WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.160 --> 00:00:02.310 align:start position:0% You<00:00:00.400> may<00:00:00.560> think<00:00:00.800> you<00:00:01.040> know<00:00:01.360> our<00:00:01.680> Milky<00:00:02.080> Way 00:00:02.310 --> 00:00:02.320 align:start position:0% You may think you know our Milky Way 00:00:02.320 --> 00:00:05.990 align:start position:0% You may think you know our Milky Way galaxy,<00:00:03.360> but<00:00:03.600> trust<00:00:03.840> me,<00:00:04.480> you<00:00:04.799> don't.<00:00:05.759> For 00:00:05.990 --> 00:00:06.000 align:start position:0% galaxy, but trust me, you don't. For 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:08.549 align:start position:0% galaxy, but trust me, you don't. For something<00:00:06.319> that<00:00:06.560> is<00:00:06.879> all<00:00:07.120> around<00:00:07.440> us,<00:00:08.080> we<00:00:08.320> know 00:00:08.549 --> 00:00:08.559 align:start position:0% something that is all around us, we know 00:00:08.559 --> 00:00:10.709 align:start position:0% something that is all around us, we know less<00:00:08.960> about<00:00:09.280> our<00:00:09.599> galactic<00:00:10.080> home<00:00:10.320> than<00:00:10.480> we 00:00:10.709 --> 00:00:10.719 align:start position:0% less about our galactic home than we 00:00:10.719 --> 00:00:13.350 align:start position:0% less about our galactic home than we know<00:00:10.880> about<00:00:11.120> galaxies<00:00:11.759> that<00:00:12.000> are<00:00:12.639> millions<00:00:13.200> of 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:13.360 align:start position:0% know about galaxies that are millions of 00:00:13.360 --> 00:00:15.990 align:start position:0% know about galaxies that are millions of light<00:00:13.599> years<00:00:13.840> away.<00:00:14.880> It<00:00:15.120> is<00:00:15.280> apparent<00:00:15.839> that 00:00:15.990 --> 00:00:16.000 align:start position:0% light years away. It is apparent that 00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:19.029 align:start position:0% light years away. It is apparent that birthed<00:00:16.400> us<00:00:17.119> and<00:00:17.359> yet<00:00:17.840> keeps<00:00:18.240> much<00:00:18.640> about 00:00:19.029 --> 00:00:19.039 align:start position:0% birthed us and yet keeps much about 00:00:19.039 --> 00:00:21.750 align:start position:0% birthed us and yet keeps much about itself<00:00:19.520> an<00:00:19.760> enigma.<00:00:20.800> It<00:00:21.039> is<00:00:21.199> filled<00:00:21.520> with 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:21.760 align:start position:0% itself an enigma. It is filled with 00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:24.950 align:start position:0% itself an enigma. It is filled with wonders<00:00:22.560> and<00:00:22.800> yet<00:00:23.439> those<00:00:23.840> very<00:00:24.400> wonders 00:00:24.950 --> 00:00:24.960 align:start position:0% wonders and yet those very wonders 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:27.670 align:start position:0% wonders and yet those very wonders dazzle<00:00:25.439> us.<00:00:26.000> Meaning<00:00:26.320> the<00:00:26.560> secrets<00:00:26.960> that<00:00:27.359> lie 00:00:27.670 --> 00:00:27.680 align:start position:0% dazzle us. Meaning the secrets that lie 00:00:27.680 --> 00:00:30.070 align:start position:0% dazzle us. Meaning the secrets that lie on<00:00:27.920> the<00:00:28.080> other<00:00:28.240> side<00:00:28.800> have<00:00:29.119> remained<00:00:29.519> hidden 00:00:30.070 --> 00:00:30.080 align:start position:0% on the other side have remained hidden 00:00:30.080 --> 00:00:34.310 align:start position:0% on the other side have remained hidden for<00:00:30.400> millennia.<00:00:31.599> That<00:00:31.840> is<00:00:32.559> until<00:00:33.040> now. 00:00:34.310 --> 00:00:34.320 align:start position:0% for millennia. That is until now. 00:00:34.320 --> 00:00:37.350 align:start position:0% for millennia. That is until now. Towering<00:00:35.120> filament<00:00:35.600> structures,<00:00:36.640> incredible 00:00:37.350 --> 00:00:37.360 align:start position:0% Towering filament structures, incredible 00:00:37.360 --> 00:00:40.229 align:start position:0% Towering filament structures, incredible star<00:00:37.680> formations,<00:00:38.879> black<00:00:39.120> holes<00:00:39.920> and 00:00:40.229 --> 00:00:40.239 align:start position:0% star formations, black holes and 00:00:40.239 --> 00:00:43.510 align:start position:0% star formations, black holes and supernova,<00:00:41.440> and<00:00:41.760> evidence<00:00:42.480> of<00:00:42.960> ancient 00:00:43.510 --> 00:00:43.520 align:start position:0% supernova, and evidence of ancient 00:00:43.520 --> 00:00:46.150 align:start position:0% supernova, and evidence of ancient interlopers.<00:00:44.800> With<00:00:45.040> the<00:00:45.200> aid<00:00:45.520> of<00:00:45.760> powerful 00:00:46.150 --> 00:00:46.160 align:start position:0% interlopers. With the aid of powerful 00:00:46.160 --> 00:00:48.069 align:start position:0% interlopers. With the aid of powerful telescopes<00:00:46.719> that<00:00:46.960> have<00:00:47.120> worked<00:00:47.440> tirelessly 00:00:48.069 --> 00:00:48.079 align:start position:0% telescopes that have worked tirelessly 00:00:48.079 --> 00:00:49.910 align:start position:0% telescopes that have worked tirelessly to<00:00:48.320> collect<00:00:48.559> data<00:00:48.879> over<00:00:49.200> the<00:00:49.360> last<00:00:49.600> few 00:00:49.910 --> 00:00:49.920 align:start position:0% to collect data over the last few 00:00:49.920 --> 00:00:52.389 align:start position:0% to collect data over the last few decades,<00:00:50.719> the<00:00:50.879> mysteries<00:00:51.360> of<00:00:51.520> our<00:00:51.760> own<00:00:52.079> Milky 00:00:52.389 --> 00:00:52.399 align:start position:0% decades, the mysteries of our own Milky 00:00:52.399 --> 00:00:56.069 align:start position:0% decades, the mysteries of our own Milky Way<00:00:52.640> galaxy<00:00:53.520> are<00:00:53.920> finally<00:00:54.559> being<00:00:54.879> revealed. 00:00:56.069 --> 00:00:56.079 align:start position:0% Way galaxy are finally being revealed. 00:00:56.079 --> 00:00:57.830 align:start position:0% Way galaxy are finally being revealed. Are<00:00:56.320> you<00:00:56.480> ready<00:00:56.800> to<00:00:57.039> see<00:00:57.280> what<00:00:57.520> they've 00:00:57.830 --> 00:00:57.840 align:start position:0% Are you ready to see what they've 00:00:57.840 --> 00:00:59.670 align:start position:0% Are you ready to see what they've uncovered? 00:00:59.670 --> 00:00:59.680 align:start position:0% uncovered? 00:00:59.680 --> 00:01:01.560 align:start position:0% uncovered? I'm<00:00:59.920> Alex<00:01:00.320> Mccoan<00:01:01.039> and<00:01:01.280> you're<00:01:01.520> watching 00:01:01.560 --> 00:01:01.570 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:01:01.570 --> 00:01:03.990 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching [music]<00:01:01.840> Astramm.<00:01:02.640> And<00:01:02.800> today<00:01:03.120> in<00:01:03.440> this<00:01:03.680> super 00:01:03.990 --> 00:01:04.000 align:start position:0% [music] Astramm. And today in this super 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:05.910 align:start position:0% [music] Astramm. And today in this super cut,<00:01:04.320> with<00:01:04.479> the<00:01:04.640> aid<00:01:04.879> of<00:01:05.040> some<00:01:05.280> of<00:01:05.360> the<00:01:05.519> most 00:01:05.910 --> 00:01:05.920 align:start position:0% cut, with the aid of some of the most 00:01:05.920 --> 00:01:08.870 align:start position:0% cut, with the aid of some of the most extensive<00:01:06.720> star<00:01:07.040> maps<00:01:07.520> to<00:01:07.760> date,<00:01:08.479> we<00:01:08.720> are 00:01:08.870 --> 00:01:08.880 align:start position:0% extensive star maps to date, we are 00:01:08.880 --> 00:01:11.350 align:start position:0% extensive star maps to date, we are going<00:01:09.119> on<00:01:09.360> a<00:01:09.600> tour<00:01:09.920> of<00:01:10.159> the<00:01:10.400> Milky<00:01:10.720> Way<00:01:11.119> like 00:01:11.350 --> 00:01:11.360 align:start position:0% going on a tour of the Milky Way like 00:01:11.360 --> 00:01:17.590 align:start position:0% going on a tour of the Milky Way like you've<00:01:11.920> never<00:01:12.560> seen<00:01:12.799> it<00:01:13.040> before.<00:01:13.840> Here's 00:01:17.590 --> 00:01:17.600 align:start position:0% 00:01:17.600 --> 00:01:19.910 align:start position:0% a<00:01:17.759> fun<00:01:18.000> question<00:01:18.240> to<00:01:18.560> start<00:01:18.720> with.<00:01:19.439> What<00:01:19.759> does 00:01:19.910 --> 00:01:19.920 align:start position:0% a fun question to start with. What does 00:01:19.920 --> 00:01:22.550 align:start position:0% a fun question to start with. What does the<00:01:20.159> Milky<00:01:20.479> Way<00:01:20.799> actually<00:01:21.200> look<00:01:21.439> like?<00:01:22.320> This 00:01:22.550 --> 00:01:22.560 align:start position:0% the Milky Way actually look like? This 00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:24.789 align:start position:0% the Milky Way actually look like? This simple<00:01:22.960> question<00:01:23.680> does<00:01:23.920> not<00:01:24.159> have<00:01:24.320> an<00:01:24.479> easy 00:01:24.789 --> 00:01:24.799 align:start position:0% simple question does not have an easy 00:01:24.799 --> 00:01:27.749 align:start position:0% simple question does not have an easy answer.<00:01:25.600> As<00:01:25.840> I<00:01:26.080> already<00:01:26.320> alluded<00:01:26.799> to,<00:01:27.439> looking 00:01:27.749 --> 00:01:27.759 align:start position:0% answer. As I already alluded to, looking 00:01:27.759 --> 00:01:31.350 align:start position:0% answer. As I already alluded to, looking at<00:01:28.000> our<00:01:28.320> galaxy<00:01:28.880> is<00:01:29.280> surprisingly<00:01:30.159> hard.<00:01:30.720> Our 00:01:31.350 --> 00:01:31.360 align:start position:0% at our galaxy is surprisingly hard. Our 00:01:31.360 --> 00:01:33.990 align:start position:0% at our galaxy is surprisingly hard. Our Milky<00:01:31.680> Way<00:01:31.920> galaxy<00:01:32.400> is<00:01:32.640> a<00:01:32.880> massive<00:01:33.360> collection 00:01:33.990 --> 00:01:34.000 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy is a massive collection 00:01:34.000 --> 00:01:38.310 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy is a massive collection of<00:01:34.400> 100<00:01:34.880> to<00:01:35.360> 400<00:01:36.000> billion<00:01:36.479> stars,<00:01:37.439> 100,000 00:01:38.310 --> 00:01:38.320 align:start position:0% of 100 to 400 billion stars, 100,000 00:01:38.320 --> 00:01:40.950 align:start position:0% of 100 to 400 billion stars, 100,000 lighty<00:01:38.560> years<00:01:38.720> across<00:01:39.520> with<00:01:39.840> great<00:01:40.240> seas<00:01:40.640> of 00:01:40.950 --> 00:01:40.960 align:start position:0% lighty years across with great seas of 00:01:40.960 --> 00:01:43.830 align:start position:0% lighty years across with great seas of interstellar<00:01:41.600> clouds<00:01:42.079> and<00:01:42.320> gas.<00:01:43.280> And<00:01:43.520> all 00:01:43.830 --> 00:01:43.840 align:start position:0% interstellar clouds and gas. And all 00:01:43.840 --> 00:01:45.910 align:start position:0% interstellar clouds and gas. And all that<00:01:44.079> matter<00:01:44.479> can<00:01:44.720> get<00:01:44.880> in<00:01:45.040> the<00:01:45.200> way<00:01:45.439> of<00:01:45.680> what 00:01:45.910 --> 00:01:45.920 align:start position:0% that matter can get in the way of what 00:01:45.920 --> 00:01:48.550 align:start position:0% that matter can get in the way of what we're<00:01:46.320> trying<00:01:46.560> to<00:01:46.799> look<00:01:46.960> at.<00:01:48.000> This<00:01:48.240> gets 00:01:48.550 --> 00:01:48.560 align:start position:0% we're trying to look at. This gets 00:01:48.560 --> 00:01:50.230 align:start position:0% we're trying to look at. This gets particularly<00:01:49.119> bad<00:01:49.439> towards<00:01:49.759> the<00:01:49.920> center<00:01:50.159> of 00:01:50.230 --> 00:01:50.240 align:start position:0% particularly bad towards the center of 00:01:50.240 --> 00:01:52.310 align:start position:0% particularly bad towards the center of the<00:01:50.399> Milky<00:01:50.640> Ways<00:01:50.960> plane<00:01:51.520> where<00:01:51.759> the<00:01:52.000> most 00:01:52.310 --> 00:01:52.320 align:start position:0% the Milky Ways plane where the most 00:01:52.320 --> 00:01:54.950 align:start position:0% the Milky Ways plane where the most matter<00:01:52.720> accumulates,<00:01:53.759> creating<00:01:54.240> an<00:01:54.560> area 00:01:54.950 --> 00:01:54.960 align:start position:0% matter accumulates, creating an area 00:01:54.960 --> 00:01:57.429 align:start position:0% matter accumulates, creating an area astronomers<00:01:55.600> refer<00:01:55.920> to<00:01:56.240> as<00:01:56.640> the<00:01:56.880> zone<00:01:57.280> of 00:01:57.429 --> 00:01:57.439 align:start position:0% astronomers refer to as the zone of 00:01:57.439 --> 00:02:00.149 align:start position:0% astronomers refer to as the zone of avoidance.<00:01:58.640> Visible<00:01:59.119> light<00:01:59.439> cannot<00:01:59.840> easily 00:02:00.149 --> 00:02:00.159 align:start position:0% avoidance. Visible light cannot easily 00:02:00.159 --> 00:02:02.310 align:start position:0% avoidance. Visible light cannot easily penetrate<00:02:00.640> this<00:02:00.799> zone,<00:02:01.520> leading<00:02:01.840> scientists 00:02:02.310 --> 00:02:02.320 align:start position:0% penetrate this zone, leading scientists 00:02:02.320 --> 00:02:04.789 align:start position:0% penetrate this zone, leading scientists to<00:02:02.479> resort<00:02:02.799> to<00:02:03.119> other<00:02:03.439> mediums<00:02:03.920> like<00:02:04.240> X-rays 00:02:04.789 --> 00:02:04.799 align:start position:0% to resort to other mediums like X-rays 00:02:04.799 --> 00:02:07.590 align:start position:0% to resort to other mediums like X-rays to<00:02:04.960> scrutinize<00:02:05.520> what<00:02:05.840> lies<00:02:06.159> beyond.<00:02:07.280> It's 00:02:07.590 --> 00:02:07.600 align:start position:0% to scrutinize what lies beyond. It's 00:02:07.600 --> 00:02:09.910 align:start position:0% to scrutinize what lies beyond. It's like<00:02:07.920> how<00:02:08.399> it's<00:02:08.720> easier<00:02:09.039> to<00:02:09.200> look<00:02:09.440> out<00:02:09.599> your 00:02:09.910 --> 00:02:09.920 align:start position:0% like how it's easier to look out your 00:02:09.920 --> 00:02:12.150 align:start position:0% like how it's easier to look out your window<00:02:10.239> at<00:02:10.479> the<00:02:10.720> house<00:02:10.959> across<00:02:11.280> the<00:02:11.520> street 00:02:12.150 --> 00:02:12.160 align:start position:0% window at the house across the street 00:02:12.160 --> 00:02:13.750 align:start position:0% window at the house across the street than<00:02:12.319> it<00:02:12.480> is<00:02:12.560> for<00:02:12.720> you<00:02:12.879> to<00:02:12.959> look<00:02:13.120> at<00:02:13.280> your<00:02:13.520> own 00:02:13.750 --> 00:02:13.760 align:start position:0% than it is for you to look at your own 00:02:13.760 --> 00:02:16.229 align:start position:0% than it is for you to look at your own house<00:02:14.080> from<00:02:14.400> that<00:02:14.640> same<00:02:14.800> position.<00:02:15.840> You<00:02:16.080> might 00:02:16.229 --> 00:02:16.239 align:start position:0% house from that same position. You might 00:02:16.239 --> 00:02:17.910 align:start position:0% house from that same position. You might be<00:02:16.400> able<00:02:16.560> to<00:02:16.720> see<00:02:16.800> the<00:02:17.040> four<00:02:17.360> walls<00:02:17.599> of<00:02:17.760> the 00:02:17.910 --> 00:02:17.920 align:start position:0% be able to see the four walls of the 00:02:17.920 --> 00:02:19.990 align:start position:0% be able to see the four walls of the room<00:02:18.160> immediately<00:02:18.720> around<00:02:19.040> you,<00:02:19.599> but<00:02:19.760> good 00:02:19.990 --> 00:02:20.000 align:start position:0% room immediately around you, but good 00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:21.670 align:start position:0% room immediately around you, but good luck<00:02:20.239> trying<00:02:20.480> to<00:02:20.640> figure<00:02:20.879> out<00:02:20.959> the<00:02:21.280> layout<00:02:21.520> of 00:02:21.670 --> 00:02:21.680 align:start position:0% luck trying to figure out the layout of 00:02:21.680 --> 00:02:23.670 align:start position:0% luck trying to figure out the layout of the<00:02:21.840> rest<00:02:22.000> of<00:02:22.160> the<00:02:22.400> house<00:02:22.800> with<00:02:23.120> those<00:02:23.360> same 00:02:23.670 --> 00:02:23.680 align:start position:0% the rest of the house with those same 00:02:23.680 --> 00:02:26.309 align:start position:0% the rest of the house with those same walls<00:02:24.160> getting<00:02:24.480> in<00:02:24.720> your<00:02:24.879> way.<00:02:25.920> Further 00:02:26.309 --> 00:02:26.319 align:start position:0% walls getting in your way. Further 00:02:26.319 --> 00:02:28.229 align:start position:0% walls getting in your way. Further compounding<00:02:26.879> this<00:02:27.040> is<00:02:27.200> the<00:02:27.360> difficulty<00:02:27.920> in 00:02:28.229 --> 00:02:28.239 align:start position:0% compounding this is the difficulty in 00:02:28.239 --> 00:02:30.470 align:start position:0% compounding this is the difficulty in telling<00:02:28.560> how<00:02:28.879> far<00:02:29.120> away<00:02:29.440> a<00:02:29.680> star<00:02:29.920> is<00:02:30.160> from 00:02:30.470 --> 00:02:30.480 align:start position:0% telling how far away a star is from 00:02:30.480 --> 00:02:33.110 align:start position:0% telling how far away a star is from Earth.<00:02:31.280> To<00:02:31.440> make<00:02:31.599> a<00:02:31.760> 3D<00:02:32.160> map<00:02:32.319> of<00:02:32.480> the<00:02:32.640> Milky<00:02:32.879> Way 00:02:33.110 --> 00:02:33.120 align:start position:0% Earth. To make a 3D map of the Milky Way 00:02:33.120 --> 00:02:34.949 align:start position:0% Earth. To make a 3D map of the Milky Way galaxy,<00:02:33.760> you<00:02:34.000> need<00:02:34.080> to<00:02:34.160> know<00:02:34.319> if<00:02:34.480> the<00:02:34.640> stars 00:02:34.949 --> 00:02:34.959 align:start position:0% galaxy, you need to know if the stars 00:02:34.959 --> 00:02:37.910 align:start position:0% galaxy, you need to know if the stars you<00:02:35.200> can<00:02:35.360> see<00:02:35.599> are<00:02:36.000> dim,<00:02:36.480> small,<00:02:36.879> close<00:02:37.200> ones 00:02:37.910 --> 00:02:37.920 align:start position:0% you can see are dim, small, close ones 00:02:37.920 --> 00:02:41.110 align:start position:0% you can see are dim, small, close ones or<00:02:38.319> large,<00:02:38.800> bright,<00:02:39.360> distant<00:02:39.760> ones<00:02:40.400> that<00:02:40.720> only 00:02:41.110 --> 00:02:41.120 align:start position:0% or large, bright, distant ones that only 00:02:41.120 --> 00:02:43.589 align:start position:0% or large, bright, distant ones that only look<00:02:41.440> dim<00:02:41.840> and<00:02:42.160> small<00:02:42.800> because<00:02:43.120> of<00:02:43.280> their 00:02:43.589 --> 00:02:43.599 align:start position:0% look dim and small because of their 00:02:43.599 --> 00:02:46.869 align:start position:0% look dim and small because of their distance.<00:02:44.879> Not<00:02:45.120> all<00:02:45.360> stars<00:02:45.680> make<00:02:45.920> this<00:02:46.160> easy. 00:02:46.869 --> 00:02:46.879 align:start position:0% distance. Not all stars make this easy. 00:02:46.879 --> 00:02:48.470 align:start position:0% distance. Not all stars make this easy. While<00:02:47.200> some<00:02:47.360> types<00:02:47.599> of<00:02:47.760> stars<00:02:48.080> such<00:02:48.239> as 00:02:48.470 --> 00:02:48.480 align:start position:0% While some types of stars such as 00:02:48.480 --> 00:02:50.710 align:start position:0% While some types of stars such as sephiid<00:02:49.120> variable<00:02:49.599> stars<00:02:50.239> have<00:02:50.400> a 00:02:50.710 --> 00:02:50.720 align:start position:0% sephiid variable stars have a 00:02:50.720 --> 00:02:52.630 align:start position:0% sephiid variable stars have a predictable<00:02:51.280> enough<00:02:51.599> luminosity<00:02:52.239> that<00:02:52.480> their 00:02:52.630 --> 00:02:52.640 align:start position:0% predictable enough luminosity that their 00:02:52.640 --> 00:02:54.470 align:start position:0% predictable enough luminosity that their distance<00:02:53.040> can<00:02:53.200> be<00:02:53.360> calculated<00:02:53.840> if<00:02:54.080> you<00:02:54.160> know<00:02:54.319> a 00:02:54.470 --> 00:02:54.480 align:start position:0% distance can be calculated if you know a 00:02:54.480 --> 00:02:57.110 align:start position:0% distance can be calculated if you know a few<00:02:54.720> things<00:02:54.879> about<00:02:55.200> them,<00:02:55.920> not<00:02:56.239> all<00:02:56.640> are<00:02:56.879> quite 00:02:57.110 --> 00:02:57.120 align:start position:0% few things about them, not all are quite 00:02:57.120 --> 00:03:00.390 align:start position:0% few things about them, not all are quite as<00:02:57.280> accommodating.<00:02:58.640> So<00:02:58.959> our<00:02:59.200> Milky<00:02:59.599> Way<00:02:59.920> is 00:03:00.390 --> 00:03:00.400 align:start position:0% as accommodating. So our Milky Way is 00:03:00.400 --> 00:03:03.270 align:start position:0% as accommodating. So our Milky Way is surprisingly<00:03:01.120> hard<00:03:01.360> to<00:03:01.519> map<00:03:01.760> out.<00:03:02.480> Hence<00:03:02.800> why 00:03:03.270 --> 00:03:03.280 align:start position:0% surprisingly hard to map out. Hence why 00:03:03.280 --> 00:03:05.910 align:start position:0% surprisingly hard to map out. Hence why we<00:03:03.519> are<00:03:03.760> not<00:03:04.000> even<00:03:04.400> sure<00:03:04.800> exactly<00:03:05.440> how<00:03:05.680> many 00:03:05.910 --> 00:03:05.920 align:start position:0% we are not even sure exactly how many 00:03:05.920 --> 00:03:08.790 align:start position:0% we are not even sure exactly how many stars<00:03:06.319> are<00:03:06.480> here.<00:03:07.680> But<00:03:07.920> scientists<00:03:08.480> have 00:03:08.790 --> 00:03:08.800 align:start position:0% stars are here. But scientists have 00:03:08.800 --> 00:03:11.030 align:start position:0% stars are here. But scientists have worked<00:03:09.200> hard<00:03:09.599> to<00:03:09.840> solve<00:03:10.159> this<00:03:10.480> embarrassing 00:03:11.030 --> 00:03:11.040 align:start position:0% worked hard to solve this embarrassing 00:03:11.040 --> 00:03:13.430 align:start position:0% worked hard to solve this embarrassing gap<00:03:11.280> in<00:03:11.440> our<00:03:11.599> knowledge.<00:03:12.640> So<00:03:12.959> for 00:03:13.430 --> 00:03:13.440 align:start position:0% gap in our knowledge. So for 00:03:13.440 --> 00:03:16.390 align:start position:0% gap in our knowledge. So for unpredictable<00:03:14.159> stars,<00:03:15.120> how<00:03:15.440> can<00:03:15.920> you<00:03:16.159> tell 00:03:16.390 --> 00:03:16.400 align:start position:0% unpredictable stars, how can you tell 00:03:16.400 --> 00:03:19.670 align:start position:0% unpredictable stars, how can you tell how<00:03:16.720> far<00:03:16.959> away<00:03:17.200> they<00:03:17.440> are?<00:03:18.239> The<00:03:18.560> answer<00:03:18.959> is 00:03:19.670 --> 00:03:19.680 align:start position:0% how far away they are? The answer is 00:03:19.680 --> 00:03:21.990 align:start position:0% how far away they are? The answer is parallax.<00:03:20.720> And<00:03:20.959> that's<00:03:21.200> what<00:03:21.440> our<00:03:21.760> first 00:03:21.990 --> 00:03:22.000 align:start position:0% parallax. And that's what our first 00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:25.030 align:start position:0% parallax. And that's what our first telescope,<00:03:22.720> GIA,<00:03:23.280> used<00:03:23.760> as<00:03:24.080> it<00:03:24.319> created<00:03:24.720> a 00:03:25.030 --> 00:03:25.040 align:start position:0% telescope, GIA, used as it created a 00:03:25.040 --> 00:03:31.190 align:start position:0% telescope, GIA, used as it created a galaxy<00:03:25.519> map<00:03:25.840> over<00:03:26.080> the<00:03:26.319> course<00:03:26.640> of<00:03:27.200> 11<00:03:27.680> years. 00:03:31.190 --> 00:03:31.200 align:start position:0% 00:03:31.200 --> 00:03:33.750 align:start position:0% Parallax<00:03:31.920> is<00:03:32.080> the<00:03:32.319> principle<00:03:32.720> that<00:03:33.360> depending 00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:33.760 align:start position:0% Parallax is the principle that depending 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:35.910 align:start position:0% Parallax is the principle that depending on<00:03:33.920> your<00:03:34.159> point<00:03:34.400> of<00:03:34.560> view,<00:03:35.200> things<00:03:35.440> can<00:03:35.599> appear 00:03:35.910 --> 00:03:35.920 align:start position:0% on your point of view, things can appear 00:03:35.920 --> 00:03:38.390 align:start position:0% on your point of view, things can appear to<00:03:36.080> be<00:03:36.319> in<00:03:36.560> different<00:03:36.879> places.<00:03:37.920> You<00:03:38.159> can<00:03:38.239> see 00:03:38.390 --> 00:03:38.400 align:start position:0% to be in different places. You can see 00:03:38.400 --> 00:03:40.550 align:start position:0% to be in different places. You can see an<00:03:38.640> example<00:03:38.879> of<00:03:39.120> this<00:03:39.360> right<00:03:39.599> now<00:03:39.840> by<00:03:40.239> holding 00:03:40.550 --> 00:03:40.560 align:start position:0% an example of this right now by holding 00:03:40.560 --> 00:03:42.949 align:start position:0% an example of this right now by holding up<00:03:40.799> your<00:03:40.959> finger<00:03:41.360> in<00:03:41.599> front<00:03:41.680> of<00:03:41.840> your<00:03:42.080> face. 00:03:42.949 --> 00:03:42.959 align:start position:0% up your finger in front of your face. 00:03:42.959 --> 00:03:45.750 align:start position:0% up your finger in front of your face. Close<00:03:43.280> one<00:03:43.519> eye,<00:03:44.319> then<00:03:44.720> instead<00:03:45.280> close<00:03:45.519> the 00:03:45.750 --> 00:03:45.760 align:start position:0% Close one eye, then instead close the 00:03:45.760 --> 00:03:48.470 align:start position:0% Close one eye, then instead close the other.<00:03:46.640> Now<00:03:46.879> alternate<00:03:47.440> quickly<00:03:47.920> between<00:03:48.239> the 00:03:48.470 --> 00:03:48.480 align:start position:0% other. Now alternate quickly between the 00:03:48.480 --> 00:03:51.430 align:start position:0% other. Now alternate quickly between the two.<00:03:49.440> See,<00:03:50.159> your<00:03:50.319> finger<00:03:50.720> moves<00:03:51.040> quite 00:03:51.430 --> 00:03:51.440 align:start position:0% two. See, your finger moves quite 00:03:51.440 --> 00:03:53.110 align:start position:0% two. See, your finger moves quite significantly<00:03:52.239> in<00:03:52.480> relation<00:03:52.720> to<00:03:52.879> its 00:03:53.110 --> 00:03:53.120 align:start position:0% significantly in relation to its 00:03:53.120 --> 00:03:56.070 align:start position:0% significantly in relation to its background.<00:03:54.159> The<00:03:54.400> closer<00:03:54.720> an<00:03:54.959> object<00:03:55.280> is,<00:03:55.840> the 00:03:56.070 --> 00:03:56.080 align:start position:0% background. The closer an object is, the 00:03:56.080 --> 00:03:58.710 align:start position:0% background. The closer an object is, the greater<00:03:56.400> the<00:03:56.640> effect<00:03:56.959> of<00:03:57.120> parallax.<00:03:58.400> Simple 00:03:58.710 --> 00:03:58.720 align:start position:0% greater the effect of parallax. Simple 00:03:58.720 --> 00:04:00.789 align:start position:0% greater the effect of parallax. Simple trigonometry<00:03:59.519> takes<00:03:59.840> care<00:04:00.000> of<00:04:00.159> the<00:04:00.400> rest, 00:04:00.789 --> 00:04:00.799 align:start position:0% trigonometry takes care of the rest, 00:04:00.799 --> 00:04:02.949 align:start position:0% trigonometry takes care of the rest, allowing<00:04:01.200> you<00:04:01.360> to<00:04:01.519> calculate<00:04:02.080> how<00:04:02.400> far<00:04:02.720> away 00:04:02.949 --> 00:04:02.959 align:start position:0% allowing you to calculate how far away 00:04:02.959 --> 00:04:06.229 align:start position:0% allowing you to calculate how far away an<00:04:03.280> object<00:04:03.680> is.<00:04:04.720> While<00:04:05.040> this<00:04:05.280> effect<00:04:05.599> was<00:04:05.920> very 00:04:06.229 --> 00:04:06.239 align:start position:0% an object is. While this effect was very 00:04:06.239 --> 00:04:08.149 align:start position:0% an object is. While this effect was very noticeable<00:04:06.799> based<00:04:07.040> on<00:04:07.200> a<00:04:07.360> finger<00:04:07.680> in<00:04:07.920> front<00:04:08.000> of 00:04:08.149 --> 00:04:08.159 align:start position:0% noticeable based on a finger in front of 00:04:08.159 --> 00:04:10.949 align:start position:0% noticeable based on a finger in front of your<00:04:08.319> face,<00:04:09.040> you'll<00:04:09.280> see<00:04:09.519> much<00:04:09.840> less<00:04:10.239> parallax 00:04:10.949 --> 00:04:10.959 align:start position:0% your face, you'll see much less parallax 00:04:10.959 --> 00:04:13.270 align:start position:0% your face, you'll see much less parallax on<00:04:11.120> a<00:04:11.360> tree<00:04:11.599> on<00:04:11.840> the<00:04:12.000> other<00:04:12.159> side<00:04:12.319> of<00:04:12.480> a<00:04:12.640> field, 00:04:13.270 --> 00:04:13.280 align:start position:0% on a tree on the other side of a field, 00:04:13.280 --> 00:04:15.589 align:start position:0% on a tree on the other side of a field, which<00:04:13.519> means<00:04:13.760> it's<00:04:14.000> further<00:04:14.319> from<00:04:14.560> you.<00:04:15.360> The 00:04:15.589 --> 00:04:15.599 align:start position:0% which means it's further from you. The 00:04:15.599 --> 00:04:18.229 align:start position:0% which means it's further from you. The further<00:04:16.000> away<00:04:16.400> something<00:04:16.799> is,<00:04:17.440> the<00:04:17.680> harder<00:04:18.000> it 00:04:18.229 --> 00:04:18.239 align:start position:0% further away something is, the harder it 00:04:18.239 --> 00:04:20.229 align:start position:0% further away something is, the harder it is<00:04:18.400> to<00:04:18.639> use<00:04:18.880> parallax<00:04:19.519> to<00:04:19.680> tell<00:04:19.840> you<00:04:20.000> its 00:04:20.229 --> 00:04:20.239 align:start position:0% is to use parallax to tell you its 00:04:20.239 --> 00:04:22.469 align:start position:0% is to use parallax to tell you its distance.<00:04:21.040> Things<00:04:21.359> can<00:04:21.600> get<00:04:21.840> a<00:04:22.160> little 00:04:22.469 --> 00:04:22.479 align:start position:0% distance. Things can get a little 00:04:22.479 --> 00:04:24.150 align:start position:0% distance. Things can get a little imprecise. 00:04:24.150 --> 00:04:24.160 align:start position:0% imprecise. 00:04:24.160 --> 00:04:26.710 align:start position:0% imprecise. But<00:04:24.560> how<00:04:24.880> then<00:04:25.120> can<00:04:25.360> we<00:04:25.600> use<00:04:25.840> this<00:04:26.080> method<00:04:26.479> to 00:04:26.710 --> 00:04:26.720 align:start position:0% But how then can we use this method to 00:04:26.720 --> 00:04:29.670 align:start position:0% But how then can we use this method to calculate<00:04:27.199> the<00:04:27.440> distance<00:04:27.759> to<00:04:28.000> a<00:04:28.240> star?<00:04:29.440> The 00:04:29.670 --> 00:04:29.680 align:start position:0% calculate the distance to a star? The 00:04:29.680 --> 00:04:32.950 align:start position:0% calculate the distance to a star? The secret<00:04:30.080> is<00:04:30.320> to<00:04:30.639> widen<00:04:31.120> your<00:04:31.360> base<00:04:31.759> viewpoint. 00:04:32.950 --> 00:04:32.960 align:start position:0% secret is to widen your base viewpoint. 00:04:32.960 --> 00:04:34.790 align:start position:0% secret is to widen your base viewpoint. Just<00:04:33.199> as<00:04:33.360> the<00:04:33.600> distance<00:04:33.919> between<00:04:34.160> your<00:04:34.479> eyes 00:04:34.790 --> 00:04:34.800 align:start position:0% Just as the distance between your eyes 00:04:34.800 --> 00:04:36.790 align:start position:0% Just as the distance between your eyes can<00:04:35.040> influence<00:04:35.440> the<00:04:35.680> effect<00:04:35.919> of<00:04:36.080> parallax<00:04:36.639> on 00:04:36.790 --> 00:04:36.800 align:start position:0% can influence the effect of parallax on 00:04:36.800 --> 00:04:39.590 align:start position:0% can influence the effect of parallax on an<00:04:36.960> object,<00:04:37.840> Gaia<00:04:38.320> viewed<00:04:38.639> stars<00:04:39.120> not<00:04:39.360> just 00:04:39.590 --> 00:04:39.600 align:start position:0% an object, Gaia viewed stars not just 00:04:39.600 --> 00:04:42.469 align:start position:0% an object, Gaia viewed stars not just once<00:04:40.320> but<00:04:40.720> multiple<00:04:41.280> times<00:04:41.759> over<00:04:42.080> the<00:04:42.320> course 00:04:42.469 --> 00:04:42.479 align:start position:0% once but multiple times over the course 00:04:42.479 --> 00:04:45.510 align:start position:0% once but multiple times over the course of<00:04:42.639> a<00:04:42.880> decade.<00:04:43.840> In<00:04:44.080> that<00:04:44.320> time,<00:04:44.960> the<00:04:45.120> face<00:04:45.360> of 00:04:45.510 --> 00:04:45.520 align:start position:0% of a decade. In that time, the face of 00:04:45.520 --> 00:04:47.830 align:start position:0% of a decade. In that time, the face of our<00:04:45.759> night<00:04:46.080> sky<00:04:46.320> will<00:04:46.560> have<00:04:46.720> changed<00:04:47.440> as<00:04:47.680> we 00:04:47.830 --> 00:04:47.840 align:start position:0% our night sky will have changed as we 00:04:47.840 --> 00:04:50.150 align:start position:0% our night sky will have changed as we can<00:04:48.000> see<00:04:48.160> in<00:04:48.479> time-lapses<00:04:49.199> like<00:04:49.440> this<00:04:49.680> one 00:04:50.150 --> 00:04:50.160 align:start position:0% can see in time-lapses like this one 00:04:50.160 --> 00:04:54.870 align:start position:0% can see in time-lapses like this one with<00:04:50.320> an<00:04:50.560> exaggeration<00:04:51.280> of<00:04:51.759> 10,000<00:04:52.880> times. 00:04:54.870 --> 00:04:54.880 align:start position:0% with an exaggeration of 10,000 times. 00:04:54.880 --> 00:04:57.270 align:start position:0% with an exaggeration of 10,000 times. Rather<00:04:55.280> than<00:04:55.520> using<00:04:55.759> the<00:04:56.000> 6<00:04:56.240> cm<00:04:56.800> between<00:04:57.120> your 00:04:57.270 --> 00:04:57.280 align:start position:0% Rather than using the 6 cm between your 00:04:57.280 --> 00:05:00.310 align:start position:0% Rather than using the 6 cm between your eyes<00:04:57.600> as<00:04:57.759> the<00:04:57.919> base,<00:04:58.720> every<00:04:59.120> half<00:04:59.440> year<00:04:59.840> we<00:05:00.080> can 00:05:00.310 --> 00:05:00.320 align:start position:0% eyes as the base, every half year we can 00:05:00.320 --> 00:05:03.749 align:start position:0% eyes as the base, every half year we can make<00:05:00.560> the<00:05:00.880> solar<00:05:01.360> system<00:05:01.759> our<00:05:02.080> base<00:05:02.479> instead. 00:05:03.749 --> 00:05:03.759 align:start position:0% make the solar system our base instead. 00:05:03.759 --> 00:05:06.230 align:start position:0% make the solar system our base instead. Our<00:05:04.000> Earth<00:05:04.479> moves<00:05:04.800> from<00:05:05.120> one<00:05:05.360> side<00:05:05.600> of<00:05:05.759> the<00:05:05.919> sun 00:05:06.230 --> 00:05:06.240 align:start position:0% Our Earth moves from one side of the sun 00:05:06.240 --> 00:05:08.550 align:start position:0% Our Earth moves from one side of the sun to<00:05:06.479> the<00:05:06.639> other,<00:05:07.120> which<00:05:07.440> causes<00:05:07.919> parallax 00:05:08.550 --> 00:05:08.560 align:start position:0% to the other, which causes parallax 00:05:08.560 --> 00:05:10.950 align:start position:0% to the other, which causes parallax effects<00:05:08.960> to<00:05:09.199> be<00:05:09.360> visible<00:05:09.759> in<00:05:10.080> every<00:05:10.400> star<00:05:10.720> we 00:05:10.950 --> 00:05:10.960 align:start position:0% effects to be visible in every star we 00:05:10.960 --> 00:05:13.749 align:start position:0% effects to be visible in every star we see.<00:05:12.080> Note<00:05:12.400> how<00:05:12.639> in<00:05:12.880> this<00:05:13.120> animation,<00:05:13.520> the 00:05:13.749 --> 00:05:13.759 align:start position:0% see. Note how in this animation, the 00:05:13.759 --> 00:05:15.350 align:start position:0% see. Note how in this animation, the stars<00:05:14.080> are<00:05:14.240> taking<00:05:14.560> little<00:05:14.880> looping 00:05:15.350 --> 00:05:15.360 align:start position:0% stars are taking little looping 00:05:15.360 --> 00:05:18.150 align:start position:0% stars are taking little looping patterns.<00:05:16.560> That's<00:05:16.880> not<00:05:17.280> really<00:05:17.600> how<00:05:17.840> they're 00:05:18.150 --> 00:05:18.160 align:start position:0% patterns. That's not really how they're 00:05:18.160 --> 00:05:21.270 align:start position:0% patterns. That's not really how they're moving,<00:05:18.800> but<00:05:19.120> how<00:05:19.680> we<00:05:20.000> are.<00:05:20.800> That's<00:05:21.039> the 00:05:21.270 --> 00:05:21.280 align:start position:0% moving, but how we are. That's the 00:05:21.280 --> 00:05:24.550 align:start position:0% moving, but how we are. That's the effect<00:05:21.520> of<00:05:21.840> our<00:05:22.240> own<00:05:22.479> loops<00:05:23.039> around<00:05:23.280> the<00:05:23.520> sun. 00:05:24.550 --> 00:05:24.560 align:start position:0% effect of our own loops around the sun. 00:05:24.560 --> 00:05:26.390 align:start position:0% effect of our own loops around the sun. This<00:05:24.800> can<00:05:24.960> help<00:05:25.199> with<00:05:25.520> measuring<00:05:26.000> stars 00:05:26.390 --> 00:05:26.400 align:start position:0% This can help with measuring stars 00:05:26.400 --> 00:05:29.029 align:start position:0% This can help with measuring stars distance,<00:05:27.120> but<00:05:27.360> there's<00:05:27.919> actually<00:05:28.479> an<00:05:28.800> even 00:05:29.029 --> 00:05:29.039 align:start position:0% distance, but there's actually an even 00:05:29.039 --> 00:05:31.590 align:start position:0% distance, but there's actually an even larger<00:05:29.520> scale<00:05:29.840> we<00:05:30.080> can<00:05:30.160> use.<00:05:30.960> The<00:05:31.199> proper 00:05:31.590 --> 00:05:31.600 align:start position:0% larger scale we can use. The proper 00:05:31.600 --> 00:05:34.150 align:start position:0% larger scale we can use. The proper motion<00:05:32.080> of<00:05:32.479> stars. 00:05:34.150 --> 00:05:34.160 align:start position:0% motion of stars. 00:05:34.160 --> 00:05:36.550 align:start position:0% motion of stars. We<00:05:34.400> can<00:05:34.560> ignore<00:05:34.880> the<00:05:35.039> loops<00:05:35.360> for<00:05:35.600> this<00:05:35.759> one<00:05:36.240> as 00:05:36.550 --> 00:05:36.560 align:start position:0% We can ignore the loops for this one as 00:05:36.560 --> 00:05:41.749 align:start position:0% We can ignore the loops for this one as an<00:05:36.800> even<00:05:37.120> larger<00:05:37.600> base<00:05:37.919> is<00:05:38.160> coming<00:05:38.400> into<00:05:38.720> play. 00:05:41.749 --> 00:05:41.759 align:start position:0% 00:05:41.759 --> 00:05:44.230 align:start position:0% Rather<00:05:42.160> than<00:05:42.400> just<00:05:42.639> use<00:05:42.880> the<00:05:43.120> motion<00:05:43.440> of<00:05:43.759> our 00:05:44.230 --> 00:05:44.240 align:start position:0% Rather than just use the motion of our 00:05:44.240 --> 00:05:45.909 align:start position:0% Rather than just use the motion of our planet<00:05:44.639> on<00:05:44.880> either<00:05:45.199> side<00:05:45.360> of<00:05:45.440> the<00:05:45.600> solar 00:05:45.909 --> 00:05:45.919 align:start position:0% planet on either side of the solar 00:05:45.919 --> 00:05:48.230 align:start position:0% planet on either side of the solar system,<00:05:46.639> we<00:05:46.800> can<00:05:46.960> make<00:05:47.120> use<00:05:47.360> of<00:05:47.520> the<00:05:47.759> fact<00:05:47.919> that 00:05:48.230 --> 00:05:48.240 align:start position:0% system, we can make use of the fact that 00:05:48.240 --> 00:05:51.189 align:start position:0% system, we can make use of the fact that our<00:05:48.560> own<00:05:49.039> solar<00:05:49.520> system<00:05:50.320> along<00:05:50.720> with<00:05:50.960> the 00:05:51.189 --> 00:05:51.199 align:start position:0% our own solar system along with the 00:05:51.199 --> 00:05:53.830 align:start position:0% our own solar system along with the other<00:05:51.440> stars<00:05:51.759> in<00:05:51.919> the<00:05:52.080> galaxy<00:05:53.039> are<00:05:53.360> also 00:05:53.830 --> 00:05:53.840 align:start position:0% other stars in the galaxy are also 00:05:53.840 --> 00:05:57.270 align:start position:0% other stars in the galaxy are also moving.<00:05:54.960> So<00:05:55.440> we<00:05:55.680> can<00:05:55.840> use<00:05:56.080> that<00:05:56.400> motion<00:05:56.800> as<00:05:57.039> an 00:05:57.270 --> 00:05:57.280 align:start position:0% moving. So we can use that motion as an 00:05:57.280 --> 00:05:59.430 align:start position:0% moving. So we can use that motion as an even<00:05:57.680> larger<00:05:58.160> base<00:05:58.479> for<00:05:58.720> establishing 00:05:59.430 --> 00:05:59.440 align:start position:0% even larger base for establishing 00:05:59.440 --> 00:06:02.469 align:start position:0% even larger base for establishing parallax.<00:06:00.639> The<00:06:00.880> same<00:06:01.120> principle<00:06:01.600> applies. 00:06:02.469 --> 00:06:02.479 align:start position:0% parallax. The same principle applies. 00:06:02.479 --> 00:06:04.710 align:start position:0% parallax. The same principle applies. Stars<00:06:02.880> with<00:06:03.199> proper<00:06:03.600> motions<00:06:04.240> against<00:06:04.560> the 00:06:04.710 --> 00:06:04.720 align:start position:0% Stars with proper motions against the 00:06:04.720 --> 00:06:07.270 align:start position:0% Stars with proper motions against the backdrop<00:06:05.120> of<00:06:05.360> space<00:06:05.680> are<00:06:05.919> closer<00:06:06.639> while<00:06:06.960> stars 00:06:07.270 --> 00:06:07.280 align:start position:0% backdrop of space are closer while stars 00:06:07.280 --> 00:06:09.670 align:start position:0% backdrop of space are closer while stars with<00:06:07.600> less<00:06:08.080> proper<00:06:08.479> motion<00:06:09.039> are<00:06:09.360> further 00:06:09.670 --> 00:06:09.680 align:start position:0% with less proper motion are further 00:06:09.680 --> 00:06:12.950 align:start position:0% with less proper motion are further away.<00:06:11.120> In<00:06:11.360> this<00:06:11.600> way,<00:06:12.160> Gaia<00:06:12.560> had<00:06:12.800> been 00:06:12.950 --> 00:06:12.960 align:start position:0% away. In this way, Gaia had been 00:06:12.960 --> 00:06:15.830 align:start position:0% away. In this way, Gaia had been building<00:06:13.280> a<00:06:13.520> precise<00:06:14.160> 3D<00:06:14.560> map<00:06:14.800> of<00:06:15.120> two<00:06:15.440> billion 00:06:15.830 --> 00:06:15.840 align:start position:0% building a precise 3D map of two billion 00:06:15.840 --> 00:06:18.070 align:start position:0% building a precise 3D map of two billion stars<00:06:16.080> in<00:06:16.240> our<00:06:16.400> Milky<00:06:16.639> Way<00:06:16.960> galaxy<00:06:17.280> and<00:06:17.520> beyond 00:06:18.070 --> 00:06:18.080 align:start position:0% stars in our Milky Way galaxy and beyond 00:06:18.080 --> 00:06:20.710 align:start position:0% stars in our Milky Way galaxy and beyond over<00:06:18.319> the<00:06:18.560> course<00:06:18.800> of<00:06:19.280> three<00:06:20.000> trillion 00:06:20.710 --> 00:06:20.720 align:start position:0% over the course of three trillion 00:06:20.720 --> 00:06:23.590 align:start position:0% over the course of three trillion observations.<00:06:22.080> But<00:06:22.319> Gia<00:06:22.720> had<00:06:23.039> not<00:06:23.199> just<00:06:23.360> been 00:06:23.590 --> 00:06:23.600 align:start position:0% observations. But Gia had not just been 00:06:23.600 --> 00:06:25.590 align:start position:0% observations. But Gia had not just been looking<00:06:23.759> at<00:06:24.000> their<00:06:24.240> motion<00:06:24.560> and<00:06:24.800> distance. 00:06:25.590 --> 00:06:25.600 align:start position:0% looking at their motion and distance. 00:06:25.600 --> 00:06:27.430 align:start position:0% looking at their motion and distance. He's<00:06:26.080> mission<00:06:26.319> for<00:06:26.479> this<00:06:26.639> telescope<00:06:27.039> was<00:06:27.280> to 00:06:27.430 --> 00:06:27.440 align:start position:0% He's mission for this telescope was to 00:06:27.440 --> 00:06:30.550 align:start position:0% He's mission for this telescope was to study<00:06:27.680> the<00:06:27.840> luminosity,<00:06:29.039> temperature,<00:06:29.919> mass, 00:06:30.550 --> 00:06:30.560 align:start position:0% study the luminosity, temperature, mass, 00:06:30.560 --> 00:06:32.629 align:start position:0% study the luminosity, temperature, mass, and<00:06:30.960> chemical<00:06:31.440> composition<00:06:31.840> of<00:06:32.000> these<00:06:32.240> stars, 00:06:32.629 --> 00:06:32.639 align:start position:0% and chemical composition of these stars, 00:06:32.639 --> 00:06:35.350 align:start position:0% and chemical composition of these stars, too.<00:06:33.280> It<00:06:33.600> housed<00:06:34.080> two<00:06:34.400> powerful<00:06:34.800> telescopes 00:06:35.350 --> 00:06:35.360 align:start position:0% too. It housed two powerful telescopes 00:06:35.360 --> 00:06:37.510 align:start position:0% too. It housed two powerful telescopes that<00:06:35.520> channeled<00:06:35.919> light<00:06:36.400> from<00:06:36.800> two<00:06:37.120> different 00:06:37.510 --> 00:06:37.520 align:start position:0% that channeled light from two different 00:06:37.520 --> 00:06:40.150 align:start position:0% that channeled light from two different directions<00:06:38.240> into<00:06:38.560> a<00:06:38.800> camera<00:06:39.120> with<00:06:39.440> nearly<00:06:39.840> a 00:06:40.150 --> 00:06:40.160 align:start position:0% directions into a camera with nearly a 00:06:40.160 --> 00:06:43.110 align:start position:0% directions into a camera with nearly a billion<00:06:40.639> pixels<00:06:41.520> at<00:06:41.759> the<00:06:42.000> time<00:06:42.479> the<00:06:42.800> most 00:06:43.110 --> 00:06:43.120 align:start position:0% billion pixels at the time the most 00:06:43.120 --> 00:06:46.309 align:start position:0% billion pixels at the time the most precise<00:06:43.919> camera<00:06:44.319> in<00:06:44.639> space.<00:06:45.600> Its<00:06:45.840> radial 00:06:46.309 --> 00:06:46.319 align:start position:0% precise camera in space. Its radial 00:06:46.319 --> 00:06:48.150 align:start position:0% precise camera in space. Its radial velocity<00:06:46.880> spectrometer<00:06:47.600> could<00:06:47.759> measure 00:06:48.150 --> 00:06:48.160 align:start position:0% velocity spectrometer could measure 00:06:48.160 --> 00:06:50.150 align:start position:0% velocity spectrometer could measure Doppler<00:06:48.560> shift<00:06:48.800> to<00:06:48.960> give<00:06:49.120> us<00:06:49.280> clues<00:06:49.680> about<00:06:49.840> its 00:06:50.150 --> 00:06:50.160 align:start position:0% Doppler shift to give us clues about its 00:06:50.160 --> 00:06:52.950 align:start position:0% Doppler shift to give us clues about its velocity.<00:06:51.199> It<00:06:51.440> also<00:06:51.680> had<00:06:52.160> phototric 00:06:52.950 --> 00:06:52.960 align:start position:0% velocity. It also had phototric 00:06:52.960 --> 00:06:54.550 align:start position:0% velocity. It also had phototric instruments<00:06:53.440> to<00:06:53.600> reveal<00:06:54.000> spectral 00:06:54.550 --> 00:06:54.560 align:start position:0% instruments to reveal spectral 00:06:54.560 --> 00:06:56.469 align:start position:0% instruments to reveal spectral information<00:06:54.960> about<00:06:55.280> each<00:06:55.600> stars<00:06:56.000> properties 00:06:56.469 --> 00:06:56.479 align:start position:0% information about each stars properties 00:06:56.479 --> 00:06:59.350 align:start position:0% information about each stars properties like<00:06:56.800> composition<00:06:57.360> and<00:06:57.600> temperature.<00:06:58.880> So 00:06:59.350 --> 00:06:59.360 align:start position:0% like composition and temperature. So 00:06:59.360 --> 00:07:01.749 align:start position:0% like composition and temperature. So although<00:06:59.840> 2<00:07:00.080> billion<00:07:00.479> stars<00:07:00.800> is<00:07:01.039> only<00:07:01.280> a<00:07:01.520> drop 00:07:01.749 --> 00:07:01.759 align:start position:0% although 2 billion stars is only a drop 00:07:01.759 --> 00:07:04.070 align:start position:0% although 2 billion stars is only a drop in<00:07:02.000> the<00:07:02.160> ocean<00:07:02.479> of<00:07:02.720> the<00:07:02.960> 100<00:07:03.360> billion<00:07:03.759> stars 00:07:04.070 --> 00:07:04.080 align:start position:0% in the ocean of the 100 billion stars 00:07:04.080 --> 00:07:06.469 align:start position:0% in the ocean of the 100 billion stars thought<00:07:04.319> to<00:07:04.479> inhabit<00:07:04.880> the<00:07:05.039> Milky<00:07:05.440> Way,<00:07:06.160> they 00:07:06.469 --> 00:07:06.479 align:start position:0% thought to inhabit the Milky Way, they 00:07:06.479 --> 00:07:08.950 align:start position:0% thought to inhabit the Milky Way, they still<00:07:06.880> allowed<00:07:07.199> us<00:07:07.360> to<00:07:07.599> create<00:07:07.919> an<00:07:08.240> incredibly 00:07:08.950 --> 00:07:08.960 align:start position:0% still allowed us to create an incredibly 00:07:08.960 --> 00:07:12.230 align:start position:0% still allowed us to create an incredibly detailed<00:07:09.440> map<00:07:09.759> of<00:07:10.000> our<00:07:10.240> galaxy<00:07:10.800> over<00:07:11.120> time. 00:07:12.230 --> 00:07:12.240 align:start position:0% detailed map of our galaxy over time. 00:07:12.240 --> 00:07:14.629 align:start position:0% detailed map of our galaxy over time. And<00:07:12.479> it's<00:07:12.720> that<00:07:13.039> overtime<00:07:13.759> bit<00:07:14.000> that<00:07:14.319> allows 00:07:14.629 --> 00:07:14.639 align:start position:0% And it's that overtime bit that allows 00:07:14.639 --> 00:07:17.589 align:start position:0% And it's that overtime bit that allows us<00:07:14.800> to<00:07:14.960> see<00:07:15.120> the<00:07:15.360> Milky<00:07:15.599> Way's<00:07:16.080> eating<00:07:16.479> habits. 00:07:17.589 --> 00:07:17.599 align:start position:0% us to see the Milky Way's eating habits. 00:07:17.599 --> 00:07:20.230 align:start position:0% us to see the Milky Way's eating habits. You<00:07:17.759> see,<00:07:18.319> our<00:07:18.560> Milky<00:07:18.960> Way<00:07:19.199> turns<00:07:19.520> out<00:07:19.680> to<00:07:19.919> be 00:07:20.230 --> 00:07:20.240 align:start position:0% You see, our Milky Way turns out to be 00:07:20.240 --> 00:07:25.270 align:start position:0% You see, our Milky Way turns out to be hungry<00:07:21.280> for<00:07:21.599> sausages.<00:07:23.039> Yes,<00:07:23.759> sausages.<00:07:25.039> But 00:07:25.270 --> 00:07:25.280 align:start position:0% hungry for sausages. Yes, sausages. But 00:07:25.280 --> 00:07:27.990 align:start position:0% hungry for sausages. Yes, sausages. But no,<00:07:25.840> not<00:07:26.000> the<00:07:26.160> meaty<00:07:26.560> kind.<00:07:27.280> Allow<00:07:27.599> me<00:07:27.759> to 00:07:27.990 --> 00:07:28.000 align:start position:0% no, not the meaty kind. Allow me to 00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:31.589 align:start position:0% no, not the meaty kind. Allow me to explain. 