><c> to</c>

21:41.601 --> 21:41.611 align:start position:0%
receiving the photon, sends one back to
 

21:41.611 --> 21:44.721 align:start position:0%
receiving the photon, sends one back to
Tom.<00:25:05.120><c> But</c><00:25:05.279><c> now</c><00:25:05.520><c> we're</c><00:25:05.760><c> in</c><00:25:06.159><c> Alice's</c><00:25:06.880><c> reference</c>

21:44.721 --> 21:44.731 align:start position:0%
Tom. But now we're in Alice's reference
 

21:44.731 --> 21:47.361 align:start position:0%
Tom. But now we're in Alice's reference
frame.<00:25:08.000><c> So</c><00:25:08.400><c> we</c><00:25:08.640><c> send</c><00:25:08.880><c> it</c><00:25:09.039><c> out</c><00:25:09.279><c> based</c><00:25:09.600><c> on</c>

21:47.361 --> 21:47.371 align:start position:0%
frame. So we send it out based on
 

21:47.371 --> 21:49.601 align:start position:0%
frame. So we send it out based on
Alice's<00:25:10.559><c> direction</c><00:25:10.960><c> of</c><00:25:11.120><c> time</c><00:25:11.520><c> rather</c><00:25:11.840><c> than</c>

21:49.601 --> 21:49.611 align:start position:0%
Alice's direction of time rather than
 

21:49.611 --> 21:53.042 align:start position:0%
Alice's direction of time rather than
Tom's.<00:25:13.120><c> And</c><00:25:13.360><c> once</c><00:25:13.600><c> again,</c><00:25:14.240><c> when</c><00:25:14.480><c> we</c><00:25:14.720><c> flip</c><00:25:15.200><c> back</c>

21:53.042 --> 21:53.052 align:start position:0%
Tom's. And once again, when we flip back
 

21:53.052 --> 21:55.361 align:start position:0%
Tom's. And once again, when we flip back
to<00:25:15.840><c> Tom's</c><00:25:16.320><c> point</c><00:25:16.559><c> of</c><00:25:16.720><c> view,</c><00:25:17.360><c> we</c><00:25:17.600><c> see</c><00:25:17.760><c> the</c>

21:55.361 --> 21:55.371 align:start position:0%
to Tom's point of view, we see the
 

21:55.371 --> 21:58.802 align:start position:0%
to Tom's point of view, we see the
photon<00:25:18.400><c> as</c><00:25:18.720><c> taking</c><00:25:19.200><c> time</c><00:25:19.520><c> to</c><00:25:19.840><c> get</c><00:25:20.000><c> to</c><00:25:20.159><c> him.</c><00:25:20.960><c> Tom</c>

21:58.802 --> 21:58.812 align:start position:0%
photon as taking time to get to him. Tom
 

21:58.812 --> 22:01.361 align:start position:0%
photon as taking time to get to him. Tom
knows<00:25:21.679><c> the</c><00:25:21.919><c> distance</c><00:25:22.159><c> of</c><00:25:22.320><c> the</c><00:25:22.559><c> trip</c><00:25:23.200><c> times</c><00:25:23.600><c> how</c>

22:01.361 --> 22:01.371 align:start position:0%
knows the distance of the trip times how
 

22:01.371 --> 22:03.282 align:start position:0%
knows the distance of the trip times how
long<00:25:24.080><c> it</c><00:25:24.240><c> takes</c><00:25:24.480><c> for</c><00:25:24.720><c> Alice's</c><00:25:25.279><c> photon</c><00:25:25.679><c> to</c>

22:03.282 --> 22:03.292 align:start position:0%
long it takes for Alice's photon to
 

22:03.292 --> 22:05.601 align:start position:0%
long it takes for Alice's photon to
arrive<00:25:26.240><c> back</c><00:25:26.480><c> at</c><00:25:26.799><c> him</c><00:25:27.477><c> [music]</c><00:25:27.520><c> and</c>

22:05.601 --> 22:05.611 align:start position:0%
arrive back at him [music] and
 

22:05.611 --> 22:08.481 align:start position:0%
arrive back at him [music] and
erroneously<00:25:29.120><c> divides</c><00:25:29.600><c> the</c><00:25:29.919><c> intervening</c><00:25:30.640><c> time</c>

22:08.481 --> 22:08.491 align:start position:0%
erroneously divides the intervening time
 

22:08.491 --> 22:11.121 align:start position:0%
erroneously divides the intervening time
by<00:25:31.360><c> two,</c><00:25:32.080><c> which</c><00:25:32.320><c> gives</c><00:25:32.559><c> him</c><00:25:32.880><c> the</c><00:25:33.120><c> value</c><00:25:33.440><c> for</c>

22:11.121 --> 22:11.131 align:start position:0%
by two, which gives him the value for
 

22:11.131 --> 22:16.481 align:start position:0%
by two, which gives him the value for
the<00:25:33.840><c> speed</c><00:25:34.080><c> of</c><00:25:34.240><c> light</c><00:25:34.960><c> of</c><00:25:35.440><c> 299,792,458</c>

22:16.481 --> 22:16.491 align:start position:0%
 
 

22:16.491 --> 22:18.082 align:start position:0%
 
m/s.

22:18.082 --> 22:18.092 align:start position:0%
m/s.
 

22:18.092 --> 22:20.322 align:start position:0%
m/s.
Even<00:25:40.960><c> though</c><00:25:41.200><c> in</c><00:25:41.520><c> this</c><00:25:41.679><c> model</c><00:25:42.320><c> it</c><00:25:42.640><c> was</c>

22:20.322 --> 22:20.332 align:start position:0%
Even though in this model it was
 

22:20.332 --> 22:22.882 align:start position:0%
Even though in this model it was
actually<00:25:43.440><c> faster</c><00:25:44.000><c> on</c><00:25:44.159><c> the</c><00:25:44.320><c> way</c><00:25:44.480><c> out</c><00:25:45.039><c> and</c>

22:22.882 --> 22:22.892 align:start position:0%
actually faster on the way out and
 

22:22.892 --> 22:25.922 align:start position:0%
actually faster on the way out and
slower<00:25:46.000><c> on</c><00:25:46.240><c> the</c><00:25:46.400><c> way</c><00:25:46.559><c> back</c><00:25:46.720><c> in,</c><00:25:47.840><c> the</c><00:25:48.080><c> photons</c>

22:25.922 --> 22:25.932 align:start position:0%
slower on the way back in, the photons
 

22:25.932 --> 22:27.922 align:start position:0%
slower on the way back in, the photons
themselves<00:25:49.039><c> never</c><00:25:49.360><c> had</c><00:25:49.679><c> any</c><00:25:50.000><c> personal</c>

22:27.922 --> 22:27.932 align:start position:0%
themselves never had any personal
 

22:27.932 --> 22:29.842 align:start position:0%
themselves never had any personal
progression<00:25:50.799><c> of</c><00:25:51.039><c> time</c><00:25:51.200><c> at</c><00:25:51.520><c> either</c><00:25:51.919><c> stage</c><00:25:52.240><c> of</c>

22:29.842 --> 22:29.852 align:start position:0%
progression of time at either stage of
 

22:29.852 --> 22:32.241 align:start position:0%
progression of time at either stage of
the<00:25:52.559><c> trip</c><00:25:53.120><c> due</c><00:25:53.360><c> to</c><00:25:53.600><c> reorienting</c><00:25:54.480><c> their</c>

22:32.241 --> 22:32.251 align:start position:0%
the trip due to reorienting their
 

22:32.251 --> 22:35.442 align:start position:0%
the trip due to reorienting their
perspective<00:25:55.520><c> in</c><00:25:55.840><c> each</c><00:25:56.159><c> new</c><00:25:56.480><c> reference</c><00:25:56.960><c> frame.</c>

22:35.442 --> 22:35.452 align:start position:0%
perspective in each new reference frame.
 

22:35.452 --> 22:38.241 align:start position:0%
perspective in each new reference frame.
This<00:25:58.480><c> all</c><00:25:58.799><c> matches</c><00:25:59.360><c> what</c><00:25:59.600><c> we</c><00:25:59.760><c> see</c><00:26:00.080><c> play</c><00:26:00.320><c> out</c><00:26:00.559><c> in</c>

22:38.241 --> 22:38.251 align:start position:0%
This all matches what we see play out in
 

22:38.251 --> 22:41.361 align:start position:0%
This all matches what we see play out in
real<00:26:01.039><c> life.</c><00:26:02.080><c> Canya</c><00:26:02.480><c> observers</c><00:26:03.039><c> will</c><00:26:03.520><c> notice</c>

22:41.361 --> 22:41.371 align:start position:0%
real life. Canya observers will notice
 

22:41.371 --> 22:43.601 align:start position:0%
real life. Canya observers will notice
that<00:26:04.240><c> in</c><00:26:04.480><c> this</c><00:26:04.720><c> model</c><00:26:05.200><c> the</c><00:26:05.440><c> photon</c><00:26:05.760><c> on</c><00:26:06.000><c> the</c>

22:43.601 --> 22:43.611 align:start position:0%
that in this model the photon on the
 

22:43.611 --> 22:45.922 align:start position:0%
that in this model the photon on the
return<00:26:06.480><c> trip</c><00:26:06.880><c> is</c><00:26:07.200><c> actually</c><00:26:07.679><c> traveling</c><00:26:08.159><c> a</c>

22:45.922 --> 22:45.932 align:start position:0%
return trip is actually traveling a
 

22:45.932 --> 22:47.842 align:start position:0%
return trip is actually traveling a
longer<00:26:08.880><c> distance</c><00:26:09.279><c> than</c><00:26:09.520><c> the</c><00:26:09.679><c> photon</c><00:26:10.080><c> on</c><00:26:10.240><c> the</c>

22:47.842 --> 22:47.852 align:start position:0%
longer distance than the photon on the
 

22:47.852 --> 22:50.481 align:start position:0%
longer distance than the photon on the
way<00:26:10.559><c> out.</c><00:26:11.360><c> But</c><00:26:11.520><c> this</c><00:26:11.760><c> is</c><00:26:11.919><c> also</c><00:26:12.320><c> what</c><00:26:12.559><c> we</c><00:26:12.720><c> see</c><00:26:12.880><c> in</c>

22:50.481 --> 22:50.491 align:start position:0%
way out. But this is also what we see in
 

22:50.491 --> 22:52.962 align:start position:0%
way out. But this is also what we see in
real<00:26:13.279><c> life.</c><00:26:13.840><c> We</c><00:26:14.080><c> just</c><00:26:14.400><c> attribute</c><00:26:14.960><c> that</c><00:26:15.200><c> to</c><00:26:15.360><c> the</c>

22:52.962 --> 22:52.972 align:start position:0%
real life. We just attribute that to the
 

22:52.972 --> 22:55.202 align:start position:0%
real life. We just attribute that to the
expansion<00:26:15.919><c> of</c><00:26:16.080><c> the</c><00:26:16.240><c> universe.</c><00:26:17.120><c> Space</c><00:26:17.520><c> has</c>

22:55.202 --> 22:55.212 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe. Space has
 

22:55.212 --> 22:57.121 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe. Space has
expanded<00:26:18.240><c> a</c><00:26:18.400><c> bit</c><00:26:18.559><c> by</c><00:26:18.799><c> the</c><00:26:18.960><c> time</c><00:26:19.039><c> the</c><00:26:19.279><c> photon</c>

22:57.121 --> 22:57.131 align:start position:0%
expanded a bit by the time the photon
 

22:57.131 --> 22:59.442 align:start position:0%
expanded a bit by the time the photon
makes<00:26:19.919><c> the</c><00:26:20.159><c> return</c><00:26:20.480><c> journey.</c><00:26:21.120><c> So</c><00:26:21.279><c> it</c><00:26:21.520><c> has</c><00:26:21.760><c> a</c>

22:59.442 --> 22:59.452 align:start position:0%
makes the return journey. So it has a
 

22:59.452 --> 23:02.001 align:start position:0%
makes the return journey. So it has a
longer<00:26:22.480><c> distance</c><00:26:22.799><c> to</c><00:26:23.120><c> travel.</c><00:26:24.000><c> So</c><00:26:24.240><c> this</c>

23:02.001 --> 23:02.011 align:start position:0%
longer distance to travel. So this
 

23:02.011 --> 23:05.842 align:start position:0%
longer distance to travel. So this
works.<00:26:25.600><c> But</c><00:26:25.760><c> now</c><00:26:26.400><c> based</c><00:26:26.720><c> on</c><00:26:26.960><c> this</c><00:26:27.200><c> definition,</c>

23:05.842 --> 23:05.852 align:start position:0%
works. But now based on this definition,
 

23:05.852 --> 23:08.882 align:start position:0%
works. But now based on this definition,
things<00:26:28.640><c> like</c><00:26:29.120><c> red</c><00:26:29.440><c> shift</c><00:26:29.919><c> and</c><00:26:30.240><c> time</c><00:26:30.480><c> dilation</c>

23:08.882 --> 23:08.892 align:start position:0%
things like red shift and time dilation
 

23:08.892 --> 23:12.241 align:start position:0%
things like red shift and time dilation
take<00:26:31.679><c> on</c><00:26:32.080><c> a</c><00:26:32.480><c> whole</c><00:26:32.960><c> new</c><00:26:33.279><c> meaning.</c><00:26:34.320><c> Let's</c><00:26:34.559><c> look</c>

23:12.241 --> 23:12.251 align:start position:0%
take on a whole new meaning. Let's look
 

23:12.251 --> 23:15.042 align:start position:0%
take on a whole new meaning. Let's look
at<00:26:34.960><c> a</c><00:26:35.200><c> different</c><00:26:35.520><c> arrow</c><00:26:35.919><c> in</c><00:26:36.080><c> our</c><00:26:36.240><c> 4D</c><00:26:36.720><c> universe,</c>

23:15.042 --> 23:15.052 align:start position:0%
at a different arrow in our 4D universe,
 

23:15.052 --> 23:20.481 align:start position:0%
at a different arrow in our 4D universe,
one<00:26:37.919><c> from</c><00:26:38.320><c> a</c><00:26:38.720><c> very</c><00:26:39.279><c> very</c><00:26:39.760><c> far</c><00:26:40.240><c> away</c><00:26:40.559><c> star.</c>

23:20.481 --> 23:20.491 align:start position:0%
one from a very very far away star.
 

23:20.491 --> 23:22.802 align:start position:0%
one from a very very far away star.
If<00:26:43.360><c> photons</c><00:26:44.000><c> leave</c><00:26:44.240><c> their</c><00:26:44.480><c> stars</c><00:26:44.880><c> at</c>

23:22.802 --> 23:22.812 align:start position:0%
If photons leave their stars at
 

23:22.812 --> 23:25.442 align:start position:0%
If photons leave their stars at
perpendicular<00:26:46.240><c> angles,</c><00:26:47.039><c> a</c><00:26:47.279><c> foundational</c>

23:25.442 --> 23:25.452 align:start position:0%
perpendicular angles, a foundational
 

23:25.452 --> 23:27.922 align:start position:0%
perpendicular angles, a foundational
assumption<00:26:48.400><c> of</c><00:26:48.640><c> this</c><00:26:48.799><c> model,</c><00:26:49.600><c> then</c><00:26:50.000><c> we</c><00:26:50.320><c> can</c>

23:27.922 --> 23:27.932 align:start position:0%
assumption of this model, then we can
 

23:27.932 --> 23:30.882 align:start position:0%
assumption of this model, then we can
intuit<00:26:50.799><c> it</c><00:26:51.039><c> a</c><00:26:51.279><c> few</c><00:26:51.520><c> things</c><00:26:51.919><c> immediately</c><00:26:52.480><c> here.</c>

23:30.882 --> 23:30.892 align:start position:0%
intuit it a few things immediately here.
 

23:30.892 --> 23:33.762 align:start position:0%
intuit it a few things immediately here.
One<00:26:53.679><c> is</c><00:26:53.919><c> that</c><00:26:54.400><c> while</c><00:26:54.960><c> close</c><00:26:55.279><c> arrows</c><00:26:55.840><c> can</c><00:26:56.080><c> send</c>

23:33.762 --> 23:33.772 align:start position:0%
One is that while close arrows can send
 

23:33.772 --> 23:35.922 align:start position:0%
One is that while close arrows can send
photons<00:26:56.799><c> to</c><00:26:56.960><c> us</c><00:26:57.200><c> from</c><00:26:57.679><c> moments</c><00:26:58.080><c> in</c><00:26:58.240><c> their</c>

23:35.922 --> 23:35.932 align:start position:0%
photons to us from moments in their
 

23:35.932 --> 23:38.642 align:start position:0%
photons to us from moments in their
timelines<00:26:59.200><c> roughly</c><00:26:59.679><c> comparable</c><00:27:00.159><c> to</c><00:27:00.480><c> ours,</c>

23:38.642 --> 23:38.652 align:start position:0%
timelines roughly comparable to ours,
 

23:38.652 --> 23:40.721 align:start position:0%
timelines roughly comparable to ours,
making<00:27:01.440><c> them</c><00:27:01.679><c> roughly</c><00:27:02.159><c> seem</c><00:27:02.480><c> like</c><00:27:02.640><c> they</c><00:27:02.880><c> share</c>

23:40.721 --> 23:40.731 align:start position:0%
making them roughly seem like they share
 

23:40.731 --> 23:44.001 align:start position:0%
making them roughly seem like they share
our<00:27:03.600><c> now,</c><00:27:04.559><c> only</c><00:27:04.960><c> photons</c><00:27:05.440><c> sent</c><00:27:05.760><c> from</c><00:27:06.080><c> very</c>

23:44.001 --> 23:44.011 align:start position:0%
our now, only photons sent from very
 

23:44.011 --> 23:46.721 align:start position:0%
our now, only photons sent from very
early<00:27:06.880><c> on</c><00:27:07.120><c> in</c><00:27:07.279><c> the</c><00:27:07.440><c> timeline</c><00:27:08.080><c> of</c><00:27:08.400><c> more</c><00:27:08.799><c> distant</c>

23:46.721 --> 23:46.731 align:start position:0%
early on in the timeline of more distant
 

23:46.731 --> 23:49.282 align:start position:0%
early on in the timeline of more distant
arrows<00:27:09.760><c> can</c><00:27:10.000><c> intersect</c><00:27:10.559><c> our</c><00:27:10.799><c> line.</c><00:27:11.600><c> Their</c>

23:49.282 --> 23:49.292 align:start position:0%
arrows can intersect our line. Their
 

23:49.292 --> 23:52.721 align:start position:0%
arrows can intersect our line. Their
angles<00:27:12.320><c> are</c><00:27:12.559><c> otherwise</c><00:27:13.120><c> too</c><00:27:13.440><c> steep.</c><00:27:14.799><c> And</c><00:27:15.039><c> once</c>

23:52.721 --> 23:52.731 align:start position:0%
angles are otherwise too steep. And once
 

23:52.731 --> 23:55.202 align:start position:0%
angles are otherwise too steep. And once
an<00:27:15.440><c> arrow</c><00:27:15.760><c> points</c><00:27:16.159><c> equal</c><00:27:16.640><c> to</c><00:27:16.880><c> or</c><00:27:17.279><c> more</c><00:27:17.520><c> than</c>

23:55.202 --> 23:55.212 align:start position:0%
an arrow points equal to or more than
 

23:55.212 --> 23:58.402 align:start position:0%
an arrow points equal to or more than
90°<00:27:18.480><c> away</c><00:27:18.720><c> from</c><00:27:18.880><c> us,</c><00:27:19.679><c> we</c><00:27:20.000><c> will</c><00:27:20.480><c> never</c>

23:58.402 --> 23:58.412 align:start position:0%
90° away from us, we will never
 

23:58.412 --> 24:01.282 align:start position:0%
90° away from us, we will never
intersect<00:27:21.440><c> its</c><00:27:21.679><c> photon</c><00:27:22.159><c> line</c><00:27:22.559><c> at</c><00:27:22.799><c> all.</c><00:27:23.679><c> In</c>

24:01.282 --> 24:01.292 align:start position:0%
intersect its photon line at all. In
 

24:01.292 --> 24:03.442 align:start position:0%
intersect its photon line at all. In
this<00:27:24.000><c> way,</c><00:27:24.240><c> the</c><00:27:24.400><c> observable</c><00:27:24.960><c> universe</c><00:27:25.520><c> is</c>

24:03.442 --> 24:03.452 align:start position:0%
this way, the observable universe is
 

24:03.452 --> 24:06.001 align:start position:0%
this way, the observable universe is
only<00:27:26.320><c> the</c><00:27:26.640><c> arrows</c><00:27:27.120><c> on</c><00:27:27.360><c> the</c><00:27:27.520><c> half</c><00:27:27.760><c> of</c><00:27:27.919><c> the</c><00:27:28.080><c> model</c>

24:06.001 --> 24:06.011 align:start position:0%
only the arrows on the half of the model
 

24:06.011 --> 24:09.682 align:start position:0%
only the arrows on the half of the model
that<00:27:28.880><c> are</c><00:27:29.039><c> within</c><00:27:29.679><c> 90°</c><00:27:30.720><c> from</c><00:27:31.039><c> us.</c><00:27:31.840><c> The</c><00:27:32.080><c> other</c>

24:09.682 --> 24:09.692 align:start position:0%
that are within 90° from us. The other
 

24:09.692 --> 24:12.241 align:start position:0%
that are within 90° from us. The other
half<00:27:32.480><c> of</c><00:27:32.640><c> the</c><00:27:32.799><c> universe</c><00:27:33.440><c> is</c><00:27:33.840><c> forever</c><00:27:34.400><c> beyond</c>

24:12.241 --> 24:12.251 align:start position:0%
half of the universe is forever beyond
 

24:12.251 --> 24:14.562 align:start position:0%
half of the universe is forever beyond
our<00:27:35.200><c> reach.</c><00:27:35.919><c> We'll</c><00:27:36.240><c> talk</c><00:27:36.480><c> more</c><00:27:36.720><c> about</c><00:27:36.880><c> that</c>

24:14.562 --> 24:14.572 align:start position:0%
our reach. We'll talk more about that
 

24:14.572 --> 24:18.001 align:start position:0%
our reach. We'll talk more about that
later.<00:27:38.400><c> Conveniently,</c><00:27:39.440><c> distant</c><00:27:39.840><c> arrows</c><00:27:40.240><c> will</c>

24:18.001 --> 24:18.011 align:start position:0%
later. Conveniently, distant arrows will
 

24:18.011 --> 24:20.162 align:start position:0%
later. Conveniently, distant arrows will
also<00:27:40.880><c> undergo</c><00:27:41.520><c> red</c><00:27:41.840><c> shift</c><00:27:42.159><c> and</c><00:27:42.480><c> time</c>

24:20.162 --> 24:20.172 align:start position:0%
also undergo red shift and time
 

24:20.172 --> 24:23.042 align:start position:0%
also undergo red shift and time
dilation.<00:27:43.840><c> again</c><00:27:44.320><c> without</c><00:27:44.720><c> the</c><00:27:44.960><c> need</c><00:27:45.120><c> for</c><00:27:45.360><c> any</c>

