WEBVTT

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This<00:00:00.800><c> is</c><00:00:01.439><c> no</c><00:00:01.920><c> ordinary</c><00:00:02.480><c> planet.</c><00:00:03.679><c> It</c><00:00:03.919><c> doesn't</c>

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This is no ordinary planet. It doesn't
 

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This is no ordinary planet. It doesn't
exist<00:00:04.480><c> in</c><00:00:04.720><c> a</c><00:00:04.880><c> solar</c><00:00:05.200><c> system</c><00:00:05.440><c> like</c><00:00:05.680><c> our</c><00:00:06.000><c> own.</c>

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exist in a solar system like our own.
 

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exist in a solar system like our own.
Yes,<00:00:07.120><c> it's</c><00:00:07.359><c> in</c><00:00:07.520><c> orbit</c><00:00:07.919><c> around</c><00:00:08.160><c> something</c><00:00:08.400><c> that</c>

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Yes, it's in orbit around something that
 

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Yes, it's in orbit around something that
radiates<00:00:09.040><c> heat</c><00:00:09.200><c> and</c><00:00:09.440><c> light</c><00:00:09.840><c> just</c><00:00:10.080><c> like</c><00:00:10.320><c> our</c>

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radiates heat and light just like our
 

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radiates heat and light just like our
sun,<00:00:11.440><c> but</c><00:00:11.679><c> it's</c><00:00:12.000><c> not</c><00:00:12.240><c> a</c><00:00:12.559><c> star.</c><00:00:13.840><c> This</c><00:00:14.480><c> is</c><00:00:14.799><c> the</c>

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sun, but it's not a star. This is the
 

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sun, but it's not a star. This is the
accretion<00:00:15.519><c> disc</c><00:00:15.920><c> of</c><00:00:16.080><c> the</c><00:00:16.400><c> super</c><00:00:16.800><c> massive</c>

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accretion disc of the super massive
 

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accretion disc of the super massive
black<00:00:17.440><c> hole</c><00:00:17.840><c> at</c><00:00:18.080><c> the</c><00:00:18.320><c> center</c><00:00:18.800><c> of</c><00:00:19.039><c> a</c><00:00:19.279><c> galaxy.</c>

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black hole at the center of a galaxy.
 

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black hole at the center of a galaxy.
And<00:00:21.039><c> this</c><00:00:21.600><c> is</c><00:00:22.000><c> a</c><00:00:22.320><c> black</c><00:00:22.640><c> hole</c><00:00:23.199><c> planet.</c><00:00:24.400><c> It's</c>

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And this is a black hole planet. It's
 

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And this is a black hole planet. It's
not<00:00:24.800><c> a</c><00:00:25.039><c> rogue</c><00:00:25.359><c> planet</c><00:00:25.680><c> flung</c><00:00:26.000><c> out</c><00:00:26.160><c> from</c><00:00:26.400><c> its</c>

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not a rogue planet flung out from its
 

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not a rogue planet flung out from its
home<00:00:26.880><c> system.</c><00:00:27.599><c> It</c><00:00:27.840><c> wasn't</c><00:00:28.080><c> dragged</c><00:00:28.480><c> here</c><00:00:28.640><c> by</c>

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home system. It wasn't dragged here by
 

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home system. It wasn't dragged here by
the<00:00:28.960><c> gravity</c><00:00:29.359><c> of</c><00:00:29.519><c> the</c><00:00:29.760><c> great</c><00:00:30.160><c> central</c><00:00:30.640><c> black</c>

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the gravity of the great central black
 

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the gravity of the great central black
hole.<00:00:31.920><c> Instead,</c><00:00:32.559><c> scientists</c><00:00:33.120><c> believe</c><00:00:33.440><c> it</c>

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hole. Instead, scientists believe it
 

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hole. Instead, scientists believe it
might<00:00:33.920><c> have</c><00:00:34.160><c> formed</c><00:00:34.719><c> right</c><00:00:35.040><c> here</c><00:00:35.600><c> in</c><00:00:35.840><c> one</c><00:00:36.000><c> of</c>

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might have formed right here in one of
 

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might have formed right here in one of
the<00:00:36.320><c> most</c><00:00:36.640><c> hostile</c><00:00:37.360><c> environments</c><00:00:38.079><c> in</c><00:00:38.399><c> the</c>

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the most hostile environments in the
 

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the most hostile environments in the
cosmos.<00:00:39.920><c> And</c><00:00:40.079><c> it's</c><00:00:40.320><c> not</c><00:00:40.480><c> alone.</c><00:00:41.440><c> Scientists</c>

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cosmos. And it's not alone. Scientists
 

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cosmos. And it's not alone. Scientists
now<00:00:42.160><c> think</c><00:00:42.320><c> there</c><00:00:42.559><c> could</c><00:00:42.800><c> be</c><00:00:43.120><c> millions</c><00:00:43.600><c> of</c>

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now think there could be millions of
 

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now think there could be millions of
them<00:00:44.000><c> around</c><00:00:44.320><c> a</c><00:00:44.559><c> single</c><00:00:45.040><c> active</c><00:00:45.520><c> black</c><00:00:45.760><c> hole,</c>

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them around a single active black hole,
 

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them around a single active black hole,
which<00:00:46.719><c> would</c><00:00:46.960><c> make</c><00:00:47.120><c> them</c><00:00:47.360><c> the</c><00:00:47.680><c> largest</c>

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which would make them the largest
 

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which would make them the largest
population<00:00:48.640><c> of</c><00:00:48.879><c> planets</c><00:00:49.440><c> in</c><00:00:49.680><c> the</c><00:00:49.920><c> universe.</c>

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population of planets in the universe.
 

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population of planets in the universe.
So,<00:00:52.239><c> if</c><00:00:52.480><c> that</c><00:00:52.800><c> is</c><00:00:53.360><c> really</c><00:00:53.760><c> the</c><00:00:54.000><c> case,</c><00:00:54.800><c> how</c><00:00:55.039><c> come</c>

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So, if that is really the case, how come
 

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So, if that is really the case, how come
we've<00:00:56.160><c> never</c><00:00:56.480><c> found</c><00:00:56.719><c> one?</c><00:00:58.160><c> I'm</c><00:00:58.399><c> Alex</c><00:00:58.719><c> Mccoan</c>

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we've never found one? I'm Alex Mccoan
 

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we've never found one? I'm Alex Mccoan
and<00:00:59.520><c> you're</c><00:00:59.760><c> watching</c><00:01:00.000><c> Astrome.</c><00:01:00.879><c> Join</c><00:01:01.120><c> me</c>

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and you're watching Astrome. Join me
 

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and you're watching Astrome. Join me
today<00:01:01.520><c> as</c><00:01:01.760><c> we</c><00:01:01.920><c> venture</c><00:01:02.320><c> to</c><00:01:02.559><c> a</c><00:01:02.800><c> totally</c><00:01:03.359><c> new</c>

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today as we venture to a totally new
 

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today as we venture to a totally new
type<00:01:04.000><c> of</c><00:01:04.239><c> world</c><00:01:04.799><c> to</c><00:01:05.040><c> understand</c><00:01:05.600><c> how</c><00:01:05.840><c> they</c>

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type of world to understand how they
 

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type of world to understand how they
might<00:01:06.320><c> form,</c><00:01:07.600><c> what</c><00:01:08.000><c> makes</c><00:01:08.240><c> them</c><00:01:08.479><c> different</c>

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might form, what makes them different
 

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might form, what makes them different
from<00:01:08.960><c> the</c><00:01:09.200><c> planets</c><00:01:09.520><c> in</c><00:01:09.760><c> our</c><00:01:10.080><c> own</c><00:01:10.400><c> solar</c>

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from the planets in our own solar
 

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from the planets in our own solar
system,<00:01:11.680><c> and</c><00:01:12.000><c> what</c><00:01:12.050><c> [music]</c><00:01:12.320><c> it</c><00:01:12.560><c> would</c><00:01:12.720><c> take</c>

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system, and what [music] it would take
 

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system, and what [music] it would take
for<00:01:13.280><c> us</c><00:01:13.520><c> to</c><00:01:13.760><c> finally</c><00:01:14.320><c> detect</c><00:01:14.799><c> one.</c>

01:19.190 --> 01:19.200 align:start position:0%
 
 

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Most<00:01:19.520><c> large</c><00:01:19.840><c> galaxies</c><00:01:20.479><c> have</c><00:01:20.720><c> a</c><00:01:20.960><c> super</c><00:01:21.280><c> massive</c>

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Most large galaxies have a super massive
 

01:21.680 --> 01:23.190 align:start position:0%
Most large galaxies have a super massive
black<00:01:21.840><c> hole</c><00:01:22.080><c> at</c><00:01:22.240><c> their</c><00:01:22.400><c> center</c><00:01:22.640><c> that</c><00:01:22.960><c> can</c><00:01:23.040><c> be</c>

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black hole at their center that can be
 

01:23.200 --> 01:25.510 align:start position:0%
black hole at their center that can be
millions,<00:01:23.920><c> if</c><00:01:24.159><c> not</c><00:01:24.400><c> billions</c><00:01:24.880><c> of</c><00:01:25.040><c> times,</c><00:01:25.360><c> the</c>

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millions, if not billions of times, the
 

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millions, if not billions of times, the
mass<00:01:25.759><c> of</c><00:01:25.840><c> our</c><00:01:26.080><c> sun.</c><00:01:26.960><c> And</c><00:01:27.119><c> the</c><00:01:27.360><c> scorching,</c>

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mass of our sun. And the scorching,
 

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mass of our sun. And the scorching,
violent<00:01:28.880><c> conditions</c><00:01:29.080><c> [music]</c><00:01:29.280><c> that</c><00:01:29.520><c> come</c>

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violent conditions [music] that come
 

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violent conditions [music] that come
with<00:01:29.920><c> it</c><00:01:30.479><c> aren't</c><00:01:30.960><c> exactly</c><00:01:31.439><c> what</c><00:01:31.680><c> you</c><00:01:32.000><c> imagine</c>

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with it aren't exactly what you imagine
 

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with it aren't exactly what you imagine
as<00:01:32.880><c> being</c><00:01:33.200><c> ideal</c><00:01:33.600><c> for</c><00:01:33.840><c> a</c><00:01:34.000><c> planetary</c><00:01:34.400><c> nursery.</c>

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as being ideal for a planetary nursery.
 

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as being ideal for a planetary nursery.
If<00:01:35.840><c> there</c><00:01:36.079><c> is</c><00:01:36.479><c> a</c><00:01:36.799><c> lot</c><00:01:37.119><c> of</c><00:01:37.360><c> matter</c><00:01:37.680><c> nearby,</c><00:01:38.560><c> the</c>

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If there is a lot of matter nearby, the
 

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If there is a lot of matter nearby, the
super<00:01:39.040><c> massive</c><00:01:39.439><c> black</c><00:01:39.680><c> hole</c><00:01:40.159><c> goes</c><00:01:40.479><c> into</c><00:01:40.799><c> a</c>

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super massive black hole goes into a
 

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super massive black hole goes into a
feeding<00:01:41.520><c> frenzy.</c><00:01:42.720><c> As</c><00:01:42.960><c> gas</c><00:01:43.280><c> and</c><00:01:43.520><c> dust</c><00:01:43.840><c> get</c>

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feeding frenzy. As gas and dust get
 

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feeding frenzy. As gas and dust get
caught<00:01:44.320><c> in</c><00:01:44.479><c> its</c><00:01:44.720><c> gravity,</c><00:01:45.360><c> the</c><00:01:45.520><c> super</c><00:01:45.840><c> massive</c>

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caught in its gravity, the super massive
 

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caught in its gravity, the super massive
black<00:01:46.320><c> hole</c><00:01:46.720><c> starts</c><00:01:47.040><c> accumulating</c><00:01:47.840><c> a</c>

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black hole starts accumulating a
 

01:48.240 --> 01:50.789 align:start position:0%
black hole starts accumulating a
swirling<00:01:49.360><c> growing</c><00:01:49.759><c> belt</c><00:01:50.079><c> of</c><00:01:50.240><c> debris</c><00:01:50.696><c> [music]</c>

01:50.789 --> 01:50.799 align:start position:0%
swirling growing belt of debris [music]
 

01:50.799 --> 01:53.109 align:start position:0%
swirling growing belt of debris [music]
around<00:01:51.119><c> its</c><00:01:51.439><c> midsection,</c><00:01:52.320><c> an</c><00:01:52.560><c> accretion</c>

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around its midsection, an accretion
 

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around its midsection, an accretion
disc.<00:01:53.840><c> This</c><00:01:54.079><c> active</c><00:01:54.399><c> accretion</c><00:01:55.119><c> can</c><00:01:55.360><c> make</c><00:01:55.520><c> the</c>

01:55.670 --> 01:55.680 align:start position:0%
disc. This active accretion can make the
 

01:55.680 --> 01:58.230 align:start position:0%
disc. This active accretion can make the
galactic<00:01:56.079><c> center</c><00:01:56.640><c> extremely</c><00:01:57.520><c> luminous,</c>

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galactic center extremely luminous,
 

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galactic center extremely luminous,
turning<00:01:58.560><c> it</c><00:01:58.719><c> into</c><00:01:58.960><c> what</c><00:01:59.200><c> is</c><00:01:59.219><c> [music]</c><00:01:59.360><c> known</c><00:01:59.600><c> as</c>

01:59.749 --> 01:59.759 align:start position:0%
turning it into what is [music] known as
 

01:59.759 --> 02:03.510 align:start position:0%
turning it into what is [music] known as
an<00:02:00.079><c> active</c><00:02:00.640><c> galactic</c><00:02:01.200><c> nucleus.</c><00:02:02.320><c> This</c><00:02:02.560><c> disc</c><00:02:02.960><c> is</c>

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an active galactic nucleus. This disc is
 

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an active galactic nucleus. This disc is
gigantic.<00:02:04.640><c> It</c><00:02:04.880><c> can</c><00:02:05.040><c> span</c><00:02:05.520><c> trillions</c><00:02:06.159><c> of</c>

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gigantic. It can span trillions of
 

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gigantic. It can span trillions of
kilometers<00:02:06.880><c> across,</c><00:02:07.840><c> thousands</c><00:02:08.399><c> of</c><00:02:08.560><c> times</c>

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kilometers across, thousands of times
 

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kilometers across, thousands of times
the<00:02:09.119><c> distance</c><00:02:09.440><c> from</c><00:02:09.599><c> the</c><00:02:09.759><c> sun</c><00:02:10.000><c> to</c><00:02:10.160><c> Neptune.</c>

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the distance from the sun to Neptune.
 

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the distance from the sun to Neptune.
And<00:02:11.200><c> its</c><00:02:11.440><c> innermost</c><00:02:12.000><c> regions</c><00:02:12.720><c> move</c>

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And its innermost regions move
 

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And its innermost regions move
incredibly<00:02:13.920><c> fast,</c><00:02:14.640><c> almost</c><00:02:15.120><c> at</c><00:02:15.360><c> the</c><00:02:15.520><c> speed</c><00:02:15.760><c> of</c>

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incredibly fast, almost at the speed of
 

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incredibly fast, almost at the speed of
light.<00:02:17.360><c> Active</c><00:02:17.760><c> galactic</c><00:02:18.239><c> nuclei,</c><00:02:18.879><c> or</c><00:02:19.360><c> AGN's</c>

02:20.309 --> 02:20.319 align:start position:0%
light. Active galactic nuclei, or AGN's
 

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light. Active galactic nuclei, or AGN's
are<00:02:20.480><c> some</c><00:02:20.640><c> of</c><00:02:20.720><c> the</c><00:02:20.959><c> hottest</c><00:02:21.520><c> and</c><00:02:21.920><c> brightest</c>

02:22.470 --> 02:22.480 align:start position:0%
are some of the hottest and brightest
 

02:22.480 --> 02:24.309 align:start position:0%
are some of the hottest and brightest
persistent<00:02:23.040><c> objects</c><00:02:23.520><c> in</c><00:02:23.760><c> the</c><00:02:23.920><c> known</c>

02:24.309 --> 02:24.319 align:start position:0%
persistent objects in the known
 

02:24.319 --> 02:26.949 align:start position:0%
persistent objects in the known
universe.<00:02:25.200><c> They</c><00:02:25.360><c> emit</c><00:02:25.760><c> radiation</c><00:02:26.319><c> across</c><00:02:26.640><c> the</c>

02:26.949 --> 02:26.959 align:start position:0%
universe. They emit radiation across the
 

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universe. They emit radiation across the
entire<00:02:27.440><c> electromagnetic</c><00:02:28.319><c> spectrum</c><00:02:28.959><c> and</c><00:02:29.280><c> are</c>

02:29.430 --> 02:29.440 align:start position:0%
entire electromagnetic spectrum and are
 

02:29.440 --> 02:31.670 align:start position:0%
entire electromagnetic spectrum and are
usually<00:02:29.840><c> brighter</c><00:02:30.239><c> than</c><00:02:30.560><c> all</c><00:02:30.800><c> the</c><00:02:31.040><c> stars</c><00:02:31.440><c> in</c>

02:31.670 --> 02:31.680 align:start position:0%
usually brighter than all the stars in
 

02:31.680 --> 02:34.150 align:start position:0%
usually brighter than all the stars in
their<00:02:31.920><c> galaxy</c><00:02:32.640><c> combined.</c>

02:34.150 --> 02:34.160 align:start position:0%
their galaxy combined.
 

02:34.160 --> 02:36.070 align:start position:0%
their galaxy combined.
That<00:02:34.400><c> makes</c><00:02:34.640><c> for</c><00:02:35.040><c> a</c><00:02:35.360><c> pretty</c><00:02:35.680><c> extreme</c>

02:36.070 --> 02:36.080 align:start position:0%
That makes for a pretty extreme
 

02:36.080 --> 02:38.150 align:start position:0%
That makes for a pretty extreme
environment.<00:02:36.959><c> The</c><00:02:37.120><c> inner</c><00:02:37.440><c> disc</c><00:02:37.760><c> boasts</c>

02:38.150 --> 02:38.160 align:start position:0%
environment. The inner disc boasts
 

02:38.160 --> 02:41.270 align:start position:0%
environment. The inner disc boasts
insane<00:02:38.640><c> radiation,</c><00:02:39.680><c> brightness,</c><00:02:40.480><c> heat,</c><00:02:40.959><c> and</c>

02:41.270 --> 02:41.280 align:start position:0%
insane radiation, brightness, heat, and
 

02:41.280 --> 02:43.830 align:start position:0%
insane radiation, brightness, heat, and
tons<00:02:41.599><c> of</c><00:02:41.840><c> debris</c><00:02:42.319><c> blitzing</c><00:02:42.879><c> past</c><00:02:43.200><c> you</c><00:02:43.519><c> near</c>

02:43.830 --> 02:43.840 align:start position:0%
tons of debris blitzing past you near
 

02:43.840 --> 02:46.470 align:start position:0%
tons of debris blitzing past you near
the<00:02:44.080><c> speed</c><00:02:44.400><c> of</c><00:02:44.640><c> light</c><00:02:45.280><c> over</c><00:02:45.680><c> distances</c><00:02:46.239><c> that</c>

02:46.470 --> 02:46.480 align:start position:0%
the speed of light over distances that
 

02:46.480 --> 02:48.790 align:start position:0%
the speed of light over distances that
will<00:02:46.720><c> make</c><00:02:46.959><c> our</c><00:02:47.360><c> solar</c><00:02:47.680><c> system</c><00:02:48.080><c> look</c><00:02:48.319><c> like</c><00:02:48.560><c> a</c>

02:48.790 --> 02:48.800 align:start position:0%
will make our solar system look like a
 

02:48.800 --> 02:51.910 align:start position:0%
will make our solar system look like a
rounding<00:02:49.440><c> error.</c><00:02:50.560><c> But</c><00:02:50.800><c> this</c><00:02:50.959><c> all</c><00:02:51.280><c> raises</c><00:02:51.680><c> a</c>

02:51.910 --> 02:51.920 align:start position:0%
rounding error. But this all raises a
 

02:51.920 --> 02:53.830 align:start position:0%
rounding error. But this all raises a
rather<00:02:52.239><c> obvious</c><00:02:52.720><c> problem</c><00:02:53.040><c> for</c><00:02:53.280><c> the</c><00:02:53.519><c> existence</c>

02:53.830 --> 02:53.840 align:start position:0%
rather obvious problem for the existence
 

02:53.840 --> 02:56.229 align:start position:0%
rather obvious problem for the existence
of<00:02:54.080><c> black</c><00:02:54.319><c> hole</c><00:02:54.560><c> planets.</c><00:02:55.440><c> Because</c><00:02:55.840><c> according</c>

02:56.229 --> 02:56.239 align:start position:0%
of black hole planets. Because according
 

02:56.239 --> 02:57.910 align:start position:0%
of black hole planets. Because according
to<00:02:56.400><c> everything</c><00:02:56.720><c> we</c><00:02:57.040><c> know</c><00:02:57.200><c> about</c><00:02:57.519><c> planet</c>

02:57.910 --> 02:57.920 align:start position:0%
to everything we know about planet
 

02:57.920 --> 03:00.229 align:start position:0%
to everything we know about planet
formation,<00:02:58.640><c> it</c><00:02:58.879><c> simply</c><00:02:59.360><c> doesn't</c><00:02:59.680><c> happen</c><00:03:00.000><c> in</c>

03:00.229 --> 03:00.239 align:start position:0%
formation, it simply doesn't happen in
 

03:00.239 --> 03:03.110 align:start position:0%
formation, it simply doesn't happen in
violent<00:03:00.720><c> places</c><00:03:01.040><c> like</c><00:03:01.280><c> this.</c><00:03:02.239><c> So,</c><00:03:02.879><c> what</c>

03:03.110 --> 03:03.120 align:start position:0%
violent places like this. So, what
 

03:03.120 --> 03:05.750 align:start position:0%
violent places like this. So, what
exactly<00:03:03.440><c> is</c><00:03:03.760><c> going</c><00:03:03.920><c> on?</c><00:03:04.720><c> Why</c><00:03:05.040><c> do</c><00:03:05.280><c> we</c><00:03:05.519><c> think</c>

03:05.750 --> 03:05.760 align:start position:0%
exactly is going on? Why do we think
 

03:05.760 --> 03:09.670 align:start position:0%
exactly is going on? Why do we think
planets<00:03:06.319><c> could</c><00:03:06.800><c> exist</c><00:03:07.120><c> here?</c>

03:09.670 --> 03:09.680 align:start position:0%
planets could exist here?
 

03:09.680 --> 03:12.070 align:start position:0%
planets could exist here?
When<00:03:09.920><c> we</c><00:03:10.159><c> think</c><00:03:10.400><c> of</c><00:03:10.720><c> planets,</c><00:03:11.440><c> we</c><00:03:11.680><c> usually</c>

03:12.070 --> 03:12.080 align:start position:0%
When we think of planets, we usually
 

03:12.080 --> 03:14.229 align:start position:0%
When we think of planets, we usually
think<00:03:12.239><c> of</c><00:03:12.400><c> them</c><00:03:12.560><c> orbiting</c><00:03:13.040><c> a</c><00:03:13.200><c> star.</c><00:03:14.000><c> After</c>

03:14.229 --> 03:14.239 align:start position:0%
think of them orbiting a star. After
 

03:14.239 --> 03:16.309 align:start position:0%
think of them orbiting a star. After
all,<00:03:14.560><c> that's</c><00:03:14.879><c> what</c><00:03:15.120><c> we</c><00:03:15.360><c> see</c><00:03:15.599><c> within</c><00:03:15.920><c> our</c><00:03:16.080><c> own</c>

03:16.309 --> 03:16.319 align:start position:0%
all, that's what we see within our own
 

03:16.319 --> 03:18.790 align:start position:0%
all, that's what we see within our own
solar<00:03:16.640><c> system,</c><00:03:17.200><c> the</c><00:03:17.440><c> sun,</c><00:03:18.000><c> surrounded</c><00:03:18.480><c> by</c><00:03:18.640><c> a</c>

03:18.790 --> 03:18.800 align:start position:0%
solar system, the sun, surrounded by a
 

03:18.800 --> 03:21.350 align:start position:0%
solar system, the sun, surrounded by a
family<00:03:19.040><c> of</c><00:03:19.280><c> eight</c><00:03:19.680><c> spectacular</c><00:03:20.480><c> planets.</c>

03:21.350 --> 03:21.360 align:start position:0%
family of eight spectacular planets.
 

03:21.360 --> 03:23.270 align:start position:0%
family of eight spectacular planets.
They<00:03:21.599><c> are</c><00:03:21.760><c> worlds</c><00:03:22.159><c> we've</c><00:03:22.480><c> covered</c><00:03:22.720><c> a</c><00:03:22.959><c> lot</c><00:03:23.040><c> over</c>

03:23.270 --> 03:23.280 align:start position:0%
They are worlds we've covered a lot over
 

03:23.280 --> 03:25.589 align:start position:0%
They are worlds we've covered a lot over
the<00:03:23.440><c> years.</c><00:03:24.080><c> But</c><00:03:24.239><c> if</c><00:03:24.480><c> you</c><00:03:24.720><c> ever</c><00:03:25.040><c> wish</c><00:03:25.280><c> that</c><00:03:25.440><c> you</c>

03:24.063 --> 03:26.292 align:start position:0%
writing this, so I hope you enjoy
reading<00:03:58.959><c> it,</c><00:03:59.280><c> too.</c><00:04:00.000><c> For</c><00:04:00.239><c> now,</c><00:04:00.400><c> though,</c><00:04:00.720><c> let's</c>

03:26.292 --> 03:26.302 align:start position:0%
reading it, too. For now, though, let's
 

03:26.302 --> 03:28.212 align:start position:0%
reading it, too. For now, though, let's
go<00:04:01.120><c> back</c><00:04:01.280><c> to</c><00:04:01.439><c> planets</c><00:04:01.840><c> that</c><00:04:02.080><c> we</c><00:04:02.239><c> know</c><00:04:02.480><c> a</c><00:04:02.720><c> lot</c>

03:28.212 --> 03:28.222 align:start position:0%
go back to planets that we know a lot
 

03:28.222 --> 03:30.772 align:start position:0%
go back to planets that we know a lot
less<00:04:03.120><c> about,</c><00:04:03.920><c> most</c><00:04:04.159><c> of</c><00:04:04.319><c> which</c><00:04:04.560><c> we</c><00:04:04.720><c> do</c><00:04:04.959><c> think</c><00:04:05.120><c> of</c>

03:30.772 --> 03:30.782 align:start position:0%
less about, most of which we do think of
 

03:30.782 --> 03:33.572 align:start position:0%
less about, most of which we do think of
having<00:04:05.760><c> their</c><00:04:06.000><c> own</c><00:04:06.239><c> sons.</c><00:04:07.439><c> In</c><00:04:07.599><c> fact,</c><00:04:07.920><c> our</c>

03:33.572 --> 03:33.582 align:start position:0%
having their own sons. In fact, our
 

03:33.582 --> 03:36.212 align:start position:0%
having their own sons. In fact, our
entire<00:04:08.799><c> method</c><00:04:09.120><c> of</c><00:04:09.360><c> hunting</c><00:04:09.680><c> for</c><00:04:09.920><c> exoplanets</c>

03:36.212 --> 03:36.222 align:start position:0%
entire method of hunting for exoplanets
 

03:36.222 --> 03:38.132 align:start position:0%
entire method of hunting for exoplanets
relies<00:04:11.360><c> on</c><00:04:11.519><c> them</c><00:04:11.840><c> interacting</c><00:04:12.400><c> with</c><00:04:12.560><c> their</c>

03:38.132 --> 03:38.142 align:start position:0%
relies on them interacting with their
 

03:38.142 --> 03:40.772 align:start position:0%
relies on them interacting with their
host<00:04:13.040><c> star.</c><00:04:14.000><c> It</c><00:04:14.239><c> is</c><00:04:14.400><c> worth</c><00:04:14.640><c> mentioning</c><00:04:15.040><c> that</c>

03:40.772 --> 03:40.782 align:start position:0%
host star. It is worth mentioning that
 

03:40.782 --> 03:43.333 align:start position:0%
host star. It is worth mentioning that
rogue<00:04:15.840><c> planets</c><00:04:16.239><c> do</c><00:04:16.560><c> exist,</c><00:04:17.199><c> which</c><00:04:17.519><c> hurtle</c>

03:43.333 --> 03:43.343 align:start position:0%
rogue planets do exist, which hurtle
 

03:43.343 --> 03:45.013 align:start position:0%
rogue planets do exist, which hurtle
through<00:04:18.239><c> interstellar</c><00:04:18.799><c> space</c><00:04:19.040><c> without</c><00:04:19.440><c> being</c>

03:45.013 --> 03:45.023 align:start position:0%
through interstellar space without being
 

03:45.023 --> 03:47.412 align:start position:0%
through interstellar space without being
attached<00:04:20.000><c> to</c><00:04:20.160><c> a</c><00:04:20.320><c> star.</c><00:04:21.120><c> Some</c><00:04:21.359><c> of</c><00:04:21.440><c> them</c><00:04:21.600><c> form</c><00:04:21.919><c> by</c>

03:47.412 --> 03:47.422 align:start position:0%
attached to a star. Some of them form by
 

03:47.422 --> 03:49.893 align:start position:0%
attached to a star. Some of them form by
dust<00:04:22.400><c> collapsing</c><00:04:22.880><c> into</c><00:04:23.199><c> a</c><00:04:23.360><c> mass,</c><00:04:24.000><c> but</c><00:04:24.240><c> others</c>

03:49.893 --> 03:49.903 align:start position:0%
dust collapsing into a mass, but others
 

03:49.903 --> 03:52.213 align:start position:0%
dust collapsing into a mass, but others
likely<00:04:25.040><c> form</c><00:04:25.440><c> around</c><00:04:25.840><c> stars</c><00:04:26.400><c> before</c>

03:52.213 --> 03:52.223 align:start position:0%
likely form around stars before
 

03:52.223 --> 03:53.972 align:start position:0%
likely form around stars before
eventually<00:04:27.440><c> being</c><00:04:27.759><c> ejected</c><00:04:28.240><c> from</c><00:04:28.400><c> their</c>

03:53.972 --> 03:53.982 align:start position:0%
eventually being ejected from their
 

03:53.982 --> 03:57.092 align:start position:0%
eventually being ejected from their
orbit<00:04:28.960><c> by</c><00:04:29.280><c> nearby</c><00:04:29.840><c> interactions.</c><00:04:31.199><c> But</c><00:04:31.360><c> these</c>

03:57.092 --> 03:57.102 align:start position:0%
orbit by nearby interactions. But these
 

03:57.102 --> 04:00.133 align:start position:0%
orbit by nearby interactions. But these
black<00:04:32.000><c> hole</c><00:04:32.400><c> planets</c><00:04:32.880><c> are</c><00:04:33.199><c> not</c><00:04:33.520><c> rogues.</c><00:04:34.479><c> They</c>

04:00.133 --> 04:00.143 align:start position:0%
black hole planets are not rogues. They
 

04:00.143 --> 04:04.213 align:start position:0%
black hole planets are not rogues. They
do<00:04:35.199><c> belong</c><00:04:35.520><c> to</c><00:04:35.759><c> a</c><00:04:35.919><c> host,</c><00:04:36.639><c> just</c><00:04:36.880><c> not</c><00:04:37.280><c> a</c><00:04:37.600><c> star.</c>

04:04.213 --> 04:04.223 align:start position:0%
do belong to a host, just not a star.
 