00:07:31.589 --> 00:07:31.599 align:start position:0% 00:07:31.599 --> 00:07:34.710 align:start position:0% For<00:07:31.840> over<00:07:32.080> a<00:07:32.319> decade,<00:07:32.800> since<00:07:33.199> 2013<00:07:34.000> when<00:07:34.240> Gaia 00:07:34.710 --> 00:07:34.720 align:start position:0% For over a decade, since 2013 when Gaia 00:07:34.720 --> 00:07:37.029 align:start position:0% For over a decade, since 2013 when Gaia was<00:07:34.880> launched,<00:07:35.599> it<00:07:35.840> collected<00:07:36.319> data<00:07:36.720> which 00:07:37.029 --> 00:07:37.039 align:start position:0% was launched, it collected data which 00:07:37.039 --> 00:07:39.110 align:start position:0% was launched, it collected data which ISA<00:07:37.440> scientists<00:07:37.840> have<00:07:38.080> been<00:07:38.319> processing<00:07:38.800> and 00:07:39.110 --> 00:07:39.120 align:start position:0% ISA scientists have been processing and 00:07:39.120 --> 00:07:41.350 align:start position:0% ISA scientists have been processing and releasing<00:07:39.520> in<00:07:39.840> large<00:07:40.160> data<00:07:40.560> packets<00:07:40.960> for<00:07:41.120> the 00:07:41.350 --> 00:07:41.360 align:start position:0% releasing in large data packets for the 00:07:41.360 --> 00:07:43.670 align:start position:0% releasing in large data packets for the general<00:07:41.680> scientific<00:07:42.240> community<00:07:42.639> to<00:07:42.880> study. 00:07:43.670 --> 00:07:43.680 align:start position:0% general scientific community to study. 00:07:43.680 --> 00:07:45.670 align:start position:0% general scientific community to study. The<00:07:43.840> larger<00:07:44.160> the<00:07:44.400> gap<00:07:44.560> in<00:07:44.800> time,<00:07:45.280> the<00:07:45.440> more 00:07:45.670 --> 00:07:45.680 align:start position:0% The larger the gap in time, the more 00:07:45.680 --> 00:07:47.749 align:start position:0% The larger the gap in time, the more comprehensive<00:07:46.365> [music]<00:07:46.560> and<00:07:46.960> precise<00:07:47.440> the 00:07:47.749 --> 00:07:47.759 align:start position:0% comprehensive [music] and precise the 00:07:47.759 --> 00:07:51.830 align:start position:0% comprehensive [music] and precise the data.<00:07:48.560> More<00:07:48.880> time<00:07:49.360> equals<00:07:49.919> more<00:07:50.319> parallax. 00:07:51.830 --> 00:07:51.840 align:start position:0% data. More time equals more parallax. 00:07:51.840 --> 00:07:53.830 align:start position:0% data. More time equals more parallax. Three<00:07:52.160> such<00:07:52.479> data<00:07:52.880> releases<00:07:53.280> have<00:07:53.520> taken 00:07:53.830 --> 00:07:53.840 align:start position:0% Three such data releases have taken 00:07:53.840 --> 00:07:57.589 align:start position:0% Three such data releases have taken place<00:07:54.080> so<00:07:54.319> far<00:07:54.800> in<00:07:55.120> 2016,<00:07:56.240> 2018,<00:07:57.199> and<00:07:57.360> a 00:07:57.589 --> 00:07:57.599 align:start position:0% place so far in 2016, 2018, and a 00:07:57.599 --> 00:07:59.749 align:start position:0% place so far in 2016, 2018, and a two-parter<00:07:58.240> that<00:07:58.560> released<00:07:58.960> a<00:07:59.199> simplified 00:07:59.749 --> 00:07:59.759 align:start position:0% two-parter that released a simplified 00:07:59.759 --> 00:08:01.990 align:start position:0% two-parter that released a simplified version<00:08:00.000> in<00:08:00.240> 2020<00:08:01.120> and<00:08:01.360> then<00:08:01.520> the<00:08:01.759> full 00:08:01.990 --> 00:08:02.000 align:start position:0% version in 2020 and then the full 00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:05.110 align:start position:0% version in 2020 and then the full version<00:08:02.240> in<00:08:02.560> 2022.<00:08:04.000> And<00:08:04.240> scientists<00:08:04.800> have 00:08:05.110 --> 00:08:05.120 align:start position:0% version in 2022. And scientists have 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:07.189 align:start position:0% version in 2022. And scientists have already<00:08:05.599> had<00:08:05.759> the<00:08:06.000> chance<00:08:06.160> to<00:08:06.400> evaluate<00:08:06.960> what 00:08:07.189 --> 00:08:07.199 align:start position:0% already had the chance to evaluate what 00:08:07.199 --> 00:08:10.710 align:start position:0% already had the chance to evaluate what Gaia<00:08:07.680> has<00:08:07.840> seen.<00:08:09.199> And<00:08:09.599> as<00:08:09.840> they<00:08:10.080> witnessed<00:08:10.479> the 00:08:10.710 --> 00:08:10.720 align:start position:0% Gaia has seen. And as they witnessed the 00:08:10.720 --> 00:08:13.270 align:start position:0% Gaia has seen. And as they witnessed the motions<00:08:11.280> and<00:08:11.599> locations<00:08:12.160> of<00:08:12.479> stars<00:08:12.800> in<00:08:13.039> our 00:08:13.270 --> 00:08:13.280 align:start position:0% motions and locations of stars in our 00:08:13.280 --> 00:08:16.469 align:start position:0% motions and locations of stars in our galaxy<00:08:13.759> over<00:08:14.080> time,<00:08:14.879> it<00:08:15.120> became<00:08:15.520> possible<00:08:16.160> to 00:08:16.469 --> 00:08:16.479 align:start position:0% galaxy over time, it became possible to 00:08:16.479 --> 00:08:20.550 align:start position:0% galaxy over time, it became possible to model<00:08:16.960> the<00:08:17.280> whole<00:08:17.919> galaxy<00:08:19.039> and<00:08:19.599> even<00:08:20.000> wind<00:08:20.319> it 00:08:20.550 --> 00:08:20.560 align:start position:0% model the whole galaxy and even wind it 00:08:20.560 --> 00:08:24.469 align:start position:0% model the whole galaxy and even wind it backwards.<00:08:21.599> Take<00:08:21.759> a<00:08:22.000> look<00:08:22.080> at<00:08:22.240> this. 00:08:24.469 --> 00:08:24.479 align:start position:0% backwards. Take a look at this. 00:08:24.479 --> 00:08:27.110 align:start position:0% backwards. Take a look at this. It's<00:08:25.120> impossible<00:08:25.680> to<00:08:26.000> photograph<00:08:26.560> our<00:08:26.879> own 00:08:27.110 --> 00:08:27.120 align:start position:0% It's impossible to photograph our own 00:08:27.120 --> 00:08:29.430 align:start position:0% It's impossible to photograph our own galaxy<00:08:28.000> as<00:08:28.240> no<00:08:28.285> [music]<00:08:28.639> camera<00:08:29.120> equipped 00:08:29.430 --> 00:08:29.440 align:start position:0% galaxy as no [music] camera equipped 00:08:29.440 --> 00:08:32.230 align:start position:0% galaxy as no [music] camera equipped spacecraft<00:08:30.080> has<00:08:30.400> traveled<00:08:30.720> out<00:08:30.879> that<00:08:31.199> far. 00:08:32.230 --> 00:08:32.240 align:start position:0% spacecraft has traveled out that far. 00:08:32.240 --> 00:08:34.949 align:start position:0% spacecraft has traveled out that far. But<00:08:32.560> here<00:08:32.880> is<00:08:33.120> a<00:08:33.360> representation<00:08:34.479> created 00:08:34.949 --> 00:08:34.959 align:start position:0% But here is a representation created 00:08:34.959 --> 00:08:37.829 align:start position:0% But here is a representation created using<00:08:35.360> Gaia's<00:08:35.919> data<00:08:36.399> of<00:08:36.640> what<00:08:36.880> it<00:08:37.039> looks<00:08:37.279> like 00:08:37.829 --> 00:08:37.839 align:start position:0% using Gaia's data of what it looks like 00:08:37.839 --> 00:08:41.509 align:start position:0% using Gaia's data of what it looks like to<00:08:38.080> an<00:08:38.320> unprecedented<00:08:39.279> degree<00:08:39.680> of<00:08:40.000> accuracy. 00:08:41.509 --> 00:08:41.519 align:start position:0% to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. 00:08:41.519 --> 00:08:45.030 align:start position:0% to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. Note<00:08:42.000> its<00:08:42.399> wobbly<00:08:42.959> edges.<00:08:44.000> These<00:08:44.399> indicated 00:08:45.030 --> 00:08:45.040 align:start position:0% Note its wobbly edges. These indicated 00:08:45.040 --> 00:08:47.670 align:start position:0% Note its wobbly edges. These indicated to<00:08:45.279> scientists<00:08:45.760> that<00:08:45.920> the<00:08:46.160> Milky<00:08:46.480> Way<00:08:47.120> crashed 00:08:47.670 --> 00:08:47.680 align:start position:0% to scientists that the Milky Way crashed 00:08:47.680 --> 00:08:51.750 align:start position:0% to scientists that the Milky Way crashed into<00:08:48.160> another<00:08:48.640> galaxy<00:08:49.200> in<00:08:49.519> the<00:08:49.680> distant<00:08:50.080> past. 00:08:51.750 --> 00:08:51.760 align:start position:0% into another galaxy in the distant past. 00:08:51.760 --> 00:08:53.829 align:start position:0% into another galaxy in the distant past. Using<00:08:52.080> the<00:08:52.399> second<00:08:52.720> data<00:08:53.120> release, 00:08:53.829 --> 00:08:53.839 align:start position:0% Using the second data release, 00:08:53.839 --> 00:08:55.670 align:start position:0% Using the second data release, researchers<00:08:54.399> from<00:08:54.640> the<00:08:54.800> Netherlands<00:08:55.360> looked 00:08:55.670 --> 00:08:55.680 align:start position:0% researchers from the Netherlands looked 00:08:55.680 --> 00:08:58.870 align:start position:0% researchers from the Netherlands looked at<00:08:55.920> 7<00:08:56.240> million<00:08:56.640> stars<00:08:57.279> and<00:08:57.600> found<00:08:57.760> that<00:08:58.160> 30,000 00:08:58.870 --> 00:08:58.880 align:start position:0% at 7 million stars and found that 30,000 00:08:58.880 --> 00:09:01.430 align:start position:0% at 7 million stars and found that 30,000 of<00:08:59.120> them<00:08:59.279> were<00:08:59.519> moving<00:08:59.920> strangely. 00:09:01.430 --> 00:09:01.440 align:start position:0% of them were moving strangely. 00:09:01.440 --> 00:09:04.150 align:start position:0% of them were moving strangely. While<00:09:01.760> most<00:09:02.000> stars,<00:09:02.800> including<00:09:03.200> our<00:09:03.600> own, 00:09:04.150 --> 00:09:04.160 align:start position:0% While most stars, including our own, 00:09:04.160 --> 00:09:05.910 align:start position:0% While most stars, including our own, move<00:09:04.399> around<00:09:04.640> the<00:09:04.800> Milky<00:09:05.120> Way<00:09:05.360> in<00:09:05.600> one 00:09:05.910 --> 00:09:05.920 align:start position:0% move around the Milky Way in one 00:09:05.920 --> 00:09:08.790 align:start position:0% move around the Milky Way in one direction,<00:09:06.959> this<00:09:07.360> odd<00:09:07.760> collection<00:09:08.399> was 00:09:08.790 --> 00:09:08.800 align:start position:0% direction, this odd collection was 00:09:08.800 --> 00:09:12.150 align:start position:0% direction, this odd collection was moving<00:09:09.200> the<00:09:09.519> opposite<00:09:10.000> way.<00:09:11.360> Their<00:09:11.600> color<00:09:11.920> and 00:09:12.150 --> 00:09:12.160 align:start position:0% moving the opposite way. Their color and 00:09:12.160 --> 00:09:14.949 align:start position:0% moving the opposite way. Their color and brightness<00:09:12.720> were<00:09:12.959> also<00:09:13.440> strangely<00:09:14.000> distinct, 00:09:14.949 --> 00:09:14.959 align:start position:0% brightness were also strangely distinct, 00:09:14.959 --> 00:09:16.790 align:start position:0% brightness were also strangely distinct, indicating<00:09:15.440> there<00:09:15.760> was<00:09:15.920> something<00:09:16.320> special 00:09:16.790 --> 00:09:16.800 align:start position:0% indicating there was something special 00:09:16.800 --> 00:09:19.190 align:start position:0% indicating there was something special about<00:09:17.120> this<00:09:17.519> particular<00:09:18.080> group.<00:09:18.959> The 00:09:19.190 --> 00:09:19.200 align:start position:0% about this particular group. The 00:09:19.200 --> 00:09:21.350 align:start position:0% about this particular group. The researchers<00:09:19.760> ran<00:09:20.000> the<00:09:20.240> numbers<00:09:20.880> and<00:09:21.120> found 00:09:21.350 --> 00:09:21.360 align:start position:0% researchers ran the numbers and found 00:09:21.360 --> 00:09:22.949 align:start position:0% researchers ran the numbers and found that<00:09:21.600> a<00:09:21.839> model<00:09:22.160> that<00:09:22.399> fitted<00:09:22.720> their 00:09:22.949 --> 00:09:22.959 align:start position:0% that a model that fitted their 00:09:22.959 --> 00:09:25.670 align:start position:0% that a model that fitted their observations<00:09:23.920> was<00:09:24.320> what<00:09:24.640> would<00:09:24.880> happen<00:09:25.360> if 00:09:25.670 --> 00:09:25.680 align:start position:0% observations was what would happen if 00:09:25.680 --> 00:09:29.030 align:start position:0% observations was what would happen if another<00:09:26.160> galaxy<00:09:26.800> collided<00:09:27.440> with<00:09:27.680> our<00:09:28.000> own. 00:09:29.030 --> 00:09:29.040 align:start position:0% another galaxy collided with our own. 00:09:29.040 --> 00:09:31.670 align:start position:0% another galaxy collided with our own. The<00:09:29.279> collision<00:09:29.680> must<00:09:29.839> have<00:09:30.080> happened<00:09:30.560> 8<00:09:30.880> to<00:09:31.200> 11 00:09:31.670 --> 00:09:31.680 align:start position:0% The collision must have happened 8 to 11 00:09:31.680 --> 00:09:34.389 align:start position:0% The collision must have happened 8 to 11 billion<00:09:32.080> years<00:09:32.320> ago<00:09:32.959> and<00:09:33.200> involved<00:09:33.680> a<00:09:34.000> small 00:09:34.389 --> 00:09:34.399 align:start position:0% billion years ago and involved a small 00:09:34.399 --> 00:09:37.110 align:start position:0% billion years ago and involved a small dwarf<00:09:34.880> galaxy<00:09:35.519> that<00:09:35.760> the<00:09:35.920> researchers<00:09:36.480> called 00:09:37.110 --> 00:09:37.120 align:start position:0% dwarf galaxy that the researchers called 00:09:37.120 --> 00:09:40.550 align:start position:0% dwarf galaxy that the researchers called Gaia<00:09:37.680> Enceladus<00:09:38.800> or<00:09:39.040> sometimes<00:09:39.920> the<00:09:40.080> Gaia 00:09:40.550 --> 00:09:40.560 align:start position:0% Gaia Enceladus or sometimes the Gaia 00:09:40.560 --> 00:09:45.190 align:start position:0% Gaia Enceladus or sometimes the Gaia Enceladus<00:09:41.440> sausage.<00:09:42.560> See,<00:09:43.040> I<00:09:43.279> told<00:09:43.440> you.<00:09:44.880> See 00:09:45.190 --> 00:09:45.200 align:start position:0% Enceladus sausage. See, I told you. See 00:09:45.200 --> 00:09:48.310 align:start position:0% Enceladus sausage. See, I told you. See how<00:09:45.519> its<00:09:45.839> stars<00:09:46.480> indicated<00:09:47.040> here<00:09:47.279> in<00:09:47.519> red 00:09:48.310 --> 00:09:48.320 align:start position:0% how its stars indicated here in red 00:09:48.320 --> 00:09:50.710 align:start position:0% how its stars indicated here in red actually<00:09:48.720> managed<00:09:49.120> to<00:09:49.360> retain<00:09:49.920> a<00:09:50.240> fairly 00:09:50.710 --> 00:09:50.720 align:start position:0% actually managed to retain a fairly 00:09:50.720 --> 00:09:53.030 align:start position:0% actually managed to retain a fairly discreet<00:09:51.200> form<00:09:51.519> for<00:09:51.680> a<00:09:51.920> time<00:09:52.560> before 00:09:53.030 --> 00:09:53.040 align:start position:0% discreet form for a time before 00:09:53.040 --> 00:09:54.790 align:start position:0% discreet form for a time before eventually<00:09:53.680> spreading<00:09:54.080> out<00:09:54.320> across<00:09:54.640> the 00:09:54.790 --> 00:09:54.800 align:start position:0% eventually spreading out across the 00:09:54.800 --> 00:09:57.509 align:start position:0% eventually spreading out across the Milky<00:09:55.120> Way.<00:09:55.920> This<00:09:56.240> merger<00:09:56.640> may<00:09:56.880> have<00:09:57.040> been<00:09:57.279> an 00:09:57.509 --> 00:09:57.519 align:start position:0% Milky Way. This merger may have been an 00:09:57.519 --> 00:10:00.070 align:start position:0% Milky Way. This merger may have been an important<00:09:58.000> part<00:09:58.240> of<00:09:58.480> how<00:09:58.720> our<00:09:59.040> Milky<00:09:59.360> Way<00:09:59.760> came 00:10:00.070 --> 00:10:00.080 align:start position:0% important part of how our Milky Way came 00:10:00.080 --> 00:10:01.350 align:start position:0% important part of how our Milky Way came to<00:10:00.240> have<00:10:00.480> some<00:10:00.640> of<00:10:00.800> its<00:10:01.040> unique 00:10:01.350 --> 00:10:01.360 align:start position:0% to have some of its unique 00:10:01.360 --> 00:10:03.910 align:start position:0% to have some of its unique characteristics<00:10:02.560> such<00:10:02.800> as<00:10:02.959> a<00:10:03.279> bar<00:10:03.600> in<00:10:03.760> the 00:10:03.910 --> 00:10:03.920 align:start position:0% characteristics such as a bar in the 00:10:03.920 --> 00:10:06.389 align:start position:0% characteristics such as a bar in the center.<00:10:04.720> Something<00:10:05.040> that<00:10:05.279> only<00:10:05.680> 2/3<00:10:06.240> of 00:10:06.389 --> 00:10:06.399 align:start position:0% center. Something that only 2/3 of 00:10:06.399 --> 00:10:09.030 align:start position:0% center. Something that only 2/3 of spiral<00:10:06.800> galaxies<00:10:07.360> have.<00:10:08.240> The<00:10:08.399> Milky<00:10:08.720> Way 00:10:09.030 --> 00:10:09.040 align:start position:0% spiral galaxies have. The Milky Way 00:10:09.040 --> 00:10:11.350 align:start position:0% spiral galaxies have. The Milky Way didn't<00:10:09.279> go<00:10:09.440> in<00:10:09.680> for<00:10:09.920> a<00:10:10.240> little<00:10:10.640> late<00:10:10.959> night 00:10:11.350 --> 00:10:11.360 align:start position:0% didn't go in for a little late night 00:10:11.360 --> 00:10:14.069 align:start position:0% didn't go in for a little late night sausage<00:10:11.760> eating<00:10:12.160> just<00:10:12.399> once.<00:10:12.800> Though<00:10:13.680> another 00:10:14.069 --> 00:10:14.079 align:start position:0% sausage eating just once. Though another 00:10:14.079 --> 00:10:19.430 align:start position:0% sausage eating just once. Though another dwarf<00:10:14.560> galaxy<00:10:15.519> known<00:10:15.839> as<00:10:16.480> Aruya<00:10:17.519> Seoia<00:10:18.399> Latoy 00:10:19.430 --> 00:10:19.440 align:start position:0% dwarf galaxy known as Aruya Seoia Latoy 00:10:19.440 --> 00:10:21.829 align:start position:0% dwarf galaxy known as Aruya Seoia Latoy was<00:10:19.839> also<00:10:20.240> found<00:10:20.480> to<00:10:20.720> have<00:10:20.959> merged<00:10:21.440> with<00:10:21.680> the 00:10:21.829 --> 00:10:21.839 align:start position:0% was also found to have merged with the 00:10:21.839 --> 00:10:24.790 align:start position:0% was also found to have merged with the Milky<00:10:22.160> Way<00:10:22.880> and<00:10:23.200> perhaps<00:10:23.760> was<00:10:24.000> a<00:10:24.240> binary 00:10:24.790 --> 00:10:24.800 align:start position:0% Milky Way and perhaps was a binary 00:10:24.800 --> 00:10:28.310 align:start position:0% Milky Way and perhaps was a binary pairing<00:10:25.279> with<00:10:25.519> Gaia<00:10:26.000> and<00:10:26.079> Celadus.<00:10:27.519> And<00:10:27.760> then 00:10:28.310 --> 00:10:28.320 align:start position:0% pairing with Gaia and Celadus. And then 00:10:28.320 --> 00:10:31.110 align:start position:0% pairing with Gaia and Celadus. And then in<00:10:28.560> a<00:10:28.720> later<00:10:29.040> study,<00:10:29.839> another<00:10:30.240> dwarf<00:10:30.640> galaxy's 00:10:31.110 --> 00:10:31.120 align:start position:0% in a later study, another dwarf galaxy's 00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:33.590 align:start position:0% in a later study, another dwarf galaxy's remnants<00:10:31.519> were<00:10:31.680> found<00:10:32.480> more<00:10:32.800> than<00:10:33.040> one<00:10:33.440> in 00:10:33.590 --> 00:10:33.600 align:start position:0% remnants were found more than one in 00:10:33.600 --> 00:10:36.470 align:start position:0% remnants were found more than one in fact.<00:10:34.480> According<00:10:34.880> to<00:10:35.040> this<00:10:35.200> study,<00:10:35.760> our<00:10:36.079> Milky 00:10:36.470 --> 00:10:36.480 align:start position:0% fact. According to this study, our Milky 00:10:36.480 --> 00:10:39.350 align:start position:0% fact. According to this study, our Milky Way<00:10:36.800> may<00:10:37.040> have<00:10:37.279> eaten<00:10:37.680> as<00:10:38.000> many<00:10:38.240> as<00:10:38.640> six<00:10:39.040> other 00:10:39.350 --> 00:10:39.360 align:start position:0% Way may have eaten as many as six other 00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:42.470 align:start position:0% Way may have eaten as many as six other galaxies.<00:10:40.720> Gaia<00:10:41.120> data<00:10:41.440> reveals<00:10:41.920> this<00:10:42.160> hasn't 00:10:42.470 --> 00:10:42.480 align:start position:0% galaxies. Gaia data reveals this hasn't 00:10:42.480 --> 00:10:44.790 align:start position:0% galaxies. Gaia data reveals this hasn't stopped.<00:10:43.200> The<00:10:43.440> nearby<00:10:43.839> dwarf<00:10:44.240> galaxy 00:10:44.790 --> 00:10:44.800 align:start position:0% stopped. The nearby dwarf galaxy 00:10:44.800 --> 00:10:47.670 align:start position:0% stopped. The nearby dwarf galaxy Sagittarius<00:10:45.920> has<00:10:46.240> collided<00:10:46.640> with<00:10:46.880> our<00:10:47.120> own 00:10:47.670 --> 00:10:47.680 align:start position:0% Sagittarius has collided with our own 00:10:47.680 --> 00:10:50.870 align:start position:0% Sagittarius has collided with our own three<00:10:48.160> times<00:10:48.720> already<00:10:49.200> in<00:10:49.440> the<00:10:49.600> past<00:10:50.079> 4<00:10:50.320> to<00:10:50.560> 5 00:10:50.870 --> 00:10:50.880 align:start position:0% three times already in the past 4 to 5 00:10:50.880 --> 00:10:54.550 align:start position:0% three times already in the past 4 to 5 billion<00:10:51.200> years<00:10:51.920> and<00:10:52.320> is<00:10:52.640> set<00:10:52.800> to<00:10:53.040> do<00:10:53.200> so<00:10:53.440> again. 00:10:54.550 --> 00:10:54.560 align:start position:0% billion years and is set to do so again. 00:10:54.560 --> 00:10:56.470 align:start position:0% billion years and is set to do so again. This<00:10:54.800> collision<00:10:55.279> may<00:10:55.519> have<00:10:55.680> even<00:10:56.079> been<00:10:56.240> the 00:10:56.470 --> 00:10:56.480 align:start position:0% This collision may have even been the 00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:59.269 align:start position:0% This collision may have even been the spark<00:10:56.880> that<00:10:57.120> lit<00:10:57.440> the<00:10:57.680> flame<00:10:58.000> of<00:10:58.240> our<00:10:58.560> very<00:10:58.880> own 00:10:59.269 --> 00:10:59.279 align:start position:0% spark that lit the flame of our very own 00:10:59.279 --> 00:11:02.310 align:start position:0% spark that lit the flame of our very own sun<00:11:00.079> which<00:11:00.399> came<00:11:00.640> into<00:11:00.959> being<00:11:01.600> around<00:11:02.000> that 00:11:02.310 --> 00:11:02.320 align:start position:0% sun which came into being around that 00:11:02.320 --> 00:11:04.150 align:start position:0% sun which came into being around that same<00:11:02.640> time. 00:11:04.150 --> 00:11:04.160 align:start position:0% same time. 00:11:04.160 --> 00:11:07.030 align:start position:0% same time. Eventually,<00:11:05.200> Sagittarius<00:11:05.920> may<00:11:06.240> well<00:11:06.560> become 00:11:07.030 --> 00:11:07.040 align:start position:0% Eventually, Sagittarius may well become 00:11:07.040 --> 00:11:09.430 align:start position:0% Eventually, Sagittarius may well become galaxy<00:11:07.600> number<00:11:08.000> seven<00:11:08.560> that<00:11:08.800> the<00:11:08.959> Milky<00:11:09.200> Way 00:11:09.430 --> 00:11:09.440 align:start position:0% galaxy number seven that the Milky Way 00:11:09.440 --> 00:11:11.990 align:start position:0% galaxy number seven that the Milky Way has<00:11:09.680> consumed.<00:11:10.720> All<00:11:10.959> of<00:11:11.120> its<00:11:11.279> stars<00:11:11.680> being 00:11:11.990 --> 00:11:12.000 align:start position:0% has consumed. All of its stars being 00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:14.790 align:start position:0% has consumed. All of its stars being slowly<00:11:12.480> ripped<00:11:12.800> away<00:11:13.440> and<00:11:13.760> brought<00:11:14.160> into<00:11:14.480> our 00:11:14.790 --> 00:11:14.800 align:start position:0% slowly ripped away and brought into our 00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:17.269 align:start position:0% slowly ripped away and brought into our own<00:11:15.120> galaxy. 00:11:17.269 --> 00:11:17.279 align:start position:0% own galaxy. 00:11:17.279 --> 00:11:19.910 align:start position:0% own galaxy. These<00:11:17.680> revelations<00:11:18.399> are<00:11:18.720> just<00:11:19.040> some<00:11:19.440> of<00:11:19.680> the 00:11:19.910 --> 00:11:19.920 align:start position:0% These revelations are just some of the 00:11:19.920 --> 00:11:22.150 align:start position:0% These revelations are just some of the incredible<00:11:20.640> discoveries<00:11:21.279> made<00:11:21.600> possible 00:11:22.150 --> 00:11:22.160 align:start position:0% incredible discoveries made possible 00:11:22.160 --> 00:11:25.030 align:start position:0% incredible discoveries made possible through<00:11:22.399> the<00:11:22.640> Gaia<00:11:23.120> telescope's<00:11:23.839> data,<00:11:24.800> which 00:11:25.030 --> 00:11:25.040 align:start position:0% through the Gaia telescope's data, which 00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:27.110 align:start position:0% through the Gaia telescope's data, which is<00:11:25.200> why<00:11:25.440> it<00:11:25.680> is<00:11:25.839> sad<00:11:26.160> Gaia's<00:11:26.447> [music]<00:11:26.640> time 00:11:27.110 --> 00:11:27.120 align:start position:0% is why it is sad Gaia's [music] time 00:11:27.120 --> 00:11:30.310 align:start position:0% is why it is sad Gaia's [music] time came<00:11:27.360> to<00:11:27.519> a<00:11:27.760> close. 00:11:30.310 --> 00:11:30.320 align:start position:0% came to a close. 00:11:30.320 --> 00:11:31.910 align:start position:0% came to a close. The<00:11:30.560> Guyia<00:11:30.880> telescope<00:11:31.360> maintained<00:11:31.760> its 00:11:31.910 --> 00:11:31.920 align:start position:0% The Guyia telescope maintained its 00:11:31.920 --> 00:11:33.750 align:start position:0% The Guyia telescope maintained its position<00:11:32.160> in<00:11:32.399> the<00:11:32.560> second<00:11:32.720> lrangee<00:11:33.279> point 00:11:33.750 --> 00:11:33.760 align:start position:0% position in the second lrangee point 00:11:33.760 --> 00:11:36.310 align:start position:0% position in the second lrangee point using<00:11:34.320> judiciously<00:11:35.200> applied<00:11:35.680> cold<00:11:36.079> gas 00:11:36.310 --> 00:11:36.320 align:start position:0% using judiciously applied cold gas 00:11:36.320 --> 00:11:39.829 align:start position:0% using judiciously applied cold gas repellent<00:11:37.200> a<00:11:37.440> dozen<00:11:37.920> grams<00:11:38.399> a<00:11:38.640> day.<00:11:39.440> However, 00:11:39.829 --> 00:11:39.839 align:start position:0% repellent a dozen grams a day. However, 00:11:39.839 --> 00:11:43.670 align:start position:0% repellent a dozen grams a day. However, that<00:11:40.240> cold<00:11:40.560> gas<00:11:40.959> sadly<00:11:41.920> eventually<00:11:42.640> ran<00:11:42.959> out. 00:11:43.670 --> 00:11:43.680 align:start position:0% that cold gas sadly eventually ran out. 00:11:43.680 --> 00:11:46.949 align:start position:0% that cold gas sadly eventually ran out. On<00:11:43.839> the<00:11:44.079> 15th<00:11:44.480> of<00:11:44.640> January<00:11:45.200> 2025,<00:11:46.240> Gaia<00:11:46.720> took 00:11:46.949 --> 00:11:46.959 align:start position:0% On the 15th of January 2025, Gaia took 00:11:46.959 --> 00:11:49.430 align:start position:0% On the 15th of January 2025, Gaia took its<00:11:47.279> last<00:11:47.680> observation<00:11:48.560> and<00:11:48.800> began<00:11:49.120> the 00:11:49.430 --> 00:11:49.440 align:start position:0% its last observation and began the 00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:52.630 align:start position:0% its last observation and began the process<00:11:49.760> of<00:11:50.000> doing<00:11:50.560> a<00:11:50.880> few<00:11:51.200> last<00:11:51.680> calibrations 00:11:52.630 --> 00:11:52.640 align:start position:0% process of doing a few last calibrations 00:11:52.640 --> 00:11:55.350 align:start position:0% process of doing a few last calibrations before<00:11:53.120> finally<00:11:53.600> powering<00:11:54.000> down<00:11:54.399> on<00:11:54.640> the<00:11:54.880> 27th 00:11:55.350 --> 00:11:55.360 align:start position:0% before finally powering down on the 27th 00:11:55.360 --> 00:11:59.190 align:start position:0% before finally powering down on the 27th of<00:11:55.600> March<00:11:55.920> 2025. 00:11:59.190 --> 00:11:59.200 align:start position:0% 00:11:59.200 --> 00:12:02.389 align:start position:0% But<00:11:59.519> its<00:11:59.839> story<00:12:00.160> is<00:12:00.480> not<00:12:00.720> over<00:12:01.040> yet.<00:12:01.839> Two<00:12:02.160> more 00:12:02.389 --> 00:12:02.399 align:start position:0% But its story is not over yet. Two more 00:12:02.399 --> 00:12:04.710 align:start position:0% But its story is not over yet. Two more data<00:12:02.720> packets<00:12:03.120> await<00:12:03.440> release.<00:12:04.160> The<00:12:04.399> first<00:12:04.560> of 00:12:04.710 --> 00:12:04.720 align:start position:0% data packets await release. The first of 00:12:04.720 --> 00:12:07.750 align:start position:0% data packets await release. The first of the<00:12:04.880> two,<00:12:05.360> data<00:12:05.760> release<00:12:06.079> 4,<00:12:06.720> will<00:12:06.959> include 00:12:07.750 --> 00:12:07.760 align:start position:0% the two, data release 4, will include 00:12:07.760 --> 00:12:11.110 align:start position:0% the two, data release 4, will include 500<00:12:08.720> terab<00:12:09.519> of<00:12:09.760> information<00:12:10.560> and<00:12:10.800> will<00:12:11.040> be 00:12:11.110 --> 00:12:11.120 align:start position:0% 500 terab of information and will be 00:12:11.120 --> 00:12:13.598 align:start position:0% 500 terab of information and will be released<00:12:11.519> on<00:12:11.839> the<00:12:12.079> 2nd<00:12:12.399> of<00:12:12.560> December<00:12:13.200> 2026. 00:12:13.598 --> 00:12:13.608 align:start position:0% released on the 2nd of December 2026. 00:12:13.608 --> 00:12:14.550 align:start position:0% released on the 2nd of December 2026. [music] 00:12:14.550 --> 00:12:14.560 align:start position:0% [music] 00:12:14.560 --> 00:12:17.190 align:start position:0% [music] It<00:12:14.800> will<00:12:14.959> only<00:12:15.279> cover<00:12:15.519> the<00:12:15.680> first<00:12:16.079> 5.5<00:12:16.959> years 00:12:17.190 --> 00:12:17.200 align:start position:0% It will only cover the first 5.5 years 00:12:17.200 --> 00:12:19.829 align:start position:0% It will only cover the first 5.5 years of<00:12:17.360> Gaia's<00:12:17.839> mission,<00:12:18.480> but<00:12:18.720> will<00:12:18.959> do<00:12:19.120> so<00:12:19.360> to<00:12:19.600> an 00:12:19.829 --> 00:12:19.839 align:start position:0% of Gaia's mission, but will do so to an 00:12:19.839 --> 00:12:22.629 align:start position:0% of Gaia's mission, but will do so to an incredible<00:12:20.560> level<00:12:20.880> of<00:12:21.040> detail.<00:12:21.760> His<00:12:22.240> precise 00:12:22.629 --> 00:12:22.639 align:start position:0% incredible level of detail. His precise 00:12:22.639 --> 00:12:25.350 align:start position:0% incredible level of detail. His precise measurements<00:12:23.200> of<00:12:23.440> stars<00:12:24.000> wobbling<00:12:24.560> motions 00:12:25.350 --> 00:12:25.360 align:start position:0% measurements of stars wobbling motions 00:12:25.360 --> 00:12:27.430 align:start position:0% measurements of stars wobbling motions might<00:12:25.680> even<00:12:26.000> highlight<00:12:26.480> possible<00:12:26.959> locations 00:12:27.430 --> 00:12:27.440 align:start position:0% might even highlight possible locations 00:12:27.440 --> 00:12:30.069 align:start position:0% might even highlight possible locations of<00:12:27.680> exoplanets<00:12:28.880> and<00:12:29.120> will<00:12:29.360> create<00:12:29.760> the 00:12:30.069 --> 00:12:30.079 align:start position:0% of exoplanets and will create the 00:12:30.079 --> 00:12:33.990 align:start position:0% of exoplanets and will create the largest<00:12:30.639> catalog<00:12:31.200> of<00:12:31.440> binary<00:12:31.920> stars<00:12:32.399> to<00:12:32.639> date. 00:12:33.990 --> 00:12:34.000 align:start position:0% largest catalog of binary stars to date. 00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:36.470 align:start position:0% largest catalog of binary stars to date. It's<00:12:34.320> also<00:12:34.720> worth<00:12:35.120> recognizing<00:12:36.000> that<00:12:36.240> the 00:12:36.470 --> 00:12:36.480 align:start position:0% It's also worth recognizing that the 00:12:36.480 --> 00:12:38.949 align:start position:0% It's also worth recognizing that the discovery<00:12:36.959> sky<00:12:37.360> brought<00:12:37.600> us<00:12:38.000> don't<00:12:38.320> end<00:12:38.560> with 00:12:38.949 --> 00:12:38.959 align:start position:0% discovery sky brought us don't end with 00:12:38.959 --> 00:12:42.470 align:start position:0% discovery sky brought us don't end with just<00:12:39.440> prior<00:12:39.920> or<00:12:40.320> ongoing<00:12:40.959> galaxy<00:12:41.440> impacts. 00:12:42.470 --> 00:12:42.480 align:start position:0% just prior or ongoing galaxy impacts. 00:12:42.480 --> 00:12:45.030 align:start position:0% just prior or ongoing galaxy impacts. It's<00:12:42.720> possible<00:12:43.040> to<00:12:43.440> fast<00:12:43.760> forward<00:12:44.240> the<00:12:44.480> data 00:12:45.030 --> 00:12:45.040 align:start position:0% It's possible to fast forward the data 00:12:45.040 --> 00:12:47.910 align:start position:0% It's possible to fast forward the data to<00:12:45.279> model<00:12:45.519> the<00:12:45.760> motion<00:12:46.160> of<00:12:46.399> our<00:12:46.720> local<00:12:47.120> stars 00:12:47.910 --> 00:12:47.920 align:start position:0% to model the motion of our local stars 00:12:47.920 --> 00:12:50.150 align:start position:0% to model the motion of our local stars millions<00:12:48.399> of<00:12:48.560> years<00:12:48.800> into<00:12:49.040> the<00:12:49.200> future, 00:12:50.150 --> 00:12:50.160 align:start position:0% millions of years into the future, 00:12:50.160 --> 00:12:52.550 align:start position:0% millions of years into the future, allowing<00:12:50.480> us<00:12:50.720> to<00:12:50.880> see<00:12:51.279> incredible<00:12:52.000> models 00:12:52.550 --> 00:12:52.560 align:start position:0% allowing us to see incredible models 00:12:52.560 --> 00:12:55.350 align:start position:0% allowing us to see incredible models like<00:12:52.880> this<00:12:53.120> one.<00:12:54.240> Note<00:12:54.560> how<00:12:54.880> although<00:12:55.200> the 00:12:55.350 --> 00:12:55.360 align:start position:0% like this one. Note how although the 00:12:55.360 --> 00:12:57.509 align:start position:0% like this one. Note how although the stars<00:12:55.760> near<00:12:56.000> us<00:12:56.320> initially<00:12:56.959> spread<00:12:57.360> out 00:12:57.509 --> 00:12:57.519 align:start position:0% stars near us initially spread out 00:12:57.519 --> 00:12:59.910 align:start position:0% stars near us initially spread out across<00:12:57.920> the<00:12:58.079> Milky<00:12:58.399> Way,<00:12:59.120> they<00:12:59.440> later 00:12:59.910 --> 00:12:59.920 align:start position:0% across the Milky Way, they later 00:12:59.920 --> 00:13:02.310 align:start position:0% across the Milky Way, they later reconvene<00:13:00.800> due<00:13:01.040> to<00:13:01.200> what<00:13:01.360> is<00:13:01.600> thought<00:13:01.839> to<00:13:02.000> be 00:13:02.310 --> 00:13:02.320 align:start position:0% reconvene due to what is thought to be 00:13:02.320 --> 00:13:05.670 align:start position:0% reconvene due to what is thought to be density<00:13:02.880> waves.<00:13:04.160> Seeing<00:13:04.560> this<00:13:04.880> play<00:13:05.200> out 00:13:05.670 --> 00:13:05.680 align:start position:0% density waves. Seeing this play out 00:13:05.680 --> 00:13:08.389 align:start position:0% density waves. Seeing this play out helps<00:13:06.160> explain<00:13:06.639> the<00:13:06.880> spiral<00:13:07.440> arm<00:13:07.839> shape<00:13:08.160> of 00:13:08.389 --> 00:13:08.399 align:start position:0% helps explain the spiral arm shape of 00:13:08.399 --> 00:13:10.550 align:start position:0% helps explain the spiral arm shape of our<00:13:08.720> galaxy. 00:13:10.550 --> 00:13:10.560 align:start position:0% our galaxy. 00:13:10.560 --> 00:13:12.710 align:start position:0% our galaxy. Gaia<00:13:10.959> data<00:13:11.279> has<00:13:11.440> helped<00:13:11.760> improve<00:13:12.160> our<00:13:12.480> picture 00:13:12.710 --> 00:13:12.720 align:start position:0% Gaia data has helped improve our picture 00:13:12.720 --> 00:13:15.990 align:start position:0% Gaia data has helped improve our picture of<00:13:12.959> events<00:13:13.440> much<00:13:13.760> closer<00:13:14.160> to<00:13:14.320> home,<00:13:14.720> too.<00:13:15.519> Gaia 00:13:15.990 --> 00:13:16.000 align:start position:0% of events much closer to home, too. Gaia 00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:17.910 align:start position:0% of events much closer to home, too. Gaia revealed<00:13:16.320> the<00:13:16.560> position<00:13:16.880> and<00:13:17.279> direction<00:13:17.680> of 00:13:17.910 --> 00:13:17.920 align:start position:0% revealed the position and direction of 00:13:17.920 --> 00:13:21.829 align:start position:0% revealed the position and direction of travel<00:13:18.240> of<00:13:18.480> over<00:13:19.760> 150,000<00:13:20.720> asteroids<00:13:21.279> in<00:13:21.519> our 00:13:21.829 --> 00:13:21.839 align:start position:0% travel of over 150,000 asteroids in our 00:13:21.839 --> 00:13:24.230 align:start position:0% travel of over 150,000 asteroids in our solar<00:13:22.160> system.<00:13:23.040> And<00:13:23.200> thanks<00:13:23.519> to<00:13:23.600> its<00:13:23.920> ability 00:13:24.230 --> 00:13:24.240 align:start position:0% solar system. And thanks to its ability 00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:26.949 align:start position:0% solar system. And thanks to its ability to<00:13:24.480> track<00:13:24.800> those<00:13:25.040> movements<00:13:25.519> over<00:13:25.839> time,<00:13:26.480> Gaia 00:13:26.949 --> 00:13:26.959 align:start position:0% to track those movements over time, Gaia 00:13:26.959 --> 00:13:31.030 align:start position:0% to track those movements over time, Gaia was<00:13:27.200> able<00:13:27.360> to<00:13:27.519> demonstrate<00:13:28.240> that<00:13:28.800> 352<00:13:30.160> of<00:13:30.399> them 00:13:31.030 --> 00:13:31.040 align:start position:0% was able to demonstrate that 352 of them 00:13:31.040 --> 00:13:34.150 align:start position:0% was able to demonstrate that 352 of them probably<00:13:31.519> have<00:13:31.839> moons<00:13:32.720> as<00:13:32.959> shown<00:13:33.360> by<00:13:33.680> slight 00:13:34.150 --> 00:13:34.160 align:start position:0% probably have moons as shown by slight 00:13:34.160 --> 00:13:37.110 align:start position:0% probably have moons as shown by slight wobbles<00:13:34.720> in<00:13:34.880> these<00:13:35.200> asteroids<00:13:35.760> trajectories. 00:13:37.110 --> 00:13:37.120 align:start position:0% wobbles in these asteroids trajectories. 00:13:37.120 --> 00:13:39.509 align:start position:0% wobbles in these asteroids trajectories. This<00:13:37.440> nearly<00:13:38.000> doubled<00:13:38.480> the<00:13:38.800> number<00:13:38.959> of<00:13:39.200> such 00:13:39.509 --> 00:13:39.519 align:start position:0% This nearly doubled the number of such 00:13:39.519 --> 00:13:41.509 align:start position:0% This nearly doubled the number of such binary<00:13:40.079> system<00:13:40.399> asteroids<00:13:40.959> that<00:13:41.120> we<00:13:41.360> were 00:13:41.509 --> 00:13:41.519 align:start position:0% binary system asteroids that we were 00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:45.190 align:start position:0% binary system asteroids that we were aware<00:13:41.839> of. 00:13:45.190 --> 00:13:45.200 align:start position:0% 00:13:45.200 --> 00:13:48.550 align:start position:0% Gaia<00:13:45.920> has<00:13:46.320> been<00:13:46.560> called<00:13:46.880> a<00:13:47.200> treasure<00:13:47.680> trove 00:13:48.550 --> 00:13:48.560 align:start position:0% Gaia has been called a treasure trove 00:13:48.560 --> 00:13:51.350 align:start position:0% Gaia has been called a treasure trove and<00:13:48.800> it's<00:13:49.200> hard<00:13:49.440> to<00:13:49.680> overstate<00:13:50.399> just<00:13:50.720> how<00:13:51.040> much 00:13:51.350 --> 00:13:51.360 align:start position:0% and it's hard to overstate just how much 00:13:51.360 --> 00:13:53.910 align:start position:0% and it's hard to overstate just how much information<00:13:52.000> can<00:13:52.320> be<00:13:52.560> found<00:13:53.040> in<00:13:53.279> these<00:13:53.600> data 00:13:53.910 --> 00:13:53.920 align:start position:0% information can be found in these data 00:13:53.920 --> 00:13:56.949 align:start position:0% information can be found in these data releases.<00:13:55.040> Guy<00:13:55.360> has<00:13:55.600> provided<00:13:56.000> us<00:13:56.240> with<00:13:56.639> what 00:13:56.949 --> 00:13:56.959 align:start position:0% releases. Guy has provided us with what 00:13:56.959 --> 00:13:59.990 align:start position:0% releases. Guy has provided us with what was<00:13:57.199> at<00:13:57.440> the<00:13:57.600> time<00:13:58.079> the<00:13:58.480> largest<00:13:58.959> ever<00:13:59.440> 3D<00:13:59.839> map 00:13:59.990 --> 00:14:00.000 align:start position:0% was at the time the largest ever 3D map 00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:02.790 align:start position:0% was at the time the largest ever 3D map of<00:14:00.240> quazars<00:14:00.800> across<00:14:01.040> the<00:14:01.279> wider<00:14:01.600> universe 00:14:02.790 --> 00:14:02.800 align:start position:0% of quazars across the wider universe 00:14:02.800 --> 00:14:07.110 align:start position:0% of quazars across the wider universe identifying<00:14:03.839> 1.3<00:14:05.279> million<00:14:05.680> of<00:14:05.920> them<00:14:06.639> with<00:14:06.880> the 00:14:07.110 --> 00:14:07.120 align:start position:0% identifying 1.3 million of them with the 00:14:07.120 --> 00:14:09.189 align:start position:0% identifying 1.3 million of them with the earliest<00:14:07.519> being<00:14:07.839> spotted<00:14:08.240> at<00:14:08.480> the<00:14:08.720> edges<00:14:09.040> of 00:14:09.189 --> 00:14:09.199 align:start position:0% earliest being spotted at the edges of 00:14:09.199 --> 00:14:11.430 align:start position:0% earliest being spotted at the edges of the<00:14:09.360> universe<00:14:10.240> with<00:14:10.560> light<00:14:10.880> that<00:14:11.120> started 00:14:11.430 --> 00:14:11.440 align:start position:0% the universe with light that started 00:14:11.440 --> 00:14:14.230 align:start position:0% the universe with light that started traveling<00:14:11.839> when<00:14:12.079> the<00:14:12.320> universe<00:14:12.720> was<00:14:12.959> only<00:14:13.279> 1.5 00:14:14.230 --> 00:14:14.240 align:start position:0% traveling when the universe was only 1.5 00:14:14.240 --> 00:14:17.590 align:start position:0% traveling when the universe was only 1.5 billion<00:14:14.639> years<00:14:14.880> old.<00:14:16.160> Gaia<00:14:16.639> has<00:14:16.800> found<00:14:17.279> a 00:14:17.590 --> 00:14:17.600 align:start position:0% billion years old. Gaia has found a 00:14:17.600 --> 00:14:19.590 align:start position:0% billion years old. Gaia has found a previously<00:14:18.079> unknown<00:14:18.560> black<00:14:18.800> hole<00:14:19.199> in<00:14:19.360> our 00:14:19.590 --> 00:14:19.600 align:start position:0% previously unknown black hole in our 00:14:19.600 --> 00:14:23.110 align:start position:0% previously unknown black hole in our Milky<00:14:19.920> Way,<00:14:20.639> 33<00:14:21.360> times<00:14:21.680> the<00:14:21.839> mass<00:14:22.079> of<00:14:22.240> the<00:14:22.399> sun 00:14:23.110 --> 00:14:23.120 align:start position:0% Milky Way, 33 times the mass of the sun 00:14:23.120 --> 00:14:27.030 align:start position:0% Milky Way, 33 times the mass of the sun and<00:14:23.440> only<00:14:24.160> 2,000<00:14:24.959> light-years<00:14:25.519> away<00:14:25.760> from<00:14:26.000> us. 00:14:27.030 --> 00:14:27.040 align:start position:0% and only 2,000 light-years away from us. 00:14:27.040 --> 00:14:29.509 align:start position:0% and only 2,000 light-years away from us. This<00:14:27.360> type<00:14:27.519> of<00:14:27.760> black<00:14:28.000> hole<00:14:28.560> had<00:14:28.880> never<00:14:29.279> been 00:14:29.509 --> 00:14:29.519 align:start position:0% This type of black hole had never been 00:14:29.519 --> 00:14:32.230 align:start position:0% This type of black hole had never been seen<00:14:29.760> in<00:14:30.000> our<00:14:30.240> galaxy<00:14:30.720> before.<00:14:31.600> Most<00:14:31.920> local 00:14:32.230 --> 00:14:32.240 align:start position:0% seen in our galaxy before. Most local 00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:34.150 align:start position:0% seen in our galaxy before. Most local black<00:14:32.480> holes<00:14:32.800> are<00:14:33.040> only<00:14:33.279> 10<00:14:33.519> times<00:14:33.760> the<00:14:33.920> mass 00:14:34.150 --> 00:14:34.160 align:start position:0% black holes are only 10 times the mass 00:14:34.160 --> 00:14:36.790 align:start position:0% black holes are only 10 times the mass of<00:14:34.240> the<00:14:34.399> sun,<00:14:34.959> making<00:14:35.279> this<00:14:35.600> new<00:14:35.839> find<00:14:36.320> truly 00:14:36.790 --> 00:14:36.800 align:start position:0% of the sun, making this new find truly 00:14:36.800 --> 00:14:38.389 align:start position:0% of the sun, making this new find truly massive. 00:14:38.389 --> 00:14:38.399 align:start position:0% massive. 00:14:38.399 --> 00:14:41.189 align:start position:0% massive. Many<00:14:38.800> more<00:14:39.120> such<00:14:39.519> discoveries<00:14:40.240> can<00:14:40.480> be<00:14:40.639> found 00:14:41.189 --> 00:14:41.199 align:start position:0% Many more such discoveries can be found 00:14:41.199 --> 00:14:44.389 align:start position:0% Many more such discoveries can be found thanks<00:14:41.519> to<00:14:41.760> Gaia<00:14:42.160> data.<00:14:43.360> It's<00:14:43.760> no<00:14:44.079> surprise 00:14:44.389 --> 00:14:44.399 align:start position:0% thanks to Gaia data. It's no surprise 00:14:44.399 --> 00:14:46.470 align:start position:0% thanks to Gaia data. It's no surprise that<00:14:44.720> issa<00:14:45.120> is<00:14:45.360> already<00:14:45.760> considering<00:14:46.240> plans 00:14:46.470 --> 00:14:46.480 align:start position:0% that issa is already considering plans 00:14:46.480 --> 00:14:50.550 align:start position:0% that issa is already considering plans for<00:14:46.639> a<00:14:46.800> GIA<00:14:47.199> replacement.<00:14:48.160> Gaia<00:14:48.880> NIR,<00:14:50.000> a<00:14:50.240> space 00:14:50.550 --> 00:14:50.560 align:start position:0% for a GIA replacement. Gaia NIR, a space 00:14:50.560 --> 00:14:52.870 align:start position:0% for a GIA replacement. Gaia NIR, a space telescope<00:14:51.120> similar<00:14:51.360> to<00:14:51.519> GIA,<00:14:52.160> but<00:14:52.399> able<00:14:52.720> to 00:14:52.870 --> 00:14:52.880 align:start position:0% telescope similar to GIA, but able to 00:14:52.880 --> 00:14:55.590 align:start position:0% telescope similar to GIA, but able to see<00:14:53.360> much<00:14:53.839> further<00:14:54.240> into<00:14:54.560> the<00:14:54.720> infrared<00:14:55.360> to 00:14:55.590 --> 00:14:55.600 align:start position:0% see much further into the infrared to 00:14:55.600 --> 00:14:57.509 align:start position:0% see much further into the infrared to peer<00:14:56.000> through<00:14:56.320> the<00:14:56.560> gas<00:14:56.880> clouds<00:14:57.279> that 00:14:57.509 --> 00:14:57.519 align:start position:0% peer through the gas clouds that 00:14:57.519 --> 00:15:00.389 align:start position:0% peer through the gas clouds that obscured<00:14:58.240> Gaia's<00:14:58.720> vision.<00:14:59.760> But<00:14:59.920> don't<00:15:00.160> hold 00:15:00.389 --> 00:15:00.399 align:start position:0% obscured Gaia's vision. But don't hold 00:15:00.399 --> 00:15:02.550 align:start position:0% obscured Gaia's vision. But don't hold your<00:15:00.639> breath<00:15:00.880> for<00:15:01.040> this<00:15:01.199> one.<00:15:01.839> If<00:15:02.079> it<00:15:02.320> goes 00:15:02.550 --> 00:15:02.560 align:start position:0% your breath for this one. If it goes 00:15:02.560 --> 00:15:05.990 align:start position:0% your breath for this one. If it goes ahead,<00:15:03.199> Gaia<00:15:03.680> NIR<00:15:04.560> will<00:15:04.880> look<00:15:05.040> to<00:15:05.279> launch<00:15:05.600> in 00:15:05.990 --> 00:15:06.000 align:start position:0% ahead, Gaia NIR will look to launch in 00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:07.670 align:start position:0% ahead, Gaia NIR will look to launch in 2045 00:15:07.670 --> 00:15:07.680 align:start position:0% 2045 00:15:07.680 --> 00:15:09.910 align:start position:0% 2045 to<00:15:07.920> provide<00:15:08.399> an<00:15:08.720> appropriate<00:15:09.199> gap<00:15:09.519> between 00:15:09.910 --> 00:15:09.920 align:start position:0% to provide an appropriate gap between 00:15:09.920 --> 00:15:12.470 align:start position:0% to provide an appropriate gap between that<00:15:10.240> mission<00:15:10.560> and<00:15:10.720> Gaia<00:15:11.440> to<00:15:11.600> allow<00:15:11.839> ISA<00:15:12.320> to 00:15:12.470 --> 00:15:12.480 align:start position:0% that mission and Gaia to allow ISA to 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:14.389 align:start position:0% that mission and Gaia to allow ISA to take<00:15:12.639> even<00:15:12.959> more<00:15:13.199> advantage<00:15:13.680> of<00:15:13.839> parallax 00:15:14.389 --> 00:15:14.399 align:start position:0% take even more advantage of parallax 00:15:14.399 --> 00:15:17.750 align:start position:0% take even more advantage of parallax effects.<00:15:15.279> Gaia<00:15:15.920> NIR<00:15:16.639> will<00:15:16.959> be<00:15:17.040> able<00:15:17.199> to<00:15:17.440> see 00:15:17.750 --> 00:15:17.760 align:start position:0% effects. Gaia NIR will be able to see 00:15:17.760 --> 00:15:20.470 align:start position:0% effects. Gaia NIR will be able to see how<00:15:18.079> much<00:15:18.320> further<00:15:18.959> Gaia's<00:15:19.519> observed<00:15:19.920> stars 00:15:20.470 --> 00:15:20.480 align:start position:0% how much further Gaia's observed stars 00:15:20.480 --> 00:15:23.430 align:start position:0% how much further Gaia's observed stars have<00:15:20.800> traveled<00:15:21.199> in<00:15:21.360> the<00:15:21.600> intervening<00:15:22.160> time. 00:15:23.430 --> 00:15:23.440 align:start position:0% have traveled in the intervening time. 00:15:23.440 --> 00:15:25.910 align:start position:0% have traveled in the intervening time. When<00:15:23.680> it<00:15:23.839> comes<00:15:24.079> out,<00:15:24.480> data<00:15:24.880> release<00:15:25.279> 5<00:15:25.600> will 00:15:25.910 --> 00:15:25.920 align:start position:0% When it comes out, data release 5 will 00:15:25.920 --> 00:15:28.710 align:start position:0% When it comes out, data release 5 will be<00:15:26.079> the<00:15:26.320> big<00:15:26.560> one.<00:15:27.440> Tentatively<00:15:28.160> set<00:15:28.399> to<00:15:28.560> be 00:15:28.710 --> 00:15:28.720 align:start position:0% be the big one. Tentatively set to be 00:15:28.720 --> 00:15:30.870 align:start position:0% be the big one. Tentatively set to be released<00:15:29.040> by<00:15:29.279> the<00:15:29.440> end<00:15:29.519> of<00:15:29.680> the<00:15:29.839> decade.<00:15:30.639> This 00:15:30.870 --> 00:15:30.880 align:start position:0% released by the end of the decade. This 00:15:30.880 --> 00:15:33.269 align:start position:0% released by the end of the decade. This data<00:15:31.279> release<00:15:31.600> will<00:15:31.839> include<00:15:32.399> everything, 00:15:33.269 --> 00:15:33.279 align:start position:0% data release will include everything, 00:15:33.279 --> 00:15:36.790 align:start position:0% data release will include everything, all<00:15:33.760> 10.5<00:15:34.639> years<00:15:34.959> of<00:15:35.279> Gaia's<00:15:35.839> mission<00:15:36.320> to<00:15:36.560> the 00:15:36.790 --> 00:15:36.800 align:start position:0% all 10.5 years of Gaia's mission to the 00:15:36.800 --> 00:15:40.150 align:start position:0% all 10.5 years of Gaia's mission to the highest<00:15:37.360> level<00:15:37.680> of<00:15:38.000> detail<00:15:38.480> imaginable.<00:15:39.920> It 00:15:40.150 --> 00:15:40.160 align:start position:0% highest level of detail imaginable. It 00:15:40.160 --> 00:15:42.310 align:start position:0% highest level of detail imaginable. It will<00:15:40.399> truly<00:15:40.880> be<00:15:41.120> a<00:15:41.360> treasure<00:15:41.760> trove<00:15:42.079> of 00:15:42.310 --> 00:15:42.320 align:start position:0% will truly be a treasure trove of 00:15:42.320 --> 00:15:45.030 align:start position:0% will truly be a treasure trove of information.