24:23.042 --> 24:23.052 align:start position:0%
dilation. again without the need for any
 

24:23.052 --> 24:25.682 align:start position:0%
dilation. again without the need for any
dark<00:27:45.919><c> energy</c><00:27:46.320><c> expanding</c><00:27:46.799><c> the</c><00:27:47.039><c> universe.</c><00:27:48.000><c> Look</c>

24:25.682 --> 24:25.692 align:start position:0%
dark energy expanding the universe. Look
 

24:25.692 --> 24:27.842 align:start position:0%
dark energy expanding the universe. Look
at<00:27:48.400><c> how</c><00:27:48.640><c> these</c><00:27:49.039><c> distant</c><00:27:49.360><c> photons</c><00:27:49.919><c> intersect</c>

24:27.842 --> 24:27.852 align:start position:0%
at how these distant photons intersect
 

24:27.852 --> 24:30.562 align:start position:0%
at how these distant photons intersect
our<00:27:50.640><c> timeline.</c><00:27:51.600><c> Arrows</c><00:27:52.080><c> from</c><00:27:52.480><c> this</c><00:27:52.720><c> distant</c>

24:30.562 --> 24:30.572 align:start position:0%
our timeline. Arrows from this distant
 

24:30.572 --> 24:32.882 align:start position:0%
our timeline. Arrows from this distant
star<00:27:53.520><c> may</c><00:27:53.760><c> have</c><00:27:54.000><c> been</c><00:27:54.159><c> sent</c><00:27:54.399><c> out</c><00:27:54.720><c> once</c><00:27:55.120><c> every</c>

24:32.882 --> 24:32.892 align:start position:0%
star may have been sent out once every
 

24:32.892 --> 24:34.562 align:start position:0%
star may have been sent out once every
second<00:27:55.760><c> from</c><00:27:56.000><c> the</c><00:27:56.159><c> distant</c><00:27:56.480><c> stars</c><00:27:56.799><c> point</c><00:27:56.960><c> of</c>

24:34.562 --> 24:34.572 align:start position:0%
second from the distant stars point of
 

24:34.572 --> 24:37.601 align:start position:0%
second from the distant stars point of
view,<00:27:57.760><c> but</c><00:27:58.000><c> due</c><00:27:58.240><c> to</c><00:27:58.399><c> their</c><00:27:58.720><c> angle</c><00:27:59.039><c> of</c><00:27:59.279><c> travel,</c>

24:37.601 --> 24:37.611 align:start position:0%
view, but due to their angle of travel,
 

24:37.611 --> 24:40.162 align:start position:0%
view, but due to their angle of travel,
we<00:28:00.399><c> have</c><00:28:00.559><c> to</c><00:28:00.799><c> travel</c><00:28:01.360><c> much</c><00:28:01.840><c> more</c><00:28:02.320><c> than</c><00:28:02.480><c> a</c>

24:40.162 --> 24:40.172 align:start position:0%
we have to travel much more than a
 

24:40.172 --> 24:42.642 align:start position:0%
we have to travel much more than a
second<00:28:02.960><c> down</c><00:28:03.360><c> our</c><00:28:03.679><c> personal</c><00:28:04.159><c> timeline</c><00:28:04.720><c> to</c><00:28:05.039><c> see</c>

24:42.642 --> 24:42.652 align:start position:0%
second down our personal timeline to see
 

24:42.652 --> 24:45.601 align:start position:0%
second down our personal timeline to see
them<00:28:05.440><c> arrive.</c><00:28:06.640><c> Obviously,</c><00:28:07.200><c> for</c><00:28:07.440><c> photons</c><00:28:07.919><c> that</c>

24:45.601 --> 24:45.611 align:start position:0%
them arrive. Obviously, for photons that
 

24:45.611 --> 24:47.601 align:start position:0%
them arrive. Obviously, for photons that
are<00:28:08.480><c> not</c><00:28:08.880><c> particles,</c><00:28:09.360><c> but</c><00:28:09.600><c> rather</c><00:28:09.919><c> a</c>

24:47.601 --> 24:47.611 align:start position:0%
are not particles, but rather a
 

24:47.611 --> 24:50.082 align:start position:0%
are not particles, but rather a
continuous<00:28:10.720><c> wave,</c><00:28:11.440><c> this</c><00:28:11.679><c> has</c><00:28:11.840><c> the</c><00:28:12.000><c> effect</c><00:28:12.320><c> of</c>

24:50.082 --> 24:50.092 align:start position:0%
continuous wave, this has the effect of
 

24:50.092 --> 24:52.402 align:start position:0%
continuous wave, this has the effect of
stretching<00:28:13.200><c> out</c><00:28:13.520><c> the</c><00:28:13.760><c> photon's</c><00:28:14.240><c> wavelength,</c>

24:52.402 --> 24:52.412 align:start position:0%
stretching out the photon's wavelength,
 

24:52.412 --> 24:55.282 align:start position:0%
stretching out the photon's wavelength,
simultaneously<00:28:15.919><c> turning</c><00:28:16.320><c> it</c><00:28:16.640><c> redder</c><00:28:17.440><c> because</c>

24:55.282 --> 24:55.292 align:start position:0%
simultaneously turning it redder because
 

24:55.292 --> 24:57.522 align:start position:0%
simultaneously turning it redder because
color<00:28:18.159><c> is</c><00:28:18.399><c> influenced</c><00:28:18.880><c> by</c><00:28:19.039><c> wavelength</c><00:28:19.840><c> and</c>

24:57.522 --> 24:57.532 align:start position:0%
color is influenced by wavelength and
 

24:57.532 --> 24:59.522 align:start position:0%
color is influenced by wavelength and
making<00:28:20.320><c> the</c><00:28:20.559><c> information</c><00:28:20.960><c> in</c><00:28:21.279><c> it</c><00:28:21.520><c> appear</c><00:28:21.919><c> to</c>

24:59.522 --> 24:59.532 align:start position:0%
making the information in it appear to
 

24:59.532 --> 25:02.162 align:start position:0%
making the information in it appear to
be<00:28:22.320><c> much</c><00:28:22.559><c> more</c><00:28:22.799><c> drawn</c><00:28:23.200><c> out.</c>

25:02.162 --> 25:02.172 align:start position:0%
be much more drawn out.
 

25:02.172 --> 25:03.922 align:start position:0%
be much more drawn out.
A<00:28:24.960><c> distant</c><00:28:25.279><c> quazar</c><00:28:25.840><c> would</c><00:28:26.080><c> indeed</c><00:28:26.294><c> [music]</c>

25:03.922 --> 25:03.932 align:start position:0%
A distant quazar would indeed [music]
 

25:03.932 --> 25:05.762 align:start position:0%
A distant quazar would indeed [music]
appear<00:28:26.880><c> to</c><00:28:27.039><c> be</c><00:28:27.200><c> flickering</c><00:28:27.760><c> five</c><00:28:28.000><c> times</c>

25:05.762 --> 25:05.772 align:start position:0%
appear to be flickering five times
 

25:05.772 --> 25:08.082 align:start position:0%
appear to be flickering five times
slower<00:28:28.720><c> from</c><00:28:28.960><c> our</c><00:28:29.279><c> point</c><00:28:29.440><c> of</c><00:28:29.600><c> view,</c><00:28:30.159><c> provided</c>

25:08.082 --> 25:08.092 align:start position:0%
slower from our point of view, provided
 

25:08.092 --> 25:11.121 align:start position:0%
slower from our point of view, provided
it<00:28:30.960><c> sent</c><00:28:31.200><c> its</c><00:28:31.440><c> light</c><00:28:31.919><c> from</c><00:28:32.159><c> the</c><00:28:32.399><c> right</c><00:28:32.640><c> angle.</c>

25:11.121 --> 25:11.131 align:start position:0%
it sent its light from the right angle.
 

25:11.131 --> 25:13.121 align:start position:0%
it sent its light from the right angle.
On<00:28:33.919><c> top</c><00:28:34.080><c> of</c><00:28:34.159><c> that,</c><00:28:34.799><c> when</c><00:28:35.039><c> we</c><00:28:35.200><c> measure</c><00:28:35.440><c> the</c>

25:13.121 --> 25:13.131 align:start position:0%
On top of that, when we measure the
 

25:13.131 --> 25:15.682 align:start position:0%
On top of that, when we measure the
distance<00:28:36.000><c> the</c><00:28:36.240><c> photons</c><00:28:36.799><c> travel,</c><00:28:37.520><c> a</c><00:28:37.760><c> thing</c><00:28:37.919><c> we</c>

25:15.682 --> 25:15.692 align:start position:0%
distance the photons travel, a thing we
 

25:15.692 --> 25:17.682 align:start position:0%
distance the photons travel, a thing we
are<00:28:38.480><c> able</c><00:28:38.720><c> to</c><00:28:38.960><c> do</c><00:28:39.200><c> thanks</c><00:28:39.520><c> to</c><00:28:39.760><c> tricks</c><00:28:40.080><c> like</c>

25:17.682 --> 25:17.692 align:start position:0%
are able to do thanks to tricks like
 

25:17.692 --> 25:20.162 align:start position:0%
are able to do thanks to tricks like
trigonometry,<00:28:41.440><c> we</c><00:28:41.679><c> will</c><00:28:41.840><c> see</c><00:28:42.000><c> that</c><00:28:42.320><c> very</c>

25:20.162 --> 25:20.172 align:start position:0%
trigonometry, we will see that very
 

25:20.172 --> 25:22.402 align:start position:0%
trigonometry, we will see that very
farway<00:28:43.279><c> objects</c><00:28:43.760><c> seem</c><00:28:44.000><c> to</c><00:28:44.159><c> be</c><00:28:44.320><c> moving</c><00:28:44.640><c> away</c>

25:22.402 --> 25:22.412 align:start position:0%
farway objects seem to be moving away
 

25:22.412 --> 25:25.042 align:start position:0%
farway objects seem to be moving away
from<00:28:45.200><c> us</c><00:28:45.520><c> really</c><00:28:45.919><c> fast,</c><00:28:46.720><c> while</c><00:28:47.120><c> nearby</c>

25:25.042 --> 25:25.052 align:start position:0%
from us really fast, while nearby
 

25:25.052 --> 25:27.442 align:start position:0%
from us really fast, while nearby
objects<00:28:48.000><c> are</c><00:28:48.320><c> moving</c><00:28:48.640><c> away</c><00:28:48.880><c> from</c><00:28:49.039><c> us</c><00:28:49.520><c> much</c>

25:27.442 --> 25:27.452 align:start position:0%
objects are moving away from us much
 

25:27.452 --> 25:30.721 align:start position:0%
objects are moving away from us much
slower.<00:28:50.799><c> Converting</c><00:28:51.760><c> a</c><00:28:52.000><c> 4D</c><00:28:52.480><c> universe</c><00:28:52.960><c> down</c>

25:30.721 --> 25:30.731 align:start position:0%
slower. Converting a 4D universe down
 

25:30.731 --> 25:33.202 align:start position:0%
slower. Converting a 4D universe down
into<00:28:53.600><c> a</c><00:28:53.919><c> 3D</c><00:28:54.240><c> one</c><00:28:54.480><c> is</c><00:28:54.640><c> a</c><00:28:54.799><c> little</c><00:28:54.960><c> bit</c><00:28:55.120><c> tricky,</c>

25:33.202 --> 25:33.212 align:start position:0%
into a 3D one is a little bit tricky,
 

25:33.212 --> 25:35.202 align:start position:0%
into a 3D one is a little bit tricky,
but<00:28:56.000><c> strangely</c><00:28:56.480><c> enough,</c><00:28:56.799><c> the</c><00:28:57.039><c> distances</c><00:28:57.520><c> we</c>

25:35.202 --> 25:35.212 align:start position:0%
but strangely enough, the distances we
 

25:35.212 --> 25:38.162 align:start position:0%
but strangely enough, the distances we
see<00:28:58.000><c> here</c><00:28:58.240><c> in</c><00:28:58.480><c> the</c><00:28:58.640><c> photon</c><00:28:59.120><c> lines</c><00:28:59.760><c> do</c><00:29:00.159><c> seem</c><00:29:00.480><c> to</c>

25:38.162 --> 25:38.172 align:start position:0%
see here in the photon lines do seem to
 

25:38.172 --> 25:41.202 align:start position:0%
see here in the photon lines do seem to
carry<00:29:01.039><c> over</c><00:29:01.440><c> into</c><00:29:01.760><c> the</c><00:29:02.000><c> 3D</c><00:29:02.559><c> world.</c><00:29:03.360><c> And</c><00:29:03.600><c> this</c>

25:41.202 --> 25:41.212 align:start position:0%
carry over into the 3D world. And this
 

25:41.212 --> 25:43.682 align:start position:0%
carry over into the 3D world. And this
effect<00:29:04.240><c> happens</c><00:29:04.640><c> for</c><00:29:05.039><c> everyone.</c><00:29:06.000><c> This</c>

25:43.682 --> 25:43.692 align:start position:0%
effect happens for everyone. This
 

25:43.692 --> 25:46.322 align:start position:0%
effect happens for everyone. This
explains<00:29:06.640><c> why</c><00:29:07.279><c> no</c><00:29:07.440><c> matter</c><00:29:07.919><c> where</c><00:29:08.240><c> you</c><00:29:08.480><c> are</c><00:29:08.640><c> in</c>

25:46.322 --> 25:46.332 align:start position:0%
explains why no matter where you are in
 

25:46.332 --> 25:48.562 align:start position:0%
explains why no matter where you are in
the<00:29:09.039><c> universe,</c><00:29:09.840><c> things</c><00:29:10.240><c> appear</c><00:29:10.640><c> to</c><00:29:10.880><c> move</c>

25:48.562 --> 25:48.572 align:start position:0%
the universe, things appear to move
 

25:48.572 --> 25:50.882 align:start position:0%
the universe, things appear to move
slower<00:29:11.520><c> in</c><00:29:11.760><c> time</c><00:29:12.080><c> the</c><00:29:12.320><c> further</c><00:29:12.640><c> they</c><00:29:12.960><c> are</c><00:29:13.120><c> from</c>

25:50.882 --> 25:50.892 align:start position:0%
slower in time the further they are from
 

25:50.892 --> 25:53.202 align:start position:0%
slower in time the further they are from
you,<00:29:13.919><c> and</c><00:29:14.159><c> they</c><00:29:14.320><c> are</c><00:29:14.559><c> all</c><00:29:14.880><c> traveling</c><00:29:15.360><c> outward</c>

25:53.202 --> 25:53.212 align:start position:0%
you, and they are all traveling outward
 

25:53.212 --> 25:55.762 align:start position:0%
you, and they are all traveling outward
from<00:29:16.000><c> you,</c><00:29:16.640><c> the</c><00:29:16.880><c> expanded</c><00:29:17.440><c> universe</c>

25:55.762 --> 25:55.772 align:start position:0%
from you, the expanded universe
 

25:55.772 --> 25:58.802 align:start position:0%
from you, the expanded universe
accounted<00:29:18.880><c> for.</c>

25:58.802 --> 25:58.812 align:start position:0%
accounted for.
 

25:58.812 --> 26:00.962 align:start position:0%
accounted for.
Okay,<00:29:22.000><c> while</c><00:29:22.320><c> this</c><00:29:22.480><c> seems</c><00:29:22.799><c> all</c><00:29:23.039><c> well</c><00:29:23.200><c> and</c><00:29:23.360><c> good</c>

26:00.962 --> 26:00.972 align:start position:0%
Okay, while this seems all well and good
 

26:00.972 --> 26:02.962 align:start position:0%
Okay, while this seems all well and good
for<00:29:23.679><c> objects</c><00:29:24.080><c> standing</c><00:29:24.480><c> still</c><00:29:24.880><c> and</c><00:29:25.200><c> sending</c>

26:02.962 --> 26:02.972 align:start position:0%
for objects standing still and sending
 

26:02.972 --> 26:05.202 align:start position:0%
for objects standing still and sending
photons<00:29:25.919><c> at</c><00:29:26.159><c> each</c><00:29:26.320><c> other,</c><00:29:26.880><c> can</c><00:29:27.200><c> this</c><00:29:27.360><c> way</c><00:29:27.600><c> of</c>

26:05.202 --> 26:05.212 align:start position:0%
photons at each other, can this way of
 

26:05.212 --> 26:06.721 align:start position:0%
photons at each other, can this way of
thinking<00:29:28.000><c> about</c><00:29:28.240><c> the</c><00:29:28.480><c> universe</c><00:29:28.960><c> really</c>

26:06.721 --> 26:06.731 align:start position:0%
thinking about the universe really
 

26:06.731 --> 26:08.562 align:start position:0%
thinking about the universe really
explain<00:29:29.840><c> other</c><00:29:30.159><c> aspects</c><00:29:30.559><c> of</c><00:29:30.720><c> special</c>

26:08.562 --> 26:08.572 align:start position:0%
explain other aspects of special
 

26:08.572 --> 26:11.202 align:start position:0%
explain other aspects of special
relativity<00:29:32.000><c> like</c><00:29:32.399><c> length</c><00:29:32.799><c> contraction</c><00:29:33.520><c> and</c>

26:11.202 --> 26:11.212 align:start position:0%
relativity like length contraction and
 

26:11.212 --> 26:13.601 align:start position:0%
relativity like length contraction and
time<00:29:34.080><c> dilation</c><00:29:34.720><c> experienced</c><00:29:35.200><c> by</c><00:29:35.520><c> objects</c><00:29:35.919><c> in</c>

26:13.601 --> 26:13.611 align:start position:0%
time dilation experienced by objects in
 

26:13.611 --> 26:17.202 align:start position:0%
time dilation experienced by objects in
motion?<00:29:37.360><c> Actually,</c><00:29:38.159><c> yes,</c><00:29:38.880><c> using</c><00:29:39.279><c> the</c><00:29:39.520><c> same</c>

26:17.202 --> 26:17.212 align:start position:0%
motion? Actually, yes, using the same
 

26:17.212 --> 26:19.841 align:start position:0%
motion? Actually, yes, using the same
rules.<00:29:40.640><c> To</c><00:29:40.880><c> demonstrate</c><00:29:41.360><c> this,</c><00:29:41.840><c> let's</c><00:29:42.159><c> use</c>

26:19.841 --> 26:19.851 align:start position:0%
rules. To demonstrate this, let's use
 

26:19.851 --> 26:22.562 align:start position:0%
rules. To demonstrate this, let's use
our<00:29:42.720><c> old</c><00:29:43.039><c> friend,</c><00:29:43.600><c> the</c><00:29:43.840><c> barn</c><00:29:44.320><c> hall</c><00:29:44.799><c> thought</c>

26:22.562 --> 26:22.572 align:start position:0%
our old friend, the barn hall thought
 

26:22.572 --> 26:25.042 align:start position:0%
our old friend, the barn hall thought
experiment.<00:29:46.320><c> I</c><00:29:46.559><c> go</c><00:29:46.720><c> into</c><00:29:46.880><c> this</c><00:29:47.039><c> in</c><00:29:47.279><c> further</c>

26:25.042 --> 26:25.052 align:start position:0%
experiment. I go into this in further
 

26:25.052 --> 26:27.361 align:start position:0%
experiment. I go into this in further
detail<00:29:47.919><c> in</c><00:29:48.159><c> my</c><00:29:48.320><c> last</c><00:29:48.559><c> video,</c><00:29:49.200><c> but</c><00:29:49.360><c> the</c><00:29:49.600><c> basic</c>

26:27.361 --> 26:27.371 align:start position:0%
detail in my last video, but the basic
 

26:27.371 --> 26:30.721 align:start position:0%
detail in my last video, but the basic
gist<00:29:50.080><c> of</c><00:29:50.240><c> the</c><00:29:50.399><c> sort</c><00:29:50.720><c> experiment</c><00:29:51.279><c> is</c><00:29:51.600><c> this.</c><00:29:52.880><c> Can</c>

26:30.721 --> 26:30.731 align:start position:0%
gist of the sort experiment is this. Can
 

26:30.731 --> 26:35.682 align:start position:0%
gist of the sort experiment is this. Can
a<00:29:53.600><c> 40</c><00:29:54.080><c> m</c><00:29:54.399><c> pole</c><00:29:54.960><c> fit</c><00:29:55.520><c> into</c><00:29:55.919><c> a</c><00:29:56.320><c> 20</c><00:29:56.799><c> m</c><00:29:57.200><c> barn?</c>

26:35.682 --> 26:35.692 align:start position:0%
a 40 m pole fit into a 20 m barn?
 