04:04.223 --> 04:05.812 align:start position:0%
do belong to a host, just not a star.
Planets<00:04:39.360><c> like</c><00:04:39.520><c> the</c><00:04:39.680><c> ones</c><00:04:39.840><c> in</c><00:04:40.000><c> our</c><00:04:40.160><c> solar</c>

04:05.812 --> 04:05.822 align:start position:0%
Planets like the ones in our solar
 

04:05.822 --> 04:06.693 align:start position:0%
Planets like the ones in our solar
system<00:04:40.800><c> come</c><00:04:40.960><c> from</c><00:04:40.998><c> [music]</c><00:04:41.199><c> the</c>

04:06.693 --> 04:06.703 align:start position:0%
system come from [music] the
 

04:06.703 --> 04:09.812 align:start position:0%
system come from [music] the
protolanetary<00:04:42.320><c> disc,</c><00:04:43.040><c> a</c><00:04:43.360><c> flat</c><00:04:43.759><c> ring-shaped</c>

04:09.812 --> 04:09.822 align:start position:0%
protolanetary disc, a flat ring-shaped
 

04:09.822 --> 04:11.812 align:start position:0%
protolanetary disc, a flat ring-shaped
structure<00:04:44.800><c> of</c><00:04:45.040><c> gas</c><00:04:45.360><c> and</c><00:04:45.600><c> dust</c><00:04:45.919><c> debris</c>

04:11.812 --> 04:11.822 align:start position:0%
structure of gas and dust debris
 

04:11.822 --> 04:14.453 align:start position:0%
structure of gas and dust debris
orbiting<00:04:47.120><c> around</c><00:04:47.520><c> a</c><00:04:47.759><c> young</c><00:04:48.000><c> star,</c><00:04:48.880><c> which</c>

04:14.453 --> 04:14.463 align:start position:0%
orbiting around a young star, which
 

04:14.463 --> 04:17.013 align:start position:0%
orbiting around a young star, which
contains<00:04:49.600><c> all</c><00:04:49.919><c> the</c><00:04:50.240><c> key</c><00:04:50.639><c> raw</c><00:04:51.040><c> materials</c><00:04:51.520><c> to</c>

04:17.013 --> 04:17.023 align:start position:0%
contains all the key raw materials to
 

04:17.023 --> 04:20.293 align:start position:0%
contains all the key raw materials to
form<00:04:52.000><c> planets.</c><00:04:53.120><c> But</c><00:04:53.520><c> hang</c><00:04:53.759><c> on</c><00:04:53.919><c> a</c><00:04:54.160><c> minute.</c><00:04:54.720><c> This</c>

04:20.293 --> 04:20.303 align:start position:0%
form planets. But hang on a minute. This
 

04:20.303 --> 04:22.613 align:start position:0%
form planets. But hang on a minute. This
sounds<00:04:55.280><c> suspiciously</c><00:04:56.000><c> similar</c><00:04:56.240><c> to</c><00:04:56.400><c> the</c><00:04:56.639><c> AGN's</c>

04:22.613 --> 04:22.623 align:start position:0%
sounds suspiciously similar to the AGN's
 

04:22.623 --> 04:24.933 align:start position:0%
sounds suspiciously similar to the AGN's
we<00:04:57.520><c> were</c><00:04:57.680><c> talking</c><00:04:57.919><c> about.</c><00:04:58.800><c> Perhaps</c><00:04:59.120><c> at</c><00:04:59.360><c> first</c>

04:24.933 --> 04:24.943 align:start position:0%
we were talking about. Perhaps at first
 

04:24.943 --> 04:28.133 align:start position:0%
we were talking about. Perhaps at first
glance,<00:05:00.320><c> yes.</c><00:05:01.280><c> But</c><00:05:01.360><c> on</c><00:05:01.600><c> closer</c><00:05:02.000><c> inspection,</c>

04:28.133 --> 04:28.143 align:start position:0%
glance, yes. But on closer inspection,
 

04:28.143 --> 04:30.853 align:start position:0%
glance, yes. But on closer inspection,
AGN's<00:05:03.520><c> are</c><00:05:03.680><c> actually</c><00:05:04.160><c> quite</c><00:05:04.479><c> different</c><00:05:04.960><c> in</c><00:05:05.280><c> a</c>

04:30.853 --> 04:30.863 align:start position:0%
AGN's are actually quite different in a
 

04:30.863 --> 04:34.293 align:start position:0%
AGN's are actually quite different in a
few<00:05:05.840><c> key</c><00:05:06.240><c> ways.</c><00:05:07.440><c> Firstly,</c><00:05:08.000><c> AGN's</c><00:05:08.639><c> are</c><00:05:08.800><c> much</c>

04:34.293 --> 04:34.303 align:start position:0%
few key ways. Firstly, AGN's are much
 

04:34.303 --> 04:36.053 align:start position:0%
few key ways. Firstly, AGN's are much
hotter.<00:05:09.680><c> The</c><00:05:09.919><c> friction</c><00:05:10.240><c> within</c><00:05:10.560><c> the</c>

04:36.053 --> 04:36.063 align:start position:0%
hotter. The friction within the
 

04:36.063 --> 04:37.653 align:start position:0%
hotter. The friction within the
accretion<00:05:11.199><c> disc</c><00:05:11.440><c> can</c><00:05:11.680><c> create</c><00:05:11.919><c> temperatures</c>

04:37.653 --> 04:37.663 align:start position:0%
accretion disc can create temperatures
 

04:37.663 --> 04:41.333 align:start position:0%
accretion disc can create temperatures
as<00:05:12.560><c> high</c><00:05:12.720><c> as</c><00:05:13.120><c> 10</c><00:05:13.520><c> million°</c><00:05:14.240><c> C</c><00:05:14.960><c> to</c><00:05:15.199><c> form</c><00:05:15.520><c> rocky</c>

04:41.333 --> 04:41.343 align:start position:0%
as high as 10 million° C to form rocky
 

04:41.343 --> 04:43.173 align:start position:0%
as high as 10 million° C to form rocky
worlds.<00:05:16.560><c> You</c><00:05:16.800><c> need</c><00:05:16.960><c> temperatures</c><00:05:17.360><c> of</c><00:05:17.600><c> around</c>

04:43.173 --> 04:43.183 align:start position:0%
worlds. You need temperatures of around
 

04:43.183 --> 04:46.933 align:start position:0%
worlds. You need temperatures of around
a<00:05:18.080><c> few</c><00:05:18.320><c> hundred</c><00:05:18.720><c> to</c><00:05:19.199><c> a</c><00:05:19.440><c> few</c><00:05:19.600><c> thousand°</c><00:05:20.560><c> C.</c><00:05:21.440><c> And</c>

04:46.933 --> 04:46.943 align:start position:0%
a few hundred to a few thousand° C. And
 

04:46.943 --> 04:48.613 align:start position:0%
a few hundred to a few thousand° C. And
for<00:05:21.840><c> gas</c><00:05:22.160><c> giants,</c><00:05:22.720><c> you're</c><00:05:22.918><c> [music]</c><00:05:23.039><c> looking</c>

04:48.613 --> 04:48.623 align:start position:0%
for gas giants, you're [music] looking
 

04:48.623 --> 04:51.893 align:start position:0%
for gas giants, you're [music] looking
at<00:05:23.600><c> subzero</c><00:05:24.320><c> temperatures.</c><00:05:25.759><c> With</c><00:05:26.080><c> this</c><00:05:26.320><c> much</c>

04:51.893 --> 04:51.903 align:start position:0%
at subzero temperatures. With this much
 

04:51.903 --> 04:53.893 align:start position:0%
at subzero temperatures. With this much
heat,<00:05:27.120><c> collisions</c><00:05:27.600><c> between</c><00:05:28.000><c> particles</c><00:05:28.400><c> in</c>

04:53.893 --> 04:53.903 align:start position:0%
heat, collisions between particles in
 

04:53.903 --> 04:56.532 align:start position:0%
heat, collisions between particles in
the<00:05:28.639><c> AGN</c><00:05:29.199><c> knock</c><00:05:29.520><c> electrons</c><00:05:30.080><c> loose</c><00:05:30.639><c> and</c><00:05:30.960><c> leave</c>

04:56.532 --> 04:56.542 align:start position:0%
the AGN knock electrons loose and leave
 

04:56.542 --> 04:59.812 align:start position:0%
the AGN knock electrons loose and leave
the<00:05:31.440><c> gas</c><00:05:31.919><c> ionized.</c><00:05:32.880><c> This</c><00:05:33.280><c> ionized</c><00:05:33.680><c> gas</c><00:05:34.160><c> leads</c>

04:59.812 --> 04:59.822 align:start position:0%
the gas ionized. This ionized gas leads
 

04:59.822 --> 05:01.812 align:start position:0%
the gas ionized. This ionized gas leads
to<00:05:34.720><c> much</c><00:05:34.960><c> more</c><00:05:35.199><c> magnetic</c><00:05:35.759><c> turbulence</c><00:05:36.240><c> and</c>

05:01.812 --> 05:01.822 align:start position:0%
to much more magnetic turbulence and
 

05:01.822 --> 05:03.493 align:start position:0%
to much more magnetic turbulence and
instability<00:05:37.120><c> in</c><00:05:37.280><c> AGN's</c><00:05:37.840><c> than</c><00:05:38.000><c> in</c>

05:03.493 --> 05:03.503 align:start position:0%
instability in AGN's than in
 

05:03.503 --> 05:06.453 align:start position:0%
instability in AGN's than in
protolanetary<00:05:38.880><c> discs,</c><00:05:39.600><c> which</c><00:05:40.000><c> does</c><00:05:40.400><c> not</c><00:05:40.800><c> lend</c>

05:06.453 --> 05:06.463 align:start position:0%
protolanetary discs, which does not lend
 

05:06.463 --> 05:08.773 align:start position:0%
protolanetary discs, which does not lend
itself<00:05:41.440><c> to</c><00:05:41.600><c> clumping</c><00:05:42.080><c> material</c><00:05:42.560><c> together.</c>

05:08.773 --> 05:08.783 align:start position:0%
itself to clumping material together.
 

05:08.783 --> 05:11.413 align:start position:0%
itself to clumping material together.
Let<00:05:43.600><c> me</c><00:05:43.759><c> explain.</c><00:05:44.880><c> When</c><00:05:45.120><c> a</c><00:05:45.280><c> magnetic</c><00:05:45.759><c> field</c>

05:11.413 --> 05:11.423 align:start position:0%
Let me explain. When a magnetic field
 

05:11.423 --> 05:14.293 align:start position:0%
Let me explain. When a magnetic field
runs<00:05:46.400><c> through</c><00:05:46.800><c> cold</c><00:05:47.360><c> neutral</c><00:05:47.759><c> gas,</c><00:05:48.560><c> nothing</c>

05:14.293 --> 05:14.303 align:start position:0%
runs through cold neutral gas, nothing
 

05:14.303 --> 05:16.372 align:start position:0%
runs through cold neutral gas, nothing
happens.<00:05:49.840><c> But</c><00:05:50.080><c> run</c><00:05:50.240><c> the</c><00:05:50.400><c> same</c><00:05:50.560><c> magnetic</c>

05:16.372 --> 05:16.382 align:start position:0%
happens. But run the same magnetic
 

05:16.382 --> 05:19.013 align:start position:0%
happens. But run the same magnetic
fields<00:05:51.360><c> through</c><00:05:51.919><c> ionized</c><00:05:52.400><c> gas</c><00:05:52.880><c> like</c><00:05:53.199><c> the</c><00:05:53.440><c> ones</c>

05:19.013 --> 05:19.023 align:start position:0%
fields through ionized gas like the ones
 

05:19.023 --> 05:22.213 align:start position:0%
fields through ionized gas like the ones
we<00:05:53.840><c> find</c><00:05:54.080><c> around</c><00:05:54.479><c> an</c><00:05:54.639><c> AGN,</c><00:05:55.600><c> and</c><00:05:55.840><c> it's</c><00:05:56.080><c> a</c><00:05:56.240><c> wildly</c>

05:22.213 --> 05:22.223 align:start position:0%
we find around an AGN, and it's a wildly
 

05:22.223 --> 05:24.773 align:start position:0%
we find around an AGN, and it's a wildly
different<00:05:57.360><c> story.</c><00:05:58.479><c> Thanks</c><00:05:58.720><c> to</c><00:05:58.960><c> what's</c><00:05:59.199><c> known</c>

05:24.773 --> 05:24.783 align:start position:0%
different story. Thanks to what's known
 

05:24.783 --> 05:27.173 align:start position:0%
different story. Thanks to what's known
as<00:05:59.600><c> the</c><00:05:59.840><c> Lorren</c><00:06:00.400><c> force,</c><00:06:01.039><c> when</c><00:06:01.199><c> a</c><00:06:01.440><c> magnetic</c>

05:27.173 --> 05:27.183 align:start position:0%
as the Lorren force, when a magnetic
 

05:27.183 --> 05:29.173 align:start position:0%
as the Lorren force, when a magnetic
field<00:06:02.080><c> is</c><00:06:02.320><c> applied</c><00:06:02.720><c> to</c><00:06:02.960><c> charged</c><00:06:03.360><c> particles</c>

05:29.173 --> 05:29.183 align:start position:0%
field is applied to charged particles
 

05:29.183 --> 05:32.133 align:start position:0%
field is applied to charged particles
like<00:06:04.319><c> ionized</c><00:06:04.800><c> gas,</c><00:06:05.360><c> a</c><00:06:05.680><c> force</c><00:06:05.919><c> is</c><00:06:06.160><c> exerted</c><00:06:06.639><c> on</c>

05:32.133 --> 05:32.143 align:start position:0%
like ionized gas, a force is exerted on
 

05:32.143 --> 05:35.013 align:start position:0%
like ionized gas, a force is exerted on
those<00:06:07.039><c> charged</c><00:06:07.440><c> particles.</c><00:06:08.479><c> And</c><00:06:08.720><c> here</c><00:06:09.280><c> there</c>

05:35.013 --> 05:35.023 align:start position:0%
those charged particles. And here there
 

05:35.023 --> 05:37.972 align:start position:0%
those charged particles. And here there
are<00:06:09.919><c> loads</c><00:06:10.240><c> of</c><00:06:10.400><c> them.</c><00:06:11.440><c> This</c><00:06:11.840><c> Lorent</c><00:06:12.319><c> force</c>

05:37.972 --> 05:37.982 align:start position:0%
are loads of them. This Lorent force
 

05:37.982 --> 05:40.133 align:start position:0%
are loads of them. This Lorent force
pushes<00:06:12.960><c> in</c><00:06:13.199><c> a</c><00:06:13.360><c> direction</c><00:06:13.840><c> perpendicular</c><00:06:14.560><c> to</c>

05:40.133 --> 05:40.143 align:start position:0%
pushes in a direction perpendicular to
 

05:40.143 --> 05:42.293 align:start position:0%
pushes in a direction perpendicular to
the<00:06:14.960><c> particles</c><00:06:15.440><c> velocity,</c><00:06:16.240><c> which</c><00:06:16.560><c> stops</c>

05:42.293 --> 05:42.303 align:start position:0%
the particles velocity, which stops
 

05:42.303 --> 05:43.972 align:start position:0%
the particles velocity, which stops
particles<00:06:17.440><c> from</c><00:06:17.680><c> being</c><00:06:17.840><c> able</c><00:06:18.080><c> to</c><00:06:18.240><c> travel</c>

05:43.972 --> 05:43.982 align:start position:0%
particles from being able to travel
 

05:43.982 --> 05:46.532 align:start position:0%
particles from being able to travel
freely<00:06:19.120><c> across</c><00:06:19.600><c> magnetic</c><00:06:20.080><c> field</c><00:06:20.319><c> lines</c><00:06:20.880><c> and</c>

05:46.532 --> 05:46.542 align:start position:0%
freely across magnetic field lines and
 

05:46.542 --> 05:48.773 align:start position:0%
freely across magnetic field lines and
bends<00:06:21.600><c> their</c><00:06:21.840><c> sideways</c><00:06:22.319><c> motion</c><00:06:22.880><c> into</c><00:06:23.199><c> a</c>

05:48.773 --> 05:48.783 align:start position:0%
bends their sideways motion into a
 

05:48.783 --> 05:50.613 align:start position:0%
bends their sideways motion into a
circle.<00:06:24.319><c> But</c><00:06:24.560><c> here's</c><00:06:24.800><c> where</c><00:06:24.880><c> it</c><00:06:25.039><c> gets</c>

05:50.613 --> 05:50.623 align:start position:0%
circle. But here's where it gets
 

05:50.623 --> 05:53.413 align:start position:0%
circle. But here's where it gets
interesting.<00:06:26.400><c> These</c><00:06:26.720><c> moving</c><00:06:27.120><c> particles</c><00:06:27.759><c> are</c>

05:53.413 --> 05:53.423 align:start position:0%
interesting. These moving particles are
 

05:53.423 --> 05:56.053 align:start position:0%
interesting. These moving particles are
themselves<00:06:29.039><c> moving</c><00:06:29.440><c> currents</c><00:06:30.240><c> which</c><00:06:30.479><c> means</c>

05:56.053 --> 05:56.063 align:start position:0%
themselves moving currents which means
 

05:56.063 --> 05:57.972 align:start position:0%
themselves moving currents which means
they<00:06:31.039><c> also</c><00:06:31.440><c> generate</c><00:06:31.759><c> their</c><00:06:32.000><c> own</c><00:06:32.160><c> magnetic</c>

05:57.972 --> 05:57.982 align:start position:0%
they also generate their own magnetic
 

05:57.982 --> 06:00.693 align:start position:0%
they also generate their own magnetic
field.<00:06:33.440><c> In</c><00:06:33.600><c> other</c><00:06:33.840><c> words,</c><00:06:34.319><c> the</c><00:06:34.720><c> ionized</c><00:06:35.120><c> gas</c>

06:00.693 --> 06:00.703 align:start position:0%
field. In other words, the ionized gas
 

06:00.703 --> 06:03.493 align:start position:0%
field. In other words, the ionized gas
drags<00:06:35.759><c> the</c><00:06:35.919><c> magnetic</c><00:06:36.319><c> field</c><00:06:36.720><c> with</c><00:06:37.039><c> it</c><00:06:37.680><c> just</c><00:06:37.919><c> as</c>

06:03.493 --> 06:03.503 align:start position:0%
drags the magnetic field with it just as
 

06:03.503 --> 06:05.893 align:start position:0%
drags the magnetic field with it just as
much<00:06:38.319><c> as</c><00:06:38.479><c> the</c><00:06:38.720><c> field</c><00:06:39.039><c> constrains</c><00:06:39.600><c> the</c><00:06:39.840><c> gas.</c>

06:05.893 --> 06:05.903 align:start position:0%
much as the field constrains the gas.
 

06:05.903 --> 06:07.573 align:start position:0%
much as the field constrains the gas.
The<00:06:40.800><c> two</c><00:06:41.039><c> eventually</c><00:06:41.600><c> become</c><00:06:41.919><c> locked</c>

06:07.573 --> 06:07.583 align:start position:0%
The two eventually become locked
 

06:07.583 --> 06:09.573 align:start position:0%
The two eventually become locked
together<00:06:42.720><c> in</c><00:06:43.039><c> a</c><00:06:43.199><c> condition</c><00:06:43.484><c> [music]</c><00:06:43.520><c> known</c><00:06:43.840><c> as</c>

06:09.573 --> 06:09.583 align:start position:0%
together in a condition [music] known as
 

06:09.583 --> 06:12.213 align:start position:0%
together in a condition [music] known as
flux<00:06:44.880><c> freezing.</c><00:06:46.000><c> I</c><00:06:46.240><c> know</c><00:06:46.400><c> this</c><00:06:46.639><c> is</c>

06:12.213 --> 06:12.223 align:start position:0%
flux freezing. I know this is
 

06:12.223 --> 06:14.453 align:start position:0%
flux freezing. I know this is
complicated,<00:06:47.680><c> so</c><00:06:48.000><c> let's</c><00:06:48.240><c> break</c><00:06:48.400><c> it</c><00:06:48.560><c> down</c><00:06:48.800><c> even</c>

06:14.453 --> 06:14.463 align:start position:0%
complicated, so let's break it down even
 

06:14.463 --> 06:17.252 align:start position:0%
complicated, so let's break it down even
more.<00:06:50.319><c> Think</c><00:06:50.560><c> of</c><00:06:50.720><c> two</c><00:06:51.039><c> parcels</c><00:06:51.440><c> of</c><00:06:51.600><c> gas</c>

06:17.252 --> 06:17.262 align:start position:0%
more. Think of two parcels of gas
 

06:17.262 --> 06:19.092 align:start position:0%
more. Think of two parcels of gas
orbiting<00:06:52.319><c> at</c><00:06:52.560><c> slightly</c><00:06:52.960><c> different</c><00:06:53.280><c> distances</c>

06:19.092 --> 06:19.102 align:start position:0%
orbiting at slightly different distances
 

06:19.102 --> 06:21.252 align:start position:0%
orbiting at slightly different distances
from<00:06:53.919><c> a</c><00:06:54.160><c> black</c><00:06:54.319><c> hole</c><00:06:54.619><c> [music]</c><00:06:54.880><c> as</c><00:06:55.280><c> two</c><00:06:55.520><c> tennis</c>

06:21.252 --> 06:21.262 align:start position:0%
from a black hole [music] as two tennis
 

06:21.262 --> 06:23.573 align:start position:0%
from a black hole [music] as two tennis
balls<00:06:56.560><c> joined</c><00:06:56.880><c> by</c><00:06:57.039><c> an</c><00:06:57.199><c> elastic</c><00:06:57.680><c> band</c><00:06:58.000><c> which</c>

06:23.573 --> 06:23.583 align:start position:0%
balls joined by an elastic band which
 

06:23.583 --> 06:25.013 align:start position:0%
balls joined by an elastic band which
represents<00:06:58.720><c> a</c><00:06:58.960><c> magnetic</c><00:06:59.204><c> [music]</c><00:06:59.360><c> field</c>

06:25.013 --> 06:25.023 align:start position:0%
represents a magnetic [music] field
 

06:25.023 --> 06:27.573 align:start position:0%
represents a magnetic [music] field
line.<00:07:00.560><c> The</c><00:07:00.800><c> tennis</c><00:07:01.120><c> ball</c><00:07:01.440><c> close</c><00:07:01.759><c> to</c><00:07:01.840><c> the</c><00:07:02.000><c> black</c>

06:27.573 --> 06:27.583 align:start position:0%
line. The tennis ball close to the black
 

06:27.583 --> 06:30.453 align:start position:0%
line. The tennis ball close to the black
hole<00:07:02.560><c> orbits</c><00:07:02.960><c> faster.</c><00:07:03.759><c> So</c><00:07:04.000><c> it</c><00:07:04.160><c> runs</c><00:07:04.400><c> ahead</c><00:07:04.800><c> and</c>

06:30.453 --> 06:30.463 align:start position:0%
hole orbits faster. So it runs ahead and
 

06:30.463 --> 06:32.853 align:start position:0%
hole orbits faster. So it runs ahead and
stretches<00:07:05.520><c> the</c><00:07:05.759><c> elastic</c><00:07:06.240><c> band</c><00:07:06.560><c> toward.</c><00:07:07.280><c> And</c>

06:32.853 --> 06:32.863 align:start position:0%
stretches the elastic band toward. And
 

06:32.863 --> 06:34.532 align:start position:0%
stretches the elastic band toward. And
this<00:07:07.680><c> is</c><00:07:07.759><c> where</c><00:07:08.000><c> my</c><00:07:08.160><c> analogy</c><00:07:08.720><c> works</c><00:07:08.960><c> really</c>

06:34.532 --> 06:34.542 align:start position:0%
this is where my analogy works really
 

06:34.542 --> 06:36.613 align:start position:0%
this is where my analogy works really
well<00:07:09.680><c> because</c><00:07:10.000><c> the</c><00:07:10.240><c> stretch</c><00:07:10.639><c> field</c><00:07:10.880><c> line</c>

06:36.613 --> 06:36.623 align:start position:0%
well because the stretch field line
 

06:36.623 --> 06:39.013 align:start position:0%
well because the stretch field line
behaves<00:07:11.649><c> [music]</c><00:07:11.840><c> exactly</c><00:07:12.319><c> like</c><00:07:12.560><c> an</c><00:07:12.800><c> elastic.</c>

06:39.013 --> 06:39.023 align:start position:0%
behaves [music] exactly like an elastic.
 