<00:15:43.440> Just<00:15:43.760> think<00:15:44.079> what<00:15:44.399> discoveries 00:15:45.030 --> 00:15:45.040 align:start position:0% information. Just think what discoveries 00:15:45.040 --> 00:15:47.910 align:start position:0% information. Just think what discoveries can<00:15:45.279> be<00:15:45.440> made<00:15:45.839> with<00:15:46.160> so<00:15:46.560> much<00:15:46.959> raw<00:15:47.360> data<00:15:47.680> to 00:15:47.910 --> 00:15:47.920 align:start position:0% can be made with so much raw data to 00:15:47.920 --> 00:15:50.389 align:start position:0% can be made with so much raw data to sift<00:15:48.240> through.<00:15:49.040> Who<00:15:49.360> knows<00:15:49.759> what<00:15:50.000> else<00:15:50.240> we 00:15:50.389 --> 00:15:50.399 align:start position:0% sift through. Who knows what else we 00:15:50.399 --> 00:15:53.030 align:start position:0% sift through. Who knows what else we will<00:15:50.639> learn<00:15:50.880> about<00:15:51.120> our<00:15:51.440> galaxy. 00:15:53.030 --> 00:15:53.040 align:start position:0% will learn about our galaxy. 00:15:53.040 --> 00:15:55.509 align:start position:0% will learn about our galaxy. So,<00:15:53.600> while<00:15:53.920> Gaia's<00:15:54.399> mission<00:15:54.880> coming<00:15:55.120> to<00:15:55.360> a 00:15:55.509 --> 00:15:55.519 align:start position:0% So, while Gaia's mission coming to a 00:15:55.519 --> 00:15:58.629 align:start position:0% So, while Gaia's mission coming to a close<00:15:55.920> is<00:15:56.240> sad,<00:15:57.120> the<00:15:57.360> wealth<00:15:57.600> of<00:15:57.759> data<00:15:58.079> it<00:15:58.399> has 00:15:58.629 --> 00:15:58.639 align:start position:0% close is sad, the wealth of data it has 00:15:58.639 --> 00:16:02.069 align:start position:0% close is sad, the wealth of data it has collected<00:15:59.120> is<00:15:59.440> also<00:15:59.920> very<00:16:00.480> exciting.<00:16:01.759> Our 00:16:02.069 --> 00:16:02.079 align:start position:0% collected is also very exciting. Our 00:16:02.079 --> 00:16:04.629 align:start position:0% collected is also very exciting. Our Milky<00:16:02.399> Way<00:16:02.639> galaxy<00:16:03.360> might<00:16:03.759> be<00:16:04.000> surprisingly 00:16:04.629 --> 00:16:04.639 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy might be surprisingly 00:16:04.639 --> 00:16:07.189 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy might be surprisingly hard<00:16:04.880> to<00:16:05.040> learn<00:16:05.279> about.<00:16:06.000> But<00:16:06.240> Gia's<00:16:06.720> data<00:16:06.959> will 00:16:07.189 --> 00:16:07.199 align:start position:0% hard to learn about. But Gia's data will 00:16:07.199 --> 00:16:12.389 align:start position:0% hard to learn about. But Gia's data will give<00:16:07.360> us<00:16:07.600> the<00:16:07.920> best<00:16:08.399> crack<00:16:08.639> at<00:16:08.880> it<00:16:09.120> to<00:16:09.360> date. 00:16:12.389 --> 00:16:12.399 align:start position:0% 00:16:12.399 --> 00:16:14.790 align:start position:0% Lucky<00:16:12.800> for<00:16:12.959> us,<00:16:13.440> Gaia<00:16:13.920> is<00:16:14.079> not<00:16:14.240> the<00:16:14.480> only 00:16:14.790 --> 00:16:14.800 align:start position:0% Lucky for us, Gaia is not the only 00:16:14.800 --> 00:16:16.870 align:start position:0% Lucky for us, Gaia is not the only powerful<00:16:15.199> telescope<00:16:15.680> with<00:16:15.920> goals<00:16:16.240> to<00:16:16.480> map<00:16:16.720> out 00:16:16.870 --> 00:16:16.880 align:start position:0% powerful telescope with goals to map out 00:16:16.880 --> 00:16:19.829 align:start position:0% powerful telescope with goals to map out the<00:16:17.040> Milky<00:16:17.360> Way.<00:16:18.240> And<00:16:18.560> unlike<00:16:18.959> GIA,<00:16:19.519> which 00:16:19.829 --> 00:16:19.839 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. And unlike GIA, which 00:16:19.839 --> 00:16:22.310 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. And unlike GIA, which focused<00:16:20.240> on<00:16:20.639> visible<00:16:21.040> light,<00:16:21.839> our<00:16:22.079> next 00:16:22.310 --> 00:16:22.320 align:start position:0% focused on visible light, our next 00:16:22.320 --> 00:16:24.310 align:start position:0% focused on visible light, our next telescope<00:16:23.120> looks<00:16:23.360> at<00:16:23.600> light<00:16:24.000> that's 00:16:24.310 --> 00:16:24.320 align:start position:0% telescope looks at light that's 00:16:24.320 --> 00:16:27.509 align:start position:0% telescope looks at light that's invisible<00:16:24.959> to<00:16:25.199> the<00:16:25.360> naked<00:16:25.680> eye.<00:16:26.800> After<00:16:27.040> all, 00:16:27.509 --> 00:16:27.519 align:start position:0% invisible to the naked eye. After all, 00:16:27.519 --> 00:16:29.990 align:start position:0% invisible to the naked eye. After all, the<00:16:27.680> universe<00:16:28.240> is<00:16:28.639> full<00:16:28.880> of<00:16:29.040> secrets,<00:16:29.759> and 00:16:29.990 --> 00:16:30.000 align:start position:0% the universe is full of secrets, and 00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:32.069 align:start position:0% the universe is full of secrets, and some<00:16:30.240> of<00:16:30.320> the<00:16:30.480> most<00:16:30.800> incredible<00:16:31.440> ones<00:16:31.839> are 00:16:32.069 --> 00:16:32.079 align:start position:0% some of the most incredible ones are 00:16:32.079 --> 00:16:34.870 align:start position:0% some of the most incredible ones are hiding<00:16:32.720> just<00:16:33.040> beyond<00:16:33.519> the<00:16:33.759> reach<00:16:34.079> of<00:16:34.399> visible 00:16:34.870 --> 00:16:34.880 align:start position:0% hiding just beyond the reach of visible 00:16:34.880 --> 00:16:37.749 align:start position:0% hiding just beyond the reach of visible light.<00:16:36.079> What<00:16:36.320> if<00:16:36.480> I<00:16:36.639> told<00:16:36.880> you<00:16:37.040> that<00:16:37.279> more<00:16:37.519> than 00:16:37.749 --> 00:16:37.759 align:start position:0% light. What if I told you that more than 00:16:37.759 --> 00:16:42.310 align:start position:0% light. What if I told you that more than 1.5<00:16:38.880> billion<00:16:39.519> unseen<00:16:40.079> objects<00:16:41.040> from<00:16:41.519> galaxies 00:16:42.310 --> 00:16:42.320 align:start position:0% 1.5 billion unseen objects from galaxies 00:16:42.320 --> 00:16:45.670 align:start position:0% 1.5 billion unseen objects from galaxies and<00:16:42.800> newborn<00:16:43.360> stars<00:16:44.240> to<00:16:44.480> some<00:16:44.720> of<00:16:44.880> the<00:16:45.199> oldest 00:16:45.670 --> 00:16:45.680 align:start position:0% and newborn stars to some of the oldest 00:16:45.680 --> 00:16:48.949 align:start position:0% and newborn stars to some of the oldest stars<00:16:46.079> in<00:16:46.399> our<00:16:46.639> entire<00:16:47.199> galaxy<00:16:48.160> are<00:16:48.399> sitting 00:16:48.949 --> 00:16:48.959 align:start position:0% stars in our entire galaxy are sitting 00:16:48.959 --> 00:16:51.910 align:start position:0% stars in our entire galaxy are sitting just<00:16:49.440> out<00:16:49.600> of<00:16:49.759> reach<00:16:50.000> of<00:16:50.240> us<00:16:51.040> cloaked<00:16:51.519> in 00:16:51.910 --> 00:16:51.920 align:start position:0% just out of reach of us cloaked in 00:16:51.920 --> 00:16:55.350 align:start position:0% just out of reach of us cloaked in cosmic<00:16:52.480> dust.<00:16:53.680> That's<00:16:54.240> a<00:16:54.480> little<00:16:54.800> frustrating 00:16:55.350 --> 00:16:55.360 align:start position:0% cosmic dust. That's a little frustrating 00:16:55.360 --> 00:16:58.550 align:start position:0% cosmic dust. That's a little frustrating to<00:16:55.680> think<00:16:55.839> about,<00:16:56.320> isn't<00:16:56.560> it?<00:16:57.440> until<00:16:58.079> now. 00:16:58.550 --> 00:16:58.560 align:start position:0% to think about, isn't it? until now. 00:16:58.560 --> 00:17:01.509 align:start position:0% to think about, isn't it? until now. That<00:16:58.800> is<00:16:59.600> because<00:17:00.240> thanks<00:17:00.560> to<00:17:00.720> the<00:17:00.880> European 00:17:01.509 --> 00:17:01.519 align:start position:0% That is because thanks to the European 00:17:01.519 --> 00:17:03.590 align:start position:0% That is because thanks to the European Southern<00:17:01.920> Observatory's<00:17:02.800> Visible<00:17:03.360> and 00:17:03.590 --> 00:17:03.600 align:start position:0% Southern Observatory's Visible and 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:06.230 align:start position:0% Southern Observatory's Visible and Infrared<00:17:04.240> Survey<00:17:04.640> Telescope<00:17:05.120> for<00:17:05.280> astronomy, 00:17:06.230 --> 00:17:06.240 align:start position:0% Infrared Survey Telescope for astronomy, 00:17:06.240 --> 00:17:09.829 align:start position:0% Infrared Survey Telescope for astronomy, better<00:17:06.559> known<00:17:06.880> as<00:17:07.199> VISTA,<00:17:08.240> we<00:17:08.640> can<00:17:09.360> finally 00:17:09.829 --> 00:17:09.839 align:start position:0% better known as VISTA, we can finally 00:17:09.839 --> 00:17:12.630 align:start position:0% better known as VISTA, we can finally lift<00:17:10.160> the<00:17:10.319> veil<00:17:10.640> on<00:17:10.880> these<00:17:11.199> hidden<00:17:11.600> wonders. 00:17:12.630 --> 00:17:12.640 align:start position:0% lift the veil on these hidden wonders. 00:17:12.640 --> 00:17:14.949 align:start position:0% lift the veil on these hidden wonders. For<00:17:12.880> the<00:17:13.039> first<00:17:13.280> time<00:17:13.439> in<00:17:13.679> human<00:17:14.000> history,<00:17:14.720> we 00:17:14.949 --> 00:17:14.959 align:start position:0% For the first time in human history, we 00:17:14.959 --> 00:17:17.669 align:start position:0% For the first time in human history, we have<00:17:15.199> a<00:17:15.520> pretty<00:17:15.919> comprehensive<00:17:16.720> infrared<00:17:17.360> map 00:17:17.669 --> 00:17:17.679 align:start position:0% have a pretty comprehensive infrared map 00:17:17.679 --> 00:17:20.390 align:start position:0% have a pretty comprehensive infrared map of<00:17:17.839> the<00:17:18.000> Milky<00:17:18.400> Way.<00:17:19.199> one<00:17:19.439> that<00:17:19.760> pierces 00:17:20.390 --> 00:17:20.400 align:start position:0% of the Milky Way. one that pierces 00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:23.110 align:start position:0% of the Milky Way. one that pierces through<00:17:20.720> the<00:17:20.959> obscuring<00:17:21.600> fog<00:17:21.919> of<00:17:22.160> space<00:17:22.799> to 00:17:23.110 --> 00:17:23.120 align:start position:0% through the obscuring fog of space to 00:17:23.120 --> 00:17:25.350 align:start position:0% through the obscuring fog of space to reveal<00:17:23.520> an<00:17:23.760> unprecedented<00:17:24.559> view<00:17:24.799> of<00:17:25.039> our 00:17:25.350 --> 00:17:25.360 align:start position:0% reveal an unprecedented view of our 00:17:25.360 --> 00:17:28.710 align:start position:0% reveal an unprecedented view of our galaxy<00:17:26.240> and<00:17:26.640> what<00:17:26.880> lies<00:17:27.199> beyond. 00:17:28.710 --> 00:17:28.720 align:start position:0% galaxy and what lies beyond. 00:17:28.720 --> 00:17:31.909 align:start position:0% galaxy and what lies beyond. In<00:17:29.039> September<00:17:29.600> 2024,<00:17:30.640> Vista<00:17:31.200> published<00:17:31.600> the 00:17:31.909 --> 00:17:31.919 align:start position:0% In September 2024, Vista published the 00:17:31.919 --> 00:17:33.990 align:start position:0% In September 2024, Vista published the largest<00:17:32.400> and<00:17:32.640> most<00:17:32.960> detailed<00:17:33.440> infrared 00:17:33.990 --> 00:17:34.000 align:start position:0% largest and most detailed infrared 00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:35.909 align:start position:0% largest and most detailed infrared survey<00:17:34.400> of<00:17:34.559> the<00:17:34.720> Milky<00:17:35.120> Way<00:17:35.520> ever<00:17:35.872> [music] 00:17:35.909 --> 00:17:35.919 align:start position:0% survey of the Milky Way ever [music] 00:17:35.919 --> 00:17:38.870 align:start position:0% survey of the Milky Way ever [music] undertaken,<00:17:37.280> encompassing<00:17:38.000> a<00:17:38.320> 13-year 00:17:38.870 --> 00:17:38.880 align:start position:0% undertaken, encompassing a 13-year 00:17:38.880 --> 00:17:43.350 align:start position:0% undertaken, encompassing a 13-year period<00:17:39.520> from<00:17:39.840> 2010<00:17:40.320> to<00:17:40.640> 2023<00:17:41.840> across<00:17:42.960> 140 00:17:43.350 --> 00:17:43.360 align:start position:0% period from 2010 to 2023 across 140 00:17:43.360 --> 00:17:45.909 align:start position:0% period from 2010 to 2023 across 140 nights<00:17:43.760> of<00:17:43.919> observation.<00:17:45.039> This<00:17:45.280> project<00:17:45.679> has 00:17:45.909 --> 00:17:45.919 align:start position:0% nights of observation. This project has 00:17:45.919 --> 00:17:49.510 align:start position:0% nights of observation. This project has captured<00:17:46.400> around<00:17:47.120> 200,000<00:17:48.480> images<00:17:49.200> and 00:17:49.510 --> 00:17:49.520 align:start position:0% captured around 200,000 images and 00:17:49.520 --> 00:17:53.909 align:start position:0% captured around 200,000 images and generated<00:17:50.640> 500<00:17:51.440> terabytes<00:17:52.160> of<00:17:52.400> data. 00:17:53.909 --> 00:17:53.919 align:start position:0% generated 500 terabytes of data. 00:17:53.919 --> 00:17:56.070 align:start position:0% generated 500 terabytes of data. That's<00:17:54.320> the<00:17:54.559> same<00:17:54.720> amount<00:17:55.039> of<00:17:55.280> data<00:17:55.679> as<00:17:55.919> it 00:17:56.070 --> 00:17:56.080 align:start position:0% That's the same amount of data as it 00:17:56.080 --> 00:17:58.950 align:start position:0% That's the same amount of data as it would<00:17:56.240> take<00:17:56.480> to<00:17:56.799> stream<00:17:57.200> a<00:17:57.520> 4K<00:17:58.080> video<00:17:58.640> for 00:17:58.950 --> 00:17:58.960 align:start position:0% would take to stream a 4K video for 00:17:58.960 --> 00:18:02.870 align:start position:0% would take to stream a 4K video for nearly<00:17:59.520> 3<00:18:00.080> years<00:18:00.480> straight.<00:18:01.760> VISTA<00:18:02.320> is<00:18:02.640> part 00:18:02.870 --> 00:18:02.880 align:start position:0% nearly 3 years straight. VISTA is part 00:18:02.880 --> 00:18:05.669 align:start position:0% nearly 3 years straight. VISTA is part of<00:18:03.120> ISO's<00:18:03.760> Paranal<00:18:04.320> Observatory<00:18:05.039> located<00:18:05.440> in 00:18:05.669 --> 00:18:05.679 align:start position:0% of ISO's Paranal Observatory located in 00:18:05.679 --> 00:18:08.789 align:start position:0% of ISO's Paranal Observatory located in Chile<00:18:06.559> with<00:18:06.799> its<00:18:07.039> main<00:18:07.280> focus<00:18:07.760> being<00:18:08.080> to<00:18:08.320> map 00:18:08.789 --> 00:18:08.799 align:start position:0% Chile with its main focus being to map 00:18:08.799 --> 00:18:12.230 align:start position:0% Chile with its main focus being to map large<00:18:09.360> areas<00:18:09.840> of<00:18:10.000> the<00:18:10.240> sky. 00:18:12.230 --> 00:18:12.240 align:start position:0% large areas of the sky. 00:18:12.240 --> 00:18:15.350 align:start position:0% large areas of the sky. Using<00:18:12.799> Vista's<00:18:13.360> infrared<00:18:13.919> camera<00:18:14.559> known<00:18:14.880> as 00:18:15.350 --> 00:18:15.360 align:start position:0% Using Vista's infrared camera known as 00:18:15.360 --> 00:18:17.909 align:start position:0% Using Vista's infrared camera known as Veram,<00:18:16.320> the<00:18:16.559> team<00:18:16.720> was<00:18:16.960> able<00:18:17.200> to<00:18:17.360> peer<00:18:17.760> through 00:18:17.909 --> 00:18:17.919 align:start position:0% Veram, the team was able to peer through 00:18:17.919 --> 00:18:20.070 align:start position:0% Veram, the team was able to peer through the<00:18:18.160> dust<00:18:18.480> and<00:18:18.720> gas<00:18:19.039> that<00:18:19.280> permeates<00:18:19.840> our 00:18:20.070 --> 00:18:20.080 align:start position:0% the dust and gas that permeates our 00:18:20.080 --> 00:18:22.549 align:start position:0% the dust and gas that permeates our galaxy<00:18:21.039> and<00:18:21.440> uncover<00:18:21.919> some<00:18:22.080> of<00:18:22.160> the<00:18:22.320> Milky 00:18:22.549 --> 00:18:22.559 align:start position:0% galaxy and uncover some of the Milky 00:18:22.559 --> 00:18:25.669 align:start position:0% galaxy and uncover some of the Milky Way's<00:18:23.039> most<00:18:23.360> hidden<00:18:23.760> places. 00:18:25.669 --> 00:18:25.679 align:start position:0% Way's most hidden places. 00:18:25.679 --> 00:18:27.830 align:start position:0% Way's most hidden places. Traditional<00:18:26.240> telescopes<00:18:26.880> allow<00:18:27.120> us<00:18:27.280> to<00:18:27.440> view 00:18:27.830 --> 00:18:27.840 align:start position:0% Traditional telescopes allow us to view 00:18:27.840 --> 00:18:30.789 align:start position:0% Traditional telescopes allow us to view space<00:18:28.240> in<00:18:28.720> visible<00:18:29.120> wavelengths<00:18:30.160> which<00:18:30.400> range 00:18:30.789 --> 00:18:30.799 align:start position:0% space in visible wavelengths which range 00:18:30.799 --> 00:18:35.669 align:start position:0% space in visible wavelengths which range between<00:18:31.280> about<00:18:31.919> 380<00:18:33.039> to<00:18:33.520> 700<00:18:34.000> nanome.<00:18:35.440> But 00:18:35.669 --> 00:18:35.679 align:start position:0% between about 380 to 700 nanome. But 00:18:35.679 --> 00:18:39.110 align:start position:0% between about 380 to 700 nanome. But Vista<00:18:36.240> isn't<00:18:36.720> like<00:18:37.039> traditional<00:18:37.600> telescopes. 00:18:39.110 --> 00:18:39.120 align:start position:0% Vista isn't like traditional telescopes. 00:18:39.120 --> 00:18:41.029 align:start position:0% Vista isn't like traditional telescopes. Instead<00:18:39.520> of<00:18:39.760> relying<00:18:40.160> on<00:18:40.400> visible<00:18:40.799> light 00:18:41.029 --> 00:18:41.039 align:start position:0% Instead of relying on visible light 00:18:41.039 --> 00:18:43.750 align:start position:0% Instead of relying on visible light alone,<00:18:42.000> Vista<00:18:42.480> operates<00:18:42.880> at<00:18:43.120> infrared 00:18:43.750 --> 00:18:43.760 align:start position:0% alone, Vista operates at infrared 00:18:43.760 --> 00:18:47.270 align:start position:0% alone, Vista operates at infrared wavelengths<00:18:44.480> between<00:18:45.039> 900<00:18:45.760> and<00:18:46.080> 1,200 00:18:47.270 --> 00:18:47.280 align:start position:0% wavelengths between 900 and 1,200 00:18:47.280 --> 00:18:50.150 align:start position:0% wavelengths between 900 and 1,200 nanome,<00:18:48.480> allowing<00:18:48.799> it<00:18:49.039> to<00:18:49.200> detect<00:18:49.600> otherwise 00:18:50.150 --> 00:18:50.160 align:start position:0% nanome, allowing it to detect otherwise 00:18:50.160 --> 00:18:52.870 align:start position:0% nanome, allowing it to detect otherwise invisible<00:18:50.880> objects<00:18:51.440> like<00:18:51.760> stars<00:18:52.160> obscured<00:18:52.720> by 00:18:52.870 --> 00:18:52.880 align:start position:0% invisible objects like stars obscured by 00:18:52.880 --> 00:18:56.310 align:start position:0% invisible objects like stars obscured by dust<00:18:53.760> and<00:18:54.240> cold<00:18:54.720> brown<00:18:55.039> dwarfs,<00:18:55.840> also<00:18:56.160> known 00:18:56.310 --> 00:18:56.320 align:start position:0% dust and cold brown dwarfs, also known 00:18:56.320 --> 00:18:59.029 align:start position:0% dust and cold brown dwarfs, also known as<00:18:56.559> failed<00:18:56.960> stars,<00:18:57.679> which<00:18:58.000> don't<00:18:58.320> emit<00:18:58.720> enough 00:18:59.029 --> 00:18:59.039 align:start position:0% as failed stars, which don't emit enough 00:18:59.039 --> 00:19:00.789 align:start position:0% as failed stars, which don't emit enough visible<00:18:59.360> light<00:18:59.679> to<00:18:59.919> be<00:19:00.000> seen<00:19:00.320> with<00:19:00.480> a 00:19:00.789 --> 00:19:00.799 align:start position:0% visible light to be seen with a 00:19:00.799 --> 00:19:02.950 align:start position:0% visible light to be seen with a traditional<00:19:01.280> telescope. 00:19:02.950 --> 00:19:02.960 align:start position:0% traditional telescope. 00:19:02.960 --> 00:19:05.190 align:start position:0% traditional telescope. To<00:19:03.200> get<00:19:03.360> an<00:19:03.600> idea<00:19:03.919> of<00:19:04.080> the<00:19:04.320> difference<00:19:04.720> between 00:19:05.190 --> 00:19:05.200 align:start position:0% To get an idea of the difference between 00:19:05.200 --> 00:19:07.830 align:start position:0% To get an idea of the difference between visible<00:19:05.600> and<00:19:05.840> infrared<00:19:06.320> light,<00:19:07.200> take<00:19:07.440> a<00:19:07.679> look 00:19:07.830 --> 00:19:07.840 align:start position:0% visible and infrared light, take a look 00:19:07.840 --> 00:19:10.230 align:start position:0% visible and infrared light, take a look at<00:19:08.080> these<00:19:08.480> two<00:19:08.720> images<00:19:09.200> of<00:19:09.520> the<00:19:09.760> Lobster 00:19:10.230 --> 00:19:10.240 align:start position:0% at these two images of the Lobster 00:19:10.240 --> 00:19:13.750 align:start position:0% at these two images of the Lobster Nebula<00:19:11.039> or<00:19:11.280> NGC<00:19:12.160> 6357. 00:19:13.750 --> 00:19:13.760 align:start position:0% Nebula or NGC 6357. 00:19:13.760 --> 00:19:16.390 align:start position:0% Nebula or NGC 6357. One<00:19:14.000> taken<00:19:14.400> in<00:19:14.640> visible<00:19:14.960> light<00:19:15.520> and<00:19:15.840> the<00:19:16.080> other 00:19:16.390 --> 00:19:16.400 align:start position:0% One taken in visible light and the other 00:19:16.400 --> 00:19:19.830 align:start position:0% One taken in visible light and the other with<00:19:16.720> Vista's<00:19:17.280> telescope.<00:19:18.640> We<00:19:18.960> can<00:19:19.120> see<00:19:19.360> that 00:19:19.830 --> 00:19:19.840 align:start position:0% with Vista's telescope. We can see that 00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:22.390 align:start position:0% with Vista's telescope. We can see that in<00:19:20.080> the<00:19:20.240> infrared,<00:19:21.120> the<00:19:21.360> dust<00:19:21.600> that<00:19:21.840> obscures 00:19:22.390 --> 00:19:22.400 align:start position:0% in the infrared, the dust that obscures 00:19:22.400 --> 00:19:25.270 align:start position:0% in the infrared, the dust that obscures our<00:19:22.720> field<00:19:22.960> of<00:19:23.120> view<00:19:23.440> seems<00:19:23.840> to<00:19:24.160> disappear, 00:19:25.270 --> 00:19:25.280 align:start position:0% our field of view seems to disappear, 00:19:25.280 --> 00:19:28.150 align:start position:0% our field of view seems to disappear, revealing<00:19:25.760> what<00:19:26.240> look<00:19:26.559> like<00:19:27.200> hundreds<00:19:27.840> of 00:19:28.150 --> 00:19:28.160 align:start position:0% revealing what look like hundreds of 00:19:28.160 --> 00:19:31.510 align:start position:0% revealing what look like hundreds of thousands<00:19:29.120> or<00:19:29.440> maybe<00:19:29.760> even<00:19:30.240> millions<00:19:31.120> of 00:19:31.510 --> 00:19:31.520 align:start position:0% thousands or maybe even millions of 00:19:31.520 --> 00:19:34.630 align:start position:0% thousands or maybe even millions of previously<00:19:32.080> invisible<00:19:32.720> stars.<00:19:34.000> And<00:19:34.160> what<00:19:34.400> it 00:19:34.630 --> 00:19:34.640 align:start position:0% previously invisible stars. And what it 00:19:34.640 --> 00:19:37.190 align:start position:0% previously invisible stars. And what it shows<00:19:34.880> us<00:19:35.200> about<00:19:35.520> the<00:19:35.760> Milky<00:19:36.080> Way<00:19:36.720> is 00:19:37.190 --> 00:19:37.200 align:start position:0% shows us about the Milky Way is 00:19:37.200 --> 00:19:39.110 align:start position:0% shows us about the Milky Way is incredible. 00:19:39.110 --> 00:19:39.120 align:start position:0% incredible. 00:19:39.120 --> 00:19:40.870 align:start position:0% incredible. The<00:19:39.360> map<00:19:39.600> we're<00:19:39.919> looking<00:19:40.080> at<00:19:40.240> today<00:19:40.559> was 00:19:40.870 --> 00:19:40.880 align:start position:0% The map we're looking at today was 00:19:40.880 --> 00:19:44.870 align:start position:0% The map we're looking at today was created<00:19:41.280> through<00:19:41.840> Vista<00:19:42.480> Variables<00:19:43.600> or<00:19:44.000> VVV 00:19:44.870 --> 00:19:44.880 align:start position:0% created through Vista Variables or VVV 00:19:44.880 --> 00:19:48.230 align:start position:0% created through Vista Variables or VVV survey.<00:19:46.080> Via<00:19:46.400> Lakia<00:19:47.200> being<00:19:47.520> the<00:19:47.679> Latin<00:19:48.080> name 00:19:48.230 --> 00:19:48.240 align:start position:0% survey. Via Lakia being the Latin name 00:19:48.240 --> 00:19:50.870 align:start position:0% survey. Via Lakia being the Latin name for<00:19:48.400> the<00:19:48.559> Milky<00:19:48.880> Way<00:19:49.760> and<00:19:50.000> its<00:19:50.400> companion 00:19:50.870 --> 00:19:50.880 align:start position:0% for the Milky Way and its companion 00:19:50.880 --> 00:19:54.630 align:start position:0% for the Milky Way and its companion project,<00:19:51.520> the<00:19:51.840> VVV<00:19:52.799> Extended<00:19:53.520> Survey<00:19:54.240> or 00:19:54.630 --> 00:19:54.640 align:start position:0% project, the VVV Extended Survey or 00:19:54.640 --> 00:19:56.789 align:start position:0% project, the VVV Extended Survey or VVVX. 00:19:56.789 --> 00:19:56.799 align:start position:0% VVVX. 00:19:56.799 --> 00:19:58.630 align:start position:0% VVVX. The<00:19:57.039> data<00:19:57.360> collected<00:19:57.760> from<00:19:58.000> these<00:19:58.320> two 00:19:58.630 --> 00:19:58.640 align:start position:0% The data collected from these two 00:19:58.640 --> 00:20:00.390 align:start position:0% The data collected from these two companion<00:19:59.200> projects<00:19:59.600> that<00:19:59.919> make<00:20:00.080> up<00:20:00.240> the 00:20:00.390 --> 00:20:00.400 align:start position:0% companion projects that make up the 00:20:00.400 --> 00:20:03.029 align:start position:0% companion projects that make up the Vista<00:20:00.799> Infrared<00:20:01.360> Survey<00:20:02.080> have<00:20:02.400> already<00:20:02.799> led 00:20:03.029 --> 00:20:03.039 align:start position:0% Vista Infrared Survey have already led 00:20:03.039 --> 00:20:05.750 align:start position:0% Vista Infrared Survey have already led to<00:20:03.200> the<00:20:03.360> publication<00:20:03.919> of<00:20:04.160> more<00:20:04.400> than<00:20:04.880> 300 00:20:05.750 --> 00:20:05.760 align:start position:0% to the publication of more than 300 00:20:05.760 --> 00:20:07.909 align:start position:0% to the publication of more than 300 scientific<00:20:06.320> articles. 00:20:07.909 --> 00:20:07.919 align:start position:0% scientific articles. 00:20:07.919 --> 00:20:10.789 align:start position:0% scientific articles. Unlike<00:20:08.480> other<00:20:08.799> recent<00:20:09.200> space<00:20:09.520> maps,<00:20:10.320> this<00:20:10.559> is 00:20:10.789 --> 00:20:10.799 align:start position:0% Unlike other recent space maps, this is 00:20:10.799 --> 00:20:16.470 align:start position:0% Unlike other recent space maps, this is one<00:20:11.039> of<00:20:11.120> the<00:20:11.360> most<00:20:11.760> detailed<00:20:12.320> ones<00:20:12.960> ever<00:20:13.360> made. 00:20:16.470 --> 00:20:16.480 align:start position:0% 00:20:16.480 --> 00:20:18.870 align:start position:0% It's<00:20:16.799> the<00:20:17.120> first<00:20:17.520> infrared<00:20:18.080> survey<00:20:18.400> to<00:20:18.640> cover 00:20:18.870 --> 00:20:18.880 align:start position:0% It's the first infrared survey to cover 00:20:18.880 --> 00:20:22.310 align:start position:0% It's the first infrared survey to cover nearly<00:20:19.440> 80%<00:20:20.480> of<00:20:20.720> the<00:20:20.880> Milky<00:20:21.200> Way's<00:20:21.760> luminous 00:20:22.310 --> 00:20:22.320 align:start position:0% nearly 80% of the Milky Way's luminous 00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:25.029 align:start position:0% nearly 80% of the Milky Way's luminous mass<00:20:23.120> and<00:20:23.360> provides<00:20:23.840> the<00:20:24.080> largest<00:20:24.480> infrared 00:20:25.029 --> 00:20:25.039 align:start position:0% mass and provides the largest infrared 00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:27.909 align:start position:0% mass and provides the largest infrared catalog<00:20:25.760> ever<00:20:26.160> made<00:20:26.640> of<00:20:26.880> our<00:20:27.200> galaxy's 00:20:27.909 --> 00:20:27.919 align:start position:0% catalog ever made of our galaxy's 00:20:27.919 --> 00:20:30.950 align:start position:0% catalog ever made of our galaxy's central<00:20:28.400> region.<00:20:29.440> It<00:20:29.760> allows<00:20:30.080> astronomers<00:20:30.720> to 00:20:30.950 --> 00:20:30.960 align:start position:0% central region. It allows astronomers to 00:20:30.960 --> 00:20:33.270 align:start position:0% central region. It allows astronomers to study<00:20:31.200> our<00:20:31.520> galaxy<00:20:32.000> in<00:20:32.240> finer<00:20:32.720> detail<00:20:33.039> than 00:20:33.270 --> 00:20:33.280 align:start position:0% study our galaxy in finer detail than 00:20:33.280 --> 00:20:36.310 align:start position:0% study our galaxy in finer detail than ever<00:20:33.600> before.<00:20:34.720> This<00:20:34.960> survey<00:20:35.360> gives<00:20:35.679> us<00:20:35.919> an 00:20:36.310 --> 00:20:36.320 align:start position:0% ever before. This survey gives us an 00:20:36.320 --> 00:20:39.350 align:start position:0% ever before. This survey gives us an accurate<00:20:36.960> 3D<00:20:37.520> view<00:20:38.080> of<00:20:38.320> the<00:20:38.480> inner<00:20:38.880> regions<00:20:39.200> of 00:20:39.350 --> 00:20:39.360 align:start position:0% accurate 3D view of the inner regions of 00:20:39.360 --> 00:20:41.590 align:start position:0% accurate 3D view of the inner regions of the<00:20:39.440> Milky<00:20:39.840> Way<00:20:40.400> which<00:20:40.640> were<00:20:41.039> previously 00:20:41.590 --> 00:20:41.600 align:start position:0% the Milky Way which were previously 00:20:41.600 --> 00:20:44.630 align:start position:0% the Milky Way which were previously hidden<00:20:42.000> by<00:20:42.240> dust.<00:20:43.280> It<00:20:43.520> covers<00:20:43.760> an<00:20:44.000> area<00:20:44.240> of<00:20:44.480> the 00:20:44.630 --> 00:20:44.640 align:start position:0% hidden by dust. It covers an area of the 00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:47.750 align:start position:0% hidden by dust. It covers an area of the sky<00:20:45.039> equivalent<00:20:45.520> to<00:20:45.840> 8,600<00:20:46.479> [music] 00:20:47.750 --> 00:20:47.760 align:start position:0% sky equivalent to 8,600 [music] 00:20:47.760 --> 00:20:50.789 align:start position:0% sky equivalent to 8,600 [music] full<00:20:48.000> moons<00:20:48.799> and<00:20:49.120> contains<00:20:49.679> about<00:20:50.080> 10<00:20:50.400> times 00:20:50.789 --> 00:20:50.799 align:start position:0% full moons and contains about 10 times 00:20:50.799 --> 00:20:53.350 align:start position:0% full moons and contains about 10 times more<00:20:51.120> objects<00:20:51.840> than<00:20:52.240> any<00:20:52.799> previously 00:20:53.350 --> 00:20:53.360 align:start position:0% more objects than any previously 00:20:53.360 --> 00:20:59.110 align:start position:0% more objects than any previously published<00:20:53.760> infrared<00:20:54.320> map<00:20:54.640> from<00:20:54.960> 2012. 00:20:59.110 --> 00:20:59.120 align:start position:0% 00:20:59.120 --> 00:21:01.590 align:start position:0% Our<00:20:59.440> Milky<00:20:59.760> Way<00:21:00.080> consists<00:21:00.640> of<00:21:00.880> a<00:21:01.200> central 00:21:01.590 --> 00:21:01.600 align:start position:0% Our Milky Way consists of a central 00:21:01.600 --> 00:21:04.710 align:start position:0% Our Milky Way consists of a central bulge,<00:21:02.480> a<00:21:02.720> dense,<00:21:03.440> bright,<00:21:04.000> puffed<00:21:04.480> up 00:21:04.710 --> 00:21:04.720 align:start position:0% bulge, a dense, bright, puffed up 00:21:04.720 --> 00:21:07.270 align:start position:0% bulge, a dense, bright, puffed up collection<00:21:05.120> of<00:21:05.360> stars<00:21:06.000> with<00:21:06.159> a<00:21:06.400> flat<00:21:06.640> disc<00:21:06.960> of 00:21:07.270 --> 00:21:07.280 align:start position:0% collection of stars with a flat disc of 00:21:07.280 --> 00:21:10.549 align:start position:0% collection of stars with a flat disc of two<00:21:07.679> main<00:21:08.159> spiral<00:21:08.640> arms<00:21:09.120> and<00:21:09.440> two<00:21:09.760> minor<00:21:10.080> ones 00:21:10.549 --> 00:21:10.559 align:start position:0% two main spiral arms and two minor ones 00:21:10.559 --> 00:21:13.750 align:start position:0% two main spiral arms and two minor ones wrapping<00:21:11.039> from<00:21:11.360> the<00:21:11.520> ends.<00:21:12.640> This<00:21:12.960> image<00:21:13.440> shows 00:21:13.750 --> 00:21:13.760 align:start position:0% wrapping from the ends. This image shows 00:21:13.760 --> 00:21:15.830 align:start position:0% wrapping from the ends. This image shows the<00:21:14.080> area<00:21:14.320> of<00:21:14.559> our<00:21:14.799> galaxy<00:21:15.200> that<00:21:15.440> was<00:21:15.600> mapped 00:21:15.830 --> 00:21:15.840 align:start position:0% the area of our galaxy that was mapped 00:21:15.840 --> 00:21:18.230 align:start position:0% the area of our galaxy that was mapped in<00:21:16.000> the<00:21:16.159> survey.<00:21:16.960> The<00:21:17.200> red<00:21:17.440> squares<00:21:17.840> mark<00:21:18.080> the 00:21:18.230 --> 00:21:18.240 align:start position:0% in the survey. The red squares mark the 00:21:18.240 --> 00:21:20.390 align:start position:0% in the survey. The red squares mark the central<00:21:18.640> regions<00:21:18.960> of<00:21:19.039> the<00:21:19.200> galaxy<00:21:19.840> which<00:21:20.159> were 00:21:20.390 --> 00:21:20.400 align:start position:0% central regions of the galaxy which were 00:21:20.400 --> 00:21:22.230 align:start position:0% central regions of the galaxy which were observed<00:21:20.539> [music]<00:21:20.799> by<00:21:20.960> the<00:21:21.200> original<00:21:21.520> survey 00:21:22.230 --> 00:21:22.240 align:start position:0% observed [music] by the original survey 00:21:22.240 --> 00:21:24.470 align:start position:0% observed [music] by the original survey and<00:21:22.480> then<00:21:22.799> reobserved<00:21:23.600> again<00:21:24.000> by<00:21:24.240> the 00:21:24.470 --> 00:21:24.480 align:start position:0% and then reobserved again by the 00:21:24.480 --> 00:21:26.950 align:start position:0% and then reobserved again by the extended<00:21:24.880> survey.<00:21:26.080> And<00:21:26.240> the<00:21:26.400> other<00:21:26.640> square 00:21:26.950 --> 00:21:26.960 align:start position:0% extended survey. And the other square 00:21:26.960 --> 00:21:28.710 align:start position:0% extended survey. And the other square colors<00:21:27.280> show<00:21:27.520> areas<00:21:27.919> that<00:21:28.159> were<00:21:28.400> only 00:21:28.710 --> 00:21:28.720 align:start position:0% colors show areas that were only 00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:31.830 align:start position:0% colors show areas that were only observed<00:21:29.280> as<00:21:29.520> part<00:21:29.760> of<00:21:29.919> the<00:21:30.159> extended<00:21:30.640> survey. 00:21:31.830 --> 00:21:31.840 align:start position:0% observed as part of the extended survey. 00:21:31.840 --> 00:21:34.149 align:start position:0% observed as part of the extended survey. From<00:21:32.159> this<00:21:32.400> image,<00:21:32.880> you<00:21:33.200> can<00:21:33.360> see<00:21:33.520> that<00:21:33.760> these 00:21:34.149 --> 00:21:34.159 align:start position:0% From this image, you can see that these 00:21:34.159 --> 00:21:36.310 align:start position:0% From this image, you can see that these surveys<00:21:34.640> have<00:21:34.960> focused<00:21:35.520> right<00:21:35.840> on<00:21:36.159> the 00:21:36.310 --> 00:21:36.320 align:start position:0% surveys have focused right on the 00:21:36.320 --> 00:21:39.270 align:start position:0% surveys have focused right on the central<00:21:36.799> plane<00:21:37.120> of<00:21:37.360> our<00:21:37.600> galaxy,<00:21:38.640> spanning 00:21:39.270 --> 00:21:39.280 align:start position:0% central plane of our galaxy, spanning 00:21:39.280 --> 00:21:41.990 align:start position:0% central plane of our galaxy, spanning part<00:21:39.600> of<00:21:39.760> the<00:21:39.919> disc<00:21:40.559> and<00:21:40.799> most<00:21:41.120> of<00:21:41.280> the<00:21:41.520> nuclear 00:21:41.990 --> 00:21:42.000 align:start position:0% part of the disc and most of the nuclear 00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:46.630 align:start position:0% part of the disc and most of the nuclear bulge.<00:21:43.200> But<00:21:43.760> what<00:21:44.159> has<00:21:44.720> Vista<00:21:45.280> revealed? 00:21:46.630 --> 00:21:46.640 align:start position:0% bulge. But what has Vista revealed? 00:21:46.640 --> 00:21:49.350 align:start position:0% bulge. But what has Vista revealed? Argentinian<00:21:47.360> astrophysicist<00:21:48.240> Dante<00:21:48.720> Maniti, 00:21:49.350 --> 00:21:49.360 align:start position:0% Argentinian astrophysicist Dante Maniti, 00:21:49.360 --> 00:21:51.669 align:start position:0% Argentinian astrophysicist Dante Maniti, who<00:21:49.600> led<00:21:49.840> the<00:21:50.000> survey<00:21:50.400> project,<00:21:50.799> said,<00:21:51.200> "We've 00:21:51.669 --> 00:21:51.679 align:start position:0% who led the survey project, said, "We've 00:21:51.679 --> 00:21:54.230 align:start position:0% who led the survey project, said, "We've made<00:21:52.159> so<00:21:52.559> many<00:21:52.880> discoveries,<00:21:53.840> we<00:21:54.080> have 00:21:54.230 --> 00:21:54.240 align:start position:0% made so many discoveries, we have 00:21:54.240 --> 00:21:57.830 align:start position:0% made so many discoveries, we have changed<00:21:54.640> the<00:21:54.880> view<00:21:55.200> of<00:21:55.440> our<00:21:55.760> galaxy<00:21:56.400> forever." 00:21:57.830 --> 00:21:57.840 align:start position:0% changed the view of our galaxy forever." 00:21:57.840 --> 00:21:59.830 align:start position:0% changed the view of our galaxy forever." And<00:21:58.080> as<00:21:58.400> much<00:21:58.480> as<00:21:58.640> I'd<00:21:58.960> love<00:21:59.120> to<00:21:59.280> talk<00:21:59.440> about 00:21:59.830 --> 00:21:59.840 align:start position:0% And as much as I'd love to talk about 00:21:59.840 --> 00:22:02.230 align:start position:0% And as much as I'd love to talk about all<00:22:00.080> of<00:22:00.240> them<00:22:00.400> in<00:22:00.720> this<00:22:00.880> video,<00:22:01.520> it's<00:22:01.840> probably 00:22:02.230 --> 00:22:02.240 align:start position:0% all of them in this video, it's probably 00:22:02.240 --> 00:22:05.029 align:start position:0% all of them in this video, it's probably best<00:22:02.480> I<00:22:02.720> stick<00:22:02.960> to<00:22:03.120> some<00:22:03.280> of<00:22:03.360> the<00:22:03.520> highlights. 00:22:05.029 --> 00:22:05.039 align:start position:0% best I stick to some of the highlights. 00:22:05.039 --> 00:22:07.750 align:start position:0% best I stick to some of the highlights. As<00:22:05.280> part<00:22:05.440> of<00:22:05.520> the<00:22:05.679> survey<00:22:06.080> in<00:22:06.320> 2015,<00:22:07.280> Vista 00:22:07.750 --> 00:22:07.760 align:start position:0% As part of the survey in 2015, Vista 00:22:07.760 --> 00:22:09.350 align:start position:0% As part of the survey in 2015, Vista turned<00:22:08.000> its<00:22:08.240> attention<00:22:08.559> to<00:22:08.799> the<00:22:08.960> star 00:22:09.350 --> 00:22:09.360 align:start position:0% turned its attention to the star 00:22:09.360 --> 00:22:12.470 align:start position:0% turned its attention to the star formation<00:22:09.840> region<00:22:10.400> of<00:22:10.720> Messia<00:22:11.360> 20,<00:22:12.159> also 00:22:12.470 --> 00:22:12.480 align:start position:0% formation region of Messia 20, also 00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:15.190 align:start position:0% formation region of Messia 20, also known<00:22:12.799> as<00:22:13.039> the<00:22:13.280> Trifford<00:22:13.840> Nebula,<00:22:14.559> which<00:22:14.880> lies 00:22:15.190 --> 00:22:15.200 align:start position:0% known as the Trifford Nebula, which lies 00:22:15.200 --> 00:22:17.990 align:start position:0% known as the Trifford Nebula, which lies about<00:22:15.600> 9,000<00:22:16.320> lighty<00:22:16.559> years<00:22:16.799> from<00:22:16.960> Earth. 00:22:17.990 --> 00:22:18.000 align:start position:0% about 9,000 lighty years from Earth. 00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:20.310 align:start position:0% about 9,000 lighty years from Earth. Viewed<00:22:18.559> in<00:22:18.720> visible<00:22:19.120> light<00:22:19.440> in<00:22:19.679> this<00:22:19.840> image, 00:22:20.310 --> 00:22:20.320 align:start position:0% Viewed in visible light in this image, 00:22:20.320 --> 00:22:23.270 align:start position:0% Viewed in visible light in this image, we<00:22:20.559> can<00:22:20.720> see<00:22:20.960> a<00:22:21.440> beautiful<00:22:21.919> nebula<00:22:22.799> glowing 00:22:23.270 --> 00:22:23.280 align:start position:0% we can see a beautiful nebula glowing 00:22:23.280 --> 00:22:25.190 align:start position:0% we can see a beautiful nebula glowing pink<00:22:23.600> from<00:22:23.840> the<00:22:24.000> emission<00:22:24.400> of<00:22:24.799> ionized 00:22:25.190 --> 00:22:25.200 align:start position:0% pink from the emission of ionized 00:22:25.200 --> 00:22:28.149 align:start position:0% pink from the emission of ionized hydrogen<00:22:26.080> and<00:22:26.400> surrounded<00:22:26.880> by<00:22:27.120> a<00:22:27.440> blue<00:22:27.760> haze 00:22:28.149 --> 00:22:28.159 align:start position:0% hydrogen and surrounded by a blue haze 00:22:28.159 --> 00:22:31.270 align:start position:0% hydrogen and surrounded by a blue haze of<00:22:28.400> scattered<00:22:28.799> light<00:22:29.120> from<00:22:29.440> young<00:22:29.919> hot<00:22:30.320> stars. 00:22:31.270 --> 00:22:31.280 align:start position:0% of scattered light from young hot stars. 00:22:31.280 --> 00:22:33.990 align:start position:0% of scattered light from young hot stars. The<00:22:31.520> cloud<00:22:31.840> of<00:22:32.000> gas<00:22:32.320> and<00:22:32.559> dust<00:22:33.200> is<00:22:33.440> obscuring 00:22:33.990 --> 00:22:34.000 align:start position:0% The cloud of gas and dust is obscuring 00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:37.029 align:start position:0% The cloud of gas and dust is obscuring the<00:22:34.159> star-filled<00:22:34.880> space<00:22:35.200> behind<00:22:35.520> it.<00:22:36.559> Now 00:22:37.029 --> 00:22:37.039 align:start position:0% the star-filled space behind it. Now 00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:38.870 align:start position:0% the star-filled space behind it. Now look<00:22:37.200> at<00:22:37.440> this<00:22:37.679> second<00:22:38.000> image<00:22:38.400> taken<00:22:38.720> by 00:22:38.870 --> 00:22:38.880 align:start position:0% look at this second image taken by 00:22:38.880 --> 00:22:41.590 align:start position:0% look at this second image taken by Vista's<00:22:39.140> [music]<00:22:39.440> infrared<00:22:40.080> camera. 00:22:41.590 --> 00:22:41.600 align:start position:0% Vista's [music] infrared camera. 00:22:41.600 --> 00:22:44.789 align:start position:0% Vista's [music] infrared camera. Peering<00:22:42.159> beyond<00:22:42.640> the<00:22:42.960> clouds<00:22:43.440> reveals<00:22:44.400> a 00:22:44.789 --> 00:22:44.799 align:start position:0% Peering beyond the clouds reveals a 00:22:44.799 --> 00:22:48.630 align:start position:0% Peering beyond the clouds reveals a whole<00:22:45.440> swarm<00:22:46.000> of<00:22:46.240> new<00:22:46.559> stars. 00:22:48.630 --> 00:22:48.640 align:start position:0% whole swarm of new stars. 00:22:48.640 --> 00:22:50.549 align:start position:0% whole swarm of new stars. This<00:22:48.880> image<00:22:49.280> not<00:22:49.520> only<00:22:49.679> allows<00:22:50.000> us<00:22:50.159> to<00:22:50.320> see 00:22:50.549 --> 00:22:50.559 align:start position:0% This image not only allows us to see 00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:54.310 align:start position:0% This image not only allows us to see through<00:22:50.880> the<00:22:51.039> Triid<00:22:51.600> Nebula,<00:22:52.799> but<00:22:53.200> by<00:22:53.600> chance 00:22:54.310 --> 00:22:54.320 align:start position:0% through the Triid Nebula, but by chance 00:22:54.320 --> 00:22:56.870 align:start position:0% through the Triid Nebula, but by chance it<00:22:54.559> revealed<00:22:55.039> objects<00:22:55.520> on<00:22:55.840> the<00:22:56.000> far<00:22:56.400> side<00:22:56.720> of 00:22:56.870 --> 00:22:56.880 align:start position:0% it revealed objects on the far side of 00:22:56.880 --> 00:22:59.909 align:start position:0% it revealed objects on the far side of our<00:22:57.120> galaxy<00:22:58.000> that<00:22:58.400> had<00:22:58.799> never<00:22:59.360> been<00:22:59.600> seen 00:22:59.909 --> 00:22:59.919 align:start position:0% our galaxy that had never been seen 00:22:59.919 --> 00:23:03.029 align:start position:0% our galaxy that had never been seen before.<00:23:01.200> To<00:23:01.440> their<00:23:01.679> surprise,<00:23:02.240> astronomers 00:23:03.029 --> 00:23:03.039 align:start position:0% before. To their surprise, astronomers 00:23:03.039 --> 00:23:06.950 align:start position:0% before. To their surprise, astronomers identified<00:23:03.760> two<00:23:04.080> faint<00:23:04.880> reened<00:23:05.440> objects<00:23:06.080> as 00:23:06.950 --> 00:23:06.960 align:start position:0% identified two faint reened objects as 00:23:06.960 --> 00:23:10.549 align:start position:0% identified two faint reened objects as seafed<00:23:07.679> variable<00:23:08.320> stars.<00:23:09.600> While<00:23:09.919> they<00:23:10.159> appear 00:23:10.549 --> 00:23:10.559 align:start position:0% seafed variable stars. While they appear 00:23:10.559 --> 00:23:13.190 align:start position:0% seafed variable stars. While they appear in<00:23:10.799> the<00:23:10.960> image<00:23:11.280> to<00:23:11.520> be<00:23:11.840> just<00:23:12.159> behind<00:23:12.640> the<00:23:12.960> edge 00:23:13.190 --> 00:23:13.200 align:start position:0% in the image to be just behind the edge 00:23:13.200 --> 00:23:15.990 align:start position:0% in the image to be just behind the edge of<00:23:13.280> the<00:23:13.440> Trifford<00:23:14.000> Nebula,<00:23:14.880> in<00:23:15.120> reality<00:23:15.679> they 00:23:15.990 --> 00:23:16.000 align:start position:0% of the Trifford Nebula, in reality they 00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:18.789 align:start position:0% of the Trifford Nebula, in reality they are<00:23:16.240> very<00:23:16.640> distant,<00:23:17.440> about<00:23:18.000> seven<00:23:18.400> times 00:23:18.789 --> 00:23:18.799 align:start position:0% are very distant, about seven times 00:23:18.799 --> 00:23:21.110 align:start position:0% are very distant, about seven times farther<00:23:19.200> than<00:23:19.360> the<00:23:19.520> nebula<00:23:20.000> that<00:23:20.400> once<00:23:20.799> helped 00:23:21.110 --> 00:23:21.120 align:start position:0% farther than the nebula that once helped 00:23:21.120 --> 00:23:24.549 align:start position:0% farther than the nebula that once helped to<00:23:21.360> block<00:23:21.679> them<00:23:21.919> from<00:23:22.159> our<00:23:22.400> view.<00:23:23.840> Earlier<00:23:24.240> we 00:23:24.549 --> 00:23:24.559 align:start position:0% to block them from our view. Earlier we 00:23:24.559 --> 00:23:27.029 align:start position:0% to block them from our view. Earlier we mentioned<00:23:25.039> sephiid<00:23:25.600> variables,<00:23:26.480> a<00:23:26.720> type<00:23:26.880> of 00:23:27.029 --> 00:23:27.039 align:start position:0% mentioned sephiid variables, a type of 00:23:27.039 --> 00:23:29.750 align:start position:0% mentioned sephiid variables, a type of bright<00:23:27.360> star<00:23:27.600> that<00:23:27.840> is<00:23:28.080> unstable.<00:23:29.440> They 00:23:29.750 --> 00:23:29.760 align:start position:0% bright star that is unstable. They 00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:32.470 align:start position:0% bright star that is unstable. They brighten<00:23:30.240> and<00:23:30.559> fade<00:23:31.039> over<00:23:31.360> a<00:23:31.600> period<00:23:31.919> of<00:23:32.080> a<00:23:32.320> few 00:23:32.470 --> 00:23:32.480 align:start position:0% brighten and fade over a period of a few 00:23:32.480 --> 00:23:35.350 align:start position:0% brighten and fade over a period of a few days<00:23:33.120> or<00:23:33.360> a<00:23:33.600> few<00:23:33.760> months<00:23:34.559> depending<00:23:34.960> on<00:23:35.120> their 00:23:35.350 --> 00:23:35.360 align:start position:0% days or a few months depending on their 00:23:35.360 --> 00:23:38.310 align:start position:0% days or a few months depending on their brightness.<00:23:36.720> The<00:23:36.960> first<00:23:37.200> variable<00:23:37.760> star<00:23:38.000> we 00:23:38.310 --> 00:23:38.320 align:start position:0% brightness. The first variable star we 00:23:38.320 --> 00:23:40.230 align:start position:0% brightness. The first variable star we ever<00:23:38.720> identified<00:23:39.039> in<00:23:39.280> modern<00:23:39.520> times<00:23:39.840> was 00:23:40.230 --> 00:23:40.240 align:start position:0% ever identified in modern times was 00:23:40.240 --> 00:23:44.390 align:start position:0% ever identified in modern times was Omrichon<00:23:41.120> Seti,<00:23:42.000> also<00:23:42.320> known<00:23:42.640> as<00:23:43.039> Mirror.<00:23:44.159> It 00:23:44.390 --> 00:23:44.400 align:start position:0% Omrichon Seti, also known as Mirror. It 00:23:44.400 --> 00:23:47.830 align:start position:0% Omrichon Seti, also known as Mirror. It had<00:23:44.640> been<00:23:44.799> described<00:23:45.200> as<00:23:45.440> a<00:23:45.600> nova<00:23:46.080> until<00:23:46.640> 1638 00:23:47.830 --> 00:23:47.840 align:start position:0% had been described as a nova until 1638 00:23:47.840 --> 00:23:50.390 align:start position:0% had been described as a nova until 1638 when<00:23:48.080> Johanna's<00:23:48.799> Halwoods<00:23:49.679> observed<00:23:50.159> it 00:23:50.390 --> 00:23:50.400 align:start position:0% when Johanna's Halwoods observed it 00:23:50.400 --> 00:23:52.870 align:start position:0% when Johanna's Halwoods observed it getting<00:23:50.799> brighter<00:23:51.280> and<00:23:51.520> dimmer<00:23:52.159> in<00:23:52.400> a<00:23:52.640> cycle 00:23:52.870 --> 00:23:52.880 align:start position:0% getting brighter and dimmer in a cycle 00:23:52.880 --> 00:23:55.510 align:start position:0% getting brighter and dimmer in a cycle that<00:23:53.200> lasted<00:23:53.760> 11<00:23:54.080> months. 00:23:55.510 --> 00:23:55.520 align:start position:0% that lasted 11 months. 00:23:55.520 --> 00:23:57.830 align:start position:0% that lasted 11 months. As<00:23:55.760> for<00:23:56.159> this<00:23:56.480> pair<00:23:56.799> of<00:23:56.960> newly<00:23:57.360> discovered 00:23:57.830 --> 00:23:57.840 align:start position:0% As for this pair of newly discovered 00:23:57.840 --> 00:24:00.310 align:start position:0% As for this pair of newly discovered stars,<00:23:58.720> they<00:23:58.960> are<00:23:59.200> the<00:23:59.440> only<00:23:59.760> seafooded 00:24:00.310 --> 00:24:00.320 align:start position:0% stars, they are the only seafooded 00:24:00.320 --> 00:24:02.950 align:start position:0% stars, they are the only seafooded variables<00:24:00.880> that<00:24:01.120> we<00:24:01.360> have<00:24:01.679> identified<00:24:02.320> so<00:24:02.640> far 00:24:02.950 --> 00:24:02.960 align:start position:0% variables that we have identified so far 00:24:02.960 --> 00:24:06.470 align:start position:0% variables that we have identified so far in<00:24:03.200> this<00:24:03.440> location<00:24:04.559> which<00:24:04.960> lies<00:24:05.520> beyond<00:24:06.159> the 00:24:06.470 --> 00:24:06.480 align:start position:0% in this location which lies beyond the 00:24:06.480 --> 00:24:09.029 align:start position:0% in this location which lies beyond the central<00:24:06.880> bulge<00:24:07.520> on<00:24:07.760> the<00:24:08.000> far<00:24:08.320> side<00:24:08.559> of<00:24:08.799> our 00:24:09.029 --> 00:24:09.039 align:start position:0% central bulge on the far side of our 00:24:09.039 --> 00:24:11.909 align:start position:0% central bulge on the far side of our galaxy.