26:35.692 --> 26:37.682 align:start position:0%
a 40 m pole fit into a 20 m barn?
According<00:29:58.720><c> to</c><00:29:58.960><c> relativity</c><00:29:59.600><c> and</c><00:29:59.840><c> length</c>

26:37.682 --> 26:37.692 align:start position:0%
According to relativity and length
 

26:37.692 --> 26:40.882 align:start position:0%
According to relativity and length
contraction,<00:30:01.360><c> yes.</c><00:30:02.480><c> By</c><00:30:02.799><c> accelerating</c><00:30:03.279><c> the</c>

26:40.882 --> 26:40.892 align:start position:0%
contraction, yes. By accelerating the
 

26:40.892 --> 26:43.042 align:start position:0%
contraction, yes. By accelerating the
pole<00:30:03.760><c> fast</c><00:30:04.080><c> enough,</c><00:30:04.480><c> it</c><00:30:04.720><c> will</c><00:30:04.960><c> undergo</c><00:30:05.440><c> a</c>

26:43.042 --> 26:43.052 align:start position:0%
pole fast enough, it will undergo a
 

26:43.052 --> 26:45.682 align:start position:0%
pole fast enough, it will undergo a
length<00:30:06.000><c> contraction,</c><00:30:06.960><c> shrinking</c><00:30:07.440><c> down</c><00:30:07.760><c> to</c><00:30:08.000><c> a</c>

26:45.682 --> 26:45.692 align:start position:0%
length contraction, shrinking down to a
 

26:45.692 --> 26:48.562 align:start position:0%
length contraction, shrinking down to a
20<00:30:08.559><c> m</c><00:30:08.799><c> pole,</c><00:30:09.520><c> which</c><00:30:09.840><c> can</c><00:30:10.000><c> then</c><00:30:10.320><c> enter</c><00:30:10.559><c> and</c><00:30:10.880><c> exit</c>

26:48.562 --> 26:48.572 align:start position:0%
20 m pole, which can then enter and exit
 

26:48.572 --> 26:50.882 align:start position:0%
20 m pole, which can then enter and exit
the<00:30:11.360><c> barn,</c><00:30:11.919><c> assuming</c><00:30:12.320><c> the</c><00:30:12.559><c> barn</c><00:30:12.880><c> has</c><00:30:13.039><c> doors</c>

26:50.882 --> 26:50.892 align:start position:0%
the barn, assuming the barn has doors
 

26:50.892 --> 26:53.442 align:start position:0%
the barn, assuming the barn has doors
open<00:30:13.600><c> on</c><00:30:13.840><c> both</c><00:30:14.080><c> ends.</c><00:30:15.039><c> Technically</c><00:30:15.600><c> allowing</c>

26:53.442 --> 26:53.452 align:start position:0%
open on both ends. Technically allowing
 

26:53.452 --> 26:56.082 align:start position:0%
open on both ends. Technically allowing
it<00:30:16.320><c> to</c><00:30:16.559><c> exist</c><00:30:17.039><c> completely</c><00:30:17.520><c> inside</c><00:30:17.840><c> the</c><00:30:18.080><c> barn,</c>

26:56.082 --> 26:56.092 align:start position:0%
it to exist completely inside the barn,
 

26:56.092 --> 26:58.802 align:start position:0%
it to exist completely inside the barn,
if<00:30:18.880><c> just</c><00:30:19.039><c> for</c><00:30:19.279><c> a</c><00:30:19.440><c> moment.</c><00:30:20.399><c> Theoretically,</c><00:30:21.120><c> if</c>

26:58.802 --> 26:58.812 align:start position:0%
if just for a moment. Theoretically, if
 

26:58.812 --> 27:00.721 align:start position:0%
if just for a moment. Theoretically, if
you<00:30:21.520><c> were</c><00:30:21.679><c> fast</c><00:30:22.000><c> enough,</c><00:30:22.480><c> you</c><00:30:22.720><c> could</c><00:30:22.960><c> even</c>

27:00.721 --> 27:00.731 align:start position:0%
you were fast enough, you could even
 

27:00.731 --> 27:03.282 align:start position:0%
you were fast enough, you could even
close<00:30:23.760><c> both</c><00:30:24.080><c> doors</c><00:30:24.399><c> of</c><00:30:24.480><c> the</c><00:30:24.640><c> barn</c><00:30:24.960><c> at</c><00:30:25.120><c> once,</c>

27:03.282 --> 27:03.292 align:start position:0%
close both doors of the barn at once,
 

27:03.292 --> 27:06.481 align:start position:0%
close both doors of the barn at once,
fully<00:30:26.320><c> holding</c><00:30:26.640><c> the</c><00:30:26.880><c> pole</c><00:30:27.360><c> inside</c><00:30:27.760><c> the</c><00:30:28.000><c> barn.</c>

27:06.481 --> 27:06.491 align:start position:0%
fully holding the pole inside the barn.
 

27:06.491 --> 27:07.922 align:start position:0%
fully holding the pole inside the barn.
The<00:30:29.279><c> tricky</c><00:30:29.600><c> thing</c><00:30:29.760><c> about</c><00:30:30.000><c> this</c><00:30:30.159><c> thought</c>

27:07.922 --> 27:07.932 align:start position:0%
The tricky thing about this thought
 

27:07.932 --> 27:09.841 align:start position:0%
The tricky thing about this thought
experiment<00:30:30.960><c> is</c><00:30:31.200><c> what</c><00:30:31.440><c> happens</c><00:30:31.679><c> if</c><00:30:31.919><c> you</c><00:30:32.080><c> view</c>

27:09.841 --> 27:09.851 align:start position:0%
experiment is what happens if you view
 

27:09.851 --> 27:12.082 align:start position:0%
experiment is what happens if you view
those<00:30:32.799><c> exact</c><00:30:33.200><c> same</c><00:30:33.440><c> events</c><00:30:33.760><c> from</c><00:30:34.000><c> the</c><00:30:34.159><c> pole's</c>

27:12.082 --> 27:12.092 align:start position:0%
those exact same events from the pole's
 

27:12.092 --> 27:14.802 align:start position:0%
those exact same events from the pole's
perspective.<00:30:35.840><c> Because</c><00:30:36.559><c> according</c><00:30:37.039><c> to</c><00:30:37.200><c> the</c>

27:14.802 --> 27:14.812 align:start position:0%
perspective. Because according to the
 

27:14.812 --> 27:17.841 align:start position:0%
perspective. Because according to the
pole,<00:30:38.159><c> it</c><00:30:38.399><c> is</c><00:30:38.640><c> equally</c><00:30:39.120><c> accurate</c><00:30:39.679><c> to</c><00:30:39.919><c> see</c><00:30:40.080><c> the</c>

27:17.841 --> 27:17.851 align:start position:0%
pole, it is equally accurate to see the
 

27:17.851 --> 27:20.562 align:start position:0%
pole, it is equally accurate to see the
barn<00:30:40.960><c> moving</c><00:30:41.360><c> towards</c><00:30:41.760><c> it.</c><00:30:42.480><c> But</c><00:30:42.640><c> in</c><00:30:42.880><c> that</c>

27:20.562 --> 27:20.572 align:start position:0%
barn moving towards it. But in that
 

27:20.572 --> 27:23.522 align:start position:0%
barn moving towards it. But in that
case,<00:30:43.760><c> it</c><00:30:44.000><c> is</c><00:30:44.240><c> the</c><00:30:44.640><c> barn</c><00:30:45.200><c> that</c><00:30:45.520><c> undergoes</c>

27:23.522 --> 27:23.532 align:start position:0%
case, it is the barn that undergoes
 

27:23.532 --> 27:25.601 align:start position:0%
case, it is the barn that undergoes
length<00:30:46.480><c> contraction,</c><00:30:47.360><c> which</c><00:30:47.600><c> means</c><00:30:47.840><c> that</c>

27:25.601 --> 27:25.611 align:start position:0%
length contraction, which means that
 

27:25.611 --> 27:27.601 align:start position:0%
length contraction, which means that
when<00:30:48.399><c> the</c><00:30:48.559><c> pole</c><00:30:48.880><c> enters</c><00:30:49.200><c> the</c><00:30:49.360><c> barn</c><00:30:49.679><c> and</c><00:30:49.919><c> the</c>

27:27.601 --> 27:27.611 align:start position:0%
when the pole enters the barn and the
 

27:27.611 --> 27:29.841 align:start position:0%
when the pole enters the barn and the
barn<00:30:50.480><c> tries</c><00:30:50.720><c> to</c><00:30:50.880><c> shut</c><00:30:51.120><c> its</c><00:30:51.360><c> doors,</c><00:30:52.159><c> it</c>

27:29.841 --> 27:29.851 align:start position:0%
barn tries to shut its doors, it
 

27:29.851 --> 27:32.642 align:start position:0%
barn tries to shut its doors, it
shouldn't<00:30:52.799><c> work.</c><00:30:53.600><c> The</c><00:30:53.760><c> pole</c><00:30:54.320><c> shouldn't</c><00:30:54.960><c> be</c>

27:32.642 --> 27:32.652 align:start position:0%
shouldn't work. The pole shouldn't be
 

27:32.652 --> 27:36.241 align:start position:0%
shouldn't work. The pole shouldn't be
contained.<00:30:56.559><c> The</c><00:30:56.799><c> answer</c><00:30:57.039><c> to</c><00:30:57.279><c> this</c><00:30:57.600><c> paradox</c><00:30:58.480><c> is</c>

27:36.241 --> 27:36.251 align:start position:0%
contained. The answer to this paradox is
 

27:36.251 --> 27:40.001 align:start position:0%
contained. The answer to this paradox is
that<00:30:59.200><c> time</c><00:30:59.679><c> is</c><00:31:00.080><c> weird</c><00:31:00.640><c> and</c><00:31:01.039><c> simultaneity</c><00:31:02.080><c> is</c><00:31:02.320><c> a</c>

27:40.001 --> 27:40.011 align:start position:0%
that time is weird and simultaneity is a
 

27:40.011 --> 27:42.962 align:start position:0%
that time is weird and simultaneity is a
lie.<00:31:03.279><c> What</c><00:31:03.520><c> the</c><00:31:03.679><c> barn</c><00:31:04.080><c> sees</c><00:31:04.399><c> as</c><00:31:04.960><c> concurrent</c>

27:42.962 --> 27:42.972 align:start position:0%
lie. What the barn sees as concurrent
 

27:42.972 --> 27:45.841 align:start position:0%
lie. What the barn sees as concurrent
events,<00:31:06.159><c> the</c><00:31:06.320><c> doors</c><00:31:06.720><c> both</c><00:31:07.039><c> closing</c><00:31:07.360><c> at</c><00:31:07.600><c> once,</c>

27:45.841 --> 27:45.851 align:start position:0%
events, the doors both closing at once,
 

27:45.851 --> 27:48.802 align:start position:0%
events, the doors both closing at once,
are<00:31:08.720><c> not</c><00:31:09.120><c> what</c><00:31:09.360><c> the</c><00:31:09.520><c> pole</c><00:31:09.919><c> sees.</c><00:31:10.799><c> The</c><00:31:10.960><c> pole</c>

27:48.802 --> 27:48.812 align:start position:0%
are not what the pole sees. The pole
 

27:48.812 --> 27:51.361 align:start position:0%
are not what the pole sees. The pole
sees<00:31:11.840><c> both</c><00:31:12.159><c> doors</c><00:31:12.559><c> shutting</c><00:31:12.960><c> at</c><00:31:13.279><c> two</c><00:31:13.600><c> separate</c>

27:51.361 --> 27:51.371 align:start position:0%
sees both doors shutting at two separate
 

27:51.371 --> 27:54.241 align:start position:0%
sees both doors shutting at two separate
moments<00:31:14.240><c> in</c><00:31:14.480><c> time.</c><00:31:15.279><c> First</c><00:31:15.679><c> the</c><00:31:15.840><c> back</c><00:31:16.080><c> door,</c>

27:54.241 --> 27:54.251 align:start position:0%
moments in time. First the back door,
 

27:54.251 --> 27:56.322 align:start position:0%
moments in time. First the back door,
and<00:31:17.039><c> only</c><00:31:17.520><c> later,</c><00:31:18.080><c> once</c><00:31:18.320><c> the</c><00:31:18.480><c> pole</c><00:31:18.720><c> has</c>

27:56.322 --> 27:56.332 align:start position:0%
and only later, once the pole has
 

27:56.332 --> 27:58.322 align:start position:0%
and only later, once the pole has
entered<00:31:19.200><c> the</c><00:31:19.360><c> barn,</c><00:31:19.840><c> does</c><00:31:20.080><c> the</c><00:31:20.320><c> front</c><00:31:20.559><c> door</c>

27:58.322 --> 27:58.332 align:start position:0%
entered the barn, does the front door
 

27:58.332 --> 28:01.202 align:start position:0%
entered the barn, does the front door
close,<00:31:21.279><c> too.</c><00:31:22.480><c> The</c><00:31:22.720><c> reasons</c><00:31:23.039><c> for</c><00:31:23.279><c> this</c><00:31:23.520><c> are</c>

28:01.202 --> 28:01.212 align:start position:0%
close, too. The reasons for this are
 

28:01.212 --> 28:03.762 align:start position:0%
close, too. The reasons for this are
weird,<00:31:24.480><c> but</c><00:31:24.880><c> they</c><00:31:25.279><c> actually</c><00:31:25.679><c> are</c><00:31:26.000><c> quite</c>

28:03.762 --> 28:03.772 align:start position:0%
weird, but they actually are quite
 

28:03.772 --> 28:06.082 align:start position:0%
weird, but they actually are quite
straightforward<00:31:26.880><c> in</c><00:31:27.120><c> my</c><00:31:27.279><c> brother's</c><00:31:27.679><c> model.</c>

28:06.082 --> 28:06.092 align:start position:0%
straightforward in my brother's model.
 

28:06.092 --> 28:08.162 align:start position:0%
straightforward in my brother's model.
Here<00:31:28.960><c> is</c><00:31:29.200><c> our</c><00:31:29.520><c> pole,</c><00:31:30.080><c> which</c><00:31:30.320><c> we</c><00:31:30.559><c> will</c>

28:08.162 --> 28:08.172 align:start position:0%
Here is our pole, which we will
 

28:08.172 --> 28:10.721 align:start position:0%
Here is our pole, which we will
accelerate<00:31:31.279><c> towards</c><00:31:31.600><c> the</c><00:31:31.840><c> barn.</c><00:31:32.880><c> While</c><00:31:33.039><c> the</c>

28:10.721 --> 28:10.731 align:start position:0%
accelerate towards the barn. While the
 

28:10.731 --> 28:13.361 align:start position:0%
accelerate towards the barn. While the
pole<00:31:33.679><c> is</c><00:31:34.000><c> one</c><00:31:34.399><c> continuous</c><00:31:34.960><c> object,</c><00:31:35.600><c> it's</c>

28:13.361 --> 28:13.371 align:start position:0%
pole is one continuous object, it's
 

28:13.371 --> 28:15.121 align:start position:0%
pole is one continuous object, it's
actually<00:31:36.159><c> more</c><00:31:36.399><c> accurate</c><00:31:36.720><c> to</c><00:31:36.880><c> describe</c><00:31:37.279><c> it</c><00:31:37.440><c> as</c>

28:15.121 --> 28:15.131 align:start position:0%
actually more accurate to describe it as
 

28:15.131 --> 28:18.961 align:start position:0%
actually more accurate to describe it as
a<00:31:38.240><c> long</c><00:31:38.559><c> line</c><00:31:38.960><c> of</c><00:31:39.279><c> little</c><00:31:39.600><c> objects,</c><00:31:40.399><c> atoms.</c>

28:18.961 --> 28:18.971 align:start position:0%
a long line of little objects, atoms.
 

28:18.971 --> 28:21.442 align:start position:0%
a long line of little objects, atoms.
So,<00:31:41.840><c> for</c><00:31:42.080><c> this,</c><00:31:42.559><c> let's</c><00:31:42.880><c> track</c><00:31:43.200><c> the</c><00:31:43.360><c> path</c><00:31:43.679><c> of</c>

28:21.442 --> 28:21.452 align:start position:0%
So, for this, let's track the path of
 

28:21.452 --> 28:23.682 align:start position:0%
So, for this, let's track the path of
two<00:31:44.320><c> of</c><00:31:44.559><c> those</c><00:31:44.799><c> atoms,</c><00:31:45.519><c> one</c><00:31:45.679><c> at</c><00:31:45.919><c> the</c><00:31:46.000><c> front</c><00:31:46.159><c> of</c>

28:23.682 --> 28:23.692 align:start position:0%
two of those atoms, one at the front of
 

28:23.692 --> 28:26.642 align:start position:0%
two of those atoms, one at the front of
the<00:31:46.399><c> pole</c><00:31:46.960><c> and</c><00:31:47.279><c> one</c><00:31:47.519><c> at</c><00:31:47.760><c> the</c><00:31:47.919><c> back.</c><00:31:48.799><c> At</c><00:31:49.039><c> the</c>

28:26.642 --> 28:26.652 align:start position:0%
the pole and one at the back. At the
 

28:26.652 --> 28:28.481 align:start position:0%
the pole and one at the back. At the
start<00:31:49.360><c> of</c><00:31:49.519><c> our</c><00:31:49.760><c> journey,</c><00:31:50.080><c> the</c><00:31:50.320><c> barn</c><00:31:50.640><c> sees</c><00:31:50.880><c> the</c>

28:28.481 --> 28:28.491 align:start position:0%
start of our journey, the barn sees the
 

28:28.491 --> 28:31.682 align:start position:0%
start of our journey, the barn sees the
pole<00:31:51.360><c> as</c><00:31:51.840><c> 40</c><00:31:52.240><c> m</c><00:31:52.640><c> in</c><00:31:52.880><c> length.</c><00:31:53.600><c> These</c><00:31:53.919><c> are</c><00:31:54.080><c> the</c>

28:31.682 --> 28:31.692 align:start position:0%
pole as 40 m in length. These are the
 

28:31.692 --> 28:34.162 align:start position:0%
pole as 40 m in length. These are the
photons<00:31:54.720><c> it</c><00:31:54.960><c> sees,</c><00:31:55.600><c> and</c><00:31:55.840><c> it</c><00:31:56.000><c> can</c><00:31:56.159><c> see</c><00:31:56.320><c> that</c><00:31:56.559><c> the</c>

28:34.162 --> 28:34.172 align:start position:0%
photons it sees, and it can see that the
 

28:34.172 --> 28:36.721 align:start position:0%
photons it sees, and it can see that the
pole<00:31:57.120><c> shouldn't</c><00:31:57.600><c> fit</c><00:31:58.000><c> into</c><00:31:58.480><c> the</c><00:31:58.720><c> narrower</c>

28:36.721 --> 28:36.731 align:start position:0%
pole shouldn't fit into the narrower
 

28:36.731 --> 28:39.682 align:start position:0%
pole shouldn't fit into the narrower
barn.<00:32:00.399><c> But</c><00:32:00.559><c> then,</c><00:32:00.880><c> let's</c><00:32:01.360><c> start</c><00:32:01.679><c> the</c><00:32:01.840><c> pole</c>

28:39.682 --> 28:39.692 align:start position:0%
barn. But then, let's start the pole
 

28:39.692 --> 28:42.241 align:start position:0%
barn. But then, let's start the pole
moving.<00:32:03.279><c> According</c><00:32:03.679><c> to</c><00:32:03.760><c> the</c><00:32:03.919><c> pole's</c><00:32:04.399><c> initial</c>

28:42.241 --> 28:42.251 align:start position:0%
moving. According to the pole's initial
 

28:42.251 --> 28:44.481 align:start position:0%
moving. According to the pole's initial
time<00:32:05.120><c> reference</c><00:32:05.600><c> frame,</c><00:32:06.240><c> both</c><00:32:06.480><c> atoms</c><00:32:06.880><c> are</c>

28:44.481 --> 28:44.491 align:start position:0%
time reference frame, both atoms are
 

28:44.491 --> 28:46.481 align:start position:0%
time reference frame, both atoms are
going<00:32:07.200><c> to</c><00:32:07.360><c> move</c><00:32:07.600><c> the</c><00:32:07.919><c> same</c><00:32:08.159><c> distance</c><00:32:08.559><c> in</c><00:32:08.799><c> the</c>

28:46.481 --> 28:46.491 align:start position:0%
going to move the same distance in the
 

28:46.491 --> 28:48.322 align:start position:0%
going to move the same distance in the
same<00:32:09.200><c> amount</c><00:32:09.440><c> of</c><00:32:09.679><c> time.</c><00:32:10.320><c> That</c><00:32:10.559><c> will</c><00:32:10.720><c> look</c>

28:48.322 --> 28:48.332 align:start position:0%
same amount of time. That will look
 

28:48.332 --> 28:51.121 align:start position:0%
same amount of time. That will look
something<00:32:11.200><c> like</c><00:32:11.440><c> this.</c><00:32:12.399><c> It's</c><00:32:12.799><c> not</c><00:32:13.200><c> quite</c>

28:51.121 --> 28:51.131 align:start position:0%
something like this. It's not quite
 

28:51.131 --> 28:54.082 align:start position:0%
something like this. It's not quite
light<00:32:14.000><c> speed,</c><00:32:14.399><c> but</c><00:32:14.640><c> it's</c><00:32:14.960><c> pretty</c><00:32:15.279><c> close.</c><00:32:16.399><c> The</c>

28:54.082 --> 28:54.092 align:start position:0%
light speed, but it's pretty close. The
 

28:54.092 --> 28:56.562 align:start position:0%
light speed, but it's pretty close. The
two<00:32:16.880><c> arrows</c><00:32:17.360><c> move</c><00:32:17.679><c> a</c><00:32:17.919><c> little</c><00:32:18.080><c> into</c><00:32:18.399><c> the</c><00:32:18.559><c> future</c>

28:56.562 --> 28:56.572 align:start position:0%
two arrows move a little into the future
 

28:56.572 --> 29:00.001 align:start position:0%
two arrows move a little into the future
and<00:32:19.519><c> cover</c><00:32:19.919><c> a</c><00:32:20.320><c> lot</c><00:32:20.480><c> of</c><00:32:20.720><c> distance.</c><00:32:22.000><c> But</c><00:32:22.159><c> now</c>

29:00.001 --> 29:00.011 align:start position:0%
and cover a lot of distance. But now
 

29:00.011 --> 29:01.682 align:start position:0%
and cover a lot of distance. But now
look<00:32:22.720><c> at</c><00:32:22.960><c> what</c><00:32:23.120><c> happens</c><00:32:23.440><c> from</c><00:32:23.600><c> the</c><00:32:23.840><c> barn's</c>

29:01.682 --> 29:01.692 align:start position:0%
look at what happens from the barn's
 

29:01.692 --> 29:04.241 align:start position:0%
look at what happens from the barn's
perspective.<00:32:25.360><c> Due</c><00:32:25.600><c> to</c><00:32:25.760><c> the</c><00:32:26.000><c> differing</c><00:32:26.480><c> angle</c>

29:04.241 --> 29:04.251 align:start position:0%
perspective. Due to the differing angle
 

29:04.251 --> 29:07.202 align:start position:0%
perspective. Due to the differing angle
of<00:32:26.960><c> the</c><00:32:27.120><c> poles</c><00:32:27.600><c> and</c><00:32:27.760><c> the</c><00:32:27.919><c> barn's</c><00:32:28.399><c> timelines,</c><00:32:29.440><c> a</c>

29:07.202 --> 29:07.212 align:start position:0%
of the poles and the barn's timelines, a
 

29:07.212 --> 29:09.522 align:start position:0%
of the poles and the barn's timelines, a
result<00:32:30.000><c> of</c><00:32:30.399><c> everything</c><00:32:30.960><c> being</c><00:32:31.279><c> on</c><00:32:31.519><c> slightly</c>

29:09.522 --> 29:09.532 align:start position:0%
result of everything being on slightly
 

29:09.532 --> 29:12.001 align:start position:0%
result of everything being on slightly
diverging<00:32:32.720><c> trajectories</c><00:32:33.519><c> from</c><00:32:33.760><c> that</c><00:32:34.080><c> initial</c>

29:12.001 --> 29:12.011 align:start position:0%
diverging trajectories from that initial
 

29:12.011 --> 29:14.961 align:start position:0%
diverging trajectories from that initial
big<00:32:34.799><c> bang</c><00:32:35.120><c> moment.</c><00:32:36.000><c> The</c><00:32:36.159><c> pole's</c><00:32:36.720><c> arrival</c>

29:14.961 --> 29:14.971 align:start position:0%
big bang moment. The pole's arrival
 

29:14.971 --> 29:18.001 align:start position:0%
big bang moment. The pole's arrival
looks<00:32:37.840><c> like</c><00:32:38.159><c> this.</c><00:32:39.360><c> If</c><00:32:39.600><c> we</c><00:32:39.760><c> take</c><00:32:39.919><c> a</c><00:32:40.080><c> snapshot</c>

29:18.001 --> 29:18.011 align:start position:0%
looks like this. If we take a snapshot
 

29:18.011 --> 29:20.402 align:start position:0%
looks like this. If we take a snapshot
at<00:32:40.799><c> the</c><00:32:40.960><c> exact</c><00:32:41.360><c> moment</c><00:32:41.679><c> the</c><00:32:42.000><c> back</c><00:32:42.159><c> of</c><00:32:42.320><c> the</c><00:32:42.480><c> pole</c>

29:20.402 --> 29:20.412 align:start position:0%
at the exact moment the back of the pole
 

29:20.412 --> 29:22.481 align:start position:0%
at the exact moment the back of the pole
finishes<00:32:43.279><c> its</c><00:32:43.600><c> journey</c><00:32:44.080><c> and</c><00:32:44.320><c> arrives</c><00:32:44.720><c> at</c><00:32:44.880><c> the</c>

29:22.481 --> 29:22.491 align:start position:0%
finishes its journey and arrives at the
 

29:22.491 --> 29:24.642 align:start position:0%
finishes its journey and arrives at the
front<00:32:45.200><c> of</c><00:32:45.279><c> the</c><00:32:45.440><c> barn,</c><00:32:46.159><c> we</c><00:32:46.399><c> can</c><00:32:46.480><c> see</c><00:32:46.640><c> that</c><00:32:46.880><c> the</c>

29:24.642 --> 29:24.652 align:start position:0%
front of the barn, we can see that the
 

29:24.652 --> 29:26.721 align:start position:0%
front of the barn, we can see that the
cross-section<00:32:47.760><c> of</c><00:32:48.000><c> space</c><00:32:48.240><c> that</c><00:32:48.480><c> the</c><00:32:48.720><c> pole</c><00:32:49.039><c> is</c>

29:26.721 --> 29:26.731 align:start position:0%
cross-section of space that the pole is
 

29:26.731 --> 29:29.361 align:start position:0%
cross-section of space that the pole is
taking<00:32:49.600><c> up</c><00:32:50.159><c> is</c><00:32:50.480><c> much</c><00:32:50.960><c> shorter</c><00:32:51.440><c> than</c><00:32:51.679><c> its</c>

29:29.361 --> 29:29.371 align:start position:0%
taking up is much shorter than its
 

29:29.371 --> 29:32.241 align:start position:0%
taking up is much shorter than its
original<00:32:52.320><c> length.</c><00:32:53.120><c> It</c><00:32:53.360><c> now</c><00:32:53.679><c> fits</c><00:32:54.159><c> inside</c><00:32:54.559><c> the</c>

29:32.241 --> 29:32.251 align:start position:0%
original length. It now fits inside the
 

29:32.251 --> 29:34.882 align:start position:0%
original length. It now fits inside the
barn<00:32:55.600><c> just</c><00:32:55.840><c> as</c><00:32:56.240><c> length</c><00:32:56.640><c> contraction</c><00:32:57.200><c> would</c>

29:34.882 --> 29:34.892 align:start position:0%
barn just as length contraction would
 

29:34.892 --> 29:38.322 align:start position:0%
barn just as length contraction would
predict.<00:32:58.399><c> The</c><00:32:58.640><c> barn</c><00:32:59.200><c> then</c><00:32:59.600><c> closes</c><00:33:00.000><c> its</c><00:33:00.240><c> doors.</c>

29:38.322 --> 29:38.332 align:start position:0%
predict. The barn then closes its doors.
 