06:39.023 --> 06:41.092 align:start position:0%
behaves [music] exactly like an elastic.
It<00:07:13.919><c> drags</c><00:07:14.479><c> backward</c><00:07:14.960><c> on</c><00:07:15.199><c> the</c><00:07:15.360><c> ball</c><00:07:15.520><c> that's</c>

06:41.092 --> 06:41.102 align:start position:0%
It drags backward on the ball that's
 

06:41.102 --> 06:43.493 align:start position:0%
It drags backward on the ball that's
racing<00:07:16.160><c> ahead</c><00:07:16.800><c> and</c><00:07:16.960><c> tugs</c><00:07:17.360><c> forward</c><00:07:17.680><c> on</c><00:07:17.840><c> the</c><00:07:18.000><c> one</c>

06:43.493 --> 06:43.503 align:start position:0%
racing ahead and tugs forward on the one
 

06:43.503 --> 06:45.812 align:start position:0%
racing ahead and tugs forward on the one
that's<00:07:18.400><c> lagging</c><00:07:18.800><c> behind.</c><00:07:19.680><c> The</c><00:07:19.919><c> inner</c><00:07:20.160><c> tennis</c>

06:45.812 --> 06:45.822 align:start position:0%
that's lagging behind. The inner tennis
 

06:45.822 --> 06:48.133 align:start position:0%
that's lagging behind. The inner tennis
ball<00:07:20.720><c> slows</c><00:07:21.039><c> down</c><00:07:21.280><c> and</c><00:07:21.599><c> sinks</c><00:07:21.919><c> further</c><00:07:22.319><c> inward</c>

06:48.133 --> 06:48.143 align:start position:0%
ball slows down and sinks further inward
 

06:48.143 --> 06:50.693 align:start position:0%
ball slows down and sinks further inward
towards<00:07:23.199><c> the</c><00:07:23.360><c> black</c><00:07:23.599><c> hole.</c><00:07:24.319><c> The</c><00:07:24.639><c> outer</c><00:07:24.960><c> ball</c>

06:50.693 --> 06:50.703 align:start position:0%
towards the black hole. The outer ball
 

06:50.703 --> 06:53.493 align:start position:0%
towards the black hole. The outer ball
speeds<00:07:25.759><c> up</c><00:07:26.080><c> and</c><00:07:26.319><c> moves</c><00:07:26.639><c> further</c><00:07:27.039><c> out.</c><00:07:27.919><c> This</c>

06:53.493 --> 06:53.503 align:start position:0%
speeds up and moves further out. This
 

06:53.503 --> 06:55.733 align:start position:0%
speeds up and moves further out. This
stretches<00:07:28.560><c> the</c><00:07:28.720><c> band</c><00:07:29.360><c> or</c><00:07:29.599><c> in</c><00:07:29.840><c> reality</c><00:07:30.240><c> the</c>

06:55.733 --> 06:55.743 align:start position:0%
stretches the band or in reality the
 

06:55.743 --> 06:58.532 align:start position:0%
stretches the band or in reality the
magnetic<00:07:30.880><c> field</c><00:07:31.360><c> even</c><00:07:31.680><c> further</c><00:07:32.479><c> which</c><00:07:32.720><c> pulls</c>

06:58.532 --> 06:58.542 align:start position:0%
magnetic field even further which pulls
 

06:58.542 --> 07:01.413 align:start position:0%
magnetic field even further which pulls
harder<00:07:33.520><c> on</c><00:07:33.759><c> each</c><00:07:34.000><c> ball</c><00:07:34.720><c> which</c><00:07:35.280><c> separates</c><00:07:35.840><c> them</c>

07:01.413 --> 07:01.423 align:start position:0%
harder on each ball which separates them
 

07:01.423 --> 07:04.773 align:start position:0%
harder on each ball which separates them
more<00:07:36.479><c> in</c><00:07:36.720><c> a</c><00:07:36.880><c> runaway</c><00:07:37.360><c> cycle.</c><00:07:38.479><c> But</c><00:07:38.800><c> this</c><00:07:39.199><c> can't</c>

07:04.773 --> 07:04.783 align:start position:0%
more in a runaway cycle. But this can't
 

07:04.783 --> 07:07.013 align:start position:0%
more in a runaway cycle. But this can't
go<00:07:39.599><c> on</c><00:07:39.840><c> forever.</c><00:07:40.639><c> Eventually</c><00:07:41.039><c> the</c><00:07:41.280><c> magnetic</c>

07:07.013 --> 07:07.023 align:start position:0%
go on forever. Eventually the magnetic
 

07:07.023 --> 07:09.333 align:start position:0%
go on forever. Eventually the magnetic
field<00:07:41.919><c> line</c><00:07:42.160><c> is</c><00:07:42.319><c> stretched</c><00:07:42.720><c> past</c><00:07:43.039><c> its</c><00:07:43.360><c> limit</c>

07:09.333 --> 07:09.343 align:start position:0%
field line is stretched past its limit
 

07:09.343 --> 07:12.353 align:start position:0%
field line is stretched past its limit
and<00:07:44.720><c> snaps.</c><00:07:45.759><c> At</c><00:07:46.000><c> that</c><00:07:46.160><c> moment</c><00:07:46.560><c> the</c><00:07:46.800><c> tennis</c>

07:12.353 --> 07:12.363 align:start position:0%
and snaps. At that moment the tennis
 

07:12.363 --> 07:14.453 align:start position:0%
and snaps. At that moment the tennis
[music]<00:07:47.120><c> balls</c><00:07:47.599><c> decouple.</c><00:07:48.560><c> The</c><00:07:48.720><c> tension</c>

07:14.453 --> 07:14.463 align:start position:0%
[music] balls decouple. The tension
 

07:14.463 --> 07:17.252 align:start position:0%
[music] balls decouple. The tension
releases<00:07:49.840><c> and</c><00:07:50.160><c> the</c><00:07:50.400><c> whole</c><00:07:50.639><c> system</c><00:07:51.039><c> goes</c><00:07:51.360><c> from</c>

07:17.252 --> 07:17.262 align:start position:0%
releases and the whole system goes from
 

07:17.262 --> 07:20.293 align:start position:0%
releases and the whole system goes from
orderly<00:07:52.479><c> orbital</c><00:07:52.960><c> motion</c><00:07:53.680><c> to</c><00:07:54.080><c> chaotic</c>

07:20.293 --> 07:20.303 align:start position:0%
orderly orbital motion to chaotic
 

07:20.303 --> 07:22.853 align:start position:0%
orderly orbital motion to chaotic
turbulent<00:07:55.535><c> [music]</c><00:07:55.680><c> accretion</c><00:07:56.319><c> soup.</c><00:07:57.280><c> This</c>

07:22.853 --> 07:22.863 align:start position:0%
turbulent [music] accretion soup. This
 

07:22.863 --> 07:25.092 align:start position:0%
turbulent [music] accretion soup. This
phenomenon<00:07:58.080><c> is</c><00:07:58.319><c> known</c><00:07:58.639><c> as</c><00:07:59.120><c> magneetto</c>

07:25.092 --> 07:25.102 align:start position:0%
phenomenon is known as magneetto
 

07:25.102 --> 07:27.573 align:start position:0%
phenomenon is known as magneetto
rotational<00:08:00.319><c> instability</c><00:08:01.360><c> and</c><00:08:01.520><c> is</c><00:08:01.759><c> happening</c>

07:27.573 --> 07:27.583 align:start position:0%
rotational instability and is happening
 

07:27.583 --> 07:29.252 align:start position:0%
rotational instability and is happening
everywhere<00:08:02.720><c> in</c><00:08:02.740><c> [music]</c><00:08:02.879><c> the</c><00:08:03.039><c> accretion</c><00:08:03.520><c> disc</c>

07:29.252 --> 07:29.262 align:start position:0%
everywhere in [music] the accretion disc
 

07:29.262 --> 07:32.293 align:start position:0%
everywhere in [music] the accretion disc
all<00:08:04.160><c> at</c><00:08:04.400><c> once.</c><00:08:05.520><c> And</c><00:08:05.680><c> that</c><00:08:06.000><c> kind</c><00:08:06.160><c> of</c><00:08:06.319><c> turbulence</c>

07:32.293 --> 07:32.303 align:start position:0%
all at once. And that kind of turbulence
 

07:32.303 --> 07:34.453 align:start position:0%
all at once. And that kind of turbulence
is<00:08:07.280><c> exactly</c><00:08:07.759><c> what</c><00:08:08.000><c> you</c><00:08:08.160><c> want</c><00:08:08.319><c> to</c><00:08:08.479><c> avoid</c><00:08:08.879><c> if</c>

07:34.453 --> 07:34.463 align:start position:0%
is exactly what you want to avoid if
 

07:34.463 --> 07:36.133 align:start position:0%
is exactly what you want to avoid if
you're<00:08:09.360><c> trying</c><00:08:09.440><c> to</c><00:08:09.599><c> make</c><00:08:09.759><c> a</c><00:08:09.919><c> planet</c><00:08:10.639><c> because</c>

07:36.133 --> 07:36.143 align:start position:0%
you're trying to make a planet because
 

07:36.143 --> 07:38.212 align:start position:0%
you're trying to make a planet because
it<00:08:11.039><c> makes</c><00:08:11.360><c> particle</c><00:08:11.840><c> collisions</c><00:08:12.479><c> too</c>

07:38.212 --> 07:38.222 align:start position:0%
it makes particle collisions too
 

07:38.222 --> 07:41.092 align:start position:0%
it makes particle collisions too
violent.<00:08:13.919><c> At</c><00:08:14.160><c> high</c><00:08:14.479><c> speeds,</c><00:08:15.120><c> particles</c>

07:41.092 --> 07:41.102 align:start position:0%
violent. At high speeds, particles
 

07:41.102 --> 07:43.173 align:start position:0%
violent. At high speeds, particles
fragment<00:08:16.400><c> and</c><00:08:16.720><c> splinter</c><00:08:17.360><c> instead</c><00:08:17.680><c> of</c>

07:43.173 --> 07:43.183 align:start position:0%
fragment and splinter instead of
 

07:43.183 --> 07:44.932 align:start position:0%
fragment and splinter instead of
sticking<00:08:18.160><c> together</c><00:08:18.639><c> and</c><00:08:18.879><c> growing</c><00:08:19.280><c> slowly</c>

07:44.932 --> 07:44.942 align:start position:0%
sticking together and growing slowly
 

07:44.942 --> 07:48.053 align:start position:0%
sticking together and growing slowly
into<00:08:19.840><c> a</c><00:08:20.000><c> larger</c><00:08:20.400><c> body.</c><00:08:21.440><c> Protolanetary</c><00:08:22.319><c> discs,</c>

07:48.053 --> 07:48.063 align:start position:0%
into a larger body. Protolanetary discs,
 

07:48.063 --> 07:49.972 align:start position:0%
into a larger body. Protolanetary discs,
on<00:08:22.879><c> the</c><00:08:23.039><c> other</c><00:08:23.199><c> hand,</c><00:08:23.759><c> don't</c><00:08:24.080><c> suffer</c><00:08:24.400><c> from</c>

07:49.972 --> 07:49.982 align:start position:0%
on the other hand, don't suffer from
 

07:49.982 --> 07:52.133 align:start position:0%
on the other hand, don't suffer from
this<00:08:24.879><c> problem.</c><00:08:25.520><c> They're</c><00:08:25.840><c> too</c><00:08:26.080><c> cool</c><00:08:26.319><c> to</c><00:08:26.560><c> become</c>

07:52.133 --> 07:52.143 align:start position:0%
this problem. They're too cool to become
 

07:52.143 --> 07:55.013 align:start position:0%
this problem. They're too cool to become
very<00:08:27.280><c> ionized,</c><00:08:27.919><c> so</c><00:08:28.160><c> remain</c><00:08:28.800><c> relatively</c>

07:55.013 --> 07:55.023 align:start position:0%
very ionized, so remain relatively
 

07:55.023 --> 07:57.812 align:start position:0%
very ionized, so remain relatively
pretty<00:08:30.080><c> stable</c><00:08:30.879><c> and</c><00:08:31.199><c> more</c><00:08:31.520><c> amunable</c><00:08:32.080><c> to</c><00:08:32.320><c> the</c>

07:57.812 --> 07:57.822 align:start position:0%
pretty stable and more amunable to the
 

07:57.822 --> 08:01.172 align:start position:0%
pretty stable and more amunable to the
delicate<00:08:32.959><c> process</c><00:08:33.440><c> of</c><00:08:33.760><c> planet</c><00:08:34.159><c> formation.</c>

08:01.172 --> 08:01.182 align:start position:0%
delicate process of planet formation.
 

08:01.182 --> 08:03.492 align:start position:0%
delicate process of planet formation.
You<00:08:36.080><c> see,</c><00:08:36.479><c> to</c><00:08:36.800><c> start</c><00:08:36.959><c> with,</c><00:08:37.440><c> dust</c><00:08:37.760><c> particles</c>

08:03.492 --> 08:03.502 align:start position:0%
You see, to start with, dust particles
 

08:03.502 --> 08:06.372 align:start position:0%
You see, to start with, dust particles
around<00:08:38.399><c> the</c><00:08:38.560><c> protolanetary</c><00:08:39.360><c> disc</c><00:08:39.760><c> are</c><00:08:40.080><c> tiny,</c>

08:06.372 --> 08:06.382 align:start position:0%
around the protolanetary disc are tiny,
 

08:06.382 --> 08:09.093 align:start position:0%
around the protolanetary disc are tiny,
smaller<00:08:41.519><c> than</c><00:08:41.760><c> a</c><00:08:42.000><c> micron.</c><00:08:43.039><c> That's</c><00:08:43.360><c> about</c><00:08:43.519><c> the</c>

08:09.093 --> 08:09.103 align:start position:0%
smaller than a micron. That's about the
 

08:09.103 --> 08:12.373 align:start position:0%
smaller than a micron. That's about the
width<00:08:44.080><c> of</c><00:08:44.240><c> a</c><00:08:44.480><c> single</c><00:08:44.880><c> bacterium</c><00:08:45.519><c> of</c><00:08:45.839><c> E.</c><00:08:46.080><c> coli.</c>

08:12.373 --> 08:12.383 align:start position:0%
width of a single bacterium of E. coli.
 

08:12.383 --> 08:14.213 align:start position:0%
width of a single bacterium of E. coli.
They'll<00:08:47.440><c> randomly</c><00:08:48.000><c> bump</c><00:08:48.240><c> into</c><00:08:48.560><c> each</c><00:08:48.720><c> other</c>

08:14.213 --> 08:14.223 align:start position:0%
They'll randomly bump into each other
 

08:14.223 --> 08:16.693 align:start position:0%
They'll randomly bump into each other
every<00:08:49.200><c> now</c><00:08:49.360><c> and</c><00:08:49.519><c> then.</c><00:08:50.160><c> Without</c><00:08:50.560><c> ice,</c><00:08:51.040><c> the</c>

08:16.693 --> 08:16.703 align:start position:0%
every now and then. Without ice, the
 

08:16.703 --> 08:18.852 align:start position:0%
every now and then. Without ice, the
silica<00:08:51.760><c> dust</c><00:08:52.080><c> grains</c><00:08:52.480><c> are</c><00:08:52.800><c> more</c><00:08:53.040><c> likely</c><00:08:53.279><c> to</c>

08:18.852 --> 08:18.862 align:start position:0%
silica dust grains are more likely to
 

08:18.862 --> 08:21.253 align:start position:0%
silica dust grains are more likely to
shatter<00:08:53.920><c> if</c><00:08:54.160><c> they</c><00:08:54.320><c> collide</c><00:08:54.640><c> too</c><00:08:54.880><c> hard.</c><00:08:55.760><c> But</c>

08:21.253 --> 08:21.263 align:start position:0%
shatter if they collide too hard. But
 

08:21.263 --> 08:23.253 align:start position:0%
shatter if they collide too hard. But
some<00:08:56.160><c> models</c><00:08:56.560><c> show</c><00:08:56.800><c> that</c><00:08:57.040><c> if</c><00:08:57.279><c> they're</c><00:08:57.519><c> coated</c>

08:23.253 --> 08:23.263 align:start position:0%
some models show that if they're coated
 

08:23.263 --> 08:25.413 align:start position:0%
some models show that if they're coated
in<00:08:58.080><c> ice,</c><00:08:58.720><c> they'll</c><00:08:59.040><c> fuse</c><00:08:59.519><c> rather</c><00:08:59.839><c> than</c>

08:25.413 --> 08:25.423 align:start position:0%
in ice, they'll fuse rather than
 

08:25.423 --> 08:27.893 align:start position:0%
in ice, they'll fuse rather than
fragment.<00:09:01.040><c> This</c><00:09:01.279><c> is</c><00:09:01.440><c> because</c><00:09:01.760><c> ice</c><00:09:02.080><c> has</c><00:09:02.320><c> a</c>

08:27.893 --> 08:27.903 align:start position:0%
fragment. This is because ice has a
 

08:27.903 --> 08:29.973 align:start position:0%
fragment. This is because ice has a
higher<00:09:02.959><c> surface</c><00:09:03.360><c> energy</c><00:09:03.680><c> than</c><00:09:03.839><c> bare</c><00:09:04.240><c> silicut</c>

08:29.973 --> 08:29.983 align:start position:0%
higher surface energy than bare silicut
 

08:29.983 --> 08:32.053 align:start position:0%
higher surface energy than bare silicut
grains,<00:09:05.440><c> which</c><00:09:05.680><c> means</c><00:09:05.920><c> more</c><00:09:06.160><c> energy</c><00:09:06.560><c> is</c>

08:32.053 --> 08:32.063 align:start position:0%
grains, which means more energy is
 

08:32.063 --> 08:34.133 align:start position:0%
grains, which means more energy is
needed<00:09:07.040><c> to</c><00:09:07.200><c> pull</c><00:09:07.360><c> the</c><00:09:07.600><c> particles</c><00:09:08.000><c> apart</c><00:09:08.560><c> once</c>

08:34.133 --> 08:34.143 align:start position:0%
needed to pull the particles apart once
 

08:34.143 --> 08:36.933 align:start position:0%
needed to pull the particles apart once
they<00:09:09.040><c> touch.</c><00:09:10.000><c> This</c><00:09:10.320><c> makes</c><00:09:10.480><c> the</c><00:09:10.720><c> impact</c><00:09:11.040><c> of</c><00:09:11.360><c> ice</c>

08:36.933 --> 08:36.943 align:start position:0%
they touch. This makes the impact of ice
 

08:36.943 --> 08:39.653 align:start position:0%
they touch. This makes the impact of ice
on<00:09:11.920><c> ice</c><00:09:12.560><c> stickier,</c><00:09:13.440><c> letting</c><00:09:13.760><c> the</c><00:09:13.920><c> grains</c>

08:39.653 --> 08:39.663 align:start position:0%
on ice stickier, letting the grains
 

08:39.663 --> 08:41.893 align:start position:0%
on ice stickier, letting the grains
cushion<00:09:14.880><c> and</c><00:09:15.120><c> fuse</c><00:09:15.440><c> on</c><00:09:15.680><c> impact</c><00:09:16.080><c> instead</c><00:09:16.399><c> of</c>

08:41.893 --> 08:41.903 align:start position:0%
cushion and fuse on impact instead of
 

08:41.903 --> 08:45.253 align:start position:0%
cushion and fuse on impact instead of
shattering.<00:09:17.920><c> Since</c><00:09:18.240><c> AGN's</c><00:09:19.040><c> are</c><00:09:19.279><c> so</c><00:09:19.600><c> much</c>

08:45.253 --> 08:45.263 align:start position:0%
shattering. Since AGN's are so much
 

08:45.263 --> 08:47.253 align:start position:0%
shattering. Since AGN's are so much
hotter<00:09:20.320><c> and</c><00:09:20.560><c> brighter</c><00:09:20.959><c> than</c><00:09:21.120><c> protolanetary</c>

08:47.253 --> 08:47.263 align:start position:0%
hotter and brighter than protolanetary
 

08:47.263 --> 08:49.653 align:start position:0%
hotter and brighter than protolanetary
discs,<00:09:22.640><c> ice</c><00:09:22.959><c> can't</c><00:09:23.200><c> form</c><00:09:23.519><c> within</c><00:09:23.839><c> the</c><00:09:24.000><c> inner</c>

08:49.653 --> 08:49.663 align:start position:0%
discs, ice can't form within the inner
 

08:49.663 --> 08:51.914 align:start position:0%
discs, ice can't form within the inner
whirling<00:09:24.800><c> disc,</c><00:09:25.200><c> which</c><00:09:25.519><c> poses</c><00:09:25.920><c> a</c><00:09:26.160><c> problem</c><00:09:26.560><c> for</c>

08:51.914 --> 08:51.924 align:start position:0%
whirling disc, which poses a problem for
 

08:51.924 --> 08:53.413 align:start position:0%
whirling disc, which poses a problem for
[music]<00:09:26.800><c> the</c><00:09:26.959><c> early</c><00:09:27.279><c> stages</c><00:09:27.600><c> of</c><00:09:27.760><c> planet</c>

08:53.413 --> 08:53.423 align:start position:0%
[music] the early stages of planet
 

08:53.423 --> 08:56.533 align:start position:0%
[music] the early stages of planet
formation.<00:09:29.360><c> In</c><00:09:29.600><c> a</c><00:09:29.760><c> protolanetary</c><00:09:30.480><c> disc,</c><00:09:30.959><c> the</c>

08:56.533 --> 08:56.543 align:start position:0%
formation. In a protolanetary disc, the
 

08:56.543 --> 08:58.693 align:start position:0%
formation. In a protolanetary disc, the
gas<00:09:31.440><c> is</c><00:09:31.680><c> also</c><00:09:32.000><c> partly</c><00:09:32.320><c> held</c><00:09:32.560><c> up</c><00:09:32.720><c> by</c><00:09:32.880><c> its</c><00:09:33.120><c> own</c>

08:58.693 --> 08:58.703 align:start position:0%
gas is also partly held up by its own
 

08:58.703 --> 09:00.933 align:start position:0%
gas is also partly held up by its own
internal<00:09:33.839><c> pressure.</c><00:09:34.640><c> So,</c><00:09:34.800><c> it</c><00:09:34.959><c> can</c><00:09:35.040><c> afford</c><00:09:35.360><c> to</c>

09:00.933 --> 09:00.943 align:start position:0%
internal pressure. So, it can afford to
 

09:00.943 --> 09:02.933 align:start position:0%
internal pressure. So, it can afford to
orbit<00:09:36.000><c> a</c><00:09:36.240><c> little</c><00:09:36.320><c> slower</c><00:09:36.720><c> than</c><00:09:36.880><c> a</c><00:09:37.040><c> solid</c><00:09:37.360><c> body</c>

09:02.933 --> 09:02.943 align:start position:0%
orbit a little slower than a solid body
 

09:02.943 --> 09:04.852 align:start position:0%
orbit a little slower than a solid body
would<00:09:38.080><c> without</c><00:09:38.399><c> getting</c><00:09:38.720><c> sucked</c><00:09:39.040><c> in</c><00:09:39.200><c> by</c><00:09:39.360><c> the</c>

09:04.852 --> 09:04.862 align:start position:0%
would without getting sucked in by the
 

09:04.862 --> 09:07.573 align:start position:0%
would without getting sucked in by the
stars<00:09:39.920><c> gravity.</c><00:09:40.800><c> That</c><00:09:41.040><c> leaves</c><00:09:41.360><c> the</c><00:09:41.600><c> pebbles</c>

09:07.573 --> 09:07.583 align:start position:0%
stars gravity. That leaves the pebbles
 

09:07.583 --> 09:10.133 align:start position:0%
stars gravity. That leaves the pebbles
battling<00:09:42.800><c> a</c><00:09:43.040><c> constant</c><00:09:43.519><c> headwind,</c><00:09:44.399><c> slowing</c>

09:10.133 --> 09:10.143 align:start position:0%
battling a constant headwind, slowing
 

09:10.143 --> 09:12.773 align:start position:0%
battling a constant headwind, slowing
them<00:09:45.040><c> down.</c><00:09:45.680><c> And</c><00:09:45.839><c> as</c><00:09:46.000><c> they</c><00:09:46.240><c> slow</c><00:09:46.480><c> down,</c><00:09:47.120><c> they</c>

09:12.773 --> 09:12.783 align:start position:0%
them down. And as they slow down, they
 

09:12.783 --> 09:15.893 align:start position:0%
them down. And as they slow down, they
start<00:09:47.600><c> to</c><00:09:47.839><c> spiral</c><00:09:48.240><c> inward</c><00:09:48.720><c> toward</c><00:09:49.120><c> the</c><00:09:49.279><c> star.</c>

09:15.893 --> 09:15.903 align:start position:0%
start to spiral inward toward the star.
 

09:15.903 --> 09:18.373 align:start position:0%
start to spiral inward toward the star.
But<00:09:50.720><c> all</c><00:09:50.959><c> it</c><00:09:51.200><c> takes</c><00:09:51.519><c> is</c><00:09:51.760><c> for</c><00:09:52.080><c> one</c><00:09:52.560><c> clump</c><00:09:52.880><c> of</c>

09:18.373 --> 09:18.383 align:start position:0%
But all it takes is for one clump of
 

09:18.383 --> 09:21.253 align:start position:0%
But all it takes is for one clump of
pebbles<00:09:53.519><c> to</c><00:09:53.760><c> form</c><00:09:54.320><c> and</c><00:09:54.480><c> the</c><00:09:54.720><c> tables</c><00:09:55.519><c> turn</c>

09:21.253 --> 09:21.263 align:start position:0%
pebbles to form and the tables turn
 

09:21.263 --> 09:22.852 align:start position:0%
pebbles to form and the tables turn
completely.

09:22.852 --> 09:22.862 align:start position:0%
completely.
 

09:22.862 --> 09:25.093 align:start position:0%
completely.
As<00:09:57.760><c> you</c><00:09:57.920><c> know,</c><00:09:58.320><c> every</c><00:09:58.560><c> action</c><00:09:58.959><c> has</c><00:09:59.120><c> an</c><00:09:59.360><c> equal</c>

09:25.093 --> 09:25.103 align:start position:0%
As you know, every action has an equal
 

09:25.103 --> 09:27.732 align:start position:0%
As you know, every action has an equal
and<00:10:00.080><c> opposite</c><00:10:00.480><c> reaction.</c><00:10:01.440><c> So,</c><00:10:01.680><c> as</c><00:10:01.839><c> the</c><00:10:02.080><c> gas</c>

09:27.732 --> 09:27.742 align:start position:0%
and opposite reaction. So, as the gas
 

09:27.742 --> 09:29.813 align:start position:0%
and opposite reaction. So, as the gas
exerts<00:10:02.800><c> a</c><00:10:03.040><c> headwind,</c><00:10:03.261><c> [music]</c><00:10:03.680><c> the</c><00:10:03.920><c> particles</c>

09:29.813 --> 09:29.823 align:start position:0%
exerts a headwind, [music] the particles
 

09:29.823 --> 09:32.292 align:start position:0%
exerts a headwind, [music] the particles
also<00:10:04.800><c> push</c><00:10:05.040><c> back</c><00:10:05.360><c> by</c><00:10:05.600><c> the</c><00:10:05.760><c> same</c><00:10:05.920><c> amount.</c><00:10:06.720><c> When</c>

09:32.292 --> 09:32.302 align:start position:0%
also push back by the same amount. When
 

09:32.302 --> 09:34.612 align:start position:0%
also push back by the same amount. When
enough<00:10:07.360><c> pebbles</c><00:10:07.920><c> cluster</c><00:10:08.399><c> together,</c><00:10:09.040><c> they</c>

09:34.612 --> 09:34.622 align:start position:0%
enough pebbles cluster together, they
 

09:34.622 --> 09:36.933 align:start position:0%
enough pebbles cluster together, they
exert<00:10:09.760><c> enough</c><00:10:10.160><c> frictional</c><00:10:10.640><c> force</c><00:10:10.959><c> on</c><00:10:11.120><c> the</c><00:10:11.279><c> gas</c>

09:36.933 --> 09:36.943 align:start position:0%
exert enough frictional force on the gas
 

09:36.943 --> 09:38.933 align:start position:0%
exert enough frictional force on the gas
to<00:10:11.760><c> accelerate</c><00:10:12.320><c> it</c><00:10:12.560><c> closer</c><00:10:12.959><c> to</c><00:10:13.120><c> their</c><00:10:13.360><c> own</c>

09:38.933 --> 09:38.943 align:start position:0%
to accelerate it closer to their own
 

09:38.943 --> 09:41.412 align:start position:0%
to accelerate it closer to their own
speed.<00:10:14.480><c> This</c><00:10:14.720><c> weakens</c><00:10:15.120><c> the</c><00:10:15.279><c> headwind</c><00:10:15.760><c> on</c><00:10:15.920><c> the</c>

09:41.412 --> 09:41.422 align:start position:0%
speed. This weakens the headwind on the
 

09:41.422 --> 09:43.813 align:start position:0%
speed. This weakens the headwind on the
pebbles<00:10:16.720><c> and</c><00:10:17.040><c> slows</c><00:10:17.440><c> their</c><00:10:17.680><c> drift</c><00:10:18.000><c> towards</c>

09:43.813 --> 09:43.823 align:start position:0%
pebbles and slows their drift towards
 

09:43.823 --> 09:46.292 align:start position:0%
pebbles and slows their drift towards
the<00:10:18.720><c> star.</c><00:10:19.920><c> This</c><00:10:20.160><c> makes</c><00:10:20.292><c> [music]</c><00:10:20.399><c> it</c><00:10:20.640><c> easier</c>

09:46.292 --> 09:46.302 align:start position:0%
the star. This makes [music] it easier
 

09:46.302 --> 09:48.773 align:start position:0%
the star. This makes [music] it easier
to<00:10:21.279><c> catch</c><00:10:21.760><c> incoming</c><00:10:22.399><c> solitary</c><00:10:22.880><c> pebbles</c><00:10:23.279><c> that</c>

09:48.773 --> 09:48.783 align:start position:0%
to catch incoming solitary pebbles that
 

09:48.783 --> 09:50.533 align:start position:0%
to catch incoming solitary pebbles that
are<00:10:23.600><c> still</c><00:10:23.839><c> falling</c><00:10:24.160><c> inward</c><00:10:24.560><c> at</c><00:10:24.800><c> regular</c>

09:50.533 --> 09:50.543 align:start position:0%
are still falling inward at regular
 

09:50.543 --> 09:53.253 align:start position:0%
are still falling inward at regular
speed,<00:10:25.920><c> adding</c><00:10:26.240><c> them</c><00:10:26.399><c> to</c><00:10:26.640><c> the</c><00:10:26.800><c> cosmic</c><00:10:27.279><c> pileup</c>

09:53.253 --> 09:53.263 align:start position:0%
speed, adding them to the cosmic pileup
 

09:53.263 --> 09:55.813 align:start position:0%
speed, adding them to the cosmic pileup
of<00:10:28.240><c> soontobe</c><00:10:28.959><c> planet</c><00:10:29.279><c> debris.</c><00:10:30.160><c> This</c>

09:55.813 --> 09:55.823 align:start position:0%
of soontobe planet debris. This
 

09:55.823 --> 09:57.813 align:start position:0%
of soontobe planet debris. This
phenomenon<00:10:30.772><c> [music]</c><00:10:31.040><c> is</c><00:10:31.360><c> called</c><00:10:31.920><c> streaming</c>

09:57.813 --> 09:57.823 align:start position:0%
phenomenon [music] is called streaming
 

09:57.823 --> 10:01.172 align:start position:0%
phenomenon [music] is called streaming
instability<00:10:33.519><c> and</c><00:10:33.760><c> it</c><00:10:34.000><c> results</c><00:10:34.320><c> in</c><00:10:34.640><c> long</c><00:10:35.360><c> dense</c>

10:01.172 --> 10:01.182 align:start position:0%
instability and it results in long dense
 

10:01.182 --> 10:03.893 align:start position:0%
instability and it results in long dense
filaments<00:10:36.320><c> of</c><00:10:36.560><c> material.</c><00:10:37.920><c> But</c><00:10:38.079><c> how</c><00:10:38.320><c> do</c>

10:03.893 --> 10:03.903 align:start position:0%
filaments of material. But how do
 

10:03.903 --> 10:06.373 align:start position:0%
filaments of material. But how do
concentrated<00:10:39.360><c> trails</c><00:10:39.839><c> of</c><00:10:40.079><c> tiny</c><00:10:40.480><c> rocks</c><00:10:40.800><c> turn</c>

10:06.373 --> 10:06.383 align:start position:0%
concentrated trails of tiny rocks turn
 

10:06.383 --> 10:09.013 align:start position:0%
concentrated trails of tiny rocks turn
into<00:10:41.360><c> full-blown</c><00:10:42.079><c> planets?</c>

10:09.013 --> 10:09.023 align:start position:0%
into full-blown planets?
 