<00:24:10.400> And<00:24:10.559> thanks<00:24:10.799> to<00:24:10.960> our<00:24:11.279> ability<00:24:11.600> to 00:24:11.909 --> 00:24:11.919 align:start position:0% galaxy. And thanks to our ability to 00:24:11.919 --> 00:24:14.149 align:start position:0% galaxy. And thanks to our ability to calculate<00:24:12.400> the<00:24:12.640> distance<00:24:13.039> to<00:24:13.279> them,<00:24:13.760> they<00:24:14.000> can 00:24:14.149 --> 00:24:14.159 align:start position:0% calculate the distance to them, they can 00:24:14.159 --> 00:24:16.549 align:start position:0% calculate the distance to them, they can be<00:24:14.320> really<00:24:14.720> useful,<00:24:15.120> too.<00:24:15.919> You<00:24:16.159> can<00:24:16.240> think<00:24:16.400> of 00:24:16.549 --> 00:24:16.559 align:start position:0% be really useful, too. You can think of 00:24:16.559 --> 00:24:19.350 align:start position:0% be really useful, too. You can think of them<00:24:16.799> as<00:24:17.120> a<00:24:17.360> kind<00:24:17.520> of<00:24:17.760> cosmic<00:24:18.320> yard<00:24:18.720> stick<00:24:19.120> that 00:24:19.350 --> 00:24:19.360 align:start position:0% them as a kind of cosmic yard stick that 00:24:19.360 --> 00:24:22.149 align:start position:0% them as a kind of cosmic yard stick that can<00:24:19.520> be<00:24:19.679> used<00:24:20.000> up<00:24:20.240> to<00:24:20.400> distances<00:24:20.960> of<00:24:21.360> tens<00:24:21.760> of 00:24:22.149 --> 00:24:22.159 align:start position:0% can be used up to distances of tens of 00:24:22.159 --> 00:24:24.950 align:start position:0% can be used up to distances of tens of millions<00:24:22.559> of<00:24:22.720> light<00:24:23.039> years.<00:24:24.080> If<00:24:24.320> you<00:24:24.480> know<00:24:24.720> how 00:24:24.950 --> 00:24:24.960 align:start position:0% millions of light years. If you know how 00:24:24.960 --> 00:24:27.430 align:start position:0% millions of light years. If you know how long<00:24:25.200> the<00:24:25.520> stars<00:24:25.919> pulsation<00:24:26.559> period<00:24:26.960> from 00:24:27.430 --> 00:24:27.440 align:start position:0% long the stars pulsation period from 00:24:27.440 --> 00:24:30.230 align:start position:0% long the stars pulsation period from bright<00:24:27.760> to<00:24:28.000> dim<00:24:28.320> is,<00:24:28.960> then<00:24:29.120> you<00:24:29.360> can<00:24:29.440> infer<00:24:29.919> its 00:24:30.230 --> 00:24:30.240 align:start position:0% bright to dim is, then you can infer its 00:24:30.240 --> 00:24:33.909 align:start position:0% bright to dim is, then you can infer its absolute<00:24:30.799> brightness<00:24:31.600> as<00:24:31.919> well<00:24:32.080> as<00:24:32.320> its<00:24:32.559> age, 00:24:33.909 --> 00:24:33.919 align:start position:0% absolute brightness as well as its age, 00:24:33.919 --> 00:24:36.149 align:start position:0% absolute brightness as well as its age, you<00:24:34.240> can<00:24:34.400> compare<00:24:34.880> absolute<00:24:35.360> brightness<00:24:35.919> to 00:24:36.149 --> 00:24:36.159 align:start position:0% you can compare absolute brightness to 00:24:36.159 --> 00:24:38.549 align:start position:0% you can compare absolute brightness to the<00:24:36.400> apparent<00:24:36.880> brightness,<00:24:37.760> that<00:24:38.000> is<00:24:38.320> the 00:24:38.549 --> 00:24:38.559 align:start position:0% the apparent brightness, that is the 00:24:38.559 --> 00:24:40.870 align:start position:0% the apparent brightness, that is the amount<00:24:38.799> of<00:24:38.960> light<00:24:39.200> that<00:24:39.520> reaches<00:24:39.919> Earth.<00:24:40.640> So 00:24:40.870 --> 00:24:40.880 align:start position:0% amount of light that reaches Earth. So 00:24:40.880 --> 00:24:42.950 align:start position:0% amount of light that reaches Earth. So you<00:24:41.039> have<00:24:41.200> a<00:24:41.440> measure<00:24:41.679> of<00:24:41.919> how<00:24:42.320> distant<00:24:42.720> the 00:24:42.950 --> 00:24:42.960 align:start position:0% you have a measure of how distant the 00:24:42.960 --> 00:24:45.590 align:start position:0% you have a measure of how distant the star<00:24:43.279> is.<00:24:44.159> With<00:24:44.320> a<00:24:44.559> few<00:24:44.799> reference<00:24:45.200> points 00:24:45.590 --> 00:24:45.600 align:start position:0% star is. With a few reference points 00:24:45.600 --> 00:24:48.070 align:start position:0% star is. With a few reference points like<00:24:45.840> these,<00:24:46.480> we<00:24:46.720> can<00:24:46.880> build<00:24:47.120> up<00:24:47.360> a<00:24:47.679> real 00:24:48.070 --> 00:24:48.080 align:start position:0% like these, we can build up a real 00:24:48.080 --> 00:24:51.269 align:start position:0% like these, we can build up a real picture<00:24:48.640> of<00:24:48.960> the<00:24:49.279> scale<00:24:49.679> of<00:24:49.919> our<00:24:50.159> galaxy<00:24:50.960> and 00:24:51.269 --> 00:24:51.279 align:start position:0% picture of the scale of our galaxy and 00:24:51.279 --> 00:24:54.950 align:start position:0% picture of the scale of our galaxy and beyond. 00:24:54.950 --> 00:24:54.960 align:start position:0% 00:24:54.960 --> 00:24:57.510 align:start position:0% Looking<00:24:55.440> toward<00:24:55.840> the<00:24:56.000> galactic<00:24:56.559> center,<00:24:57.360> a 00:24:57.510 --> 00:24:57.520 align:start position:0% Looking toward the galactic center, a 00:24:57.520 --> 00:24:59.350 align:start position:0% Looking toward the galactic center, a team<00:24:57.679> of<00:24:57.840> astronomers<00:24:58.400> and<00:24:58.559> data<00:24:58.880> scientists 00:24:59.350 --> 00:24:59.360 align:start position:0% team of astronomers and data scientists 00:24:59.360 --> 00:25:02.789 align:start position:0% team of astronomers and data scientists found<00:24:59.679> even<00:25:00.000> more<00:25:00.480> candidate<00:25:01.039> seed<00:25:01.600> stars, 00:25:02.789 --> 00:25:02.799 align:start position:0% found even more candidate seed stars, 00:25:02.799 --> 00:25:05.029 align:start position:0% found even more candidate seed stars, 655 00:25:05.029 --> 00:25:05.039 align:start position:0% 655 00:25:05.039 --> 00:25:08.149 align:start position:0% 655 in<00:25:05.200> fact.<00:25:06.240> They<00:25:06.480> then<00:25:06.799> sorted<00:25:07.200> these<00:25:07.520> into<00:25:07.840> one 00:25:08.149 --> 00:25:08.159 align:start position:0% in fact. They then sorted these into one 00:25:08.159 --> 00:25:11.510 align:start position:0% in fact. They then sorted these into one of<00:25:08.480> two<00:25:08.880> classes,<00:25:09.919> and<00:25:10.159> found<00:25:10.320> that<00:25:10.720> 35<00:25:11.279> of 00:25:11.510 --> 00:25:11.520 align:start position:0% of two classes, and found that 35 of 00:25:11.520 --> 00:25:15.269 align:start position:0% of two classes, and found that 35 of these<00:25:11.919> 655<00:25:12.960> stars<00:25:13.440> were<00:25:13.919> classical<00:25:14.400> seafs, 00:25:15.269 --> 00:25:15.279 align:start position:0% these 655 stars were classical seafs, 00:25:15.279 --> 00:25:18.070 align:start position:0% these 655 stars were classical seafs, the<00:25:15.520> younger<00:25:15.919> of<00:25:16.080> the<00:25:16.240> two.<00:25:17.120> This<00:25:17.360> was<00:25:17.679> really 00:25:18.070 --> 00:25:18.080 align:start position:0% the younger of the two. This was really 00:25:18.080 --> 00:25:20.310 align:start position:0% the younger of the two. This was really exciting,<00:25:18.960> especially<00:25:19.440> since<00:25:19.679> the<00:25:19.919> galactic 00:25:20.310 --> 00:25:20.320 align:start position:0% exciting, especially since the galactic 00:25:20.320 --> 00:25:22.149 align:start position:0% exciting, especially since the galactic bulge<00:25:20.720> was<00:25:20.880> thought<00:25:21.120> to<00:25:21.279> contain<00:25:21.600> mostly 00:25:22.149 --> 00:25:22.159 align:start position:0% bulge was thought to contain mostly 00:25:22.159 --> 00:25:24.630 align:start position:0% bulge was thought to contain mostly elderly<00:25:22.720> stars<00:25:23.279> that<00:25:23.520> are<00:25:23.679> at<00:25:23.679> least<00:25:24.240> 8 00:25:24.630 --> 00:25:24.640 align:start position:0% elderly stars that are at least 8 00:25:24.640 --> 00:25:28.070 align:start position:0% elderly stars that are at least 8 billion<00:25:25.120> years<00:25:25.360> old. 00:25:28.070 --> 00:25:28.080 align:start position:0% billion years old. 00:25:28.080 --> 00:25:30.230 align:start position:0% billion years old. Recording<00:25:28.559> their<00:25:28.799> pulsation<00:25:29.360> periods,<00:25:30.080> the 00:25:30.230 --> 00:25:30.240 align:start position:0% Recording their pulsation periods, the 00:25:30.240 --> 00:25:33.190 align:start position:0% Recording their pulsation periods, the team<00:25:30.480> revealed<00:25:30.880> that<00:25:31.200> all<00:25:31.520> 35<00:25:32.080> of<00:25:32.240> these<00:25:32.400> seafs 00:25:33.190 --> 00:25:33.200 align:start position:0% team revealed that all 35 of these seafs 00:25:33.200 --> 00:25:36.230 align:start position:0% team revealed that all 35 of these seafs were<00:25:33.440> less<00:25:33.679> than<00:25:34.159> 100<00:25:34.799> million<00:25:35.120> years<00:25:35.360> old<00:25:36.000> and 00:25:36.230 --> 00:25:36.240 align:start position:0% were less than 100 million years old and 00:25:36.240 --> 00:25:38.549 align:start position:0% were less than 100 million years old and some<00:25:36.400> of<00:25:36.559> them<00:25:36.799> may<00:25:36.960> be<00:25:37.120> as<00:25:37.279> young<00:25:37.520> as<00:25:37.919> 25 00:25:38.549 --> 00:25:38.559 align:start position:0% some of them may be as young as 25 00:25:38.559 --> 00:25:41.110 align:start position:0% some of them may be as young as 25 million<00:25:38.960> years<00:25:39.200> old.<00:25:40.080> To<00:25:40.400> put<00:25:40.559> that<00:25:40.799> in 00:25:41.110 --> 00:25:41.120 align:start position:0% million years old. To put that in 00:25:41.120 --> 00:25:44.070 align:start position:0% million years old. To put that in context,<00:25:42.000> our<00:25:42.240> own<00:25:42.559> son<00:25:42.799> is<00:25:42.960> about<00:25:43.279> 4.5 00:25:44.070 --> 00:25:44.080 align:start position:0% context, our own son is about 4.5 00:25:44.080 --> 00:25:46.149 align:start position:0% context, our own son is about 4.5 billion<00:25:44.480> years<00:25:44.640> old.<00:25:45.279> So,<00:25:45.520> the<00:25:45.760> youngest 00:25:46.149 --> 00:25:46.159 align:start position:0% billion years old. So, the youngest 00:25:46.159 --> 00:25:49.737 align:start position:0% billion years old. So, the youngest seafooded<00:25:47.039> has<00:25:47.360> only<00:25:47.679> been<00:25:47.919> around<00:25:48.480> for<00:25:48.880> 0.6% 00:25:49.737 --> 00:25:49.747 align:start position:0% seafooded has only been around for 0.6% 00:25:49.747 --> 00:25:50.390 align:start position:0% seafooded has only been around for 0.6% [music] 00:25:50.390 --> 00:25:50.400 align:start position:0% [music] 00:25:50.400 --> 00:25:54.070 align:start position:0% [music] of<00:25:50.720> our<00:25:51.039> son's<00:25:51.440> lifespan. 00:25:54.070 --> 00:25:54.080 align:start position:0% of our son's lifespan. 00:25:54.080 --> 00:25:56.070 align:start position:0% of our son's lifespan. The<00:25:54.320> team's<00:25:54.720> exploration<00:25:55.200> of<00:25:55.440> seafs 00:25:56.070 --> 00:25:56.080 align:start position:0% The team's exploration of seafs 00:25:56.080 --> 00:25:59.190 align:start position:0% The team's exploration of seafs culminated<00:25:56.799> in<00:25:57.279> another<00:25:57.679> major<00:25:58.000> discovery. 00:25:59.190 --> 00:25:59.200 align:start position:0% culminated in another major discovery. 00:25:59.200 --> 00:26:01.909 align:start position:0% culminated in another major discovery. By<00:25:59.520> mapping<00:25:59.840> the<00:26:00.159> 35<00:26:00.720> classical<00:26:01.120> seafs<00:26:01.760> they 00:26:01.909 --> 00:26:01.919 align:start position:0% By mapping the 35 classical seafs they 00:26:01.919 --> 00:26:04.390 align:start position:0% By mapping the 35 classical seafs they found,<00:26:02.640> the<00:26:02.880> team<00:26:03.039> was<00:26:03.279> able<00:26:03.520> to<00:26:03.679> trace<00:26:04.080> a 00:26:04.390 --> 00:26:04.400 align:start position:0% found, the team was able to trace a 00:26:04.400 --> 00:26:06.870 align:start position:0% found, the team was able to trace a completely<00:26:04.880> new<00:26:05.120> feature<00:26:05.440> in<00:26:05.600> the<00:26:05.760> Milky<00:26:06.000> Way. 00:26:06.870 --> 00:26:06.880 align:start position:0% completely new feature in the Milky Way. 00:26:06.880 --> 00:26:09.430 align:start position:0% completely new feature in the Milky Way. A<00:26:07.120> thin<00:26:07.679> disc<00:26:08.080> of<00:26:08.400> young<00:26:08.799> stars<00:26:09.200> that 00:26:09.430 --> 00:26:09.440 align:start position:0% A thin disc of young stars that 00:26:09.440 --> 00:26:11.669 align:start position:0% A thin disc of young stars that stretches<00:26:10.240> right<00:26:10.559> across<00:26:10.960> the<00:26:11.120> galactic 00:26:11.669 --> 00:26:11.679 align:start position:0% stretches right across the galactic 00:26:11.679 --> 00:26:14.149 align:start position:0% stretches right across the galactic bulge. 00:26:14.149 --> 00:26:14.159 align:start position:0% bulge. 00:26:14.159 --> 00:26:16.710 align:start position:0% bulge. buried<00:26:14.640> behind<00:26:15.120> thick<00:26:15.440> clouds.<00:26:16.240> It<00:26:16.480> had 00:26:16.710 --> 00:26:16.720 align:start position:0% buried behind thick clouds. It had 00:26:16.720 --> 00:26:19.110 align:start position:0% buried behind thick clouds. It had remained<00:26:17.120> unknown<00:26:17.600> in<00:26:17.919> all<00:26:18.320> previous<00:26:18.720> surveys 00:26:19.110 --> 00:26:19.120 align:start position:0% remained unknown in all previous surveys 00:26:19.120 --> 00:26:21.830 align:start position:0% remained unknown in all previous surveys of<00:26:19.279> the<00:26:19.440> region.<00:26:20.799> In<00:26:21.120> revealing<00:26:21.600> this 00:26:21.830 --> 00:26:21.840 align:start position:0% of the region. In revealing this 00:26:21.840 --> 00:26:24.230 align:start position:0% of the region. In revealing this structure<00:26:22.640> combined<00:26:23.120> with<00:26:23.279> the<00:26:23.520> discovery<00:26:23.919> of 00:26:24.230 --> 00:26:24.240 align:start position:0% structure combined with the discovery of 00:26:24.240 --> 00:26:27.029 align:start position:0% structure combined with the discovery of all<00:26:24.400> the<00:26:24.559> seafoods<00:26:25.279> as<00:26:25.440> I<00:26:25.679> mentioned<00:26:26.080> earlier, 00:26:27.029 --> 00:26:27.039 align:start position:0% all the seafoods as I mentioned earlier, 00:26:27.039 --> 00:26:29.029 align:start position:0% all the seafoods as I mentioned earlier, scientists<00:26:27.600> have<00:26:27.760> inferred<00:26:28.240> that<00:26:28.480> there<00:26:28.799> has 00:26:29.029 --> 00:26:29.039 align:start position:0% scientists have inferred that there has 00:26:29.039 --> 00:26:31.110 align:start position:0% scientists have inferred that there has been<00:26:29.059> [music]<00:26:29.520> continuous<00:26:30.159> star<00:26:30.480> formation 00:26:31.110 --> 00:26:31.120 align:start position:0% been [music] continuous star formation 00:26:31.120 --> 00:26:33.350 align:start position:0% been [music] continuous star formation along<00:26:31.440> the<00:26:31.679> midplane<00:26:32.240> of<00:26:32.320> the<00:26:32.480> galaxy<00:26:32.960> for<00:26:33.200> the 00:26:33.350 --> 00:26:33.360 align:start position:0% along the midplane of the galaxy for the 00:26:33.360 --> 00:26:36.870 align:start position:0% along the midplane of the galaxy for the past<00:26:34.000> 100<00:26:34.480> million<00:26:34.880> years.<00:26:35.919> There<00:26:36.240> might<00:26:36.559> also 00:26:36.870 --> 00:26:36.880 align:start position:0% past 100 million years. There might also 00:26:36.880 --> 00:26:39.029 align:start position:0% past 100 million years. There might also be<00:26:37.120> even<00:26:37.440> younger<00:26:37.840> seaw<00:26:38.159> feeds<00:26:38.480> that<00:26:38.720> we 00:26:39.029 --> 00:26:39.039 align:start position:0% be even younger seaw feeds that we 00:26:39.039 --> 00:26:41.430 align:start position:0% be even younger seaw feeds that we haven't<00:26:39.279> seen<00:26:39.520> yet<00:26:40.159> as<00:26:40.400> these<00:26:40.720> stars<00:26:41.039> would<00:26:41.279> be 00:26:41.430 --> 00:26:41.440 align:start position:0% haven't seen yet as these stars would be 00:26:41.440 --> 00:26:43.830 align:start position:0% haven't seen yet as these stars would be so<00:26:41.760> bright<00:26:42.320> that<00:26:42.559> they<00:26:42.720> would<00:26:42.960> be<00:26:43.120> saturated 00:26:43.830 --> 00:26:43.840 align:start position:0% so bright that they would be saturated 00:26:43.840 --> 00:26:47.269 align:start position:0% so bright that they would be saturated in<00:26:44.000> the<00:26:44.159> VVV<00:26:44.880> survey.<00:26:46.240> The<00:26:46.559> fact<00:26:46.720> that<00:26:46.960> we 00:26:47.269 --> 00:26:47.279 align:start position:0% in the VVV survey. The fact that we 00:26:47.279 --> 00:26:49.669 align:start position:0% in the VVV survey. The fact that we found<00:26:47.679> this<00:26:48.000> thin<00:26:48.480> disc<00:26:48.799> of<00:26:48.960> young<00:26:49.279> stars 00:26:49.669 --> 00:26:49.679 align:start position:0% found this thin disc of young stars 00:26:49.679 --> 00:26:53.750 align:start position:0% found this thin disc of young stars within<00:26:50.159> the<00:26:50.400> galactic<00:26:50.960> bulge<00:26:51.600> is<00:26:52.080> incredible. 00:26:53.750 --> 00:26:53.760 align:start position:0% within the galactic bulge is incredible. 00:26:53.760 --> 00:26:55.909 align:start position:0% within the galactic bulge is incredible. We<00:26:54.080> used<00:26:54.320> to<00:26:54.480> think<00:26:54.640> that<00:26:54.880> the<00:26:55.039> galactic<00:26:55.440> bulge 00:26:55.909 --> 00:26:55.919 align:start position:0% We used to think that the galactic bulge 00:26:55.919 --> 00:26:58.310 align:start position:0% We used to think that the galactic bulge was<00:26:56.080> an<00:26:56.400> ancient<00:26:56.960> feature<00:26:57.360> of<00:26:57.520> our<00:26:57.840> galaxy's 00:26:58.310 --> 00:26:58.320 align:start position:0% was an ancient feature of our galaxy's 00:26:58.320 --> 00:27:01.669 align:start position:0% was an ancient feature of our galaxy's past<00:26:59.039> where<00:26:59.520> exclusively<00:27:00.640> old<00:27:00.960> stars<00:27:01.440> had 00:27:01.669 --> 00:27:01.679 align:start position:0% past where exclusively old stars had 00:27:01.679 --> 00:27:04.390 align:start position:0% past where exclusively old stars had formed<00:27:02.159> separately<00:27:02.640> from<00:27:02.880> the<00:27:03.039> stellar<00:27:03.440> disc. 00:27:04.390 --> 00:27:04.400 align:start position:0% formed separately from the stellar disc. 00:27:04.400 --> 00:27:06.870 align:start position:0% formed separately from the stellar disc. But<00:27:04.720> this<00:27:04.960> finding<00:27:05.440> reveals<00:27:06.159> that<00:27:06.480> things 00:27:06.870 --> 00:27:06.880 align:start position:0% But this finding reveals that things 00:27:06.880 --> 00:27:09.430 align:start position:0% But this finding reveals that things aren't<00:27:07.360> so<00:27:07.679> black<00:27:07.919> and<00:27:08.159> white<00:27:08.799> and<00:27:09.039> that<00:27:09.200> the 00:27:09.430 --> 00:27:09.440 align:start position:0% aren't so black and white and that the 00:27:09.440 --> 00:27:11.669 align:start position:0% aren't so black and white and that the formation<00:27:09.840> of<00:27:10.159> newer<00:27:10.559> stars<00:27:10.960> within<00:27:11.440> the 00:27:11.669 --> 00:27:11.679 align:start position:0% formation of newer stars within the 00:27:11.679 --> 00:27:14.710 align:start position:0% formation of newer stars within the bulge<00:27:12.480> could<00:27:12.799> be<00:27:12.960> a<00:27:13.279> natural<00:27:13.679> progression<00:27:14.400> of 00:27:14.710 --> 00:27:14.720 align:start position:0% bulge could be a natural progression of 00:27:14.720 --> 00:27:17.750 align:start position:0% bulge could be a natural progression of our<00:27:15.039> galaxy's<00:27:15.679> evolution. 00:27:17.750 --> 00:27:17.760 align:start position:0% our galaxy's evolution. 00:27:17.760 --> 00:27:20.950 align:start position:0% our galaxy's evolution. But<00:27:18.480> even<00:27:18.799> more<00:27:19.200> inspiring<00:27:19.840> perhaps<00:27:20.480> is<00:27:20.720> a 00:27:20.950 --> 00:27:20.960 align:start position:0% But even more inspiring perhaps is a 00:27:20.960 --> 00:27:22.870 align:start position:0% But even more inspiring perhaps is a discovery<00:27:21.279> by<00:27:21.440> the<00:27:21.600> Vista<00:27:22.000> Infrared<00:27:22.480> Survey 00:27:22.870 --> 00:27:22.880 align:start position:0% discovery by the Vista Infrared Survey 00:27:22.880 --> 00:27:25.269 align:start position:0% discovery by the Vista Infrared Survey that<00:27:23.120> lies<00:27:23.440> at<00:27:23.600> the<00:27:23.840> ancient<00:27:24.240> heart<00:27:24.799> of<00:27:25.039> our 00:27:25.269 --> 00:27:25.279 align:start position:0% that lies at the ancient heart of our 00:27:25.279 --> 00:27:31.510 align:start position:0% that lies at the ancient heart of our Milky<00:27:25.600> Way<00:27:25.840> galaxy. 00:27:31.510 --> 00:27:31.520 align:start position:0% 00:27:31.520 --> 00:27:35.269 align:start position:0% In<00:27:32.080> 2016,<00:27:33.039> for<00:27:33.279> the<00:27:33.520> first<00:27:33.760> time,<00:27:34.480> a<00:27:34.799> type<00:27:34.960> of 00:27:35.269 --> 00:27:35.279 align:start position:0% In 2016, for the first time, a type of 00:27:35.279 --> 00:27:38.870 align:start position:0% In 2016, for the first time, a type of ancient<00:27:35.679> star<00:27:36.240> known<00:27:36.559> as<00:27:37.039> Ryre, 00:27:38.870 --> 00:27:38.880 align:start position:0% ancient star known as Ryre, 00:27:38.880 --> 00:27:41.669 align:start position:0% ancient star known as Ryre, another<00:27:39.360> variable<00:27:40.000> star<00:27:40.480> was<00:27:40.880> discovered<00:27:41.440> in 00:27:41.669 --> 00:27:41.679 align:start position:0% another variable star was discovered in 00:27:41.679 --> 00:27:43.990 align:start position:0% another variable star was discovered in the<00:27:41.840> center<00:27:42.080> of<00:27:42.240> the<00:27:42.400> Milky<00:27:42.720> Way<00:27:42.960> galaxy<00:27:43.440> by<00:27:43.760> a 00:27:43.990 --> 00:27:44.000 align:start position:0% the center of the Milky Way galaxy by a 00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:46.950 align:start position:0% the center of the Milky Way galaxy by a team<00:27:44.240> led<00:27:44.559> by<00:27:44.799> astrophysicist<00:27:45.679> Dante<00:27:46.240> Maniti 00:27:46.950 --> 00:27:46.960 align:start position:0% team led by astrophysicist Dante Maniti 00:27:46.960 --> 00:27:50.549 align:start position:0% team led by astrophysicist Dante Maniti and<00:27:47.200> Rodrigo<00:27:47.840> Andreas<00:27:48.480> Ramos.<00:27:49.919> This<00:27:50.159> type<00:27:50.320> of 00:27:50.549 --> 00:27:50.559 align:start position:0% and Rodrigo Andreas Ramos. This type of 00:27:50.559 --> 00:27:52.950 align:start position:0% and Rodrigo Andreas Ramos. This type of star<00:27:50.880> is<00:27:51.200> usually<00:27:51.760> found<00:27:52.000> in<00:27:52.400> globular 00:27:52.950 --> 00:27:52.960 align:start position:0% star is usually found in globular 00:27:52.960 --> 00:27:55.110 align:start position:0% star is usually found in globular clusters,<00:27:53.544> [music]<00:27:53.840> which<00:27:54.159> tend<00:27:54.399> to<00:27:54.640> orbit 00:27:55.110 --> 00:27:55.120 align:start position:0% clusters, [music] which tend to orbit 00:27:55.120 --> 00:27:57.750 align:start position:0% clusters, [music] which tend to orbit the<00:27:55.360> outer<00:27:55.760> regions<00:27:56.080> of<00:27:56.240> the<00:27:56.399> galaxy.<00:27:57.520> A 00:27:57.750 --> 00:27:57.760 align:start position:0% the outer regions of the galaxy. A 00:27:57.760 --> 00:28:00.070 align:start position:0% the outer regions of the galaxy. A globular<00:27:58.320> cluster<00:27:58.799> is<00:27:59.039> a<00:27:59.200> tightly<00:27:59.679> packed 00:28:00.070 --> 00:28:00.080 align:start position:0% globular cluster is a tightly packed 00:28:00.080 --> 00:28:01.590 align:start position:0% globular cluster is a tightly packed group<00:28:00.240> of<00:28:00.480> stars<00:28:00.799> that<00:28:01.039> contains<00:28:01.404> [music] 00:28:01.590 --> 00:28:01.600 align:start position:0% group of stars that contains [music] 00:28:01.600 --> 00:28:05.269 align:start position:0% group of stars that contains [music] tens<00:28:02.000> of<00:28:02.320> thousands<00:28:03.200> to<00:28:03.840> millions<00:28:04.320> of<00:28:04.559> stars 00:28:05.269 --> 00:28:05.279 align:start position:0% tens of thousands to millions of stars 00:28:05.279 --> 00:28:08.389 align:start position:0% tens of thousands to millions of stars bound<00:28:05.600> together<00:28:06.000> by<00:28:06.240> gravity.<00:28:07.440> They're<00:28:07.919> also 00:28:08.389 --> 00:28:08.399 align:start position:0% bound together by gravity. They're also 00:28:08.399 --> 00:28:10.789 align:start position:0% bound together by gravity. They're also really<00:28:08.880> ancient,<00:28:09.679> containing<00:28:10.159> a<00:28:10.399> stellar 00:28:10.789 --> 00:28:10.799 align:start position:0% really ancient, containing a stellar 00:28:10.799 --> 00:28:13.269 align:start position:0% really ancient, containing a stellar population<00:28:11.200> that<00:28:11.440> can<00:28:11.679> be<00:28:11.840> over<00:28:12.320> 10<00:28:12.799> billion 00:28:13.269 --> 00:28:13.279 align:start position:0% population that can be over 10 billion 00:28:13.279 --> 00:28:14.870 align:start position:0% population that can be over 10 billion years<00:28:13.600> old. 00:28:14.870 --> 00:28:14.880 align:start position:0% years old. 00:28:14.880 --> 00:28:18.870 align:start position:0% years old. The<00:28:15.039> team<00:28:15.360> found<00:28:16.000> 12<00:28:16.880> R<00:28:17.360> Lray<00:28:17.919> stars<00:28:18.559> during 00:28:18.870 --> 00:28:18.880 align:start position:0% The team found 12 R Lray stars during 00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:22.230 align:start position:0% The team found 12 R Lray stars during the<00:28:19.120> VVV<00:28:19.919> survey,<00:28:20.640> which<00:28:20.960> suggests<00:28:21.600> that<00:28:21.919> they 00:28:22.230 --> 00:28:22.240 align:start position:0% the VVV survey, which suggests that they 00:28:22.240 --> 00:28:24.230 align:start position:0% the VVV survey, which suggests that they might<00:28:22.480> be<00:28:22.640> the<00:28:22.880> remnants<00:28:23.279> of<00:28:23.520> an<00:28:23.760> ancient 00:28:24.230 --> 00:28:24.240 align:start position:0% might be the remnants of an ancient 00:28:24.240 --> 00:28:26.950 align:start position:0% might be the remnants of an ancient globular<00:28:24.880> cluster<00:28:25.679> right<00:28:26.000> at<00:28:26.240> the<00:28:26.480> heart<00:28:26.720> of 00:28:26.950 --> 00:28:26.960 align:start position:0% globular cluster right at the heart of 00:28:26.960 --> 00:28:29.990 align:start position:0% globular cluster right at the heart of our<00:28:27.279> galaxy.<00:28:28.640> This<00:28:28.880> finding<00:28:29.279> also<00:28:29.600> provides 00:28:29.990 --> 00:28:30.000 align:start position:0% our galaxy. This finding also provides 00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:31.990 align:start position:0% our galaxy. This finding also provides evidence<00:28:30.399> that<00:28:30.720> might<00:28:30.960> help<00:28:31.200> astronomers<00:28:31.760> to 00:28:31.990 --> 00:28:32.000 align:start position:0% evidence that might help astronomers to 00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:33.510 align:start position:0% evidence that might help astronomers to decide<00:28:32.320> between<00:28:32.640> the<00:28:32.880> two<00:28:33.120> competing 00:28:33.510 --> 00:28:33.520 align:start position:0% decide between the two competing 00:28:33.520 --> 00:28:36.630 align:start position:0% decide between the two competing theories<00:28:33.919> of<00:28:34.159> how<00:28:34.559> nuclear<00:28:35.120> bulges<00:28:35.600> form. 00:28:36.630 --> 00:28:36.640 align:start position:0% theories of how nuclear bulges form. 00:28:36.640 --> 00:28:38.310 align:start position:0% theories of how nuclear bulges form. While<00:28:37.039> some<00:28:37.360> scientists<00:28:37.760> think<00:28:37.919> that<00:28:38.159> the 00:28:38.310 --> 00:28:38.320 align:start position:0% While some scientists think that the 00:28:38.320 --> 00:28:40.470 align:start position:0% While some scientists think that the nuclear<00:28:38.720> bulge<00:28:39.200> forms<00:28:39.760> early<00:28:40.080> in<00:28:40.320> the 00:28:40.470 --> 00:28:40.480 align:start position:0% nuclear bulge forms early in the 00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:43.269 align:start position:0% nuclear bulge forms early in the galaxy's<00:28:41.039> evolution<00:28:41.840> when<00:28:42.240> multiple<00:28:42.799> smaller 00:28:43.269 --> 00:28:43.279 align:start position:0% galaxy's evolution when multiple smaller 00:28:43.279 --> 00:28:46.070 align:start position:0% galaxy's evolution when multiple smaller galaxies<00:28:43.760> violently<00:28:44.399> collide,<00:28:45.440> others<00:28:45.840> say 00:28:46.070 --> 00:28:46.080 align:start position:0% galaxies violently collide, others say 00:28:46.080 --> 00:28:49.029 align:start position:0% galaxies violently collide, others say that<00:28:46.320> it<00:28:46.559> forms<00:28:47.039> gradually<00:28:47.600> over<00:28:47.919> time<00:28:48.720> where 00:28:49.029 --> 00:28:49.039 align:start position:0% that it forms gradually over time where 00:28:49.039 --> 00:28:51.750 align:start position:0% that it forms gradually over time where gas<00:28:49.360> is<00:28:49.600> funneled<00:28:50.000> inwards<00:28:50.720> to<00:28:50.960> trigger<00:28:51.440> star 00:28:51.750 --> 00:28:51.760 align:start position:0% gas is funneled inwards to trigger star 00:28:51.760 --> 00:28:53.350 align:start position:0% gas is funneled inwards to trigger star formation. 00:28:53.350 --> 00:28:53.360 align:start position:0% formation. 00:28:53.360 --> 00:28:55.510 align:start position:0% formation. Finding<00:28:53.760> these<00:28:54.159> ancient<00:28:54.640> stars<00:28:55.039> here 00:28:55.510 --> 00:28:55.520 align:start position:0% Finding these ancient stars here 00:28:55.520 --> 00:28:57.350 align:start position:0% Finding these ancient stars here suggests<00:28:55.840> that<00:28:56.080> the<00:28:56.240> bulging<00:28:56.799> center<00:28:57.039> of<00:28:57.200> the 00:28:57.350 --> 00:28:57.360 align:start position:0% suggests that the bulging center of the 00:28:57.360 --> 00:28:59.350 align:start position:0% suggests that the bulging center of the Milky<00:28:57.679> Way<00:28:58.240> likely<00:28:58.640> grew<00:28:59.039> through<00:28:59.200> the 00:28:59.350 --> 00:28:59.360 align:start position:0% Milky Way likely grew through the 00:28:59.360 --> 00:29:02.630 align:start position:0% Milky Way likely grew through the merging<00:28:59.760> of<00:29:00.159> primordial<00:29:01.039> globular<00:29:01.679> clusters, 00:29:02.630 --> 00:29:02.640 align:start position:0% merging of primordial globular clusters, 00:29:02.640 --> 00:29:05.669 align:start position:0% merging of primordial globular clusters, therefore<00:29:03.360> supporting<00:29:03.919> the<00:29:04.240> first<00:29:04.480> theory. 00:29:05.669 --> 00:29:05.679 align:start position:0% therefore supporting the first theory. 00:29:05.679 --> 00:29:07.909 align:start position:0% therefore supporting the first theory. So,<00:29:06.240> not<00:29:06.480> only<00:29:06.640> does<00:29:06.799> it<00:29:06.960> hint<00:29:07.200> at<00:29:07.360> our<00:29:07.679> own 00:29:07.909 --> 00:29:07.919 align:start position:0% So, not only does it hint at our own 00:29:07.919 --> 00:29:10.470 align:start position:0% So, not only does it hint at our own galaxy's<00:29:08.480> beginnings,<00:29:09.360> but<00:29:09.600> it<00:29:09.760> also<00:29:10.080> offers 00:29:10.470 --> 00:29:10.480 align:start position:0% galaxy's beginnings, but it also offers 00:29:10.480 --> 00:29:12.310 align:start position:0% galaxy's beginnings, but it also offers compelling<00:29:10.960> evidence<00:29:11.440> into<00:29:11.760> how<00:29:12.000> these 00:29:12.310 --> 00:29:12.320 align:start position:0% compelling evidence into how these 00:29:12.320 --> 00:29:15.269 align:start position:0% compelling evidence into how these galactic<00:29:12.880> bulges<00:29:13.679> might<00:29:13.919> form<00:29:14.320> in<00:29:14.559> other 00:29:15.269 --> 00:29:15.279 align:start position:0% galactic bulges might form in other 00:29:15.279 --> 00:29:21.669 align:start position:0% galactic bulges might form in other similar<00:29:15.760> galaxies. 00:29:21.669 --> 00:29:21.679 align:start position:0% 00:29:21.679 --> 00:29:23.909 align:start position:0% Speaking<00:29:22.000> of<00:29:22.240> ancient<00:29:22.559> stars,<00:29:23.279> Vista<00:29:23.760> was 00:29:23.909 --> 00:29:23.919 align:start position:0% Speaking of ancient stars, Vista was 00:29:23.919 --> 00:29:26.470 align:start position:0% Speaking of ancient stars, Vista was able<00:29:24.080> to<00:29:24.240> find<00:29:24.720> two<00:29:25.200> new<00:29:25.520> globular<00:29:26.080> clusters 00:29:26.470 --> 00:29:26.480 align:start position:0% able to find two new globular clusters 00:29:26.480 --> 00:29:29.350 align:start position:0% able to find two new globular clusters as<00:29:26.720> part<00:29:26.880> of<00:29:27.039> the<00:29:27.120> infrared<00:29:27.600> survey<00:29:28.000> in<00:29:28.240> 2011. 00:29:29.350 --> 00:29:29.360 align:start position:0% as part of the infrared survey in 2011. 00:29:29.360 --> 00:29:31.909 align:start position:0% as part of the infrared survey in 2011. In<00:29:29.600> this<00:29:29.760> visible<00:29:30.159> light<00:29:30.480> image,<00:29:31.279> a<00:29:31.520> known 00:29:31.909 --> 00:29:31.919 align:start position:0% In this visible light image, a known 00:29:31.919 --> 00:29:35.590 align:start position:0% In this visible light image, a known globular<00:29:32.559> cluster<00:29:33.360> UKS1<00:29:34.720> can<00:29:34.960> be<00:29:35.039> seen<00:29:35.279> on<00:29:35.440> the 00:29:35.590 --> 00:29:35.600 align:start position:0% globular cluster UKS1 can be seen on the 00:29:35.600 --> 00:29:38.950 align:start position:0% globular cluster UKS1 can be seen on the right<00:29:36.080> as<00:29:36.320> a<00:29:36.640> hazy<00:29:37.200> red<00:29:37.600> splotch.<00:29:38.720> This 00:29:38.950 --> 00:29:38.960 align:start position:0% right as a hazy red splotch. This 00:29:38.960 --> 00:29:41.510 align:start position:0% right as a hazy red splotch. This cluster<00:29:39.600> had<00:29:39.919> been<00:29:40.159> the<00:29:40.480> dimst<00:29:41.039> known 00:29:41.510 --> 00:29:41.520 align:start position:0% cluster had been the dimst known 00:29:41.520 --> 00:29:43.750 align:start position:0% cluster had been the dimst known globular<00:29:42.159> cluster<00:29:42.880> until<00:29:43.279> the<00:29:43.520> new 00:29:43.750 --> 00:29:43.760 align:start position:0% globular cluster until the new 00:29:43.760 --> 00:29:45.990 align:start position:0% globular cluster until the new discoveries. 00:29:45.990 --> 00:29:46.000 align:start position:0% discoveries. 00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:49.269 align:start position:0% discoveries. Now<00:29:46.720> compare<00:29:47.200> this<00:29:47.440> same<00:29:47.679> patch<00:29:47.919> of<00:29:48.159> sky,<00:29:48.960> but 00:29:49.269 --> 00:29:49.279 align:start position:0% Now compare this same patch of sky, but 00:29:49.279 --> 00:29:51.110 align:start position:0% Now compare this same patch of sky, but this<00:29:49.440> time<00:29:49.679> in<00:29:50.080> vista's<00:29:50.640> infrared<00:29:50.790> [music] 00:29:51.110 --> 00:29:51.120 align:start position:0% this time in vista's infrared [music] 00:29:51.120 --> 00:29:54.630 align:start position:0% this time in vista's infrared [music] light.<00:29:52.240> Suddenly,<00:29:53.039> we<00:29:53.279> can<00:29:53.520> see<00:29:53.840> what<00:29:54.159> we<00:29:54.399> have 00:29:54.630 --> 00:29:54.640 align:start position:0% light. Suddenly, we can see what we have 00:29:54.640 --> 00:29:57.750 align:start position:0% light. Suddenly, we can see what we have been<00:29:54.880> missing.<00:29:56.320> much<00:29:56.640> more<00:29:56.960> faint<00:29:57.360> than<00:29:57.600> the 00:29:57.750 --> 00:29:57.760 align:start position:0% been missing. much more faint than the 00:29:57.760 --> 00:30:01.510 align:start position:0% been missing. much more faint than the known<00:29:58.240> UKS1.<00:29:59.679> We<00:29:59.919> can<00:30:00.080> make<00:30:00.240> out<00:30:00.559> a<00:30:00.960> second 00:30:01.510 --> 00:30:01.520 align:start position:0% known UKS1. We can make out a second 00:30:01.520 --> 00:30:04.149 align:start position:0% known UKS1. We can make out a second globular<00:30:02.159> cluster,<00:30:02.960> this<00:30:03.200> time<00:30:03.440> in<00:30:03.679> the<00:30:03.840> upper 00:30:04.149 --> 00:30:04.159 align:start position:0% globular cluster, this time in the upper 00:30:04.159 --> 00:30:06.389 align:start position:0% globular cluster, this time in the upper left<00:30:04.320> of<00:30:04.480> the<00:30:04.720> image,<00:30:05.279> which<00:30:05.520> has<00:30:05.679> been<00:30:05.919> named 00:30:06.389 --> 00:30:06.399 align:start position:0% left of the image, which has been named 00:30:06.399 --> 00:30:11.350 align:start position:0% left of the image, which has been named VVV<00:30:07.520> CL00001. 00:30:11.350 --> 00:30:11.360 align:start position:0% 00:30:11.360 --> 00:30:14.389 align:start position:0% Another<00:30:11.760> globular<00:30:12.320> cluster<00:30:12.880> aptly<00:30:13.279> named<00:30:13.679> VV 00:30:14.389 --> 00:30:14.399 align:start position:0% Another globular cluster aptly named VV 00:30:14.399 --> 00:30:16.230 align:start position:0% Another globular cluster aptly named VV CL00002 00:30:16.230 --> 00:30:16.240 align:start position:0% CL00002 00:30:16.240 --> 00:30:19.029 align:start position:0% CL00002 was<00:30:16.559> found<00:30:16.799> soon<00:30:17.120> after<00:30:18.000> and<00:30:18.240> this<00:30:18.559> small 00:30:19.029 --> 00:30:19.039 align:start position:0% was found soon after and this small 00:30:19.039 --> 00:30:21.750 align:start position:0% was found soon after and this small faint<00:30:19.520> group<00:30:19.760> of<00:30:19.919> stars<00:30:20.399> may<00:30:20.640> be<00:30:20.880> the<00:30:21.200> closest 00:30:21.750 --> 00:30:21.760 align:start position:0% faint group of stars may be the closest 00:30:21.760 --> 00:30:24.470 align:start position:0% faint group of stars may be the closest known<00:30:22.320> globular<00:30:22.880> cluster<00:30:23.440> to<00:30:23.679> the<00:30:23.919> center<00:30:24.320> of 00:30:24.470 --> 00:30:24.480 align:start position:0% known globular cluster to the center of 00:30:24.480 --> 00:30:27.110 align:start position:0% known globular cluster to the center of the<00:30:24.720> Milky<00:30:25.039> Way.<00:30:26.000> Did<00:30:26.240> you<00:30:26.399> know<00:30:26.640> that<00:30:26.880> there 00:30:27.110 --> 00:30:27.120 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. Did you know that there 00:30:27.120 --> 00:30:30.870 align:start position:0% the Milky Way. Did you know that there were<00:30:27.360> only<00:30:28.559> 158<00:30:29.279> known<00:30:29.840> globular<00:30:30.399> clusters<00:30:30.720> in 00:30:30.870 --> 00:30:30.880 align:start position:0% were only 158 known globular clusters in 00:30:30.880 --> 00:30:32.950 align:start position:0% were only 158 known globular clusters in the<00:30:31.039> Milky<00:30:31.360> Way<00:30:31.679> before<00:30:32.000> these<00:30:32.320> new<00:30:32.480> ones<00:30:32.720> were 00:30:32.950 --> 00:30:32.960 align:start position:0% the Milky Way before these new ones were 00:30:32.960 --> 00:30:36.149 align:start position:0% the Milky Way before these new ones were found<00:30:33.120> by<00:30:33.360> Vista? 00:30:36.149 --> 00:30:36.159 align:start position:0% found by Vista? 00:30:36.159 --> 00:30:39.029 align:start position:0% found by Vista? For<00:30:36.399> the<00:30:36.559> survey<00:30:36.960> to<00:30:37.360> identify<00:30:38.159> two<00:30:38.559> more<00:30:38.880> of 00:30:39.029 --> 00:30:39.039 align:start position:0% For the survey to identify two more of 00:30:39.039 --> 00:30:42.149 align:start position:0% For the survey to identify two more of these<00:30:39.440> rare<00:30:39.840> stellar<00:30:40.240> objects<00:30:41.279> is<00:30:41.600> quite<00:30:41.919> a 00:30:42.149 --> 00:30:42.159 align:start position:0% these rare stellar objects is quite a 00:30:42.159 --> 00:30:44.310 align:start position:0% these rare stellar objects is quite a significant<00:30:42.640> accomplishment. 00:30:44.310 --> 00:30:44.320 align:start position:0% significant accomplishment. 00:30:44.320 --> 00:30:46.149 align:start position:0% significant accomplishment. Within<00:30:44.799> this<00:30:45.120> central<00:30:45.600> region<00:30:45.840> of<00:30:46.000> the 00:30:46.149 --> 00:30:46.159 align:start position:0% Within this central region of the 00:30:46.159 --> 00:30:48.789 align:start position:0% Within this central region of the galaxy,<00:30:46.960> it's<00:30:47.279> easy<00:30:47.600> for<00:30:47.919> younger<00:30:48.240> stars<00:30:48.559> and 00:30:48.789 --> 00:30:48.799 align:start position:0% galaxy, it's easy for younger stars and 00:30:48.799 --> 00:30:50.870 align:start position:0% galaxy, it's easy for younger stars and cosmic<00:30:49.279> dust<00:30:49.520> to<00:30:49.760> obscure<00:30:50.320> globular 00:30:50.870 --> 00:30:50.880 align:start position:0% cosmic dust to obscure globular 00:30:50.880 --> 00:30:53.029 align:start position:0% cosmic dust to obscure globular clusters,<00:30:51.760> especially<00:30:52.159> since<00:30:52.480> their<00:30:52.720> age 00:30:53.029 --> 00:30:53.039 align:start position:0% clusters, especially since their age 00:30:53.039 --> 00:30:55.510 align:start position:0% clusters, especially since their age prevents<00:30:53.360> them<00:30:53.600> from<00:30:53.840> shining<00:30:54.240> as<00:30:54.480> brightly. 00:30:55.510 --> 00:30:55.520 align:start position:0% prevents them from shining as brightly. 00:30:55.520 --> 00:30:57.669 align:start position:0% prevents them from shining as brightly. But<00:30:55.840> now<00:30:56.000> that<00:30:56.320> they've<00:30:56.640> been<00:30:56.880> revealed, 00:30:57.669 --> 00:30:57.679 align:start position:0% But now that they've been revealed, 00:30:57.679 --> 00:30:59.590 align:start position:0% But now that they've been revealed, these<00:30:58.000> features<00:30:58.480> bring<00:30:58.960> exciting 00:30:59.590 --> 00:30:59.600 align:start position:0% these features bring exciting 00:30:59.600 --> 00:31:02.230 align:start position:0% these features bring exciting possibilities<00:31:00.240> for<00:31:00.559> further<00:31:00.880> study.<00:31:01.919> It 00:31:02.230 --> 00:31:02.240 align:start position:0% possibilities for further study. It 00:31:02.240 --> 00:31:03.750 align:start position:0% possibilities for further study. It could<00:31:02.480> just<00:31:02.799> be<00:31:02.960> an<00:31:03.279> illusion<00:31:03.600> of 00:31:03.750 --> 00:31:03.760 align:start position:0% could just be an illusion of 00:31:03.760 --> 00:31:06.149 align:start position:0% could just be an illusion of perspective.<00:31:05.200> But<00:31:05.440> scientists<00:31:05.919> have 00:31:06.149 --> 00:31:06.159 align:start position:0% perspective. But scientists have 00:31:06.159 --> 00:31:09.590 align:start position:0% perspective. But scientists have wondered<00:31:06.480> whether<00:31:06.880> VVV<00:31:07.760> CL001<00:31:09.200> is 00:31:09.590 --> 00:31:09.600 align:start position:0% wondered whether VVV CL001 is 00:31:09.600 --> 00:31:12.710 align:start position:0% wondered whether VVV CL001 is gravitationally<00:31:10.480> bound<00:31:10.799> to<00:31:11.039> UKS1. 00:31:12.710 --> 00:31:12.720 align:start position:0% gravitationally bound to UKS1. 00:31:12.720 --> 00:31:14.950 align:start position:0% gravitationally bound to UKS1. If<00:31:12.960> this<00:31:13.120> is<00:31:13.279> the<00:31:13.520> case,<00:31:14.000> then<00:31:14.320> they<00:31:14.559> would<00:31:14.799> be 00:31:14.950 --> 00:31:14.960 align:start position:0% If this is the case, then they would be 00:31:14.960 --> 00:31:18.389 align:start position:0% If this is the case, then they would be the<00:31:15.279> Milky<00:31:15.600> Way's<00:31:16.320> first<00:31:16.880> known<00:31:17.520> binary 00:31:18.389 --> 00:31:18.399 align:start position:0% the Milky Way's first known binary 00:31:18.399 --> 00:31:20.870 align:start position:0% the Milky Way's first known binary globular<00:31:19.039> cluster<00:31:19.440> pair. 00:31:20.870 --> 00:31:20.880 align:start position:0% globular cluster pair. 00:31:20.880 --> 00:31:22.870 align:start position:0% globular cluster pair. We<00:31:21.200> found<00:31:21.600> binary<00:31:22.080> clusters<00:31:22.480> in<00:31:22.640> other 00:31:22.870 --> 00:31:22.880 align:start position:0% We found binary clusters in other 00:31:22.880 --> 00:31:26.389 align:start position:0% We found binary clusters in other galaxies<00:31:23.679> like<00:31:24.000> in<00:31:24.480> Centurus<00:31:25.360> A<00:31:26.000> and<00:31:26.240> the 00:31:26.389 --> 00:31:26.399 align:start position:0% galaxies like in Centurus A and the 00:31:26.399 --> 00:31:29.029 align:start position:0% galaxies like in Centurus A and the large<00:31:26.720> melanic<00:31:27.360> cloud.<00:31:28.320> But<00:31:28.559> scientists 00:31:29.029 --> 00:31:29.039 align:start position:0% large melanic cloud. But scientists 00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:30.710 align:start position:0% large melanic cloud. But scientists think<00:31:29.279> it<00:31:29.600> might<00:31:29.760> be<00:31:29.919> when<00:31:30.159> these 00:31:30.710 --> 00:31:30.720 align:start position:0% think it might be when these 00:31:30.720 --> 00:31:33.590 align:start position:0% think it might be when these gravitationally<00:31:31.679> bound<00:31:32.080> clusters<00:31:32.640> collide 00:31:33.590 --> 00:31:33.600 align:start position:0% gravitationally bound clusters collide 00:31:33.600 --> 00:31:35.830 align:start position:0% gravitationally bound clusters collide that<00:31:33.840> we<00:31:34.000> get<00:31:34.159> the<00:31:34.480> most<00:31:34.799> massive<00:31:35.279> globular 00:31:35.830 --> 00:31:35.840 align:start position:0% that we get the most massive globular 00:31:35.840 --> 00:31:38.870 align:start position:0% that we get the most massive globular clusters<00:31:36.480> like<00:31:36.799> Omega<00:31:37.279> Centuri. 00:31:38.870 --> 00:31:38.880 align:start position:0% clusters like Omega Centuri. 00:31:38.880 --> 00:31:41.430 align:start position:0% clusters like Omega Centuri. So<00:31:39.200> studying<00:31:39.679> a<00:31:39.919> binary<00:31:40.320> cluster<00:31:40.880> right<00:31:41.200> in 00:31:41.430 --> 00:31:41.440 align:start position:0% So studying a binary cluster right in 00:31:41.440 --> 00:31:43.990 align:start position:0% So studying a binary cluster right in our<00:31:41.760> own<00:31:42.159> galaxy<00:31:43.039> could<00:31:43.279> produce<00:31:43.679> some 00:31:43.990 --> 00:31:44.000 align:start position:0% our own galaxy could produce some 00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:45.669 align:start position:0% our own galaxy could produce some amazing<00:31:44.559> insights<00:31:45.039> into<00:31:45.360> this<00:31:45.416> [music] 00:31:45.669 --> 00:31:45.679 align:start position:0% amazing insights into this [music] 00:31:45.679 --> 00:31:48.389 align:start position:0% amazing insights into this [music] process.<00:31:46.799> It's<00:31:47.200> all<00:31:47.519> speculation<00:31:48.080> at<00:31:48.320> the 00:31:48.389 --> 00:31:48.399 align:start position:0% process. It's all speculation at the 00:31:48.399 --> 00:31:50.310 align:start position:0% process. It's all speculation at the moment,<00:31:48.960> but<00:31:49.200> it's<00:31:49.440> definitely<00:31:49.840> cool<00:31:50.159> to 00:31:50.310 --> 00:31:50.320 align:start position:0% moment, but it's definitely cool to 00:31:50.320 --> 00:31:52.389 align:start position:0% moment, but it's definitely cool to think<00:31:50.480> about. 00:31:52.389 --> 00:31:52.399 align:start position:0% think about. 00:31:52.399 --> 00:31:54.630 align:start position:0% think about. In<00:31:52.640> addition<00:31:52.880> to<00:31:53.039> globular<00:31:53.679> clusters,<00:31:54.399> the 00:31:54.630 --> 00:31:54.640 align:start position:0% In addition to globular clusters, the 00:31:54.640 --> 00:31:57.029 align:start position:0% In addition to globular clusters, the Vista<00:31:55.120> Infrared<00:31:55.600> Survey<00:31:56.240> identified<00:31:56.720> a 00:31:57.029 --> 00:31:57.039 align:start position:0% Vista Infrared Survey identified a 00:31:57.039 --> 00:31:58.950 align:start position:0% Vista Infrared Survey identified a multitude<00:31:57.679> of<00:31:57.919> other<00:31:58.159> types<00:31:58.480> of<00:31:58.640> star 00:31:58.950 --> 00:31:58.960 align:start position:0% multitude of other types of star 00:31:58.960 --> 00:32:02.470 align:start position:0% multitude of other types of star clusters.<00:31:59.919> At<00:31:59.919> least<00:32:00.320> 96<00:32:00.880> new<00:32:01.279> open<00:32:02.000> or 00:32:02.470 --> 00:32:02.480 align:start position:0% clusters. At least 96 new open or 00:32:02.480 --> 00:32:05.190 align:start position:0% clusters. At least 96 new open or galactic<00:32:03.039> clusters<00:32:03.519> have<00:32:03.760> been<00:32:04.000> found,<00:32:04.799> which 00:32:05.190 --> 00:32:05.200 align:start position:0% galactic clusters have been found, which 00:32:05.200 --> 00:32:08.389 align:start position:0% galactic clusters have been found, which typically<00:32:05.840> contain<00:32:06.320> fewer,<00:32:07.200> younger<00:32:07.679> stars 00:32:08.389 --> 00:32:08.399 align:start position:0% typically contain fewer, younger stars 00:32:08.399 --> 00:32:10.230 align:start position:0% typically contain fewer, younger stars and<00:32:08.720> are<00:32:08.960> much<00:32:09.279> more<00:32:09.519> common<00:32:09.840> than<00:32:10.080> the 00:32:10.230 --> 00:32:10.240 align:start position:0% and are much more common than the 00:32:10.240 --> 00:32:12.950 align:start position:0% and are much more common than the globular<00:32:10.799> type.<00:32:12.000> Like<00:32:12.159> the<00:32:12.399> globular 00:32:12.950 --> 00:32:12.960 align:start position:0% globular type. Like the globular 00:32:12.960 --> 00:32:14.950 align:start position:0% globular type. Like the globular clusters,<00:32:13.600> they<00:32:13.919> have<00:32:14.159> been<00:32:14.320> hidden<00:32:14.720> by 00:32:14.950 --> 00:32:14.960 align:start position:0% clusters, they have been hidden by 00:32:14.960 --> 00:32:18.470 align:start position:0% clusters, they have been hidden by cosmic<00:32:15.360> dust,<00:32:16.080> but<00:32:16.399> VISTA's<00:32:17.039> 4.1<00:32:18.000> meter 00:32:18.470 --> 00:32:18.480 align:start position:0% cosmic dust, but VISTA's 4.1 meter 00:32:18.480 --> 00:32:20.710 align:start position:0% cosmic dust, but VISTA's 4.1 meter infrared<00:32:18.960> telescope<00:32:19.760> has<00:32:20.080> lifted<00:32:20.480> the 00:32:20.710 --> 00:32:20.720 align:start position:0% infrared telescope has lifted the 00:32:20.720 --> 00:32:23.909 align:start position:0% infrared telescope has lifted the curtain<00:32:21.279> to<00:32:21.519> show<00:32:21.760> them<00:32:22.000> in<00:32:22.320> all<00:32:22.559> their<00:32:22.880> glory. 