29:38.332 --> 29:40.162 align:start position:0%
predict. The barn then closes its doors.
Of<00:33:01.279><c> course,</c><00:33:01.519><c> the</c><00:33:01.760><c> front</c><00:33:01.919><c> of</c><00:33:02.080><c> the</c><00:33:02.159><c> pole</c><00:33:02.480><c> will</c>

29:40.162 --> 29:40.172 align:start position:0%
Of course, the front of the pole will
 

29:40.172 --> 29:42.082 align:start position:0%
Of course, the front of the pole will
want<00:33:02.880><c> to</c><00:33:03.039><c> do</c><00:33:03.279><c> some</c><00:33:03.600><c> more</c><00:33:03.919><c> moving</c><00:33:04.240><c> in</c><00:33:04.480><c> the</c>

29:42.082 --> 29:42.092 align:start position:0%
want to do some more moving in the
 

29:42.092 --> 29:44.241 align:start position:0%
want to do some more moving in the
seconds<00:33:04.960><c> after</c><00:33:05.279><c> our</c><00:33:05.519><c> snapshot,</c><00:33:06.240><c> so</c><00:33:06.399><c> the</c><00:33:06.559><c> barn</c>

29:44.241 --> 29:44.251 align:start position:0%
seconds after our snapshot, so the barn
 

29:44.251 --> 29:46.001 align:start position:0%
seconds after our snapshot, so the barn
had<00:33:06.960><c> better</c><00:33:07.279><c> open</c><00:33:07.519><c> its</c><00:33:07.679><c> doors</c><00:33:07.919><c> again</c><00:33:08.240><c> quite</c>

29:46.001 --> 29:46.011 align:start position:0%
had better open its doors again quite
 

29:46.011 --> 29:48.162 align:start position:0%
had better open its doors again quite
soon.<00:33:09.360><c> But</c><00:33:09.519><c> the</c><00:33:09.760><c> back</c><00:33:09.919><c> of</c><00:33:10.000><c> the</c><00:33:10.159><c> pole</c><00:33:10.480><c> has</c>

29:48.162 --> 29:48.172 align:start position:0%
soon. But the back of the pole has
 

29:48.172 --> 29:49.682 align:start position:0%
soon. But the back of the pole has
completed<00:33:11.039><c> the</c><00:33:11.279><c> journey</c><00:33:11.600><c> its</c><00:33:11.919><c> initial</c>

29:49.682 --> 29:49.692 align:start position:0%
completed the journey its initial
 

29:49.692 --> 29:52.642 align:start position:0%
completed the journey its initial
trajectory<00:33:12.799><c> set</c><00:33:13.200><c> on,</c><00:33:13.760><c> so</c><00:33:14.000><c> it</c><00:33:14.240><c> is</c><00:33:14.399><c> now</c><00:33:14.720><c> free</c><00:33:14.960><c> to</c>

29:52.642 --> 29:52.652 align:start position:0%
trajectory set on, so it is now free to
 

29:52.652 --> 29:55.841 align:start position:0%
trajectory set on, so it is now free to
pursue<00:33:15.519><c> a</c><00:33:15.760><c> new</c><00:33:16.000><c> path</c><00:33:16.480><c> should</c><00:33:16.720><c> it</c><00:33:16.960><c> desire</c><00:33:17.279><c> to.</c>

29:55.841 --> 29:55.851 align:start position:0%
pursue a new path should it desire to.
 

29:55.851 --> 29:57.522 align:start position:0%
pursue a new path should it desire to.
This<00:33:18.640><c> is</c><00:33:18.720><c> a</c><00:33:18.960><c> reflection</c><00:33:19.279><c> of</c><00:33:19.519><c> the</c><00:33:19.679><c> fact</c><00:33:19.840><c> that</c>

29:57.522 --> 29:57.532 align:start position:0%
This is a reflection of the fact that
 

29:57.532 --> 30:00.001 align:start position:0%
This is a reflection of the fact that
the<00:33:20.240><c> pole</c><00:33:20.640><c> is</c><00:33:20.880><c> a</c><00:33:21.120><c> little</c><00:33:21.360><c> out</c><00:33:21.600><c> of</c><00:33:21.840><c> sync</c><00:33:22.320><c> from</c>

30:00.001 --> 30:00.011 align:start position:0%
the pole is a little out of sync from
 

30:00.011 --> 30:02.481 align:start position:0%
the pole is a little out of sync from
the<00:33:22.799><c> barn's</c><00:33:23.200><c> perspective</c><00:33:24.240><c> with</c><00:33:24.480><c> the</c><00:33:24.720><c> back</c><00:33:24.880><c> of</c>

30:02.481 --> 30:02.491 align:start position:0%
the barn's perspective with the back of
 

30:02.491 --> 30:04.802 align:start position:0%
the barn's perspective with the back of
the<00:33:25.200><c> pole</c><00:33:25.600><c> having</c><00:33:25.919><c> experienced</c><00:33:26.480><c> more</c><00:33:26.720><c> time</c>

30:04.802 --> 30:04.812 align:start position:0%
the pole having experienced more time
 

30:04.812 --> 30:06.481 align:start position:0%
the pole having experienced more time
than<00:33:27.519><c> the</c><00:33:27.760><c> front</c><00:33:28.159><c> at</c><00:33:28.399><c> the</c><00:33:28.559><c> moment</c><00:33:28.720><c> of</c>

30:06.481 --> 30:06.491 align:start position:0%
than the front at the moment of
 

30:06.491 --> 30:08.882 align:start position:0%
than the front at the moment of
traveling<00:33:29.440><c> through</c><00:33:29.760><c> the</c><00:33:29.919><c> barn.</c>

30:08.882 --> 30:08.892 align:start position:0%
traveling through the barn.
 

30:08.892 --> 30:10.961 align:start position:0%
traveling through the barn.
Perhaps<00:33:31.840><c> this</c><00:33:32.080><c> is</c><00:33:32.320><c> easier</c><00:33:32.640><c> to</c><00:33:32.880><c> see</c><00:33:33.039><c> if</c><00:33:33.279><c> we</c>

30:10.961 --> 30:10.971 align:start position:0%
Perhaps this is easier to see if we
 

30:10.971 --> 30:13.361 align:start position:0%
Perhaps this is easier to see if we
shift<00:33:33.840><c> perspectives</c><00:33:34.480><c> again.</c><00:33:35.279><c> Let's</c><00:33:35.600><c> look</c><00:33:35.760><c> at</c>

30:13.361 --> 30:13.371 align:start position:0%
shift perspectives again. Let's look at
 

30:13.371 --> 30:15.682 align:start position:0%
shift perspectives again. Let's look at
the<00:33:36.159><c> pole's</c><00:33:36.559><c> movement</c><00:33:36.960><c> again,</c><00:33:37.440><c> but</c><00:33:37.679><c> now</c><00:33:38.000><c> let's</c>

30:15.682 --> 30:15.692 align:start position:0%
the pole's movement again, but now let's
 

30:15.692 --> 30:18.322 align:start position:0%
the pole's movement again, but now let's
include<00:33:38.640><c> the</c><00:33:38.880><c> barn</c><00:33:39.279><c> shutting</c><00:33:39.600><c> its</c><00:33:39.840><c> doors.</c>

30:18.322 --> 30:18.332 align:start position:0%
include the barn shutting its doors.
 

30:18.332 --> 30:20.162 align:start position:0%
include the barn shutting its doors.
We're<00:33:41.279><c> back</c><00:33:41.519><c> in</c><00:33:41.679><c> the</c><00:33:41.919><c> pole's</c><00:33:42.320><c> reference</c>

30:20.162 --> 30:20.172 align:start position:0%
We're back in the pole's reference
 

30:20.172 --> 30:23.042 align:start position:0%
We're back in the pole's reference
frame,<00:33:43.279><c> which</c><00:33:43.519><c> it</c><00:33:43.840><c> remains</c><00:33:44.159><c> in</c><00:33:44.559><c> until</c><00:33:44.960><c> it</c><00:33:45.279><c> ever</c>

30:23.042 --> 30:23.052 align:start position:0%
frame, which it remains in until it ever
 

30:23.052 --> 30:26.082 align:start position:0%
frame, which it remains in until it ever
accelerates<00:33:46.159><c> or</c><00:33:46.480><c> decelerates.</c><00:33:47.760><c> But</c><00:33:48.000><c> from</c><00:33:48.320><c> its</c>

30:26.082 --> 30:26.092 align:start position:0%
accelerates or decelerates. But from its
 

30:26.092 --> 30:28.001 align:start position:0%
accelerates or decelerates. But from its
perspective,<00:33:49.440><c> the</c><00:33:49.679><c> closing</c><00:33:49.919><c> of</c><00:33:50.080><c> the</c><00:33:50.240><c> barn</c>

30:28.001 --> 30:28.011 align:start position:0%
perspective, the closing of the barn
 

30:28.011 --> 30:30.721 align:start position:0%
perspective, the closing of the barn
doors<00:33:51.200><c> is</c><00:33:51.440><c> now</c><00:33:51.679><c> the</c><00:33:51.919><c> one</c><00:33:52.159><c> out</c><00:33:52.399><c> of</c><00:33:52.559><c> sync.</c>

30:30.721 --> 30:30.731 align:start position:0%
doors is now the one out of sync.
 

30:30.731 --> 30:33.282 align:start position:0%
doors is now the one out of sync.
According<00:33:53.679><c> to</c><00:33:53.919><c> its</c><00:33:54.320><c> timeline,</c><00:33:55.120><c> the</c><00:33:55.360><c> back</c><00:33:55.600><c> door</c>

30:33.282 --> 30:33.292 align:start position:0%
According to its timeline, the back door
 

30:33.292 --> 30:36.322 align:start position:0%
According to its timeline, the back door
of<00:33:56.080><c> the</c><00:33:56.240><c> barn</c><00:33:56.640><c> closing</c><00:33:57.360><c> happens</c><00:33:57.840><c> first</c><00:33:58.559><c> and</c>

30:36.322 --> 30:36.332 align:start position:0%
of the barn closing happens first and
 

30:36.332 --> 30:39.442 align:start position:0%
of the barn closing happens first and
only<00:33:59.279><c> later</c><00:33:59.760><c> does</c><00:34:00.000><c> the</c><00:34:00.240><c> front</c><00:34:00.480><c> door</c><00:34:00.799><c> close.</c>

30:39.442 --> 30:39.452 align:start position:0%
only later does the front door close.
 

30:39.452 --> 30:41.762 align:start position:0%
only later does the front door close.
Just<00:34:02.240><c> like</c><00:34:02.559><c> what</c><00:34:02.799><c> is</c><00:34:03.039><c> predicted</c><00:34:03.440><c> by</c><00:34:03.679><c> the</c><00:34:03.919><c> barn</c>

30:41.762 --> 30:41.772 align:start position:0%
Just like what is predicted by the barn
 

30:41.772 --> 30:44.241 align:start position:0%
Just like what is predicted by the barn
pole<00:34:04.720><c> thought</c><00:34:05.039><c> experiment.</c>

30:44.241 --> 30:44.251 align:start position:0%
pole thought experiment.
 

30:44.251 --> 30:46.882 align:start position:0%
pole thought experiment.
Just<00:34:07.120><c> for</c><00:34:07.440><c> thoroughess's</c><00:34:08.240><c> sake,</c><00:34:08.800><c> here's</c><00:34:09.119><c> what</c>

30:46.882 --> 30:46.892 align:start position:0%
Just for thoroughess's sake, here's what
 

30:46.892 --> 30:49.202 align:start position:0%
Just for thoroughess's sake, here's what
a<00:34:09.679><c> round</c><00:34:10.000><c> trip</c><00:34:10.240><c> would</c><00:34:10.480><c> look</c><00:34:10.639><c> like.</c><00:34:11.359><c> Once</c><00:34:11.599><c> the</c>

30:49.202 --> 30:49.212 align:start position:0%
a round trip would look like. Once the
 

30:49.212 --> 30:51.521 align:start position:0%
a round trip would look like. Once the
pole<00:34:12.159><c> has</c><00:34:12.320><c> arrived</c><00:34:12.560><c> at</c><00:34:12.720><c> its</c><00:34:12.960><c> destination,</c><00:34:13.760><c> it</c>

30:51.521 --> 30:51.531 align:start position:0%
pole has arrived at its destination, it
 

30:51.531 --> 30:54.402 align:start position:0%
pole has arrived at its destination, it
decelerates.<00:34:15.280><c> The</c><00:34:15.520><c> act</c><00:34:15.760><c> of</c><00:34:15.919><c> accelerating</c><00:34:16.639><c> or</c>

30:54.402 --> 30:54.412 align:start position:0%
decelerates. The act of accelerating or
 

30:54.412 --> 30:56.561 align:start position:0%
decelerates. The act of accelerating or
decelerating<00:34:17.679><c> after</c><00:34:17.919><c> a</c><00:34:18.159><c> move</c><00:34:18.399><c> changes</c><00:34:18.800><c> one's</c>

30:56.561 --> 30:56.571 align:start position:0%
decelerating after a move changes one's
 

30:56.571 --> 30:58.242 align:start position:0%
decelerating after a move changes one's
reference<00:34:19.520><c> frame.</c><00:34:20.159><c> That's</c><00:34:20.399><c> another</c>

30:58.242 --> 30:58.252 align:start position:0%
reference frame. That's another
 

30:58.252 --> 31:00.242 align:start position:0%
reference frame. That's another
assumption<00:34:21.200><c> my</c><00:34:21.440><c> brother</c><00:34:21.679><c> is</c><00:34:21.839><c> using</c><00:34:22.079><c> here.</c>

31:00.242 --> 31:00.252 align:start position:0%
assumption my brother is using here.
 

31:00.252 --> 31:02.002 align:start position:0%
assumption my brother is using here.
Note<00:34:23.119><c> that</c><00:34:23.280><c> while</c><00:34:23.520><c> the</c><00:34:23.760><c> pole</c><00:34:24.079><c> initially</c>

31:02.002 --> 31:02.012 align:start position:0%
Note that while the pole initially
 

31:02.012 --> 31:03.682 align:start position:0%
Note that while the pole initially
thought<00:34:24.879><c> that</c><00:34:25.119><c> it</c><00:34:25.359><c> arrived</c><00:34:25.679><c> at</c><00:34:25.839><c> its</c><00:34:26.079><c> new</c>

31:03.682 --> 31:03.692 align:start position:0%
thought that it arrived at its new
 

31:03.692 --> 31:06.002 align:start position:0%
thought that it arrived at its new
destination<00:34:26.800><c> all</c><00:34:27.040><c> at</c><00:34:27.280><c> once,</c><00:34:28.000><c> after</c><00:34:28.320><c> it</c>

31:06.002 --> 31:06.012 align:start position:0%
destination all at once, after it
 

31:06.012 --> 31:08.162 align:start position:0%
destination all at once, after it
decelerates,<00:34:29.280><c> the</c><00:34:29.520><c> back</c><00:34:29.760><c> half</c><00:34:30.079><c> needs</c><00:34:30.399><c> to</c><00:34:30.560><c> stay</c>

31:08.162 --> 31:08.172 align:start position:0%
decelerates, the back half needs to stay
 

31:08.172 --> 31:10.081 align:start position:0%
decelerates, the back half needs to stay
where<00:34:30.960><c> it</c><00:34:31.119><c> is</c><00:34:31.280><c> for</c><00:34:31.440><c> a</c><00:34:31.679><c> little</c><00:34:31.839><c> while</c><00:34:32.240><c> so</c><00:34:32.480><c> the</c>

31:10.081 --> 31:10.091 align:start position:0%
where it is for a little while so the
 

31:10.091 --> 31:12.801 align:start position:0%
where it is for a little while so the
front<00:34:32.879><c> half</c><00:34:33.200><c> can</c><00:34:33.359><c> finish</c><00:34:33.679><c> its</c><00:34:34.000><c> journey.</c><00:34:34.960><c> Then</c>

31:12.801 --> 31:12.811 align:start position:0%
front half can finish its journey. Then
 

31:12.811 --> 31:15.041 align:start position:0%
front half can finish its journey. Then
once<00:34:35.760><c> both</c><00:34:36.000><c> parts</c><00:34:36.320><c> have</c><00:34:36.560><c> arrived</c><00:34:36.879><c> and</c><00:34:37.200><c> we're</c>

31:15.041 --> 31:15.051 align:start position:0%
once both parts have arrived and we're
 

31:15.051 --> 31:17.442 align:start position:0%
once both parts have arrived and we're
oriented<00:34:38.159><c> in</c><00:34:38.399><c> the</c><00:34:38.560><c> new</c><00:34:38.720><c> time</c><00:34:38.960><c> frame,</c><00:34:39.599><c> we</c><00:34:39.839><c> can</c>

31:17.442 --> 31:17.452 align:start position:0%
oriented in the new time frame, we can
 

31:17.452 --> 31:21.041 align:start position:0%
oriented in the new time frame, we can
make<00:34:40.240><c> another</c><00:34:40.639><c> move</c><00:34:41.200><c> heading</c><00:34:41.599><c> back</c><00:34:42.000><c> like</c><00:34:42.320><c> so.</c>

31:21.041 --> 31:21.051 align:start position:0%
make another move heading back like so.
 

31:21.051 --> 31:23.361 align:start position:0%
make another move heading back like so.
Whether<00:34:43.919><c> the</c><00:34:44.079><c> pole</c><00:34:44.399><c> is</c><00:34:44.720><c> coming</c><00:34:44.960><c> in</c><00:34:45.359><c> or</c><00:34:45.679><c> going</c>

31:23.361 --> 31:23.371 align:start position:0%
Whether the pole is coming in or going
 

31:23.371 --> 31:25.442 align:start position:0%
Whether the pole is coming in or going
out,<00:34:46.480><c> the</c><00:34:46.720><c> barn</c><00:34:47.040><c> will</c><00:34:47.280><c> see</c><00:34:47.440><c> it</c><00:34:47.599><c> as</c>

31:25.442 --> 31:25.452 align:start position:0%
out, the barn will see it as
 

31:25.452 --> 31:27.762 align:start position:0%
out, the barn will see it as
experiencing<00:34:48.879><c> some</c><00:34:49.280><c> amount</c><00:34:49.679><c> of</c><00:34:49.919><c> length</c>

31:27.762 --> 31:27.772 align:start position:0%
experiencing some amount of length
 

31:27.772 --> 31:30.482 align:start position:0%
experiencing some amount of length
contraction.<00:34:51.359><c> Once</c><00:34:51.599><c> it</c><00:34:51.760><c> is</c><00:34:52.000><c> at</c><00:34:52.240><c> rest,</c><00:34:52.800><c> that</c>

31:30.482 --> 31:30.492 align:start position:0%
contraction. Once it is at rest, that
 

31:30.492 --> 31:32.642 align:start position:0%
contraction. Once it is at rest, that
length<00:34:53.359><c> contraction</c><00:34:54.000><c> vanishes.</c>

31:32.642 --> 31:32.652 align:start position:0%
length contraction vanishes.
 