10:09.023 --> 10:11.333 align:start position:0%
into full-blown planets?
Well,<00:10:44.240><c> that's</c><00:10:44.560><c> thanks</c><00:10:44.880><c> to</c><00:10:45.040><c> a</c><00:10:45.279><c> little</c><00:10:45.519><c> game</c><00:10:45.760><c> of</c>

10:11.333 --> 10:11.343 align:start position:0%
Well, that's thanks to a little game of
 

10:11.343 --> 10:14.852 align:start position:0%
Well, that's thanks to a little game of
tugofwar<00:10:47.040><c> with</c><00:10:47.440><c> gravity.</c><00:10:48.720><c> These</c><00:10:48.959><c> filaments</c>

10:14.852 --> 10:14.862 align:start position:0%
tugofwar with gravity. These filaments
 

10:14.862 --> 10:16.533 align:start position:0%
tugofwar with gravity. These filaments
own<00:10:49.760><c> gravity</c><00:10:50.160><c> is</c><00:10:50.480><c> trying</c><00:10:50.640><c> to</c><00:10:50.800><c> pull</c><00:10:50.959><c> them</c>

10:16.533 --> 10:16.543 align:start position:0%
own gravity is trying to pull them
 

10:16.543 --> 10:18.693 align:start position:0%
own gravity is trying to pull them
together<00:10:51.760><c> while</c><00:10:52.000><c> the</c><00:10:52.160><c> stars</c><00:10:52.560><c> gravity</c><00:10:53.040><c> is</c>

10:18.693 --> 10:18.703 align:start position:0%
together while the stars gravity is
 

10:18.703 --> 10:20.933 align:start position:0%
together while the stars gravity is
trying<00:10:53.600><c> to</c><00:10:53.760><c> force</c><00:10:54.079><c> them</c><00:10:54.320><c> apart.</c><00:10:55.200><c> If</c><00:10:55.440><c> the</c>

10:20.933 --> 10:20.943 align:start position:0%
trying to force them apart. If the
 

10:20.943 --> 10:22.933 align:start position:0%
trying to force them apart. If the
filament<00:10:56.079><c> grows</c><00:10:56.399><c> dense</c><00:10:56.720><c> enough,</c><00:10:57.279><c> it</c>

10:22.933 --> 10:22.943 align:start position:0%
filament grows dense enough, it
 

10:22.943 --> 10:25.013 align:start position:0%
filament grows dense enough, it
self-gravity<00:10:58.399><c> wins</c><00:10:58.720><c> out</c><00:10:58.959><c> over</c><00:10:59.200><c> the</c><00:10:59.360><c> stars</c>

10:25.013 --> 10:25.023 align:start position:0%
self-gravity wins out over the stars
 

10:25.023 --> 10:28.292 align:start position:0%
self-gravity wins out over the stars
tidal<00:11:00.079><c> forces</c><00:11:00.640><c> and</c><00:11:00.880><c> the</c><00:11:01.040><c> filament</c><00:11:01.760><c> collapses.</c>

10:28.292 --> 10:28.302 align:start position:0%
tidal forces and the filament collapses.
 

10:28.302 --> 10:30.533 align:start position:0%
tidal forces and the filament collapses.
But<00:11:03.120><c> it</c><00:11:03.279><c> doesn't</c><00:11:03.519><c> collapse</c><00:11:03.920><c> into</c><00:11:04.240><c> one</c><00:11:04.640><c> giant</c>

10:30.533 --> 10:30.543 align:start position:0%
But it doesn't collapse into one giant
 

10:30.543 --> 10:33.893 align:start position:0%
But it doesn't collapse into one giant
object.<00:11:06.240><c> Instead,</c><00:11:06.880><c> it</c><00:11:07.120><c> breaks</c><00:11:07.360><c> up</c><00:11:07.600><c> into</c><00:11:08.079><c> many</c>

10:33.893 --> 10:33.903 align:start position:0%
object. Instead, it breaks up into many
 

10:33.903 --> 10:36.292 align:start position:0%
object. Instead, it breaks up into many
planet<00:11:08.959><c> decesses.</c><00:11:09.839><c> The</c><00:11:10.079><c> way</c><00:11:10.240><c> a</c><00:11:10.480><c> stream</c><00:11:10.720><c> of</c>

10:36.292 --> 10:36.302 align:start position:0%
planet decesses. The way a stream of
 

10:36.302 --> 10:39.573 align:start position:0%
planet decesses. The way a stream of
water<00:11:11.440><c> splits</c><00:11:11.920><c> into</c><00:11:12.480><c> several</c><00:11:12.959><c> droplets.</c><00:11:13.920><c> Each</c>

10:39.573 --> 10:39.583 align:start position:0%
water splits into several droplets. Each
 

10:39.583 --> 10:42.213 align:start position:0%
water splits into several droplets. Each
filament<00:11:14.800><c> yields</c><00:11:15.279><c> a</c><00:11:15.519><c> whole</c><00:11:15.839><c> population</c><00:11:16.560><c> of</c>

10:42.213 --> 10:42.223 align:start position:0%
filament yields a whole population of
 

10:42.223 --> 10:44.612 align:start position:0%
filament yields a whole population of
bodies.<00:11:18.079><c> But</c><00:11:18.240><c> what</c><00:11:18.399><c> about</c><00:11:18.560><c> the</c><00:11:18.720><c> pebbles</c><00:11:19.120><c> that</c>

10:44.612 --> 10:44.622 align:start position:0%
bodies. But what about the pebbles that
 

10:44.622 --> 10:47.412 align:start position:0%
bodies. But what about the pebbles that
never<00:11:19.519><c> joined</c><00:11:19.839><c> a</c><00:11:20.000><c> filament?</c><00:11:21.040><c> Well,</c><00:11:21.680><c> now</c><00:11:21.920><c> there</c>

10:47.412 --> 10:47.422 align:start position:0%
never joined a filament? Well, now there
 

10:47.422 --> 10:49.493 align:start position:0%
never joined a filament? Well, now there
are<00:11:22.240><c> several</c><00:11:22.640><c> solid</c><00:11:22.959><c> bodies</c><00:11:23.279><c> in</c><00:11:23.440><c> their</c><00:11:23.600><c> path.</c>

10:49.493 --> 10:49.503 align:start position:0%
are several solid bodies in their path.
 

10:49.503 --> 10:51.412 align:start position:0%
are several solid bodies in their path.
So,<00:11:24.399><c> it's</c><00:11:24.560><c> only</c><00:11:24.720><c> a</c><00:11:24.959><c> matter</c><00:11:25.120><c> of</c><00:11:25.360><c> time</c><00:11:25.760><c> before</c>

10:51.412 --> 10:51.422 align:start position:0%
So, it's only a matter of time before
 

10:51.422 --> 10:53.573 align:start position:0%
So, it's only a matter of time before
they<00:11:26.320><c> get</c><00:11:26.480><c> trapped</c><00:11:26.800><c> in</c><00:11:26.959><c> their</c><00:11:27.120><c> gravity.</c><00:11:28.079><c> The</c>

10:53.573 --> 10:53.583 align:start position:0%
they get trapped in their gravity. The
 

10:53.583 --> 10:55.412 align:start position:0%
they get trapped in their gravity. The
planet<00:11:28.560><c> tessimals</c><00:11:29.120><c> grow</c><00:11:29.440><c> by</c><00:11:29.680><c> collecting</c>

10:55.412 --> 10:55.422 align:start position:0%
planet tessimals grow by collecting
 

10:55.422 --> 10:58.213 align:start position:0%
planet tessimals grow by collecting
these<00:11:30.480><c> orphan</c><00:11:30.959><c> pebbles,</c><00:11:31.760><c> but</c><00:11:32.079><c> only</c><00:11:32.320><c> up</c><00:11:32.480><c> to</c><00:11:32.640><c> a</c>

10:58.213 --> 10:58.223 align:start position:0%
these orphan pebbles, but only up to a
 

10:58.223 --> 11:00.213 align:start position:0%
these orphan pebbles, but only up to a
point.<00:11:33.519><c> Once</c><00:11:33.839><c> the</c><00:11:34.000><c> planet</c><00:11:34.320><c> is</c><00:11:34.480><c> massive</c>

11:00.213 --> 11:00.223 align:start position:0%
point. Once the planet is massive
 

11:00.223 --> 11:02.453 align:start position:0%
point. Once the planet is massive
enough,<00:11:35.360><c> its</c><00:11:35.680><c> gravity</c><00:11:36.160><c> clears</c><00:11:36.560><c> a</c><00:11:36.800><c> low</c>

11:02.453 --> 11:02.463 align:start position:0%
enough, its gravity clears a low
 

11:02.463 --> 11:04.225 align:start position:0%
enough, its gravity clears a low
pressure<00:11:37.519><c> groove</c><00:11:37.920><c> in</c><00:11:38.079><c> the</c><00:11:38.240><c> disc</c><00:11:38.560><c> around</c><00:11:38.800><c> its</c>

11:04.225 --> 11:04.235 align:start position:0%
pressure groove in the disc around its
 

11:04.235 --> 11:06.612 align:start position:0%
pressure groove in the disc around its
[music]<00:11:39.040><c> orbit.</c><00:11:39.839><c> This</c><00:11:40.079><c> pushes</c><00:11:40.480><c> the</c><00:11:40.800><c> displaced</c>

11:06.612 --> 11:06.622 align:start position:0%
[music] orbit. This pushes the displaced
 

11:06.622 --> 11:09.172 align:start position:0%
[music] orbit. This pushes the displaced
gas<00:11:41.680><c> just</c><00:11:41.920><c> outside</c><00:11:42.240><c> the</c><00:11:42.480><c> planet's</c><00:11:42.880><c> orbit,</c><00:11:43.519><c> so</c>

11:09.172 --> 11:09.182 align:start position:0%
gas just outside the planet's orbit, so
 

11:09.182 --> 11:11.813 align:start position:0%
gas just outside the planet's orbit, so
the<00:11:44.000><c> gas</c><00:11:44.399><c> pressure</c><00:11:44.880><c> peaks</c><00:11:45.279><c> there.</c><00:11:46.000><c> And</c><00:11:46.240><c> since</c>

11:11.813 --> 11:11.823 align:start position:0%
the gas pressure peaks there. And since
 

11:11.823 --> 11:13.893 align:start position:0%
the gas pressure peaks there. And since
pebbles<00:11:47.040><c> always</c><00:11:47.279><c> drift</c><00:11:47.680><c> towards</c><00:11:48.240><c> high</c>

11:13.893 --> 11:13.903 align:start position:0%
pebbles always drift towards high
 

11:13.903 --> 11:16.292 align:start position:0%
pebbles always drift towards high
pressure<00:11:48.959><c> zones,</c><00:11:49.760><c> they</c><00:11:50.000><c> accumulate</c><00:11:50.560><c> at</c><00:11:50.720><c> that</c>

11:16.292 --> 11:16.302 align:start position:0%
pressure zones, they accumulate at that
 

11:16.302 --> 11:17.973 align:start position:0%
pressure zones, they accumulate at that
outer<00:11:51.279><c> edge</c><00:11:51.760><c> instead</c><00:11:51.993><c> [music]</c><00:11:52.079><c> of</c><00:11:52.320><c> crossing</c>

11:17.973 --> 11:17.983 align:start position:0%
outer edge instead [music] of crossing
 

11:17.983 --> 11:20.453 align:start position:0%
outer edge instead [music] of crossing
the<00:11:52.880><c> pressure</c><00:11:53.200><c> gap</c><00:11:53.440><c> to</c><00:11:53.680><c> reach</c><00:11:53.839><c> the</c><00:11:54.079><c> planet.</c><00:11:54.880><c> In</c>

11:20.453 --> 11:20.463 align:start position:0%
the pressure gap to reach the planet. In
 

11:20.463 --> 11:22.292 align:start position:0%
the pressure gap to reach the planet. In
other<00:11:55.279><c> words,</c><00:11:55.760><c> it</c><00:11:56.079><c> becomes</c><00:11:56.480><c> physically</c>

11:22.292 --> 11:22.302 align:start position:0%
other words, it becomes physically
 

11:22.302 --> 11:24.292 align:start position:0%
other words, it becomes physically
impossible<00:11:57.519><c> for</c><00:11:57.760><c> more</c><00:11:57.920><c> pebbles</c><00:11:58.399><c> to</c><00:11:58.560><c> get</c><00:11:58.720><c> close</c>

11:24.292 --> 11:24.302 align:start position:0%
impossible for more pebbles to get close
 

11:24.302 --> 11:25.841 align:start position:0%
impossible for more pebbles to get close
enough<00:11:59.200><c> to</c><00:11:59.360><c> the</c><00:11:59.519><c> new</c><00:11:59.680><c> planet</c><00:12:00.160><c> to</c><00:12:00.399><c> become</c>

11:25.841 --> 11:25.851 align:start position:0%
enough to the new planet to become
 

11:25.851 --> 11:28.292 align:start position:0%
enough to the new planet to become
[music]<00:12:00.720><c> part</c><00:12:00.959><c> of</c><00:12:01.120><c> it.</c><00:12:01.600><c> So,</c><00:12:01.839><c> it</c><00:12:02.079><c> stops</c><00:12:02.480><c> growing</c>

11:28.292 --> 11:28.302 align:start position:0%
[music] part of it. So, it stops growing
 

11:28.302 --> 11:31.172 align:start position:0%
[music] part of it. So, it stops growing
via<00:12:03.360><c> pebble</c><00:12:03.760><c> accretion.</c><00:12:04.959><c> As</c><00:12:05.200><c> I'm</c><00:12:05.440><c> sure</c><00:12:05.600><c> you</c>

11:31.172 --> 11:31.182 align:start position:0%
via pebble accretion. As I'm sure you
 

11:31.182 --> 11:33.013 align:start position:0%
via pebble accretion. As I'm sure you
can<00:12:06.000><c> see</c><00:12:06.160><c> from</c><00:12:06.399><c> all</c><00:12:06.639><c> of</c><00:12:06.720><c> this,</c><00:12:07.279><c> planet</c>

11:33.013 --> 11:33.023 align:start position:0%
can see from all of this, planet
 

11:33.023 --> 11:36.133 align:start position:0%
can see from all of this, planet
formation<00:12:08.240><c> is</c><00:12:08.560><c> a</c><00:12:08.959><c> delicate,</c><00:12:09.839><c> timeconsuming</c>

11:36.133 --> 11:36.143 align:start position:0%
formation is a delicate, timeconsuming
 

11:36.143 --> 11:38.612 align:start position:0%
formation is a delicate, timeconsuming
process<00:12:11.360><c> that</c><00:12:11.643><c> [music]</c><00:12:11.680><c> requires</c><00:12:12.320><c> three</c><00:12:12.880><c> key</c>

11:38.612 --> 11:38.622 align:start position:0%
process that [music] requires three key
 

11:38.622 --> 11:41.493 align:start position:0%
process that [music] requires three key
ingredients.<00:12:14.480><c> Cold,</c><00:12:15.120><c> so</c><00:12:15.360><c> dust</c><00:12:15.600><c> and</c><00:12:15.839><c> ice</c>

11:41.493 --> 11:41.503 align:start position:0%
ingredients. Cold, so dust and ice
 

11:41.503 --> 11:44.612 align:start position:0%
ingredients. Cold, so dust and ice
survive<00:12:16.560><c> instead</c><00:12:16.880><c> of</c><00:12:17.040><c> vaporizing.</c><00:12:18.320><c> Calm,</c><00:12:18.959><c> so</c>

11:44.612 --> 11:44.622 align:start position:0%
survive instead of vaporizing. Calm, so
 

11:44.622 --> 11:46.213 align:start position:0%
survive instead of vaporizing. Calm, so
grains<00:12:19.503><c> [music]</c><00:12:19.760><c> drift</c><00:12:20.079><c> into</c><00:12:20.399><c> each</c><00:12:20.560><c> other</c>

11:46.213 --> 11:46.223 align:start position:0%
grains [music] drift into each other
 

11:46.223 --> 11:48.133 align:start position:0%
grains [music] drift into each other
gently<00:12:21.279><c> enough</c><00:12:21.519><c> to</c><00:12:21.760><c> stick</c><00:12:22.240><c> rather</c><00:12:22.560><c> than</c>

11:48.133 --> 11:48.143 align:start position:0%
gently enough to stick rather than
 

11:48.143 --> 11:51.813 align:start position:0%
gently enough to stick rather than
shatter.<00:12:23.839><c> And</c><00:12:24.160><c> time.</c><00:12:25.200><c> It</c><00:12:25.440><c> needs</c><00:12:25.839><c> millions</c><00:12:26.240><c> of</c>

11:51.813 --> 11:51.823 align:start position:0%
shatter. And time. It needs millions of
 

11:51.823 --> 11:54.053 align:start position:0%
shatter. And time. It needs millions of
years<00:12:26.720><c> of</c><00:12:26.880><c> undisturbed</c><00:12:27.600><c> settling</c><00:12:28.320><c> so</c><00:12:28.480><c> that</c>

11:54.053 --> 11:54.063 align:start position:0%
years of undisturbed settling so that
 

11:54.063 --> 11:55.813 align:start position:0%
years of undisturbed settling so that
microscopic<00:12:29.440><c> specks</c><00:12:29.839><c> of</c><00:12:29.920><c> dust</c><00:12:29.983><c> [music]</c><00:12:30.240><c> have</c>

11:55.813 --> 11:55.823 align:start position:0%
microscopic specks of dust [music] have
 

11:55.823 --> 11:59.093 align:start position:0%
microscopic specks of dust [music] have
time<00:12:30.639><c> to</c><00:12:30.880><c> grow,</c><00:12:31.519><c> step</c><00:12:32.000><c> by</c><00:12:32.320><c> painstaking</c><00:12:33.120><c> step</c>

11:59.093 --> 11:59.103 align:start position:0%
time to grow, step by painstaking step
 

11:59.103 --> 12:02.693 align:start position:0%
time to grow, step by painstaking step
into<00:12:34.160><c> new</c><00:12:34.399><c> worlds.</c><00:12:35.600><c> And</c><00:12:35.760><c> Hen</c><00:12:36.560><c> is</c><00:12:36.800><c> the</c><00:12:36.959><c> opposite</c>

12:02.693 --> 12:02.703 align:start position:0%
into new worlds. And Hen is the opposite
 

12:02.703 --> 12:05.172 align:start position:0%
into new worlds. And Hen is the opposite
on<00:12:37.680><c> every</c><00:12:38.000><c> count.</c><00:12:38.880><c> It's</c><00:12:39.200><c> hot</c><00:12:39.360><c> enough</c><00:12:39.600><c> to</c>

12:05.172 --> 12:05.182 align:start position:0%
on every count. It's hot enough to
 

12:05.182 --> 12:08.292 align:start position:0%
on every count. It's hot enough to
vaporize<00:12:40.560><c> ice</c><00:12:40.880><c> and</c><00:12:41.279><c> ionize</c><00:12:41.680><c> gas.</c><00:12:42.560><c> That</c>

12:08.292 --> 12:08.302 align:start position:0%
vaporize ice and ionize gas. That
 

12:08.302 --> 12:10.053 align:start position:0%
vaporize ice and ionize gas. That
ionization<00:12:43.519><c> gives</c><00:12:43.760><c> rise</c><00:12:44.000><c> to</c><00:12:44.240><c> immense</c>

12:10.053 --> 12:10.063 align:start position:0%
ionization gives rise to immense
 

12:10.063 --> 12:11.813 align:start position:0%
ionization gives rise to immense
magnetic<00:12:45.200><c> turbulence</c><00:12:45.680><c> across</c><00:12:46.000><c> the</c><00:12:46.240><c> whole</c>

12:11.813 --> 12:11.823 align:start position:0%
magnetic turbulence across the whole
 

12:11.823 --> 12:13.653 align:start position:0%
magnetic turbulence across the whole
system.<00:12:47.013><c> [music]</c><00:12:47.279><c> And</c><00:12:47.440><c> it's</c><00:12:47.680><c> all</c><00:12:47.920><c> happening</c>

12:13.653 --> 12:13.663 align:start position:0%
system. [music] And it's all happening
 

12:13.663 --> 12:16.213 align:start position:0%
system. [music] And it's all happening
in<00:12:48.560><c> the</c><00:12:48.720><c> tidal</c><00:12:49.120><c> grip</c><00:12:49.519><c> of</c><00:12:49.760><c> something</c><00:12:50.160><c> a</c><00:12:50.480><c> million</c>

12:16.213 --> 12:16.223 align:start position:0%
in the tidal grip of something a million
 

12:16.223 --> 12:19.412 align:start position:0%
in the tidal grip of something a million
to<00:12:51.200><c> a</c><00:12:51.519><c> billion</c><00:12:52.000><c> times</c><00:12:52.399><c> the</c><00:12:52.639><c> sun's</c><00:12:53.040><c> mass,</c><00:12:53.760><c> which</c>

12:19.412 --> 12:19.422 align:start position:0%
to a billion times the sun's mass, which
 

12:19.422 --> 12:21.813 align:start position:0%
to a billion times the sun's mass, which
rips<00:12:54.560><c> apart</c><00:12:55.120><c> anything</c><00:12:55.760><c> trying</c><00:12:56.000><c> to</c><00:12:56.160><c> clump</c>

12:21.813 --> 12:21.823 align:start position:0%
rips apart anything trying to clump
 

12:21.823 --> 12:26.292 align:start position:0%
rips apart anything trying to clump
together.<00:12:57.839><c> And</c><00:12:58.079><c> yet,</c><00:12:58.959><c> a</c><00:12:59.279><c> 2026</c><00:13:00.160><c> study</c><00:13:00.639><c> now</c>

12:26.292 --> 12:26.302 align:start position:0%
together. And yet, a 2026 study now
 

12:26.302 --> 12:28.852 align:start position:0%
together. And yet, a 2026 study now
claims<00:13:01.423><c> [music]</c><00:13:01.600><c> there</c><00:13:01.920><c> might</c><00:13:02.240><c> be</c><00:13:02.959><c> millions</c>

12:28.852 --> 12:28.862 align:start position:0%
claims [music] there might be millions
 

12:28.862 --> 12:31.093 align:start position:0%
claims [music] there might be millions
of<00:13:03.680><c> black</c><00:13:04.000><c> hole</c><00:13:04.320><c> planets</c><00:13:04.720><c> orbiting</c><00:13:05.360><c> around</c>

12:31.093 --> 12:31.103 align:start position:0%
of black hole planets orbiting around
 

12:31.103 --> 12:35.653 align:start position:0%
of black hole planets orbiting around
AGN's.<00:13:07.200><c> So,</c><00:13:07.920><c> what</c><00:13:08.320><c> did</c><00:13:08.639><c> the</c><00:13:08.959><c> team</c><00:13:09.279><c> find</c><00:13:09.920><c> and</c>

12:35.653 --> 12:35.663 align:start position:0%
AGN's. So, what did the team find and
 

12:35.663 --> 12:39.813 align:start position:0%
AGN's. So, what did the team find and
how<00:13:10.800><c> is</c><00:13:11.040><c> this</c><00:13:11.279><c> even</c><00:13:11.600><c> possible?</c>

12:39.813 --> 12:39.823 align:start position:0%
how is this even possible?
 

12:39.823 --> 12:41.813 align:start position:0%
how is this even possible?
Let<00:13:14.720><c> me</c><00:13:14.880><c> start</c><00:13:15.120><c> by</c><00:13:15.680><c> tempering</c><00:13:16.160><c> your</c>

12:41.813 --> 12:41.823 align:start position:0%
Let me start by tempering your
 

12:41.823 --> 12:44.453 align:start position:0%
Let me start by tempering your
expectations.<00:13:17.760><c> As</c><00:13:18.000><c> mentioned</c><00:13:18.399><c> earlier,</c><00:13:18.959><c> and</c>

12:44.453 --> 12:44.463 align:start position:0%
expectations. As mentioned earlier, and
 

12:44.463 --> 12:47.412 align:start position:0%
expectations. As mentioned earlier, and
as<00:13:19.360><c> much</c><00:13:19.519><c> as</c><00:13:19.600><c> I</c><00:13:19.839><c> wish</c><00:13:20.079><c> we</c><00:13:20.320><c> had,</c><00:13:21.200><c> we</c><00:13:21.600><c> haven't</c>

12:47.412 --> 12:47.422 align:start position:0%
as much as I wish we had, we haven't
 

12:47.422 --> 12:49.093 align:start position:0%
as much as I wish we had, we haven't
seen<00:13:22.399><c> one</c><00:13:22.560><c> of</c><00:13:22.720><c> these</c><00:13:22.959><c> black</c><00:13:23.120><c> hole</c><00:13:23.440><c> planets</c>

12:49.093 --> 12:49.103 align:start position:0%
seen one of these black hole planets
 

12:49.103 --> 12:51.813 align:start position:0%
seen one of these black hole planets
yet.<00:13:24.639><c> Instead,</c><00:13:25.040><c> a</c><00:13:25.279><c> team</c><00:13:25.440><c> of</c><00:13:25.680><c> researchers</c><00:13:26.160><c> led</c>

12:51.813 --> 12:51.823 align:start position:0%
yet. Instead, a team of researchers led
 

12:51.823 --> 12:54.292 align:start position:0%
yet. Instead, a team of researchers led
by<00:13:26.800><c> Pupendra</c><00:13:27.519><c> Misra</c><00:13:28.079><c> from</c><00:13:28.320><c> the</c><00:13:28.480><c> Polish</c>

12:54.292 --> 12:54.302 align:start position:0%
by Pupendra Misra from the Polish
 

12:54.302 --> 12:57.093 align:start position:0%
by Pupendra Misra from the Polish
Academy<00:13:29.360><c> of</c><00:13:29.519><c> Sciences</c><00:13:30.560><c> created</c><00:13:31.040><c> a</c><00:13:31.360><c> computer</c>

12:57.093 --> 12:57.103 align:start position:0%
Academy of Sciences created a computer
 

12:57.103 --> 12:59.172 align:start position:0%
Academy of Sciences created a computer
model<00:13:32.000><c> of</c><00:13:32.240><c> a</c><00:13:32.399><c> super</c><00:13:32.720><c> massive</c><00:13:33.120><c> black</c><00:13:33.279><c> hole</c><00:13:33.600><c> and</c>

12:59.172 --> 12:59.182 align:start position:0%
model of a super massive black hole and
 

12:59.182 --> 13:01.172 align:start position:0%
model of a super massive black hole and
its<00:13:34.000><c> accretion</c><00:13:34.174><c> [music]</c><00:13:34.480><c> disc.</c><00:13:35.279><c> They</c><00:13:35.600><c> then</c>

13:01.172 --> 13:01.182 align:start position:0%
its accretion [music] disc. They then
 

13:01.182 --> 13:03.653 align:start position:0%
its accretion [music] disc. They then
added<00:13:36.320><c> several</c><00:13:36.800><c> parameters</c><00:13:37.360><c> and</c><00:13:37.680><c> data</c><00:13:38.000><c> points</c>

13:03.653 --> 13:03.663 align:start position:0%
added several parameters and data points
 

13:03.663 --> 13:05.893 align:start position:0%
added several parameters and data points
to<00:13:38.639><c> investigate</c><00:13:39.279><c> how</c><00:13:39.680><c> dust</c><00:13:40.000><c> might</c><00:13:40.240><c> clump</c>

13:05.893 --> 13:05.903 align:start position:0%
to investigate how dust might clump
 

13:05.903 --> 13:07.367 align:start position:0%
to investigate how dust might clump
together<00:13:40.880><c> under</c><00:13:41.200><c> different</c><00:13:41.519><c> conditions</c>

13:07.367 --> 13:07.377 align:start position:0%
together under different conditions
 

13:07.377 --> 13:08.773 align:start position:0%
together under different conditions
[music]<00:13:42.240><c> in</c><00:13:42.480><c> different</c><00:13:42.800><c> parts</c><00:13:43.120><c> of</c><00:13:43.279><c> the</c>

13:08.773 --> 13:08.783 align:start position:0%
[music] in different parts of the
 

13:08.783 --> 13:11.732 align:start position:0%
[music] in different parts of the
accretion<00:13:44.000><c> disc.</c><00:13:44.800><c> And</c><00:13:45.040><c> they</c><00:13:45.360><c> found</c><00:13:45.680><c> something</c>

13:11.732 --> 13:11.742 align:start position:0%
accretion disc. And they found something
 

13:11.742 --> 13:13.172 align:start position:0%
accretion disc. And they found something
remarkable.<00:13:46.619><c> [music]</c>

13:13.172 --> 13:13.182 align:start position:0%
remarkable. [music]
 

13:13.182 --> 13:15.573 align:start position:0%
remarkable. [music]
It<00:13:48.160><c> seems</c><00:13:48.399><c> that</c><00:13:48.880><c> the</c><00:13:49.120><c> outermost</c><00:13:49.760><c> edges</c><00:13:50.079><c> of</c>

13:15.573 --> 13:15.583 align:start position:0%
It seems that the outermost edges of
 

13:15.583 --> 13:18.933 align:start position:0%
It seems that the outermost edges of
these<00:13:50.639><c> colossal</c><00:13:51.519><c> glowing</c><00:13:52.000><c> discs</c><00:13:52.800><c> possess</c><00:13:53.279><c> the</c>

13:18.933 --> 13:18.943 align:start position:0%
these colossal glowing discs possess the
 

13:18.943 --> 13:21.813 align:start position:0%
these colossal glowing discs possess the
perfect<00:13:54.079><c> temperature</c><00:13:54.720><c> and</c><00:13:55.040><c> dust</c><00:13:55.360><c> density</c><00:13:56.240><c> to</c>

13:21.813 --> 13:21.823 align:start position:0%
perfect temperature and dust density to
 

13:21.823 --> 13:24.612 align:start position:0%
perfect temperature and dust density to
mimic<00:13:57.040><c> stellar</c><00:13:57.600><c> nurseries.</c><00:13:58.959><c> We've</c>

13:24.612 --> 13:24.622 align:start position:0%
mimic stellar nurseries. We've
 

13:24.622 --> 13:27.093 align:start position:0%
mimic stellar nurseries. We've
discovered<00:14:00.160><c> millions</c><00:14:00.639><c> of</c><00:14:00.959><c> Jupiter</c><00:14:01.440><c> mass</c>

13:27.093 --> 13:27.103 align:start position:0%
discovered millions of Jupiter mass
 

13:27.103 --> 13:30.053 align:start position:0%
discovered millions of Jupiter mass
planets<00:14:02.320><c> could</c><00:14:02.639><c> form</c><00:14:03.120><c> at</c><00:14:03.440><c> distances</c><00:14:03.920><c> of</c><00:14:04.240><c> tens</c>

13:30.053 --> 13:30.063 align:start position:0%
planets could form at distances of tens
 

13:30.063 --> 13:32.852 align:start position:0%
planets could form at distances of tens
of<00:14:04.959><c> parexs</c><00:14:05.600><c> from</c><00:14:05.920><c> super</c><00:14:06.240><c> massive</c><00:14:06.639><c> black</c><00:14:06.800><c> holes</c>

13:32.852 --> 13:32.862 align:start position:0%
of parexs from super massive black holes
 

13:32.862 --> 13:36.612 align:start position:0%
of parexs from super massive black holes
which<00:14:07.760><c> are</c><00:14:08.000><c> also</c><00:14:08.720><c> AGN's.</c><00:14:09.680><c> Mishra</c><00:14:10.160><c> says</c><00:14:11.040><c> and</c>

13:36.612 --> 13:36.622 align:start position:0%
which are also AGN's. Mishra says and
 

13:36.622 --> 13:38.773 align:start position:0%
which are also AGN's. Mishra says and
what's<00:14:11.440><c> more</c><00:14:12.000><c> they</c><00:14:12.320><c> believe</c><00:14:12.560><c> the</c><00:14:12.800><c> very</c><00:14:13.120><c> same</c>

13:38.773 --> 13:38.783 align:start position:0%
what's more they believe the very same
 

13:38.783 --> 13:40.773 align:start position:0%
what's more they believe the very same
streaming<00:14:13.920><c> instability</c><00:14:14.639><c> mechanism</c><00:14:15.199><c> we</c>

13:40.773 --> 13:40.783 align:start position:0%
streaming instability mechanism we
 

13:40.783 --> 13:43.013 align:start position:0%
streaming instability mechanism we
expect<00:14:15.760><c> around</c><00:14:16.000><c> protolanetary</c><00:14:16.800><c> discs</c><00:14:17.360><c> is</c>

13:43.013 --> 13:43.023 align:start position:0%
expect around protolanetary discs is
 

13:43.023 --> 13:45.493 align:start position:0%
expect around protolanetary discs is
behind<00:14:18.000><c> it.</c><00:14:18.959><c> The</c><00:14:19.199><c> outer</c><00:14:19.519><c> regions</c><00:14:19.839><c> of</c><00:14:20.000><c> the</c>

13:45.493 --> 13:45.503 align:start position:0%
behind it. The outer regions of the
 

13:45.503 --> 13:47.653 align:start position:0%
behind it. The outer regions of the
accretion<00:14:20.639><c> disc</c><00:14:21.120><c> are</c><00:14:21.360><c> known</c><00:14:21.680><c> as</c><00:14:21.920><c> the</c><00:14:21.989><c> [music]</c>

13:47.653 --> 13:47.663 align:start position:0%
accretion disc are known as the [music]
 

13:47.663 --> 13:49.732 align:start position:0%
accretion disc are known as the [music]
dusty<00:14:22.880><c> taurus.</c>

13:49.732 --> 13:49.742 align:start position:0%
dusty taurus.
 