00:32:23.909 --> 00:32:23.919 align:start position:0% curtain to show them in all their glory. 00:32:23.919 --> 00:32:26.070 align:start position:0% curtain to show them in all their glory. Take<00:32:24.159> a<00:32:24.320> look<00:32:24.559> at<00:32:24.880> just<00:32:25.120> a<00:32:25.440> few<00:32:25.600> of<00:32:25.840> these 00:32:26.070 --> 00:32:26.080 align:start position:0% Take a look at just a few of these 00:32:26.080 --> 00:32:28.549 align:start position:0% Take a look at just a few of these stunning<00:32:26.559> images<00:32:27.039> we<00:32:27.360> now<00:32:27.600> have<00:32:27.919> of<00:32:28.240> these 00:32:28.549 --> 00:32:28.559 align:start position:0% stunning images we now have of these 00:32:28.559 --> 00:32:30.630 align:start position:0% stunning images we now have of these objects. 00:32:30.630 --> 00:32:30.640 align:start position:0% objects. 00:32:30.640 --> 00:32:35.750 align:start position:0% objects. One<00:32:30.880> of<00:32:31.039> these<00:32:31.360> open<00:32:31.679> clusters,<00:32:32.559> VVV<00:32:33.600> CL00003, 00:32:35.750 --> 00:32:35.760 align:start position:0% One of these open clusters, VVV CL00003, 00:32:35.760 --> 00:32:37.750 align:start position:0% One of these open clusters, VVV CL00003, is<00:32:36.000> much<00:32:36.240> more<00:32:36.480> difficult<00:32:36.880> to<00:32:37.039> make<00:32:37.279> out<00:32:37.440> in 00:32:37.750 --> 00:32:37.760 align:start position:0% is much more difficult to make out in 00:32:37.760 --> 00:32:39.750 align:start position:0% is much more difficult to make out in images<00:32:38.159> compared<00:32:38.559> to<00:32:38.640> the<00:32:38.880> tightly<00:32:39.360> packed 00:32:39.750 --> 00:32:39.760 align:start position:0% images compared to the tightly packed 00:32:39.760 --> 00:32:42.070 align:start position:0% images compared to the tightly packed globular<00:32:40.399> clusters.<00:32:41.200> try<00:32:41.440> and<00:32:41.600> see<00:32:41.760> the 00:32:42.070 --> 00:32:42.080 align:start position:0% globular clusters. try and see the 00:32:42.080 --> 00:32:44.310 align:start position:0% globular clusters. try and see the density<00:32:42.559> differences<00:32:43.120> in<00:32:43.360> the<00:32:43.519> stars<00:32:43.840> in<00:32:44.159> this 00:32:44.310 --> 00:32:44.320 align:start position:0% density differences in the stars in this 00:32:44.320 --> 00:32:46.070 align:start position:0% density differences in the stars in this section<00:32:44.559> of<00:32:44.720> the<00:32:44.880> image<00:32:45.360> compared<00:32:45.760> to<00:32:45.919> the 00:32:46.070 --> 00:32:46.080 align:start position:0% section of the image compared to the 00:32:46.080 --> 00:32:48.710 align:start position:0% section of the image compared to the surrounding<00:32:46.559> regions.<00:32:48.000> It<00:32:48.159> was<00:32:48.320> found<00:32:48.559> by 00:32:48.710 --> 00:32:48.720 align:start position:0% surrounding regions. It was found by 00:32:48.720 --> 00:32:51.509 align:start position:0% surrounding regions. It was found by Vista<00:32:49.360> 15,000<00:32:50.240> lighty<00:32:50.559> years<00:32:50.799> beyond<00:32:51.279> the 00:32:51.509 --> 00:32:51.519 align:start position:0% Vista 15,000 lighty years beyond the 00:32:51.519 --> 00:32:54.070 align:start position:0% Vista 15,000 lighty years beyond the Milky<00:32:51.760> Way<00:32:52.080> center<00:32:52.720> and<00:32:53.120> also<00:32:53.440> happens<00:32:53.760> to<00:32:53.919> be 00:32:54.070 --> 00:32:54.080 align:start position:0% Milky Way center and also happens to be 00:32:54.080 --> 00:32:55.669 align:start position:0% Milky Way center and also happens to be the<00:32:54.240> first<00:32:54.399> of<00:32:54.559> its<00:32:54.799> kind<00:32:54.960> to<00:32:55.120> be<00:32:55.279> discovered 00:32:55.669 --> 00:32:55.679 align:start position:0% the first of its kind to be discovered 00:32:55.679 --> 00:32:58.470 align:start position:0% the first of its kind to be discovered on<00:32:55.919> the<00:32:56.080> far<00:32:56.320> side<00:32:56.559> of<00:32:56.720> the<00:32:56.880> galaxy. 00:32:58.470 --> 00:32:58.480 align:start position:0% on the far side of the galaxy. 00:32:58.480 --> 00:33:00.230 align:start position:0% on the far side of the galaxy. Vista's<00:32:59.039> infrared<00:32:59.519> observations<00:33:00.080> have 00:33:00.230 --> 00:33:00.240 align:start position:0% Vista's infrared observations have 00:33:00.240 --> 00:33:02.470 align:start position:0% Vista's infrared observations have unveiled<00:33:00.799> dozens<00:33:01.200> of<00:33:01.360> hidden<00:33:01.760> star<00:33:02.080> clusters 00:33:02.470 --> 00:33:02.480 align:start position:0% unveiled dozens of hidden star clusters 00:33:02.480 --> 00:33:05.350 align:start position:0% unveiled dozens of hidden star clusters and<00:33:02.799> millions<00:33:03.200> of<00:33:03.440> previously<00:33:04.000> unseen<00:33:04.480> stars. 00:33:05.350 --> 00:33:05.360 align:start position:0% and millions of previously unseen stars. 00:33:05.360 --> 00:33:07.350 align:start position:0% and millions of previously unseen stars. They<00:33:05.679> have<00:33:05.760> revealed<00:33:06.159> new<00:33:06.480> stellar<00:33:06.799> nurseries 00:33:07.350 --> 00:33:07.360 align:start position:0% They have revealed new stellar nurseries 00:33:07.360 --> 00:33:09.669 align:start position:0% They have revealed new stellar nurseries where<00:33:07.679> stars<00:33:08.080> are<00:33:08.240> born<00:33:09.039> and<00:33:09.279> they<00:33:09.519> have 00:33:09.669 --> 00:33:09.679 align:start position:0% where stars are born and they have 00:33:09.679 --> 00:33:11.430 align:start position:0% where stars are born and they have broadened<00:33:10.240> our<00:33:10.559> understanding<00:33:11.039> of<00:33:11.279> the 00:33:11.430 --> 00:33:11.440 align:start position:0% broadened our understanding of the 00:33:11.440 --> 00:33:14.870 align:start position:0% broadened our understanding of the formation<00:33:12.000> of<00:33:12.320> our<00:33:12.640> Milky<00:33:13.039> Way.<00:33:14.480> Looking<00:33:14.720> at 00:33:14.870 --> 00:33:14.880 align:start position:0% formation of our Milky Way. Looking at 00:33:14.880 --> 00:33:16.549 align:start position:0% formation of our Milky Way. Looking at the<00:33:15.120> sky<00:33:15.360> through<00:33:15.760> different<00:33:16.000> wavelengths 00:33:16.549 --> 00:33:16.559 align:start position:0% the sky through different wavelengths 00:33:16.559 --> 00:33:19.590 align:start position:0% the sky through different wavelengths has<00:33:16.880> brought<00:33:17.120> about<00:33:17.519> a<00:33:17.919> new<00:33:18.399> era<00:33:18.640> of<00:33:18.960> galactic 00:33:19.590 --> 00:33:19.600 align:start position:0% has brought about a new era of galactic 00:33:19.600 --> 00:33:22.149 align:start position:0% has brought about a new era of galactic exploration.<00:33:20.880> And<00:33:21.039> I<00:33:21.360> can't<00:33:21.600> wait<00:33:21.760> to<00:33:22.000> see 00:33:22.149 --> 00:33:22.159 align:start position:0% exploration. And I can't wait to see 00:33:22.159 --> 00:33:23.750 align:start position:0% exploration. And I can't wait to see what<00:33:22.399> else<00:33:22.640> astronomers<00:33:23.200> and<00:33:23.360> data 00:33:23.750 --> 00:33:23.760 align:start position:0% what else astronomers and data 00:33:23.760 --> 00:33:26.149 align:start position:0% what else astronomers and data scientists<00:33:24.320> are<00:33:24.559> going<00:33:24.720> to<00:33:24.960> uncover<00:33:25.600> thanks 00:33:26.149 --> 00:33:26.159 align:start position:0% scientists are going to uncover thanks 00:33:26.159 --> 00:33:29.029 align:start position:0% scientists are going to uncover thanks to<00:33:26.399> Vista's<00:33:27.039> 3D<00:33:27.519> map. 00:33:29.029 --> 00:33:29.039 align:start position:0% to Vista's 3D map. 00:33:29.039 --> 00:33:31.430 align:start position:0% to Vista's 3D map. As<00:33:29.360> we<00:33:29.519> continue<00:33:29.919> our<00:33:30.399> exploration<00:33:30.880> of<00:33:31.120> our 00:33:31.430 --> 00:33:31.440 align:start position:0% As we continue our exploration of our 00:33:31.440 --> 00:33:33.509 align:start position:0% As we continue our exploration of our Milky<00:33:31.679> Way<00:33:31.919> galaxy<00:33:32.399> through<00:33:32.640> the<00:33:32.880> lenses<00:33:33.279> of 00:33:33.509 --> 00:33:33.519 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy through the lenses of 00:33:33.519 --> 00:33:35.830 align:start position:0% Milky Way galaxy through the lenses of these<00:33:33.919> incredible<00:33:34.480> telescopes,<00:33:35.519> there<00:33:35.679> is 00:33:35.830 --> 00:33:35.840 align:start position:0% these incredible telescopes, there is 00:33:35.840 --> 00:33:38.230 align:start position:0% these incredible telescopes, there is one<00:33:36.080> feature<00:33:36.559> you<00:33:36.960> almost<00:33:37.360> certainly<00:33:37.919> want<00:33:38.080> to 00:33:38.230 --> 00:33:38.240 align:start position:0% one feature you almost certainly want to 00:33:38.240 --> 00:33:40.230 align:start position:0% one feature you almost certainly want to know<00:33:38.399> more<00:33:38.640> about<00:33:39.200> that<00:33:39.440> we've<00:33:39.679> not<00:33:39.919> fully 00:33:40.230 --> 00:33:40.240 align:start position:0% know more about that we've not fully 00:33:40.240 --> 00:33:44.149 align:start position:0% know more about that we've not fully touched<00:33:40.480> on<00:33:40.720> yet.<00:33:41.519> Those<00:33:42.080> spiral<00:33:42.640> arms.<00:33:43.840> Once 00:33:44.149 --> 00:33:44.159 align:start position:0% touched on yet. Those spiral arms. Once 00:33:44.159 --> 00:33:46.950 align:start position:0% touched on yet. Those spiral arms. Once again,<00:33:45.039> there<00:33:45.360> are<00:33:45.679> surprising<00:33:46.480> mysteries 00:33:46.950 --> 00:33:46.960 align:start position:0% again, there are surprising mysteries 00:33:46.960 --> 00:33:49.509 align:start position:0% again, there are surprising mysteries surrounding<00:33:47.679> such<00:33:48.080> central<00:33:48.559> features<00:33:49.039> of<00:33:49.279> our 00:33:49.509 --> 00:33:49.519 align:start position:0% surrounding such central features of our 00:33:49.519 --> 00:33:54.149 align:start position:0% surrounding such central features of our galaxy<00:33:50.080> structure. 00:33:54.149 --> 00:33:54.159 align:start position:0% 00:33:54.159 --> 00:33:56.549 align:start position:0% We've<00:33:54.399> all<00:33:54.559> seen<00:33:54.880> pictures<00:33:55.200> of<00:33:55.440> galaxies, 00:33:56.549 --> 00:33:56.559 align:start position:0% We've all seen pictures of galaxies, 00:33:56.559 --> 00:33:59.430 align:start position:0% We've all seen pictures of galaxies, often<00:33:57.120> glorious<00:33:57.679> objects<00:33:58.159> with<00:33:58.559> spectacular 00:33:59.430 --> 00:33:59.440 align:start position:0% often glorious objects with spectacular 00:33:59.440 --> 00:34:02.710 align:start position:0% often glorious objects with spectacular colors<00:33:59.760> and<00:34:00.000> shapes.<00:34:01.440> However,<00:34:02.159> because<00:34:02.480> they 00:34:02.710 --> 00:34:02.720 align:start position:0% colors and shapes. However, because they 00:34:02.720 --> 00:34:05.190 align:start position:0% colors and shapes. However, because they are<00:34:02.960> static<00:34:03.440> images,<00:34:04.399> it<00:34:04.640> may<00:34:04.799> make<00:34:04.960> you 00:34:05.190 --> 00:34:05.200 align:start position:0% are static images, it may make you 00:34:05.200 --> 00:34:08.069 align:start position:0% are static images, it may make you wonder<00:34:05.600> how<00:34:05.919> they<00:34:06.240> rotate. 00:34:08.069 --> 00:34:08.079 align:start position:0% wonder how they rotate. 00:34:08.079 --> 00:34:10.230 align:start position:0% wonder how they rotate. The<00:34:08.399> first<00:34:08.720> obvious<00:34:09.200> thought<00:34:09.520> is<00:34:09.760> that<00:34:10.000> they 00:34:10.230 --> 00:34:10.240 align:start position:0% The first obvious thought is that they 00:34:10.240 --> 00:34:12.869 align:start position:0% The first obvious thought is that they spin<00:34:10.639> around<00:34:10.879> an<00:34:11.119> axis,<00:34:12.079> perhaps<00:34:12.480> looking 00:34:12.869 --> 00:34:12.879 align:start position:0% spin around an axis, perhaps looking 00:34:12.879 --> 00:34:16.310 align:start position:0% spin around an axis, perhaps looking something<00:34:13.280> like<00:34:13.520> this<00:34:13.839> as<00:34:14.079> they<00:34:14.240> do.<00:34:14.480> So, 00:34:16.310 --> 00:34:16.320 align:start position:0% something like this as they do. So, 00:34:16.320 --> 00:34:18.710 align:start position:0% something like this as they do. So, would<00:34:16.560> it<00:34:16.800> surprise<00:34:17.200> you<00:34:17.359> to<00:34:17.520> hear<00:34:18.000> that<00:34:18.320> this 00:34:18.710 --> 00:34:18.720 align:start position:0% would it surprise you to hear that this 00:34:18.720 --> 00:34:21.349 align:start position:0% would it surprise you to hear that this is<00:34:19.119> totally<00:34:19.343> [music]<00:34:19.760> wrong? 00:34:21.349 --> 00:34:21.359 align:start position:0% is totally [music] wrong? 00:34:21.359 --> 00:34:24.069 align:start position:0% is totally [music] wrong? Galaxies<00:34:22.000> are<00:34:22.240> not<00:34:22.560> solid<00:34:23.040> objects,<00:34:23.760> but 00:34:24.069 --> 00:34:24.079 align:start position:0% Galaxies are not solid objects, but 00:34:24.079 --> 00:34:26.790 align:start position:0% Galaxies are not solid objects, but rather<00:34:24.480> made<00:34:24.720> up<00:34:24.879> of<00:34:25.119> millions<00:34:25.839> to<00:34:26.240> trillions 00:34:26.790 --> 00:34:26.800 align:start position:0% rather made up of millions to trillions 00:34:26.800 --> 00:34:29.589 align:start position:0% rather made up of millions to trillions of<00:34:27.040> stars.<00:34:28.079> Each<00:34:28.399> star<00:34:28.720> follows<00:34:29.119> their<00:34:29.359> own 00:34:29.589 --> 00:34:29.599 align:start position:0% of stars. Each star follows their own 00:34:29.599 --> 00:34:31.909 align:start position:0% of stars. Each star follows their own orbit,<00:34:30.240> although<00:34:30.560> they<00:34:30.879> are<00:34:31.040> often<00:34:31.440> going<00:34:31.760> in 00:34:31.909 --> 00:34:31.919 align:start position:0% orbit, although they are often going in 00:34:31.919 --> 00:34:34.069 align:start position:0% orbit, although they are often going in the<00:34:32.159> same<00:34:32.399> direction<00:34:32.879> at<00:34:32.879> least.<00:34:33.919> But 00:34:34.069 --> 00:34:34.079 align:start position:0% the same direction at least. But 00:34:34.079 --> 00:34:35.829 align:start position:0% the same direction at least. But actually,<00:34:34.560> one<00:34:34.800> of<00:34:34.879> the<00:34:35.040> main<00:34:35.280> reasons<00:34:35.599> a 00:34:35.829 --> 00:34:35.839 align:start position:0% actually, one of the main reasons a 00:34:35.839 --> 00:34:38.790 align:start position:0% actually, one of the main reasons a spiral<00:34:36.240> galaxy<00:34:36.800> such<00:34:36.960> as<00:34:37.200> our<00:34:37.520> Milky<00:34:37.839> Way<00:34:38.480> does 00:34:38.790 --> 00:34:38.800 align:start position:0% spiral galaxy such as our Milky Way does 00:34:38.800 --> 00:34:41.909 align:start position:0% spiral galaxy such as our Milky Way does not<00:34:39.200> orbit<00:34:39.679> like<00:34:39.919> the<00:34:40.240> first<00:34:40.480> example<00:34:41.359> is<00:34:41.599> that 00:34:41.909 --> 00:34:41.919 align:start position:0% not orbit like the first example is that 00:34:41.919 --> 00:34:44.223 align:start position:0% not orbit like the first example is that angular<00:34:42.480> momentum<00:34:43.040> would<00:34:43.359> wind<00:34:43.679> the<00:34:43.919> arms 00:34:44.223 --> 00:34:44.233 align:start position:0% angular momentum would wind the arms 00:34:44.233 --> 00:34:45.750 align:start position:0% angular momentum would wind the arms [music]<00:34:44.240> up<00:34:44.480> into<00:34:44.720> tighter<00:34:45.200> and<00:34:45.359> tighter 00:34:45.750 --> 00:34:45.760 align:start position:0% [music] up into tighter and tighter 00:34:45.760 --> 00:34:48.790 align:start position:0% [music] up into tighter and tighter spirals.<00:34:46.800> We<00:34:47.119> don't<00:34:47.280> see<00:34:47.520> this,<00:34:48.159> so<00:34:48.480> something 00:34:48.790 --> 00:34:48.800 align:start position:0% spirals. We don't see this, so something 00:34:48.800 --> 00:34:51.589 align:start position:0% spirals. We don't see this, so something else<00:34:49.040> is<00:34:49.280> at<00:34:49.520> play.<00:34:50.480> The<00:34:50.720> leading<00:34:51.040> theory<00:34:51.440> is 00:34:51.589 --> 00:34:51.599 align:start position:0% else is at play. The leading theory is 00:34:51.599 --> 00:34:53.669 align:start position:0% else is at play. The leading theory is that<00:34:51.760> these<00:34:52.000> arms<00:34:52.399> are<00:34:52.560> caused<00:34:52.879> by<00:34:53.119> density 00:34:53.669 --> 00:34:53.679 align:start position:0% that these arms are caused by density 00:34:53.679 --> 00:34:56.550 align:start position:0% that these arms are caused by density waves,<00:34:54.480> meaning<00:34:54.800> a<00:34:55.040> galaxy's<00:34:55.520> rotation<00:34:56.159> would 00:34:56.550 --> 00:34:56.560 align:start position:0% waves, meaning a galaxy's rotation would 00:34:56.560 --> 00:34:59.829 align:start position:0% waves, meaning a galaxy's rotation would in<00:34:56.720> fact<00:34:57.040> look<00:34:57.359> like<00:34:57.680> this.<00:34:58.880> Here,<00:34:59.200> the<00:34:59.440> arms 00:34:59.829 --> 00:34:59.839 align:start position:0% in fact look like this. Here, the arms 00:34:59.839 --> 00:35:01.910 align:start position:0% in fact look like this. Here, the arms stay<00:35:00.000> in<00:35:00.240> place,<00:35:00.880> or<00:35:01.040> at<00:35:01.119> least<00:35:01.520> move 00:35:01.910 --> 00:35:01.920 align:start position:0% stay in place, or at least move 00:35:01.920 --> 00:35:05.190 align:start position:0% stay in place, or at least move extremely<00:35:02.640> slowly<00:35:03.359> as<00:35:03.760> stars<00:35:04.240> and<00:35:04.480> gas<00:35:04.880> pass 00:35:05.190 --> 00:35:05.200 align:start position:0% extremely slowly as stars and gas pass 00:35:05.200 --> 00:35:08.230 align:start position:0% extremely slowly as stars and gas pass through<00:35:05.520> them.<00:35:06.720> Another<00:35:07.119> theory<00:35:07.599> is<00:35:07.839> that 00:35:08.230 --> 00:35:08.240 align:start position:0% through them. Another theory is that 00:35:08.240 --> 00:35:10.550 align:start position:0% through them. Another theory is that shock<00:35:08.560> waves<00:35:08.960> produced<00:35:09.280> by<00:35:09.520> supernova<00:35:10.240> and 00:35:10.550 --> 00:35:10.560 align:start position:0% shock waves produced by supernova and 00:35:10.560 --> 00:35:13.190 align:start position:0% shock waves produced by supernova and stellar<00:35:10.960> winds<00:35:11.359> are<00:35:11.599> the<00:35:11.760> cause<00:35:12.000> of<00:35:12.079> the<00:35:12.240> arms. 00:35:13.190 --> 00:35:13.200 align:start position:0% stellar winds are the cause of the arms. 00:35:13.200 --> 00:35:14.950 align:start position:0% stellar winds are the cause of the arms. These<00:35:13.440> theories<00:35:13.920> might<00:35:14.160> not<00:35:14.320> be<00:35:14.480> mutually 00:35:14.950 --> 00:35:14.960 align:start position:0% These theories might not be mutually 00:35:14.960 --> 00:35:17.670 align:start position:0% These theories might not be mutually exclusive,<00:35:15.920> and<00:35:16.240> both<00:35:16.560> processes<00:35:17.119> may<00:35:17.359> be<00:35:17.520> at 00:35:17.670 --> 00:35:17.680 align:start position:0% exclusive, and both processes may be at 00:35:17.680 --> 00:35:20.950 align:start position:0% exclusive, and both processes may be at work<00:35:17.920> here.<00:35:19.200> Density<00:35:19.680> waves<00:35:20.160> are<00:35:20.400> potentially 00:35:20.950 --> 00:35:20.960 align:start position:0% work here. Density waves are potentially 00:35:20.960 --> 00:35:23.270 align:start position:0% work here. Density waves are potentially caused<00:35:21.359> by<00:35:21.520> the<00:35:21.760> self-gravity<00:35:22.560> of<00:35:22.720> stars<00:35:23.119> as 00:35:23.270 --> 00:35:23.280 align:start position:0% caused by the self-gravity of stars as 00:35:23.280 --> 00:35:25.109 align:start position:0% caused by the self-gravity of stars as they<00:35:23.520> orbit<00:35:24.240> after<00:35:24.560> they<00:35:24.720> have<00:35:24.960> been 00:35:25.109 --> 00:35:25.119 align:start position:0% they orbit after they have been 00:35:25.119 --> 00:35:27.990 align:start position:0% they orbit after they have been perturbed<00:35:25.680> by<00:35:25.920> another<00:35:26.320> force.<00:35:27.359> As<00:35:27.599> stars 00:35:27.990 --> 00:35:28.000 align:start position:0% perturbed by another force. As stars 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:30.069 align:start position:0% perturbed by another force. As stars have<00:35:28.240> a<00:35:28.480> gravitational<00:35:29.200> influence<00:35:29.680> on<00:35:29.839> each 00:35:30.069 --> 00:35:30.079 align:start position:0% have a gravitational influence on each 00:35:30.079 --> 00:35:32.870 align:start position:0% have a gravitational influence on each other,<00:35:30.720> eventually<00:35:31.440> a<00:35:31.680> pattern<00:35:32.079> forms<00:35:32.560> where 00:35:32.870 --> 00:35:32.880 align:start position:0% other, eventually a pattern forms where 00:35:32.880 --> 00:35:35.109 align:start position:0% other, eventually a pattern forms where their<00:35:33.119> orbits<00:35:33.680> meet<00:35:34.000> around<00:35:34.320> certain<00:35:34.720> areas 00:35:35.109 --> 00:35:35.119 align:start position:0% their orbits meet around certain areas 00:35:35.119 --> 00:35:36.950 align:start position:0% their orbits meet around certain areas in<00:35:35.280> the<00:35:35.440> galaxy. 00:35:36.950 --> 00:35:36.960 align:start position:0% in the galaxy. 00:35:36.960 --> 00:35:40.230 align:start position:0% in the galaxy. Very<00:35:37.520> very<00:35:38.079> interestingly,<00:35:39.280> density<00:35:39.760> waves 00:35:40.230 --> 00:35:40.240 align:start position:0% Very very interestingly, density waves 00:35:40.240 --> 00:35:42.390 align:start position:0% Very very interestingly, density waves are<00:35:40.560> even<00:35:40.880> seen<00:35:41.200> in<00:35:41.520> certain<00:35:41.839> parts<00:35:42.160> of 00:35:42.390 --> 00:35:42.400 align:start position:0% are even seen in certain parts of 00:35:42.400 --> 00:35:45.030 align:start position:0% are even seen in certain parts of Saturn's<00:35:42.529> [music]<00:35:42.960> rings.<00:35:44.000> Here<00:35:44.480> you<00:35:44.720> have<00:35:44.800> a 00:35:45.030 --> 00:35:45.040 align:start position:0% Saturn's [music] rings. Here you have a 00:35:45.040 --> 00:35:46.630 align:start position:0% Saturn's [music] rings. Here you have a section<00:35:45.280> of<00:35:45.440> ring<00:35:45.680> that<00:35:45.920> appears<00:35:46.240> like<00:35:46.400> the 00:35:46.630 --> 00:35:46.640 align:start position:0% section of ring that appears like the 00:35:46.640 --> 00:35:49.190 align:start position:0% section of ring that appears like the inside<00:35:46.880> of<00:35:47.040> a<00:35:47.200> tree<00:35:47.520> trunk.<00:35:48.400> But<00:35:48.560> this<00:35:48.880> is<00:35:49.040> not 00:35:49.190 --> 00:35:49.200 align:start position:0% inside of a tree trunk. But this is not 00:35:49.200 --> 00:35:51.270 align:start position:0% inside of a tree trunk. But this is not the<00:35:49.440> case.<00:35:49.734> [music]<00:35:50.160> In<00:35:50.400> this<00:35:50.640> region,<00:35:51.040> the 00:35:51.270 --> 00:35:51.280 align:start position:0% the case. [music] In this region, the 00:35:51.280 --> 00:35:53.270 align:start position:0% the case. [music] In this region, the ring<00:35:51.520> is<00:35:51.680> influenced<00:35:52.240> by<00:35:52.400> the<00:35:52.560> gravity<00:35:52.960> of 00:35:53.270 --> 00:35:53.280 align:start position:0% ring is influenced by the gravity of 00:35:53.280 --> 00:35:55.270 align:start position:0% ring is influenced by the gravity of small<00:35:53.599> shepherd<00:35:54.000> moons<00:35:54.400> tucked<00:35:54.800> inside<00:35:55.119> the 00:35:55.270 --> 00:35:55.280 align:start position:0% small shepherd moons tucked inside the 00:35:55.280 --> 00:35:58.150 align:start position:0% small shepherd moons tucked inside the rings.<00:35:56.240> What<00:35:56.480> you<00:35:56.640> are<00:35:56.880> actually<00:35:57.359> looking<00:35:57.599> at 00:35:58.150 --> 00:35:58.160 align:start position:0% rings. What you are actually looking at 00:35:58.160 --> 00:36:01.510 align:start position:0% rings. What you are actually looking at is<00:35:58.560> one<00:35:59.119> very<00:35:59.520> tightly<00:36:00.000> wound<00:36:00.400> ring,<00:36:01.119> a<00:36:01.280> bit 00:36:01.510 --> 00:36:01.520 align:start position:0% is one very tightly wound ring, a bit 00:36:01.520 --> 00:36:04.630 align:start position:0% is one very tightly wound ring, a bit like<00:36:01.680> an<00:36:01.920> LP<00:36:02.400> record.<00:36:03.599> And<00:36:03.839> just<00:36:04.000> like<00:36:04.160> with<00:36:04.400> a 00:36:04.630 --> 00:36:04.640 align:start position:0% like an LP record. And just like with a 00:36:04.640 --> 00:36:07.349 align:start position:0% like an LP record. And just like with a galaxy,<00:36:05.440> this<00:36:05.680> arm<00:36:06.079> stays<00:36:06.320> the<00:36:06.560> same<00:36:06.720> shape, 00:36:07.349 --> 00:36:07.359 align:start position:0% galaxy, this arm stays the same shape, 00:36:07.359 --> 00:36:10.310 align:start position:0% galaxy, this arm stays the same shape, never<00:36:07.680> getting<00:36:08.079> tighter<00:36:08.480> or<00:36:08.800> looser. 00:36:10.310 --> 00:36:10.320 align:start position:0% never getting tighter or looser. 00:36:10.320 --> 00:36:12.310 align:start position:0% never getting tighter or looser. Within<00:36:10.640> these<00:36:10.880> arms<00:36:11.280> is<00:36:11.520> where<00:36:11.680> the<00:36:11.920> majority 00:36:12.310 --> 00:36:12.320 align:start position:0% Within these arms is where the majority 00:36:12.320 --> 00:36:14.310 align:start position:0% Within these arms is where the majority of<00:36:12.560> star<00:36:12.880> formation<00:36:13.440> takes<00:36:13.680> place<00:36:13.920> in<00:36:14.160> a 00:36:14.310 --> 00:36:14.320 align:start position:0% of star formation takes place in a 00:36:14.320 --> 00:36:17.270 align:start position:0% of star formation takes place in a spiral<00:36:14.720> galaxy.<00:36:15.680> The<00:36:15.920> gas<00:36:16.160> and<00:36:16.400> dust<00:36:16.720> within<00:36:17.040> a 00:36:17.270 --> 00:36:17.280 align:start position:0% spiral galaxy. The gas and dust within a 00:36:17.280 --> 00:36:19.829 align:start position:0% spiral galaxy. The gas and dust within a galaxy<00:36:17.760> clump<00:36:18.160> up<00:36:18.320> in<00:36:18.480> these<00:36:18.640> arms<00:36:19.040> too,<00:36:19.680> which 00:36:19.829 --> 00:36:19.839 align:start position:0% galaxy clump up in these arms too, which 00:36:19.839 --> 00:36:22.310 align:start position:0% galaxy clump up in these arms too, which is<00:36:20.000> why<00:36:20.240> you<00:36:20.400> often<00:36:20.720> see<00:36:20.960> star<00:36:21.359> forming<00:36:21.839> nebula 00:36:22.310 --> 00:36:22.320 align:start position:0% is why you often see star forming nebula 00:36:22.320 --> 00:36:24.870 align:start position:0% is why you often see star forming nebula dotting<00:36:22.800> the<00:36:22.960> arms.<00:36:23.839> The<00:36:24.079> arms<00:36:24.400> are<00:36:24.560> also 00:36:24.870 --> 00:36:24.880 align:start position:0% dotting the arms. The arms are also 00:36:24.880 --> 00:36:26.790 align:start position:0% dotting the arms. The arms are also brighter.<00:36:25.520> Not<00:36:25.760> just<00:36:26.079> because<00:36:26.320> there<00:36:26.560> are 00:36:26.790 --> 00:36:26.800 align:start position:0% brighter. Not just because there are 00:36:26.800 --> 00:36:29.270 align:start position:0% brighter. Not just because there are more<00:36:27.040> stars<00:36:27.359> here,<00:36:28.000> but<00:36:28.320> also<00:36:28.800> because<00:36:29.040> all 00:36:29.270 --> 00:36:29.280 align:start position:0% more stars here, but also because all 00:36:29.280 --> 00:36:31.670 align:start position:0% more stars here, but also because all the<00:36:29.520> hot,<00:36:30.000> young,<00:36:30.480> bright<00:36:30.880> stars<00:36:31.200> are<00:36:31.440> found 00:36:31.670 --> 00:36:31.680 align:start position:0% the hot, young, bright stars are found 00:36:31.680 --> 00:36:33.750 align:start position:0% the hot, young, bright stars are found in<00:36:31.920> these<00:36:32.240> regions. 00:36:33.750 --> 00:36:33.760 align:start position:0% in these regions. 00:36:33.760 --> 00:36:35.750 align:start position:0% in these regions. Because<00:36:34.000> the<00:36:34.240> hottest<00:36:34.640> types<00:36:34.960> of<00:36:35.119> stars<00:36:35.599> are 00:36:35.750 --> 00:36:35.760 align:start position:0% Because the hottest types of stars are 00:36:35.760 --> 00:36:38.150 align:start position:0% Because the hottest types of stars are so<00:36:36.079> short-lived,<00:36:37.119> by<00:36:37.359> the<00:36:37.520> time<00:36:37.680> they<00:36:37.920> move 00:36:38.150 --> 00:36:38.160 align:start position:0% so short-lived, by the time they move 00:36:38.160 --> 00:36:40.310 align:start position:0% so short-lived, by the time they move away<00:36:38.400> from<00:36:38.560> the<00:36:38.800> arms,<00:36:39.359> a<00:36:39.599> lot<00:36:39.680> of<00:36:39.839> them<00:36:40.079> will 00:36:40.310 --> 00:36:40.320 align:start position:0% away from the arms, a lot of them will 00:36:40.320 --> 00:36:43.270 align:start position:0% away from the arms, a lot of them will have<00:36:40.560> already<00:36:41.040> burned<00:36:41.440> out.<00:36:42.800> Another 00:36:43.270 --> 00:36:43.280 align:start position:0% have already burned out. Another 00:36:43.280 --> 00:36:45.589 align:start position:0% have already burned out. Another interesting<00:36:43.760> phenomenon<00:36:44.320> to<00:36:44.640> do<00:36:44.800> with<00:36:45.040> spiral 00:36:45.589 --> 00:36:45.599 align:start position:0% interesting phenomenon to do with spiral 00:36:45.599 --> 00:36:47.910 align:start position:0% interesting phenomenon to do with spiral galaxies<00:36:46.160> is<00:36:46.400> something<00:36:46.800> caused<00:36:47.200> by<00:36:47.599> dark 00:36:47.910 --> 00:36:47.920 align:start position:0% galaxies is something caused by dark 00:36:47.920 --> 00:36:51.510 align:start position:0% galaxies is something caused by dark matter.<00:36:49.119> In<00:36:49.359> the<00:36:49.599> early<00:36:49.920> universe,<00:36:50.720> when<00:36:51.200> dark 00:36:51.510 --> 00:36:51.520 align:start position:0% matter. In the early universe, when dark 00:36:51.520 --> 00:36:54.470 align:start position:0% matter. In the early universe, when dark matter<00:36:51.920> was<00:36:52.160> more<00:36:52.400> disperse,<00:36:53.599> stars<00:36:54.079> within 00:36:54.470 --> 00:36:54.480 align:start position:0% matter was more disperse, stars within 00:36:54.480 --> 00:36:56.550 align:start position:0% matter was more disperse, stars within galaxies<00:36:54.960> that<00:36:55.200> are<00:36:55.440> dominated<00:36:55.920> by<00:36:56.160> normal 00:36:56.550 --> 00:36:56.560 align:start position:0% galaxies that are dominated by normal 00:36:56.560 --> 00:36:59.190 align:start position:0% galaxies that are dominated by normal matter<00:36:57.280> would<00:36:57.520> orbit<00:36:57.920> a<00:36:58.160> lot<00:36:58.400> slower<00:36:58.880> around 00:36:59.190 --> 00:36:59.200 align:start position:0% matter would orbit a lot slower around 00:36:59.200 --> 00:37:01.270 align:start position:0% matter would orbit a lot slower around the<00:36:59.359> outside<00:36:59.760> of<00:36:59.920> the<00:37:00.079> galaxy<00:37:00.640> than<00:37:00.880> towards 00:37:01.270 --> 00:37:01.280 align:start position:0% the outside of the galaxy than towards 00:37:01.280 --> 00:37:04.710 align:start position:0% the outside of the galaxy than towards the<00:37:01.520> center.<00:37:02.640> However,<00:37:03.440> today<00:37:04.079> stars<00:37:04.480> are 00:37:04.710 --> 00:37:04.720 align:start position:0% the center. However, today stars are 00:37:04.720 --> 00:37:06.870 align:start position:0% the center. However, today stars are moving<00:37:05.040> a<00:37:05.280> lot<00:37:05.440> faster<00:37:05.920> near<00:37:06.160> the<00:37:06.400> edge<00:37:06.560> of<00:37:06.720> the 00:37:06.870 --> 00:37:06.880 align:start position:0% moving a lot faster near the edge of the 00:37:06.880 --> 00:37:08.950 align:start position:0% moving a lot faster near the edge of the galaxy<00:37:07.520> thanks<00:37:07.760> to<00:37:07.920> the<00:37:08.079> influence<00:37:08.560> of<00:37:08.720> dark 00:37:08.950 --> 00:37:08.960 align:start position:0% galaxy thanks to the influence of dark 00:37:08.960 --> 00:37:12.230 align:start position:0% galaxy thanks to the influence of dark matter.<00:37:10.160> Dark<00:37:10.480> matter,<00:37:11.119> both<00:37:11.440> in<00:37:11.599> our<00:37:11.920> Milky 00:37:12.230 --> 00:37:12.240 align:start position:0% matter. Dark matter, both in our Milky 00:37:12.240 --> 00:37:15.589 align:start position:0% matter. Dark matter, both in our Milky Way<00:37:12.560> and<00:37:12.880> beyond,<00:37:13.760> is<00:37:14.160> mysterious<00:37:14.960> in<00:37:15.200> that<00:37:15.440> it 00:37:15.589 --> 00:37:15.599 align:start position:0% Way and beyond, is mysterious in that it 00:37:15.599 --> 00:37:18.069 align:start position:0% Way and beyond, is mysterious in that it cannot<00:37:15.920> be<00:37:16.079> seen<00:37:16.400> or<00:37:16.720> observed<00:37:17.200> in<00:37:17.440> any<00:37:17.760> way 00:37:18.069 --> 00:37:18.079 align:start position:0% cannot be seen or observed in any way 00:37:18.079 --> 00:37:19.829 align:start position:0% cannot be seen or observed in any way other<00:37:18.400> than<00:37:18.560> by<00:37:18.800> its<00:37:19.040> gravitational 00:37:19.829 --> 00:37:19.839 align:start position:0% other than by its gravitational 00:37:19.839 --> 00:37:22.150 align:start position:0% other than by its gravitational influence.<00:37:20.880> Dark<00:37:21.200> matter<00:37:21.520> seems<00:37:21.760> to<00:37:21.920> have 00:37:22.150 --> 00:37:22.160 align:start position:0% influence. Dark matter seems to have 00:37:22.160 --> 00:37:24.069 align:start position:0% influence. Dark matter seems to have clumped<00:37:22.560> towards<00:37:22.960> the<00:37:23.200> center<00:37:23.359> of<00:37:23.599> galaxies 00:37:24.069 --> 00:37:24.079 align:start position:0% clumped towards the center of galaxies 00:37:24.079 --> 00:37:26.550 align:start position:0% clumped towards the center of galaxies over<00:37:24.400> time,<00:37:25.040> making<00:37:25.440> stars<00:37:25.839> orbit<00:37:26.240> faster 00:37:26.550 --> 00:37:26.560 align:start position:0% over time, making stars orbit faster 00:37:26.560 --> 00:37:28.390 align:start position:0% over time, making stars orbit faster than<00:37:26.800> they<00:37:27.040> should<00:37:27.440> around<00:37:27.760> the<00:37:27.920> edge<00:37:28.079> of<00:37:28.160> a 00:37:28.390 --> 00:37:28.400 align:start position:0% than they should around the edge of a 00:37:28.400 --> 00:37:30.550 align:start position:0% than they should around the edge of a galaxy<00:37:28.960> if<00:37:29.200> only<00:37:29.520> gravity<00:37:29.920> from<00:37:30.240> normal 00:37:30.550 --> 00:37:30.560 align:start position:0% galaxy if only gravity from normal 00:37:30.560 --> 00:37:33.190 align:start position:0% galaxy if only gravity from normal matter<00:37:30.960> was<00:37:31.119> accounted<00:37:31.520> for.<00:37:32.400> Other<00:37:32.640> theories 00:37:33.190 --> 00:37:33.200 align:start position:0% matter was accounted for. Other theories 00:37:33.200 --> 00:37:35.510 align:start position:0% matter was accounted for. Other theories also<00:37:33.599> exist<00:37:34.000> about<00:37:34.400> why<00:37:34.640> this<00:37:34.960> may<00:37:35.280> take 00:37:35.510 --> 00:37:35.520 align:start position:0% also exist about why this may take 00:37:35.520 --> 00:37:37.589 align:start position:0% also exist about why this may take place,<00:37:36.240> but<00:37:36.480> these<00:37:36.720> would<00:37:36.960> have<00:37:37.119> to<00:37:37.280> change 00:37:37.589 --> 00:37:37.599 align:start position:0% place, but these would have to change 00:37:37.599 --> 00:37:39.190 align:start position:0% place, but these would have to change the<00:37:37.760> way<00:37:37.920> we<00:37:38.240> currently<00:37:38.720> understand<00:37:39.120> [music] 00:37:39.190 --> 00:37:39.200 align:start position:0% the way we currently understand [music] 00:37:39.200 --> 00:37:40.710 align:start position:0% the way we currently understand [music] physics. 00:37:40.710 --> 00:37:40.720 align:start position:0% physics. 00:37:40.720 --> 00:37:43.190 align:start position:0% physics. Anyway,<00:37:41.520> how<00:37:41.680> do<00:37:41.839> we<00:37:42.079> know<00:37:42.320> about<00:37:42.560> this<00:37:42.880> change 00:37:43.190 --> 00:37:43.200 align:start position:0% Anyway, how do we know about this change 00:37:43.200 --> 00:37:46.310 align:start position:0% Anyway, how do we know about this change in<00:37:43.440> the<00:37:43.599> way<00:37:43.839> stars<00:37:44.240> orbit<00:37:44.720> galaxies?<00:37:46.000> Well, 00:37:46.310 --> 00:37:46.320 align:start position:0% in the way stars orbit galaxies? Well, 00:37:46.320 --> 00:37:49.109 align:start position:0% in the way stars orbit galaxies? Well, of<00:37:46.480> course,<00:37:47.119> we<00:37:47.359> can<00:37:47.680> see<00:37:47.920> back<00:37:48.079> in<00:37:48.400> time<00:37:48.880> when 00:37:49.109 --> 00:37:49.119 align:start position:0% of course, we can see back in time when 00:37:49.119 --> 00:37:52.310 align:start position:0% of course, we can see back in time when we<00:37:49.359> look<00:37:49.520> at<00:37:49.839> extremely<00:37:50.560> distant<00:37:51.040> objects. 00:37:52.310 --> 00:37:52.320 align:start position:0% we look at extremely distant objects. 00:37:52.320 --> 00:37:54.630 align:start position:0% we look at extremely distant objects. Stars<00:37:52.800> within<00:37:53.200> galaxies<00:37:53.839> billions<00:37:54.240> of<00:37:54.320> light 00:37:54.630 --> 00:37:54.640 align:start position:0% Stars within galaxies billions of light 00:37:54.640 --> 00:37:57.270 align:start position:0% Stars within galaxies billions of light years<00:37:54.800> away<00:37:55.440> seem<00:37:55.680> to<00:37:55.839> orbit<00:37:56.320> slower<00:37:56.960> than 00:37:57.270 --> 00:37:57.280 align:start position:0% years away seem to orbit slower than 00:37:57.280 --> 00:37:59.990 align:start position:0% years away seem to orbit slower than stars<00:37:57.680> much<00:37:57.920> closer<00:37:58.240> to<00:37:58.400> us.<00:37:59.119> And<00:37:59.359> this<00:37:59.599> effect 00:37:59.990 --> 00:38:00.000 align:start position:0% stars much closer to us. And this effect 00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:02.069 align:start position:0% stars much closer to us. And this effect scales<00:38:00.560> depending<00:38:00.960> on<00:38:01.119> the<00:38:01.359> distance<00:38:01.680> to<00:38:01.920> the 00:38:02.069 --> 00:38:02.079 align:start position:0% scales depending on the distance to the 00:38:02.079 --> 00:38:04.790 align:start position:0% scales depending on the distance to the galaxy.<00:38:03.440> Of<00:38:03.680> course,<00:38:03.920> though,<00:38:04.400> there<00:38:04.640> are 00:38:04.790 --> 00:38:04.800 align:start position:0% galaxy. Of course, though, there are 00:38:04.800 --> 00:38:07.109 align:start position:0% galaxy. Of course, though, there are some<00:38:05.040> rule<00:38:05.359> breakers<00:38:05.760> out<00:38:05.920> there,<00:38:06.560> exceptions 00:38:07.109 --> 00:38:07.119 align:start position:0% some rule breakers out there, exceptions 00:38:07.119 --> 00:38:09.430 align:start position:0% some rule breakers out there, exceptions to<00:38:07.280> the<00:38:07.440> rule<00:38:07.680> that<00:38:07.920> our<00:38:08.240> Milky<00:38:08.640> Way<00:38:08.880> galaxy 00:38:09.430 --> 00:38:09.440 align:start position:0% to the rule that our Milky Way galaxy 00:38:09.440 --> 00:38:11.270 align:start position:0% to the rule that our Milky Way galaxy seems<00:38:09.760> to<00:38:09.920> follow. 00:38:11.270 --> 00:38:11.280 align:start position:0% seems to follow. 00:38:11.280 --> 00:38:13.270 align:start position:0% seems to follow. While<00:38:11.599> most<00:38:11.839> galaxies<00:38:12.400> have<00:38:12.640> stars<00:38:13.040> that 00:38:13.270 --> 00:38:13.280 align:start position:0% While most galaxies have stars that 00:38:13.280 --> 00:38:16.630 align:start position:0% While most galaxies have stars that orbit<00:38:13.680> like<00:38:14.000> this,<00:38:15.040> a<00:38:15.280> few<00:38:15.440> have<00:38:15.680> been<00:38:15.920> spotted 00:38:16.630 --> 00:38:16.640 align:start position:0% orbit like this, a few have been spotted 00:38:16.640 --> 00:38:19.750 align:start position:0% orbit like this, a few have been spotted that<00:38:16.880> have<00:38:17.280> leading<00:38:17.920> outer<00:38:18.320> arms.<00:38:19.520> One 00:38:19.750 --> 00:38:19.760 align:start position:0% that have leading outer arms. One 00:38:19.760 --> 00:38:24.150 align:start position:0% that have leading outer arms. One example<00:38:20.160> is<00:38:20.400> NGC<00:38:21.359> 4622,<00:38:22.800> a<00:38:22.960> bizarre<00:38:23.440> galaxy 00:38:24.150 --> 00:38:24.160 align:start position:0% example is NGC 4622, a bizarre galaxy 00:38:24.160 --> 00:38:26.310 align:start position:0% example is NGC 4622, a bizarre galaxy that<00:38:24.480> rotates<00:38:24.960> in<00:38:25.200> the<00:38:25.440> direction<00:38:25.760> the<00:38:26.000> arms 00:38:26.310 --> 00:38:26.320 align:start position:0% that rotates in the direction the arms 00:38:26.320 --> 00:38:29.109 align:start position:0% that rotates in the direction the arms are<00:38:26.560> pointing.<00:38:27.680> This<00:38:27.920> was<00:38:28.079> hard<00:38:28.320> to<00:38:28.480> accept<00:38:28.880> at 00:38:29.109 --> 00:38:29.119 align:start position:0% are pointing. This was hard to accept at 00:38:29.119 --> 00:38:31.510 align:start position:0% are pointing. This was hard to accept at first<00:38:29.556> [music]<00:38:29.680> until<00:38:30.240> smaller<00:38:30.800> inner<00:38:31.119> arms 00:38:31.510 --> 00:38:31.520 align:start position:0% first [music] until smaller inner arms 00:38:31.520 --> 00:38:34.790 align:start position:0% first [music] until smaller inner arms were<00:38:31.760> also<00:38:32.079> found.<00:38:32.960> This<00:38:33.280> unusual<00:38:33.839> galaxy<00:38:34.480> has 00:38:34.790 --> 00:38:34.800 align:start position:0% were also found. This unusual galaxy has 00:38:34.800 --> 00:38:37.109 align:start position:0% were also found. This unusual galaxy has probably<00:38:35.280> experienced<00:38:35.920> a<00:38:36.079> merger<00:38:36.480> in<00:38:36.720> its<00:38:36.880> not 00:38:37.109 --> 00:38:37.119 align:start position:0% probably experienced a merger in its not 00:38:37.119 --> 00:38:39.030 align:start position:0% probably experienced a merger in its not tooistant<00:38:37.760> past<00:38:38.071> [music]<00:38:38.400> which<00:38:38.640> likely 00:38:39.030 --> 00:38:39.040 align:start position:0% tooistant past [music] which likely 00:38:39.040 --> 00:38:41.589 align:start position:0% tooistant past [music] which likely caused<00:38:39.359> this<00:38:39.520> phenomenon.<00:38:40.960> Another<00:38:41.280> rule 00:38:41.589 --> 00:38:41.599 align:start position:0% caused this phenomenon. Another rule 00:38:41.599 --> 00:38:44.470 align:start position:0% caused this phenomenon. Another rule breaker<00:38:42.160> is<00:38:42.480> the<00:38:42.720> black<00:38:43.040> eye<00:38:43.359> galaxy<00:38:44.160> which 00:38:44.470 --> 00:38:44.480 align:start position:0% breaker is the black eye galaxy which 00:38:44.480 --> 00:38:47.190 align:start position:0% breaker is the black eye galaxy which has<00:38:44.720> two<00:38:45.040> counterrotating<00:38:46.079> discs<00:38:46.480> of<00:38:46.720> gas<00:38:46.960> and 00:38:47.190 --> 00:38:47.200 align:start position:0% has two counterrotating discs of gas and 00:38:47.200 --> 00:38:49.910 align:start position:0% has two counterrotating discs of gas and dust.<00:38:48.079> The<00:38:48.320> inner<00:38:48.640> disc<00:38:49.119> where<00:38:49.440> you<00:38:49.599> can<00:38:49.760> see 00:38:49.910 --> 00:38:49.920 align:start position:0% dust. The inner disc where you can see 00:38:49.920 --> 00:38:52.710 align:start position:0% dust. The inner disc where you can see all<00:38:50.160> the<00:38:50.320> dust<00:38:50.560> lanes<00:38:51.200> rotates<00:38:51.599> normally 00:38:52.710 --> 00:38:52.720 align:start position:0% all the dust lanes rotates normally 00:38:52.720 --> 00:38:55.510 align:start position:0% all the dust lanes rotates normally whereas<00:38:53.119> gas<00:38:53.440> in<00:38:53.760> this<00:38:54.000> outer<00:38:54.400> disc<00:38:55.040> rotates 00:38:55.510 --> 00:38:55.520 align:start position:0% whereas gas in this outer disc rotates 00:38:55.520 --> 00:38:57.829 align:start position:0% whereas gas in this outer disc rotates the<00:38:55.760> opposite<00:38:56.240> direction. 00:38:57.829 --> 00:38:57.839 align:start position:0% the opposite direction. 00:38:57.839 --> 00:39:00.069 align:start position:0% the opposite direction. Interestingly,<00:38:59.040> stars<00:38:59.359> in<00:38:59.599> this<00:38:59.760> outer 00:39:00.069 --> 00:39:00.079 align:start position:0% Interestingly, stars in this outer 00:39:00.079 --> 00:39:01.829 align:start position:0% Interestingly, stars in this outer region<00:39:00.400> do<00:39:00.640> not<00:39:00.800> seem<00:39:01.040> to<00:39:01.200> be<00:39:01.359> orbiting 00:39:01.829 --> 00:39:01.839 align:start position:0% region do not seem to be orbiting 00:39:01.839 --> 00:39:04.390 align:start position:0% region do not seem to be orbiting retrograde,<00:39:02.960> meaning<00:39:03.280> it<00:39:03.520> is<00:39:03.680> just<00:39:03.920> the<00:39:04.160> gas 00:39:04.390 --> 00:39:04.400 align:start position:0% retrograde, meaning it is just the gas 00:39:04.400 --> 00:39:07.190 align:start position:0% retrograde, meaning it is just the gas that<00:39:04.640> does<00:39:04.880> so.<00:39:05.760> It<00:39:06.000> is<00:39:06.160> believed<00:39:06.480> that<00:39:06.800> gas 00:39:07.190 --> 00:39:07.200 align:start position:0% that does so. It is believed that gas 00:39:07.200 --> 00:39:08.950 align:start position:0% that does so. It is believed that gas must<00:39:07.440> be<00:39:07.680> still<00:39:08.079> getting<00:39:08.202> [music]<00:39:08.320> fed<00:39:08.720> into 00:39:08.950 --> 00:39:08.960 align:start position:0% must be still getting [music] fed into 00:39:08.960 --> 00:39:11.430 align:start position:0% must be still getting [music] fed into the<00:39:09.119> galaxy<00:39:09.520> from<00:39:09.680> the<00:39:09.839> intergalactic<00:39:10.640> medium 00:39:11.430 --> 00:39:11.440 align:start position:0% the galaxy from the intergalactic medium 00:39:11.440 --> 00:39:13.990 align:start position:0% the galaxy from the intergalactic medium or<00:39:11.680> that<00:39:12.000> this<00:39:12.240> galaxy<00:39:13.040> also<00:39:13.359> merged<00:39:13.760> with 00:39:13.990 --> 00:39:14.000 align:start position:0% or that this galaxy also merged with 00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:17.190 align:start position:0% or that this galaxy also merged with another<00:39:14.480> extremely<00:39:15.040> gas-rich<00:39:15.680> galaxy.<00:39:16.880> So, 00:39:17.190 --> 00:39:17.200 align:start position:0% another extremely gas-rich galaxy. So, 00:39:17.200 --> 00:39:19.349 align:start position:0% another extremely gas-rich galaxy. So, while<00:39:17.520> our<00:39:17.839> Milky<00:39:18.160> Way<00:39:18.400> rotates<00:39:18.880> in<00:39:19.119> a 00:39:19.349 --> 00:39:19.359 align:start position:0% while our Milky Way rotates in a 00:39:19.359 --> 00:39:21.829 align:start position:0% while our Milky Way rotates in a counterclockwise<00:39:20.320> direction,<00:39:21.200> it<00:39:21.359> did<00:39:21.599> not 00:39:21.829 --> 00:39:21.839 align:start position:0% counterclockwise direction, it did not 00:39:21.839 --> 00:39:24.630 align:start position:0% counterclockwise direction, it did not necessarily<00:39:22.880> need<00:39:23.200> to<00:39:23.440> do<00:39:23.599> so.<00:39:24.240> With<00:39:24.480> a 00:39:24.630 --> 00:39:24.640 align:start position:0% necessarily need to do so. With a 00:39:24.640 --> 00:39:26.550 align:start position:0% necessarily need to do so. With a different<00:39:24.880> set<00:39:25.040> of<00:39:25.200> events<00:39:25.440> in<00:39:25.680> its<00:39:25.920> past,<00:39:26.400> it 00:39:26.550 --> 00:39:26.560 align:start position:0% different set of events in its past, it 00:39:26.560 --> 00:39:28.310 align:start position:0% different set of events in its past, it could<00:39:26.720> have<00:39:26.880> rotated<00:39:27.359> the<00:39:27.599> opposite<00:39:28.000> way 00:39:28.310 --> 00:39:28.320 align:start position:0% could have rotated the opposite way 00:39:28.320 --> 00:39:31.589 align:start position:0% could have rotated the opposite way entirely.<00:39:29.440> Apparently,<00:39:30.000> the<00:39:30.240> galaxies<00:39:30.800> at<00:39:31.040> 8 00:39:31.589 --> 00:39:31.599 align:start position:0% entirely. Apparently, the galaxies at 8 00:39:31.599 --> 00:39:33.990 align:start position:0% entirely. Apparently, the galaxies at 8 were<00:39:31.920> not<00:39:32.240> enough<00:39:32.640> disruption<00:39:33.280> to<00:39:33.520> bring<00:39:33.760> this 00:39:33.990 --> 00:39:34.000 align:start position:0% were not enough disruption to bring this 00:39:34.000 --> 00:39:37.190 align:start position:0% were not enough disruption to bring this about.<00:39:35.200> Speaking<00:39:35.520> of<00:39:35.760> disruption,<00:39:36.720> external 00:39:37.190 --> 00:39:37.200 align:start position:0% about. Speaking of disruption, external 00:39:37.200 --> 00:39:39.750 align:start position:0% about. Speaking of disruption, external collisions<00:39:37.760> from<00:39:38.160> neighboring<00:39:38.640> galaxies<00:39:39.440> are 00:39:39.750 --> 00:39:39.760 align:start position:0% collisions from neighboring galaxies are 00:39:39.760 --> 00:39:42.150 align:start position:0% collisions from neighboring galaxies are not<00:39:40.079> the<00:39:40.320> only<00:39:40.480> hiccups<00:39:40.960> our<00:39:41.359> galaxy<00:39:41.760> has<00:39:42.000> had 00:39:42.150 --> 00:39:42.160 align:start position:0% not the only hiccups our galaxy has had 00:39:42.160 --> 00:39:44.790 align:start position:0% not the only hiccups our galaxy has had to<00:39:42.320> contend<00:39:42.640> with.<00:39:43.359> It<00:39:43.520> is<00:39:43.839> more<00:39:44.160> than<00:39:44.400> capable 00:39:44.790 --> 00:39:44.800 align:start position:0% to contend with. It is more than capable 00:39:44.800 --> 00:39:47.190 align:start position:0% to contend with. It is more than capable of<00:39:45.040> creating<00:39:45.440> disruption<00:39:45.920> on<00:39:46.160> its<00:39:46.320> own.