31:32.652 --> 31:34.561 align:start position:0%
length contraction vanishes.
Furthermore,<00:34:55.919><c> objects</c><00:34:56.320><c> in</c><00:34:56.560><c> motion</c>

31:34.561 --> 31:34.571 align:start position:0%
Furthermore, objects in motion
 

31:34.571 --> 31:35.922 align:start position:0%
Furthermore, objects in motion
experience<00:34:57.520><c> the</c><00:34:57.680><c> passage</c><00:34:58.000><c> of</c><00:34:58.240><c> time</c>

31:35.922 --> 31:35.932 align:start position:0%
experience the passage of time
 

31:35.932 --> 31:38.002 align:start position:0%
experience the passage of time
differently<00:34:59.040><c> compared</c><00:34:59.440><c> to</c><00:34:59.680><c> other</c><00:35:00.000><c> objects</c><00:35:00.400><c> at</c>

31:38.002 --> 31:38.012 align:start position:0%
differently compared to other objects at
 

31:38.012 --> 31:40.482 align:start position:0%
differently compared to other objects at
rest.<00:35:01.280><c> By</c><00:35:01.520><c> looking</c><00:35:01.760><c> at</c><00:35:01.839><c> the</c><00:35:02.079><c> poles</c><00:35:02.560><c> reference</c>

31:40.482 --> 31:40.492 align:start position:0%
rest. By looking at the poles reference
 

31:40.492 --> 31:42.882 align:start position:0%
rest. By looking at the poles reference
frames,<00:35:03.680><c> it's</c><00:35:04.000><c> possible</c><00:35:04.320><c> to</c><00:35:04.560><c> see</c><00:35:04.880><c> that</c><00:35:05.200><c> it</c>

31:42.882 --> 31:42.892 align:start position:0%
frames, it's possible to see that it
 

31:42.892 --> 31:44.962 align:start position:0%
frames, it's possible to see that it
experience<00:35:06.000><c> less</c><00:35:06.400><c> overall</c><00:35:06.880><c> time</c><00:35:07.119><c> than</c><00:35:07.280><c> the</c>

31:44.962 --> 31:44.972 align:start position:0%
experience less overall time than the
 

31:44.972 --> 31:47.762 align:start position:0%
experience less overall time than the
barn<00:35:08.000><c> thanks</c><00:35:08.320><c> to</c><00:35:08.480><c> its</c><00:35:08.880><c> moving</c><00:35:09.280><c> around,</c><00:35:10.079><c> just</c>

31:47.762 --> 31:47.772 align:start position:0%
barn thanks to its moving around, just
 

31:47.772 --> 31:50.962 align:start position:0%
barn thanks to its moving around, just
like<00:35:10.640><c> in</c><00:35:10.960><c> real</c><00:35:11.200><c> life.</c><00:35:12.320><c> In</c><00:35:12.560><c> other</c><00:35:12.800><c> words,</c><00:35:13.200><c> my</c>

31:50.962 --> 31:50.972 align:start position:0%
like in real life. In other words, my
 

31:50.972 --> 31:52.882 align:start position:0%
like in real life. In other words, my
brother<00:35:13.839><c> has</c><00:35:14.079><c> come</c><00:35:14.320><c> across</c><00:35:14.640><c> something</c><00:35:15.040><c> very</c>

31:52.882 --> 31:52.892 align:start position:0%
brother has come across something very
 

31:52.892 --> 31:55.122 align:start position:0%
brother has come across something very
interesting<00:35:15.920><c> here.</c><00:35:16.560><c> By</c><00:35:16.880><c> thinking</c><00:35:17.200><c> of</c><00:35:17.440><c> a</c>

31:55.122 --> 31:55.132 align:start position:0%
interesting here. By thinking of a
 

31:55.132 --> 31:58.162 align:start position:0%
interesting here. By thinking of a
universe<00:35:18.240><c> like</c><00:35:18.560><c> this,</c><00:35:19.280><c> we</c><00:35:19.599><c> immediately</c><00:35:20.160><c> and</c>

31:58.162 --> 31:58.172 align:start position:0%
universe like this, we immediately and
 

31:58.172 --> 32:01.281 align:start position:0%
universe like this, we immediately and
quite<00:35:21.119><c> simply</c><00:35:21.760><c> can</c><00:35:22.079><c> explain</c><00:35:22.560><c> a</c><00:35:22.880><c> number</c><00:35:23.280><c> of</c><00:35:23.599><c> the</c>

32:01.281 --> 32:01.291 align:start position:0%
quite simply can explain a number of the
 

32:01.291 --> 32:03.602 align:start position:0%
quite simply can explain a number of the
natural<00:35:24.240><c> phenomena</c><00:35:24.880><c> that</c><00:35:25.200><c> exist</c><00:35:25.599><c> around</c><00:35:25.920><c> us</c>

32:03.602 --> 32:03.612 align:start position:0%
natural phenomena that exist around us
 

32:03.612 --> 32:06.482 align:start position:0%
natural phenomena that exist around us
in<00:35:26.400><c> special</c><00:35:26.800><c> relativity.</c><00:35:28.000><c> Time</c><00:35:28.240><c> dilation,</c>

32:06.482 --> 32:06.492 align:start position:0%
in special relativity. Time dilation,
 

32:06.492 --> 32:09.521 align:start position:0%
in special relativity. Time dilation,
red<00:35:29.359><c> shift,</c><00:35:30.079><c> lens</c><00:35:30.480><c> contraction,</c><00:35:31.520><c> why</c><00:35:31.760><c> light</c>

32:09.521 --> 32:09.531 align:start position:0%
red shift, lens contraction, why light
 

32:09.531 --> 32:11.362 align:start position:0%
red shift, lens contraction, why light
has<00:35:32.320><c> a</c><00:35:32.480><c> speed</c><00:35:32.720><c> limit</c><00:35:33.040><c> that's</c><00:35:33.280><c> the</c><00:35:33.440><c> same</c><00:35:33.599><c> for</c>

32:11.362 --> 32:11.372 align:start position:0%
has a speed limit that's the same for
 

32:11.372 --> 32:14.561 align:start position:0%
has a speed limit that's the same for
everyone<00:35:34.480><c> except</c><00:35:34.880><c> itself.</c><00:35:35.760><c> Dark</c><00:35:36.079><c> energy,</c><00:35:36.880><c> an</c>

32:14.561 --> 32:14.571 align:start position:0%
everyone except itself. Dark energy, an
 

32:14.571 --> 32:17.202 align:start position:0%
everyone except itself. Dark energy, an
expanding<00:35:37.839><c> universe.</c><00:35:39.040><c> Let's</c><00:35:39.280><c> go</c><00:35:39.440><c> even</c>

32:17.202 --> 32:17.212 align:start position:0%
expanding universe. Let's go even
 

32:17.212 --> 32:19.202 align:start position:0%
expanding universe. Let's go even
further.<00:35:40.240><c> Let's</c><00:35:40.560><c> solve</c><00:35:40.880><c> antimatter</c><00:35:41.599><c> while</c>

32:19.202 --> 32:19.212 align:start position:0%
further. Let's solve antimatter while
 

32:19.212 --> 32:21.602 align:start position:0%
further. Let's solve antimatter while
we're<00:35:41.920><c> at</c><00:35:42.160><c> it.</c><00:35:43.040><c> It's</c><00:35:43.359><c> one</c><00:35:43.520><c> of</c><00:35:43.599><c> the</c><00:35:43.760><c> great</c>

32:21.602 --> 32:21.612 align:start position:0%
we're at it. It's one of the great
 

32:21.612 --> 32:23.602 align:start position:0%
we're at it. It's one of the great
mysteries<00:35:44.480><c> of</c><00:35:44.720><c> science</c><00:35:45.040><c> that</c><00:35:45.359><c> our</c><00:35:45.680><c> universe</c>

32:23.602 --> 32:23.612 align:start position:0%
mysteries of science that our universe
 

32:23.612 --> 32:26.082 align:start position:0%
mysteries of science that our universe
is<00:35:46.400><c> missing</c><00:35:46.720><c> a</c><00:35:46.960><c> whole</c><00:35:47.200><c> load</c><00:35:47.440><c> of</c><00:35:47.599><c> antimatter.</c>

32:26.082 --> 32:26.092 align:start position:0%
is missing a whole load of antimatter.
 

32:26.092 --> 32:27.762 align:start position:0%
is missing a whole load of antimatter.
From<00:35:48.960><c> what</c><00:35:49.119><c> we</c><00:35:49.280><c> know,</c><00:35:49.520><c> the</c><00:35:49.680><c> universe</c><00:35:50.079><c> should</c>

32:27.762 --> 32:27.772 align:start position:0%
From what we know, the universe should
 

32:27.772 --> 32:29.682 align:start position:0%
From what we know, the universe should
really<00:35:50.640><c> have</c><00:35:50.880><c> produced</c><00:35:51.200><c> an</c><00:35:51.440><c> exactly</c><00:35:51.839><c> equal</c>

32:29.682 --> 32:29.692 align:start position:0%
really have produced an exactly equal
 

32:29.692 --> 32:32.561 align:start position:0%
really have produced an exactly equal
amount<00:35:52.560><c> of</c><00:35:52.720><c> antimatter</c><00:35:53.440><c> to</c><00:35:53.680><c> matter.</c><00:35:54.640><c> But</c><00:35:54.880><c> were</c>

32:32.561 --> 32:32.571 align:start position:0%
amount of antimatter to matter. But were
 

32:32.571 --> 32:34.801 align:start position:0%
amount of antimatter to matter. But were
that<00:35:55.280><c> to</c><00:35:55.520><c> happen,</c><00:35:56.079><c> then</c><00:35:56.400><c> all</c><00:35:56.560><c> the</c><00:35:56.720><c> antimatter</c>

32:34.801 --> 32:34.811 align:start position:0%
that to happen, then all the antimatter
 

32:34.811 --> 32:37.041 align:start position:0%
that to happen, then all the antimatter
would<00:35:57.599><c> annihilate</c><00:35:58.240><c> all</c><00:35:58.400><c> the</c><00:35:58.560><c> matter,</c><00:35:59.119><c> and</c><00:35:59.359><c> our</c>

32:37.041 --> 32:37.051 align:start position:0%
would annihilate all the matter, and our
 

32:37.051 --> 32:39.041 align:start position:0%
would annihilate all the matter, and our
universe<00:36:00.079><c> would</c><00:36:00.320><c> have</c><00:36:00.640><c> never</c><00:36:00.880><c> gotten</c><00:36:01.280><c> started</c>

32:39.041 --> 32:39.051 align:start position:0%
universe would have never gotten started
 

32:39.051 --> 32:41.521 align:start position:0%
universe would have never gotten started
in<00:36:01.839><c> the</c><00:36:02.000><c> first</c><00:36:02.160><c> place.</c><00:36:02.960><c> For</c><00:36:03.200><c> some</c><00:36:03.599><c> currently</c>

32:41.521 --> 32:41.531 align:start position:0%
in the first place. For some currently
 

32:41.531 --> 32:44.402 align:start position:0%
in the first place. For some currently
unexplained<00:36:04.960><c> but</c><00:36:05.280><c> quite</c><00:36:05.599><c> beneficial</c><00:36:06.160><c> reason,</c>

32:44.402 --> 32:44.412 align:start position:0%
unexplained but quite beneficial reason,
 

32:44.412 --> 32:47.041 align:start position:0%
unexplained but quite beneficial reason,
our<00:36:07.359><c> observed</c><00:36:07.839><c> universe</c><00:36:08.400><c> made</c><00:36:08.720><c> more</c><00:36:08.960><c> matter</c>

32:47.041 --> 32:47.051 align:start position:0%
our observed universe made more matter
 

32:47.051 --> 32:48.962 align:start position:0%
our observed universe made more matter
than<00:36:09.920><c> antimatter.</c>

32:48.962 --> 32:48.972 align:start position:0%
than antimatter.
 

32:48.972 --> 32:51.922 align:start position:0%
than antimatter.
And<00:36:11.680><c> we</c><00:36:12.000><c> don't</c><00:36:12.320><c> know</c><00:36:12.560><c> why.</c><00:36:13.760><c> But</c><00:36:13.920><c> scientists</c>

32:51.922 --> 32:51.932 align:start position:0%
And we don't know why. But scientists
 

32:51.932 --> 32:53.922 align:start position:0%
And we don't know why. But scientists
have<00:36:14.640><c> theorized</c><00:36:15.119><c> that</c><00:36:15.359><c> antimatter</c><00:36:16.000><c> can</c><00:36:16.320><c> be</c>

32:53.922 --> 32:53.932 align:start position:0%
have theorized that antimatter can be
 

32:53.932 --> 32:56.722 align:start position:0%
have theorized that antimatter can be
described<00:36:16.960><c> as</c><00:36:17.200><c> matter</c><00:36:17.920><c> with</c><00:36:18.160><c> its</c><00:36:18.480><c> time</c>

32:56.722 --> 32:56.732 align:start position:0%
described as matter with its time
 

32:56.732 --> 32:59.602 align:start position:0%
described as matter with its time
reversed.<00:36:20.400><c> And</c><00:36:20.560><c> it</c><00:36:20.800><c> turns</c><00:36:21.040><c> out</c><00:36:21.200><c> that</c><00:36:21.760><c> all</c><00:36:22.000><c> the</c>

32:59.602 --> 32:59.612 align:start position:0%
reversed. And it turns out that all the
 

32:59.612 --> 33:01.842 align:start position:0%
reversed. And it turns out that all the
arrows<00:36:22.640><c> pointing</c><00:36:23.200><c> away</c><00:36:23.440><c> from</c><00:36:23.680><c> us</c><00:36:23.920><c> by</c><00:36:24.160><c> more</c>

33:01.842 --> 33:01.852 align:start position:0%
arrows pointing away from us by more
 

33:01.852 --> 33:05.041 align:start position:0%
arrows pointing away from us by more
than<00:36:24.640><c> 90°</c><00:36:25.440><c> in</c><00:36:25.760><c> this</c><00:36:26.000><c> model</c><00:36:26.640><c> can</c><00:36:26.960><c> be</c><00:36:27.200><c> considered</c>

33:05.041 --> 33:05.051 align:start position:0%
than 90° in this model can be considered
 

33:05.051 --> 33:08.801 align:start position:0%
than 90° in this model can be considered
to<00:36:27.839><c> be</c><00:36:28.240><c> time</c><00:36:28.880><c> reversed</c><00:36:29.359><c> for</c><00:36:29.599><c> us.</c><00:36:30.400><c> After</c><00:36:30.800><c> all,</c>

33:08.801 --> 33:08.811 align:start position:0%
to be time reversed for us. After all,
 

33:08.811 --> 33:11.362 align:start position:0%
to be time reversed for us. After all,
if<00:36:31.599><c> time</c><00:36:32.000><c> slows</c><00:36:32.400><c> down</c><00:36:32.880><c> more</c><00:36:33.119><c> and</c><00:36:33.359><c> more</c><00:36:33.680><c> the</c>

33:11.362 --> 33:11.372 align:start position:0%
if time slows down more and more the
 

33:11.372 --> 33:14.402 align:start position:0%
if time slows down more and more the
closer<00:36:34.240><c> a</c><00:36:34.480><c> model</c><00:36:34.880><c> gets</c><00:36:35.119><c> to</c><00:36:35.359><c> that</c><00:36:35.839><c> 90°</c><00:36:36.560><c> angle</c>

33:14.402 --> 33:14.412 align:start position:0%
closer a model gets to that 90° angle
 

33:14.412 --> 33:16.882 align:start position:0%
closer a model gets to that 90° angle
from<00:36:37.200><c> us,</c><00:36:37.920><c> what</c><00:36:38.240><c> happens</c><00:36:38.480><c> when</c><00:36:38.720><c> it</c><00:36:38.880><c> goes</c><00:36:39.119><c> past</c>

33:16.882 --> 33:16.892 align:start position:0%
from us, what happens when it goes past
 

33:16.892 --> 33:19.842 align:start position:0%
from us, what happens when it goes past
zero?<00:36:40.560><c> Well,</c><00:36:40.960><c> it</c><00:36:41.200><c> goes</c><00:36:41.520><c> into</c><00:36:41.920><c> negative</c>

33:19.842 --> 33:19.852 align:start position:0%
zero? Well, it goes into negative
 

33:19.852 --> 33:22.882 align:start position:0%
zero? Well, it goes into negative
values.<00:36:43.520><c> So,</c><00:36:44.000><c> here</c><00:36:44.400><c> is</c><00:36:44.720><c> the</c><00:36:45.040><c> missing</c>

33:22.882 --> 33:22.892 align:start position:0%
values. So, here is the missing
 

33:22.892 --> 33:25.281 align:start position:0%
values. So, here is the missing
antimatter.<00:36:46.560><c> It's</c><00:36:46.800><c> simply</c><00:36:47.119><c> the</c><00:36:47.440><c> other</c><00:36:47.599><c> half</c>

33:25.281 --> 33:25.291 align:start position:0%
antimatter. It's simply the other half
 

33:25.291 --> 33:27.521 align:start position:0%
antimatter. It's simply the other half
of<00:36:48.000><c> the</c><00:36:48.160><c> universe.</c><00:36:48.960><c> Unobservable,</c>

33:27.521 --> 33:27.531 align:start position:0%
of the universe. Unobservable,
 

33:27.531 --> 33:29.762 align:start position:0%
of the universe. Unobservable,
unreachable,<00:36:50.960><c> and</c><00:36:51.200><c> forever</c><00:36:51.680><c> cut</c><00:36:51.920><c> off</c><00:36:52.079><c> from</c>

33:29.762 --> 33:29.772 align:start position:0%
unreachable, and forever cut off from
 

33:29.772 --> 33:32.482 align:start position:0%
unreachable, and forever cut off from
us,<00:36:52.960><c> which</c><00:36:53.200><c> is</c><00:36:53.440><c> probably</c><00:36:53.760><c> for</c><00:36:54.000><c> the</c><00:36:54.160><c> best,</c><00:36:54.800><c> as</c>

33:32.482 --> 33:32.492 align:start position:0%
us, which is probably for the best, as
 

33:32.492 --> 33:34.722 align:start position:0%
us, which is probably for the best, as
if<00:36:55.280><c> we</c><00:36:55.440><c> could</c><00:36:55.680><c> go</c><00:36:55.920><c> there,</c><00:36:56.400><c> we'd</c><00:36:56.800><c> apparently</c>

33:34.722 --> 33:34.732 align:start position:0%
if we could go there, we'd apparently
 

33:34.732 --> 33:37.521 align:start position:0%
if we could go there, we'd apparently
explode.<00:36:58.480><c> And</c><00:36:58.720><c> now</c><00:36:58.880><c> we</c><00:36:59.119><c> have</c><00:36:59.280><c> this</c><00:36:59.520><c> geometric</c>

33:37.521 --> 33:37.531 align:start position:0%
explode. And now we have this geometric
 

33:37.531 --> 33:39.762 align:start position:0%
explode. And now we have this geometric
model.<00:37:00.720><c> We</c><00:37:00.960><c> can</c><00:37:01.119><c> add</c><00:37:01.280><c> in</c><00:37:01.520><c> my</c><00:37:01.680><c> brother's</c>

33:39.762 --> 33:39.772 align:start position:0%
model. We can add in my brother's
 

33:39.772 --> 33:41.842 align:start position:0%
model. We can add in my brother's
previous<00:37:02.720><c> unified</c><00:37:03.280><c> theory</c><00:37:03.599><c> ideas</c><00:37:04.000><c> from</c><00:37:04.240><c> my</c>

33:41.842 --> 33:41.852 align:start position:0%
previous unified theory ideas from my
 

33:41.852 --> 33:44.642 align:start position:0%
previous unified theory ideas from my
other<00:37:04.640><c> videos</c><00:37:05.200><c> and</c><00:37:05.520><c> describe</c><00:37:06.079><c> all</c><00:37:06.400><c> this</c><00:37:06.800><c> as</c>

33:44.642 --> 33:44.652 align:start position:0%
other videos and describe all this as
 

33:44.652 --> 33:47.602 align:start position:0%
other videos and describe all this as
lines<00:37:07.599><c> of</c><00:37:07.839><c> vibrating</c><00:37:08.560><c> strings.</c><00:37:09.520><c> And</c><00:37:09.760><c> suddenly</c>

33:47.602 --> 33:47.612 align:start position:0%
lines of vibrating strings. And suddenly
 

33:47.612 --> 33:49.521 align:start position:0%
lines of vibrating strings. And suddenly
we<00:37:10.320><c> can</c><00:37:10.480><c> include</c><00:37:10.800><c> all</c><00:37:11.040><c> the</c><00:37:11.200><c> quantum</c><00:37:11.680><c> elements</c>

33:49.521 --> 33:49.531 align:start position:0%
we can include all the quantum elements
 

33:49.531 --> 33:52.082 align:start position:0%
we can include all the quantum elements
as<00:37:12.320><c> well.</c>

33:52.082 --> 33:52.092 align:start position:0%
as well.
 