13:49.742 --> 13:52.852 align:start position:0%
dusty taurus.
Here,<00:14:24.959><c> anywhere</c><00:14:25.519><c> between</c><00:14:26.000><c> 3</c><00:14:26.240><c> to</c><00:14:26.639><c> 32</c><00:14:27.279><c> lighty</c>

13:52.852 --> 13:52.862 align:start position:0%
Here, anywhere between 3 to 32 lighty
 

13:52.862 --> 13:54.453 align:start position:0%
Here, anywhere between 3 to 32 lighty
years<00:14:27.760><c> away</c><00:14:28.000><c> from</c><00:14:28.160><c> the</c><00:14:28.320><c> super</c><00:14:28.560><c> massive</c><00:14:28.959><c> black</c>

13:54.453 --> 13:54.463 align:start position:0%
years away from the super massive black
 

13:54.463 --> 13:57.493 align:start position:0%
years away from the super massive black
hole,<00:14:29.760><c> lies</c><00:14:30.160><c> a</c><00:14:30.480><c> cooler,</c><00:14:31.199><c> dustri,</c><00:14:31.920><c> and</c>

13:57.493 --> 13:57.503 align:start position:0%
hole, lies a cooler, dustri, and
 

13:57.503 --> 13:59.972 align:start position:0%
hole, lies a cooler, dustri, and
radiation<00:14:32.880><c> shielded</c><00:14:33.440><c> region</c><00:14:34.000><c> where</c><00:14:34.240><c> dust</c>

13:59.972 --> 13:59.982 align:start position:0%
radiation shielded region where dust
 

13:59.982 --> 14:02.292 align:start position:0%
radiation shielded region where dust
grains<00:14:35.040><c> may</c><00:14:35.279><c> be</c><00:14:35.360><c> able</c><00:14:35.600><c> to</c><00:14:35.760><c> grow</c><00:14:36.160><c> and</c><00:14:36.399><c> aggregate</c>

14:02.292 --> 14:02.302 align:start position:0%
grains may be able to grow and aggregate
 

14:02.302 --> 14:04.852 align:start position:0%
grains may be able to grow and aggregate
in<00:14:37.199><c> a</c><00:14:37.360><c> way</c><00:14:37.519><c> that's</c><00:14:37.920><c> analogous</c><00:14:38.560><c> to</c><00:14:39.120><c> planet</c>

14:04.852 --> 14:04.862 align:start position:0%
in a way that's analogous to planet
 

14:04.862 --> 14:07.573 align:start position:0%
in a way that's analogous to planet
formation<00:14:40.160><c> around</c><00:14:40.480><c> a</c><00:14:40.720><c> star.</c>

14:07.573 --> 14:07.583 align:start position:0%
formation around a star.
 

14:07.583 --> 14:09.813 align:start position:0%
formation around a star.
In<00:14:42.399><c> Misra's</c><00:14:42.959><c> model,</c><00:14:43.360><c> the</c><00:14:43.600><c> team</c><00:14:43.839><c> watched</c><00:14:44.160><c> how</c>

14:09.813 --> 14:09.823 align:start position:0%
In Misra's model, the team watched how
 

14:09.823 --> 14:11.893 align:start position:0%
In Misra's model, the team watched how
material<00:14:44.880><c> in</c><00:14:45.120><c> the</c><00:14:45.279><c> outskirts</c><00:14:45.760><c> of</c><00:14:45.839><c> an</c><00:14:46.000><c> AGM</c>

14:11.893 --> 14:11.903 align:start position:0%
material in the outskirts of an AGM
 

14:11.903 --> 14:14.053 align:start position:0%
material in the outskirts of an AGM
behaved<00:14:47.120><c> and</c><00:14:47.360><c> found</c><00:14:47.519><c> that</c><00:14:47.760><c> dust</c><00:14:48.079><c> grains</c><00:14:48.480><c> in</c>

14:14.053 --> 14:14.063 align:start position:0%
behaved and found that dust grains in
 

14:14.063 --> 14:16.292 align:start position:0%
behaved and found that dust grains in
these<00:14:48.959><c> regions</c><00:14:49.360><c> can</c><00:14:49.680><c> grow</c><00:14:50.000><c> through</c><00:14:50.480><c> simple</c>

14:16.292 --> 14:16.302 align:start position:0%
these regions can grow through simple
 

14:16.302 --> 14:19.013 align:start position:0%
these regions can grow through simple
collisions<00:14:51.760><c> and</c><00:14:52.320><c> sticking</c><00:14:52.880><c> just</c><00:14:53.040><c> as</c><00:14:53.279><c> they</c><00:14:53.440><c> do</c>

14:19.013 --> 14:19.023 align:start position:0%
collisions and sticking just as they do
 

14:19.023 --> 14:21.732 align:start position:0%
collisions and sticking just as they do
around<00:14:54.079><c> ordinary</c><00:14:54.560><c> stars.</c><00:14:55.600><c> Once</c><00:14:55.839><c> the</c><00:14:56.000><c> grains</c>

14:21.732 --> 14:21.742 align:start position:0%
around ordinary stars. Once the grains
 

14:21.742 --> 14:24.453 align:start position:0%
around ordinary stars. Once the grains
reach<00:14:56.639><c> a</c><00:14:56.880><c> certain</c><00:14:57.199><c> size,</c><00:14:57.920><c> millimeters</c><00:14:58.560><c> to</c><00:14:58.800><c> a</c>

14:24.453 --> 14:24.463 align:start position:0%
reach a certain size, millimeters to a
 

14:24.463 --> 14:26.532 align:start position:0%
reach a certain size, millimeters to a
few<00:14:59.360><c> centimeters</c><00:14:59.920><c> in</c><00:15:00.079><c> the</c><00:15:00.240><c> outer</c><00:15:00.480><c> disc,</c>

14:26.532 --> 14:26.542 align:start position:0%
few centimeters in the outer disc,
 

14:26.542 --> 14:29.333 align:start position:0%
few centimeters in the outer disc,
streaming<00:15:01.760><c> instability</c><00:15:02.480><c> kicks</c><00:15:02.880><c> in,</c><00:15:03.600><c> causing</c>

14:29.333 --> 14:29.343 align:start position:0%
streaming instability kicks in, causing
 

14:29.343 --> 14:32.133 align:start position:0%
streaming instability kicks in, causing
the<00:15:04.240><c> dust</c><00:15:04.560><c> to</c><00:15:04.720><c> clump</c><00:15:05.120><c> into</c><00:15:05.680><c> enormous</c><00:15:06.399><c> dense</c>

14:32.133 --> 14:32.143 align:start position:0%
the dust to clump into enormous dense
 

14:32.143 --> 14:34.373 align:start position:0%
the dust to clump into enormous dense
filaments,<00:15:07.600><c> which</c><00:15:07.920><c> collapse</c><00:15:08.320><c> into</c><00:15:08.639><c> millions</c>

14:34.373 --> 14:34.383 align:start position:0%
filaments, which collapse into millions
 

14:34.383 --> 14:36.453 align:start position:0%
filaments, which collapse into millions
of<00:15:09.199><c> planetary</c><00:15:09.600><c> building</c><00:15:09.920><c> blocks</c><00:15:10.399><c> within</c><00:15:10.800><c> a</c>

14:36.453 --> 14:36.463 align:start position:0%
of planetary building blocks within a
 

14:36.463 --> 14:40.133 align:start position:0%
of planetary building blocks within a
single<00:15:11.600><c> AG</c><00:15:12.160><c> Taurus</c><00:15:13.120><c> spanning</c><00:15:13.760><c> a</c><00:15:14.079><c> huge</c><00:15:14.480><c> range</c>

14:40.133 --> 14:40.143 align:start position:0%
single AG Taurus spanning a huge range
 

14:40.143 --> 14:42.532 align:start position:0%
single AG Taurus spanning a huge range
of<00:15:14.959><c> sizes</c><00:15:15.760><c> from</c><00:15:16.000><c> objects</c><00:15:16.480><c> roughly</c><00:15:16.880><c> Earth's</c>

14:42.532 --> 14:42.542 align:start position:0%
of sizes from objects roughly Earth's
 

14:42.542 --> 14:45.813 align:start position:0%
of sizes from objects roughly Earth's
mass<00:15:18.000><c> all</c><00:15:18.240><c> the</c><00:15:18.399><c> way</c><00:15:18.560><c> up</c><00:15:18.800><c> to</c><00:15:19.120><c> giants</c><00:15:19.920><c> several</c>

14:45.813 --> 14:45.823 align:start position:0%
mass all the way up to giants several
 

14:45.823 --> 14:49.493 align:start position:0%
mass all the way up to giants several
times<00:15:21.040><c> Jupiter's</c><00:15:21.680><c> mass.</c><00:15:22.959><c> However,</c><00:15:23.920><c> this</c>

14:49.493 --> 14:49.503 align:start position:0%
times Jupiter's mass. However, this
 

14:49.503 --> 14:51.972 align:start position:0%
times Jupiter's mass. However, this
wouldn't<00:15:24.480><c> be</c><00:15:24.639><c> a</c><00:15:24.880><c> video</c><00:15:25.120><c> about</c><00:15:25.519><c> black</c><00:15:25.760><c> holes</c><00:15:26.320><c> if</c>

14:51.972 --> 14:51.982 align:start position:0%
wouldn't be a video about black holes if
 

14:51.982 --> 14:54.852 align:start position:0%
wouldn't be a video about black holes if
things<00:15:26.959><c> didn't</c><00:15:27.279><c> get</c><00:15:27.440><c> weird.</c><00:15:28.639><c> As</c><00:15:28.959><c> Misra</c><00:15:29.440><c> and</c>

14:54.852 --> 14:54.862 align:start position:0%
things didn't get weird. As Misra and
 

14:54.862 --> 14:57.172 align:start position:0%
things didn't get weird. As Misra and
his<00:15:29.760><c> team</c><00:15:30.000><c> kept</c><00:15:30.240><c> their</c><00:15:30.480><c> simulations</c><00:15:31.120><c> running,</c>

14:57.172 --> 14:57.182 align:start position:0%
his team kept their simulations running,
 

14:57.182 --> 15:00.292 align:start position:0%
his team kept their simulations running,
they<00:15:32.079><c> revealed</c><00:15:32.560><c> something</c><00:15:33.440><c> mindbending.</c><00:15:34.639><c> The</c>

15:00.292 --> 15:00.302 align:start position:0%
they revealed something mindbending. The
 

15:00.302 --> 15:02.292 align:start position:0%
they revealed something mindbending. The
distinction<00:15:35.360><c> between</c><00:15:35.760><c> planet</c><00:15:36.079><c> and</c><00:15:36.320><c> star</c><00:15:36.720><c> as</c>

15:02.292 --> 15:02.302 align:start position:0%
distinction between planet and star as
 

15:02.302 --> 15:04.693 align:start position:0%
distinction between planet and star as
we<00:15:37.199><c> know</c><00:15:37.360><c> it</c><00:15:38.079><c> might</c><00:15:38.560><c> break</c><00:15:38.625><c> [music]</c><00:15:38.880><c> down</c>

15:04.693 --> 15:04.703 align:start position:0%
we know it might break [music] down
 

15:04.703 --> 15:07.653 align:start position:0%
we know it might break [music] down
completely.<00:15:40.639><c> Now,</c><00:15:41.199><c> a</c><00:15:41.440><c> planet</c><00:15:41.760><c> orbiting</c>

15:07.653 --> 15:07.663 align:start position:0%
completely. Now, a planet orbiting
 

15:07.663 --> 15:09.972 align:start position:0%
completely. Now, a planet orbiting
around<00:15:42.560><c> a</c><00:15:42.880><c> star</c><00:15:43.519><c> grows</c><00:15:43.920><c> until</c><00:15:44.240><c> it</c><00:15:44.399><c> has</c>

15:09.972 --> 15:09.982 align:start position:0%
around a star grows until it has
 

15:09.982 --> 15:12.213 align:start position:0%
around a star grows until it has
consumed<00:15:45.199><c> all</c><00:15:45.519><c> the</c><00:15:45.760><c> material</c><00:15:46.160><c> available</c><00:15:46.639><c> to</c>

15:12.213 --> 15:12.223 align:start position:0%
consumed all the material available to
 

15:12.223 --> 15:15.972 align:start position:0%
consumed all the material available to
it<00:15:47.199><c> in</c><00:15:47.440><c> its</c><00:15:47.680><c> orbit.</c><00:15:48.480><c> But</c><00:15:48.639><c> in</c><00:15:48.880><c> an</c><00:15:49.120><c> AGN</c><00:15:49.759><c> Taurus,</c>

15:15.972 --> 15:15.982 align:start position:0%
it in its orbit. But in an AGN Taurus,
 

15:15.982 --> 15:19.253 align:start position:0%
it in its orbit. But in an AGN Taurus,
the<00:15:50.880><c> reservoir</c><00:15:51.440><c> of</c><00:15:51.680><c> material</c><00:15:52.320><c> is</c><00:15:52.639><c> so</c><00:15:53.199><c> vast</c>

15:19.253 --> 15:19.263 align:start position:0%
the reservoir of material is so vast
 

15:19.263 --> 15:21.653 align:start position:0%
the reservoir of material is so vast
that<00:15:54.160><c> new</c><00:15:54.399><c> planets</c><00:15:55.040><c> just</c><00:15:55.440><c> don't</c><00:15:55.839><c> have</c><00:15:56.000><c> that</c>

15:21.653 --> 15:21.663 align:start position:0%
that new planets just don't have that
 

15:21.663 --> 15:24.453 align:start position:0%
that new planets just don't have that
same<00:15:56.560><c> ceiling</c><00:15:56.959><c> imposed</c><00:15:57.360><c> on</c><00:15:57.600><c> them.</c><00:15:58.240><c> In</c><00:15:58.560><c> theory,</c>

15:24.453 --> 15:24.463 align:start position:0%
same ceiling imposed on them. In theory,
 

15:24.463 --> 15:26.852 align:start position:0%
same ceiling imposed on them. In theory,
they<00:15:59.440><c> could</c><00:15:59.680><c> keep</c><00:15:59.920><c> growing</c><00:16:00.480><c> and</c><00:16:00.880><c> growing</c>

15:26.852 --> 15:26.862 align:start position:0%
they could keep growing and growing
 

15:26.862 --> 15:29.333 align:start position:0%
they could keep growing and growing
until<00:16:01.839><c> they've</c><00:16:02.160><c> accumulated</c><00:16:02.880><c> enough</c><00:16:03.279><c> mass</c><00:16:03.759><c> to</c>

15:29.333 --> 15:29.343 align:start position:0%
until they've accumulated enough mass to
 

15:29.343 --> 15:33.092 align:start position:0%
until they've accumulated enough mass to
trigger<00:16:04.639><c> nuclear</c><00:16:05.199><c> fusion</c><00:16:05.839><c> and</c><00:16:06.160><c> become</c><00:16:06.639><c> stars.</c>

15:33.092 --> 15:33.102 align:start position:0%
trigger nuclear fusion and become stars.
 

15:33.102 --> 15:35.172 align:start position:0%
trigger nuclear fusion and become stars.
So,<00:16:08.079><c> have</c><00:16:08.240><c> we</c><00:16:08.480><c> actually</c><00:16:08.800><c> ever</c><00:16:09.199><c> caught</c><00:16:09.519><c> this</c>

15:35.172 --> 15:35.182 align:start position:0%
So, have we actually ever caught this
 

15:35.182 --> 15:37.172 align:start position:0%
So, have we actually ever caught this
star<00:16:10.160><c> formation</c><00:16:10.720><c> happening</c><00:16:11.120><c> around</c><00:16:11.440><c> a</c><00:16:11.600><c> black</c>

15:37.172 --> 15:37.182 align:start position:0%
star formation happening around a black
 

15:37.182 --> 15:41.013 align:start position:0%
star formation happening around a black
hole?<00:16:12.800><c> Well,</c><00:16:13.680><c> not</c><00:16:14.000><c> directly.</c><00:16:15.040><c> The</c><00:16:15.279><c> glare</c><00:16:15.519><c> of</c>

15:41.013 --> 15:41.023 align:start position:0%
hole? Well, not directly. The glare of
 

15:41.023 --> 15:43.653 align:start position:0%
hole? Well, not directly. The glare of
an<00:16:15.839><c> active</c><00:16:16.240><c> black</c><00:16:16.399><c> hole</c><00:16:16.800><c> is</c><00:16:17.040><c> so</c><00:16:17.440><c> overwhelming</c>

15:43.653 --> 15:43.663 align:start position:0%
an active black hole is so overwhelming
 

15:43.663 --> 15:46.133 align:start position:0%
an active black hole is so overwhelming
that<00:16:18.639><c> spotting</c><00:16:19.040><c> a</c><00:16:19.199><c> single</c><00:16:19.440><c> newborn</c><00:16:20.000><c> star</c><00:16:20.480><c> or</c><00:16:20.639><c> a</c>

15:46.133 --> 15:46.143 align:start position:0%
that spotting a single newborn star or a
 

15:46.143 --> 15:47.732 align:start position:0%
that spotting a single newborn star or a
planet<00:16:21.120><c> for</c><00:16:21.279><c> that</c><00:16:21.519><c> matter</c><00:16:21.856><c> [music]</c><00:16:22.000><c> against</c>

15:47.732 --> 15:47.742 align:start position:0%
planet for that matter [music] against
 

15:47.742 --> 15:50.933 align:start position:0%
planet for that matter [music] against
it<00:16:23.040><c> is</c><00:16:23.440><c> impossible.</c><00:16:24.720><c> But</c><00:16:24.880><c> we</c><00:16:25.120><c> don't</c><00:16:25.279><c> need</c><00:16:25.440><c> to</c>

15:50.933 --> 15:50.943 align:start position:0%
it is impossible. But we don't need to
 

15:50.943 --> 15:53.013 align:start position:0%
it is impossible. But we don't need to
catch<00:16:25.920><c> this</c><00:16:26.160><c> star</c><00:16:26.399><c> formation</c><00:16:26.800><c> in</c><00:16:27.120><c> action</c><00:16:27.440><c> to</c>

15:53.013 --> 15:53.023 align:start position:0%
catch this star formation in action to
 

15:53.023 --> 15:55.172 align:start position:0%
catch this star formation in action to
predict<00:16:28.160><c> its</c><00:16:28.399><c> happening</c><00:16:29.199><c> because</c><00:16:29.440><c> it</c><00:16:29.680><c> seems</c>

15:55.172 --> 15:55.182 align:start position:0%
predict its happening because it seems
 

15:55.182 --> 15:56.852 align:start position:0%
predict its happening because it seems
to<00:16:30.000><c> have</c><00:16:30.160><c> left</c><00:16:30.320><c> behind</c><00:16:30.800><c> two</c><00:16:31.120><c> sets</c><00:16:31.440><c> of</c>

15:56.852 --> 15:56.862 align:start position:0%
to have left behind two sets of
 

15:56.862 --> 15:59.493 align:start position:0%
to have left behind two sets of
fingerprints.<00:16:32.639><c> And</c><00:16:32.800><c> the</c><00:16:33.040><c> first</c><00:16:33.279><c> set</c><00:16:33.839><c> is</c>

15:59.493 --> 15:59.503 align:start position:0%
fingerprints. And the first set is
 

15:59.503 --> 16:02.373 align:start position:0%
fingerprints. And the first set is
hiding<00:16:34.301><c> [music]</c><00:16:34.560><c> in</c><00:16:34.800><c> our</c><00:16:35.120><c> own</c><00:16:35.440><c> galaxy.</c>

16:02.373 --> 16:02.383 align:start position:0%
hiding [music] in our own galaxy.
 

16:02.383 --> 16:04.693 align:start position:0%
hiding [music] in our own galaxy.
Orbiting<00:16:37.600><c> our</c><00:16:38.000><c> super</c><00:16:38.320><c> massive</c><00:16:38.639><c> black</c><00:16:38.880><c> hole,</c>

16:04.693 --> 16:04.703 align:start position:0%
Orbiting our super massive black hole,
 

16:04.703 --> 16:07.493 align:start position:0%
Orbiting our super massive black hole,
Sagittarius<00:16:40.160><c> A</c><00:16:40.399><c> star,</c><00:16:41.040><c> is</c><00:16:41.199><c> a</c><00:16:41.440><c> cluster</c><00:16:41.839><c> of</c>

16:07.493 --> 16:07.503 align:start position:0%
Sagittarius A star, is a cluster of
 

16:07.503 --> 16:10.933 align:start position:0%
Sagittarius A star, is a cluster of
young,<00:16:42.959><c> massive</c><00:16:43.519><c> stars</c><00:16:44.320><c> sitting</c><00:16:45.040><c> where</c><00:16:45.360><c> we</c>

16:10.933 --> 16:10.943 align:start position:0%
young, massive stars sitting where we
 

16:10.943 --> 16:13.412 align:start position:0%
young, massive stars sitting where we
least<00:16:46.000><c> expect</c><00:16:46.320><c> them.</c><00:16:47.199><c> Gravity</c><00:16:47.680><c> should</c><00:16:47.920><c> have</c>

16:13.412 --> 16:13.422 align:start position:0%
least expect them. Gravity should have
 

16:13.422 --> 16:15.893 align:start position:0%
least expect them. Gravity should have
torn<00:16:48.480><c> their</c><00:16:48.639><c> gases</c><00:16:49.040><c> apart</c><00:16:49.600><c> long</c><00:16:49.920><c> before</c><00:16:50.240><c> they</c>

16:15.893 --> 16:15.903 align:start position:0%
torn their gases apart long before they
 

16:15.903 --> 16:18.453 align:start position:0%
torn their gases apart long before they
could<00:16:50.720><c> collapse</c><00:16:51.120><c> and</c><00:16:51.279><c> form</c><00:16:51.600><c> stars.</c><00:16:52.560><c> Unless,</c>

16:18.453 --> 16:18.463 align:start position:0%
could collapse and form stars. Unless,
 

16:18.463 --> 16:20.612 align:start position:0%
could collapse and form stars. Unless,
of<00:16:53.360><c> course,</c><00:16:53.920><c> they</c><00:16:54.160><c> were</c><00:16:54.320><c> born</c><00:16:54.560><c> from</c><00:16:54.720><c> a</c><00:16:54.959><c> disc</c>

16:20.612 --> 16:20.622 align:start position:0%
of course, they were born from a disc
 

16:20.622 --> 16:22.693 align:start position:0%
of course, they were born from a disc
that<00:16:55.440><c> has</c><00:16:55.680><c> since</c><00:16:55.920><c> drained</c><00:16:56.320><c> away</c><00:16:56.639><c> into</c><00:16:56.959><c> a</c><00:16:57.199><c> black</c>

16:22.693 --> 16:22.703 align:start position:0%
that has since drained away into a black
 

16:22.703 --> 16:24.773 align:start position:0%
that has since drained away into a black
hole,<00:16:58.000><c> which</c><00:16:58.160><c> is</c><00:16:58.320><c> what</c><00:16:58.639><c> some</c><00:16:58.959><c> scientists</c>

16:24.773 --> 16:24.783 align:start position:0%
hole, which is what some scientists
 

16:24.783 --> 16:27.172 align:start position:0%
hole, which is what some scientists
think<00:16:59.920><c> happened</c><00:17:00.160><c> to</c><00:17:00.399><c> Sagittarius</c><00:17:01.120><c> A</c><00:17:01.360><c> star</c>

16:27.172 --> 16:27.182 align:start position:0%
think happened to Sagittarius A star
 

16:27.182 --> 16:30.053 align:start position:0%
think happened to Sagittarius A star
over<00:17:02.240><c> billions</c><00:17:02.720><c> of</c><00:17:02.959><c> years.</c><00:17:04.000><c> The</c><00:17:04.240><c> second</c><00:17:04.480><c> clue</c>

16:30.053 --> 16:30.063 align:start position:0%
over billions of years. The second clue
 

16:30.063 --> 16:32.372 align:start position:0%
over billions of years. The second clue
that<00:17:04.959><c> stars</c><00:17:05.280><c> might</c><00:17:05.439><c> form</c><00:17:05.679><c> in</c><00:17:05.839><c> AGN's</c><00:17:06.640><c> comes</c>

16:32.372 --> 16:32.382 align:start position:0%
that stars might form in AGN's comes
 

16:32.382 --> 16:35.573 align:start position:0%
that stars might form in AGN's comes
from<00:17:07.280><c> the</c><00:17:07.520><c> gas</c><00:17:07.919><c> around</c><00:17:08.160><c> them.</c><00:17:08.959><c> Turns</c><00:17:09.280><c> out</c><00:17:09.679><c> it's</c>

16:35.573 --> 16:35.583 align:start position:0%
from the gas around them. Turns out it's
 

16:35.583 --> 16:37.093 align:start position:0%
from the gas around them. Turns out it's
strangely<00:17:10.880><c> rich</c><00:17:11.039><c> in</c><00:17:11.360><c> heavier</c><00:17:11.636><c> [music]</c>

16:37.093 --> 16:37.103 align:start position:0%
strangely rich in heavier [music]
 

16:37.103 --> 16:39.333 align:start position:0%
strangely rich in heavier [music]
elements,<00:17:12.559><c> the</c><00:17:12.799><c> kind</c><00:17:12.959><c> you'd</c><00:17:13.280><c> expect</c><00:17:13.679><c> if</c>

16:39.333 --> 16:39.343 align:start position:0%
elements, the kind you'd expect if
 

16:39.343 --> 16:42.453 align:start position:0%
elements, the kind you'd expect if
generations<00:17:14.640><c> of</c><00:17:14.799><c> stars</c><00:17:15.280><c> had</c><00:17:15.600><c> lived</c><00:17:16.079><c> and</c><00:17:16.400><c> died</c>

16:42.453 --> 16:42.463 align:start position:0%
generations of stars had lived and died
 

16:42.463 --> 16:45.093 align:start position:0%
generations of stars had lived and died
right<00:17:17.520><c> there</c><00:17:17.540><c> [music]</c><00:17:18.000><c> in</c><00:17:18.319><c> the</c><00:17:18.559><c> disc.</c><00:17:19.520><c> On</c>

16:45.093 --> 16:45.103 align:start position:0%
right there [music] in the disc. On
 

16:45.103 --> 16:47.973 align:start position:0%
right there [music] in the disc. On
their<00:17:20.000><c> own,</c><00:17:20.559><c> neither</c><00:17:20.959><c> signal</c><00:17:21.280><c> is</c><00:17:21.520><c> proof.</c><00:17:22.400><c> But</c>

16:47.973 --> 16:47.983 align:start position:0%
their own, neither signal is proof. But
 

16:47.983 --> 16:49.573 align:start position:0%
their own, neither signal is proof. But
together,<00:17:23.360><c> they</c><00:17:23.426><c> [music]</c><00:17:23.679><c> point</c><00:17:23.839><c> to</c><00:17:24.000><c> the</c>

16:49.573 --> 16:49.583 align:start position:0%
together, they [music] point to the
 

16:49.583 --> 16:52.132 align:start position:0%
together, they [music] point to the
possibility<00:17:24.720><c> that</c><00:17:25.039><c> stars</c><00:17:25.679><c> could</c><00:17:26.240><c> be</c><00:17:26.400><c> forming</c>

16:52.132 --> 16:52.142 align:start position:0%
possibility that stars could be forming
 

16:52.142 --> 16:54.773 align:start position:0%
possibility that stars could be forming
in<00:17:27.120><c> black</c><00:17:27.360><c> hole</c><00:17:27.679><c> accretion</c><00:17:28.160><c> discs.</c><00:17:29.039><c> And</c><00:17:29.280><c> if</c>

16:54.773 --> 16:54.783 align:start position:0%
in black hole accretion discs. And if
 

16:54.783 --> 16:56.613 align:start position:0%
in black hole accretion discs. And if
that's<00:17:29.679><c> the</c><00:17:29.919><c> case,</c><00:17:30.320><c> then</c><00:17:30.559><c> the</c><00:17:30.720><c> idea</c><00:17:30.960><c> of</c>

16:56.613 --> 16:56.623 align:start position:0%
that's the case, then the idea of
 

16:56.623 --> 16:59.413 align:start position:0%
that's the case, then the idea of
planets<00:17:31.919><c> also</c><00:17:32.400><c> forming</c><00:17:32.799><c> in</c><00:17:33.039><c> this</c><00:17:33.200><c> way</c><00:17:33.679><c> isn't</c>

16:59.413 --> 16:59.423 align:start position:0%
planets also forming in this way isn't
 

16:59.423 --> 17:03.012 align:start position:0%
planets also forming in this way isn't
so<00:17:34.400><c> ridiculous</c><00:17:35.120><c> after</c><00:17:35.440><c> all.</c><00:17:36.799><c> The</c><00:17:36.960><c> model</c><00:17:37.360><c> also</c>

17:03.012 --> 17:03.022 align:start position:0%
so ridiculous after all. The model also
 

17:03.022 --> 17:06.213 align:start position:0%
so ridiculous after all. The model also
predicts<00:17:38.240><c> another</c><00:17:38.799><c> strange</c><00:17:39.360><c> object</c><00:17:39.919><c> with</c><00:17:40.320><c> no</c>

17:06.213 --> 17:06.223 align:start position:0%
predicts another strange object with no
 

17:06.223 --> 17:08.453 align:start position:0%
predicts another strange object with no
known<00:17:41.280><c> equivalent</c><00:17:41.760><c> in</c><00:17:41.919><c> the</c><00:17:42.080><c> universe.</c>

17:08.453 --> 17:08.463 align:start position:0%
known equivalent in the universe.
 