<00:39:46.960> Like 00:39:47.190 --> 00:39:47.200 align:start position:0% of creating disruption on its own. Like 00:39:47.200 --> 00:39:50.390 align:start position:0% of creating disruption on its own. Like the<00:39:47.520> time<00:39:48.000> a<00:39:48.240> cluster<00:39:48.640> of<00:39:48.800> supernova<00:39:49.839> went<00:39:50.160> off 00:39:50.390 --> 00:39:50.400 align:start position:0% the time a cluster of supernova went off 00:39:50.400 --> 00:39:57.270 align:start position:0% the time a cluster of supernova went off in<00:39:50.720> quick<00:39:51.040> succession<00:39:51.920> in<00:39:52.240> one<00:39:52.560> of<00:39:52.720> his<00:39:52.960> arms. 00:39:57.270 --> 00:39:57.280 align:start position:0% 00:39:57.280 --> 00:40:00.710 align:start position:0% When<00:39:57.920> 15<00:39:58.480> supernova<00:39:59.280> go<00:39:59.440> off<00:39:59.760> close<00:40:00.079> together, 00:40:00.710 --> 00:40:00.720 align:start position:0% When 15 supernova go off close together, 00:40:00.720 --> 00:40:03.589 align:start position:0% When 15 supernova go off close together, both<00:40:01.040> in<00:40:01.280> time<00:40:01.680> and<00:40:02.079> proximity,<00:40:03.119> it<00:40:03.359> makes 00:40:03.589 --> 00:40:03.599 align:start position:0% both in time and proximity, it makes 00:40:03.599 --> 00:40:06.069 align:start position:0% both in time and proximity, it makes quite<00:40:03.920> a<00:40:04.079> bang.<00:40:05.119> It<00:40:05.359> should<00:40:05.520> be<00:40:05.599> of<00:40:05.839> no 00:40:06.069 --> 00:40:06.079 align:start position:0% quite a bang. It should be of no 00:40:06.079 --> 00:40:08.230 align:start position:0% quite a bang. It should be of no surprise<00:40:06.560> that<00:40:06.880> such<00:40:07.119> a<00:40:07.359> violent<00:40:07.839> event 00:40:08.230 --> 00:40:08.240 align:start position:0% surprise that such a violent event 00:40:08.240 --> 00:40:10.310 align:start position:0% surprise that such a violent event should<00:40:08.640> fundamentally<00:40:09.520> transform<00:40:10.079> the 00:40:10.310 --> 00:40:10.320 align:start position:0% should fundamentally transform the 00:40:10.320 --> 00:40:12.150 align:start position:0% should fundamentally transform the region<00:40:10.560> of<00:40:10.800> space<00:40:11.200> around<00:40:11.599> where<00:40:11.920> it 00:40:12.150 --> 00:40:12.160 align:start position:0% region of space around where it 00:40:12.160 --> 00:40:15.270 align:start position:0% region of space around where it occurred.<00:40:13.280> Interstellar<00:40:14.000> dust<00:40:14.400> was<00:40:14.880> swept 00:40:15.270 --> 00:40:15.280 align:start position:0% occurred. Interstellar dust was swept 00:40:15.280 --> 00:40:17.030 align:start position:0% occurred. Interstellar dust was swept aside<00:40:15.680> from<00:40:15.920> the<00:40:16.079> forces<00:40:16.480> of<00:40:16.720> those 00:40:17.030 --> 00:40:17.040 align:start position:0% aside from the forces of those 00:40:17.040 --> 00:40:20.230 align:start position:0% aside from the forces of those concurrent<00:40:17.599> blasts,<00:40:18.560> creating<00:40:18.960> a<00:40:19.359> monumental 00:40:20.230 --> 00:40:20.240 align:start position:0% concurrent blasts, creating a monumental 00:40:20.240 --> 00:40:23.589 align:start position:0% concurrent blasts, creating a monumental void<00:40:20.960> of<00:40:21.359> low<00:40:21.760> density<00:40:22.160> matter<00:40:22.960> and<00:40:23.119> a<00:40:23.359> shock 00:40:23.589 --> 00:40:23.599 align:start position:0% void of low density matter and a shock 00:40:23.599 --> 00:40:26.310 align:start position:0% void of low density matter and a shock wave<00:40:24.160> that<00:40:24.480> continues<00:40:24.960> to<00:40:25.200> hurtle<00:40:25.680> across<00:40:26.079> the 00:40:26.310 --> 00:40:26.320 align:start position:0% wave that continues to hurtle across the 00:40:26.320 --> 00:40:30.470 align:start position:0% wave that continues to hurtle across the galaxy<00:40:26.800> to<00:40:27.119> this<00:40:27.440> day<00:40:28.000> at<00:40:28.240> a<00:40:28.400> rate<00:40:28.640> of<00:40:29.040> 6<00:40:29.440> km<00:40:30.240> a 00:40:30.470 --> 00:40:30.480 align:start position:0% galaxy to this day at a rate of 6 km a 00:40:30.480 --> 00:40:34.870 align:start position:0% galaxy to this day at a rate of 6 km a second.<00:40:31.839> In<00:40:32.160> its<00:40:32.400> wake,<00:40:33.119> plasma<00:40:33.920> reaching<00:40:34.480> 1 00:40:34.870 --> 00:40:34.880 align:start position:0% second. In its wake, plasma reaching 1 00:40:34.880 --> 00:40:38.230 align:start position:0% second. In its wake, plasma reaching 1 million°<00:40:35.599> C<00:40:36.079> in<00:40:36.320> temperature.<00:40:37.760> This 00:40:38.230 --> 00:40:38.240 align:start position:0% million° C in temperature. This 00:40:38.240 --> 00:40:41.430 align:start position:0% million° C in temperature. This simultaneous<00:40:39.440> Swiss<00:40:40.000> cheesing<00:40:40.640> and<00:40:41.040> heating 00:40:41.430 --> 00:40:41.440 align:start position:0% simultaneous Swiss cheesing and heating 00:40:41.440 --> 00:40:43.829 align:start position:0% simultaneous Swiss cheesing and heating up<00:40:41.599> of<00:40:41.760> the<00:40:41.920> interstellar<00:40:42.480> medium<00:40:43.119> is<00:40:43.440> what<00:40:43.680> is 00:40:43.829 --> 00:40:43.839 align:start position:0% up of the interstellar medium is what is 00:40:43.839 --> 00:40:47.190 align:start position:0% up of the interstellar medium is what is now<00:40:44.160> called<00:40:44.720> a<00:40:45.040> hot<00:40:45.440> bubble<00:40:46.240> and<00:40:46.560> represents 00:40:47.190 --> 00:40:47.200 align:start position:0% now called a hot bubble and represents 00:40:47.200 --> 00:40:49.670 align:start position:0% now called a hot bubble and represents both<00:40:47.520> the<00:40:47.760> end<00:40:47.920> of<00:40:48.160> stars<00:40:48.960> and<00:40:49.359> their 00:40:49.670 --> 00:40:49.680 align:start position:0% both the end of stars and their 00:40:49.680 --> 00:40:51.270 align:start position:0% both the end of stars and their beginning. 00:40:51.270 --> 00:40:51.280 align:start position:0% beginning. 00:40:51.280 --> 00:40:53.190 align:start position:0% beginning. But<00:40:51.520> this<00:40:51.680> is<00:40:51.839> not<00:40:52.079> some<00:40:52.480> distant<00:40:52.880> structure 00:40:53.190 --> 00:40:53.200 align:start position:0% But this is not some distant structure 00:40:53.200 --> 00:40:55.109 align:start position:0% But this is not some distant structure that<00:40:53.440> lurks<00:40:53.839> in<00:40:53.920> a<00:40:54.079> farway<00:40:54.560> corner<00:40:54.880> of<00:40:54.960> the 00:40:55.109 --> 00:40:55.119 align:start position:0% that lurks in a farway corner of the 00:40:55.119 --> 00:40:58.710 align:start position:0% that lurks in a farway corner of the Milky<00:40:55.440> Way.<00:40:56.319> Our<00:40:56.720> solar<00:40:57.119> system<00:40:57.599> is<00:40:57.839> in<00:40:58.079> it 00:40:58.710 --> 00:40:58.720 align:start position:0% Milky Way. Our solar system is in it 00:40:58.720 --> 00:41:01.109 align:start position:0% Milky Way. Our solar system is in it charging<00:40:59.119> for<00:40:59.359> its<00:40:59.520> point<00:40:59.760> of<00:40:59.920> origin<00:41:00.720> head 00:41:01.109 --> 00:41:01.119 align:start position:0% charging for its point of origin head 00:41:01.119 --> 00:41:05.670 align:start position:0% charging for its point of origin head first.<00:41:02.400> Welcome<00:41:02.960> to<00:41:03.280> our<00:41:03.760> local<00:41:04.240> hot<00:41:04.800> bubble. 00:41:05.670 --> 00:41:05.680 align:start position:0% first. Welcome to our local hot bubble. 00:41:05.680 --> 00:41:08.470 align:start position:0% first. Welcome to our local hot bubble. What<00:41:06.000> scientists<00:41:06.480> now<00:41:06.800> realize<00:41:07.440> is<00:41:07.680> the<00:41:08.000> local 00:41:08.470 --> 00:41:08.480 align:start position:0% What scientists now realize is the local 00:41:08.480 --> 00:41:11.430 align:start position:0% What scientists now realize is the local environment<00:41:09.200> that<00:41:09.520> exists<00:41:10.240> around<00:41:10.800> our<00:41:11.119> solar 00:41:11.430 --> 00:41:11.440 align:start position:0% environment that exists around our solar 00:41:11.440 --> 00:41:14.150 align:start position:0% environment that exists around our solar system.<00:41:12.560> It<00:41:12.800> is<00:41:12.960> a<00:41:13.119> neighborhood<00:41:13.599> we<00:41:13.920> are 00:41:14.150 --> 00:41:14.160 align:start position:0% system. It is a neighborhood we are 00:41:14.160 --> 00:41:16.790 align:start position:0% system. It is a neighborhood we are still<00:41:14.480> exploring,<00:41:15.440> but<00:41:15.680> its<00:41:16.000> nature<00:41:16.480> is 00:41:16.790 --> 00:41:16.800 align:start position:0% still exploring, but its nature is 00:41:16.800 --> 00:41:20.550 align:start position:0% still exploring, but its nature is becoming<00:41:17.599> clearer<00:41:18.319> and<00:41:18.720> clearer.<00:41:20.000> So,<00:41:20.319> what 00:41:20.550 --> 00:41:20.560 align:start position:0% becoming clearer and clearer. So, what 00:41:20.560 --> 00:41:23.510 align:start position:0% becoming clearer and clearer. So, what do<00:41:20.720> we<00:41:20.960> know<00:41:21.280> about<00:41:21.520> the<00:41:21.839> local<00:41:22.240> hot<00:41:22.560> bubble? 00:41:23.510 --> 00:41:23.520 align:start position:0% do we know about the local hot bubble? 00:41:23.520 --> 00:41:26.630 align:start position:0% do we know about the local hot bubble? How<00:41:23.760> did<00:41:23.920> it<00:41:24.160> form?<00:41:25.119> And<00:41:25.520> what<00:41:25.839> more<00:41:26.160> is<00:41:26.400> there 00:41:26.630 --> 00:41:26.640 align:start position:0% How did it form? And what more is there 00:41:26.640 --> 00:41:30.470 align:start position:0% How did it form? And what more is there to<00:41:26.880> be<00:41:27.040> discovered? 00:41:30.470 --> 00:41:30.480 align:start position:0% 00:41:30.480 --> 00:41:32.950 align:start position:0% The<00:41:30.720> local<00:41:31.200> hot<00:41:31.520> bubble<00:41:32.000> was<00:41:32.240> not<00:41:32.560> always 00:41:32.950 --> 00:41:32.960 align:start position:0% The local hot bubble was not always 00:41:32.960 --> 00:41:35.349 align:start position:0% The local hot bubble was not always something<00:41:33.280> we<00:41:33.520> knew<00:41:33.760> about.<00:41:34.880> First 00:41:35.349 --> 00:41:35.359 align:start position:0% something we knew about. First 00:41:35.359 --> 00:41:37.589 align:start position:0% something we knew about. First identified<00:41:35.760> in<00:41:36.000> the<00:41:36.160> 1970s<00:41:37.280> from 00:41:37.589 --> 00:41:37.599 align:start position:0% identified in the 1970s from 00:41:37.599 --> 00:41:39.829 align:start position:0% identified in the 1970s from observations<00:41:38.319> of<00:41:38.640> low<00:41:38.960> energy<00:41:39.440> X-ray 00:41:39.829 --> 00:41:39.839 align:start position:0% observations of low energy X-ray 00:41:39.839 --> 00:41:41.990 align:start position:0% observations of low energy X-ray emissions<00:41:40.400> that<00:41:40.640> were<00:41:40.880> detected<00:41:41.440> over<00:41:41.760> the 00:41:41.990 --> 00:41:42.000 align:start position:0% emissions that were detected over the 00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:45.430 align:start position:0% emissions that were detected over the entire<00:41:42.480> sky,<00:41:43.440> the<00:41:43.680> local<00:41:44.160> hot<00:41:44.480> bubble<00:41:45.119> was 00:41:45.430 --> 00:41:45.440 align:start position:0% entire sky, the local hot bubble was 00:41:45.440 --> 00:41:48.309 align:start position:0% entire sky, the local hot bubble was hypothesized<00:41:46.160> to<00:41:46.400> be<00:41:46.640> a<00:41:46.960> large<00:41:47.359> cavity<00:41:47.920> in<00:41:48.160> the 00:41:48.309 --> 00:41:48.319 align:start position:0% hypothesized to be a large cavity in the 00:41:48.319 --> 00:41:50.870 align:start position:0% hypothesized to be a large cavity in the interstellar<00:41:48.960> medium<00:41:49.760> called<00:41:50.160> a<00:41:50.480> superb 00:41:50.870 --> 00:41:50.880 align:start position:0% interstellar medium called a superb 00:41:50.880 --> 00:41:53.510 align:start position:0% interstellar medium called a superb bubble<00:41:51.599> filled<00:41:52.000> with<00:41:52.400> tenuous 00:41:53.510 --> 00:41:53.520 align:start position:0% bubble filled with tenuous 00:41:53.520 --> 00:41:55.910 align:start position:0% bubble filled with tenuous milliongdeensity 00:41:55.910 --> 00:41:55.920 align:start position:0% milliongdeensity 00:41:55.920 --> 00:41:57.430 align:start position:0% milliongdeensity gas. 00:41:57.430 --> 00:41:57.440 align:start position:0% gas. 00:41:57.440 --> 00:41:59.589 align:start position:0% gas. In<00:41:57.680> the<00:41:57.839> 1990s,<00:41:58.720> scientists<00:41:59.200> found<00:41:59.359> that 00:41:59.589 --> 00:41:59.599 align:start position:0% In the 1990s, scientists found that 00:41:59.599 --> 00:42:01.750 align:start position:0% In the 1990s, scientists found that X-ray<00:42:00.000> emissions<00:42:00.480> could<00:42:00.720> happen<00:42:01.040> anywhere 00:42:01.750 --> 00:42:01.760 align:start position:0% X-ray emissions could happen anywhere 00:42:01.760 --> 00:42:03.829 align:start position:0% X-ray emissions could happen anywhere neutral<00:42:02.160> atoms<00:42:02.640> interacted<00:42:03.200> with<00:42:03.359> the<00:42:03.520> solar 00:42:03.829 --> 00:42:03.839 align:start position:0% neutral atoms interacted with the solar 00:42:03.839 --> 00:42:06.150 align:start position:0% neutral atoms interacted with the solar wind,<00:42:04.720> challenging<00:42:05.200> the<00:42:05.440> idea<00:42:05.680> that<00:42:05.920> the 00:42:06.150 --> 00:42:06.160 align:start position:0% wind, challenging the idea that the 00:42:06.160 --> 00:42:08.630 align:start position:0% wind, challenging the idea that the emissions<00:42:06.880> must<00:42:07.200> point<00:42:07.520> to<00:42:07.680> a<00:42:07.920> large<00:42:08.319> hot 00:42:08.630 --> 00:42:08.640 align:start position:0% emissions must point to a large hot 00:42:08.640 --> 00:42:11.990 align:start position:0% emissions must point to a large hot bubble.<00:42:09.760> But<00:42:10.000> soon,<00:42:10.800> evidence<00:42:11.280> would<00:42:11.520> reveal 00:42:11.990 --> 00:42:12.000 align:start position:0% bubble. But soon, evidence would reveal 00:42:12.000 --> 00:42:14.870 align:start position:0% bubble. But soon, evidence would reveal that<00:42:12.240> the<00:42:12.480> hypothesis<00:42:13.200> from<00:42:13.520> decades<00:42:14.000> earlier 00:42:14.870 --> 00:42:14.880 align:start position:0% that the hypothesis from decades earlier 00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:17.589 align:start position:0% that the hypothesis from decades earlier was<00:42:15.359> indeed<00:42:15.534> [music]<00:42:16.000> correct. 00:42:17.589 --> 00:42:17.599 align:start position:0% was indeed [music] correct. 00:42:17.599 --> 00:42:20.630 align:start position:0% was indeed [music] correct. In<00:42:17.920> 2014,<00:42:18.800> NASA<00:42:19.280> confirmed<00:42:19.760> the<00:42:20.000> existence<00:42:20.400> of 00:42:20.630 --> 00:42:20.640 align:start position:0% In 2014, NASA confirmed the existence of 00:42:20.640 --> 00:42:23.829 align:start position:0% In 2014, NASA confirmed the existence of the<00:42:20.960> LHB<00:42:22.319> through<00:42:22.640> the<00:42:22.800> diffuse<00:42:23.359> X-ray 00:42:23.829 --> 00:42:23.839 align:start position:0% the LHB through the diffuse X-ray 00:42:23.839 --> 00:42:26.710 align:start position:0% the LHB through the diffuse X-ray emission<00:42:24.480> from<00:42:24.800> the<00:42:25.119> local<00:42:25.440> galaxy<00:42:25.920> mission 00:42:26.710 --> 00:42:26.720 align:start position:0% emission from the local galaxy mission 00:42:26.720 --> 00:42:29.510 align:start position:0% emission from the local galaxy mission known<00:42:27.119> as<00:42:27.680> DXL. 00:42:29.510 --> 00:42:29.520 align:start position:0% known as DXL. 00:42:29.520 --> 00:42:31.990 align:start position:0% known as DXL. While<00:42:30.000> soft<00:42:30.480> background<00:42:30.960> radiation<00:42:31.520> can<00:42:31.760> come 00:42:31.990 --> 00:42:32.000 align:start position:0% While soft background radiation can come 00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:34.550 align:start position:0% While soft background radiation can come from<00:42:32.319> other<00:42:32.560> sources<00:42:33.359> like<00:42:33.599> from<00:42:34.000> comets,<00:42:34.560> for 00:42:34.550 --> 00:42:34.560 align:start position:0% from other sources like from comets, for 00:42:34.560 --> 00:42:37.670 align:start position:0% from other sources like from comets, for example,<00:42:35.599> the<00:42:35.760> mission<00:42:36.160> found<00:42:36.319> that<00:42:36.640> only<00:42:36.960> 40% 00:42:37.670 --> 00:42:37.680 align:start position:0% example, the mission found that only 40% 00:42:37.680 --> 00:42:40.790 align:start position:0% example, the mission found that only 40% of<00:42:37.920> the<00:42:38.079> fog<00:42:38.480> of<00:42:38.800> low<00:42:39.200> energy<00:42:39.599> X-rays<00:42:40.560> came 00:42:40.790 --> 00:42:40.800 align:start position:0% of the fog of low energy X-rays came 00:42:40.800 --> 00:42:43.510 align:start position:0% of the fog of low energy X-rays came from<00:42:41.040> within<00:42:41.520> our<00:42:41.839> solar<00:42:42.160> system.<00:42:43.280> This 00:42:43.510 --> 00:42:43.520 align:start position:0% from within our solar system. This 00:42:43.520 --> 00:42:45.910 align:start position:0% from within our solar system. This affirmed<00:42:44.000> that<00:42:44.240> the<00:42:44.480> dominant<00:42:44.960> source<00:42:45.520> was 00:42:45.910 --> 00:42:45.920 align:start position:0% affirmed that the dominant source was 00:42:45.920 --> 00:42:48.710 align:start position:0% affirmed that the dominant source was diffuse<00:42:46.560> X-ray<00:42:46.960> emissions<00:42:47.680> emanating<00:42:48.319> from 00:42:48.710 --> 00:42:48.720 align:start position:0% diffuse X-ray emissions emanating from 00:42:48.720 --> 00:42:51.349 align:start position:0% diffuse X-ray emissions emanating from the<00:42:48.960> millionderee<00:42:49.839> region<00:42:50.240> of<00:42:50.560> interstellar 00:42:51.349 --> 00:42:51.359 align:start position:0% the millionderee region of interstellar 00:42:51.359 --> 00:42:55.030 align:start position:0% the millionderee region of interstellar plasma<00:42:52.240> known<00:42:52.640> as<00:42:52.880> the<00:42:53.200> LHB. 00:42:55.030 --> 00:42:55.040 align:start position:0% plasma known as the LHB. 00:42:55.040 --> 00:42:57.109 align:start position:0% plasma known as the LHB. Although<00:42:55.440> this<00:42:55.760> confirmed<00:42:56.160> the<00:42:56.319> bubble, 00:42:57.109 --> 00:42:57.119 align:start position:0% Although this confirmed the bubble, 00:42:57.119 --> 00:42:59.030 align:start position:0% Although this confirmed the bubble, questions<00:42:57.599> remained<00:42:58.079> about<00:42:58.480> what<00:42:58.800> could 00:42:59.030 --> 00:42:59.040 align:start position:0% questions remained about what could 00:42:59.040 --> 00:43:02.230 align:start position:0% questions remained about what could create<00:42:59.440> such<00:42:59.760> a<00:43:00.000> massive<00:43:00.480> void<00:43:01.520> and<00:43:02.000> what 00:43:02.230 --> 00:43:02.240 align:start position:0% create such a massive void and what 00:43:02.240 --> 00:43:04.150 align:start position:0% create such a massive void and what might<00:43:02.560> explain<00:43:03.040> the<00:43:03.359> thousands<00:43:03.920> of 00:43:04.150 --> 00:43:04.160 align:start position:0% might explain the thousands of 00:43:04.160 --> 00:43:07.190 align:start position:0% might explain the thousands of surrounding<00:43:04.720> young<00:43:05.119> stars.<00:43:06.400> The<00:43:06.640> prevailing 00:43:07.190 --> 00:43:07.200 align:start position:0% surrounding young stars. The prevailing 00:43:07.200 --> 00:43:10.470 align:start position:0% surrounding young stars. The prevailing answer<00:43:07.839> proved<00:43:08.160> to<00:43:08.400> be<00:43:08.800> both<00:43:09.200> violent<00:43:10.000> and 00:43:10.470 --> 00:43:10.480 align:start position:0% answer proved to be both violent and 00:43:10.480 --> 00:43:12.630 align:start position:0% answer proved to be both violent and fascinating. 00:43:12.630 --> 00:43:12.640 align:start position:0% fascinating. 00:43:12.640 --> 00:43:15.109 align:start position:0% fascinating. Recent<00:43:13.119> research<00:43:13.520> suggests<00:43:14.160> that<00:43:14.400> the<00:43:14.720> local 00:43:15.109 --> 00:43:15.119 align:start position:0% Recent research suggests that the local 00:43:15.119 --> 00:43:17.750 align:start position:0% Recent research suggests that the local hot<00:43:15.440> bubble<00:43:15.839> was<00:43:16.079> the<00:43:16.319> aftermath<00:43:16.880> of<00:43:17.119> around 00:43:17.750 --> 00:43:17.760 align:start position:0% hot bubble was the aftermath of around 00:43:17.760 --> 00:43:20.630 align:start position:0% hot bubble was the aftermath of around 15<00:43:18.319> supernova<00:43:19.040> explosions<00:43:19.839> that<00:43:20.160> occurred 00:43:20.630 --> 00:43:20.640 align:start position:0% 15 supernova explosions that occurred 00:43:20.640 --> 00:43:22.790 align:start position:0% 15 supernova explosions that occurred sequentially<00:43:21.280> within<00:43:21.680> a<00:43:21.920> span<00:43:22.160> of<00:43:22.319> a<00:43:22.560> few 00:43:22.790 --> 00:43:22.800 align:start position:0% sequentially within a span of a few 00:43:22.800 --> 00:43:25.589 align:start position:0% sequentially within a span of a few million<00:43:23.200> years,<00:43:24.160> erupting<00:43:24.640> in<00:43:25.040> relatively 00:43:25.589 --> 00:43:25.599 align:start position:0% million years, erupting in relatively 00:43:25.599 --> 00:43:27.990 align:start position:0% million years, erupting in relatively close<00:43:25.920> proximity<00:43:26.400> to<00:43:26.640> one<00:43:26.880> another. 00:43:27.990 --> 00:43:28.000 align:start position:0% close proximity to one another. 00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:30.069 align:start position:0% close proximity to one another. Scientists<00:43:28.480> estimated<00:43:29.040> that<00:43:29.359> the<00:43:29.599> first<00:43:29.920> of 00:43:30.069 --> 00:43:30.079 align:start position:0% Scientists estimated that the first of 00:43:30.079 --> 00:43:32.630 align:start position:0% Scientists estimated that the first of these<00:43:30.480> massive<00:43:30.960> stellar<00:43:31.440> explosions<00:43:32.319> went 00:43:32.630 --> 00:43:32.640 align:start position:0% these massive stellar explosions went 00:43:32.640 --> 00:43:36.069 align:start position:0% these massive stellar explosions went off<00:43:32.880> roughly<00:43:33.680> 14<00:43:34.079> million<00:43:34.400> years<00:43:34.640> ago,<00:43:35.520> each 00:43:36.069 --> 00:43:36.079 align:start position:0% off roughly 14 million years ago, each 00:43:36.079 --> 00:43:38.950 align:start position:0% off roughly 14 million years ago, each expelling<00:43:36.880> enormous<00:43:37.520> amounts<00:43:37.839> of<00:43:38.000> energy, 00:43:38.950 --> 00:43:38.960 align:start position:0% expelling enormous amounts of energy, 00:43:38.960 --> 00:43:41.109 align:start position:0% expelling enormous amounts of energy, pushing<00:43:39.280> out<00:43:39.599> the<00:43:39.839> surrounding<00:43:40.400> interstellar 00:43:41.109 --> 00:43:41.119 align:start position:0% pushing out the surrounding interstellar 00:43:41.119 --> 00:43:43.829 align:start position:0% pushing out the surrounding interstellar material<00:43:42.000> and<00:43:42.319> heating<00:43:42.640> the<00:43:42.880> remaining<00:43:43.280> gas 00:43:43.829 --> 00:43:43.839 align:start position:0% material and heating the remaining gas 00:43:43.839 --> 00:43:46.550 align:start position:0% material and heating the remaining gas to<00:43:44.240> extreme<00:43:45.040> temperatures. 00:43:46.550 --> 00:43:46.560 align:start position:0% to extreme temperatures. 00:43:46.560 --> 00:43:48.790 align:start position:0% to extreme temperatures. Evidence<00:43:46.960> of<00:43:47.200> these<00:43:47.520> ancient<00:43:47.920> explosions<00:43:48.560> has 00:43:48.790 --> 00:43:48.800 align:start position:0% Evidence of these ancient explosions has 00:43:48.800 --> 00:43:50.710 align:start position:0% Evidence of these ancient explosions has been<00:43:48.960> preserved<00:43:49.359> in<00:43:49.599> our<00:43:49.760> Earth's<00:43:50.079> geological 00:43:50.710 --> 00:43:50.720 align:start position:0% been preserved in our Earth's geological 00:43:50.720 --> 00:43:53.775 align:start position:0% been preserved in our Earth's geological record<00:43:51.280> in<00:43:51.760> deep<00:43:52.079> sea<00:43:52.400> sediment<00:43:52.960> deposits 00:43:53.775 --> 00:43:53.785 align:start position:0% record in deep sea sediment deposits 00:43:53.785 --> 00:43:56.069 align:start position:0% record in deep sea sediment deposits [music]<00:43:54.000> in<00:43:54.240> the<00:43:54.400> form<00:43:54.640> of<00:43:54.800> a<00:43:55.040> special<00:43:55.359> isotope 00:43:56.069 --> 00:43:56.079 align:start position:0% [music] in the form of a special isotope 00:43:56.079 --> 00:44:00.230 align:start position:0% [music] in the form of a special isotope called<00:43:56.560> iron<00:43:57.200> 60.<00:43:58.480> This<00:43:58.880> radioactive<00:43:59.599> isotope 00:44:00.230 --> 00:44:00.240 align:start position:0% called iron 60. This radioactive isotope 00:44:00.240 --> 00:44:02.710 align:start position:0% called iron 60. This radioactive isotope can<00:44:00.480> come<00:44:00.640> from<00:44:01.040> a<00:44:01.359> few<00:44:01.599> different<00:44:01.839> sources, 00:44:02.710 --> 00:44:02.720 align:start position:0% can come from a few different sources, 00:44:02.720 --> 00:44:05.829 align:start position:0% can come from a few different sources, but<00:44:02.960> the<00:44:03.200> most<00:44:03.520> common<00:44:03.839> source<00:44:04.240> of<00:44:04.480> iron<00:44:04.960> 60<00:44:05.520> is 00:44:05.829 --> 00:44:05.839 align:start position:0% but the most common source of iron 60 is 00:44:05.839 --> 00:44:07.589 align:start position:0% but the most common source of iron 60 is believed<00:44:06.160> to<00:44:06.230> [music]<00:44:06.400> be<00:44:06.720> supernova 00:44:07.589 --> 00:44:07.599 align:start position:0% believed to [music] be supernova 00:44:07.599 --> 00:44:09.190 align:start position:0% believed to [music] be supernova explosions. 00:44:09.190 --> 00:44:09.200 align:start position:0% explosions. 00:44:09.200 --> 00:44:11.030 align:start position:0% explosions. We<00:44:09.520> know<00:44:09.599> that<00:44:09.839> the<00:44:10.000> source<00:44:10.240> of<00:44:10.319> the<00:44:10.480> isotope 00:44:11.030 --> 00:44:11.040 align:start position:0% We know that the source of the isotope 00:44:11.040 --> 00:44:13.510 align:start position:0% We know that the source of the isotope is<00:44:11.280> extraterrestrial<00:44:12.720> because<00:44:12.960> the<00:44:13.280> earth 00:44:13.510 --> 00:44:13.520 align:start position:0% is extraterrestrial because the earth 00:44:13.520 --> 00:44:16.390 align:start position:0% is extraterrestrial because the earth itself<00:44:14.079> has<00:44:14.400> no<00:44:14.720> way<00:44:14.880> of<00:44:15.119> producing<00:44:15.599> iron<00:44:16.079> 60 00:44:16.390 --> 00:44:16.400 align:start position:0% itself has no way of producing iron 60 00:44:16.400 --> 00:44:19.430 align:start position:0% itself has no way of producing iron 60 on<00:44:16.560> its<00:44:16.800> own<00:44:17.520> and<00:44:18.020> [music]<00:44:18.079> matching<00:44:18.560> deposits 00:44:19.430 --> 00:44:19.440 align:start position:0% on its own and [music] matching deposits 00:44:19.440 --> 00:44:22.550 align:start position:0% on its own and [music] matching deposits have<00:44:19.680> been<00:44:19.920> found<00:44:20.079> on<00:44:20.319> the<00:44:20.480> moon<00:44:20.800> as<00:44:21.040> well.<00:44:22.240> The 00:44:22.550 --> 00:44:22.560 align:start position:0% have been found on the moon as well. The 00:44:22.560 --> 00:44:24.870 align:start position:0% have been found on the moon as well. The reason<00:44:22.720> that<00:44:22.960> this<00:44:23.359> radioactive<00:44:24.079> isotope<00:44:24.640> is 00:44:24.870 --> 00:44:24.880 align:start position:0% reason that this radioactive isotope is 00:44:24.880 --> 00:44:27.670 align:start position:0% reason that this radioactive isotope is special<00:44:25.599> is<00:44:25.920> because<00:44:26.319> we<00:44:26.640> know<00:44:26.880> how<00:44:27.119> long<00:44:27.359> its 00:44:27.670 --> 00:44:27.680 align:start position:0% special is because we know how long its 00:44:27.680 --> 00:44:30.390 align:start position:0% special is because we know how long its half-life<00:44:28.160> is.<00:44:29.040> We<00:44:29.280> know<00:44:29.440> that<00:44:29.680> it<00:44:29.920> decays 00:44:30.390 --> 00:44:30.400 align:start position:0% half-life is. We know that it decays 00:44:30.400 --> 00:44:32.950 align:start position:0% half-life is. We know that it decays into<00:44:30.720> cobalt<00:44:31.200> 60,<00:44:31.920> another<00:44:32.240> radioactive 00:44:32.950 --> 00:44:32.960 align:start position:0% into cobalt 60, another radioactive 00:44:32.960 --> 00:44:35.510 align:start position:0% into cobalt 60, another radioactive isotope,<00:44:33.760> before<00:44:34.079> it<00:44:34.319> finally<00:44:34.720> decays<00:44:35.200> into 00:44:35.510 --> 00:44:35.520 align:start position:0% isotope, before it finally decays into 00:44:35.520 --> 00:44:38.870 align:start position:0% isotope, before it finally decays into nickel<00:44:36.079> 60,<00:44:36.720> a<00:44:37.040> stable<00:44:37.440> element. 00:44:38.870 --> 00:44:38.880 align:start position:0% nickel 60, a stable element. 00:44:38.880 --> 00:44:42.390 align:start position:0% nickel 60, a stable element. Iron<00:44:39.280> 60<00:44:39.680> has<00:44:39.839> a<00:44:40.000> half-life<00:44:40.560> of<00:44:41.040> 2.6<00:44:42.000> million 00:44:42.390 --> 00:44:42.400 align:start position:0% Iron 60 has a half-life of 2.6 million 00:44:42.400 --> 00:44:46.069 align:start position:0% Iron 60 has a half-life of 2.6 million years<00:44:43.119> and<00:44:43.359> cobalt<00:44:43.920> 60<00:44:44.640> has<00:44:45.040> a<00:44:45.280> fairly<00:44:45.760> short 00:44:46.069 --> 00:44:46.079 align:start position:0% years and cobalt 60 has a fairly short 00:44:46.079 --> 00:44:49.270 align:start position:0% years and cobalt 60 has a fairly short half-life<00:44:46.185> [music]<00:44:46.640> of<00:44:46.880> just<00:44:47.280> 5.3<00:44:48.000> years. 00:44:49.270 --> 00:44:49.280 align:start position:0% half-life [music] of just 5.3 years. 00:44:49.280 --> 00:44:51.670 align:start position:0% half-life [music] of just 5.3 years. Because<00:44:49.520> of<00:44:49.680> this,<00:44:50.400> when<00:44:50.640> we<00:44:50.880> find<00:44:51.040> a<00:44:51.280> deposit 00:44:51.670 --> 00:44:51.680 align:start position:0% Because of this, when we find a deposit 00:44:51.680 --> 00:44:54.230 align:start position:0% Because of this, when we find a deposit that<00:44:51.920> contains<00:44:52.400> these<00:44:52.800> elements,<00:44:53.680> scientists 00:44:54.230 --> 00:44:54.240 align:start position:0% that contains these elements, scientists 00:44:54.240 --> 00:44:56.630 align:start position:0% that contains these elements, scientists can<00:44:54.400> compare<00:44:54.720> the<00:44:54.960> amounts<00:44:55.280> of<00:44:55.520> iron<00:44:56.000> 60, 00:44:56.630 --> 00:44:56.640 align:start position:0% can compare the amounts of iron 60, 00:44:56.640 --> 00:44:59.750 align:start position:0% can compare the amounts of iron 60, cobalt<00:44:57.200> 60,<00:44:57.760> and<00:44:58.000> nickel<00:44:58.480> 60<00:44:59.280> like<00:44:59.520> an 00:44:59.750 --> 00:44:59.760 align:start position:0% cobalt 60, and nickel 60 like an 00:44:59.760 --> 00:45:02.309 align:start position:0% cobalt 60, and nickel 60 like an elemental<00:45:00.240> clock<00:45:00.960> to<00:45:01.200> reveal<00:45:01.680> when<00:45:02.000> that 00:45:02.309 --> 00:45:02.319 align:start position:0% elemental clock to reveal when that 00:45:02.319 --> 00:45:05.430 align:start position:0% elemental clock to reveal when that material<00:45:02.800> was<00:45:03.119> deposited<00:45:03.680> on<00:45:04.000> our<00:45:04.240> planet. 00:45:05.430 --> 00:45:05.440 align:start position:0% material was deposited on our planet. 00:45:05.440 --> 00:45:07.589 align:start position:0% material was deposited on our planet. And<00:45:05.760> luckily<00:45:06.160> for<00:45:06.400> us,<00:45:07.040> international 00:45:07.589 --> 00:45:07.599 align:start position:0% And luckily for us, international 00:45:07.599 --> 00:45:09.750 align:start position:0% And luckily for us, international research<00:45:08.000> teams<00:45:08.319> have<00:45:08.560> found<00:45:08.880> several<00:45:09.359> such 00:45:09.750 --> 00:45:09.760 align:start position:0% research teams have found several such 00:45:09.760 --> 00:45:11.829 align:start position:0% research teams have found several such deposits<00:45:10.560> over<00:45:10.880> the<00:45:11.119> last<00:45:11.440> couple<00:45:11.680> of 00:45:11.829 --> 00:45:11.839 align:start position:0% deposits over the last couple of 00:45:11.839 --> 00:45:14.150 align:start position:0% deposits over the last couple of decades. 00:45:14.150 --> 00:45:14.160 align:start position:0% decades. 00:45:14.160 --> 00:45:17.430 align:start position:0% decades. In<00:45:14.480> 2016,<00:45:15.520> iron<00:45:15.920> 60<00:45:16.319> deposits<00:45:16.720> were<00:45:16.960> found<00:45:17.200> in 00:45:17.430 --> 00:45:17.440 align:start position:0% In 2016, iron 60 deposits were found in 00:45:17.440 --> 00:45:19.589 align:start position:0% In 2016, iron 60 deposits were found in deep<00:45:17.680> sea<00:45:18.000> crust<00:45:18.240> samples<00:45:18.720> taken<00:45:19.119> from<00:45:19.440> the 00:45:19.589 --> 00:45:19.599 align:start position:0% deep sea crust samples taken from the 00:45:19.599 --> 00:45:23.349 align:start position:0% deep sea crust samples taken from the Pacific,<00:45:20.560> Indian,<00:45:21.359> and<00:45:21.760> Atlantic<00:45:22.319> oceans, 00:45:23.349 --> 00:45:23.359 align:start position:0% Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans, 00:45:23.359 --> 00:45:25.750 align:start position:0% Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans, indicating<00:45:24.079> two<00:45:24.480> distinct<00:45:25.040> spikes<00:45:25.440> in<00:45:25.599> the 00:45:25.750 --> 00:45:25.760 align:start position:0% indicating two distinct spikes in the 00:45:25.760 --> 00:45:27.829 align:start position:0% indicating two distinct spikes in the radioactive<00:45:26.319> debris<00:45:27.040> that<00:45:27.200> pointed<00:45:27.599> to 00:45:27.829 --> 00:45:27.839 align:start position:0% radioactive debris that pointed to 00:45:27.839 --> 00:45:29.750 align:start position:0% radioactive debris that pointed to several<00:45:28.240> supernova<00:45:28.960> events<00:45:29.280> in<00:45:29.520> the 00:45:29.750 --> 00:45:29.760 align:start position:0% several supernova events in the 00:45:29.760 --> 00:45:33.510 align:start position:0% several supernova events in the notsodistant<00:45:30.720> past.<00:45:31.680> And<00:45:32.400> not<00:45:32.720> too<00:45:33.040> far<00:45:33.280> from 00:45:33.510 --> 00:45:33.520 align:start position:0% notsodistant past. And not too far from 00:45:33.520 --> 00:45:37.430 align:start position:0% notsodistant past. And not too far from our<00:45:33.760> solar<00:45:34.079> system,<00:45:34.880> just<00:45:35.599> 326 00:45:37.430 --> 00:45:37.440 align:start position:0% our solar system, just 326 00:45:37.440 --> 00:45:40.550 align:start position:0% our solar system, just 326 light<00:45:37.760> years<00:45:38.000> away,<00:45:39.359> the<00:45:39.599> sample<00:45:40.000> showed<00:45:40.319> a 00:45:40.550 --> 00:45:40.560 align:start position:0% light years away, the sample showed a 00:45:40.560 --> 00:45:44.390 align:start position:0% light years away, the sample showed a spike<00:45:40.880> of<00:45:41.119> iron<00:45:41.520> 60<00:45:42.000> between<00:45:42.480> 3.2<00:45:43.359> and<00:45:43.680> 1.7 00:45:44.390 --> 00:45:44.400 align:start position:0% spike of iron 60 between 3.2 and 1.7 00:45:44.400 --> 00:45:46.550 align:start position:0% spike of iron 60 between 3.2 and 1.7 million<00:45:44.720> years<00:45:44.880> ago<00:45:45.599> and<00:45:45.839> another<00:45:46.160> spike 00:45:46.550 --> 00:45:46.560 align:start position:0% million years ago and another spike 00:45:46.560 --> 00:45:51.109 align:start position:0% million years ago and another spike between<00:45:46.960> 6.5<00:45:47.920> and<00:45:48.240> 8.7<00:45:49.119> million<00:45:49.440> years<00:45:49.680> ago. 00:45:51.109 --> 00:45:51.119 align:start position:0% between 6.5 and 8.7 million years ago. 00:45:51.119 --> 00:45:54.069 align:start position:0% between 6.5 and 8.7 million years ago. Nuclear<00:45:51.599> physicist<00:45:52.240> Anton<00:45:52.720> Walner<00:45:53.520> who<00:45:53.760> led 00:45:54.069 --> 00:45:54.079 align:start position:0% Nuclear physicist Anton Walner who led 00:45:54.079 --> 00:45:56.069 align:start position:0% Nuclear physicist Anton Walner who led one<00:45:54.319> of<00:45:54.400> these<00:45:54.640> research<00:45:55.040> teams<00:45:55.440> studying<00:45:55.839> the 00:45:56.069 --> 00:45:56.079 align:start position:0% one of these research teams studying the 00:45:56.079 --> 00:45:57.990 align:start position:0% one of these research teams studying the deposits<00:45:56.960> said<00:45:57.119> that<00:45:57.280> the<00:45:57.520> fact<00:45:57.680> that<00:45:57.839> the 00:45:57.990 --> 00:45:58.000 align:start position:0% deposits said that the fact that the 00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:00.870 align:start position:0% deposits said that the fact that the more<00:45:58.240> recent<00:45:58.560> debris<00:45:59.040> was<00:45:59.280> spread<00:45:59.599> across<00:46:00.160> 1.5 00:46:00.870 --> 00:46:00.880 align:start position:0% more recent debris was spread across 1.5 00:46:00.880 --> 00:46:03.510 align:start position:0% more recent debris was spread across 1.5 million<00:46:01.280> years<00:46:02.000> suggests<00:46:02.480> that<00:46:02.640> there<00:46:02.960> were<00:46:03.200> a 00:46:03.510 --> 00:46:03.520 align:start position:0% million years suggests that there were a 00:46:03.520 --> 00:46:06.150 align:start position:0% million years suggests that there were a series<00:46:03.839> of<00:46:04.000> supernova<00:46:04.960> that<00:46:05.280> occurred<00:46:05.839> one 00:46:06.150 --> 00:46:06.160 align:start position:0% series of supernova that occurred one 00:46:06.160 --> 00:46:09.030 align:start position:0% series of supernova that occurred one after<00:46:06.560> another<00:46:06.960> in<00:46:07.280> close<00:46:07.520> succession. 00:46:09.030 --> 00:46:09.040 align:start position:0% after another in close succession. 00:46:09.040 --> 00:46:12.069 align:start position:0% after another in close succession. Astrophysicist<00:46:10.000> Dieter<00:46:10.480> Brechvert<00:46:11.520> who<00:46:11.760> led 00:46:12.069 --> 00:46:12.079 align:start position:0% Astrophysicist Dieter Brechvert who led 00:46:12.079 --> 00:46:14.950 align:start position:0% Astrophysicist Dieter Brechvert who led a<00:46:12.319> second<00:46:12.560> team<00:46:12.800> of<00:46:13.040> scientists<00:46:14.160> identified<00:46:14.640> a 00:46:14.950 --> 00:46:14.960 align:start position:0% a second team of scientists identified a 00:46:14.960 --> 00:46:16.710 align:start position:0% a second team of scientists identified a likely<00:46:15.359> source<00:46:15.599> of<00:46:15.760> these<00:46:16.000> supernova 00:46:16.710 --> 00:46:16.720 align:start position:0% likely source of these supernova 00:46:16.720 --> 00:46:20.470 align:start position:0% likely source of these supernova explosions<00:46:17.680> which<00:46:17.920> would<00:46:18.160> have<00:46:18.319> occurred<00:46:19.599> 196 00:46:20.470 --> 00:46:20.480 align:start position:0% explosions which would have occurred 196 00:46:20.480 --> 00:46:25.030 align:start position:0% explosions which would have occurred 196 to<00:46:21.040> 423<00:46:22.240> light<00:46:22.560> years<00:46:22.880> from<00:46:23.119> the<00:46:23.280> sun.<00:46:24.720> These 00:46:25.030 --> 00:46:25.040 align:start position:0% to 423 light years from the sun. These 00:46:25.040 --> 00:46:27.430 align:start position:0% to 423 light years from the sun. These supernova<00:46:26.000> that<00:46:26.240> created<00:46:26.560> our<00:46:26.880> local<00:46:27.119> hot 00:46:27.430 --> 00:46:27.440 align:start position:0% supernova that created our local hot 00:46:27.440 --> 00:46:30.309 align:start position:0% supernova that created our local hot bubble<00:46:28.160> may<00:46:28.480> have<00:46:28.640> been<00:46:28.880> part<00:46:29.200> of<00:46:29.440> an<00:46:29.680> aging 00:46:30.309 --> 00:46:30.319 align:start position:0% bubble may have been part of an aging 00:46:30.319 --> 00:46:33.030 align:start position:0% bubble may have been part of an aging star<00:46:30.640> cluster<00:46:31.440> whose<00:46:31.839> surviving<00:46:32.400> members<00:46:32.800> are 00:46:33.030 --> 00:46:33.040 align:start position:0% star cluster whose surviving members are 00:46:33.040 --> 00:46:36.069 align:start position:0% star cluster whose surviving members are now<00:46:33.359> associated<00:46:34.000> with<00:46:34.240> the<00:46:34.480> Scorpius<00:46:35.280> Centura 00:46:36.069 --> 00:46:36.079 align:start position:0% now associated with the Scorpius Centura 00:46:36.079 --> 00:46:38.870 align:start position:0% now associated with the Scorpius Centura stellar<00:46:36.480> group.<00:46:37.599> Using<00:46:37.920> the<00:46:38.160> IN60<00:46:38.847> [music] 00:46:38.870 --> 00:46:38.880 align:start position:0% stellar group. Using the IN60 [music] 00:46:38.880 --> 00:46:41.109 align:start position:0% stellar group. Using the IN60 [music] deposits,<00:46:39.599> the<00:46:39.839> team<00:46:40.079> was<00:46:40.240> able<00:46:40.480> to<00:46:40.560> trace<00:46:40.880> the 00:46:41.109 --> 00:46:41.119 align:start position:0% deposits, the team was able to trace the 00:46:41.119 --> 00:46:43.510 align:start position:0% deposits, the team was able to trace the signals<00:46:41.440> of<00:46:41.680> two<00:46:41.920> supernova,<00:46:43.119> one<00:46:43.280> that 00:46:43.510 --> 00:46:43.520 align:start position:0% signals of two supernova, one that 00:46:43.520 --> 00:46:45.910 align:start position:0% signals of two supernova, one that happened<00:46:43.839> 1.5<00:46:44.480> million<00:46:44.800> years<00:46:44.960> ago<00:46:45.520> and<00:46:45.680> the 00:46:45.910 --> 00:46:45.920 align:start position:0% happened 1.5 million years ago and the 00:46:45.920 --> 00:46:48.470 align:start position:0% happened 1.5 million years ago and the other<00:46:46.079> 2.3<00:46:46.800> million<00:46:47.119> years<00:46:47.280> ago<00:46:48.000> as<00:46:48.240> the 00:46:48.470 --> 00:46:48.480 align:start position:0% other 2.3 million years ago as the 00:46:48.480 --> 00:46:50.870 align:start position:0% other 2.3 million years ago as the result<00:46:48.800> of<00:46:49.040> the<00:46:49.359> deaths<00:46:49.680> of<00:46:49.920> stars<00:46:50.319> that<00:46:50.560> were 00:46:50.870 --> 00:46:50.880 align:start position:0% result of the deaths of stars that were 00:46:50.880 --> 00:46:54.390 align:start position:0% result of the deaths of stars that were 8.8<00:46:51.599> times<00:46:52.160> and<00:46:52.480> 9.2<00:46:53.280> times<00:46:53.520> the<00:46:53.760> mass<00:46:54.000> of<00:46:54.160> our 00:46:54.390 --> 00:46:54.400 align:start position:0% 8.8 times and 9.2 times the mass of our 00:46:54.400 --> 00:46:56.550 align:start position:0% 8.8 times and 9.2 times the mass of our sun,<00:46:54.880> respectively. 00:46:56.550 --> 00:46:56.560 align:start position:0% sun, respectively. 00:46:56.560 --> 00:47:00.390 align:start position:0% sun, respectively. In<00:46:56.800> fact,<00:46:57.440> our<00:46:57.839> LHB<00:46:58.560> is<00:46:58.880> still<00:46:59.119> growing<00:46:59.520> today, 00:47:00.390 --> 00:47:00.400 align:start position:0% In fact, our LHB is still growing today, 00:47:00.400 --> 00:47:02.630 align:start position:0% In fact, our LHB is still growing today, albeit<00:47:01.040> much<00:47:01.359> more<00:47:01.599> slowly<00:47:02.000> than<00:47:02.240> when<00:47:02.480> the 00:47:02.630 --> 00:47:02.640 align:start position:0% albeit much more slowly than when the 00:47:02.640 --> 00:47:04.870 align:start position:0% albeit much more slowly than when the supernova<00:47:03.440> exploded<00:47:04.160> millions<00:47:04.560> of<00:47:04.720> years 00:47:04.870 --> 00:47:04.880 align:start position:0% supernova exploded millions of years 00:47:04.880 --> 00:47:07.670 align:start position:0% supernova exploded millions of years ago.<00:47:06.000> The<00:47:06.240> speed<00:47:06.480> of<00:47:06.720> expansion<00:47:07.359> has 00:47:07.670 --> 00:47:07.680 align:start position:0% ago. The speed of expansion has 00:47:07.680 --> 00:47:10.470 align:start position:0% ago. The speed of expansion has plateaued<00:47:08.240> at<00:47:08.480> about<00:47:08.800> 6<00:47:09.040> km/s.<00:47:10.079> Now, 00:47:10.470 --> 00:47:10.480 align:start position:0% plateaued at about 6 km/s. Now, 00:47:10.480 --> 00:47:12.309 align:start position:0% plateaued at about 6 km/s. Now, according<00:47:10.800> to<00:47:10.960> astrophysicist<00:47:11.839> Katherine 00:47:12.309 --> 00:47:12.319 align:start position:0% according to astrophysicist Katherine 00:47:12.319 --> 00:47:15.910 align:start position:0% according to astrophysicist Katherine Zucker,<00:47:13.200> in<00:47:13.520> 2022,<00:47:14.640> Zucker<00:47:15.200> authored<00:47:15.680> a 00:47:15.910 --> 00:47:15.920 align:start position:0% Zucker, in 2022, Zucker authored a 00:47:15.920 --> 00:47:18.230 align:start position:0% Zucker, in 2022, Zucker authored a groundbreaking<00:47:16.640> paper<00:47:17.040> that<00:47:17.599> reconstructed 00:47:18.230 --> 00:47:18.240 align:start position:0% groundbreaking paper that reconstructed 00:47:18.240 --> 00:47:19.829 align:start position:0% groundbreaking paper that reconstructed the<00:47:18.480> evolution<00:47:18.880> of<00:47:19.040> our<00:47:19.280> galactic 00:47:19.829 --> 00:47:19.839 align:start position:0% the evolution of our galactic 00:47:19.839 --> 00:47:21.990 align:start position:0% the evolution of our galactic neighborhood,<00:47:20.800> tracing<00:47:21.280> the<00:47:21.520> chain<00:47:21.760> of 00:47:21.990 --> 00:47:22.000 align:start position:0% neighborhood, tracing the chain of 00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:24.710 align:start position:0% neighborhood, tracing the chain of events<00:47:22.240> that<00:47:22.480> created<00:47:22.880> our<00:47:23.280> local<00:47:23.680> hot<00:47:24.000> bubble 00:47:24.710 --> 00:47:24.720 align:start position:0% events that created our local hot bubble 00:47:24.720 --> 00:47:26.630 align:start position:0% events that created our local hot bubble and<00:47:24.960> led<00:47:25.280> to<00:47:25.440> the<00:47:25.599> formation<00:47:26.000> of<00:47:26.240> all<00:47:26.400> the 00:47:26.630 --> 00:47:26.640 align:start position:0% and led to the formation of all the 00:47:26.640 --> 00:47:29.829 align:start position:0% and led to the formation of all the young<00:47:26.880> stars<00:47:27.280> we<00:47:27.520> see<00:47:27.760> nearby<00:47:28.319> today.<00:47:29.520> From 00:47:29.829 --> 00:47:29.839 align:start position:0% young stars we see nearby today. From 00:47:29.839 --> 00:47:32.230 align:start position:0% young stars we see nearby today. From there,<00:47:30.640> they<00:47:30.960> made<00:47:31.359> an<00:47:31.680> incredible 00:47:32.230 --> 00:47:32.240 align:start position:0% there, they made an incredible 00:47:32.240 --> 00:47:33.829 align:start position:0% there, they made an incredible discovery. 00:47:33.829 --> 00:47:33.839 align:start position:0% discovery. 00:47:33.839 --> 00:47:36.550 align:start position:0% discovery. Using<00:47:34.240> data<00:47:34.560> from<00:47:34.880> our<00:47:35.200> old<00:47:35.680> faithful<00:47:36.160> guide 00:47:36.550 --> 00:47:36.560 align:start position:0% Using data from our old faithful guide 00:47:36.560 --> 00:47:39.190 align:start position:0% Using data from our old faithful guide telescope,<00:47:37.520> Zucker<00:47:38.000> and<00:47:38.160> her<00:47:38.400> team<00:47:38.720> were<00:47:38.960> able 00:47:39.190 --> 00:47:39.200 align:start position:0% telescope, Zucker and her team were able 00:47:39.200 --> 00:47:42.550 align:start position:0% telescope, Zucker and her team were able to<00:47:39.440> construct<00:47:39.920> a<00:47:40.400> 3D<00:47:41.040> space-time<00:47:41.599> map, 00:47:42.550 --> 00:47:42.560 align:start position:0% to construct a 3D space-time map, 00:47:42.560 --> 00:47:44.870 align:start position:0% to construct a 3D space-time map, showing<00:47:42.880> that<00:47:43.119> within<00:47:43.760> 500<00:47:44.240> light-years<00:47:44.720> of 00:47:44.870 --> 00:47:44.880 align:start position:0% showing that within 500 light-years of 00:47:44.880 --> 00:47:47.670 align:start position:0% showing that within 500 light-years of our<00:47:45.119> planet,<00:47:46.079> all<00:47:46.319> of<00:47:46.480> the<00:47:46.640> young<00:47:46.880> stars<00:47:47.359> and 00:47:47.670 --> 00:47:47.680 align:start position:0% our planet, all of the young stars and 00:47:47.680 --> 00:47:49.990 align:start position:0% our planet, all of the young stars and star<00:47:48.000> forming<00:47:48.400> regions<00:47:49.040> reside<00:47:49.520> on<00:47:49.760> the 00:47:49.990 --> 00:47:50.000 align:start position:0% star forming regions reside on the 00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:53.270 align:start position:0% star forming regions reside on the surface<00:47:50.319> of<00:47:50.560> our<00:47:50.880> local<00:47:51.280> hot<00:47:51.680> bubble.<00:47:52.960> With 00:47:53.270 --> 00:47:53.280 align:start position:0% surface of our local hot bubble. With 00:47:53.280 --> 00:47:56.550 align:start position:0% surface of our local hot bubble. With these<00:47:53.760> 3D<00:47:54.240> positions<00:47:55.119> and<00:47:55.359> the<00:47:55.520> 3D<00:47:56.000> motions<00:47:56.400> of 00:47:56.550 --> 00:47:56.560 align:start position:0% these 3D positions and the 3D motions of 00:47:56.560 --> 00:47:59.109 align:start position:0% these 3D positions and the 3D motions of the<00:47:56.720> stellar<00:47:57.119> clusters,<00:47:58.079> they<00:47:58.319> traced<00:47:58.720> back 00:47:59.109 --> 00:47:59.119 align:start position:0% the stellar clusters, they traced back 00:47:59.119 --> 00:48:00.950 align:start position:0% the stellar clusters, they traced back 20<00:47:59.440> million<00:47:59.760> years<00:48:00.000> of<00:48:00.160> star<00:48:00.480> formation 00:48:00.950 --> 00:48:00.960 align:start position:0% 20 million years of star formation 00:48:00.960 --> 00:48:03.829 align:start position:0% 20 million years of star formation history<00:48:01.440> near<00:48:01.920> our<00:48:02.240> local<00:48:02.560> hot<00:48:02.800> bubble.