33:52.092 --> 33:54.402 align:start position:0%
as well.
A<00:37:14.880><c> few</c><00:37:15.040><c> last</c><00:37:15.440><c> observations</c><00:37:16.160><c> before</c><00:37:16.480><c> we</c><00:37:16.640><c> wrap</c>

33:54.402 --> 33:54.412 align:start position:0%
A few last observations before we wrap
 

33:54.412 --> 33:57.362 align:start position:0%
A few last observations before we wrap
this<00:37:17.119><c> up.</c><00:37:17.920><c> Can</c><00:37:18.320><c> objects</c><00:37:18.800><c> with</c><00:37:19.119><c> mass</c><00:37:19.599><c> ever</c>

33:57.362 --> 33:57.372 align:start position:0%
this up. Can objects with mass ever
 

33:57.372 --> 34:00.242 align:start position:0%
this up. Can objects with mass ever
travel<00:37:20.240><c> at</c><00:37:20.400><c> light</c><00:37:20.720><c> speed?</c><00:37:21.520><c> Seemingly</c><00:37:22.079><c> not</c><00:37:22.560><c> for</c>

34:00.242 --> 34:00.252 align:start position:0%
travel at light speed? Seemingly not for
 

34:00.252 --> 34:03.122 align:start position:0%
travel at light speed? Seemingly not for
reasons<00:37:23.119><c> of</c><00:37:23.359><c> momentum.</c><00:37:24.480><c> If</c><00:37:24.720><c> we</c><00:37:25.040><c> as</c><00:37:25.280><c> objects</c>

34:03.122 --> 34:03.132 align:start position:0%
reasons of momentum. If we as objects
 

34:03.132 --> 34:05.202 align:start position:0%
reasons of momentum. If we as objects
with<00:37:25.920><c> mass</c><00:37:26.320><c> are</c><00:37:26.560><c> traveling</c><00:37:26.960><c> outward</c><00:37:27.440><c> along</c>

34:05.202 --> 34:05.212 align:start position:0%
with mass are traveling outward along
 

34:05.212 --> 34:07.762 align:start position:0%
with mass are traveling outward along
these<00:37:28.079><c> time</c><00:37:28.320><c> arrows,</c><00:37:29.200><c> we</c><00:37:29.520><c> retain</c><00:37:30.000><c> some</c>

34:07.762 --> 34:07.772 align:start position:0%
these time arrows, we retain some
 

34:07.772 --> 34:09.842 align:start position:0%
these time arrows, we retain some
outward<00:37:30.800><c> momentum</c><00:37:31.440><c> no</c><00:37:31.440><c> matter</c><00:37:31.839><c> how</c><00:37:32.079><c> much</c>

34:09.842 --> 34:09.852 align:start position:0%
outward momentum no matter how much
 

34:09.852 --> 34:12.082 align:start position:0%
outward momentum no matter how much
sideways<00:37:32.960><c> momentum</c><00:37:33.359><c> we</c><00:37:33.599><c> add.</c><00:37:34.160><c> It's</c><00:37:34.400><c> like</c>

34:12.082 --> 34:12.092 align:start position:0%
sideways momentum we add. It's like
 

34:12.092 --> 34:14.002 align:start position:0%
sideways momentum we add. It's like
trying<00:37:34.880><c> to</c><00:37:35.040><c> invert</c><00:37:35.440><c> a</c><00:37:35.599><c> triangle</c><00:37:36.000><c> by</c><00:37:36.240><c> simply</c>

34:14.002 --> 34:14.012 align:start position:0%
trying to invert a triangle by simply
 

34:14.012 --> 34:16.722 align:start position:0%
trying to invert a triangle by simply
making<00:37:36.960><c> one</c><00:37:37.280><c> side</c><00:37:37.599><c> longer.</c><00:37:38.480><c> You</c><00:37:38.720><c> can</c><00:37:38.800><c> add</c><00:37:39.040><c> as</c>

34:16.722 --> 34:16.732 align:start position:0%
making one side longer. You can add as
 

34:16.732 --> 34:19.041 align:start position:0%
making one side longer. You can add as
much<00:37:39.440><c> length</c><00:37:39.680><c> as</c><00:37:39.920><c> you</c><00:37:40.079><c> like,</c><00:37:40.560><c> even</c><00:37:41.119><c> infinite</c>

34:19.041 --> 34:19.051 align:start position:0%
much length as you like, even infinite
 

34:19.051 --> 34:21.281 align:start position:0%
much length as you like, even infinite
length,<00:37:42.320><c> but</c><00:37:42.560><c> you</c><00:37:42.800><c> will</c><00:37:43.040><c> never</c><00:37:43.440><c> actually</c>

34:21.281 --> 34:21.291 align:start position:0%
length, but you will never actually
 

34:21.291 --> 34:23.842 align:start position:0%
length, but you will never actually
achieve<00:37:44.240><c> a</c><00:37:44.560><c> perfectly</c><00:37:45.040><c> flat</c><00:37:45.359><c> line.</c><00:37:46.000><c> You'll</c>

34:23.842 --> 34:23.852 align:start position:0%
achieve a perfectly flat line. You'll
 

34:23.852 --> 34:25.281 align:start position:0%
achieve a perfectly flat line. You'll
definitely<00:37:46.800><c> never</c><00:37:47.040><c> be</c><00:37:47.200><c> able</c><00:37:47.280><c> to</c><00:37:47.440><c> get</c><00:37:47.599><c> your</c>

34:25.281 --> 34:25.291 align:start position:0%
definitely never be able to get your
 

34:25.291 --> 34:27.521 align:start position:0%
definitely never be able to get your
line<00:37:48.160><c> to</c><00:37:48.400><c> not</c><00:37:48.560><c> progress</c><00:37:48.960><c> into</c><00:37:49.200><c> the</c><00:37:49.440><c> future,</c>

34:27.521 --> 34:27.531 align:start position:0%
line to not progress into the future,
 

34:27.531 --> 34:29.281 align:start position:0%
line to not progress into the future,
and<00:37:50.320><c> you'll</c><00:37:50.640><c> end</c><00:37:50.800><c> up</c><00:37:51.040><c> getting</c><00:37:51.280><c> diminishing</c>

34:29.281 --> 34:29.291 align:start position:0%
and you'll end up getting diminishing
 

34:29.291 --> 34:31.682 align:start position:0%
and you'll end up getting diminishing
returns<00:37:52.240><c> on</c><00:37:52.400><c> your</c><00:37:52.560><c> eventual</c><00:37:53.119><c> speed</c><00:37:53.680><c> as</c><00:37:54.000><c> seen</c>

34:31.682 --> 34:31.692 align:start position:0%
returns on your eventual speed as seen
 

34:31.692 --> 34:34.242 align:start position:0%
returns on your eventual speed as seen
by<00:37:54.480><c> other</c><00:37:54.720><c> people.</c><00:37:55.680><c> Adding</c><00:37:56.079><c> the</c><00:37:56.320><c> same</c><00:37:56.480><c> amount</c>

34:34.242 --> 34:34.252 align:start position:0%
by other people. Adding the same amount
 

34:34.252 --> 34:36.722 align:start position:0%
by other people. Adding the same amount
of<00:37:56.960><c> length</c><00:37:57.280><c> to</c><00:37:57.440><c> a</c><00:37:57.599><c> triangle</c><00:37:58.000><c> side</c><00:37:58.640><c> does</c><00:37:58.880><c> not</c>

34:36.722 --> 34:36.732 align:start position:0%
of length to a triangle side does not
 

34:36.732 --> 34:39.281 align:start position:0%
of length to a triangle side does not
add<00:37:59.680><c> a</c><00:38:00.000><c> similar</c><00:38:00.480><c> increase</c><00:38:00.800><c> in</c><00:38:01.119><c> angle</c><00:38:01.520><c> of</c>

34:39.281 --> 34:39.291 align:start position:0%
add a similar increase in angle of
 

34:39.291 --> 34:41.922 align:start position:0%
add a similar increase in angle of
travel.<00:38:03.200><c> This</c><00:38:03.440><c> lines</c><00:38:03.680><c> up</c><00:38:03.839><c> with</c><00:38:04.000><c> what</c><00:38:04.240><c> other</c>

34:41.922 --> 34:41.932 align:start position:0%
travel. This lines up with what other
 

34:41.932 --> 34:44.162 align:start position:0%
travel. This lines up with what other
theories<00:38:04.800><c> of</c><00:38:04.960><c> relativity</c><00:38:05.520><c> predict.</c><00:38:06.320><c> Objects</c>

34:44.162 --> 34:44.172 align:start position:0%
theories of relativity predict. Objects
 

34:44.172 --> 34:46.242 align:start position:0%
theories of relativity predict. Objects
with<00:38:06.960><c> mass</c><00:38:07.280><c> would</c><00:38:07.520><c> need</c><00:38:07.760><c> infinite</c><00:38:08.240><c> energy</c><00:38:08.560><c> to</c>

34:46.242 --> 34:46.252 align:start position:0%
with mass would need infinite energy to
 

34:46.252 --> 34:48.882 align:start position:0%
with mass would need infinite energy to
accelerate<00:38:09.280><c> up</c><00:38:09.440><c> to</c><00:38:09.599><c> light</c><00:38:09.839><c> speed</c><00:38:10.560><c> and</c><00:38:11.040><c> can't</c>

34:48.882 --> 34:48.892 align:start position:0%
accelerate up to light speed and can't
 

34:48.892 --> 34:52.322 align:start position:0%
accelerate up to light speed and can't
ever<00:38:11.839><c> go</c><00:38:12.079><c> faster.</c><00:38:13.200><c> But</c><00:38:13.440><c> this</c><00:38:13.839><c> model</c><00:38:14.240><c> gives</c><00:38:14.560><c> a</c>

34:52.322 --> 34:52.332 align:start position:0%
ever go faster. But this model gives a
 

34:52.332 --> 34:55.281 align:start position:0%
ever go faster. But this model gives a
clearer<00:38:15.599><c> reason</c><00:38:16.000><c> why.</c><00:38:16.960><c> After</c><00:38:17.200><c> all,</c><00:38:17.520><c> how</c><00:38:17.680><c> can</c>

34:55.281 --> 34:55.291 align:start position:0%
clearer reason why. After all, how can
 

34:55.291 --> 34:57.682 align:start position:0%
clearer reason why. After all, how can
you<00:38:18.000><c> go</c><00:38:18.240><c> faster</c><00:38:18.640><c> than</c><00:38:18.880><c> infinite</c><00:38:19.359><c> speed,</c><00:38:20.000><c> which</c>

34:57.682 --> 34:57.692 align:start position:0%
you go faster than infinite speed, which
 

34:57.692 --> 34:59.521 align:start position:0%
you go faster than infinite speed, which
is<00:38:20.400><c> what</c><00:38:20.640><c> you</c><00:38:20.880><c> think</c><00:38:21.040><c> you're</c><00:38:21.359><c> going</c><00:38:21.520><c> at</c>

34:59.521 --> 34:59.531 align:start position:0%
is what you think you're going at
 

34:59.531 --> 35:02.082 align:start position:0%
is what you think you're going at
according<00:38:22.560><c> to</c><00:38:22.720><c> your</c><00:38:22.960><c> frame</c><00:38:23.359><c> of</c><00:38:23.599><c> reference?</c>

35:02.082 --> 35:02.092 align:start position:0%
according to your frame of reference?
 

35:02.092 --> 35:04.962 align:start position:0%
according to your frame of reference?
And<00:38:24.960><c> speaking</c><00:38:25.280><c> of</c><00:38:25.680><c> faster</c><00:38:26.079><c> than</c><00:38:26.320><c> infinity,</c><00:38:27.280><c> is</c>

35:04.962 --> 35:04.972 align:start position:0%
And speaking of faster than infinity, is
 

35:04.972 --> 35:07.442 align:start position:0%
And speaking of faster than infinity, is
it<00:38:27.680><c> possible</c><00:38:28.000><c> to</c><00:38:28.240><c> go</c><00:38:28.720><c> back</c><00:38:28.960><c> in</c><00:38:29.280><c> time</c><00:38:29.520><c> in</c><00:38:29.760><c> this</c>

35:07.442 --> 35:07.452 align:start position:0%
it possible to go back in time in this
 

35:07.452 --> 35:10.642 align:start position:0%
it possible to go back in time in this
model?<00:38:31.200><c> Well,</c><00:38:31.680><c> while</c><00:38:32.000><c> objects</c><00:38:32.480><c> with</c><00:38:32.800><c> that</c>

35:10.642 --> 35:10.652 align:start position:0%
model? Well, while objects with that
 

35:10.652 --> 35:13.122 align:start position:0%
model? Well, while objects with that
outward<00:38:33.680><c> momentum</c><00:38:34.160><c> to</c><00:38:34.480><c> begin</c><00:38:34.640><c> with</c><00:38:35.040><c> seemingly</c>

35:13.122 --> 35:13.132 align:start position:0%
outward momentum to begin with seemingly
 

35:13.132 --> 35:15.842 align:start position:0%
outward momentum to begin with seemingly
can't,<00:38:36.400><c> which</c><00:38:36.640><c> is</c><00:38:36.800><c> anything</c><00:38:37.119><c> with</c><00:38:37.359><c> mass,</c><00:38:38.160><c> and</c>

35:15.842 --> 35:15.852 align:start position:0%
can't, which is anything with mass, and
 

35:15.852 --> 35:18.642 align:start position:0%
can't, which is anything with mass, and
while<00:38:38.800><c> photons</c><00:38:39.520><c> seemingly</c><00:38:40.079><c> don't,</c><00:38:40.640><c> as</c><00:38:40.880><c> they</c>

35:18.642 --> 35:18.652 align:start position:0%
while photons seemingly don't, as they
 

35:18.652 --> 35:20.801 align:start position:0%
while photons seemingly don't, as they
always<00:38:41.520><c> travel</c><00:38:41.839><c> in</c><00:38:42.079><c> this</c><00:38:42.320><c> model</c><00:38:42.640><c> at</c><00:38:42.960><c> perfect</c>

35:20.801 --> 35:20.811 align:start position:0%
always travel in this model at perfect
 

35:20.811 --> 35:22.561 align:start position:0%
always travel in this model at perfect
90°<00:38:44.000><c> angles</c><00:38:44.320><c> from</c><00:38:44.560><c> their</c><00:38:44.720><c> original</c>

35:22.561 --> 35:22.571 align:start position:0%
90° angles from their original
 

35:22.571 --> 35:26.402 align:start position:0%
90° angles from their original
timelines,<00:38:46.400><c> it's</c><00:38:46.800><c> not</c><00:38:47.119><c> strictly</c><00:38:48.000><c> impossible</c>

35:26.402 --> 35:26.412 align:start position:0%
timelines, it's not strictly impossible
 

35:26.412 --> 35:28.962 align:start position:0%
timelines, it's not strictly impossible
that<00:38:49.280><c> some</c><00:38:49.520><c> other</c><00:38:49.839><c> particle</c><00:38:50.720><c> could</c><00:38:51.200><c> draw</c>

35:28.962 --> 35:28.972 align:start position:0%
that some other particle could draw
 

35:28.972 --> 35:31.202 align:start position:0%
that some other particle could draw
lines<00:38:51.920><c> between</c><00:38:52.320><c> objects</c><00:38:52.800><c> at</c><00:38:53.119><c> greater</c><00:38:53.520><c> than</c>

35:31.202 --> 35:31.212 align:start position:0%
lines between objects at greater than
 

35:31.212 --> 35:34.162 align:start position:0%
lines between objects at greater than
90°<00:38:54.400><c> angles.</c><00:38:55.440><c> Perhaps</c><00:38:55.839><c> this</c><00:38:56.079><c> explains</c><00:38:56.480><c> some</c>

35:34.162 --> 35:34.172 align:start position:0%
90° angles. Perhaps this explains some
 

35:34.172 --> 35:36.082 align:start position:0%
90° angles. Perhaps this explains some
of<00:38:56.800><c> the</c><00:38:57.040><c> quantum</c><00:38:57.520><c> weirdness</c><00:38:57.920><c> that</c><00:38:58.160><c> exists</c><00:38:58.480><c> in</c>

35:36.082 --> 35:36.092 align:start position:0%
of the quantum weirdness that exists in
 

35:36.092 --> 35:38.482 align:start position:0%
of the quantum weirdness that exists in
the<00:38:58.800><c> universe.</c><00:38:59.599><c> how</c><00:38:59.920><c> quantum</c><00:39:00.400><c> effects</c><00:39:00.800><c> can</c>

35:38.482 --> 35:38.492 align:start position:0%
the universe. how quantum effects can
 

35:38.492 --> 35:40.482 align:start position:0%
the universe. how quantum effects can
seemingly<00:39:01.520><c> appear</c><00:39:01.839><c> to</c><00:39:02.079><c> influence</c><00:39:02.480><c> the</c><00:39:02.720><c> past</c>

35:40.482 --> 35:40.492 align:start position:0%
seemingly appear to influence the past
 

35:40.492 --> 35:42.801 align:start position:0%
seemingly appear to influence the past
or<00:39:03.520><c> contact</c><00:39:04.000><c> each</c><00:39:04.240><c> other</c><00:39:04.560><c> across</c><00:39:05.040><c> any</c>

35:42.801 --> 35:42.811 align:start position:0%
or contact each other across any
 

35:42.811 --> 35:45.281 align:start position:0%
or contact each other across any
distance<00:39:05.680><c> at</c><00:39:05.920><c> once.</c><00:39:06.880><c> This</c><00:39:07.040><c> is</c><00:39:07.280><c> of</c><00:39:07.520><c> course</c>

35:45.281 --> 35:45.291 align:start position:0%
distance at once. This is of course
 

35:45.291 --> 35:47.682 align:start position:0%
distance at once. This is of course
speculative,<00:39:08.800><c> but</c><00:39:09.119><c> might</c><00:39:09.359><c> offer</c><00:39:09.599><c> a</c><00:39:09.839><c> framework</c>

35:47.682 --> 35:47.692 align:start position:0%
speculative, but might offer a framework
 

35:47.692 --> 35:49.842 align:start position:0%
speculative, but might offer a framework
for<00:39:10.480><c> building</c><00:39:10.880><c> a</c><00:39:11.119><c> better</c><00:39:11.520><c> answer</c><00:39:11.920><c> than</c><00:39:12.240><c> what</c>

35:49.842 --> 35:49.852 align:start position:0%
for building a better answer than what
 

35:49.852 --> 35:52.242 align:start position:0%
for building a better answer than what
we<00:39:12.640><c> currently</c><00:39:13.040><c> have,</c><00:39:13.680><c> which</c><00:39:14.000><c> is</c><00:39:14.240><c> preferable</c>

35:52.242 --> 35:52.252 align:start position:0%
we currently have, which is preferable
 

35:52.252 --> 35:55.682 align:start position:0%
we currently have, which is preferable
to<00:39:15.280><c> no</c><00:39:15.680><c> explanation</c><00:39:16.240><c> at</c><00:39:16.480><c> all.</c><00:39:17.440><c> Now,</c><00:39:17.760><c> here's</c><00:39:18.079><c> a</c>

35:55.682 --> 35:55.692 align:start position:0%
to no explanation at all. Now, here's a
 

35:55.692 --> 35:58.561 align:start position:0%
to no explanation at all. Now, here's a
big<00:39:18.400><c> one.</c><00:39:19.119><c> Does</c><00:39:19.599><c> free</c><00:39:19.920><c> will</c><00:39:20.400><c> exist</c><00:39:20.720><c> in</c><00:39:20.960><c> this</c>

35:58.561 --> 35:58.571 align:start position:0%
big one. Does free will exist in this
 

35:58.571 --> 36:03.041 align:start position:0%
big one. Does free will exist in this
model?<00:39:22.320><c> Yes</c><00:39:23.200><c> and</c><00:39:23.520><c> no.</c><00:39:24.640><c> Strictly</c><00:39:25.119><c> speaking,</c>

36:03.041 --> 36:03.051 align:start position:0%
model? Yes and no. Strictly speaking,
 

36:03.051 --> 36:05.842 align:start position:0%
model? Yes and no. Strictly speaking,
this<00:39:25.760><c> model</c><00:39:26.079><c> is</c><00:39:26.320><c> formed</c><00:39:26.720><c> at</c><00:39:27.119><c> inception.</c><00:39:28.160><c> All</c>

36:05.842 --> 36:05.852 align:start position:0%
this model is formed at inception. All
 

36:05.852 --> 36:08.162 align:start position:0%
this model is formed at inception. All
the<00:39:28.640><c> arrows</c><00:39:29.040><c> and</c><00:39:29.200><c> their</c><00:39:29.440><c> pathways</c><00:39:30.240><c> exist</c>

36:08.162 --> 36:08.172 align:start position:0%
the arrows and their pathways exist
 

36:08.172 --> 36:10.801 align:start position:0%
the arrows and their pathways exist
immediately<00:39:31.599><c> and</c><00:39:31.920><c> send</c><00:39:32.160><c> out</c><00:39:32.320><c> their</c><00:39:32.560><c> photons</c>

36:10.801 --> 36:10.811 align:start position:0%
immediately and send out their photons
 

36:10.811 --> 36:13.442 align:start position:0%
immediately and send out their photons
immediately.<00:39:34.640><c> After</c><00:39:34.880><c> all,</c><00:39:35.200><c> we</c><00:39:35.440><c> only</c><00:39:35.680><c> have</c><00:39:35.839><c> a</c>

36:13.442 --> 36:13.452 align:start position:0%
immediately. After all, we only have a
 

36:13.452 --> 36:15.442 align:start position:0%
immediately. After all, we only have a
sense<00:39:36.160><c> of</c><00:39:36.320><c> time</c><00:39:36.560><c> in</c><00:39:36.720><c> our</c><00:39:36.960><c> 3D</c><00:39:37.280><c> world</c><00:39:37.599><c> because</c><00:39:37.839><c> of</c>

36:15.442 --> 36:15.452 align:start position:0%
sense of time in our 3D world because of
 

36:15.452 --> 36:17.362 align:start position:0%
sense of time in our 3D world because of
an<00:39:38.240><c> invisible</c><00:39:38.720><c> fourth</c><00:39:39.119><c> dimension</c><00:39:39.520><c> that</c><00:39:39.680><c> we</c>

36:17.362 --> 36:17.372 align:start position:0%
an invisible fourth dimension that we
 

36:17.372 --> 36:20.322 align:start position:0%
an invisible fourth dimension that we
can't<00:39:40.160><c> see</c><00:39:40.640><c> that</c><00:39:40.800><c> is</c><00:39:41.040><c> ticking</c><00:39:41.440><c> us</c><00:39:41.599><c> along.</c><00:39:42.640><c> So,</c>

36:20.322 --> 36:20.332 align:start position:0%
can't see that is ticking us along. So,
 

36:20.332 --> 36:23.041 align:start position:0%
can't see that is ticking us along. So,
in<00:39:43.119><c> a</c><00:39:43.359><c> 4D</c><00:39:43.839><c> model,</c><00:39:44.640><c> everything</c><00:39:44.960><c> that</c><00:39:45.200><c> exists</c>

36:23.041 --> 36:23.051 align:start position:0%
in a 4D model, everything that exists
 

36:23.051 --> 36:25.602 align:start position:0%
in a 4D model, everything that exists
and<00:39:45.839><c> will</c><00:39:46.160><c> exist</c><00:39:46.800><c> must</c><00:39:47.200><c> already</c><00:39:47.599><c> be</c><00:39:47.839><c> mapped</c>

36:25.602 --> 36:25.612 align:start position:0%
and will exist must already be mapped
 

36:25.612 --> 36:28.722 align:start position:0%
and will exist must already be mapped
out<00:39:48.320><c> in</c><00:39:48.560><c> a</c><00:39:48.800><c> single</c><00:39:49.200><c> now.</c><00:39:50.160><c> In</c><00:39:50.400><c> that</c><00:39:50.640><c> way,</c><00:39:51.040><c> all</c>

36:28.722 --> 36:28.732 align:start position:0%
out in a single now. In that way, all
 

36:28.732 --> 36:31.922 align:start position:0%
out in a single now. In that way, all
paths<00:39:51.760><c> are</c><00:39:52.000><c> fully</c><00:39:52.400><c> defined.</c><00:39:53.520><c> That</c><00:39:53.839><c> might</c><00:39:54.160><c> make</c>

36:31.922 --> 36:31.932 align:start position:0%
paths are fully defined. That might make
 

36:31.932 --> 36:34.722 align:start position:0%
paths are fully defined. That might make
free<00:39:54.720><c> will</c><00:39:55.200><c> a</c><00:39:55.440><c> little</c><00:39:55.680><c> tricky.</c>

36:34.722 --> 36:34.732 align:start position:0%
free will a little tricky.
 