17:08.463 --> 17:10.693 align:start position:0%
known equivalent in the universe.
Objects<00:17:43.679><c> with</c><00:17:43.732><c> [music]</c><00:17:44.000><c> stellar</c><00:17:44.400><c> masses</c><00:17:45.120><c> that</c>

17:10.693 --> 17:10.703 align:start position:0%
Objects with [music] stellar masses that
 

17:10.703 --> 17:14.613 align:start position:0%
Objects with [music] stellar masses that
are<00:17:45.520><c> made</c><00:17:45.919><c> completely</c><00:17:46.559><c> of</c><00:17:46.880><c> solid</c><00:17:47.679><c> dust,</c><00:17:48.799><c> not</c>

17:14.613 --> 17:14.623 align:start position:0%
are made completely of solid dust, not
 

17:14.623 --> 17:17.733 align:start position:0%
are made completely of solid dust, not
gas.<00:17:50.640><c> Unlike</c><00:17:51.039><c> regular</c><00:17:51.520><c> stars,</c><00:17:52.080><c> these</c>

17:17.733 --> 17:17.743 align:start position:0%
gas. Unlike regular stars, these
 

17:17.743 --> 17:19.973 align:start position:0%
gas. Unlike regular stars, these
wouldn't<00:17:52.640><c> burn</c><00:17:52.960><c> any</c><00:17:53.200><c> hydrogen,</c><00:17:54.160><c> yet</c><00:17:54.400><c> they</c>

17:19.973 --> 17:19.983 align:start position:0%
wouldn't burn any hydrogen, yet they
 

17:19.983 --> 17:21.573 align:start position:0%
wouldn't burn any hydrogen, yet they
would<00:17:54.799><c> be</c><00:17:54.960><c> far</c><00:17:55.280><c> too</c><00:17:55.520><c> massive</c><00:17:55.919><c> to</c><00:17:56.080><c> be</c>

17:21.573 --> 17:21.583 align:start position:0%
would be far too massive to be
 

17:21.583 --> 17:24.132 align:start position:0%
would be far too massive to be
considered<00:17:56.640><c> a</c><00:17:56.880><c> planet.</c><00:17:57.840><c> This</c><00:17:58.080><c> hypothetical</c>

17:24.132 --> 17:24.142 align:start position:0%
considered a planet. This hypothetical
 

17:24.142 --> 17:26.372 align:start position:0%
considered a planet. This hypothetical
object<00:17:59.200><c> has</c><00:17:59.440><c> been</c><00:17:59.600><c> dubbed</c><00:18:00.000><c> a</c><00:18:00.107><c> [music]</c><00:18:00.400><c> totally</c>

17:26.372 --> 17:26.382 align:start position:0%
object has been dubbed a [music] totally
 

17:26.382 --> 17:29.413 align:start position:0%
object has been dubbed a [music] totally
metal<00:18:01.520><c> star.</c><00:18:02.480><c> Metal</c><00:18:03.039><c> of</c><00:18:03.200><c> course</c><00:18:03.760><c> meaning</c>

17:29.413 --> 17:29.423 align:start position:0%
metal star. Metal of course meaning
 

17:29.423 --> 17:31.333 align:start position:0%
metal star. Metal of course meaning
anything<00:18:04.480><c> heavier</c><00:18:04.880><c> than</c><00:18:05.120><c> helium</c><00:18:05.600><c> to</c><00:18:05.840><c> an</c>

17:31.333 --> 17:31.343 align:start position:0%
anything heavier than helium to an
 

17:31.343 --> 17:35.173 align:start position:0%
anything heavier than helium to an
astronomer.<00:18:07.360><c> So</c><00:18:07.760><c> to</c><00:18:08.080><c> recap</c><00:18:08.622><c> [music]</c><00:18:09.039><c> about</c><00:18:09.440><c> 10</c>

17:35.173 --> 17:35.183 align:start position:0%
astronomer. So to recap [music] about 10
 

17:35.183 --> 17:38.053 align:start position:0%
astronomer. So to recap [music] about 10
parex<00:18:10.720><c> or</c><00:18:11.120><c> 32</c><00:18:11.520><c> lighty</c><00:18:11.760><c> years</c><00:18:12.000><c> away</c><00:18:12.240><c> from</c><00:18:12.480><c> the</c>

17:38.053 --> 17:38.063 align:start position:0%
parex or 32 lighty years away from the
 

17:38.063 --> 17:41.173 align:start position:0%
parex or 32 lighty years away from the
black<00:18:12.880><c> hole</c><00:18:13.679><c> conditions</c><00:18:14.240><c> in</c><00:18:14.480><c> the</c><00:18:14.720><c> AGN</c><00:18:15.200><c> Taurus</c>

17:41.173 --> 17:41.183 align:start position:0%
black hole conditions in the AGN Taurus
 

17:41.183 --> 17:43.653 align:start position:0%
black hole conditions in the AGN Taurus
are<00:18:16.160><c> analogous</c><00:18:16.720><c> enough</c><00:18:17.120><c> to</c><00:18:17.440><c> protolanetary</c>

17:43.653 --> 17:43.663 align:start position:0%
are analogous enough to protolanetary
 

17:43.663 --> 17:46.132 align:start position:0%
are analogous enough to protolanetary
discs<00:18:18.960><c> that</c><00:18:19.280><c> planet</c><00:18:19.600><c> formation</c><00:18:20.080><c> via</c><00:18:20.400><c> pebble</c>

17:46.132 --> 17:46.142 align:start position:0%
discs that planet formation via pebble
 

17:46.142 --> 17:49.173 align:start position:0%
discs that planet formation via pebble
accretion<00:18:21.600><c> might</c><00:18:22.080><c> actually</c><00:18:22.559><c> be</c><00:18:22.799><c> possible.</c>

17:49.173 --> 17:49.183 align:start position:0%
accretion might actually be possible.
 

17:49.183 --> 17:51.733 align:start position:0%
accretion might actually be possible.
From<00:18:24.160><c> this,</c><00:18:24.960><c> millions</c><00:18:25.600><c> of</c><00:18:25.840><c> black</c><00:18:26.080><c> hole</c>

17:51.733 --> 17:51.743 align:start position:0%
From this, millions of black hole
 

17:51.743 --> 17:55.093 align:start position:0%
From this, millions of black hole
planets<00:18:27.039><c> of</c><00:18:27.440><c> all</c><00:18:27.840><c> sizes</c><00:18:28.320><c> could</c><00:18:28.559><c> emerge,</c><00:18:29.440><c> which</c>

17:55.093 --> 17:55.103 align:start position:0%
planets of all sizes could emerge, which
 

17:55.103 --> 17:56.933 align:start position:0%
planets of all sizes could emerge, which
could<00:18:30.080><c> possibly</c><00:18:30.640><c> continue</c><00:18:31.039><c> accreating</c>

17:56.933 --> 17:56.943 align:start position:0%
could possibly continue accreating
 

17:56.943 --> 17:59.813 align:start position:0%
could possibly continue accreating
matter<00:18:32.240><c> until</c><00:18:32.640><c> they</c><00:18:32.880><c> reach</c><00:18:33.280><c> stellar</c><00:18:33.760><c> masses</c>

17:59.813 --> 17:59.823 align:start position:0%
matter until they reach stellar masses
 

17:59.823 --> 18:03.973 align:start position:0%
matter until they reach stellar masses
or<00:18:34.799><c> even</c><00:18:35.440><c> turn</c><00:18:35.919><c> into</c><00:18:36.400><c> stars.</c><00:18:37.679><c> Now,</c><00:18:38.320><c> this</c>

18:03.973 --> 18:03.983 align:start position:0%
or even turn into stars. Now, this
 

18:03.983 --> 18:06.453 align:start position:0%
or even turn into stars. Now, this
concept<00:18:39.039><c> of</c><00:18:39.360><c> black</c><00:18:39.600><c> hole</c><00:18:40.000><c> planets</c><00:18:40.400><c> forming</c>

18:06.453 --> 18:06.463 align:start position:0%
concept of black hole planets forming
 

18:06.463 --> 18:10.372 align:start position:0%
concept of black hole planets forming
isn't<00:18:41.600><c> exactly</c><00:18:42.000><c> new.</c><00:18:42.720><c> A</c><00:18:43.039><c> 2020</c><00:18:43.679><c> paper</c><00:18:44.320><c> led</c><00:18:44.559><c> by</c>

18:10.372 --> 18:10.382 align:start position:0%
isn't exactly new. A 2020 paper led by
 

18:10.382 --> 18:12.773 align:start position:0%
isn't exactly new. A 2020 paper led by
Kayichi<00:18:45.679><c> Wada</c><00:18:46.240><c> first</c><00:18:46.559><c> coined</c><00:18:46.880><c> the</c><00:18:47.120><c> term</c>

18:12.773 --> 18:12.783 align:start position:0%
Kayichi Wada first coined the term
 

18:12.783 --> 18:16.132 align:start position:0%
Kayichi Wada first coined the term
planet<00:18:48.160><c> or</c><00:18:48.640><c> black</c><00:18:48.960><c> hole</c><00:18:49.360><c> planet.</c><00:18:50.160><c> They</c><00:18:50.400><c> used</c><00:18:50.559><c> a</c>

18:16.132 --> 18:16.142 align:start position:0%
planet or black hole planet. They used a
 

18:16.142 --> 18:17.973 align:start position:0%
planet or black hole planet. They used a
different<00:18:51.039><c> approach</c><00:18:51.360><c> than</c><00:18:51.520><c> Misra</c><00:18:52.160><c> but</c><00:18:52.480><c> came</c>

18:17.973 --> 18:17.983 align:start position:0%
different approach than Misra but came
 

18:17.983 --> 18:19.813 align:start position:0%
different approach than Misra but came
to<00:18:52.880><c> the</c><00:18:53.039><c> same</c><00:18:53.200><c> conclusion</c><00:18:53.818><c> [music]</c><00:18:54.000><c> that</c><00:18:54.240><c> the</c>

18:19.813 --> 18:19.823 align:start position:0%
to the same conclusion [music] that the
 

18:19.823 --> 18:22.613 align:start position:0%
to the same conclusion [music] that the
outskirts<00:18:55.039><c> of</c><00:18:55.120><c> the</c><00:18:55.280><c> Aian</c><00:18:55.840><c> Taurus</c><00:18:56.400><c> could</c><00:18:57.039><c> in</c>

18:22.613 --> 18:22.623 align:start position:0%
outskirts of the Aian Taurus could in
 

18:22.623 --> 18:25.813 align:start position:0%
outskirts of the Aian Taurus could in
theory<00:18:58.080><c> birth</c><00:18:58.400><c> planets.</c><00:18:59.520><c> The</c><00:18:59.760><c> key</c><00:19:00.000><c> constraint</c>

18:25.813 --> 18:25.823 align:start position:0%
theory birth planets. The key constraint
 

18:25.823 --> 18:27.666 align:start position:0%
theory birth planets. The key constraint
Wada<00:19:00.880><c> and</c><00:19:01.039><c> his</c><00:19:01.200><c> team</c><00:19:01.440><c> highlight</c><00:19:01.919><c> though</c><00:19:02.240><c> is</c>

18:27.666 --> 18:27.676 align:start position:0%
Wada and his team highlight though is
 

18:27.676 --> 18:29.493 align:start position:0%
Wada and his team highlight though is
[music]<00:19:02.480><c> the</c><00:19:02.720><c> balance</c><00:19:03.039><c> between</c><00:19:03.360><c> the</c><00:19:03.600><c> rate</c><00:19:03.840><c> of</c>

18:29.493 --> 18:29.503 align:start position:0%
[music] the balance between the rate of
 

18:29.503 --> 18:31.733 align:start position:0%
[music] the balance between the rate of
collision<00:19:04.480><c> of</c><00:19:04.720><c> particles</c><00:19:05.440><c> and</c><00:19:05.679><c> the</c><00:19:05.919><c> lifetime</c>

18:31.733 --> 18:31.743 align:start position:0%
collision of particles and the lifetime
 

18:31.743 --> 18:34.533 align:start position:0%
collision of particles and the lifetime
of<00:19:06.559><c> the</c><00:19:06.720><c> AGN</c><00:19:07.280><c> itself</c><00:19:07.919><c> which</c><00:19:08.160><c> he</c><00:19:08.400><c> estimates</c><00:19:08.960><c> to</c>

18:34.533 --> 18:34.543 align:start position:0%
of the AGN itself which he estimates to
 

18:34.543 --> 18:37.333 align:start position:0%
of the AGN itself which he estimates to
be<00:19:09.600><c> 100</c><00:19:10.080><c> million</c><00:19:10.480><c> years.</c><00:19:11.280><c> If</c><00:19:11.440><c> the</c><00:19:11.600><c> planets</c>

18:37.333 --> 18:37.343 align:start position:0%
be 100 million years. If the planets
 

18:37.343 --> 18:39.413 align:start position:0%
be 100 million years. If the planets
can't<00:19:12.160><c> form</c><00:19:12.480><c> within</c><00:19:12.880><c> that</c><00:19:13.039><c> time</c><00:19:13.280><c> frame,</c><00:19:13.840><c> their</c>

18:39.413 --> 18:39.423 align:start position:0%
can't form within that time frame, their
 

18:39.423 --> 18:41.733 align:start position:0%
can't form within that time frame, their
existence<00:19:14.640><c> obviously</c><00:19:15.039><c> wouldn't</c><00:19:15.360><c> be</c><00:19:15.520><c> viable.</c>

18:41.733 --> 18:41.743 align:start position:0%
existence obviously wouldn't be viable.
 

18:41.743 --> 18:43.733 align:start position:0%
existence obviously wouldn't be viable.
But<00:19:16.559><c> let's</c><00:19:16.799><c> assume</c><00:19:17.039><c> they</c><00:19:17.360><c> can.</c><00:19:17.840><c> After</c><00:19:18.080><c> all,</c>

18:43.733 --> 18:43.743 align:start position:0%
But let's assume they can. After all,
 

18:43.743 --> 18:45.573 align:start position:0%
But let's assume they can. After all,
some<00:19:18.640><c> studies</c><00:19:18.960><c> suggest</c><00:19:19.360><c> it</c><00:19:19.600><c> took</c><00:19:19.840><c> as</c><00:19:20.000><c> little</c>

18:45.573 --> 18:45.583 align:start position:0%
some studies suggest it took as little
 

18:45.583 --> 18:47.973 align:start position:0%
some studies suggest it took as little
as<00:19:20.480><c> 10</c><00:19:20.799><c> million</c><00:19:21.200><c> years</c><00:19:21.440><c> for</c><00:19:21.679><c> our</c><00:19:21.919><c> own</c><00:19:22.160><c> Earth</c><00:19:22.400><c> to</c>

18:47.973 --> 18:47.983 align:start position:0%
as 10 million years for our own Earth to
 

18:47.983 --> 18:50.293 align:start position:0%
as 10 million years for our own Earth to
take<00:19:22.799><c> shape.</c><00:19:23.760><c> And</c><00:19:24.000><c> if</c><00:19:24.240><c> the</c><00:19:24.480><c> center</c><00:19:24.720><c> of</c><00:19:24.799><c> the</c>

18:50.293 --> 18:50.303 align:start position:0%
take shape. And if the center of the
 

18:50.303 --> 18:52.213 align:start position:0%
take shape. And if the center of the
galaxy<00:19:25.520><c> is</c><00:19:25.919><c> filled</c><00:19:26.240><c> with</c><00:19:26.480><c> countless</c><00:19:26.568><c> [music]</c>

18:52.213 --> 18:52.223 align:start position:0%
galaxy is filled with countless [music]
 

18:52.223 --> 18:55.173 align:start position:0%
galaxy is filled with countless [music]
new<00:19:27.039><c> worlds,</c><00:19:27.919><c> I</c><00:19:28.160><c> want</c><00:19:28.320><c> to</c><00:19:28.480><c> know</c><00:19:29.280><c> what</c><00:19:29.520><c> would</c>

18:55.173 --> 18:55.183 align:start position:0%
new worlds, I want to know what would
 

18:55.183 --> 18:58.372 align:start position:0%
new worlds, I want to know what would
standing<00:19:30.240><c> on</c><00:19:30.480><c> the</c><00:19:30.720><c> surface</c><00:19:31.120><c> of</c><00:19:31.360><c> one</c><00:19:31.840><c> be</c><00:19:32.080><c> like,</c>

18:58.372 --> 18:58.382 align:start position:0%
standing on the surface of one be like,
 

18:58.382 --> 19:00.453 align:start position:0%
standing on the surface of one be like,
what<00:19:33.200><c> would</c><00:19:33.360><c> you</c><00:19:33.520><c> see</c><00:19:33.679><c> in</c><00:19:33.840><c> the</c><00:19:34.000><c> sky?</c><00:19:34.799><c> Would</c>

19:00.453 --> 19:00.463 align:start position:0%
what would you see in the sky? Would
 

19:00.463 --> 19:02.933 align:start position:0%
what would you see in the sky? Would
being<00:19:35.440><c> on</c><00:19:35.679><c> one</c><00:19:35.840><c> of</c><00:19:36.000><c> these</c><00:19:36.240><c> worlds</c><00:19:36.880><c> be</c><00:19:37.120><c> even</c>

19:02.933 --> 19:02.943 align:start position:0%
being on one of these worlds be even
 

19:02.943 --> 19:07.733 align:start position:0%
being on one of these worlds be even
remotely<00:19:38.320><c> like</c><00:19:38.559><c> our</c><00:19:38.880><c> planetary</c><00:19:39.360><c> experience?</c>

19:07.733 --> 19:07.743 align:start position:0%
 
 

19:07.743 --> 19:10.053 align:start position:0%
 
Looking<00:19:42.720><c> up</c><00:19:42.880><c> from</c><00:19:43.120><c> the</c><00:19:43.280><c> surface</c><00:19:43.520><c> of</c><00:19:43.679><c> a</c><00:19:43.919><c> planet,</c>

19:10.053 --> 19:10.063 align:start position:0%
Looking up from the surface of a planet,
 

19:10.063 --> 19:13.093 align:start position:0%
Looking up from the surface of a planet,
the<00:19:44.960><c> first</c><00:19:45.120><c> thing</c><00:19:45.280><c> you'd</c><00:19:45.679><c> notice</c><00:19:46.080><c> is</c><00:19:46.480><c> the</c><00:19:46.799><c> sky.</c>

19:13.093 --> 19:13.103 align:start position:0%
the first thing you'd notice is the sky.
 

19:13.103 --> 19:15.733 align:start position:0%
the first thing you'd notice is the sky.
It<00:19:48.000><c> looks</c><00:19:48.240><c> like</c><00:19:48.559><c> a</c><00:19:48.880><c> dark</c><00:19:49.280><c> street</c><00:19:49.600><c> on</c><00:19:49.840><c> a</c><00:19:50.000><c> foggy</c>

19:15.733 --> 19:15.743 align:start position:0%
It looks like a dark street on a foggy
 

19:15.743 --> 19:18.853 align:start position:0%
It looks like a dark street on a foggy
day,<00:19:51.120><c> illuminated</c><00:19:51.679><c> by</c><00:19:51.919><c> the</c><00:19:52.080><c> hazy</c><00:19:53.039><c> orangey</c>

19:18.853 --> 19:18.863 align:start position:0%
day, illuminated by the hazy orangey
 

19:18.863 --> 19:21.973 align:start position:0%
day, illuminated by the hazy orangey
glow<00:19:54.000><c> of</c><00:19:54.240><c> a</c><00:19:54.400><c> faded</c><00:19:54.799><c> street</c><00:19:55.120><c> lamp.</c><00:19:56.160><c> Since</c><00:19:56.400><c> the</c>

19:21.973 --> 19:21.983 align:start position:0%
glow of a faded street lamp. Since the
 

19:21.983 --> 19:24.372 align:start position:0%
glow of a faded street lamp. Since the
outer<00:19:56.960><c> edges</c><00:19:57.200><c> of</c><00:19:57.280><c> the</c><00:19:57.440><c> AGN</c><00:19:57.919><c> Taus</c><00:19:58.400><c> contain</c><00:19:58.799><c> a</c>

19:24.372 --> 19:24.382 align:start position:0%
outer edges of the AGN Taus contain a
 

19:24.382 --> 19:26.933 align:start position:0%
outer edges of the AGN Taus contain a
lot<00:19:59.200><c> of</c><00:19:59.360><c> dust,</c><00:20:00.160><c> you</c><00:20:00.320><c> wouldn't</c><00:20:00.559><c> see</c><00:20:00.799><c> an</c><00:20:01.039><c> inky</c>

19:26.933 --> 19:26.943 align:start position:0%
lot of dust, you wouldn't see an inky
 

19:26.943 --> 19:29.413 align:start position:0%
lot of dust, you wouldn't see an inky
black<00:20:01.919><c> sky</c><00:20:02.240><c> like</c><00:20:02.400><c> we</c><00:20:02.559><c> do</c><00:20:02.720><c> on</c><00:20:02.960><c> Earth.</c><00:20:03.679><c> Instead,</c>

19:29.413 --> 19:29.423 align:start position:0%
black sky like we do on Earth. Instead,
 

19:29.423 --> 19:31.201 align:start position:0%
black sky like we do on Earth. Instead,
the<00:20:04.240><c> radiation</c><00:20:04.720><c> from</c><00:20:04.880><c> the</c><00:20:05.039><c> accretion</c><00:20:05.520><c> disc</c>

19:31.201 --> 19:31.211 align:start position:0%
the radiation from the accretion disc
 

19:31.211 --> 19:32.933 align:start position:0%
the radiation from the accretion disc
[music]<00:20:06.000><c> would</c><00:20:06.240><c> be</c><00:20:06.400><c> scattered</c><00:20:06.880><c> across</c><00:20:07.280><c> the</c>

19:32.933 --> 19:32.943 align:start position:0%
[music] would be scattered across the
 

19:32.943 --> 19:36.773 align:start position:0%
[music] would be scattered across the
whole<00:20:07.919><c> sky</c><00:20:08.559><c> in</c><00:20:08.799><c> a</c><00:20:09.039><c> warm</c><00:20:09.679><c> toned</c><00:20:10.160><c> glow.</c><00:20:11.039><c> And</c><00:20:11.280><c> no</c>

19:36.773 --> 19:36.783 align:start position:0%
whole sky in a warm toned glow. And no
 

19:36.783 --> 19:38.406 align:start position:0%
whole sky in a warm toned glow. And no
matter<00:20:11.840><c> how</c><00:20:12.160><c> long</c><00:20:12.320><c> of</c><00:20:12.480><c> a</c><00:20:12.640><c> time-lapse</c><00:20:13.039><c> you</c>

19:38.406 --> 19:38.416 align:start position:0%
matter how long of a time-lapse you
 

19:38.416 --> 19:40.773 align:start position:0%
matter how long of a time-lapse you
[music]<00:20:13.280><c> filmed,</c><00:20:13.919><c> the</c><00:20:14.160><c> sky</c><00:20:14.480><c> would</c><00:20:14.720><c> appear</c>

19:40.773 --> 19:40.783 align:start position:0%
[music] filmed, the sky would appear
 

19:40.783 --> 19:43.813 align:start position:0%
[music] filmed, the sky would appear
unchanged.<00:20:16.799><c> When</c><00:20:16.960><c> you're</c><00:20:17.200><c> this</c><00:20:17.440><c> far</c><00:20:17.679><c> out,</c><00:20:18.240><c> a</c>

19:43.813 --> 19:43.823 align:start position:0%
unchanged. When you're this far out, a
 

19:43.823 --> 19:46.132 align:start position:0%
unchanged. When you're this far out, a
full<00:20:18.720><c> orbit</c><00:20:19.200><c> around</c><00:20:19.440><c> your</c><00:20:19.679><c> black</c><00:20:19.919><c> hole</c><00:20:20.480><c> would</c>

19:46.132 --> 19:46.142 align:start position:0%
full orbit around your black hole would
 

19:46.142 --> 19:49.493 align:start position:0%
full orbit around your black hole would
take<00:20:21.120><c> a</c><00:20:21.520><c> million</c><00:20:22.080><c> Earth</c><00:20:22.400><c> years.</c><00:20:23.360><c> Any</c><00:20:23.679><c> seasonal</c>

19:49.493 --> 19:49.503 align:start position:0%
take a million Earth years. Any seasonal
 

19:49.503 --> 19:52.613 align:start position:0%
take a million Earth years. Any seasonal
changes<00:20:24.559><c> would</c><00:20:24.799><c> unfold</c><00:20:25.600><c> incredibly</c><00:20:26.400><c> slowly.</c>

19:52.613 --> 19:52.623 align:start position:0%
changes would unfold incredibly slowly.
 

19:52.623 --> 19:54.933 align:start position:0%
changes would unfold incredibly slowly.
You<00:20:27.520><c> could</c><00:20:27.679><c> live</c><00:20:28.000><c> for</c><00:20:28.320><c> generations</c><00:20:29.200><c> without</c>

19:54.933 --> 19:54.943 align:start position:0%
You could live for generations without
 

19:54.943 --> 19:57.333 align:start position:0%
You could live for generations without
noticing<00:20:30.000><c> a</c><00:20:30.240><c> difference.</c><00:20:31.120><c> On</c><00:20:31.360><c> Earth,</c><00:20:31.760><c> our</c>

19:57.333 --> 19:57.343 align:start position:0%
noticing a difference. On Earth, our
 

19:57.343 --> 19:59.413 align:start position:0%
noticing a difference. On Earth, our
biology<00:20:32.480><c> is</c><00:20:32.640><c> wired</c><00:20:32.960><c> to</c><00:20:33.120><c> be</c><00:20:33.200><c> calibrated</c><00:20:33.760><c> to</c><00:20:33.919><c> a</c>

19:59.413 --> 19:59.423 align:start position:0%
biology is wired to be calibrated to a
 

19:59.423 --> 20:02.213 align:start position:0%
biology is wired to be calibrated to a
central<00:20:34.480><c> star.</c><00:20:35.360><c> But</c><00:20:35.600><c> here,</c><00:20:36.159><c> there's</c><00:20:36.559><c> nothing</c>

20:02.213 --> 20:02.223 align:start position:0%
central star. But here, there's nothing
 

20:02.223 --> 20:05.733 align:start position:0%
central star. But here, there's nothing
to<00:20:37.120><c> calibrate</c><00:20:37.679><c> to</c><00:20:38.159><c> but</c><00:20:38.400><c> a</c><00:20:38.559><c> glowing</c><00:20:39.039><c> sky.</c><00:20:40.080><c> Look</c>

20:05.733 --> 20:05.743 align:start position:0%
to calibrate to but a glowing sky. Look
 

20:05.743 --> 20:07.573 align:start position:0%
to calibrate to but a glowing sky. Look
down<00:20:40.559><c> and</c><00:20:40.799><c> you'll</c><00:20:41.039><c> see</c><00:20:41.280><c> you're</c><00:20:41.520><c> standing</c><00:20:41.760><c> on</c><00:20:42.000><c> a</c>

20:07.573 --> 20:07.583 align:start position:0%
down and you'll see you're standing on a
 

20:07.583 --> 20:10.853 align:start position:0%
down and you'll see you're standing on a
world<00:20:42.559><c> of</c><00:20:42.799><c> pure</c><00:20:43.280><c> dust.</c><00:20:44.400><c> Misra</c><00:20:44.960><c> speculates</c>

20:10.853 --> 20:10.863 align:start position:0%
world of pure dust. Misra speculates
 

20:10.863 --> 20:13.093 align:start position:0%
world of pure dust. Misra speculates
planets<00:20:46.000><c> would</c><00:20:46.159><c> be</c><00:20:46.320><c> made</c><00:20:46.480><c> of</c><00:20:46.720><c> silicates</c><00:20:47.440><c> all</c>

20:13.093 --> 20:13.103 align:start position:0%
planets would be made of silicates all
 

20:13.103 --> 20:15.492 align:start position:0%
planets would be made of silicates all
the<00:20:48.000><c> way</c><00:20:48.240><c> through</c><00:20:48.960><c> and</c><00:20:49.120><c> that</c><00:20:49.360><c> the</c><00:20:49.520><c> radioactive</c>

20:15.492 --> 20:15.502 align:start position:0%
the way through and that the radioactive
 

20:15.502 --> 20:17.973 align:start position:0%
the way through and that the radioactive
decay<00:20:50.480><c> of</c><00:20:50.720><c> short-lived</c><00:20:51.280><c> isotopes</c><00:20:52.159><c> heats</c><00:20:52.480><c> them</c>

20:17.973 --> 20:17.983 align:start position:0%
decay of short-lived isotopes heats them
 

20:17.983 --> 20:19.653 align:start position:0%
decay of short-lived isotopes heats them
internally<00:20:53.200><c> enough</c><00:20:53.440><c> to</c><00:20:53.679><c> melt</c><00:20:53.919><c> through</c><00:20:54.080><c> the</c>

20:19.653 --> 20:19.663 align:start position:0%
internally enough to melt through the
 

20:19.663 --> 20:22.533 align:start position:0%
internally enough to melt through the
silicut<00:20:54.799><c> themselves,</c><00:20:55.600><c> giving</c><00:20:55.919><c> our</c><00:20:56.240><c> planet</c><00:20:56.880><c> a</c>

20:22.533 --> 20:22.543 align:start position:0%
silicut themselves, giving our planet a
 

20:22.543 --> 20:26.293 align:start position:0%
silicut themselves, giving our planet a
magma<00:20:57.760><c> ocean</c><00:20:58.400><c> under</c><00:20:58.880><c> an</c><00:20:59.200><c> outgmosphere.</c>

20:26.293 --> 20:26.303 align:start position:0%
magma ocean under an outgmosphere.
 