<00:48:03.680> The 00:48:03.829 --> 00:48:03.839 align:start position:0% history near our local hot bubble. The 00:48:03.839 --> 00:48:07.270 align:start position:0% history near our local hot bubble. The implications<00:48:04.720> were<00:48:05.040> clear<00:48:06.079> that<00:48:06.560> all<00:48:06.960> of<00:48:07.119> the 00:48:07.270 --> 00:48:07.280 align:start position:0% implications were clear that all of the 00:48:07.280 --> 00:48:09.670 align:start position:0% implications were clear that all of the well-known<00:48:07.920> star<00:48:08.240> forming<00:48:08.560> regions<00:48:09.040> near<00:48:09.359> our 00:48:09.670 --> 00:48:09.680 align:start position:0% well-known star forming regions near our 00:48:09.680 --> 00:48:12.710 align:start position:0% well-known star forming regions near our solar<00:48:10.000> system<00:48:10.560> had<00:48:10.880> formed<00:48:11.599> along<00:48:12.000> the<00:48:12.240> outer 00:48:12.710 --> 00:48:12.720 align:start position:0% solar system had formed along the outer 00:48:12.720 --> 00:48:15.750 align:start position:0% solar system had formed along the outer edge<00:48:13.040> of<00:48:13.200> the<00:48:13.440> local<00:48:13.760> bubble<00:48:14.400> as<00:48:14.640> it<00:48:15.040> swept<00:48:15.520> up 00:48:15.750 --> 00:48:15.760 align:start position:0% edge of the local bubble as it swept up 00:48:15.760 --> 00:48:19.109 align:start position:0% edge of the local bubble as it swept up gas<00:48:16.319> during<00:48:16.720> its<00:48:17.040> expansion. 00:48:19.109 --> 00:48:19.119 align:start position:0% gas during its expansion. 00:48:19.119 --> 00:48:21.670 align:start position:0% gas during its expansion. From<00:48:19.440> the<00:48:19.599> local<00:48:19.920> hot<00:48:20.240> bubbles<00:48:20.720> birth<00:48:21.280> 14 00:48:21.670 --> 00:48:21.680 align:start position:0% From the local hot bubbles birth 14 00:48:21.680 --> 00:48:23.829 align:start position:0% From the local hot bubbles birth 14 million<00:48:22.000> years<00:48:22.240> ago,<00:48:22.960> Zucker<00:48:23.440> and<00:48:23.599> her 00:48:23.829 --> 00:48:23.839 align:start position:0% million years ago, Zucker and her 00:48:23.839 --> 00:48:26.549 align:start position:0% million years ago, Zucker and her colleagues<00:48:24.720> identified<00:48:25.359> four<00:48:25.760> epochs<00:48:26.319> of 00:48:26.549 --> 00:48:26.559 align:start position:0% colleagues identified four epochs of 00:48:26.559 --> 00:48:30.549 align:start position:0% colleagues identified four epochs of star<00:48:26.880> formation<00:48:27.599> on<00:48:27.839> the<00:48:28.079> bubble<00:48:28.480> shell. 00:48:30.549 --> 00:48:30.559 align:start position:0% star formation on the bubble shell. 00:48:30.559 --> 00:48:33.190 align:start position:0% star formation on the bubble shell. Starting<00:48:30.960> about<00:48:31.599> 16<00:48:31.920> million<00:48:32.240> years<00:48:32.400> ago,<00:48:33.040> we 00:48:33.190 --> 00:48:33.200 align:start position:0% Starting about 16 million years ago, we 00:48:33.200 --> 00:48:35.430 align:start position:0% Starting about 16 million years ago, we see<00:48:33.359> the<00:48:33.599> birth<00:48:33.920> of<00:48:34.079> the<00:48:34.319> upper<00:48:34.720> centurus 00:48:35.430 --> 00:48:35.440 align:start position:0% see the birth of the upper centurus 00:48:35.440 --> 00:48:39.270 align:start position:0% see the birth of the upper centurus lupus<00:48:36.240> or<00:48:36.559> the<00:48:36.800> UCL<00:48:37.440> star<00:48:37.760> cluster<00:48:38.800> followed 00:48:39.270 --> 00:48:39.280 align:start position:0% lupus or the UCL star cluster followed 00:48:39.280 --> 00:48:43.430 align:start position:0% lupus or the UCL star cluster followed by<00:48:39.680> the<00:48:40.000> lower<00:48:40.480> centurus<00:48:41.119> crux<00:48:41.760> or<00:48:42.240> LCC<00:48:43.119> star 00:48:43.430 --> 00:48:43.440 align:start position:0% by the lower centurus crux or LCC star 00:48:43.440 --> 00:48:46.390 align:start position:0% by the lower centurus crux or LCC star cluster.<00:48:44.800> These<00:48:45.119> formed<00:48:45.520> about<00:48:45.920> 49 00:48:46.390 --> 00:48:46.400 align:start position:0% cluster. These formed about 49 00:48:46.400 --> 00:48:48.870 align:start position:0% cluster. These formed about 49 light-years<00:48:46.880> apart<00:48:47.200> from<00:48:47.440> one<00:48:47.680> another.<00:48:48.559> And 00:48:48.870 --> 00:48:48.880 align:start position:0% light-years apart from one another. And 00:48:48.880 --> 00:48:51.670 align:start position:0% light-years apart from one another. And about<00:48:49.520> 14<00:48:50.000> million<00:48:50.319> years<00:48:50.559> ago,<00:48:51.359> these 00:48:51.670 --> 00:48:51.680 align:start position:0% about 14 million years ago, these 00:48:51.680 --> 00:48:53.750 align:start position:0% about 14 million years ago, these stellar<00:48:52.079> populations<00:48:52.800> were<00:48:53.040> the<00:48:53.280> source<00:48:53.599> of 00:48:53.750 --> 00:48:53.760 align:start position:0% stellar populations were the source of 00:48:53.760 --> 00:48:56.950 align:start position:0% stellar populations were the source of the<00:48:53.920> stars<00:48:54.480> that<00:48:54.720> went<00:48:55.200> supernova<00:48:56.079> to<00:48:56.400> create 00:48:56.950 --> 00:48:56.960 align:start position:0% the stars that went supernova to create 00:48:56.960 --> 00:48:59.510 align:start position:0% the stars that went supernova to create our<00:48:57.359> local<00:48:57.760> bubble. 00:48:59.510 --> 00:48:59.520 align:start position:0% our local bubble. 00:48:59.520 --> 00:49:01.990 align:start position:0% our local bubble. About<00:48:59.839> 10<00:49:00.160> million<00:49:00.480> years<00:49:00.640> ago,<00:49:01.280> we<00:49:01.520> see<00:49:01.760> the 00:49:01.990 --> 00:49:02.000 align:start position:0% About 10 million years ago, we see the 00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:04.470 align:start position:0% About 10 million years ago, we see the first<00:49:02.240> of<00:49:02.480> the<00:49:02.640> four<00:49:03.040> star<00:49:03.520> forming<00:49:03.920> epochs 00:49:04.470 --> 00:49:04.480 align:start position:0% first of the four star forming epochs 00:49:04.480 --> 00:49:07.349 align:start position:0% first of the four star forming epochs after<00:49:04.720> the<00:49:04.960> formation<00:49:05.280> of<00:49:05.440> the<00:49:05.599> LHB.<00:49:07.040> The 00:49:07.349 --> 00:49:07.359 align:start position:0% after the formation of the LHB. The 00:49:07.359 --> 00:49:10.390 align:start position:0% after the formation of the LHB. The upper<00:49:07.680> scorpius<00:49:08.240> association<00:49:09.359> and<00:49:09.760> older 00:49:10.390 --> 00:49:10.400 align:start position:0% upper scorpius association and older 00:49:10.400 --> 00:49:13.190 align:start position:0% upper scorpius association and older ofuca<00:49:11.119> stellar<00:49:11.520> populations<00:49:12.400> are<00:49:12.640> born<00:49:12.960> in 00:49:13.190 --> 00:49:13.200 align:start position:0% ofuca stellar populations are born in 00:49:13.200 --> 00:49:16.549 align:start position:0% ofuca stellar populations are born in the<00:49:13.359> first<00:49:13.599> epoch.<00:49:14.880> 6<00:49:15.119> million<00:49:15.440> years<00:49:15.599> ago<00:49:16.319> the 00:49:16.549 --> 00:49:16.559 align:start position:0% the first epoch. 6 million years ago the 00:49:16.559 --> 00:49:19.670 align:start position:0% the first epoch. 6 million years ago the second<00:49:16.800> star<00:49:17.119> forming<00:49:17.520> epoch<00:49:18.240> formed<00:49:18.960> corona 00:49:19.670 --> 00:49:19.680 align:start position:0% second star forming epoch formed corona 00:49:19.680 --> 00:49:23.750 align:start position:0% second star forming epoch formed corona oralis<00:49:20.880> and<00:49:21.119> the<00:49:21.359> older<00:49:21.680> stars<00:49:22.000> of<00:49:22.240> Taurus. 00:49:23.750 --> 00:49:23.760 align:start position:0% oralis and the older stars of Taurus. 00:49:23.760 --> 00:49:26.470 align:start position:0% oralis and the older stars of Taurus. Then<00:49:24.319> around<00:49:24.720> 2<00:49:25.040> million<00:49:25.280> years<00:49:25.520> ago,<00:49:26.240> the 00:49:26.470 --> 00:49:26.480 align:start position:0% Then around 2 million years ago, the 00:49:26.480 --> 00:49:30.309 align:start position:0% Then around 2 million years ago, the stars<00:49:26.880> in<00:49:27.200> Lupus<00:49:27.920> and<00:49:28.400> Chameleon<00:49:29.440> as<00:49:29.680> well<00:49:29.839> as 00:49:30.309 --> 00:49:30.319 align:start position:0% stars in Lupus and Chameleon as well as 00:49:30.319 --> 00:49:32.790 align:start position:0% stars in Lupus and Chameleon as well as younger<00:49:30.720> stellar<00:49:31.119> populations<00:49:31.680> of<00:49:31.920> Taurus 00:49:32.790 --> 00:49:32.800 align:start position:0% younger stellar populations of Taurus 00:49:32.800 --> 00:49:35.670 align:start position:0% younger stellar populations of Taurus and<00:49:32.960> ofucas<00:49:34.319> came<00:49:34.559> to<00:49:34.720> be<00:49:34.960> in<00:49:35.200> the<00:49:35.359> third 00:49:35.670 --> 00:49:35.680 align:start position:0% and ofucas came to be in the third 00:49:35.680 --> 00:49:38.950 align:start position:0% and ofucas came to be in the third epoch.<00:49:36.800> And<00:49:37.040> finally,<00:49:37.839> our<00:49:38.240> present<00:49:38.640> time 00:49:38.950 --> 00:49:38.960 align:start position:0% epoch. And finally, our present time 00:49:38.960 --> 00:49:41.510 align:start position:0% epoch. And finally, our present time falls<00:49:39.359> within<00:49:39.920> the<00:49:40.240> fourth<00:49:40.800> star<00:49:41.119> forming 00:49:41.510 --> 00:49:41.520 align:start position:0% falls within the fourth star forming 00:49:41.520 --> 00:49:44.870 align:start position:0% falls within the fourth star forming epoch.<00:49:42.640> We<00:49:42.880> can<00:49:43.040> observe<00:49:43.520> the<00:49:43.839> dense<00:49:44.480> star 00:49:44.870 --> 00:49:44.880 align:start position:0% epoch. We can observe the dense star 00:49:44.880 --> 00:49:46.870 align:start position:0% epoch. We can observe the dense star forming<00:49:45.280> molecular<00:49:45.839> gas<00:49:46.160> that<00:49:46.400> surrounds<00:49:46.720> the 00:49:46.870 --> 00:49:46.880 align:start position:0% forming molecular gas that surrounds the 00:49:46.880 --> 00:49:50.230 align:start position:0% forming molecular gas that surrounds the LHB,<00:49:47.920> which<00:49:48.240> will<00:49:48.559> eventually<00:49:49.359> lead<00:49:49.680> to<00:49:49.839> more 00:49:50.230 --> 00:49:50.240 align:start position:0% LHB, which will eventually lead to more 00:49:50.240 --> 00:49:52.710 align:start position:0% LHB, which will eventually lead to more star<00:49:50.559> clusters<00:49:51.040> being<00:49:51.440> born<00:49:52.079> along<00:49:52.480> the 00:49:52.710 --> 00:49:52.720 align:start position:0% star clusters being born along the 00:49:52.720 --> 00:49:55.030 align:start position:0% star clusters being born along the bubble's<00:49:53.200> outer<00:49:53.520> edge. 00:49:55.030 --> 00:49:55.040 align:start position:0% bubble's outer edge. 00:49:55.040 --> 00:49:58.309 align:start position:0% bubble's outer edge. With<00:49:55.520> all<00:49:55.760> of<00:49:56.000> this<00:49:56.400> stellar<00:49:56.880> creation,<00:49:58.000> you 00:49:58.309 --> 00:49:58.319 align:start position:0% With all of this stellar creation, you 00:49:58.319 --> 00:50:01.030 align:start position:0% With all of this stellar creation, you might<00:49:58.480> be<00:49:58.720> surprised<00:49:59.119> to<00:49:59.280> learn<00:49:59.839> that<00:50:00.160> we<00:50:00.720> are 00:50:01.030 --> 00:50:01.040 align:start position:0% might be surprised to learn that we are 00:50:01.040 --> 00:50:02.710 align:start position:0% might be surprised to learn that we are interlopers. 00:50:02.710 --> 00:50:02.720 align:start position:0% interlopers. 00:50:02.720 --> 00:50:05.750 align:start position:0% interlopers. Our<00:50:03.119> sun<00:50:03.599> did<00:50:03.920> not<00:50:04.079> form<00:50:04.559> inside<00:50:05.119> the<00:50:05.440> local 00:50:05.750 --> 00:50:05.760 align:start position:0% Our sun did not form inside the local 00:50:05.760 --> 00:50:10.470 align:start position:0% Our sun did not form inside the local bubble.<00:50:07.040> In<00:50:07.280> fact,<00:50:07.760> the<00:50:08.000> sun<00:50:08.319> was<00:50:08.559> about<00:50:09.119> 978 00:50:10.470 --> 00:50:10.480 align:start position:0% bubble. In fact, the sun was about 978 00:50:10.480 --> 00:50:12.069 align:start position:0% bubble. In fact, the sun was about 978 light<00:50:10.800> years<00:50:11.040> away<00:50:11.359> when<00:50:11.599> the<00:50:11.839> first 00:50:12.069 --> 00:50:12.079 align:start position:0% light years away when the first 00:50:12.079 --> 00:50:15.910 align:start position:0% light years away when the first supernova<00:50:12.720> went<00:50:12.880> off<00:50:13.119> in<00:50:13.280> UCL<00:50:14.000> and<00:50:14.319> LCC,<00:50:15.599> only 00:50:15.910 --> 00:50:15.920 align:start position:0% supernova went off in UCL and LCC, only 00:50:15.920 --> 00:50:18.710 align:start position:0% supernova went off in UCL and LCC, only joining<00:50:16.240> up<00:50:16.400> with<00:50:16.559> the<00:50:16.720> LHB<00:50:17.520> about<00:50:18.000> 5<00:50:18.400> million 00:50:18.710 --> 00:50:18.720 align:start position:0% joining up with the LHB about 5 million 00:50:18.720 --> 00:50:21.750 align:start position:0% joining up with the LHB about 5 million years<00:50:18.960> ago<00:50:19.520> as<00:50:19.760> its<00:50:20.079> path<00:50:20.480> through<00:50:20.720> the<00:50:20.960> galaxy 00:50:21.750 --> 00:50:21.760 align:start position:0% years ago as its path through the galaxy 00:50:21.760 --> 00:50:24.390 align:start position:0% years ago as its path through the galaxy took<00:50:22.000> it<00:50:22.319> into<00:50:22.559> the<00:50:22.800> bubble.<00:50:23.920> With<00:50:24.160> the 00:50:24.390 --> 00:50:24.400 align:start position:0% took it into the bubble. With the 00:50:24.400 --> 00:50:26.870 align:start position:0% took it into the bubble. With the trajectory<00:50:24.960> shown<00:50:25.280> in<00:50:25.520> yellow<00:50:25.839> dots,<00:50:26.559> you<00:50:26.720> can 00:50:26.870 --> 00:50:26.880 align:start position:0% trajectory shown in yellow dots, you can 00:50:26.880 --> 00:50:29.190 align:start position:0% trajectory shown in yellow dots, you can see<00:50:27.119> our<00:50:27.440> sun's<00:50:27.760> location<00:50:28.400> just<00:50:28.720> before<00:50:28.960> it 00:50:29.190 --> 00:50:29.200 align:start position:0% see our sun's location just before it 00:50:29.200 --> 00:50:32.150 align:start position:0% see our sun's location just before it entered<00:50:29.520> the<00:50:29.680> bubble.<00:50:30.559> And<00:50:30.800> now,<00:50:31.520> just<00:50:31.839> by 00:50:32.150 --> 00:50:32.160 align:start position:0% entered the bubble. And now, just by 00:50:32.160 --> 00:50:34.549 align:start position:0% entered the bubble. And now, just by coincidence,<00:50:33.200> our<00:50:33.520> sun<00:50:33.920> happens<00:50:34.240> to<00:50:34.400> be 00:50:34.549 --> 00:50:34.559 align:start position:0% coincidence, our sun happens to be 00:50:34.559 --> 00:50:38.549 align:start position:0% coincidence, our sun happens to be located<00:50:35.280> near<00:50:35.760> the<00:50:36.160> center<00:50:36.559> of<00:50:36.720> the<00:50:36.960> LHB. 00:50:38.549 --> 00:50:38.559 align:start position:0% located near the center of the LHB. 00:50:38.559 --> 00:50:40.950 align:start position:0% located near the center of the LHB. Drifting<00:50:39.040> into<00:50:39.280> the<00:50:39.520> heart<00:50:39.760> of<00:50:40.079> what<00:50:40.400> was<00:50:40.640> once 00:50:40.950 --> 00:50:40.960 align:start position:0% Drifting into the heart of what was once 00:50:40.960 --> 00:50:43.910 align:start position:0% Drifting into the heart of what was once a<00:50:41.359> raging<00:50:42.000> furnace,<00:50:43.040> scientists<00:50:43.520> became 00:50:43.910 --> 00:50:43.920 align:start position:0% a raging furnace, scientists became 00:50:43.920 --> 00:50:46.230 align:start position:0% a raging furnace, scientists became interested<00:50:44.400> in<00:50:44.640> mapping<00:50:45.119> out<00:50:45.359> the<00:50:45.680> ongoing 00:50:46.230 --> 00:50:46.240 align:start position:0% interested in mapping out the ongoing 00:50:46.240 --> 00:50:48.790 align:start position:0% interested in mapping out the ongoing temperature<00:50:46.640> within<00:50:46.960> the<00:50:47.119> local<00:50:47.440> bubble.<00:50:48.559> You 00:50:48.790 --> 00:50:48.800 align:start position:0% temperature within the local bubble. You 00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:51.349 align:start position:0% temperature within the local bubble. You might<00:50:49.119> wonder<00:50:49.520> why<00:50:49.760> we're<00:50:50.079> so<00:50:50.319> calm<00:50:50.960> if 00:50:51.349 --> 00:50:51.359 align:start position:0% might wonder why we're so calm if 00:50:51.359 --> 00:50:53.750 align:start position:0% might wonder why we're so calm if temperatures<00:50:51.839> of<00:50:52.160> plasma<00:50:52.640> here<00:50:52.880> can<00:50:53.119> reach<00:50:53.520> 1 00:50:53.750 --> 00:50:53.760 align:start position:0% temperatures of plasma here can reach 1 00:50:53.760 --> 00:50:56.150 align:start position:0% temperatures of plasma here can reach 1 million°<00:50:54.480> C. 00:50:56.150 --> 00:50:56.160 align:start position:0% million° C. 00:50:56.160 --> 00:50:59.670 align:start position:0% million° C. The<00:50:56.400> key<00:50:56.640> lies<00:50:57.200> in<00:50:57.440> that<00:50:57.680> plasma's<00:50:58.319> density. 00:50:59.670 --> 00:50:59.680 align:start position:0% The key lies in that plasma's density. 00:50:59.680 --> 00:51:04.150 align:start position:0% The key lies in that plasma's density. Look,<00:51:00.960> this<00:51:01.359> 3D<00:51:01.839> map<00:51:02.079> from<00:51:02.400> Zucker's<00:51:03.200> 2022 00:51:04.150 --> 00:51:04.160 align:start position:0% Look, this 3D map from Zucker's 2022 00:51:04.160 --> 00:51:07.109 align:start position:0% Look, this 3D map from Zucker's 2022 publication<00:51:05.280> shows<00:51:05.680> our<00:51:06.079> local<00:51:06.400> hot<00:51:06.720> bubble 00:51:07.109 --> 00:51:07.119 align:start position:0% publication shows our local hot bubble 00:51:07.119 --> 00:51:09.990 align:start position:0% publication shows our local hot bubble in<00:51:07.359> dark<00:51:07.680> blue.<00:51:08.640> The<00:51:08.880> density<00:51:09.280> inside<00:51:09.680> our 00:51:09.990 --> 00:51:10.000 align:start position:0% in dark blue. The density inside our 00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:12.309 align:start position:0% in dark blue. The density inside our bubble<00:51:10.319> is<00:51:10.559> extraordinarily<00:51:11.520> low, 00:51:12.309 --> 00:51:12.319 align:start position:0% bubble is extraordinarily low, 00:51:12.319 --> 00:51:15.349 align:start position:0% bubble is extraordinarily low, containing<00:51:12.880> about<00:51:13.599> 100<00:51:14.240> times<00:51:14.559> less<00:51:14.880> hydrogen 00:51:15.349 --> 00:51:15.359 align:start position:0% containing about 100 times less hydrogen 00:51:15.359 --> 00:51:18.150 align:start position:0% containing about 100 times less hydrogen than<00:51:15.520> the<00:51:15.760> typical<00:51:16.079> interstellar<00:51:16.720> medium.<00:51:17.760> So 00:51:18.150 --> 00:51:18.160 align:start position:0% than the typical interstellar medium. So 00:51:18.160 --> 00:51:19.750 align:start position:0% than the typical interstellar medium. So while<00:51:18.400> the<00:51:18.720> temperature<00:51:19.040> of<00:51:19.200> this<00:51:19.440> gas 00:51:19.750 --> 00:51:19.760 align:start position:0% while the temperature of this gas 00:51:19.760 --> 00:51:22.790 align:start position:0% while the temperature of this gas soarses<00:51:20.160> to<00:51:20.400> around<00:51:20.880> 1<00:51:21.119> million°<00:51:21.920> Kelvin, 00:51:22.790 --> 00:51:22.800 align:start position:0% soarses to around 1 million° Kelvin, 00:51:22.800 --> 00:51:24.710 align:start position:0% soarses to around 1 million° Kelvin, giving<00:51:23.119> rise<00:51:23.440> to<00:51:23.680> the<00:51:23.839> diffuse<00:51:24.319> X-ray 00:51:24.710 --> 00:51:24.720 align:start position:0% giving rise to the diffuse X-ray 00:51:24.720 --> 00:51:26.309 align:start position:0% giving rise to the diffuse X-ray emissions<00:51:25.119> we<00:51:25.280> have<00:51:25.440> observed<00:51:25.839> around<00:51:26.160> the 00:51:26.309 --> 00:51:26.319 align:start position:0% emissions we have observed around the 00:51:26.319 --> 00:51:29.430 align:start position:0% emissions we have observed around the whole<00:51:26.559> sky,<00:51:27.520> we<00:51:27.920> don't<00:51:28.240> have<00:51:28.559> much<00:51:28.960> to<00:51:29.200> worry 00:51:29.430 --> 00:51:29.440 align:start position:0% whole sky, we don't have much to worry 00:51:29.440 --> 00:51:31.030 align:start position:0% whole sky, we don't have much to worry about. 00:51:31.030 --> 00:51:31.040 align:start position:0% about. 00:51:31.040 --> 00:51:32.710 align:start position:0% about. Tracking<00:51:31.520> temperatures<00:51:32.000> within<00:51:32.240> the<00:51:32.480> local 00:51:32.710 --> 00:51:32.720 align:start position:0% Tracking temperatures within the local 00:51:32.720 --> 00:51:35.109 align:start position:0% Tracking temperatures within the local bubble<00:51:33.119> has<00:51:33.359> provided<00:51:34.000> more<00:51:34.319> evidence<00:51:34.720> of<00:51:34.880> its 00:51:35.109 --> 00:51:35.119 align:start position:0% bubble has provided more evidence of its 00:51:35.119 --> 00:51:38.309 align:start position:0% bubble has provided more evidence of its existence.<00:51:36.160> The<00:51:36.480> extended<00:51:37.040> rotogen<00:51:37.839> survey 00:51:38.309 --> 00:51:38.319 align:start position:0% existence. The extended rotogen survey 00:51:38.319 --> 00:51:41.030 align:start position:0% existence. The extended rotogen survey with<00:51:38.640> an<00:51:38.880> imaging<00:51:39.440> telescope<00:51:40.000> array,<00:51:40.720> better 00:51:41.030 --> 00:51:41.040 align:start position:0% with an imaging telescope array, better 00:51:41.040 --> 00:51:44.230 align:start position:0% with an imaging telescope array, better known<00:51:41.280> as<00:51:41.520> the<00:51:41.920> E<00:51:42.240> Rosita<00:51:42.880> X-ray<00:51:43.359> telescope, 00:51:44.230 --> 00:51:44.240 align:start position:0% known as the E Rosita X-ray telescope, 00:51:44.240 --> 00:51:45.829 align:start position:0% known as the E Rosita X-ray telescope, has<00:51:44.480> been<00:51:44.640> able<00:51:44.880> to<00:51:45.040> gather<00:51:45.280> the<00:51:45.599> most 00:51:45.829 --> 00:51:45.839 align:start position:0% has been able to gather the most 00:51:45.839 --> 00:51:48.790 align:start position:0% has been able to gather the most detailed<00:51:46.480> all<00:51:46.800> sky<00:51:47.200> survey<00:51:47.599> of<00:51:47.920> soft<00:51:48.319> X-rays 00:51:48.790 --> 00:51:48.800 align:start position:0% detailed all sky survey of soft X-rays 00:51:48.800 --> 00:51:51.190 align:start position:0% detailed all sky survey of soft X-rays to<00:51:49.040> date.<00:51:49.760> And<00:51:49.920> that<00:51:50.160> data<00:51:50.480> has<00:51:50.640> been<00:51:50.800> used<00:51:51.040> to 00:51:51.190 --> 00:51:51.200 align:start position:0% to date. And that data has been used to 00:51:51.200 --> 00:51:54.630 align:start position:0% to date. And that data has been used to map<00:51:51.520> the<00:51:51.839> LHB<00:51:52.800> and<00:51:53.119> our<00:51:53.440> solar<00:51:53.839> neighborhood 00:51:54.630 --> 00:51:54.640 align:start position:0% map the LHB and our solar neighborhood 00:51:54.640 --> 00:51:57.430 align:start position:0% map the LHB and our solar neighborhood in<00:51:54.960> much<00:51:55.280> more<00:51:55.520> detail<00:51:55.839> than<00:51:56.079> before. 00:51:57.430 --> 00:51:57.440 align:start position:0% in much more detail than before. 00:51:57.440 --> 00:51:59.349 align:start position:0% in much more detail than before. launched<00:51:57.760> aboard<00:51:58.079> the<00:51:58.319> joint<00:51:58.640> Russian<00:51:59.040> and 00:51:59.349 --> 00:51:59.359 align:start position:0% launched aboard the joint Russian and 00:51:59.359 --> 00:52:03.430 align:start position:0% launched aboard the joint Russian and German<00:51:59.760> mission<00:52:00.559> Spectrum<00:52:01.280> Renen<00:52:01.920> Gamma<00:52:02.800> or 00:52:03.430 --> 00:52:03.440 align:start position:0% German mission Spectrum Renen Gamma or 00:52:03.440 --> 00:52:07.349 align:start position:0% German mission Spectrum Renen Gamma or Spectre<00:52:04.160> RG<00:52:04.960> in<00:52:05.280> 2019.<00:52:06.319> Data<00:52:06.640> from<00:52:06.880> the<00:52:07.119> E 00:52:07.349 --> 00:52:07.359 align:start position:0% Spectre RG in 2019. Data from the E 00:52:07.359 --> 00:52:10.230 align:start position:0% Spectre RG in 2019. Data from the E Rosita<00:52:08.000> X-ray<00:52:08.480> telescope<00:52:09.280> has<00:52:09.599> allowed<00:52:10.000> a 00:52:10.230 --> 00:52:10.240 align:start position:0% Rosita X-ray telescope has allowed a 00:52:10.240 --> 00:52:12.309 align:start position:0% Rosita X-ray telescope has allowed a team<00:52:10.400> of<00:52:10.559> scientists<00:52:11.040> led<00:52:11.280> by<00:52:11.440> the<00:52:11.599> Maxplank 00:52:12.309 --> 00:52:12.319 align:start position:0% team of scientists led by the Maxplank 00:52:12.319 --> 00:52:14.390 align:start position:0% team of scientists led by the Maxplank Institute<00:52:12.720> for<00:52:12.880> Extraterrestrial<00:52:13.760> Physics 00:52:14.390 --> 00:52:14.400 align:start position:0% Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics 00:52:14.400 --> 00:52:17.990 align:start position:0% Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics to<00:52:14.640> create<00:52:14.960> a<00:52:15.280> 3D<00:52:15.760> map<00:52:16.079> of<00:52:16.240> the<00:52:16.559> LHB<00:52:17.599> and 00:52:17.990 --> 00:52:18.000 align:start position:0% to create a 3D map of the LHB and 00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:20.230 align:start position:0% to create a 3D map of the LHB and identify<00:52:18.480> a<00:52:18.800> temperature<00:52:19.280> gradient<00:52:20.000> where 00:52:20.230 --> 00:52:20.240 align:start position:0% identify a temperature gradient where 00:52:20.240 --> 00:52:22.630 align:start position:0% identify a temperature gradient where the<00:52:20.400> galactic<00:52:21.040> south<00:52:21.599> was<00:52:21.839> slightly<00:52:22.240> hotter 00:52:22.630 --> 00:52:22.640 align:start position:0% the galactic south was slightly hotter 00:52:22.640 --> 00:52:25.190 align:start position:0% the galactic south was slightly hotter than<00:52:22.800> the<00:52:22.960> galactic<00:52:23.440> north. 00:52:25.190 --> 00:52:25.200 align:start position:0% than the galactic north. 00:52:25.200 --> 00:52:27.510 align:start position:0% than the galactic north. This<00:52:25.760> temperature<00:52:26.240> dichotomy<00:52:27.119> could<00:52:27.359> be 00:52:27.510 --> 00:52:27.520 align:start position:0% This temperature dichotomy could be 00:52:27.520 --> 00:52:29.910 align:start position:0% This temperature dichotomy could be explained<00:52:28.000> by<00:52:28.240> supernova<00:52:28.880> explosions<00:52:29.440> in<00:52:29.760> the 00:52:29.910 --> 00:52:29.920 align:start position:0% explained by supernova explosions in the 00:52:29.920 --> 00:52:32.710 align:start position:0% explained by supernova explosions in the past<00:52:30.240> few<00:52:30.559> million<00:52:30.960> years.<00:52:32.000> And<00:52:32.240> by<00:52:32.480> creating 00:52:32.710 --> 00:52:32.720 align:start position:0% past few million years. And by creating 00:52:32.720 --> 00:52:34.950 align:start position:0% past few million years. And by creating this<00:52:33.040> bubble<00:52:33.440> map,<00:52:34.000> the<00:52:34.240> team<00:52:34.480> also<00:52:34.800> found 00:52:34.950 --> 00:52:34.960 align:start position:0% this bubble map, the team also found 00:52:34.960 --> 00:52:37.349 align:start position:0% this bubble map, the team also found that<00:52:35.119> the<00:52:35.359> LHB<00:52:36.079> is<00:52:36.240> stretched<00:52:36.720> out<00:52:36.960> towards 00:52:37.349 --> 00:52:37.359 align:start position:0% that the LHB is stretched out towards 00:52:37.359 --> 00:52:39.910 align:start position:0% that the LHB is stretched out towards the<00:52:37.520> poles<00:52:37.839> of<00:52:38.000> the<00:52:38.160> galactic<00:52:38.559> hemisphere. 00:52:39.910 --> 00:52:39.920 align:start position:0% the poles of the galactic hemisphere. 00:52:39.920 --> 00:52:41.670 align:start position:0% the poles of the galactic hemisphere. This<00:52:40.079> is<00:52:40.319> because<00:52:40.640> the<00:52:40.880> hot<00:52:41.200> gas<00:52:41.440> in<00:52:41.599> the 00:52:41.670 --> 00:52:41.680 align:start position:0% This is because the hot gas in the 00:52:41.680 --> 00:52:43.829 align:start position:0% This is because the hot gas in the bubble<00:52:42.079> expands<00:52:42.640> out<00:52:42.800> in<00:52:43.040> the<00:52:43.200> direction<00:52:43.599> with 00:52:43.829 --> 00:52:43.839 align:start position:0% bubble expands out in the direction with 00:52:43.839 --> 00:52:46.069 align:start position:0% bubble expands out in the direction with the<00:52:44.000> least<00:52:44.240> resistance,<00:52:45.280> which<00:52:45.599> happens<00:52:45.920> to 00:52:46.069 --> 00:52:46.079 align:start position:0% the least resistance, which happens to 00:52:46.079 --> 00:52:48.309 align:start position:0% the least resistance, which happens to be<00:52:46.480> away<00:52:46.880> from<00:52:47.119> the<00:52:47.280> Milky<00:52:47.520> Way's<00:52:47.920> galactic 00:52:48.309 --> 00:52:48.319 align:start position:0% be away from the Milky Way's galactic 00:52:48.319 --> 00:52:49.829 align:start position:0% be away from the Milky Way's galactic disc. 00:52:49.829 --> 00:52:49.839 align:start position:0% disc. 00:52:49.839 --> 00:52:51.510 align:start position:0% disc. Along<00:52:50.160> with<00:52:50.559> identifying<00:52:51.119> temperature 00:52:51.510 --> 00:52:51.520 align:start position:0% Along with identifying temperature 00:52:51.520 --> 00:52:53.910 align:start position:0% Along with identifying temperature variations<00:52:52.240> and<00:52:52.480> the<00:52:52.720> shape<00:52:52.880> of<00:52:53.040> the<00:52:53.200> bubble, 00:52:53.910 --> 00:52:53.920 align:start position:0% variations and the shape of the bubble, 00:52:53.920 --> 00:52:56.790 align:start position:0% variations and the shape of the bubble, the<00:52:54.160> team<00:52:54.400> compiled<00:52:54.960> this<00:52:55.280> and<00:52:55.680> other<00:52:55.920> data<00:52:56.559> to 00:52:56.790 --> 00:52:56.800 align:start position:0% the team compiled this and other data to 00:52:56.800 --> 00:52:59.589 align:start position:0% the team compiled this and other data to create<00:52:57.440> an<00:52:57.760> even<00:52:58.079> more<00:52:58.400> detailed<00:52:58.880> map<00:52:59.119> of<00:52:59.280> our 00:52:59.589 --> 00:52:59.599 align:start position:0% create an even more detailed map of our 00:52:59.599 --> 00:53:02.870 align:start position:0% create an even more detailed map of our galactic<00:53:00.319> neighborhood.<00:53:01.680> In<00:53:01.920> the<00:53:02.079> new<00:53:02.400> 3D 00:53:02.870 --> 00:53:02.880 align:start position:0% galactic neighborhood. In the new 3D 00:53:02.880 --> 00:53:06.230 align:start position:0% galactic neighborhood. In the new 3D map,<00:53:03.520> our<00:53:03.920> local<00:53:04.400> hot<00:53:04.720> bubble<00:53:05.359> looks<00:53:05.680> like<00:53:05.839> a 00:53:06.230 --> 00:53:06.240 align:start position:0% map, our local hot bubble looks like a 00:53:06.240 --> 00:53:09.270 align:start position:0% map, our local hot bubble looks like a three-dimensional<00:53:07.200> splatter<00:53:08.079> surrounded<00:53:08.559> by 00:53:09.270 --> 00:53:09.280 align:start position:0% three-dimensional splatter surrounded by 00:53:09.280 --> 00:53:11.910 align:start position:0% three-dimensional splatter surrounded by and<00:53:09.680> even<00:53:10.240> overlapping<00:53:10.960> other<00:53:11.280> galactic 00:53:11.910 --> 00:53:11.920 align:start position:0% and even overlapping other galactic 00:53:11.920 --> 00:53:13.349 align:start position:0% and even overlapping other galactic structures. 00:53:13.349 --> 00:53:13.359 align:start position:0% structures. 00:53:13.359 --> 00:53:15.589 align:start position:0% structures. These<00:53:13.680> other<00:53:13.920> structures<00:53:14.480> represent<00:53:15.119> known 00:53:15.589 --> 00:53:15.599 align:start position:0% These other structures represent known 00:53:15.599 --> 00:53:18.150 align:start position:0% These other structures represent known supernova<00:53:16.240> remnants<00:53:16.880> like<00:53:17.040> the<00:53:17.280> Gum<00:53:17.599> Nebula 00:53:18.150 --> 00:53:18.160 align:start position:0% supernova remnants like the Gum Nebula 00:53:18.160 --> 00:53:21.510 align:start position:0% supernova remnants like the Gum Nebula shown<00:53:18.400> here<00:53:18.640> in<00:53:18.880> red<00:53:19.839> and<00:53:20.240> dense<00:53:20.880> molecular 00:53:21.510 --> 00:53:21.520 align:start position:0% shown here in red and dense molecular 00:53:21.520 --> 00:53:25.430 align:start position:0% shown here in red and dense molecular clouds<00:53:22.400> shown<00:53:22.800> here<00:53:23.200> in<00:53:23.599> orange.<00:53:24.960> With<00:53:25.200> the 00:53:25.430 --> 00:53:25.440 align:start position:0% clouds shown here in orange. With the 00:53:25.440 --> 00:53:28.470 align:start position:0% clouds shown here in orange. With the new<00:53:25.599> data<00:53:26.079> and<00:53:26.480> 3D<00:53:26.880> maps,<00:53:27.680> these<00:53:28.079> super 00:53:28.470 --> 00:53:28.480 align:start position:0% new data and 3D maps, these super 00:53:28.480 --> 00:53:30.870 align:start position:0% new data and 3D maps, these super bubbles<00:53:28.800> seem<00:53:29.119> likely<00:53:29.520> to<00:53:29.680> be<00:53:30.000> common<00:53:30.319> in<00:53:30.559> our 00:53:30.870 --> 00:53:30.880 align:start position:0% bubbles seem likely to be common in our 00:53:30.880 --> 00:53:33.670 align:start position:0% bubbles seem likely to be common in our galaxy,<00:53:32.079> meaning<00:53:32.400> our<00:53:32.720> Milky<00:53:33.119> Way<00:53:33.359> is<00:53:33.520> a 00:53:33.670 --> 00:53:33.680 align:start position:0% galaxy, meaning our Milky Way is a 00:53:33.680 --> 00:53:37.190 align:start position:0% galaxy, meaning our Milky Way is a galaxy<00:53:34.160> that's<00:53:34.640> sort<00:53:34.960> of<00:53:35.119> like<00:53:35.440> Swiss<00:53:35.839> cheese. 00:53:37.190 --> 00:53:37.200 align:start position:0% galaxy that's sort of like Swiss cheese. 00:53:37.200 --> 00:53:40.150 align:start position:0% galaxy that's sort of like Swiss cheese. The<00:53:37.359> cavities<00:53:37.920> of<00:53:38.079> our<00:53:38.400> Swiss<00:53:38.880> cheese<00:53:39.280> galaxy 00:53:40.150 --> 00:53:40.160 align:start position:0% The cavities of our Swiss cheese galaxy 00:53:40.160 --> 00:53:43.030 align:start position:0% The cavities of our Swiss cheese galaxy are<00:53:40.480> blasted<00:53:41.040> out<00:53:41.359> by<00:53:41.760> gigantic<00:53:42.400> supernova 00:53:43.030 --> 00:53:43.040 align:start position:0% are blasted out by gigantic supernova 00:53:43.040 --> 00:53:45.829 align:start position:0% are blasted out by gigantic supernova explosions<00:53:44.160> with<00:53:44.400> new<00:53:44.720> stars<00:53:45.119> forming<00:53:45.520> along 00:53:45.829 --> 00:53:45.839 align:start position:0% explosions with new stars forming along 00:53:45.839 --> 00:53:47.990 align:start position:0% explosions with new stars forming along the<00:53:46.000> edges<00:53:46.319> of<00:53:46.400> the<00:53:46.559> holes<00:53:47.040> created<00:53:47.359> by<00:53:47.599> dying 00:53:47.990 --> 00:53:48.000 align:start position:0% the edges of the holes created by dying 00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:51.990 align:start position:0% the edges of the holes created by dying stars.<00:53:49.440> And<00:53:49.920> like<00:53:50.240> Swiss<00:53:50.559> cheese,<00:53:51.359> it<00:53:51.599> appears 00:53:51.990 --> 00:53:52.000 align:start position:0% stars. And like Swiss cheese, it appears 00:53:52.000 --> 00:53:54.150 align:start position:0% stars. And like Swiss cheese, it appears that<00:53:52.240> some<00:53:52.559> of<00:53:52.640> these<00:53:52.880> super<00:53:53.200> bubbles<00:53:53.839> may 00:53:54.150 --> 00:53:54.160 align:start position:0% that some of these super bubbles may 00:53:54.160 --> 00:53:56.309 align:start position:0% that some of these super bubbles may have<00:53:54.480> tunnels<00:53:55.040> connecting<00:53:55.520> them<00:53:55.680> to<00:53:56.000> other 00:53:56.309 --> 00:53:56.319 align:start position:0% have tunnels connecting them to other 00:53:56.319 --> 00:53:59.270 align:start position:0% have tunnels connecting them to other bubbles<00:53:56.720> or<00:53:57.040> other<00:53:57.280> structures,<00:53:58.319> suggesting 00:53:59.270 --> 00:53:59.280 align:start position:0% bubbles or other structures, suggesting 00:53:59.280 --> 00:54:02.150 align:start position:0% bubbles or other structures, suggesting our<00:53:59.680> local<00:54:00.079> hot<00:54:00.319> bubble<00:54:00.960> could<00:54:01.280> be<00:54:01.440> part<00:54:01.760> of<00:54:01.920> an 00:54:02.150 --> 00:54:02.160 align:start position:0% our local hot bubble could be part of an 00:54:02.160 --> 00:54:04.870 align:start position:0% our local hot bubble could be part of an intricate<00:54:02.880> network<00:54:03.359> of<00:54:03.680> similar<00:54:04.079> features 00:54:04.870 --> 00:54:04.880 align:start position:0% intricate network of similar features 00:54:04.880 --> 00:54:08.309 align:start position:0% intricate network of similar features throughout<00:54:05.520> our<00:54:05.920> galaxy.<00:54:07.200> For<00:54:07.359> example,<00:54:08.079> we 00:54:08.309 --> 00:54:08.319 align:start position:0% throughout our galaxy. For example, we 00:54:08.319 --> 00:54:10.950 align:start position:0% throughout our galaxy. For example, we have<00:54:08.559> the<00:54:08.880> Canis<00:54:09.359> Majorus<00:54:09.920> Tunnel,<00:54:10.640> which 00:54:10.950 --> 00:54:10.960 align:start position:0% have the Canis Majorus Tunnel, which 00:54:10.960 --> 00:54:13.510 align:start position:0% have the Canis Majorus Tunnel, which lies<00:54:11.280> on<00:54:11.440> the<00:54:11.599> Milky<00:54:11.839> Way's<00:54:12.240> galactic<00:54:12.720> disc 00:54:13.510 --> 00:54:13.520 align:start position:0% lies on the Milky Way's galactic disc 00:54:13.520 --> 00:54:15.829 align:start position:0% lies on the Milky Way's galactic disc and<00:54:13.760> is<00:54:14.000> believed<00:54:14.319> to<00:54:14.480> connect<00:54:14.800> our<00:54:15.200> local<00:54:15.520> hot 00:54:15.829 --> 00:54:15.839 align:start position:0% and is believed to connect our local hot 00:54:15.839 --> 00:54:18.150 align:start position:0% and is believed to connect our local hot bubble<00:54:16.160> to<00:54:16.240> the<00:54:16.400> Gum<00:54:16.720> Nebula,<00:54:17.280> or<00:54:17.599> another 00:54:18.150 --> 00:54:18.160 align:start position:0% bubble to the Gum Nebula, or another 00:54:18.160 --> 00:54:21.190 align:start position:0% bubble to the Gum Nebula, or another larger<00:54:18.720> nearby<00:54:19.200> superb<00:54:19.599> bubble.<00:54:20.559> But<00:54:20.720> the<00:54:20.880> 3D 00:54:21.190 --> 00:54:21.200 align:start position:0% larger nearby superb bubble. But the 3D 00:54:21.200 --> 00:54:24.150 align:start position:0% larger nearby superb bubble. But the 3D map<00:54:21.520> also<00:54:21.760> revealed<00:54:22.480> another<00:54:23.440> previously 00:54:24.150 --> 00:54:24.160 align:start position:0% map also revealed another previously 00:54:24.160 --> 00:54:26.790 align:start position:0% map also revealed another previously unknown<00:54:24.800> interstellar<00:54:25.440> tunnel<00:54:26.240> stretching 00:54:26.790 --> 00:54:26.800 align:start position:0% unknown interstellar tunnel stretching 00:54:26.800 --> 00:54:29.750 align:start position:0% unknown interstellar tunnel stretching towards<00:54:27.280> the<00:54:27.520> constellation<00:54:28.240> Centurus, 00:54:29.750 --> 00:54:29.760 align:start position:0% towards the constellation Centurus, 00:54:29.760 --> 00:54:30.390 align:start position:0% towards the constellation Centurus, possibly<00:54:29.797> [snorts] 00:54:30.390 --> 00:54:30.400 align:start position:0% possibly [snorts] 00:54:30.400 --> 00:54:32.630 align:start position:0% possibly [snorts] connecting<00:54:30.960> our<00:54:31.280> local<00:54:31.599> bubble<00:54:32.160> to<00:54:32.400> the 00:54:32.630 --> 00:54:32.640 align:start position:0% connecting our local bubble to the 00:54:32.640 --> 00:54:36.870 align:start position:0% connecting our local bubble to the neighboring<00:54:33.599> Loop<00:54:34.000> One<00:54:34.559> superb. 00:54:36.870 --> 00:54:36.880 align:start position:0% neighboring Loop One superb. 00:54:36.880 --> 00:54:39.109 align:start position:0% neighboring Loop One superb. While<00:54:37.280> these<00:54:37.599> interstellar<00:54:38.240> tunnels<00:54:38.720> are 00:54:39.109 --> 00:54:39.119 align:start position:0% While these interstellar tunnels are 00:54:39.119 --> 00:54:41.670 align:start position:0% While these interstellar tunnels are tantalizing,<00:54:40.480> our<00:54:40.880> current<00:54:41.200> understanding 00:54:41.670 --> 00:54:41.680 align:start position:0% tantalizing, our current understanding 00:54:41.680 --> 00:54:45.190 align:start position:0% tantalizing, our current understanding of<00:54:41.920> them<00:54:42.240> is<00:54:42.559> limited.<00:54:43.760> Nevertheless,<00:54:44.880> these 00:54:45.190 --> 00:54:45.200 align:start position:0% of them is limited. Nevertheless, these 00:54:45.200 --> 00:54:47.589 align:start position:0% of them is limited. Nevertheless, these tunnels<00:54:45.599> of<00:54:45.760> hot<00:54:46.079> gas<00:54:46.400> and<00:54:46.559> bubbles<00:54:46.960> of<00:54:47.280> star 00:54:47.589 --> 00:54:47.599 align:start position:0% tunnels of hot gas and bubbles of star 00:54:47.599 --> 00:54:49.990 align:start position:0% tunnels of hot gas and bubbles of star formation<00:54:48.559> shaped<00:54:48.960> by<00:54:49.200> the<00:54:49.440> death<00:54:49.680> of 00:54:49.990 --> 00:54:50.000 align:start position:0% formation shaped by the death of 00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:54.069 align:start position:0% formation shaped by the death of gigantic<00:54:50.720> older<00:54:51.119> stars<00:54:52.079> has<00:54:52.400> me<00:54:52.800> in<00:54:53.119> awe<00:54:53.760> of 00:54:54.069 --> 00:54:54.079 align:start position:0% gigantic older stars has me in awe of 00:54:54.079 --> 00:54:55.990 align:start position:0% gigantic older stars has me in awe of how<00:54:54.400> powerful<00:54:54.687> [music]<00:54:54.960> and<00:54:55.280> interconnected 00:54:55.990 --> 00:54:56.000 align:start position:0% how powerful [music] and interconnected 00:54:56.000 --> 00:54:58.390 align:start position:0% how powerful [music] and interconnected the<00:54:56.319> evolution<00:54:56.800> of<00:54:57.040> our<00:54:57.359> local<00:54:57.760> galactic 00:54:58.390 --> 00:54:58.400 align:start position:0% the evolution of our local galactic 00:54:58.400 --> 00:55:01.510 align:start position:0% the evolution of our local galactic neighborhood<00:54:59.200> really<00:54:59.520> is.<00:55:00.640> It<00:55:00.880> suggests<00:55:01.280> that 00:55:01.510 --> 00:55:01.520 align:start position:0% neighborhood really is. It suggests that 00:55:01.520 --> 00:55:03.910 align:start position:0% neighborhood really is. It suggests that stars<00:55:02.079> are<00:55:02.319> not<00:55:02.480> just<00:55:02.720> born<00:55:03.119> and<00:55:03.440> die<00:55:03.680> in 00:55:03.910 --> 00:55:03.920 align:start position:0% stars are not just born and die in 00:55:03.920 --> 00:55:06.390 align:start position:0% stars are not just born and die in isolation,<00:55:05.040> but<00:55:05.280> that<00:55:05.520> their<00:55:05.839> energetic 00:55:06.390 --> 00:55:06.400 align:start position:0% isolation, but that their energetic 00:55:06.400 --> 00:55:09.190 align:start position:0% isolation, but that their energetic output<00:55:07.040> continues<00:55:07.760> to<00:55:08.079> mold<00:55:08.400> the<00:55:08.640> environment 00:55:09.190 --> 00:55:09.200 align:start position:0% output continues to mold the environment 00:55:09.200 --> 00:55:10.790 align:start position:0% output continues to mold the environment for<00:55:09.440> millions<00:55:09.839> of<00:55:10.000> years<00:55:10.319> after<00:55:10.559> their 00:55:10.790 --> 00:55:10.800 align:start position:0% for millions of years after their 00:55:10.800 --> 00:55:12.309 align:start position:0% for millions of years after their demise. 00:55:12.309 --> 00:55:12.319 align:start position:0% demise. 00:55:12.319 --> 00:55:14.870 align:start position:0% demise. And<00:55:12.640> as<00:55:13.040> our<00:55:13.359> observational<00:55:14.000> tools<00:55:14.480> become 00:55:14.870 --> 00:55:14.880 align:start position:0% And as our observational tools become 00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:17.349 align:start position:0% And as our observational tools become more<00:55:15.119> sophisticated,<00:55:16.480> we<00:55:16.720> are<00:55:16.880> beginning<00:55:17.200> to 00:55:17.349 --> 00:55:17.359 align:start position:0% more sophisticated, we are beginning to 00:55:17.359 --> 00:55:19.990 align:start position:0% more sophisticated, we are beginning to uncover<00:55:18.000> the<00:55:18.400> extent<00:55:18.880> of<00:55:19.119> these<00:55:19.520> hidden 00:55:19.990 --> 00:55:20.000 align:start position:0% uncover the extent of these hidden 00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:22.150 align:start position:0% uncover the extent of these hidden structures. 00:55:22.150 --> 00:55:22.160 align:start position:0% structures. 00:55:22.160 --> 00:55:24.309 align:start position:0% structures. We<00:55:22.480> are<00:55:22.720> getting<00:55:23.040> towards<00:55:23.520> the<00:55:23.839> end<00:55:24.000> of<00:55:24.160> our 00:55:24.309 --> 00:55:24.319 align:start position:0% We are getting towards the end of our 00:55:24.319 --> 00:55:26.630 align:start position:0% We are getting towards the end of our tour<00:55:24.559> of<00:55:24.640> the<00:55:24.800> Milky<00:55:25.040> Way<00:55:25.280> galaxy.<00:55:26.319> But 00:55:26.630 --> 00:55:26.640 align:start position:0% tour of the Milky Way galaxy. But 00:55:26.640 --> 00:55:28.950 align:start position:0% tour of the Milky Way galaxy. But speaking<00:55:26.880> of<00:55:27.040> hidden<00:55:27.440> structures,<00:55:28.400> I<00:55:28.640> have 00:55:28.950 --> 00:55:28.960 align:start position:0% speaking of hidden structures, I have 00:55:28.960 --> 00:55:30.950 align:start position:0% speaking of hidden structures, I have been<00:55:29.119> saving<00:55:29.520> one<00:55:29.680> of<00:55:29.760> the<00:55:30.000> best<00:55:30.240> examples<00:55:30.720> of 00:55:30.950 --> 00:55:30.960 align:start position:0% been saving one of the best examples of 00:55:30.960 --> 00:55:34.150 align:start position:0% been saving one of the best examples of those<00:55:31.280> up<00:55:31.520> my<00:55:31.760> sleeve<00:55:32.160> until<00:55:32.559> now.<00:55:33.440> Something 00:55:34.150 --> 00:55:34.160 align:start position:0% those up my sleeve until now. Something 00:55:34.160 --> 00:55:37.109 align:start position:0% those up my sleeve until now. Something jaw-droppingly<00:55:35.440> massive,<00:55:36.559> lurking 00:55:37.109 --> 00:55:37.119 align:start position:0% jaw-droppingly massive, lurking 00:55:37.119 --> 00:55:41.109 align:start position:0% jaw-droppingly massive, lurking invisibly<00:55:38.240> and<00:55:38.480> yet<00:55:38.960> towering<00:55:39.680> above<00:55:40.000> us<00:55:40.240> all. 00:55:41.109 --> 00:55:41.119 align:start position:0% invisibly and yet towering above us all. 00:55:41.119 --> 00:55:42.790 align:start position:0% invisibly and yet towering above us all. Something<00:55:41.359> that<00:55:41.680> I<00:55:41.920> can<00:55:42.000> guarantee<00:55:42.503> [music] 00:55:42.790 --> 00:55:42.800 align:start position:0% Something that I can guarantee [music] 00:55:42.800 --> 00:55:44.710 align:start position:0% Something that I can guarantee [music] will<00:55:43.040> mean<00:55:43.280> you<00:55:43.520> never<00:55:44.000> look<00:55:44.160> at<00:55:44.319> the<00:55:44.400> Milky 00:55:44.710 --> 00:55:44.720 align:start position:0% will mean you never look at the Milky 00:55:44.720 --> 00:55:50.150 align:start position:0% will mean you never look at the Milky Way<00:55:45.040> the<00:55:45.280> same<00:55:45.520> way<00:55:45.760> again. 00:55:50.150 --> 00:55:50.160 align:start position:0% 00:55:50.160 --> 00:55:52.309 align:start position:0% As<00:55:50.480> mentioned<00:55:50.880> already,<00:55:51.599> the<00:55:51.839> center<00:55:52.079> of<00:55:52.160> the 00:55:52.309 --> 00:55:52.319 align:start position:0% As mentioned already, the center of the 00:55:52.319 --> 00:55:55.750 align:start position:0% As mentioned already, the center of the Milky<00:55:52.640> Way<00:55:53.200> is<00:55:53.520> a<00:55:53.839> difficult<00:55:54.319> place<00:55:54.559> to<00:55:54.720> image. 00:55:55.750 --> 00:55:55.760 align:start position:0% Milky Way is a difficult place to image. 00:55:55.760 --> 00:55:58.213 align:start position:0% Milky Way is a difficult place to image. Density,<00:55:56.720> temperature,<00:55:57.520> and<00:55:57.839> turbulent 00:55:58.213 --> 00:55:58.223 align:start position:0% Density, temperature, and turbulent 00:55:58.223 --> 00:56:00.870 align:start position:0% Density, temperature, and turbulent [music]<00:55:58.400> velocity,<00:55:59.359> a<00:55:59.680> measure<00:56:00.000> of<00:56:00.319> chaotic 00:56:00.870 --> 00:56:00.880 align:start position:0% [music] velocity, a measure of chaotic 00:56:00.880 --> 00:56:04.390 align:start position:0% [music] velocity, a measure of chaotic fluid<00:56:01.280> motion,<00:56:02.240> are<00:56:02.559> around<00:56:03.119> one<00:56:03.520> to<00:56:03.839> two 00:56:04.390 --> 00:56:04.400 align:start position:0% fluid motion, are around one to two 00:56:04.400 --> 00:56:06.950 align:start position:0% fluid motion, are around one to two orders<00:56:04.799> of<00:56:04.960> magnitude<00:56:05.440> higher<00:56:05.839> here<00:56:06.480> than 00:56:06.950 --> 00:56:06.960 align:start position:0% orders of magnitude higher here than 00:56:06.960 --> 00:56:10.309 align:start position:0% orders of magnitude higher here than anywhere<00:56:07.520> else<00:56:07.839> in<00:56:08.079> the<00:56:08.240> galaxy.<00:56:09.520> The<00:56:09.760> cosmic 00:56:10.309 --> 00:56:10.319 align:start position:0% anywhere else in the galaxy. The cosmic 00:56:10.319 --> 00:56:13.349 align:start position:0% anywhere else in the galaxy. The cosmic ray<00:56:10.799> energy<00:56:11.200> density,<00:56:12.319> a<00:56:12.559> proxy<00:56:13.040> for 00:56:13.349 --> 00:56:13.359 align:start position:0% ray energy density, a proxy for 00:56:13.359 --> 00:56:16.069 align:start position:0% ray energy density, a proxy for energetic<00:56:14.079> activity,<00:56:15.200> is<00:56:15.253> [music]<00:56:15.520> 2<00:56:15.839> to 00:56:16.069 --> 00:56:16.079 align:start position:0% energetic activity, is [music] 2 to 00:56:16.079 --> 00:56:19.030 align:start position:0% energetic activity, is [music] 2 to three<00:56:16.480> orders<00:56:16.960> of<00:56:17.119> magnitude<00:56:17.599> higher. 00:56:19.030 --> 00:56:19.040 align:start position:0% three orders of magnitude higher. 