36:34.732 --> 36:36.801 align:start position:0%
free will a little tricky.
However,<00:39:57.680><c> there</c><00:39:57.920><c> is</c><00:39:58.160><c> at</c><00:39:58.240><c> least</c><00:39:58.640><c> one</c><00:39:58.960><c> part</c><00:39:59.200><c> of</c>

36:36.801 --> 36:36.811 align:start position:0%
However, there is at least one part of
 

36:36.811 --> 36:38.402 align:start position:0%
However, there is at least one part of
this<00:39:59.520><c> model</c><00:39:59.839><c> that</c><00:40:00.079><c> is</c><00:40:00.240><c> not</c><00:40:00.400><c> very</c><00:40:00.720><c> well</c>

36:38.402 --> 36:38.412 align:start position:0%
this model that is not very well
 

36:38.412 --> 36:40.722 align:start position:0%
this model that is not very well
explained,<00:40:01.599><c> and</c><00:40:01.920><c> that</c><00:40:02.240><c> might</c><00:40:02.480><c> leave</c><00:40:02.800><c> room</c><00:40:03.040><c> for</c>

36:40.722 --> 36:40.732 align:start position:0%
explained, and that might leave room for
 

36:40.732 --> 36:43.202 align:start position:0%
explained, and that might leave room for
free<00:40:03.520><c> will</c><00:40:03.760><c> to</c><00:40:04.000><c> still</c><00:40:04.240><c> exist.</c><00:40:05.280><c> While</c><00:40:05.520><c> the</c>

36:43.202 --> 36:43.212 align:start position:0%
free will to still exist. While the
 

36:43.212 --> 36:45.281 align:start position:0%
free will to still exist. While the
model<00:40:06.160><c> works</c><00:40:06.480><c> best</c><00:40:06.800><c> when</c><00:40:07.040><c> it's</c><00:40:07.280><c> all</c><00:40:07.520><c> fully</c>

36:45.281 --> 36:45.291 align:start position:0%
model works best when it's all fully
 

36:45.291 --> 36:48.002 align:start position:0%
model works best when it's all fully
drawn<00:40:08.240><c> out,</c><00:40:08.880><c> it</c><00:40:09.200><c> only</c><00:40:09.440><c> plays</c><00:40:09.760><c> out</c><00:40:09.920><c> like</c><00:40:10.160><c> we</c><00:40:10.400><c> see</c>

36:48.002 --> 36:48.012 align:start position:0%
drawn out, it only plays out like we see
 

36:48.012 --> 36:50.642 align:start position:0%
drawn out, it only plays out like we see
our<00:40:10.880><c> universe</c><00:40:11.280><c> do</c><00:40:11.599><c> if</c><00:40:11.920><c> we</c><00:40:12.079><c> put</c><00:40:12.320><c> our</c><00:40:12.640><c> finger</c><00:40:12.960><c> on</c>

36:50.642 --> 36:50.652 align:start position:0%
our universe do if we put our finger on
 

36:50.652 --> 36:53.762 align:start position:0%
our universe do if we put our finger on
an<00:40:13.440><c> arrow</c><00:40:14.160><c> and</c><00:40:14.480><c> move</c><00:40:14.800><c> along</c><00:40:15.200><c> it,</c><00:40:15.760><c> seeing</c><00:40:16.079><c> what</c>

36:53.762 --> 36:53.772 align:start position:0%
an arrow and move along it, seeing what
 

36:53.772 --> 36:56.242 align:start position:0%
an arrow and move along it, seeing what
photons<00:40:16.880><c> intercept</c><00:40:17.359><c> us</c><00:40:17.839><c> and</c><00:40:18.160><c> seeing</c><00:40:18.480><c> where</c>

36:56.242 --> 36:56.252 align:start position:0%
photons intercept us and seeing where
 

36:56.252 --> 36:58.801 align:start position:0%
photons intercept us and seeing where
everything<00:40:19.359><c> thus</c><00:40:19.760><c> appears</c><00:40:20.079><c> to</c><00:40:20.320><c> be</c><00:40:20.720><c> moment</c><00:40:21.040><c> by</c>

36:58.801 --> 36:58.811 align:start position:0%
everything thus appears to be moment by
 

36:58.811 --> 37:02.002 align:start position:0%
everything thus appears to be moment by
moment.<00:40:22.640><c> But</c><00:40:23.040><c> what</c><00:40:23.280><c> is</c><00:40:23.599><c> causing</c><00:40:24.000><c> that</c><00:40:24.320><c> sense</c>

37:02.002 --> 37:02.012 align:start position:0%
moment. But what is causing that sense
 

37:02.012 --> 37:04.722 align:start position:0%
moment. But what is causing that sense
of<00:40:24.720><c> motion?</c><00:40:25.680><c> Is</c><00:40:25.920><c> this</c><00:40:26.079><c> the</c><00:40:26.320><c> influence</c><00:40:26.800><c> of</c><00:40:27.040><c> an</c>

37:04.722 --> 37:04.732 align:start position:0%
of motion? Is this the influence of an
 

37:04.732 --> 37:07.842 align:start position:0%
of motion? Is this the influence of an
even<00:40:27.680><c> higher</c><00:40:28.160><c> dimension?</c><00:40:29.040><c> A</c><00:40:29.280><c> time</c><00:40:29.920><c> above</c>

37:07.842 --> 37:07.852 align:start position:0%
even higher dimension? A time above
 

37:07.852 --> 37:10.322 align:start position:0%
even higher dimension? A time above
time?<00:40:31.520><c> My</c><00:40:31.760><c> brother</c><00:40:32.000><c> didn't</c><00:40:32.160><c> want</c><00:40:32.320><c> to</c><00:40:32.400><c> rule</c><00:40:32.640><c> it</c>

37:10.322 --> 37:10.332 align:start position:0%
time? My brother didn't want to rule it
 

37:10.332 --> 37:12.722 align:start position:0%
time? My brother didn't want to rule it
out.<00:40:33.520><c> Though</c><00:40:33.839><c> this</c><00:40:34.079><c> gap</c><00:40:34.400><c> is</c><00:40:34.640><c> one</c><00:40:34.800><c> of</c><00:40:34.880><c> the</c><00:40:35.040><c> most</c>

37:12.722 --> 37:12.732 align:start position:0%
out. Though this gap is one of the most
 

37:12.732 --> 37:15.682 align:start position:0%
out. Though this gap is one of the most
prominent<00:40:35.760><c> in</c><00:40:36.000><c> his</c><00:40:36.240><c> model,</c><00:40:36.800><c> in</c><00:40:36.960><c> my</c><00:40:37.200><c> opinion,</c>

37:15.682 --> 37:15.692 align:start position:0%
prominent in his model, in my opinion,
 

37:15.692 --> 37:17.682 align:start position:0%
prominent in his model, in my opinion,
if<00:40:38.480><c> there</c><00:40:38.640><c> is</c><00:40:38.800><c> more</c><00:40:39.040><c> beyond</c><00:40:39.359><c> this</c><00:40:39.599><c> that</c><00:40:39.920><c> isn't</c>

37:17.682 --> 37:17.692 align:start position:0%
if there is more beyond this that isn't
 

37:17.692 --> 37:19.602 align:start position:0%
if there is more beyond this that isn't
mapped<00:40:40.560><c> out</c><00:40:40.720><c> yet,</c><00:40:41.359><c> there's</c><00:40:41.599><c> still</c><00:40:41.760><c> a</c><00:40:42.000><c> chance</c>

37:19.602 --> 37:19.612 align:start position:0%
mapped out yet, there's still a chance
 

37:19.612 --> 37:22.482 align:start position:0%
mapped out yet, there's still a chance
that<00:40:42.480><c> free</c><00:40:42.720><c> will</c><00:40:43.200><c> could</c><00:40:43.520><c> exist.</c><00:40:44.480><c> Perhaps</c><00:40:44.880><c> when</c>

37:22.482 --> 37:22.492 align:start position:0%
that free will could exist. Perhaps when
 

37:22.492 --> 37:24.561 align:start position:0%
that free will could exist. Perhaps when
the<00:40:45.280><c> universe</c><00:40:45.599><c> first</c><00:40:45.920><c> sprang</c><00:40:46.320><c> into</c><00:40:46.640><c> being</c><00:40:46.880><c> in</c>

37:24.561 --> 37:24.571 align:start position:0%
the universe first sprang into being in
 

37:24.571 --> 37:26.801 align:start position:0%
the universe first sprang into being in
this<00:40:47.359><c> 4D</c><00:40:47.920><c> space,</c><00:40:48.480><c> free</c><00:40:48.720><c> will</c><00:40:48.960><c> is</c><00:40:49.119><c> what</c>

37:26.801 --> 37:26.811 align:start position:0%
this 4D space, free will is what
 

37:26.811 --> 37:29.442 align:start position:0%
this 4D space, free will is what
influenced<00:40:49.920><c> the</c><00:40:50.160><c> exact</c><00:40:50.640><c> shape</c><00:40:50.880><c> it</c><00:40:51.119><c> took.</c><00:40:51.760><c> And</c>

37:29.442 --> 37:29.452 align:start position:0%
influenced the exact shape it took. And
 

37:29.452 --> 37:31.442 align:start position:0%
influenced the exact shape it took. And
now<00:40:52.160><c> we</c><00:40:52.400><c> are</c><00:40:52.560><c> simply</c><00:40:52.960><c> watching</c><00:40:53.359><c> that</c><00:40:53.599><c> choice</c>

37:31.442 --> 37:31.452 align:start position:0%
now we are simply watching that choice
 

37:31.452 --> 37:33.922 align:start position:0%
now we are simply watching that choice
play<00:40:54.240><c> out</c><00:40:54.800><c> like</c><00:40:55.040><c> a</c><00:40:55.280><c> movie</c><00:40:55.520><c> that</c><00:40:55.839><c> feels</c><00:40:56.160><c> very</c>

37:33.922 --> 37:33.932 align:start position:0%
play out like a movie that feels very
 

37:33.932 --> 37:36.402 align:start position:0%
play out like a movie that feels very
immersive.<00:40:57.760><c> Perhaps</c><00:40:58.160><c> that's</c><00:40:58.400><c> one</c><00:40:58.640><c> for</c><00:40:58.800><c> the</c>

37:36.402 --> 37:36.412 align:start position:0%
immersive. Perhaps that's one for the
 

37:36.412 --> 37:40.882 align:start position:0%
immersive. Perhaps that's one for the
philosophers<00:40:59.520><c> to</c><00:40:59.680><c> work</c><00:40:59.839><c> out.</c>

37:40.882 --> 37:40.892 align:start position:0%
 
 

37:40.892 --> 37:42.402 align:start position:0%
 
Either<00:41:03.760><c> way,</c><00:41:04.000><c> this</c><00:41:04.240><c> model</c><00:41:04.640><c> does</c><00:41:04.800><c> an</c>

37:42.402 --> 37:42.412 align:start position:0%
Either way, this model does an
 

37:42.412 --> 37:44.322 align:start position:0%
Either way, this model does an
impressive<00:41:05.359><c> job</c><00:41:05.599><c> of</c><00:41:06.000><c> laying</c><00:41:06.160><c> out</c><00:41:06.400><c> all</c><00:41:06.640><c> the</c>

37:44.322 --> 37:44.332 align:start position:0%
impressive job of laying out all the
 

37:44.332 --> 37:46.242 align:start position:0%
impressive job of laying out all the
details<00:41:07.200><c> of</c><00:41:07.440><c> special</c><00:41:07.839><c> relativity</c><00:41:08.400><c> in</c><00:41:08.640><c> the</c>

37:46.242 --> 37:46.252 align:start position:0%
details of special relativity in the
 

37:46.252 --> 37:48.402 align:start position:0%
details of special relativity in the
universe<00:41:09.440><c> in</c><00:41:09.680><c> a</c><00:41:09.839><c> way</c><00:41:09.920><c> that</c><00:41:10.160><c> is</c><00:41:10.319><c> actually</c><00:41:10.640><c> quite</c>

37:48.402 --> 37:48.412 align:start position:0%
universe in a way that is actually quite
 

37:48.412 --> 37:50.801 align:start position:0%
universe in a way that is actually quite
intuitive<00:41:11.599><c> once</c><00:41:11.839><c> you</c><00:41:12.000><c> get</c><00:41:12.160><c> the</c><00:41:12.319><c> idea.</c><00:41:13.200><c> But</c>

37:50.801 --> 37:50.811 align:start position:0%
intuitive once you get the idea. But
 

37:50.811 --> 37:52.402 align:start position:0%
intuitive once you get the idea. But
there's<00:41:13.680><c> one</c><00:41:13.920><c> last</c><00:41:14.240><c> element</c><00:41:14.560><c> that</c><00:41:14.720><c> we've</c>

37:52.402 --> 37:52.412 align:start position:0%
there's one last element that we've
 

37:52.412 --> 37:55.041 align:start position:0%
there's one last element that we've
skirted<00:41:15.440><c> around</c><00:41:15.760><c> this</c><00:41:16.079><c> whole</c><00:41:16.400><c> video.</c><00:41:17.359><c> This</c>

37:55.041 --> 37:55.051 align:start position:0%
skirted around this whole video. This
 

37:55.051 --> 37:57.761 align:start position:0%
skirted around this whole video. This
works<00:41:18.079><c> for</c><00:41:18.319><c> special</c><00:41:18.640><c> relativity.</c><00:41:19.839><c> But</c><00:41:20.000><c> what</c>

37:57.761 --> 37:57.771 align:start position:0%
works for special relativity. But what
 

37:57.771 --> 38:00.962 align:start position:0%
works for special relativity. But what
happens<00:41:20.720><c> when</c><00:41:21.040><c> we</c><00:41:21.200><c> introduce</c><00:41:21.839><c> gravity?</c>

38:00.962 --> 38:00.972 align:start position:0%
happens when we introduce gravity?
 

38:00.972 --> 38:03.362 align:start position:0%
happens when we introduce gravity?
Well,<00:41:24.400><c> now</c><00:41:24.560><c> that</c><00:41:24.800><c> the</c><00:41:25.040><c> universe</c><00:41:25.359><c> can</c><00:41:25.599><c> be</c><00:41:25.680><c> laid</c>

38:03.362 --> 38:03.372 align:start position:0%
Well, now that the universe can be laid
 

38:03.372 --> 38:05.761 align:start position:0%
Well, now that the universe can be laid
out<00:41:26.160><c> geometrically,</c><00:41:27.200><c> we</c><00:41:27.440><c> can</c><00:41:27.599><c> turn</c><00:41:27.920><c> to</c><00:41:28.160><c> our</c>

38:05.761 --> 38:05.771 align:start position:0%
out geometrically, we can turn to our
 

38:05.771 --> 38:08.801 align:start position:0%
out geometrically, we can turn to our
old<00:41:28.640><c> friend</c><00:41:29.200><c> vibrating</c><00:41:29.920><c> string</c><00:41:30.640><c> to</c><00:41:30.960><c> explain</c>

38:08.801 --> 38:08.811 align:start position:0%
old friend vibrating string to explain
 

38:08.811 --> 38:11.682 align:start position:0%
old friend vibrating string to explain
gravity<00:41:31.920><c> and</c><00:41:32.160><c> track</c><00:41:32.480><c> its</c><00:41:32.720><c> effects.</c><00:41:33.839><c> Strings</c>

38:11.682 --> 38:11.692 align:start position:0%
gravity and track its effects. Strings
 

38:11.692 --> 38:13.842 align:start position:0%
gravity and track its effects. Strings
are<00:41:34.400><c> what</c><00:41:34.560><c> my</c><00:41:34.800><c> brother</c><00:41:35.119><c> thinks</c><00:41:35.520><c> all</c><00:41:35.760><c> mass</c><00:41:36.160><c> is</c>

38:13.842 --> 38:13.852 align:start position:0%
are what my brother thinks all mass is
 

38:13.852 --> 38:16.242 align:start position:0%
are what my brother thinks all mass is
actually<00:41:36.800><c> made</c><00:41:36.960><c> of.</c><00:41:37.680><c> We</c><00:41:37.920><c> are</c><00:41:38.160><c> nothing</c><00:41:38.480><c> more</c>

38:16.242 --> 38:16.252 align:start position:0%
actually made of. We are nothing more
 

38:16.252 --> 38:18.162 align:start position:0%
actually made of. We are nothing more
than<00:41:39.119><c> vibrations</c><00:41:39.920><c> on</c><00:41:40.240><c> all</c><00:41:40.400><c> these</c>

38:18.162 --> 38:18.172 align:start position:0%
than vibrations on all these
 

38:18.172 --> 38:20.801 align:start position:0%
than vibrations on all these
intersecting<00:41:41.359><c> lines,</c><00:41:42.079><c> wavelengths</c><00:41:42.640><c> in</c><00:41:42.880><c> 4D</c>

38:20.801 --> 38:20.811 align:start position:0%
intersecting lines, wavelengths in 4D
 

38:20.811 --> 38:24.242 align:start position:0%
intersecting lines, wavelengths in 4D
space.<00:41:44.240><c> And</c><00:41:44.400><c> where</c><00:41:44.720><c> peaks</c><00:41:45.119><c> form,</c><00:41:45.920><c> these</c><00:41:46.240><c> atoms</c>

38:24.242 --> 38:24.252 align:start position:0%
space. And where peaks form, these atoms
 

38:24.252 --> 38:27.281 align:start position:0%
space. And where peaks form, these atoms
are.<00:41:47.920><c> We</c><00:41:48.240><c> talked</c><00:41:48.480><c> about</c><00:41:48.640><c> this</c><00:41:48.960><c> in</c><00:41:49.200><c> my</c><00:41:49.440><c> previous</c>

38:27.281 --> 38:27.291 align:start position:0%
are. We talked about this in my previous
 

38:27.291 --> 38:30.082 align:start position:0%
are. We talked about this in my previous
videos<00:41:50.160><c> on</c><00:41:50.400><c> this</c><00:41:50.560><c> topic.</c><00:41:51.680><c> But</c><00:41:51.839><c> if</c><00:41:52.000><c> this</c><00:41:52.240><c> space</c>

38:30.082 --> 38:30.092 align:start position:0%
videos on this topic. But if this space
 

38:30.092 --> 38:32.482 align:start position:0%
videos on this topic. But if this space
and<00:41:53.040><c> these</c><00:41:53.440><c> various</c><00:41:53.760><c> lines</c><00:41:54.160><c> truly</c><00:41:54.560><c> are</c><00:41:54.800><c> a</c>

38:32.482 --> 38:32.492 align:start position:0%
and these various lines truly are a
 

38:32.492 --> 38:35.281 align:start position:0%
and these various lines truly are a
latis<00:41:55.440><c> of</c><00:41:55.760><c> strings,</c><00:41:56.640><c> then</c><00:41:56.880><c> that</c><00:41:57.119><c> latice</c><00:41:57.599><c> can</c>

38:35.281 --> 38:35.291 align:start position:0%
latis of strings, then that latice can
 

38:35.291 --> 38:38.322 align:start position:0%
latis of strings, then that latice can
potentially<00:41:58.480><c> be</c><00:41:58.720><c> pulled</c><00:41:59.280><c> and</c><00:41:59.599><c> tugged.</c><00:42:00.560><c> After</c>

38:38.322 --> 38:38.332 align:start position:0%
potentially be pulled and tugged. After
 

38:38.332 --> 38:40.482 align:start position:0%
potentially be pulled and tugged. After
all,<00:42:01.200><c> anytime</c><00:42:01.599><c> that</c><00:42:01.839><c> you</c><00:42:02.079><c> take</c><00:42:02.240><c> a</c><00:42:02.480><c> flat</c><00:42:02.800><c> string</c>

38:40.482 --> 38:40.492 align:start position:0%
all, anytime that you take a flat string
 

38:40.492 --> 38:42.722 align:start position:0%
all, anytime that you take a flat string
and<00:42:03.280><c> vibrated,</c><00:42:04.160><c> it</c><00:42:04.400><c> pulls</c><00:42:04.720><c> in</c><00:42:04.880><c> from</c><00:42:05.119><c> the</c>

38:42.722 --> 38:42.732 align:start position:0%
and vibrated, it pulls in from the
 

38:42.732 --> 38:45.202 align:start position:0%
and vibrated, it pulls in from the
sides.<00:42:06.240><c> Once</c><00:42:06.480><c> again,</c><00:42:06.960><c> that's</c><00:42:07.280><c> just</c><00:42:07.440><c> simple</c>

38:45.202 --> 38:45.212 align:start position:0%
sides. Once again, that's just simple
 

38:45.212 --> 38:48.322 align:start position:0%
sides. Once again, that's just simple
geometry.<00:42:08.880><c> Larger</c><00:42:09.359><c> vibrations</c><00:42:10.160><c> pull</c><00:42:10.480><c> strings</c>

38:48.322 --> 38:48.332 align:start position:0%
geometry. Larger vibrations pull strings
 

38:48.332 --> 38:50.882 align:start position:0%
geometry. Larger vibrations pull strings
in<00:42:11.200><c> more,</c><00:42:11.760><c> shortening</c><00:42:12.319><c> them</c><00:42:12.480><c> and</c><00:42:12.800><c> tugging</c><00:42:13.200><c> on</c>

38:50.882 --> 38:50.892 align:start position:0%
in more, shortening them and tugging on
 

38:50.892 --> 38:54.082 align:start position:0%
in more, shortening them and tugging on
the<00:42:13.599><c> entire</c><00:42:14.000><c> lattice.</c><00:42:15.280><c> Mass</c><00:42:15.760><c> and</c><00:42:16.000><c> energy</c><00:42:16.480><c> are</c>

38:54.082 --> 38:54.092 align:start position:0%
the entire lattice. Mass and energy are
 

38:54.092 --> 38:56.482 align:start position:0%
the entire lattice. Mass and energy are
the<00:42:16.880><c> same</c><00:42:17.040><c> thing</c><00:42:17.280><c> according</c><00:42:17.599><c> to</c><00:42:17.760><c> Einstein.</c><00:42:18.720><c> If</c>

38:56.482 --> 38:56.492 align:start position:0%
the same thing according to Einstein. If
 

38:56.492 --> 38:58.801 align:start position:0%
the same thing according to Einstein. If
mass<00:42:19.359><c> is</c><00:42:19.599><c> energy</c><00:42:20.000><c> in</c><00:42:20.240><c> the</c><00:42:20.400><c> form</c><00:42:20.560><c> of</c><00:42:20.720><c> vibrations</c>

38:58.801 --> 38:58.811 align:start position:0%
mass is energy in the form of vibrations
 

38:58.811 --> 39:01.521 align:start position:0%
mass is energy in the form of vibrations
on<00:42:21.599><c> a</c><00:42:21.760><c> string</c><00:42:22.079><c> at</c><00:42:22.319><c> a</c><00:42:22.560><c> particular</c><00:42:23.040><c> location,</c><00:42:23.839><c> as</c>

39:01.521 --> 39:01.531 align:start position:0%
on a string at a particular location, as
 

39:01.531 --> 39:04.402 align:start position:0%
on a string at a particular location, as
my<00:42:24.240><c> brother</c><00:42:24.560><c> believes,</c><00:42:25.520><c> then</c><00:42:25.839><c> any</c><00:42:26.160><c> mass</c><00:42:26.560><c> in</c><00:42:26.720><c> a</c>

39:04.402 --> 39:04.412 align:start position:0%
my brother believes, then any mass in a
 

39:04.412 --> 39:06.322 align:start position:0%
my brother believes, then any mass in a
location<00:42:27.359><c> will</c><00:42:27.680><c> pull</c><00:42:28.000><c> in</c><00:42:28.240><c> the</c><00:42:28.400><c> space-time</c>

39:06.322 --> 39:06.332 align:start position:0%
location will pull in the space-time
 