20:26.303 --> 20:27.892 align:start position:0%
magma ocean under an outgmosphere.
In<00:21:01.200><c> his</c><00:21:01.360><c> own</c><00:21:01.544><c> [music]</c><00:21:01.600><c> words,</c><00:21:02.080><c> Mishra</c>

20:27.892 --> 20:27.902 align:start position:0%
In his own [music] words, Mishra
 

20:27.902 --> 20:30.773 align:start position:0%
In his own [music] words, Mishra
describes<00:21:02.960><c> them</c><00:21:03.200><c> as</c><00:21:03.679><c> dust</c><00:21:04.240><c> giants</c><00:21:04.799><c> exceeding</c>

20:30.773 --> 20:30.783 align:start position:0%
describes them as dust giants exceeding
 

20:30.783 --> 20:34.053 align:start position:0%
describes them as dust giants exceeding
Jupiter's<00:21:06.000><c> mass.</c><00:21:06.880><c> They</c><00:21:07.200><c> will</c><00:21:07.440><c> look</c><00:21:07.919><c> like</c><00:21:08.240><c> lava</c>

20:34.053 --> 20:34.063 align:start position:0%
Jupiter's mass. They will look like lava
 

20:34.063 --> 20:36.453 align:start position:0%
Jupiter's mass. They will look like lava
balls<00:21:09.679><c> and</c><00:21:09.919><c> yet</c><00:21:10.059><c> [music]</c><00:21:10.240><c> their</c><00:21:10.559><c> surroundings</c>

20:36.453 --> 20:36.463 align:start position:0%
balls and yet [music] their surroundings
 

20:36.463 --> 20:39.492 align:start position:0%
balls and yet [music] their surroundings
would<00:21:11.440><c> be</c><00:21:11.760><c> surprisingly</c><00:21:12.559><c> cold.</c><00:21:13.679><c> Temperatures</c>

20:39.492 --> 20:39.502 align:start position:0%
would be surprisingly cold. Temperatures
 

20:39.502 --> 20:41.733 align:start position:0%
would be surprisingly cold. Temperatures
out<00:21:14.400><c> here</c><00:21:14.720><c> drop</c><00:21:15.120><c> significantly</c><00:21:15.840><c> for</c><00:21:16.159><c> three</c>

20:41.733 --> 20:41.743 align:start position:0%
out here drop significantly for three
 

20:41.743 --> 20:44.372 align:start position:0%
out here drop significantly for three
main<00:21:16.720><c> reasons.</c><00:21:17.760><c> Firstly,</c><00:21:18.240><c> this</c><00:21:18.480><c> region</c><00:21:18.720><c> is</c>

20:44.372 --> 20:44.382 align:start position:0%
main reasons. Firstly, this region is
 

20:44.382 --> 20:46.053 align:start position:0%
main reasons. Firstly, this region is
thousands<00:21:19.520><c> of</c><00:21:19.679><c> times</c><00:21:19.919><c> further</c><00:21:20.159><c> out</c><00:21:20.400><c> than</c><00:21:20.559><c> the</c>

20:46.053 --> 20:46.063 align:start position:0%
thousands of times further out than the
 

20:46.063 --> 20:48.053 align:start position:0%
thousands of times further out than the
blazing<00:21:21.120><c> hot</c><00:21:21.280><c> inner</c><00:21:21.600><c> disc</c><00:21:22.000><c> where</c><00:21:22.320><c> all</c><00:21:22.559><c> the</c>

20:48.053 --> 20:48.063 align:start position:0%
blazing hot inner disc where all the
 

20:48.063 --> 20:50.613 align:start position:0%
blazing hot inner disc where all the
energy<00:21:23.039><c> is</c><00:21:23.280><c> generated.</c><00:21:24.559><c> Secondly,</c><00:21:25.039><c> the</c>

20:50.613 --> 20:50.623 align:start position:0%
energy is generated. Secondly, the
 

20:50.623 --> 20:52.453 align:start position:0%
energy is generated. Secondly, the
majority<00:21:25.679><c> of</c><00:21:25.840><c> that</c><00:21:26.080><c> radiation</c><00:21:26.559><c> is</c><00:21:26.799><c> released</c>

20:52.453 --> 20:52.463 align:start position:0%
majority of that radiation is released
 

20:52.463 --> 20:54.372 align:start position:0%
majority of that radiation is released
in<00:21:27.360><c> the</c><00:21:27.520><c> orientation</c><00:21:28.000><c> of</c><00:21:28.159><c> the</c><00:21:28.320><c> poles</c><00:21:28.720><c> of</c><00:21:28.880><c> the</c>

20:54.372 --> 20:54.382 align:start position:0%
in the orientation of the poles of the
 

20:54.382 --> 20:56.132 align:start position:0%
in the orientation of the poles of the
black<00:21:29.200><c> hole,</c><00:21:29.709><c> [music]</c><00:21:29.840><c> not</c><00:21:30.159><c> horizontally</c>

20:56.132 --> 20:56.142 align:start position:0%
black hole, [music] not horizontally
 

20:56.142 --> 20:58.693 align:start position:0%
black hole, [music] not horizontally
through<00:21:31.039><c> the</c><00:21:31.200><c> disc.</c><00:21:32.000><c> And</c><00:21:32.320><c> finally,</c><00:21:33.039><c> any</c>

20:58.693 --> 20:58.703 align:start position:0%
through the disc. And finally, any
 

20:58.703 --> 21:01.093 align:start position:0%
through the disc. And finally, any
radiation<00:21:33.840><c> that</c><00:21:34.080><c> does</c><00:21:34.400><c> head</c><00:21:34.720><c> this</c><00:21:34.960><c> way</c><00:21:35.280><c> has</c><00:21:35.600><c> to</c>

21:01.093 --> 21:01.103 align:start position:0%
radiation that does head this way has to
 

21:01.103 --> 21:03.492 align:start position:0%
radiation that does head this way has to
fight<00:21:36.000><c> through</c><00:21:36.480><c> everything</c><00:21:36.960><c> in</c><00:21:37.200><c> between.</c>

21:03.492 --> 21:03.502 align:start position:0%
fight through everything in between.
 

21:03.502 --> 21:05.413 align:start position:0%
fight through everything in between.
Layer<00:21:38.559><c> after</c><00:21:38.879><c> [music]</c><00:21:39.120><c> layer</c><00:21:39.280><c> of</c><00:21:39.520><c> dust</c><00:21:39.840><c> and</c>

21:05.413 --> 21:05.423 align:start position:0%
Layer after [music] layer of dust and
 

21:05.423 --> 21:08.132 align:start position:0%
Layer after [music] layer of dust and
gas<00:21:40.640><c> absorbs</c><00:21:41.120><c> it</c><00:21:41.360><c> on</c><00:21:41.520><c> the</c><00:21:41.600><c> way</c><00:21:41.760><c> out.</c><00:21:42.480><c> Many</c><00:21:42.640><c> of</c>

21:08.132 --> 21:08.142 align:start position:0%
gas absorbs it on the way out. Many of
 

21:08.142 --> 21:10.213 align:start position:0%
gas absorbs it on the way out. Many of
these<00:21:43.039><c> dusty</c><00:21:43.465><c> [music]</c><00:21:43.520><c> toy</c><00:21:44.080><c> are</c><00:21:44.240><c> so</c><00:21:44.480><c> thick</c>

21:10.213 --> 21:10.223 align:start position:0%
these dusty [music] toy are so thick
 

21:10.223 --> 21:12.293 align:start position:0%
these dusty [music] toy are so thick
that<00:21:45.200><c> even</c><00:21:45.600><c> X-rays</c><00:21:46.240><c> struggle</c><00:21:46.640><c> to</c><00:21:46.799><c> get</c>

21:12.293 --> 21:12.303 align:start position:0%
that even X-rays struggle to get
 

21:12.303 --> 21:15.093 align:start position:0%
that even X-rays struggle to get
through.<00:21:47.840><c> So</c><00:21:48.080><c> by</c><00:21:48.240><c> the</c><00:21:48.480><c> time</c><00:21:48.720><c> any</c><00:21:49.039><c> of</c><00:21:49.280><c> that</c><00:21:49.520><c> heat</c>

21:15.093 --> 21:15.103 align:start position:0%
through. So by the time any of that heat
 

21:15.103 --> 21:17.813 align:start position:0%
through. So by the time any of that heat
reaches<00:21:50.159><c> us,</c><00:21:50.720><c> most</c><00:21:50.960><c> of</c><00:21:51.120><c> it</c><00:21:51.360><c> has</c><00:21:51.679><c> already</c><00:21:52.240><c> been</c>

21:17.813 --> 21:17.823 align:start position:0%
reaches us, most of it has already been
 

21:17.823 --> 21:20.213 align:start position:0%
reaches us, most of it has already been
absorbed.<00:21:53.440><c> For</c><00:21:53.600><c> a</c><00:21:53.760><c> central</c><00:21:54.080><c> black</c><00:21:54.320><c> hole</c><00:21:54.559><c> with</c>

21:20.213 --> 21:20.223 align:start position:0%
absorbed. For a central black hole with
 

21:20.223 --> 21:22.613 align:start position:0%
absorbed. For a central black hole with
the<00:21:55.039><c> mass</c><00:21:55.280><c> of</c><00:21:55.440><c> a</c><00:21:55.760><c> billion</c><00:21:56.240><c> suns,</c><00:21:57.039><c> the</c>

21:22.613 --> 21:22.623 align:start position:0%
the mass of a billion suns, the
 

21:22.623 --> 21:24.533 align:start position:0%
the mass of a billion suns, the
temperature<00:21:57.679><c> in</c><00:21:57.840><c> the</c><00:21:58.000><c> area</c><00:21:58.400><c> surrounding</c><00:21:58.960><c> our</c>

21:24.533 --> 21:24.543 align:start position:0%
temperature in the area surrounding our
 

21:24.543 --> 21:26.933 align:start position:0%
temperature in the area surrounding our
planet<00:21:59.919><c> would</c><00:22:00.159><c> be</c><00:22:00.320><c> a</c><00:22:00.559><c> bone</c><00:22:00.880><c> chilling</c>

21:26.933 --> 21:26.943 align:start position:0%
planet would be a bone chilling
 

21:26.943 --> 21:30.613 align:start position:0%
planet would be a bone chilling
minus73°.<00:22:01.805><c> [music]</c>

21:30.613 --> 21:30.623 align:start position:0%
 
 

21:30.623 --> 21:33.892 align:start position:0%
 
So,<00:22:05.600><c> a</c><00:22:05.840><c> world</c><00:22:06.159><c> in</c><00:22:06.400><c> an</c><00:22:06.640><c> environment</c><00:22:07.280><c> around</c>

21:33.892 --> 21:33.902 align:start position:0%
So, a world in an environment around
 

21:33.902 --> 21:34.933 align:start position:0%
So, a world in an environment around
173°<00:22:09.010><c> [music]</c>

21:34.933 --> 21:34.943 align:start position:0%
173° [music]
 

21:34.943 --> 21:38.132 align:start position:0%
173° [music]
below<00:22:10.080><c> zero,</c><00:22:10.720><c> but</c><00:22:11.039><c> molten</c><00:22:11.600><c> underneath,</c><00:22:12.559><c> can</c>

21:38.132 --> 21:38.142 align:start position:0%
below zero, but molten underneath, can
 

21:38.142 --> 21:40.773 align:start position:0%
below zero, but molten underneath, can
only<00:22:13.039><c> mean</c><00:22:13.280><c> one</c><00:22:13.600><c> thing.</c><00:22:14.240><c> The</c><00:22:14.480><c> heat</c><00:22:14.799><c> comes</c><00:22:15.200><c> from</c>

21:40.773 --> 21:40.783 align:start position:0%
only mean one thing. The heat comes from
 

21:40.783 --> 21:44.933 align:start position:0%
only mean one thing. The heat comes from
inside,<00:22:16.400><c> not</c><00:22:16.640><c> above.</c><00:22:17.919><c> This</c><00:22:18.400><c> is</c><00:22:18.880><c> fundamentally</c>

21:44.933 --> 21:44.943 align:start position:0%
inside, not above. This is fundamentally
 

21:44.943 --> 21:46.853 align:start position:0%
inside, not above. This is fundamentally
different<00:22:19.840><c> from</c><00:22:20.159><c> any</c><00:22:20.480><c> terrestrial</c><00:22:21.039><c> planet</c><00:22:21.360><c> in</c>

21:46.853 --> 21:46.863 align:start position:0%
different from any terrestrial planet in
 

21:46.863 --> 21:49.252 align:start position:0%
different from any terrestrial planet in
our<00:22:21.679><c> solar</c><00:22:22.000><c> system</c><00:22:22.559><c> where</c><00:22:22.799><c> the</c><00:22:23.039><c> vast</c><00:22:23.520><c> majority</c>

21:49.252 --> 21:49.262 align:start position:0%
our solar system where the vast majority
 

21:49.262 --> 21:51.573 align:start position:0%
our solar system where the vast majority
of<00:22:24.000><c> the</c><00:22:24.159><c> heat</c><00:22:24.559><c> comes</c><00:22:24.799><c> from</c><00:22:25.039><c> the</c><00:22:25.280><c> outside</c><00:22:26.000><c> from</c>

21:51.573 --> 21:51.583 align:start position:0%
of the heat comes from the outside from
 

21:51.583 --> 21:54.372 align:start position:0%
of the heat comes from the outside from
our<00:22:26.480><c> sun.</c><00:22:27.760><c> And</c><00:22:28.000><c> what</c><00:22:28.159><c> if</c><00:22:28.400><c> we</c><00:22:28.559><c> wanted</c><00:22:28.799><c> to</c>

21:54.372 --> 21:54.382 align:start position:0%
our sun. And what if we wanted to
 

21:54.382 --> 21:56.372 align:start position:0%
our sun. And what if we wanted to
explore<00:22:29.440><c> the</c><00:22:29.679><c> neighboring</c><00:22:30.159><c> planets</c><00:22:30.559><c> in</c><00:22:30.799><c> our</c>

21:56.372 --> 21:56.382 align:start position:0%
explore the neighboring planets in our
 

21:56.382 --> 21:59.012 align:start position:0%
explore the neighboring planets in our
planetary<00:22:31.520><c> system?</c><00:22:32.480><c> Well,</c><00:22:33.039><c> we'd</c><00:22:33.440><c> need</c><00:22:33.520><c> to</c>

21:59.012 --> 21:59.022 align:start position:0%
planetary system? Well, we'd need to
 

21:59.022 --> 22:00.613 align:start position:0%
planetary system? Well, we'd need to
invent<00:22:34.080><c> some</c><00:22:34.320><c> kind</c><00:22:34.480><c> of</c><00:22:34.555><c> [music]</c><00:22:34.880><c> near</c>

22:00.613 --> 22:00.623 align:start position:0%
invent some kind of [music] near
 

22:00.623 --> 22:03.012 align:start position:0%
invent some kind of [music] near
lighteed<00:22:36.000><c> travel</c><00:22:36.799><c> because</c><00:22:37.039><c> the</c><00:22:37.360><c> nearest</c>

22:03.012 --> 22:03.022 align:start position:0%
lighteed travel because the nearest
 

22:03.022 --> 22:05.573 align:start position:0%
lighteed travel because the nearest
other<00:22:38.000><c> planet</c><00:22:38.640><c> would</c><00:22:38.960><c> likely</c><00:22:39.360><c> be</c><00:22:39.760><c> several</c>

22:05.573 --> 22:05.583 align:start position:0%
other planet would likely be several
 

22:05.583 --> 22:08.372 align:start position:0%
other planet would likely be several
light<00:22:40.559><c> years</c><00:22:40.799><c> away.</c><00:22:41.840><c> Planets</c><00:22:42.320><c> would</c><00:22:42.640><c> circle</c>

22:08.372 --> 22:08.382 align:start position:0%
light years away. Planets would circle
 

22:08.382 --> 22:10.213 align:start position:0%
light years away. Planets would circle
their<00:22:43.280><c> black</c><00:22:43.520><c> hole</c><00:22:43.760><c> at</c><00:22:43.919><c> vastly</c><00:22:44.480><c> greater</c>

22:10.213 --> 22:10.223 align:start position:0%
their black hole at vastly greater
 

22:10.223 --> 22:12.453 align:start position:0%
their black hole at vastly greater
distances<00:22:45.360><c> than</c><00:22:45.600><c> planets</c><00:22:46.000><c> orbit</c><00:22:46.320><c> their</c><00:22:46.480><c> stars</c>

22:12.453 --> 22:12.463 align:start position:0%
distances than planets orbit their stars
 

22:12.463 --> 22:14.773 align:start position:0%
distances than planets orbit their stars
with<00:22:47.440><c> individual</c><00:22:48.000><c> worlds</c><00:22:48.400><c> separated</c><00:22:48.960><c> by</c>

22:14.773 --> 22:14.783 align:start position:0%
with individual worlds separated by
 

22:14.783 --> 22:17.413 align:start position:0%
with individual worlds separated by
enormous<00:22:50.080><c> stretches</c><00:22:50.559><c> of</c><00:22:50.720><c> space</c><00:22:51.360><c> and</c><00:22:51.600><c> lying</c>

22:17.413 --> 22:17.423 align:start position:0%
enormous stretches of space and lying
 

22:17.423 --> 22:19.653 align:start position:0%
enormous stretches of space and lying
several<00:22:52.559><c> light</c><00:22:52.880><c> years</c><00:22:53.120><c> from</c><00:22:53.280><c> the</c><00:22:53.440><c> center.</c>

22:19.653 --> 22:19.663 align:start position:0%
several light years from the center.
 

22:19.663 --> 22:21.653 align:start position:0%
several light years from the center.
Beautifully<00:22:54.880><c> ironic</c><00:22:55.360><c> when</c><00:22:55.679><c> there</c><00:22:55.919><c> are</c>

22:21.653 --> 22:21.663 align:start position:0%
Beautifully ironic when there are
 

22:21.663 --> 22:23.653 align:start position:0%
Beautifully ironic when there are
possibly<00:22:56.825><c> [music]</c><00:22:56.960><c> millions</c><00:22:57.440><c> of</c><00:22:57.600><c> them</c><00:22:57.840><c> in</c><00:22:58.080><c> the</c>

22:23.653 --> 22:23.663 align:start position:0%
possibly [music] millions of them in the
 

22:23.663 --> 22:26.372 align:start position:0%
possibly [music] millions of them in the
same<00:22:58.480><c> Taurus,</c><00:22:59.120><c> isn't</c><00:22:59.360><c> it?</c><00:23:00.159><c> The</c><00:23:00.400><c> same</c><00:23:00.640><c> kind</c><00:23:00.799><c> of</c>

22:26.372 --> 22:26.382 align:start position:0%
same Taurus, isn't it? The same kind of
 

22:26.382 --> 22:29.653 align:start position:0%
same Taurus, isn't it? The same kind of
irony<00:23:01.760><c> taunts</c><00:23:02.159><c> us</c><00:23:02.320><c> here</c><00:23:02.480><c> on</c><00:23:02.720><c> Earth,</c><00:23:03.039><c> too.</c><00:23:04.080><c> If</c>

22:29.653 --> 22:29.663 align:start position:0%
irony taunts us here on Earth, too. If
 

22:29.663 --> 22:31.573 align:start position:0%
irony taunts us here on Earth, too. If
there<00:23:04.640><c> are</c><00:23:04.960><c> hundreds</c><00:23:05.440><c> of</c><00:23:05.679><c> billions</c><00:23:06.080><c> of</c>

22:31.573 --> 22:31.583 align:start position:0%
there are hundreds of billions of
 

22:31.583 --> 22:34.053 align:start position:0%
there are hundreds of billions of
galaxies<00:23:06.720><c> in</c><00:23:06.880><c> the</c><00:23:07.039><c> observable</c><00:23:07.679><c> universe,</c><00:23:08.480><c> and</c>

22:34.053 --> 22:34.063 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the observable universe, and
 

22:34.063 --> 22:37.012 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the observable universe, and
perhaps<00:23:09.360><c> 1</c><00:23:09.679><c> in</c><00:23:10.000><c> 10</c><00:23:10.400><c> is</c><00:23:10.720><c> active</c><00:23:11.039><c> at</c><00:23:11.200><c> a</c><00:23:11.440><c> given</c>

22:37.012 --> 22:37.022 align:start position:0%
perhaps 1 in 10 is active at a given
 

22:37.022 --> 22:40.533 align:start position:0%
perhaps 1 in 10 is active at a given
time,<00:23:12.480><c> hosting</c><00:23:13.200><c> millions</c><00:23:13.679><c> of</c><00:23:13.919><c> planets,</c><00:23:14.960><c> there</c>

22:40.533 --> 22:40.543 align:start position:0%
time, hosting millions of planets, there
 

22:40.543 --> 22:44.053 align:start position:0%
time, hosting millions of planets, there
are<00:23:15.679><c> about</c><00:23:16.240><c> 10</c><00:23:16.880><c> quadrillion</c><00:23:17.840><c> planets</c><00:23:18.480><c> out</c>

22:44.053 --> 22:44.063 align:start position:0%
are about 10 quadrillion planets out
 

22:44.063 --> 22:47.704 align:start position:0%
are about 10 quadrillion planets out
there.<00:23:19.760><c> That's</c><00:23:19.919><c> a</c><00:23:20.159><c> one</c><00:23:20.799><c> with</c><00:23:21.280><c> 16</c><00:23:21.919><c> zeros</c>

22:47.704 --> 22:47.714 align:start position:0%
there. That's a one with 16 zeros
 

22:47.714 --> 22:49.892 align:start position:0%
there. That's a one with 16 zeros
[music]<00:23:22.400><c> behind</c><00:23:22.799><c> it.</c><00:23:23.600><c> So</c><00:23:23.840><c> why</c><00:23:24.159><c> haven't</c><00:23:24.320><c> we</c>

22:49.892 --> 22:49.902 align:start position:0%
[music] behind it. So why haven't we
 

22:49.902 --> 22:52.372 align:start position:0%
[music] behind it. So why haven't we
found<00:23:24.720><c> any?</c>

22:52.372 --> 22:52.382 align:start position:0%
found any?
 

22:52.382 --> 22:55.093 align:start position:0%
found any?
Well,<00:23:27.440><c> the</c><00:23:27.679><c> most</c><00:23:27.919><c> obvious</c><00:23:28.320><c> answer</c><00:23:28.640><c> is</c><00:23:29.440><c> they</c>

22:55.093 --> 22:55.103 align:start position:0%
Well, the most obvious answer is they
 

22:55.103 --> 22:57.813 align:start position:0%
Well, the most obvious answer is they
might<00:23:30.080><c> not</c><00:23:30.400><c> stay</c><00:23:30.640><c> put</c><00:23:30.880><c> forever.</c><00:23:31.919><c> The</c><00:23:32.159><c> model</c>

22:57.813 --> 22:57.823 align:start position:0%
might not stay put forever. The model
 

22:57.823 --> 23:00.213 align:start position:0%
might not stay put forever. The model
suggests<00:23:33.039><c> that</c><00:23:33.360><c> over</c><00:23:33.679><c> time</c><00:23:34.240><c> some</c><00:23:34.480><c> of</c><00:23:34.559><c> these</c>

23:00.213 --> 23:00.223 align:start position:0%
suggests that over time some of these
 

23:00.223 --> 23:02.693 align:start position:0%
suggests that over time some of these
worlds<00:23:35.360><c> might</c><00:23:35.679><c> migrate</c><00:23:36.159><c> outward,</c><00:23:36.880><c> drifting</c>

23:02.693 --> 23:02.703 align:start position:0%
worlds might migrate outward, drifting
 

23:02.703 --> 23:04.693 align:start position:0%
worlds might migrate outward, drifting
away<00:23:37.600><c> from</c><00:23:37.760><c> the</c><00:23:37.919><c> black</c><00:23:38.080><c> hole</c><00:23:38.640><c> and</c><00:23:38.960><c> off</c><00:23:39.200><c> the</c>

23:04.693 --> 23:04.703 align:start position:0%
away from the black hole and off the
 

23:04.703 --> 23:06.853 align:start position:0%
away from the black hole and off the
edge<00:23:39.600><c> of</c><00:23:39.679><c> the</c><00:23:39.840><c> disc</c><00:23:40.080><c> that</c><00:23:40.320><c> made</c><00:23:40.480><c> them,</c><00:23:41.200><c> turning</c>

23:06.853 --> 23:06.863 align:start position:0%
edge of the disc that made them, turning
 

23:06.863 --> 23:08.853 align:start position:0%
edge of the disc that made them, turning
them<00:23:41.840><c> into</c><00:23:42.240><c> rogue</c><00:23:42.559><c> planets,</c><00:23:43.120><c> which</c><00:23:43.360><c> are</c>

23:08.853 --> 23:08.863 align:start position:0%
them into rogue planets, which are
 

23:08.863 --> 23:11.653 align:start position:0%
them into rogue planets, which are
almost<00:23:43.840><c> impossible</c><00:23:44.400><c> to</c><00:23:44.640><c> spot.</c><00:23:45.520><c> We</c><00:23:45.760><c> have</c><00:23:45.919><c> found</c>

23:11.653 --> 23:11.663 align:start position:0%
almost impossible to spot. We have found
 

23:11.663 --> 23:13.573 align:start position:0%
almost impossible to spot. We have found
hundreds<00:23:46.720><c> of</c><00:23:46.880><c> rogue</c><00:23:47.200><c> planets</c><00:23:47.520><c> over</c><00:23:47.679><c> the</c><00:23:47.840><c> years</c>

23:13.573 --> 23:13.583 align:start position:0%
hundreds of rogue planets over the years
 

23:13.583 --> 23:16.053 align:start position:0%
hundreds of rogue planets over the years
through<00:23:48.640><c> gravitational</c><00:23:49.280><c> microlensing</c><00:23:50.400><c> or</c>

23:16.053 --> 23:16.063 align:start position:0%
through gravitational microlensing or
 

23:16.063 --> 23:18.613 align:start position:0%
through gravitational microlensing or
directly<00:23:51.280><c> observing</c><00:23:51.760><c> infrared</c><00:23:52.320><c> signals</c><00:23:52.720><c> from</c>

23:18.613 --> 23:18.623 align:start position:0%
directly observing infrared signals from
 

23:18.623 --> 23:21.012 align:start position:0%
directly observing infrared signals from
nearly<00:23:53.679><c> formed</c><00:23:54.080><c> planets,</c><00:23:54.960><c> but</c><00:23:55.200><c> we</c><00:23:55.440><c> don't</c>

23:21.012 --> 23:21.022 align:start position:0%
nearly formed planets, but we don't
 

23:21.022 --> 23:22.853 align:start position:0%
nearly formed planets, but we don't
think<00:23:55.919><c> any</c><00:23:56.159><c> of</c><00:23:56.320><c> them</c><00:23:56.480><c> formed</c><00:23:56.880><c> around</c><00:23:57.120><c> a</c><00:23:57.280><c> black</c>

23:22.853 --> 23:22.863 align:start position:0%
think any of them formed around a black
 

23:22.863 --> 23:25.733 align:start position:0%
think any of them formed around a black
hole.<00:23:58.799><c> Then</c><00:23:59.120><c> there's</c><00:23:59.360><c> the</c><00:23:59.600><c> argument</c><00:23:59.919><c> that</c><00:24:00.080><c> a</c>

23:25.733 --> 23:25.743 align:start position:0%
hole. Then there's the argument that a
 

23:25.743 --> 23:28.533 align:start position:0%
hole. Then there's the argument that a
planet<00:24:00.960><c> may</c><00:24:01.360><c> only</c><00:24:01.600><c> be</c><00:24:01.760><c> a</c><00:24:01.919><c> planet</c><00:24:02.320><c> for</c><00:24:02.720><c> part</c><00:24:03.039><c> of</c>

23:28.533 --> 23:28.543 align:start position:0%
planet may only be a planet for part of
 

23:28.543 --> 23:31.413 align:start position:0%
planet may only be a planet for part of
its<00:24:03.440><c> life.</c><00:24:04.320><c> As</c><00:24:04.640><c> we</c><00:24:04.799><c> saw</c><00:24:05.120><c> in</c><00:24:05.360><c> an</c><00:24:05.600><c> environment</c>

23:31.413 --> 23:31.423 align:start position:0%
its life. As we saw in an environment
 