39:06.332 --> 39:08.722 align:start position:0%
location will pull in the space-time
latice<00:42:29.280><c> around</c><00:42:29.599><c> it.</c><00:42:30.000><c> Those</c><00:42:30.319><c> tugs</c><00:42:30.720><c> will</c><00:42:30.960><c> twist</c>

39:08.722 --> 39:08.732 align:start position:0%
latice around it. Those tugs will twist
 

39:08.732 --> 39:11.362 align:start position:0%
latice around it. Those tugs will twist
the<00:42:31.520><c> paths</c><00:42:31.839><c> of</c><00:42:32.079><c> nearby</c><00:42:32.560><c> arrows</c><00:42:33.040><c> towards</c><00:42:33.440><c> it,</c>

39:11.362 --> 39:11.372 align:start position:0%
the paths of nearby arrows towards it,
 

39:11.372 --> 39:13.362 align:start position:0%
the paths of nearby arrows towards it,
affecting<00:42:34.400><c> the</c><00:42:34.640><c> direction</c><00:42:35.040><c> other</c><00:42:35.359><c> vibrations</c>

39:13.362 --> 39:13.372 align:start position:0%
affecting the direction other vibrations
 

39:13.372 --> 39:15.281 align:start position:0%
affecting the direction other vibrations
are<00:42:36.079><c> moving</c><00:42:36.319><c> in</c><00:42:36.560><c> as</c><00:42:36.800><c> they</c><00:42:36.960><c> head</c><00:42:37.200><c> towards</c><00:42:37.599><c> the</c>

39:15.281 --> 39:15.291 align:start position:0%
are moving in as they head towards the
 

39:15.291 --> 39:17.842 align:start position:0%
are moving in as they head towards the
future.<00:42:38.800><c> Enough</c><00:42:39.119><c> mass</c><00:42:39.520><c> pulling</c><00:42:39.839><c> sideways</c><00:42:40.240><c> in</c>

39:17.842 --> 39:17.852 align:start position:0%
future. Enough mass pulling sideways in
 

39:17.852 --> 39:19.442 align:start position:0%
future. Enough mass pulling sideways in
the<00:42:40.560><c> latice</c><00:42:40.960><c> will</c><00:42:41.119><c> shorten</c><00:42:41.440><c> the</c><00:42:41.680><c> distance</c>

39:19.442 --> 39:19.452 align:start position:0%
the latice will shorten the distance
 

39:19.452 --> 39:22.242 align:start position:0%
the latice will shorten the distance
between<00:42:42.480><c> objects</c><00:42:43.200><c> pulling</c><00:42:43.599><c> them</c><00:42:43.760><c> in.</c><00:42:44.480><c> Enough</c>

39:22.242 --> 39:22.252 align:start position:0%
between objects pulling them in. Enough
 

39:22.252 --> 39:24.162 align:start position:0%
between objects pulling them in. Enough
mass<00:42:45.119><c> pulling</c><00:42:45.520><c> up</c><00:42:45.680><c> or</c><00:42:45.920><c> down</c><00:42:46.079><c> in</c><00:42:46.240><c> the</c><00:42:46.319><c> lattice</c>

39:24.162 --> 39:24.172 align:start position:0%
mass pulling up or down in the lattice
 

39:24.172 --> 39:26.482 align:start position:0%
mass pulling up or down in the lattice
will<00:42:46.880><c> shorten</c><00:42:47.280><c> distances</c><00:42:47.680><c> in</c><00:42:48.000><c> time,</c><00:42:48.480><c> reducing</c>

39:26.482 --> 39:26.492 align:start position:0%
will shorten distances in time, reducing
 

39:26.492 --> 39:28.322 align:start position:0%
will shorten distances in time, reducing
time<00:42:49.359><c> experiences</c><00:42:50.000><c> for</c><00:42:50.240><c> those</c><00:42:50.480><c> within</c><00:42:50.720><c> the</c>

39:28.322 --> 39:28.332 align:start position:0%
time experiences for those within the
 

39:28.332 --> 39:30.642 align:start position:0%
time experiences for those within the
mass<00:42:51.280><c> cluster.</c><00:42:52.160><c> And</c><00:42:52.480><c> this</c><00:42:52.800><c> will</c><00:42:52.960><c> be</c>

39:30.642 --> 39:30.652 align:start position:0%
mass cluster. And this will be
 

39:30.652 --> 39:33.202 align:start position:0%
mass cluster. And this will be
experienced<00:42:53.839><c> to</c><00:42:54.079><c> diminishing</c><00:42:54.640><c> degrees</c><00:42:55.359><c> by</c>

39:33.202 --> 39:33.212 align:start position:0%
experienced to diminishing degrees by
 

39:33.212 --> 39:36.242 align:start position:0%
experienced to diminishing degrees by
any<00:42:56.079><c> other</c><00:42:56.400><c> object</c><00:42:56.800><c> that</c><00:42:57.119><c> gets</c><00:42:57.440><c> too</c><00:42:57.760><c> close.</c><00:42:58.640><c> In</c>

39:36.242 --> 39:36.252 align:start position:0%
any other object that gets too close. In
 

39:36.252 --> 39:38.722 align:start position:0%
any other object that gets too close. In
other<00:42:58.960><c> words,</c><00:42:59.680><c> mass</c><00:43:00.079><c> tells</c><00:43:00.400><c> space</c><00:43:00.800><c> how</c><00:43:01.040><c> to</c>

39:38.722 --> 39:38.732 align:start position:0%
other words, mass tells space how to
 

39:38.732 --> 39:42.242 align:start position:0%
other words, mass tells space how to
curve<00:43:02.000><c> and</c><00:43:02.319><c> space</c><00:43:02.800><c> tells</c><00:43:03.200><c> matter</c><00:43:03.599><c> how</c><00:43:03.920><c> to</c><00:43:04.079><c> move</c>

39:42.242 --> 39:42.252 align:start position:0%
curve and space tells matter how to move
 

39:42.252 --> 39:46.882 align:start position:0%
curve and space tells matter how to move
both<00:43:05.119><c> in</c><00:43:05.520><c> time</c><00:43:06.000><c> and</c><00:43:06.400><c> space.</c>

39:46.882 --> 39:46.892 align:start position:0%
 
 

39:46.892 --> 39:49.202 align:start position:0%
 
So<00:43:10.000><c> there</c><00:43:10.240><c> you</c><00:43:10.400><c> have</c><00:43:10.560><c> it.</c><00:43:11.040><c> My</c><00:43:11.280><c> brother</c><00:43:11.520><c> has</c>

39:49.202 --> 39:49.212 align:start position:0%
So there you have it. My brother has
 

39:49.212 --> 39:50.801 align:start position:0%
So there you have it. My brother has
developed<00:43:12.079><c> this</c><00:43:12.240><c> theory</c><00:43:12.560><c> over</c><00:43:12.800><c> the</c><00:43:12.960><c> course</c><00:43:13.200><c> of</c>

39:50.801 --> 39:50.811 align:start position:0%
developed this theory over the course of
 

39:50.811 --> 39:52.642 align:start position:0%
developed this theory over the course of
several<00:43:13.760><c> years</c><00:43:14.319><c> through</c><00:43:14.640><c> making</c><00:43:14.880><c> these</c>

39:52.642 --> 39:52.652 align:start position:0%
several years through making these
 

39:52.652 --> 39:54.882 align:start position:0%
several years through making these
videos<00:43:15.440><c> and</c><00:43:15.839><c> talking</c><00:43:16.160><c> to</c><00:43:16.400><c> people.</c><00:43:17.200><c> And</c>

39:54.882 --> 39:54.892 align:start position:0%
videos and talking to people. And
 

39:54.892 --> 39:56.882 align:start position:0%
videos and talking to people. And
certainly<00:43:17.920><c> I</c><00:43:18.160><c> find</c><00:43:18.319><c> it</c><00:43:18.560><c> interesting.</c>

39:56.882 --> 39:56.892 align:start position:0%
certainly I find it interesting.
 

39:56.892 --> 39:58.642 align:start position:0%
certainly I find it interesting.
Interesting<00:43:19.920><c> enough</c><00:43:20.160><c> of</c><00:43:20.400><c> an</c><00:43:20.560><c> idea</c><00:43:20.720><c> that</c><00:43:20.960><c> it</c>

39:58.642 --> 39:58.652 align:start position:0%
Interesting enough of an idea that it
 

39:58.652 --> 40:00.722 align:start position:0%
Interesting enough of an idea that it
seems<00:43:21.440><c> worth</c><00:43:21.839><c> including</c><00:43:22.240><c> in</c><00:43:22.480><c> a</c><00:43:22.640><c> video.</c>

40:00.722 --> 40:00.732 align:start position:0%
seems worth including in a video.
 

40:00.732 --> 40:02.561 align:start position:0%
seems worth including in a video.
Normally<00:43:23.680><c> here</c><00:43:23.839><c> at</c><00:43:24.000><c> Astramm,</c><00:43:24.560><c> we</c><00:43:24.720><c> simply</c>

40:02.561 --> 40:02.571 align:start position:0%
Normally here at Astramm, we simply
 

40:02.571 --> 40:04.722 align:start position:0%
Normally here at Astramm, we simply
report<00:43:25.440><c> on</c><00:43:25.599><c> what</c><00:43:25.839><c> scientists</c><00:43:26.240><c> are</c><00:43:26.400><c> saying.</c>

40:04.722 --> 40:04.732 align:start position:0%
report on what scientists are saying.
 

40:04.732 --> 40:06.642 align:start position:0%
report on what scientists are saying.
But<00:43:27.520><c> you</c><00:43:27.760><c> know</c><00:43:27.760><c> what?</c><00:43:28.319><c> Every</c><00:43:28.560><c> now</c><00:43:28.800><c> and</c><00:43:28.960><c> then</c>

40:06.642 --> 40:06.652 align:start position:0%
But you know what? Every now and then
 

40:06.652 --> 40:08.962 align:start position:0%
But you know what? Every now and then
it's<00:43:29.359><c> fun</c><00:43:29.599><c> to</c><00:43:29.760><c> get</c><00:43:29.920><c> involved</c><00:43:30.400><c> yourself.</c><00:43:31.280><c> After</c>

40:08.962 --> 40:08.972 align:start position:0%
it's fun to get involved yourself. After
 

40:08.972 --> 40:11.041 align:start position:0%
it's fun to get involved yourself. After
all,<00:43:31.760><c> who's</c><00:43:32.079><c> to</c><00:43:32.319><c> say</c><00:43:32.480><c> where</c><00:43:32.720><c> the</c><00:43:32.880><c> next</c><00:43:33.200><c> great</c>

40:11.041 --> 40:11.051 align:start position:0%
all, who's to say where the next great
 

40:11.051 --> 40:13.842 align:start position:0%
all, who's to say where the next great
scientific<00:43:34.160><c> idea</c><00:43:34.480><c> will</c><00:43:34.800><c> come</c><00:43:34.880><c> from?</c><00:43:35.680><c> So,</c><00:43:36.160><c> what</c>

40:13.842 --> 40:13.852 align:start position:0%
scientific idea will come from? So, what
 

40:13.852 --> 40:16.642 align:start position:0%
scientific idea will come from? So, what
do<00:43:36.640><c> you</c><00:43:36.960><c> think?</c><00:43:37.599><c> Does</c><00:43:37.920><c> this</c><00:43:38.160><c> help</c><00:43:38.480><c> relativity</c>

40:16.642 --> 40:16.652 align:start position:0%
do you think? Does this help relativity
 

40:16.652 --> 40:19.202 align:start position:0%
do you think? Does this help relativity
make<00:43:39.440><c> a</c><00:43:39.680><c> bit</c><00:43:39.839><c> more</c><00:43:40.079><c> sense?</c><00:43:40.880><c> Do</c><00:43:41.119><c> you</c><00:43:41.200><c> see</c><00:43:41.440><c> any</c>

40:19.202 --> 40:19.212 align:start position:0%
make a bit more sense? Do you see any
 

40:19.212 --> 40:21.521 align:start position:0%
make a bit more sense? Do you see any
flaws<00:43:42.079><c> in</c><00:43:42.240><c> this</c><00:43:42.480><c> model?</c><00:43:43.280><c> Leave</c><00:43:43.599><c> a</c><00:43:43.839><c> comment</c>

40:21.521 --> 40:21.531 align:start position:0%
flaws in this model? Leave a comment
 

40:21.531 --> 40:23.442 align:start position:0%
flaws in this model? Leave a comment
below<00:43:44.319><c> to</c><00:43:44.560><c> let</c><00:43:44.720><c> me</c><00:43:44.880><c> know</c><00:43:45.040><c> your</c><00:43:45.280><c> thoughts.</c>

40:23.442 --> 40:23.452 align:start position:0%
below to let me know your thoughts.
 

40:23.452 --> 40:25.362 align:start position:0%
below to let me know your thoughts.
Science<00:43:46.400><c> is</c><00:43:46.720><c> about</c><00:43:46.960><c> discovery</c><00:43:47.440><c> at</c><00:43:47.599><c> the</c><00:43:47.760><c> end</c><00:43:47.839><c> of</c>

40:25.362 --> 40:25.372 align:start position:0%
Science is about discovery at the end of
 

40:25.372 --> 40:27.761 align:start position:0%
Science is about discovery at the end of
the<00:43:48.079><c> day.</c><00:43:48.640><c> And</c><00:43:48.800><c> by</c><00:43:49.040><c> testing</c><00:43:49.520><c> and</c><00:43:49.839><c> exploring</c>

40:27.761 --> 40:27.771 align:start position:0%
the day. And by testing and exploring
 

40:27.771 --> 40:30.242 align:start position:0%
the day. And by testing and exploring
new<00:43:50.560><c> ideas,</c><00:43:51.200><c> we</c><00:43:51.440><c> draw</c><00:43:51.760><c> ever</c><00:43:52.160><c> closer</c><00:43:52.480><c> to</c><00:43:52.640><c> the</c>

40:30.242 --> 40:30.252 align:start position:0%
new ideas, we draw ever closer to the
 

40:30.252 --> 40:33.362 align:start position:0%
new ideas, we draw ever closer to the
truth<00:43:53.119><c> about</c><00:43:53.520><c> our</c><00:43:53.839><c> universe.</c><00:43:54.960><c> So,</c><00:43:55.359><c> even</c><00:43:55.599><c> if</c>

40:33.362 --> 40:33.372 align:start position:0%
truth about our universe. So, even if
 

40:33.372 --> 40:35.362 align:start position:0%
truth about our universe. So, even if
this<00:43:56.160><c> isn't</c><00:43:56.480><c> right,</c><00:43:57.040><c> if</c><00:43:57.200><c> it</c><00:43:57.440><c> helps</c><00:43:57.680><c> us</c>

40:35.362 --> 40:35.372 align:start position:0%
this isn't right, if it helps us
 

40:35.372 --> 40:37.281 align:start position:0%
this isn't right, if it helps us
consider<00:43:58.400><c> the</c><00:43:58.640><c> universe</c><00:43:59.200><c> a</c><00:43:59.520><c> little</c><00:43:59.680><c> more</c>

40:37.281 --> 40:37.291 align:start position:0%
consider the universe a little more
 

40:37.291 --> 40:40.242 align:start position:0%
consider the universe a little more
closely<00:44:00.800><c> or</c><00:44:01.119><c> provides</c><00:44:01.599><c> some</c><00:44:01.920><c> useful</c><00:44:02.319><c> insights</c>

40:40.242 --> 40:40.252 align:start position:0%
closely or provides some useful insights
 

40:40.252 --> 40:43.202 align:start position:0%
closely or provides some useful insights
into<00:44:03.040><c> the</c><00:44:03.280><c> way</c><00:44:03.440><c> the</c><00:44:03.680><c> world</c><00:44:04.000><c> works,</c><00:44:05.040><c> then</c><00:44:05.359><c> it's</c>

40:43.202 --> 40:43.212 align:start position:0%
into the way the world works, then it's
 

40:43.212 --> 40:45.362 align:start position:0%
into the way the world works, then it's
one<00:44:06.000><c> step</c><00:44:06.319><c> closer</c><00:44:06.720><c> on</c><00:44:06.880><c> the</c><00:44:07.119><c> path</c><00:44:07.520><c> to</c>

40:45.362 --> 40:45.372 align:start position:0%
one step closer on the path to
 

40:45.372 --> 40:50.322 align:start position:0%
one step closer on the path to
understanding<00:44:09.280><c> everything.</c>

40:50.322 --> 40:50.332 align:start position:0%
 
 

40:50.332 --> 40:51.922 align:start position:0%
 
Thank<00:44:13.119><c> you</c><00:44:13.280><c> so</c><00:44:13.440><c> much</c><00:44:13.599><c> for</c><00:44:13.839><c> watching</c><00:44:14.160><c> all</c><00:44:14.319><c> the</c>

40:51.922 --> 40:51.932 align:start position:0%
Thank you so much for watching all the
 

40:51.932 --> 40:54.082 align:start position:0%
Thank you so much for watching all the
way<00:44:14.640><c> to</c><00:44:14.800><c> the</c><00:44:14.960><c> end</c><00:44:15.040><c> of</c><00:44:15.200><c> the</c><00:44:15.359><c> video.</c><00:44:16.079><c> And</c><00:44:16.240><c> as</c><00:44:16.400><c> a</c>

40:54.082 --> 40:54.092 align:start position:0%
way to the end of the video. And as a
 

40:54.092 --> 40:56.482 align:start position:0%
way to the end of the video. And as a
reward,<00:44:17.119><c> I</c><00:44:17.359><c> have</c><00:44:17.520><c> a</c><00:44:17.760><c> surprise</c><00:44:18.160><c> for</c><00:44:18.319><c> you.</c><00:44:18.880><c> Some</c>

40:56.482 --> 40:56.492 align:start position:0%
reward, I have a surprise for you. Some
 

40:56.492 --> 40:58.402 align:start position:0%
reward, I have a surprise for you. Some
of<00:44:19.200><c> you</c><00:44:19.359><c> may</c><00:44:19.599><c> remember</c><00:44:19.920><c> the</c><00:44:20.160><c> stunning</c><00:44:20.480><c> Astron</c>

40:58.402 --> 40:58.412 align:start position:0%
of you may remember the stunning Astron
 

40:58.412 --> 41:00.882 align:start position:0%
of you may remember the stunning Astron
book<00:44:21.119><c> we</c><00:44:21.359><c> released</c><00:44:21.680><c> a</c><00:44:21.920><c> few</c><00:44:22.079><c> years</c><00:44:22.240><c> ago.</c><00:44:23.040><c> Well,</c>

41:00.882 --> 41:00.892 align:start position:0%
book we released a few years ago. Well,
 

41:00.892 --> 41:03.281 align:start position:0%
book we released a few years ago. Well,
guess<00:44:23.680><c> what?</c><00:44:24.319><c> We</c><00:44:24.560><c> have</c><00:44:24.720><c> another</c><00:44:25.119><c> limited</c><00:44:25.520><c> run</c>

41:03.281 --> 41:03.291 align:start position:0%
guess what? We have another limited run
 

41:03.291 --> 41:05.682 align:start position:0%
guess what? We have another limited run
back<00:44:26.079><c> on</c><00:44:26.319><c> sale</c><00:44:26.640><c> now,</c><00:44:27.119><c> but</c><00:44:27.440><c> only</c><00:44:27.680><c> for</c><00:44:27.920><c> US</c>

41:05.682 --> 41:05.692 align:start position:0%
back on sale now, but only for US
 

41:05.692 --> 41:08.002 align:start position:0%
back on sale now, but only for US
audience,<00:44:28.720><c> I'm</c><00:44:28.880><c> afraid.</c><00:44:29.599><c> Unfortunately,</c>

41:08.002 --> 41:08.012 align:start position:0%
audience, I'm afraid. Unfortunately,
 

41:08.012 --> 41:09.842 align:start position:0%
audience, I'm afraid. Unfortunately,
everywhere<00:44:31.040><c> else</c><00:44:31.520><c> they're</c><00:44:31.839><c> all</c><00:44:32.079><c> gone</c>

41:09.842 --> 41:09.852 align:start position:0%
everywhere else they're all gone
 

41:09.852 --> 41:12.402 align:start position:0%
everywhere else they're all gone
already.<00:44:33.440><c> It's</c><00:44:33.680><c> a</c><00:44:33.839><c> spectacular</c><00:44:34.640><c> journey</c>

41:12.402 --> 41:12.412 align:start position:0%
already. It's a spectacular journey
 

41:12.412 --> 41:14.482 align:start position:0%
already. It's a spectacular journey
through<00:44:35.200><c> the</c><00:44:35.359><c> solar</c><00:44:35.680><c> system</c><00:44:36.160><c> filled</c><00:44:36.560><c> with</c><00:44:36.800><c> not</c>

41:14.482 --> 41:14.492 align:start position:0%
through the solar system filled with not
 

41:14.492 --> 41:16.561 align:start position:0%
through the solar system filled with not
only<00:44:37.280><c> the</c><00:44:37.440><c> very</c><00:44:37.760><c> best</c><00:44:38.079><c> images,</c><00:44:38.800><c> but</c>

41:16.561 --> 41:16.571 align:start position:0%
only the very best images, but
 

41:16.571 --> 41:18.561 align:start position:0%
only the very best images, but
explanations<00:44:39.760><c> that</c><00:44:40.000><c> will</c><00:44:40.160><c> bring</c><00:44:40.400><c> our</c><00:44:40.720><c> cosmic</c>

41:18.561 --> 41:18.571 align:start position:0%
explanations that will bring our cosmic
 

41:18.571 --> 41:21.202 align:start position:0%
explanations that will bring our cosmic
backyard<00:44:41.760><c> to</c><00:44:42.000><c> life.</c><00:44:42.960><c> There</c><00:44:43.200><c> aren't</c><00:44:43.440><c> many</c>

41:21.202 --> 41:21.212 align:start position:0%
backyard to life. There aren't many
 

41:21.212 --> 41:23.122 align:start position:0%
backyard to life. There aren't many
left,<00:44:44.240><c> so</c><00:44:44.480><c> click</c><00:44:44.720><c> the</c><00:44:44.880><c> link</c><00:44:45.040><c> below</c><00:44:45.280><c> to</c><00:44:45.520><c> make</c>

41:23.122 --> 41:23.132 align:start position:0%
left, so click the link below to make
 

41:23.132 --> 41:24.482 align:start position:0%
left, so click the link below to make
sure<00:44:45.760><c> you</c><00:44:45.920><c> get</c><00:44:46.079><c> your</c><00:44:46.240><c> hands</c><00:44:46.400><c> on</c><00:44:46.560><c> one</c><00:44:46.800><c> before</c>

41:24.482 --> 41:24.492 align:start position:0%
sure you get your hands on one before
 

41:24.492 --> 41:27.531 align:start position:0%
sure you get your hands on one before
they<00:44:47.280><c> sell</c><00:44:47.520><c> out.</c>