23:31.423 --> 23:33.892 align:start position:0%
its life. As we saw in an environment
this<00:24:06.400><c> rich,</c><00:24:07.039><c> there's</c><00:24:07.440><c> little</c><00:24:07.760><c> to</c><00:24:08.000><c> stop</c><00:24:08.159><c> a</c><00:24:08.400><c> new</c>

23:33.892 --> 23:33.902 align:start position:0%
this rich, there's little to stop a new
 

23:33.902 --> 23:35.733 align:start position:0%
this rich, there's little to stop a new
world<00:24:08.799><c> from</c><00:24:09.039><c> growing</c><00:24:09.360><c> into</c><00:24:09.679><c> something</c><00:24:10.000><c> else</c>

23:35.733 --> 23:35.743 align:start position:0%
world from growing into something else
 

23:35.743 --> 23:39.173 align:start position:0%
world from growing into something else
entirely<00:24:11.279><c> like</c><00:24:11.520><c> a</c><00:24:11.760><c> star.</c><00:24:12.640><c> But</c><00:24:12.799><c> even</c><00:24:13.039><c> if</c><00:24:13.440><c> every</c>

23:39.173 --> 23:39.183 align:start position:0%
entirely like a star. But even if every
 

23:39.183 --> 23:41.333 align:start position:0%
entirely like a star. But even if every
last<00:24:14.320><c> planet</c><00:24:14.799><c> stayed</c><00:24:15.200><c> exactly</c><00:24:15.600><c> where</c><00:24:15.840><c> it</c>

23:41.333 --> 23:41.343 align:start position:0%
last planet stayed exactly where it
 

23:41.343 --> 23:43.892 align:start position:0%
last planet stayed exactly where it
formed<00:24:16.320><c> and</c><00:24:16.640><c> remained</c><00:24:16.960><c> a</c><00:24:17.200><c> planet,</c><00:24:18.000><c> we'd</c><00:24:18.320><c> still</c>

23:43.892 --> 23:43.902 align:start position:0%
formed and remained a planet, we'd still
 

23:43.902 --> 23:46.533 align:start position:0%
formed and remained a planet, we'd still
be<00:24:18.720><c> hardressed</c><00:24:19.200><c> to</c><00:24:19.360><c> see</c><00:24:19.520><c> them</c><00:24:20.159><c> because</c><00:24:20.880><c> our</c>

23:46.533 --> 23:46.543 align:start position:0%
be hardressed to see them because our
 

23:46.543 --> 23:48.372 align:start position:0%
be hardressed to see them because our
main<00:24:21.440><c> methods</c><00:24:21.760><c> of</c><00:24:21.919><c> finding</c><00:24:22.240><c> exoplanets</c>

23:48.372 --> 23:48.382 align:start position:0%
main methods of finding exoplanets
 

23:48.382 --> 23:50.612 align:start position:0%
main methods of finding exoplanets
depend<00:24:23.360><c> on</c><00:24:23.600><c> something</c><00:24:24.080><c> these</c><00:24:24.400><c> worlds</c><00:24:24.880><c> don't</c>

23:50.612 --> 23:50.622 align:start position:0%
depend on something these worlds don't
 

23:50.622 --> 23:54.213 align:start position:0%
depend on something these worlds don't
have,<00:24:26.080><c> a</c><00:24:26.400><c> star.</c><00:24:27.600><c> In</c><00:24:27.760><c> the</c><00:24:27.919><c> transit</c><00:24:28.400><c> method,</c>

23:54.213 --> 23:54.223 align:start position:0%
have, a star. In the transit method,
 

23:54.223 --> 23:56.132 align:start position:0%
have, a star. In the transit method,
researchers<00:24:29.440><c> stare</c><00:24:29.760><c> at</c><00:24:29.919><c> a</c><00:24:30.080><c> star</c><00:24:30.240><c> and</c><00:24:30.480><c> wait</c><00:24:30.640><c> for</c>

23:56.132 --> 23:56.142 align:start position:0%
researchers stare at a star and wait for
 

23:56.142 --> 23:58.213 align:start position:0%
researchers stare at a star and wait for
its<00:24:30.960><c> light</c><00:24:31.120><c> to</c><00:24:31.360><c> dip,</c><00:24:31.840><c> a</c><00:24:32.080><c> signal</c><00:24:32.320><c> a</c><00:24:32.640><c> planet</c>

23:58.213 --> 23:58.223 align:start position:0%
its light to dip, a signal a planet
 

23:58.223 --> 23:59.973 align:start position:0%
its light to dip, a signal a planet
might<00:24:33.120><c> have</c><00:24:33.279><c> crossed</c><00:24:33.520><c> in</c><00:24:33.679><c> front</c><00:24:33.760><c> of</c><00:24:33.919><c> it.</c><00:24:34.480><c> In</c>

23:59.973 --> 23:59.983 align:start position:0%
might have crossed in front of it. In
 

23:59.983 --> 24:02.293 align:start position:0%
might have crossed in front of it. In
the<00:24:34.799><c> radial</c><00:24:35.200><c> velocity</c><00:24:35.760><c> method,</c><00:24:36.400><c> researchers</c>

24:02.293 --> 24:02.303 align:start position:0%
the radial velocity method, researchers
 

24:02.303 --> 24:04.533 align:start position:0%
the radial velocity method, researchers
watch<00:24:37.200><c> a</c><00:24:37.360><c> star</c><00:24:37.679><c> wobble,</c><00:24:38.480><c> tugged</c><00:24:38.880><c> by</c><00:24:39.039><c> the</c>

24:04.533 --> 24:04.543 align:start position:0%
watch a star wobble, tugged by the
 

24:04.543 --> 24:06.853 align:start position:0%
watch a star wobble, tugged by the
gravity<00:24:39.520><c> of</c><00:24:39.760><c> something</c><00:24:40.080><c> orbiting</c><00:24:40.559><c> it.</c><00:24:41.200><c> Both</c>

24:06.853 --> 24:06.863 align:start position:0%
gravity of something orbiting it. Both
 

24:06.863 --> 24:08.853 align:start position:0%
gravity of something orbiting it. Both
techniques<00:24:42.080><c> share</c><00:24:42.320><c> the</c><00:24:42.559><c> same</c><00:24:42.720><c> assumption.</c>

24:08.853 --> 24:08.863 align:start position:0%
techniques share the same assumption.
 

24:08.863 --> 24:11.333 align:start position:0%
techniques share the same assumption.
There's<00:24:43.760><c> a</c><00:24:44.000><c> bright,</c><00:24:44.559><c> stable,</c><00:24:45.360><c> well-</c><00:24:45.600><c> behaved</c>

24:11.333 --> 24:11.343 align:start position:0%
There's a bright, stable, well- behaved
 

24:11.343 --> 24:13.093 align:start position:0%
There's a bright, stable, well- behaved
point<00:24:46.240><c> of</c><00:24:46.400><c> light</c><00:24:46.640><c> in</c><00:24:46.799><c> the</c><00:24:46.960><c> middle,</c><00:24:47.440><c> and</c><00:24:47.600><c> the</c>

24:13.093 --> 24:13.103 align:start position:0%
point of light in the middle, and the
 

24:13.103 --> 24:15.573 align:start position:0%
point of light in the middle, and the
exoplanet<00:24:48.480><c> reveals</c><00:24:48.880><c> itself</c><00:24:49.360><c> by</c><00:24:49.679><c> disturbing</c>

24:15.573 --> 24:15.583 align:start position:0%
exoplanet reveals itself by disturbing
 

24:15.583 --> 24:19.093 align:start position:0%
exoplanet reveals itself by disturbing
it.<00:24:51.200><c> But</c><00:24:51.679><c> around</c><00:24:51.919><c> a</c><00:24:52.159><c> black</c><00:24:52.320><c> hole,</c><00:24:52.960><c> that</c><00:24:53.279><c> simply</c>

24:19.093 --> 24:19.103 align:start position:0%
it. But around a black hole, that simply
 

24:19.103 --> 24:21.573 align:start position:0%
it. But around a black hole, that simply
doesn't<00:24:54.080><c> work.</c><00:24:55.039><c> A</c><00:24:55.279><c> planet</c><00:24:55.600><c> passing</c><00:24:55.919><c> in</c><00:24:56.159><c> front</c>

24:21.573 --> 24:21.583 align:start position:0%
doesn't work. A planet passing in front
 

24:21.583 --> 24:24.132 align:start position:0%
doesn't work. A planet passing in front
of<00:24:56.320><c> it</c><00:24:56.559><c> can't</c><00:24:56.960><c> make</c><00:24:57.120><c> it</c><00:24:57.279><c> darker</c><00:24:57.840><c> because</c><00:24:58.480><c> it's</c>

24:24.132 --> 24:24.142 align:start position:0%
of it can't make it darker because it's
 

24:24.142 --> 24:26.372 align:start position:0%
of it can't make it darker because it's
already<00:24:59.200><c> dark.</c><00:25:00.000><c> Around</c><00:25:00.320><c> that,</c><00:25:00.640><c> there</c><00:25:00.799><c> might</c>

24:26.372 --> 24:26.382 align:start position:0%
already dark. Around that, there might
 

24:26.382 --> 24:28.612 align:start position:0%
already dark. Around that, there might
be<00:25:01.120><c> an</c><00:25:01.360><c> accretion</c><00:25:01.840><c> disc</c><00:25:02.159><c> so</c><00:25:02.480><c> luminous</c><00:25:02.960><c> it</c><00:25:03.200><c> can</c>

24:28.612 --> 24:28.622 align:start position:0%
be an accretion disc so luminous it can
 

24:28.622 --> 24:31.653 align:start position:0%
be an accretion disc so luminous it can
outshine<00:25:03.840><c> the</c><00:25:04.080><c> entire</c><00:25:04.640><c> galaxy.</c><00:25:05.760><c> Good</c><00:25:06.000><c> luck</c>

24:31.653 --> 24:31.663 align:start position:0%
outshine the entire galaxy. Good luck
 

24:31.663 --> 24:33.653 align:start position:0%
outshine the entire galaxy. Good luck
finding<00:25:06.640><c> a</c><00:25:06.880><c> Jupiterized</c><00:25:07.679><c> world</c><00:25:08.000><c> against</c>

24:33.653 --> 24:33.663 align:start position:0%
finding a Jupiterized world against
 

24:33.663 --> 24:37.093 align:start position:0%
finding a Jupiterized world against
that.<00:25:09.360><c> Then</c><00:25:09.919><c> there's</c><00:25:10.240><c> the</c><00:25:10.400><c> distance.</c><00:25:11.440><c> Our</c>

24:37.093 --> 24:37.103 align:start position:0%
that. Then there's the distance. Our
 

24:37.103 --> 24:39.733 align:start position:0%
that. Then there's the distance. Our
current<00:25:12.159><c> exoplanet</c><00:25:12.960><c> surveys</c><00:25:13.600><c> can</c><00:25:13.919><c> only</c><00:25:14.080><c> reach</c>

24:39.733 --> 24:39.743 align:start position:0%
current exoplanet surveys can only reach
 

24:39.743 --> 24:42.533 align:start position:0%
current exoplanet surveys can only reach
about<00:25:14.799><c> 30,000</c><00:25:15.440><c> lightyear.</c><00:25:16.320><c> The</c><00:25:16.559><c> nearest</c>

24:42.533 --> 24:42.543 align:start position:0%
about 30,000 lightyear. The nearest
 

24:42.543 --> 24:46.293 align:start position:0%
about 30,000 lightyear. The nearest
active<00:25:17.679><c> galactic</c><00:25:18.240><c> nucleus,</c><00:25:18.960><c> Centurus</c><00:25:19.679><c> A,</c><00:25:20.559><c> is</c>

24:46.293 --> 24:46.303 align:start position:0%
active galactic nucleus, Centurus A, is
 

24:46.303 --> 24:49.413 align:start position:0%
active galactic nucleus, Centurus A, is
11<00:25:21.520><c> million</c><00:25:21.919><c> lighty</c><00:25:22.159><c> years</c><00:25:22.400><c> away.</c><00:25:23.279><c> We</c><00:25:23.520><c> are</c><00:25:23.760><c> off</c>

24:49.413 --> 24:49.423 align:start position:0%
11 million lighty years away. We are off
 

24:49.423 --> 24:52.933 align:start position:0%
11 million lighty years away. We are off
by<00:25:24.480><c> three</c><00:25:24.960><c> orders</c><00:25:25.360><c> of</c><00:25:25.520><c> magnitude.</c><00:25:26.799><c> And</c><00:25:27.039><c> yet,</c>

24:52.933 --> 24:52.943 align:start position:0%
by three orders of magnitude. And yet,
 

24:52.943 --> 24:55.093 align:start position:0%
by three orders of magnitude. And yet,
researchers<00:25:28.159><c> aren't</c><00:25:28.480><c> ready</c><00:25:28.720><c> to</c><00:25:28.880><c> label</c><00:25:29.360><c> planet</c>

24:55.093 --> 24:55.103 align:start position:0%
researchers aren't ready to label planet
 

24:55.103 --> 24:58.533 align:start position:0%
researchers aren't ready to label planet
hunting<00:25:30.480><c> as</c><00:25:30.960><c> impossible</c><00:25:31.679><c> just</c><00:25:32.000><c> yet.</c><00:25:32.880><c> One</c>

24:58.533 --> 24:58.543 align:start position:0%
hunting as impossible just yet. One
 

24:58.543 --> 25:00.670 align:start position:0%
hunting as impossible just yet. One
suggestion<00:25:33.600><c> is</c><00:25:33.840><c> to</c><00:25:34.080><c> look</c><00:25:34.240><c> for</c><00:25:34.640><c> transits,</c>

25:00.670 --> 25:00.680 align:start position:0%
suggestion is to look for transits,
 

25:00.680 --> 25:03.012 align:start position:0%
suggestion is to look for transits,
[music]<00:25:35.600><c> not</c><00:25:35.840><c> in</c><00:25:36.159><c> visible</c><00:25:36.559><c> light,</c><00:25:37.120><c> but</c><00:25:37.360><c> in</c>

25:03.012 --> 25:03.022 align:start position:0%
[music] not in visible light, but in
 

25:03.022 --> 25:06.933 align:start position:0%
[music] not in visible light, but in
radio.<00:25:38.880><c> Astrophysicist</c><00:25:39.760><c> Pavl</c><00:25:40.320><c> Pala</c><00:25:41.360><c> said</c>

25:06.933 --> 25:06.943 align:start position:0%
radio. Astrophysicist Pavl Pala said
 

25:06.943 --> 25:09.973 align:start position:0%
radio. Astrophysicist Pavl Pala said
that<00:25:42.080><c> technically</c><00:25:42.720><c> it</c><00:25:43.039><c> isn't</c><00:25:43.360><c> easy,</c><00:25:43.919><c> but</c><00:25:44.320><c> it</c>

25:09.973 --> 25:09.983 align:start position:0%
that technically it isn't easy, but it
 

25:09.983 --> 25:12.612 align:start position:0%
that technically it isn't easy, but it
is<00:25:45.039><c> theoretically</c><00:25:45.840><c> possible.</c><00:25:46.880><c> Another</c>

25:12.612 --> 25:12.622 align:start position:0%
is theoretically possible. Another
 

25:12.622 --> 25:14.933 align:start position:0%
is theoretically possible. Another
approach<00:25:47.679><c> is</c><00:25:47.919><c> gravitational</c><00:25:48.640><c> lensing.</c>

25:14.933 --> 25:14.943 align:start position:0%
approach is gravitational lensing.
 

25:14.943 --> 25:17.012 align:start position:0%
approach is gravitational lensing.
Rather<00:25:50.000><c> than</c><00:25:50.240><c> trying</c><00:25:50.559><c> to</c><00:25:50.720><c> detect</c><00:25:51.039><c> a</c><00:25:51.360><c> single</c>

25:17.012 --> 25:17.022 align:start position:0%
Rather than trying to detect a single
 

25:17.022 --> 25:18.933 align:start position:0%
Rather than trying to detect a single
world,<00:25:52.320><c> researchers</c><00:25:52.880><c> can</c><00:25:53.039><c> look</c><00:25:53.200><c> for</c><00:25:53.440><c> the</c>

25:18.933 --> 25:18.943 align:start position:0%
world, researchers can look for the
 

25:18.943 --> 25:21.093 align:start position:0%
world, researchers can look for the
fingerprint<00:25:54.080><c> of</c><00:25:54.320><c> an</c><00:25:54.559><c> entire</c><00:25:54.960><c> population</c><00:25:55.600><c> of</c>

25:21.093 --> 25:21.103 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of an entire population of
 

25:21.103 --> 25:23.252 align:start position:0%
fingerprint of an entire population of
solid<00:25:56.159><c> bodies</c><00:25:56.720><c> passing</c><00:25:57.120><c> in</c><00:25:57.360><c> front</c><00:25:57.520><c> of</c><00:25:57.679><c> the</c>

25:23.252 --> 25:23.262 align:start position:0%
solid bodies passing in front of the
 

25:23.262 --> 25:25.733 align:start position:0%
solid bodies passing in front of the
small<00:25:58.559><c> bright</c><00:25:58.960><c> X-ray</c><00:25:59.440><c> emmitting</c><00:25:59.919><c> region</c><00:26:00.159><c> at</c>

25:25.733 --> 25:25.743 align:start position:0%
small bright X-ray emmitting region at
 

25:25.743 --> 25:28.132 align:start position:0%
small bright X-ray emmitting region at
the<00:26:00.559><c> AGN's</c><00:26:01.200><c> core.</c><00:26:01.840><c> But</c><00:26:02.000><c> in</c><00:26:02.240><c> this</c><00:26:02.400><c> instance,</c>

25:28.132 --> 25:28.142 align:start position:0%
the AGN's core. But in this instance,
 

25:28.142 --> 25:30.533 align:start position:0%
the AGN's core. But in this instance,
you'd<00:26:03.120><c> find</c><00:26:03.360><c> a</c><00:26:03.679><c> swarm</c><00:26:04.320><c> rather</c><00:26:04.720><c> than</c><00:26:04.960><c> an</c>

25:30.533 --> 25:30.543 align:start position:0%
you'd find a swarm rather than an
 

25:30.543 --> 25:32.612 align:start position:0%
you'd find a swarm rather than an
individual<00:26:05.679><c> planet.</c><00:26:06.720><c> But</c><00:26:06.960><c> of</c><00:26:07.120><c> course,</c>

25:32.612 --> 25:32.622 align:start position:0%
individual planet. But of course,
 

25:32.622 --> 25:35.012 align:start position:0%
individual planet. But of course,
there's<00:26:07.520><c> a</c><00:26:07.760><c> catch.</c><00:26:08.400><c> For</c><00:26:08.640><c> this</c><00:26:08.799><c> to</c><00:26:09.039><c> work,</c><00:26:09.440><c> we'd</c>

25:35.012 --> 25:35.022 align:start position:0%
there's a catch. For this to work, we'd
 

25:35.022 --> 25:37.173 align:start position:0%
there's a catch. For this to work, we'd
need<00:26:09.840><c> to</c><00:26:10.000><c> be</c><00:26:10.159><c> looking</c><00:26:10.320><c> at</c><00:26:10.480><c> the</c><00:26:10.640><c> right</c><00:26:10.799><c> AGN</c><00:26:11.600><c> at</c>

25:37.173 --> 25:37.183 align:start position:0%
need to be looking at the right AGN at
 

25:37.183 --> 25:39.573 align:start position:0%
need to be looking at the right AGN at
the<00:26:12.000><c> right</c><00:26:12.240><c> angle</c><00:26:12.799><c> at</c><00:26:13.039><c> the</c><00:26:13.200><c> right</c><00:26:13.440><c> moment,</c>

25:39.573 --> 25:39.583 align:start position:0%
the right angle at the right moment,
 

25:39.583 --> 25:41.813 align:start position:0%
the right angle at the right moment,
which<00:26:14.480><c> mostly</c><00:26:14.960><c> means</c><00:26:15.440><c> we'd</c><00:26:15.840><c> need</c><00:26:16.000><c> to</c><00:26:16.159><c> get</c>

25:41.813 --> 25:41.823 align:start position:0%
which mostly means we'd need to get
 

25:41.823 --> 25:45.333 align:start position:0%
which mostly means we'd need to get
extremely<00:26:17.120><c> lucky.</c><00:26:18.480><c> For</c><00:26:18.799><c> now,</c><00:26:19.200><c> there</c><00:26:19.440><c> are</c><00:26:19.600><c> no</c>

25:45.333 --> 25:45.343 align:start position:0%
extremely lucky. For now, there are no
 

25:45.343 --> 25:47.733 align:start position:0%
extremely lucky. For now, there are no
planet<00:26:20.400><c> hunting</c><00:26:20.799><c> missions</c><00:26:21.120><c> on</c><00:26:21.279><c> the</c><00:26:21.440><c> horizon.</c>

25:47.733 --> 25:47.743 align:start position:0%
planet hunting missions on the horizon.
 

25:47.743 --> 25:50.533 align:start position:0%
planet hunting missions on the horizon.
Planets<00:26:22.880><c> remain</c><00:26:23.360><c> theoretical,</c><00:26:24.320><c> a</c><00:26:24.640><c> mystical</c>

25:50.533 --> 25:50.543 align:start position:0%
Planets remain theoretical, a mystical
 

25:50.543 --> 25:52.773 align:start position:0%
Planets remain theoretical, a mystical
population<00:26:26.000><c> that</c><00:26:26.320><c> isn't</c><00:26:26.640><c> beyond</c><00:26:26.960><c> the</c><00:26:27.200><c> realm</c>

25:52.773 --> 25:52.783 align:start position:0%
population that isn't beyond the realm
 

25:52.783 --> 25:55.252 align:start position:0%
population that isn't beyond the realm
of<00:26:27.600><c> possibility,</c><00:26:28.559><c> but</c><00:26:28.880><c> one</c><00:26:29.039><c> that's</c><00:26:29.360><c> relegated</c>

25:55.252 --> 25:55.262 align:start position:0%
of possibility, but one that's relegated
 

25:55.262 --> 25:57.892 align:start position:0%
of possibility, but one that's relegated
to<00:26:30.159><c> our</c><00:26:30.400><c> scientific</c><00:26:30.960><c> imagination,</c><00:26:32.320><c> which</c>

25:57.892 --> 25:57.902 align:start position:0%
to our scientific imagination, which
 

25:57.902 --> 25:59.892 align:start position:0%
to our scientific imagination, which
leaves<00:26:32.880><c> us</c><00:26:33.039><c> free</c><00:26:33.360><c> to</c><00:26:33.520><c> wonder</c><00:26:33.840><c> what</c><00:26:34.080><c> they</c><00:26:34.320><c> might</c>

25:59.892 --> 25:59.902 align:start position:0%
leaves us free to wonder what they might
 

25:59.902 --> 26:03.012 align:start position:0%
leaves us free to wonder what they might
be<00:26:34.720><c> like.</c><00:26:35.600><c> Could</c><00:26:36.080><c> anything</c><00:26:36.640><c> live</c><00:26:37.120><c> in</c><00:26:37.360><c> that</c>

26:03.012 --> 26:03.022 align:start position:0%
be like. Could anything live in that
 

26:03.022 --> 26:05.413 align:start position:0%
be like. Could anything live in that
permanent<00:26:38.240><c> orange</c><00:26:38.640><c> twilight?</c><00:26:39.679><c> What</c><00:26:39.840><c> would</c>

26:05.413 --> 26:05.423 align:start position:0%
permanent orange twilight? What would
 

26:05.423 --> 26:08.132 align:start position:0%
permanent orange twilight? What would
they<00:26:40.240><c> think</c><00:26:40.480><c> about</c><00:26:40.720><c> our</c><00:26:41.120><c> starbased</c><00:26:41.840><c> systems?</c>

26:08.132 --> 26:08.142 align:start position:0%
they think about our starbased systems?
 

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they think about our starbased systems?
I<00:26:43.039><c> bet</c><00:26:43.360><c> we</c><00:26:43.760><c> seem</c><00:26:44.159><c> pretty</c><00:26:44.480><c> bizarre</c><00:26:44.880><c> to</c><00:26:45.039><c> them,</c>

26:10.773 --> 26:10.783 align:start position:0%
I bet we seem pretty bizarre to them,
 

26:10.783 --> 26:13.892 align:start position:0%
I bet we seem pretty bizarre to them,
too.

26:13.892 --> 26:13.902 align:start position:0%
 
 

26:13.902 --> 26:16.132 align:start position:0%
 
I'm<00:26:48.880><c> happy</c><00:26:49.120><c> to</c><00:26:49.360><c> announce</c><00:26:49.679><c> we</c><00:26:49.919><c> have</c><00:26:50.080><c> a</c><00:26:50.400><c> weekly</c>

26:16.132 --> 26:16.142 align:start position:0%
I'm happy to announce we have a weekly
 

26:16.142 --> 26:18.132 align:start position:0%
I'm happy to announce we have a weekly
newsletter<00:26:51.360><c> to</c><00:26:51.600><c> keep</c><00:26:51.840><c> up</c><00:26:52.080><c> with</c><00:26:52.320><c> all</c><00:26:52.559><c> the</c>

26:18.132 --> 26:18.142 align:start position:0%
newsletter to keep up with all the
 

26:18.142 --> 26:20.293 align:start position:0%
newsletter to keep up with all the
discoveries<00:26:53.279><c> in</c><00:26:53.520><c> our</c><00:26:53.760><c> cosmos.</c><00:26:54.559><c> And</c><00:26:54.720><c> our</c>

26:20.293 --> 26:20.303 align:start position:0%
discoveries in our cosmos. And our
 

26:20.303 --> 26:22.213 align:start position:0%
discoveries in our cosmos. And our
designer,<00:26:55.440><c> Peter,</c><00:26:56.080><c> has</c><00:26:56.320><c> made</c><00:26:56.480><c> the</c><00:26:56.720><c> most</c>

26:22.213 --> 26:22.223 align:start position:0%
designer, Peter, has made the most
 

26:22.223 --> 26:24.533 align:start position:0%
designer, Peter, has made the most
beautiful<00:26:57.360><c> email</c><00:26:57.679><c> you'll</c><00:26:58.000><c> ever</c><00:26:58.240><c> receive.</c>

26:24.533 --> 26:24.543 align:start position:0%
beautiful email you'll ever receive.
 

26:24.543 --> 26:26.933 align:start position:0%
beautiful email you'll ever receive.
Sign<00:26:59.440><c> up</c><00:26:59.679><c> with</c><00:26:59.919><c> the</c><00:27:00.080><c> link</c><00:27:00.320><c> down</c><00:27:00.559><c> below.</c><00:27:01.360><c> It's</c>

26:26.933 --> 26:26.943 align:start position:0%
Sign up with the link down below. It's
 

26:26.943 --> 26:28.773 align:start position:0%
Sign up with the link down below. It's
the<00:27:01.840><c> best</c><00:27:02.000><c> way</c><00:27:02.159><c> to</c><00:27:02.400><c> stay</c><00:27:02.559><c> connected</c><00:27:02.960><c> between</c>

26:28.773 --> 26:28.783 align:start position:0%
the best way to stay connected between
 

26:28.783 --> 26:31.733 align:start position:0%
the best way to stay connected between
videos,<00:27:04.320><c> short,</c><00:27:04.960><c> focused</c><00:27:05.360><c> updates</c><00:27:05.840><c> on</c><00:27:06.080><c> what's</c>

26:31.733 --> 26:31.743 align:start position:0%
videos, short, focused updates on what's
 

26:31.743 --> 26:34.372 align:start position:0%
videos, short, focused updates on what's
new<00:27:06.720><c> and</c><00:27:06.960><c> fascinating</c><00:27:07.520><c> in</c><00:27:07.760><c> space</c><00:27:08.080><c> each</c><00:27:08.320><c> week.</c>

26:34.372 --> 26:34.382 align:start position:0%
new and fascinating in space each week.
 

26:34.382 --> 26:37.573 align:start position:0%
new and fascinating in space each week.
No<00:27:09.279><c> spam,</c><00:27:09.919><c> no</c><00:27:10.159><c> filler,</c><00:27:10.960><c> just</c><00:27:11.120><c> the</c><00:27:11.360><c> good</c><00:27:11.600><c> stuff.</c>

26:37.573 --> 26:37.583 align:start position:0%
No spam, no filler, just the good stuff.
 

26:37.583 --> 26:40.132 align:start position:0%
No spam, no filler, just the good stuff.
You'll<00:27:12.559><c> get</c><00:27:12.720><c> the</c><00:27:12.880><c> latest</c><00:27:13.200><c> news,</c><00:27:13.840><c> visuals,</c><00:27:14.480><c> and</c>

26:40.132 --> 26:40.142 align:start position:0%
You'll get the latest news, visuals, and
 

26:40.142 --> 26:41.973 align:start position:0%
You'll get the latest news, visuals, and
insights<00:27:15.279><c> delivered</c><00:27:15.760><c> straight</c><00:27:16.159><c> into</c><00:27:16.480><c> your</c>

26:41.973 --> 26:41.983 align:start position:0%
insights delivered straight into your
 

26:41.983 --> 26:44.693 align:start position:0%
insights delivered straight into your
inbox.<00:27:17.600><c> If</c><00:27:17.840><c> you</c><00:27:18.000><c> enjoy</c><00:27:18.320><c> Astramm</c><00:27:18.799><c> videos,</c>

26:44.693 --> 26:44.703 align:start position:0%
inbox. If you enjoy Astramm videos,
 

26:44.703 --> 26:46.933 align:start position:0%
inbox. If you enjoy Astramm videos,
you'll<00:27:19.679><c> love</c><00:27:20.000><c> this.</c><00:27:20.640><c> Join</c><00:27:20.880><c> the</c><00:27:21.039><c> newsletter</c>

26:46.933 --> 26:46.943 align:start position:0%
you'll love this. Join the newsletter
 

26:46.943 --> 26:50.943 align:start position:0%
you'll love this. Join the newsletter
and<00:27:21.919><c> stay</c><00:27:22.159><c> curious</c><00:27:22.559><c> with</c><00:27:22.799><c> us.</c>