00:56:19.040 --> 00:56:22.230 align:start position:0% three orders of magnitude higher. This<00:56:19.359> region<00:56:19.680> is<00:56:20.000> home<00:56:20.559> to<00:56:20.880> vast<00:56:21.359> complexes<00:56:22.000> of 00:56:22.230 --> 00:56:22.240 align:start position:0% This region is home to vast complexes of 00:56:22.240 --> 00:56:25.670 align:start position:0% This region is home to vast complexes of molecular<00:56:22.799> gas,<00:56:23.599> about<00:56:24.319> 20<00:56:24.799> million<00:56:25.280> solar 00:56:25.670 --> 00:56:25.680 align:start position:0% molecular gas, about 20 million solar 00:56:25.680 --> 00:56:29.270 align:start position:0% molecular gas, about 20 million solar masses<00:56:26.079> worth,<00:56:26.960> dense<00:56:27.680> cosmic<00:56:28.160> clouds, 00:56:29.270 --> 00:56:29.280 align:start position:0% masses worth, dense cosmic clouds, 00:56:29.280 --> 00:56:32.710 align:start position:0% masses worth, dense cosmic clouds, ionized<00:56:29.760> plasmas,<00:56:31.040> extreme<00:56:31.760> cosmic<00:56:32.319> ray 00:56:32.710 --> 00:56:32.720 align:start position:0% ionized plasmas, extreme cosmic ray 00:56:32.720 --> 00:56:36.630 align:start position:0% ionized plasmas, extreme cosmic ray energy,<00:56:33.839> ultraviolet<00:56:34.559> and<00:56:34.960> x-ray<00:56:35.440> radiation, 00:56:36.630 --> 00:56:36.640 align:start position:0% energy, ultraviolet and x-ray radiation, 00:56:36.640 --> 00:56:39.990 align:start position:0% energy, ultraviolet and x-ray radiation, and<00:56:36.880> turbulent<00:56:37.680> magnetic<00:56:38.240> fields.<00:56:39.440> It<00:56:39.599> is<00:56:39.760> a 00:56:39.990 --> 00:56:40.000 align:start position:0% and turbulent magnetic fields. It is a 00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:42.390 align:start position:0% and turbulent magnetic fields. It is a hotbed<00:56:40.640> of<00:56:40.880> cosmic<00:56:41.359> activity<00:56:42.000> from<00:56:42.240> the 00:56:42.390 --> 00:56:42.400 align:start position:0% hotbed of cosmic activity from the 00:56:42.400 --> 00:56:44.710 align:start position:0% hotbed of cosmic activity from the formation<00:56:42.799> of<00:56:43.040> stars<00:56:43.680> to<00:56:44.000> exploding<00:56:44.074> [music] 00:56:44.710 --> 00:56:44.720 align:start position:0% formation of stars to exploding [music] 00:56:44.720 --> 00:56:46.950 align:start position:0% formation of stars to exploding [music] supernova.<00:56:45.760> And<00:56:46.000> let's<00:56:46.240> not<00:56:46.480> forget 00:56:46.950 --> 00:56:46.960 align:start position:0% supernova. And let's not forget 00:56:46.960 --> 00:56:49.670 align:start position:0% supernova. And let's not forget Sagittarius<00:56:47.680> a<00:56:48.000> star,<00:56:48.640> the<00:56:48.880> super<00:56:49.200> massive 00:56:49.670 --> 00:56:49.680 align:start position:0% Sagittarius a star, the super massive 00:56:49.680 --> 00:56:52.069 align:start position:0% Sagittarius a star, the super massive black<00:56:49.920> hole<00:56:50.480> 4<00:56:50.880> million<00:56:51.280> times<00:56:51.599> the<00:56:51.760> mass<00:56:52.000> of 00:56:52.069 --> 00:56:52.079 align:start position:0% black hole 4 million times the mass of 00:56:52.079 --> 00:56:56.549 align:start position:0% black hole 4 million times the mass of our<00:56:52.400> sun<00:56:52.960> at<00:56:53.200> the<00:56:53.440> very<00:56:53.839> center<00:56:54.240> of<00:56:54.480> it<00:56:54.720> all. 00:56:56.549 --> 00:56:56.559 align:start position:0% our sun at the very center of it all. 00:56:56.559 --> 00:56:58.630 align:start position:0% our sun at the very center of it all. These<00:56:56.880> conditions<00:56:57.280> are<00:56:57.599> hugely<00:56:58.079> exciting<00:56:58.400> for 00:56:58.630 --> 00:56:58.640 align:start position:0% These conditions are hugely exciting for 00:56:58.640 --> 00:57:00.549 align:start position:0% These conditions are hugely exciting for astronomers,<00:56:59.359> but<00:56:59.520> they<00:56:59.760> make<00:56:59.920> the<00:57:00.079> galactic 00:57:00.549 --> 00:57:00.559 align:start position:0% astronomers, but they make the galactic 00:57:00.559 --> 00:57:03.109 align:start position:0% astronomers, but they make the galactic center<00:57:01.119> notoriously<00:57:01.839> hard<00:57:02.079> to<00:57:02.240> study. 00:57:03.109 --> 00:57:03.119 align:start position:0% center notoriously hard to study. 00:57:03.119 --> 00:57:04.470 align:start position:0% center notoriously hard to study. Visible<00:57:03.520> light<00:57:03.839> can't<00:57:04.079> penetrate<00:57:04.379> [music] 00:57:04.470 --> 00:57:04.480 align:start position:0% Visible light can't penetrate [music] 00:57:04.480 --> 00:57:07.589 align:start position:0% Visible light can't penetrate [music] the<00:57:04.640> dense<00:57:04.960> clouds<00:57:05.280> of<00:57:05.440> dust<00:57:05.760> and<00:57:06.000> gas.<00:57:06.880> So,<00:57:07.359> as 00:57:07.589 --> 00:57:07.599 align:start position:0% the dense clouds of dust and gas. So, as 00:57:07.599 --> 00:57:10.390 align:start position:0% the dense clouds of dust and gas. So, as we<00:57:07.760> saw<00:57:08.000> with<00:57:08.240> Vista,<00:57:09.119> researchers<00:57:09.760> turned<00:57:10.079> to 00:57:10.390 --> 00:57:10.400 align:start position:0% we saw with Vista, researchers turned to 00:57:10.400 --> 00:57:12.150 align:start position:0% we saw with Vista, researchers turned to other<00:57:10.720> parts<00:57:10.960> of<00:57:11.040> the<00:57:11.200> electromagnetic 00:57:12.150 --> 00:57:12.160 align:start position:0% other parts of the electromagnetic 00:57:12.160 --> 00:57:14.789 align:start position:0% other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum<00:57:12.720> to<00:57:13.040> lift<00:57:13.200> the<00:57:13.440> veil<00:57:13.920> and<00:57:14.240> reveal<00:57:14.559> the 00:57:14.789 --> 00:57:14.799 align:start position:0% spectrum to lift the veil and reveal the 00:57:14.799 --> 00:57:17.349 align:start position:0% spectrum to lift the veil and reveal the secrets<00:57:15.200> at<00:57:15.359> the<00:57:15.520> heart<00:57:15.760> of<00:57:15.839> the<00:57:16.000> galaxy. 00:57:17.349 --> 00:57:17.359 align:start position:0% secrets at the heart of the galaxy. 00:57:17.359 --> 00:57:19.750 align:start position:0% secrets at the heart of the galaxy. However,<00:57:17.839> Vista's<00:57:18.400> infrared<00:57:18.880> viewpoint<00:57:19.440> is 00:57:19.750 --> 00:57:19.760 align:start position:0% However, Vista's infrared viewpoint is 00:57:19.760 --> 00:57:21.829 align:start position:0% However, Vista's infrared viewpoint is not<00:57:19.920> the<00:57:20.160> only<00:57:20.480> way<00:57:20.640> to<00:57:20.880> look<00:57:21.040> at<00:57:21.200> this<00:57:21.359> chaotic 00:57:21.829 --> 00:57:21.839 align:start position:0% not the only way to look at this chaotic 00:57:21.839 --> 00:57:25.190 align:start position:0% not the only way to look at this chaotic region.<00:57:23.119> Radio<00:57:23.599> waves<00:57:24.160> have<00:57:24.480> the<00:57:24.799> longest 00:57:25.190 --> 00:57:25.200 align:start position:0% region. Radio waves have the longest 00:57:25.200 --> 00:57:26.870 align:start position:0% region. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths<00:57:25.760> of<00:57:25.839> the<00:57:26.079> electromagnetic 00:57:26.870 --> 00:57:26.880 align:start position:0% wavelengths of the electromagnetic 00:57:26.880 --> 00:57:30.470 align:start position:0% wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum<00:57:27.680> from<00:57:27.839> a<00:57:28.079> few<00:57:28.319> millime<00:57:29.440> to<00:57:30.000> hundreds 00:57:30.470 --> 00:57:30.480 align:start position:0% spectrum from a few millime to hundreds 00:57:30.480 --> 00:57:33.190 align:start position:0% spectrum from a few millime to hundreds of<00:57:30.640> kilome<00:57:31.680> and<00:57:31.839> the<00:57:32.079> wavelengths<00:57:32.720> in<00:57:32.960> the 00:57:33.190 --> 00:57:33.200 align:start position:0% of kilome and the wavelengths in the 00:57:33.200 --> 00:57:35.589 align:start position:0% of kilome and the wavelengths in the range<00:57:33.440> of<00:57:33.760> millime<00:57:34.559> to<00:57:34.880> tens<00:57:35.164> [music]<00:57:35.359> of 00:57:35.589 --> 00:57:35.599 align:start position:0% range of millime to tens [music] of 00:57:35.599 --> 00:57:39.349 align:start position:0% range of millime to tens [music] of meters<00:57:36.319> are<00:57:36.720> ideal<00:57:37.200> for<00:57:37.760> radio<00:57:38.160> astronomy. 00:57:39.349 --> 00:57:39.359 align:start position:0% meters are ideal for radio astronomy. 00:57:39.359 --> 00:57:41.430 align:start position:0% meters are ideal for radio astronomy. They<00:57:39.680> pass<00:57:40.000> through<00:57:40.319> the<00:57:40.559> obscuring<00:57:41.119> clouds 00:57:41.430 --> 00:57:41.440 align:start position:0% They pass through the obscuring clouds 00:57:41.440 --> 00:57:43.430 align:start position:0% They pass through the obscuring clouds of<00:57:41.599> gas<00:57:41.920> and<00:57:42.079> dust<00:57:42.369> [music]<00:57:42.720> giving<00:57:43.040> us<00:57:43.200> a 00:57:43.430 --> 00:57:43.440 align:start position:0% of gas and dust [music] giving us a 00:57:43.440 --> 00:57:46.630 align:start position:0% of gas and dust [music] giving us a clear<00:57:43.680> view<00:57:44.160> of<00:57:44.400> what<00:57:44.640> lies<00:57:45.040> beneath.<00:57:46.240> In<00:57:46.480> the 00:57:46.630 --> 00:57:46.640 align:start position:0% clear view of what lies beneath. In the 00:57:46.640 --> 00:57:50.870 align:start position:0% clear view of what lies beneath. In the early<00:57:46.960> 1980s,<00:57:48.240> Furhad<00:57:48.880> Ysef<00:57:49.520> Zade<00:57:50.480> studying 00:57:50.870 --> 00:57:50.880 align:start position:0% early 1980s, Furhad Ysef Zade studying 00:57:50.880 --> 00:57:53.589 align:start position:0% early 1980s, Furhad Ysef Zade studying for<00:57:51.040> his<00:57:51.200> PhD<00:57:52.079> was<00:57:52.400> using<00:57:52.640> the<00:57:52.960> very<00:57:53.359> large 00:57:53.589 --> 00:57:53.599 align:start position:0% for his PhD was using the very large 00:57:53.599 --> 00:57:56.309 align:start position:0% for his PhD was using the very large array<00:57:54.000> telescope<00:57:54.559> in<00:57:54.880> New<00:57:55.119> Mexico<00:57:55.680> to<00:57:56.000> produce 00:57:56.309 --> 00:57:56.319 align:start position:0% array telescope in New Mexico to produce 00:57:56.319 --> 00:57:59.030 align:start position:0% array telescope in New Mexico to produce a<00:57:56.640> radio<00:57:56.960> map<00:57:57.280> of<00:57:57.440> a<00:57:57.680> section<00:57:58.160> of<00:57:58.319> the<00:57:58.559> galactic 00:57:59.030 --> 00:57:59.040 align:start position:0% a radio map of a section of the galactic 00:57:59.040 --> 00:58:01.829 align:start position:0% a radio map of a section of the galactic center.<00:58:00.000> He<00:58:00.319> was<00:58:00.480> planning<00:58:00.799> to<00:58:00.960> study<00:58:01.520> star 00:58:01.829 --> 00:58:01.839 align:start position:0% center. He was planning to study star 00:58:01.839 --> 00:58:04.630 align:start position:0% center. He was planning to study star forming<00:58:02.240> regions,<00:58:03.200> but<00:58:03.760> narrow<00:58:04.319> strips 00:58:04.630 --> 00:58:04.640 align:start position:0% forming regions, but narrow strips 00:58:04.640 --> 00:58:06.950 align:start position:0% forming regions, but narrow strips [music]<00:58:04.799> of<00:58:05.040> radio<00:58:05.359> emission<00:58:05.920> were<00:58:06.319> streaking 00:58:06.950 --> 00:58:06.960 align:start position:0% [music] of radio emission were streaking 00:58:06.960 --> 00:58:09.990 align:start position:0% [music] of radio emission were streaking across<00:58:07.440> the<00:58:07.680> entire<00:58:08.240> survey<00:58:08.720> area,<00:58:09.599> right 00:58:09.990 --> 00:58:10.000 align:start position:0% across the entire survey area, right 00:58:10.000 --> 00:58:12.710 align:start position:0% across the entire survey area, right through<00:58:10.400> the<00:58:10.640> parts<00:58:10.960> he<00:58:11.200> was<00:58:11.440> interested<00:58:11.760> in. 00:58:12.710 --> 00:58:12.720 align:start position:0% through the parts he was interested in. 00:58:12.720 --> 00:58:14.950 align:start position:0% through the parts he was interested in. He<00:58:13.040> thought<00:58:13.280> they<00:58:13.599> must<00:58:13.839> be<00:58:14.079> artifacts<00:58:14.640> in<00:58:14.799> the 00:58:14.950 --> 00:58:14.960 align:start position:0% He thought they must be artifacts in the 00:58:14.960 --> 00:58:17.829 align:start position:0% He thought they must be artifacts in the data<00:58:15.599> or<00:58:16.000> imaging<00:58:16.640> errors<00:58:17.280> which<00:58:17.520> any 00:58:17.829 --> 00:58:17.839 align:start position:0% data or imaging errors which any 00:58:17.839 --> 00:58:19.910 align:start position:0% data or imaging errors which any scientist<00:58:18.319> will<00:58:18.640> tell<00:58:18.799> you<00:58:19.040> is<00:58:19.440> highly 00:58:19.910 --> 00:58:19.920 align:start position:0% scientist will tell you is highly 00:58:19.920 --> 00:58:23.670 align:start position:0% scientist will tell you is highly annoying.<00:58:21.040> So<00:58:21.520> after<00:58:21.920> much<00:58:22.400> frustration<00:58:23.359> and 00:58:23.670 --> 00:58:23.680 align:start position:0% annoying. So after much frustration and 00:58:23.680 --> 00:58:25.750 align:start position:0% annoying. So after much frustration and no<00:58:24.000> luck<00:58:24.400> resolving<00:58:24.880> the<00:58:25.119> problematic 00:58:25.750 --> 00:58:25.760 align:start position:0% no luck resolving the problematic 00:58:25.760 --> 00:58:28.630 align:start position:0% no luck resolving the problematic artifacts,<00:58:26.720> he<00:58:27.040> returned<00:58:27.359> to<00:58:27.520> the<00:58:27.680> VA<00:58:28.400> to 00:58:28.630 --> 00:58:28.640 align:start position:0% artifacts, he returned to the VA to 00:58:28.640 --> 00:58:31.750 align:start position:0% artifacts, he returned to the VA to image<00:58:29.040> again<00:58:29.520> at<00:58:29.839> another<00:58:30.240> frequency.<00:58:31.520> And 00:58:31.750 --> 00:58:31.760 align:start position:0% image again at another frequency. And 00:58:31.760 --> 00:58:35.270 align:start position:0% image again at another frequency. And that<00:58:32.000> was<00:58:32.240> when<00:58:32.559> his<00:58:32.960> Eureka<00:58:33.520> moment<00:58:33.920> struck. 00:58:35.270 --> 00:58:35.280 align:start position:0% that was when his Eureka moment struck. 00:58:35.280 --> 00:58:37.829 align:start position:0% that was when his Eureka moment struck. At<00:58:35.599> 400<00:58:36.000> a.m.<00:58:36.480> one<00:58:36.720> morning,<00:58:37.359> he<00:58:37.680> was 00:58:37.829 --> 00:58:37.839 align:start position:0% At 400 a.m. one morning, he was 00:58:37.839 --> 00:58:39.829 align:start position:0% At 400 a.m. one morning, he was comparing<00:58:38.160> the<00:58:38.400> two<00:58:38.640> samples<00:58:39.200> taken<00:58:39.599> at 00:58:39.829 --> 00:58:39.839 align:start position:0% comparing the two samples taken at 00:58:39.839 --> 00:58:41.589 align:start position:0% comparing the two samples taken at different<00:58:40.160> times<00:58:40.880> using<00:58:41.280> different 00:58:41.589 --> 00:58:41.599 align:start position:0% different times using different 00:58:41.599 --> 00:58:44.390 align:start position:0% different times using different wavelengths,<00:58:42.799> and<00:58:43.040> he<00:58:43.280> saw<00:58:43.760> the<00:58:44.079> same 00:58:44.390 --> 00:58:44.400 align:start position:0% wavelengths, and he saw the same 00:58:44.400 --> 00:58:47.270 align:start position:0% wavelengths, and he saw the same structures<00:58:45.119> in<00:58:45.440> both<00:58:45.760> images. 00:58:47.270 --> 00:58:47.280 align:start position:0% structures in both images. 00:58:47.280 --> 00:58:51.190 align:start position:0% structures in both images. This<00:58:47.520> was<00:58:47.760> no<00:58:48.079> artifact.<00:58:49.520> This<00:58:49.839> was<00:58:50.240> a<00:58:50.640> very 00:58:51.190 --> 00:58:51.200 align:start position:0% This was no artifact. This was a very 00:58:51.200 --> 00:58:54.549 align:start position:0% This was no artifact. This was a very real<00:58:51.599> finding,<00:58:52.799> something<00:58:53.359> unlike<00:58:54.079> anything 00:58:54.549 --> 00:58:54.559 align:start position:0% real finding, something unlike anything 00:58:54.559 --> 00:58:57.910 align:start position:0% real finding, something unlike anything he<00:58:55.200> or<00:58:55.760> anyone<00:58:56.319> else<00:58:56.559> for<00:58:56.799> that<00:58:56.960> matter<00:58:57.599> had 00:58:57.910 --> 00:58:57.920 align:start position:0% he or anyone else for that matter had 00:58:57.920 --> 00:59:00.230 align:start position:0% he or anyone else for that matter had come<00:58:58.079> across<00:58:58.480> before. 00:59:00.230 --> 00:59:00.240 align:start position:0% come across before. 00:59:00.240 --> 00:59:03.030 align:start position:0% come across before. Zade<00:59:00.960> was<00:59:01.200> seeing<00:59:01.920> highly<00:59:02.559> ordered 00:59:03.030 --> 00:59:03.040 align:start position:0% Zade was seeing highly ordered 00:59:03.040 --> 00:59:06.069 align:start position:0% Zade was seeing highly ordered structures<00:59:03.839> where<00:59:04.240> previously<00:59:05.119> only<00:59:05.520> chaos 00:59:06.069 --> 00:59:06.079 align:start position:0% structures where previously only chaos 00:59:06.079 --> 00:59:08.710 align:start position:0% structures where previously only chaos was<00:59:06.400> thought<00:59:06.640> to<00:59:06.880> exist<00:59:07.520> and<00:59:07.760> they<00:59:08.000> had<00:59:08.240> some 00:59:08.710 --> 00:59:08.720 align:start position:0% was thought to exist and they had some 00:59:08.720 --> 00:59:12.630 align:start position:0% was thought to exist and they had some very<00:59:09.280> unusual<00:59:10.000> features.<00:59:11.280> Most<00:59:11.599> striking<00:59:12.319> was 00:59:12.630 --> 00:59:12.640 align:start position:0% very unusual features. Most striking was 00:59:12.640 --> 00:59:16.026 align:start position:0% very unusual features. Most striking was their<00:59:13.040> vast<00:59:13.680> scale.<00:59:14.960> These<00:59:15.280> were<00:59:15.599> continuous 00:59:16.026 --> 00:59:16.036 align:start position:0% their vast scale. These were continuous 00:59:16.036 --> 00:59:16.549 align:start position:0% their vast scale. These were continuous [music] 00:59:16.549 --> 00:59:16.559 align:start position:0% [music] 00:59:16.559 --> 00:59:19.750 align:start position:0% [music] narrow<00:59:17.040> strips<00:59:17.359> of<00:59:17.599> radio<00:59:17.920> emission<00:59:18.799> 50<00:59:19.200> to 00:59:19.750 --> 00:59:19.760 align:start position:0% narrow strips of radio emission 50 to 00:59:19.760 --> 00:59:22.710 align:start position:0% narrow strips of radio emission 50 to 100<00:59:20.160> light-years<00:59:20.720> long<00:59:21.359> but<00:59:21.599> only<00:59:22.000> 1<00:59:22.240> to<00:59:22.480> three 00:59:22.710 --> 00:59:22.720 align:start position:0% 100 light-years long but only 1 to three 00:59:22.720 --> 00:59:25.990 align:start position:0% 100 light-years long but only 1 to three lightyear<00:59:23.280> wide<00:59:24.160> dangling<00:59:24.960> vertically<00:59:25.520> above 00:59:25.990 --> 00:59:26.000 align:start position:0% lightyear wide dangling vertically above 00:59:26.000 --> 00:59:29.030 align:start position:0% lightyear wide dangling vertically above and<00:59:26.319> below<00:59:26.880> the<00:59:27.200> central<00:59:27.680> molecular<00:59:28.319> zone. 00:59:29.030 --> 00:59:29.040 align:start position:0% and below the central molecular zone. 00:59:29.040 --> 00:59:32.069 align:start position:0% and below the central molecular zone. the<00:59:29.280> most<00:59:29.520> extreme<00:59:29.920> part<00:59:30.160> of<00:59:30.319> the<00:59:30.480> Milky<00:59:30.880> Way. 00:59:32.069 --> 00:59:32.079 align:start position:0% the most extreme part of the Milky Way. 00:59:32.079 --> 00:59:34.069 align:start position:0% the most extreme part of the Milky Way. Some<00:59:32.319> appeared<00:59:32.799> in<00:59:33.119> pairs<00:59:33.680> or<00:59:33.721> [music] 00:59:34.069 --> 00:59:34.079 align:start position:0% Some appeared in pairs or [music] 00:59:34.079 --> 00:59:36.390 align:start position:0% Some appeared in pairs or [music] clusters<00:59:34.799> running<00:59:35.200> parallel<00:59:35.680> to<00:59:35.920> each<00:59:36.079> other 00:59:36.390 --> 00:59:36.400 align:start position:0% clusters running parallel to each other 00:59:36.400 --> 00:59:39.190 align:start position:0% clusters running parallel to each other like<00:59:36.720> strings<00:59:37.200> on<00:59:37.359> a<00:59:37.520> harp,<00:59:38.319> each<00:59:38.640> separated 00:59:39.190 --> 00:59:39.200 align:start position:0% like strings on a harp, each separated 00:59:39.200 --> 00:59:41.270 align:start position:0% like strings on a harp, each separated by<00:59:39.520> a<00:59:39.839> standard<00:59:40.240> distance<00:59:40.271> [music]<00:59:40.559> of<00:59:40.799> around 00:59:41.270 --> 00:59:41.280 align:start position:0% by a standard distance [music] of around 00:59:41.280 --> 00:59:43.589 align:start position:0% by a standard distance [music] of around one<00:59:41.520> astronomical<00:59:42.319> unit,<00:59:42.960> the<00:59:43.280> distance 00:59:43.589 --> 00:59:43.599 align:start position:0% one astronomical unit, the distance 00:59:43.599 --> 00:59:46.309 align:start position:0% one astronomical unit, the distance between<00:59:44.000> Earth<00:59:44.319> and<00:59:44.559> the<00:59:44.720> Sun.<00:59:45.920> When<00:59:46.079> he 00:59:46.309 --> 00:59:46.319 align:start position:0% between Earth and the Sun. When he 00:59:46.319 --> 00:59:48.549 align:start position:0% between Earth and the Sun. When he cross-cheed<00:59:46.960> them<00:59:47.200> with<00:59:47.440> the<00:59:47.680> infrared<00:59:48.240> data 00:59:48.549 --> 00:59:48.559 align:start position:0% cross-cheed them with the infrared data 00:59:48.559 --> 00:59:51.750 align:start position:0% cross-cheed them with the infrared data from<00:59:48.880> that<00:59:49.119> area,<00:59:49.839> Zarde<00:59:50.559> also<00:59:51.119> discovered 00:59:51.750 --> 00:59:51.760 align:start position:0% from that area, Zarde also discovered 00:59:51.760 --> 00:59:54.069 align:start position:0% from that area, Zarde also discovered they<00:59:52.079> had<00:59:52.480> no<00:59:52.716> [music]<00:59:52.960> counterpart<00:59:53.599> in<00:59:53.839> that 00:59:54.069 --> 00:59:54.079 align:start position:0% they had no [music] counterpart in that 00:59:54.079 --> 00:59:57.349 align:start position:0% they had no [music] counterpart in that area<00:59:54.400> of<00:59:54.559> the<00:59:54.799> spectrum.<00:59:56.000> This<00:59:56.319> told<00:59:56.559> him<00:59:57.119> they 00:59:57.349 --> 00:59:57.359 align:start position:0% area of the spectrum. This told him they 00:59:57.359 --> 01:00:00.150 align:start position:0% area of the spectrum. This told him they were<00:59:57.760> non-therrmal<00:59:58.640> emissions.<00:59:59.599> That<00:59:59.839> is<00:59:59.920> to 01:00:00.150 --> 01:00:00.160 align:start position:0% were non-therrmal emissions. That is to 01:00:00.160 --> 01:00:02.390 align:start position:0% were non-therrmal emissions. That is to say,<01:00:00.720> they<01:00:01.040> were<01:00:01.231> [music]<01:00:01.280> not<01:00:01.680> produced<01:00:02.160> by 01:00:02.390 --> 01:00:02.400 align:start position:0% say, they were [music] not produced by 01:00:02.400 --> 01:00:04.470 align:start position:0% say, they were [music] not produced by heated<01:00:02.799> gases. 01:00:04.470 --> 01:00:04.480 align:start position:0% heated gases. 01:00:04.480 --> 01:00:06.230 align:start position:0% heated gases. This<01:00:04.720> was<01:00:05.119> cooperated<01:00:05.680> by<01:00:06.000> other 01:00:06.230 --> 01:00:06.240 align:start position:0% This was cooperated by other 01:00:06.240 --> 01:00:08.950 align:start position:0% This was cooperated by other measurements<01:00:06.880> such<01:00:07.119> as<01:00:07.599> spectral<01:00:08.160> index<01:00:08.640> and 01:00:08.950 --> 01:00:08.960 align:start position:0% measurements such as spectral index and 01:00:08.960 --> 01:00:10.870 align:start position:0% measurements such as spectral index and polarization<01:00:10.079> which<01:00:10.319> showed<01:00:10.559> that<01:00:10.720> the 01:00:10.870 --> 01:00:10.880 align:start position:0% polarization which showed that the 01:00:10.880 --> 01:00:12.309 align:start position:0% polarization which showed that the filaments<01:00:11.280> were<01:00:11.440> highly<01:00:11.711> [music]<01:00:11.760> magnetic 01:00:12.309 --> 01:00:12.319 align:start position:0% filaments were highly [music] magnetic 01:00:12.319 --> 01:00:16.150 align:start position:0% filaments were highly [music] magnetic and<01:00:12.640> emitting<01:00:13.119> synretron<01:00:13.839> radiation. 01:00:16.150 --> 01:00:16.160 align:start position:0% and emitting synretron radiation. 01:00:16.160 --> 01:00:18.390 align:start position:0% and emitting synretron radiation. Synretron<01:00:16.960> radiation<01:00:17.599> occurs<01:00:18.000> when 01:00:18.390 --> 01:00:18.400 align:start position:0% Synretron radiation occurs when 01:00:18.400 --> 01:00:20.950 align:start position:0% Synretron radiation occurs when electrons<01:00:19.040> moving<01:00:19.440> near<01:00:19.680> the<01:00:19.920> speed<01:00:20.160> of<01:00:20.319> light 01:00:20.950 --> 01:00:20.960 align:start position:0% electrons moving near the speed of light 01:00:20.960 --> 01:00:23.349 align:start position:0% electrons moving near the speed of light interact<01:00:21.440> with<01:00:21.599> a<01:00:21.760> strong<01:00:22.000> magnetic<01:00:22.480> field. 01:00:23.349 --> 01:00:23.359 align:start position:0% interact with a strong magnetic field. 01:00:23.359 --> 01:00:25.910 align:start position:0% interact with a strong magnetic field. which<01:00:23.680> begged<01:00:24.079> the<01:00:24.319> question,<01:00:25.040> what<01:00:25.280> on<01:00:25.520> earth 01:00:25.910 --> 01:00:25.920 align:start position:0% which begged the question, what on earth 01:00:25.920 --> 01:00:28.870 align:start position:0% which begged the question, what on earth or<01:00:26.400> should<01:00:26.640> I<01:00:26.799> say<01:00:27.440> not<01:00:27.680> on<01:00:27.920> Earth<01:00:28.640> was 01:00:28.870 --> 01:00:28.880 align:start position:0% or should I say not on Earth was 01:00:28.880 --> 01:00:31.190 align:start position:0% or should I say not on Earth was accelerating<01:00:29.520> the<01:00:29.839> electrons<01:00:30.480> to<01:00:30.720> such 01:00:31.190 --> 01:00:31.200 align:start position:0% accelerating the electrons to such 01:00:31.200 --> 01:00:33.990 align:start position:0% accelerating the electrons to such speeds?<01:00:32.559> The<01:00:32.799> emissions<01:00:33.280> along<01:00:33.599> the<01:00:33.760> length 01:00:33.990 --> 01:00:34.000 align:start position:0% speeds? The emissions along the length 01:00:34.000 --> 01:00:35.990 align:start position:0% speeds? The emissions along the length of<01:00:34.160> the<01:00:34.319> structures<01:00:34.720> were<01:00:35.040> continuous, 01:00:35.990 --> 01:00:36.000 align:start position:0% of the structures were continuous, 01:00:36.000 --> 01:00:38.309 align:start position:0% of the structures were continuous, ruling<01:00:36.400> out<01:00:36.799> localized<01:00:37.359> events<01:00:37.760> like<01:00:38.000> star 01:00:38.309 --> 01:00:38.319 align:start position:0% ruling out localized events like star 01:00:38.319 --> 01:00:41.910 align:start position:0% ruling out localized events like star formation<01:00:39.040> or<01:00:39.359> supernova<01:00:39.920> remnants.<01:00:41.280> So, 01:00:41.910 --> 01:00:41.920 align:start position:0% formation or supernova remnants. So, 01:00:41.920 --> 01:00:45.430 align:start position:0% formation or supernova remnants. So, Zade<01:00:42.640> dubbed<01:00:43.040> them<01:00:43.599> non-therrmal<01:00:44.640> filaments 01:00:45.430 --> 01:00:45.440 align:start position:0% Zade dubbed them non-therrmal filaments 01:00:45.440 --> 01:00:47.510 align:start position:0% Zade dubbed them non-therrmal filaments and<01:00:45.760> suggested<01:00:46.240> they<01:00:46.480> were<01:00:46.640> likely<01:00:47.119> related 01:00:47.510 --> 01:00:47.520 align:start position:0% and suggested they were likely related 01:00:47.520 --> 01:00:50.470 align:start position:0% and suggested they were likely related to<01:00:48.000> galactic<01:00:48.391> [music]<01:00:48.720> scale<01:00:49.119> phenomena.<01:00:50.000> His 01:00:50.470 --> 01:00:50.480 align:start position:0% to galactic [music] scale phenomena. His 01:00:50.480 --> 01:00:52.150 align:start position:0% to galactic [music] scale phenomena. His observations<01:00:51.119> didn't<01:00:51.440> correspond<01:00:51.920> to 01:00:52.150 --> 01:00:52.160 align:start position:0% observations didn't correspond to 01:00:52.160 --> 01:00:54.390 align:start position:0% observations didn't correspond to anything<01:00:52.559> else<01:00:52.720> in<01:00:52.960> the<01:00:53.119> known<01:00:53.440> galaxy.<01:00:54.160> And 01:00:54.390 --> 01:00:54.400 align:start position:0% anything else in the known galaxy. And 01:00:54.400 --> 01:00:58.309 align:start position:0% anything else in the known galaxy. And Zard<01:00:55.200> had<01:00:55.680> many<01:00:56.079> more<01:00:56.400> questions.<01:00:57.599> Where<01:00:57.920> did 01:00:58.309 --> 01:00:58.319 align:start position:0% Zard had many more questions. Where did 01:00:58.319 --> 01:01:00.069 align:start position:0% Zard had many more questions. Where did the<01:00:58.559> non-thermal<01:00:58.872> [music]<01:00:59.359> filaments<01:00:59.839> come 01:01:00.069 --> 01:01:00.079 align:start position:0% the non-thermal [music] filaments come 01:01:00.079 --> 01:01:02.470 align:start position:0% the non-thermal [music] filaments come from?<01:01:00.799> What<01:01:01.040> was<01:01:01.200> maintaining<01:01:01.680> their<01:01:02.000> linear 01:01:02.470 --> 01:01:02.480 align:start position:0% from? What was maintaining their linear 01:01:02.480 --> 01:01:04.102 align:start position:0% from? What was maintaining their linear structures<01:01:02.880> over<01:01:03.119> such<01:01:03.440> vast<01:01:03.920> distances 01:01:04.102 --> 01:01:04.112 align:start position:0% structures over such vast distances 01:01:04.112 --> 01:01:07.349 align:start position:0% structures over such vast distances [music]<01:01:04.480> of<01:01:04.720> space<01:01:05.040> and<01:01:05.280> time?<01:01:06.480> Why,<01:01:07.040> when 01:01:07.349 --> 01:01:07.359 align:start position:0% [music] of space and time? Why, when 01:01:07.359 --> 01:01:11.430 align:start position:0% [music] of space and time? Why, when clustered,<01:01:08.240> were<01:01:08.480> they<01:01:08.799> so<01:01:09.200> evenly<01:01:09.839> spaced? 01:01:11.430 --> 01:01:11.440 align:start position:0% clustered, were they so evenly spaced? 01:01:11.440 --> 01:01:13.510 align:start position:0% clustered, were they so evenly spaced? But<01:01:11.760> almost<01:01:12.160> as<01:01:12.400> soon<01:01:12.559> as<01:01:12.720> this<01:01:12.960> startling 01:01:13.510 --> 01:01:13.520 align:start position:0% But almost as soon as this startling 01:01:13.520 --> 01:01:16.069 align:start position:0% But almost as soon as this startling discovery<01:01:14.000> was<01:01:14.240> made,<01:01:14.799> the<01:01:15.040> trail<01:01:15.520> started<01:01:15.920> to 01:01:16.069 --> 01:01:16.079 align:start position:0% discovery was made, the trail started to 01:01:16.079 --> 01:01:18.950 align:start position:0% discovery was made, the trail started to go<01:01:16.400> cold.<01:01:17.359> The<01:01:17.599> available<01:01:18.079> telescopes<01:01:18.640> at<01:01:18.799> the 01:01:18.950 --> 01:01:18.960 align:start position:0% go cold. The available telescopes at the 01:01:18.960 --> 01:01:21.190 align:start position:0% go cold. The available telescopes at the time<01:01:19.280> simply<01:01:19.680> didn't<01:01:20.000> have<01:01:20.240> the<01:01:20.480> sensitivity 01:01:21.190 --> 01:01:21.200 align:start position:0% time simply didn't have the sensitivity 01:01:21.200 --> 01:01:24.390 align:start position:0% time simply didn't have the sensitivity needed<01:01:21.920> to<01:01:22.160> provide<01:01:22.640> answers. 01:01:24.390 --> 01:01:24.400 align:start position:0% needed to provide answers. 01:01:24.400 --> 01:01:28.309 align:start position:0% needed to provide answers. Over<01:01:24.720> the<01:01:24.960> next<01:01:25.520> 35<01:01:26.319> years,<01:01:27.200> only<01:01:27.440> a<01:01:27.760> handful 01:01:28.309 --> 01:01:28.319 align:start position:0% Over the next 35 years, only a handful 01:01:28.319 --> 01:01:31.270 align:start position:0% Over the next 35 years, only a handful of<01:01:28.640> other<01:01:29.200> vertical<01:01:29.920> non-therrmal<01:01:30.880> filaments 01:01:31.270 --> 01:01:31.280 align:start position:0% of other vertical non-therrmal filaments 01:01:31.280 --> 01:01:33.990 align:start position:0% of other vertical non-therrmal filaments were<01:01:31.520> revealed<01:01:31.839> and<01:01:32.160> categorized.<01:01:33.440> Some<01:01:33.760> were 01:01:33.990 --> 01:01:34.000 align:start position:0% were revealed and categorized. Some were 01:01:34.000 --> 01:01:36.549 align:start position:0% were revealed and categorized. Some were even<01:01:34.319> given<01:01:34.720> inigmatic<01:01:35.440> names<01:01:35.839> like<01:01:36.240> the 01:01:36.549 --> 01:01:36.559 align:start position:0% even given inigmatic names like the 01:01:36.559 --> 01:01:40.950 align:start position:0% even given inigmatic names like the snake,<01:01:37.440> pelican,<01:01:38.400> and<01:01:38.799> bent<01:01:39.200> harp.<01:01:40.319> Sadly, 01:01:40.950 --> 01:01:40.960 align:start position:0% snake, pelican, and bent harp. Sadly, 01:01:40.960 --> 01:01:43.349 align:start position:0% snake, pelican, and bent harp. Sadly, there<01:01:41.359> wasn't<01:01:41.760> enough<01:01:42.079> data<01:01:42.480> to<01:01:42.720> make<01:01:42.960> any 01:01:43.349 --> 01:01:43.359 align:start position:0% there wasn't enough data to make any 01:01:43.359 --> 01:01:45.990 align:start position:0% there wasn't enough data to make any great<01:01:43.599> leaps<01:01:44.000> forward<01:01:44.319> in<01:01:44.640> understanding. 01:01:45.990 --> 01:01:46.000 align:start position:0% great leaps forward in understanding. 01:01:46.000 --> 01:01:49.430 align:start position:0% great leaps forward in understanding. Well,<01:01:46.799> not<01:01:47.040> until<01:01:47.760> 2022.<01:01:49.200> And<01:01:49.307> [music] 01:01:49.430 --> 01:01:49.440 align:start position:0% Well, not until 2022. And [music] 01:01:49.440 --> 01:01:53.589 align:start position:0% Well, not until 2022. And [music] Mircat's<01:01:50.559> mindblowing<01:01:51.520> image. 01:01:53.589 --> 01:01:53.599 align:start position:0% Mircat's mindblowing image. 01:01:53.599 --> 01:01:56.230 align:start position:0% Mircat's mindblowing image. Our<01:01:54.160> third<01:01:54.640> incredible<01:01:55.280> telescope,<01:01:56.079> the 01:01:56.230 --> 01:01:56.240 align:start position:0% Our third incredible telescope, the 01:01:56.240 --> 01:01:58.309 align:start position:0% Our third incredible telescope, the Miaat<01:01:56.880> radio<01:01:57.200> telescope<01:01:57.680> at<01:01:57.920> the<01:01:58.000> South 01:01:58.309 --> 01:01:58.319 align:start position:0% Miaat radio telescope at the South 01:01:58.319 --> 01:02:00.870 align:start position:0% Miaat radio telescope at the South Africa<01:01:58.799> Radio<01:01:59.200> Astronomy<01:01:59.760> Observatory<01:02:00.640> or 01:02:00.870 --> 01:02:00.880 align:start position:0% Africa Radio Astronomy Observatory or 01:02:00.880 --> 01:02:04.362 align:start position:0% Africa Radio Astronomy Observatory or Sarah<01:02:01.839> is<01:02:02.079> comprised<01:02:02.559> of<01:02:03.119> 64<01:02:03.920> interlin 01:02:04.362 --> 01:02:04.372 align:start position:0% Sarah is comprised of 64 interlin 01:02:04.372 --> 01:02:08.390 align:start position:0% Sarah is comprised of 64 interlin [music]<01:02:04.640> antennas,<01:02:05.839> each<01:02:06.079> with<01:02:06.480> a<01:02:06.880> 13.5<01:02:07.839> m 01:02:08.390 --> 01:02:08.400 align:start position:0% [music] antennas, each with a 13.5 m 01:02:08.400 --> 01:02:12.549 align:start position:0% [music] antennas, each with a 13.5 m diameter<01:02:09.119> parabolic<01:02:09.760> dish<01:02:10.559> spread<01:02:10.960> over<01:02:11.520> 8<01:02:11.839> km 01:02:12.549 --> 01:02:12.559 align:start position:0% diameter parabolic dish spread over 8 km 01:02:12.559 --> 01:02:16.150 align:start position:0% diameter parabolic dish spread over 8 km of<01:02:12.960> radio<01:02:13.520> silent<01:02:14.000> zone.<01:02:14.799> Built<01:02:15.280> over<01:02:15.839> 4 01:02:16.150 --> 01:02:16.160 align:start position:0% of radio silent zone. Built over 4 01:02:16.160 --> 01:02:19.030 align:start position:0% of radio silent zone. Built over 4 years,<01:02:16.880> the<01:02:17.119> full<01:02:17.359> array<01:02:17.760> was<01:02:18.000> inaugurated<01:02:18.720> in 01:02:19.030 --> 01:02:19.040 align:start position:0% years, the full array was inaugurated in 01:02:19.040 --> 01:02:20.549 align:start position:0% years, the full array was inaugurated in 2018. 01:02:20.549 --> 01:02:20.559 align:start position:0% 2018. 01:02:20.559 --> 01:02:22.470 align:start position:0% 2018. Its<01:02:20.960> location<01:02:21.280> in<01:02:21.440> the<01:02:21.599> southern<01:02:21.839> hemisphere 01:02:22.470 --> 01:02:22.480 align:start position:0% Its location in the southern hemisphere 01:02:22.480 --> 01:02:24.630 align:start position:0% Its location in the southern hemisphere is<01:02:22.880> perfect<01:02:23.280> for<01:02:23.520> imaging<01:02:23.920> the<01:02:24.160> center<01:02:24.319> of<01:02:24.480> the 01:02:24.630 --> 01:02:24.640 align:start position:0% is perfect for imaging the center of the 01:02:24.640 --> 01:02:26.633 align:start position:0% is perfect for imaging the center of the Milky<01:02:24.960> Way<01:02:25.440> thanks<01:02:25.680> to<01:02:25.920> our<01:02:26.160> sun's<01:02:26.480> axial 01:02:26.633 --> 01:02:26.643 align:start position:0% Milky Way thanks to our sun's axial 01:02:26.643 --> 01:02:28.950 align:start position:0% Milky Way thanks to our sun's axial [music]<01:02:26.960> tilt<01:02:27.520> relative<01:02:28.000> to<01:02:28.400> its<01:02:28.720> own 01:02:28.950 --> 01:02:28.960 align:start position:0% [music] tilt relative to its own 01:02:28.960 --> 01:02:31.873 align:start position:0% [music] tilt relative to its own position<01:02:29.280> in<01:02:29.440> the<01:02:29.599> galaxy.<01:02:30.720> So,<01:02:31.040> Miaat<01:02:31.760> has 01:02:31.873 --> 01:02:31.883 align:start position:0% position in the galaxy. So, Miaat has 01:02:31.883 --> 01:02:34.390 align:start position:0% position in the galaxy. So, Miaat has [music]<01:02:32.160> a<01:02:32.400> direct<01:02:32.880> line<01:02:33.200> of<01:02:33.359> sight<01:02:33.760> into<01:02:34.160> the 01:02:34.390 --> 01:02:34.400 align:start position:0% [music] a direct line of sight into the 01:02:34.400 --> 01:02:37.990 align:start position:0% [music] a direct line of sight into the CMZ<01:02:35.280> and<01:02:35.520> the<01:02:35.760> galactic<01:02:36.319> center.<01:02:37.520> Over<01:02:37.760> the 01:02:37.990 --> 01:02:38.000 align:start position:0% CMZ and the galactic center. Over the 01:02:38.000 --> 01:02:39.990 align:start position:0% CMZ and the galactic center. Over the course<01:02:38.319> of<01:02:38.720> 3<01:02:39.040> years,<01:02:39.743> [music]<01:02:39.760> an 01:02:39.990 --> 01:02:40.000 align:start position:0% course of 3 years, [music] an 01:02:40.000 --> 01:02:42.230 align:start position:0% course of 3 years, [music] an international<01:02:40.640> team<01:02:40.960> led<01:02:41.280> by<01:02:41.520> Dr.<01:02:41.920> Ian 01:02:42.230 --> 01:02:42.240 align:start position:0% international team led by Dr. Ian 01:02:42.240 --> 01:02:45.270 align:start position:0% international team led by Dr. Ian Haywood<01:02:43.119> and<01:02:43.440> including<01:02:44.000> Zarde,<01:02:44.880> now 01:02:45.270 --> 01:02:45.280 align:start position:0% Haywood and including Zarde, now 01:02:45.280 --> 01:02:47.670 align:start position:0% Haywood and including Zarde, now professor<01:02:45.760> at<01:02:46.079> Northwestern<01:02:46.799> University, 01:02:47.670 --> 01:02:47.680 align:start position:0% professor at Northwestern University, 01:02:47.680 --> 01:02:52.069 align:start position:0% professor at Northwestern University, directed<01:02:48.160> Mircat<01:02:48.880> to<01:02:49.200> a<01:02:49.599> 6.5<01:02:51.040> square<01:02:51.599> degree 01:02:52.069 --> 01:02:52.079 align:start position:0% directed Mircat to a 6.5 square degree 01:02:52.079 --> 01:02:54.630 align:start position:0% directed Mircat to a 6.5 square degree portion<01:02:52.480> of<01:02:52.640> the<01:02:52.799> galaxy,<01:02:53.760> a<01:02:54.000> section<01:02:54.319> of<01:02:54.480> the 01:02:54.630 --> 01:02:54.640 align:start position:0% portion of the galaxy, a section of the 01:02:54.640 --> 01:02:57.670 align:start position:0% portion of the galaxy, a section of the sky<01:02:55.040> around<01:02:55.599> 30<01:02:56.000> full<01:02:56.319> moons<01:02:56.640> wide<01:02:57.359> with 01:02:57.670 --> 01:02:57.680 align:start position:0% sky around 30 full moons wide with 01:02:57.680 --> 01:03:00.150 align:start position:0% sky around 30 full moons wide with Sagittarius<01:02:58.480> A<01:02:58.799> star<01:02:59.520> right<01:02:59.839> in<01:03:00.000> the<01:03:00.048> [music] 01:03:00.150 --> 01:03:00.160 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star right in the [music] 01:03:00.160 --> 01:03:04.309 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star right in the [music] middle.<01:03:01.520> using<01:03:02.000> Lband<01:03:02.720> radio<01:03:03.119> frequencies<01:03:03.839> of 01:03:04.309 --> 01:03:04.319 align:start position:0% middle. using Lband radio frequencies of 01:03:04.319 --> 01:03:05.829 align:start position:0% middle. using Lband radio frequencies of 856<01:03:04.633> [music] 01:03:05.829 --> 01:03:05.839 align:start position:0% 856 [music] 01:03:05.839 --> 01:03:07.589 align:start position:0% 856 [music] to<01:03:06.079> 1,712 01:03:07.589 --> 01:03:07.599 align:start position:0% to 1,712 01:03:07.599 --> 01:03:11.349 align:start position:0% to 1,712 MGHertz,<01:03:08.799> equivalent<01:03:09.280> to<01:03:09.599> wavelengths<01:03:10.240> of<01:03:10.720> 18 01:03:11.349 --> 01:03:11.359 align:start position:0% MGHertz, equivalent to wavelengths of 18 01:03:11.359 --> 01:03:16.549 align:start position:0% MGHertz, equivalent to wavelengths of 18 to<01:03:11.839> 35<01:03:12.400> cm.<01:03:13.760> They<01:03:14.079> split<01:03:14.480> this<01:03:14.720> area<01:03:15.280> into<01:03:15.680> a<01:03:16.079> 20 01:03:16.549 --> 01:03:16.559 align:start position:0% to 35 cm. They split this area into a 20 01:03:16.559 --> 01:03:19.349 align:start position:0% to 35 cm. They split this area into a 20 part<01:03:16.880> mosaic,<01:03:18.000> directing<01:03:18.480> the<01:03:18.640> telescope<01:03:19.119> to 01:03:19.349 --> 01:03:19.359 align:start position:0% part mosaic, directing the telescope to 01:03:19.359 --> 01:03:23.910 align:start position:0% part mosaic, directing the telescope to survey<01:03:19.920> each<01:03:20.480> tile<01:03:20.880> in<01:03:21.119> turn<01:03:21.839> over<01:03:22.160> a<01:03:22.400> total<01:03:22.960> of 01:03:23.910 --> 01:03:23.920 align:start position:0% survey each tile in turn over a total of 01:03:23.920 --> 01:03:26.789 align:start position:0% survey each tile in turn over a total of 144<01:03:24.559> hours<01:03:25.039> on<01:03:25.359> target. 01:03:26.789 --> 01:03:26.799 align:start position:0% 144 hours on target. 01:03:26.799 --> 01:03:29.750 align:start position:0% 144 hours on target. This<01:03:27.119> was<01:03:27.520> the<01:03:27.839> first<01:03:28.160> time<01:03:28.559> Mircat's<01:03:29.359> full 01:03:29.750 --> 01:03:29.760 align:start position:0% This was the first time Mircat's full 01:03:29.760 --> 01:03:33.670 align:start position:0% This was the first time Mircat's full array<01:03:30.160> was<01:03:30.480> used<01:03:31.119> with<01:03:31.599> 60<01:03:32.160> to<01:03:32.480> 62<01:03:33.119> dishes 01:03:33.670 --> 01:03:33.680 align:start position:0% array was used with 60 to 62 dishes 01:03:33.680 --> 01:03:37.109 align:start position:0% array was used with 60 to 62 dishes sampling<01:03:34.160> the<01:03:34.319> sky<01:03:34.720> at<01:03:35.039> any<01:03:35.280> one<01:03:35.599> time.<01:03:36.799> After 01:03:37.109 --> 01:03:37.119 align:start position:0% sampling the sky at any one time. After 01:03:37.119 --> 01:03:40.549 align:start position:0% sampling the sky at any one time. After generating<01:03:37.920> 70<01:03:38.400> terabytes<01:03:38.960> of<01:03:39.119> raw<01:03:39.440> data,<01:03:40.319> not 01:03:40.549 --> 01:03:40.559 align:start position:0% generating 70 terabytes of raw data, not 01:03:40.559 --> 01:03:42.710 align:start position:0% generating 70 terabytes of raw data, not quite<01:03:40.880> as<01:03:41.039> much<01:03:41.200> as<01:03:41.359> Vista,<01:03:42.079> but<01:03:42.319> still<01:03:42.559> the 01:03:42.710 --> 01:03:42.720 align:start position:0% quite as much as Vista, but still the 01:03:42.720 --> 01:03:46.069 align:start position:0% quite as much as Vista, but still the equivalent<01:03:43.200> to<01:03:43.599> 700<01:03:44.400> hours<01:03:44.720> of<01:03:45.039> 4K<01:03:45.599> YouTube 01:03:46.069 --> 01:03:46.079 align:start position:0% equivalent to 700 hours of 4K YouTube 01:03:46.079 --> 01:03:48.950 align:start position:0% equivalent to 700 hours of 4K YouTube content,<01:03:47.039> the<01:03:47.280> team<01:03:47.599> then<01:03:48.000> had<01:03:48.319> to<01:03:48.559> process 01:03:48.950 --> 01:03:48.960 align:start position:0% content, the team then had to process 01:03:48.960 --> 01:03:52.230 align:start position:0% content, the team then had to process it.<01:03:49.680> That<01:03:49.920> was<01:03:50.160> no<01:03:50.480> mean<01:03:50.799> feat.<01:03:51.680> Given<01:03:52.000> the 01:03:52.230 --> 01:03:52.240 align:start position:0% it. That was no mean feat. Given the 01:03:52.240 --> 01:03:53.910 align:start position:0% it. That was no mean feat. Given the complexity<01:03:52.720> of<01:03:52.880> the<01:03:53.039> environment,<01:03:53.680> they 01:03:53.910 --> 01:03:53.920 align:start position:0% complexity of the environment, they 01:03:53.920 --> 01:03:55.510 align:start position:0% complexity of the environment, they needed<01:03:54.160> to<01:03:54.319> put<01:03:54.480> the<01:03:54.720> data<01:03:54.960> through<01:03:55.280> a 01:03:55.510 --> 01:03:55.520 align:start position:0% needed to put the data through a 01:03:55.520 --> 01:03:58.470 align:start position:0% needed to put the data through a highpass<01:03:56.319> filter<01:03:57.039> using<01:03:57.359> a<01:03:57.599> method<01:03:57.920> called 01:03:58.470 --> 01:03:58.480 align:start position:0% highpass filter using a method called 01:03:58.480 --> 01:04:01.109 align:start position:0% highpass filter using a method called difference<01:03:58.799> of<01:03:59.039> Gaussians.<01:04:00.400> This<01:04:00.640> is<01:04:00.799> a 01:04:01.109 --> 01:04:01.119 align:start position:0% difference of Gaussians. This is a 01:04:01.119 --> 01:04:03.270 align:start position:0% difference of Gaussians. This is a commonly<01:04:01.599> used<01:04:01.920> edge<01:04:02.400> smoothing<01:04:02.880> technique 01:04:03.270 --> 01:04:03.280 align:start position:0% commonly used edge smoothing technique 01:04:03.280 --> 01:04:05.589 align:start position:0% commonly used edge smoothing technique to<01:04:03.520> remove<01:04:03.839> background<01:04:04.319> noise<01:04:04.799> and<01:04:05.119> enhance 01:04:05.589 --> 01:04:05.599 align:start position:0% to remove background noise and enhance 01:04:05.599 --> 01:04:07.670 align:start position:0% to remove background noise and enhance the<01:04:05.839> visibility<01:04:06.240> of<01:04:06.480> fine<01:04:06.799> structures, 01:04:07.670 --> 01:04:07.680 align:start position:0% the visibility of fine structures, 01:04:07.680 --> 01:04:09.990 align:start position:0% the visibility of fine structures, especially<01:04:08.400> important<01:04:08.880> for<01:04:09.119> visualizing 01:04:09.990 --> 01:04:10.000 align:start position:0% especially important for visualizing 01:04:10.000 --> 01:04:14.230 align:start position:0% especially important for visualizing non-therrmal<01:04:10.960> filaments.<01:04:12.079> And<01:04:12.720> this<01:04:13.760> is<01:04:14.000> the 01:04:14.230 --> 01:04:14.240 align:start position:0% non-therrmal filaments. And this is the 01:04:14.240 --> 01:04:15.829 align:start position:0% non-therrmal filaments. And this is the result. 01:04:15.829 --> 01:04:15.839 align:start position:0% result. 01:04:15.839 --> 01:04:18.069 align:start position:0% result. More<01:04:16.160> like<01:04:16.480> a<01:04:16.720> work<01:04:16.960> of<01:04:17.200> art<01:04:17.599> than<01:04:17.839> a 01:04:18.069 --> 01:04:18.079 align:start position:0% More like a work of art than a 01:04:18.079 --> 01:04:21.190 align:start position:0% More like a work of art than a scientific<01:04:18.640> study,<01:04:19.520> it<01:04:19.760> captures<01:04:20.480> a<01:04:20.799> wealth 01:04:21.190 --> 01:04:21.200 align:start position:0% scientific study, it captures a wealth 01:04:21.200 --> 01:04:24.230 align:start position:0% scientific study, it captures a wealth of<01:04:21.440> features.<01:04:22.720> Some<01:04:22.960> are<01:04:23.119> wellknown<01:04:23.839> like 01:04:24.230 --> 01:04:24.240 align:start position:0% of features. Some are wellknown like 01:04:24.240 --> 01:04:26.470 align:start position:0% of features. Some are wellknown like Sagittarius<01:04:24.960> A<01:04:25.200> star<01:04:25.599> seen<01:04:25.839> in<01:04:26.000> the<01:04:26.079> central 01:04:26.470 --> 01:04:26.480 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star seen in the central 01:04:26.480 --> 01:04:29.589 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star seen in the central saturated<01:04:27.039> area<01:04:27.359> here<01:04:28.000> and<01:04:28.480> clearer<01:04:28.880> views<01:04:29.200> of 01:04:29.589 --> 01:04:29.599 align:start position:0% saturated area here and clearer views of 01:04:29.599 --> 01:04:31.910 align:start position:0% saturated area here and clearer views of previously<01:04:30.240> known<01:04:30.559> supernova<01:04:31.200> remnants<01:04:31.599> and 01:04:31.910 --> 01:04:31.920 align:start position:0% previously known supernova remnants and 01:04:31.920 --> 01:04:35.190 align:start position:0% previously known supernova remnants and star<01:04:32.319> forming<01:04:32.720> regions.<01:04:34.079> This<01:04:34.480> here<01:04:34.799> is<01:04:35.039> a 01:04:35.190 --> 01:04:35.200 align:start position:0% star forming regions. This here is a 01:04:35.200 --> 01:04:38.150 align:start position:0% star forming regions. This here is a supernova<01:04:35.760> remnant.<01:04:36.640> To<01:04:36.960> its<01:04:37.200> left<01:04:37.440> is<01:04:37.680> a 01:04:38.150 --> 01:04:38.160 align:start position:0% supernova remnant. To its left is a 01:04:38.160 --> 01:04:41.430 align:start position:0% supernova remnant. To its left is a runaway<01:04:38.640> pulsar,<01:04:39.359> the<01:04:39.520> mouse.<01:04:40.559> And<01:04:40.880> up<01:04:41.039> on<01:04:41.280> the 01:04:41.430 --> 01:04:41.440 align:start position:0% runaway pulsar, the mouse. And up on the 01:04:41.440 --> 01:04:44.549 align:start position:0% runaway pulsar, the mouse. And up on the right,<01:04:42.319> one<01:04:42.640> of<01:04:42.880> the<01:04:43.119> longest<01:04:43.680> and<01:04:44.079> most 01:04:44.549 --> 01:04:44.559 align:start position:0% right, one of the longest and most 01:04:44.559 --> 01:04:47.349 align:start position:0% right, one of the longest and most famous<01:04:45.280> non-therrmal<01:04:46.240> filaments,<01:04:47.119> the 01:04:47.349 --> 01:04:47.359 align:start position:0% famous non-therrmal filaments, the 01:04:47.359 --> 01:04:48.870 align:start position:0% famous non-therrmal filaments, the snake. 01:04:48.870 --> 01:04:48.880 align:start position:0% snake. 01:04:48.880 --> 01:04:51.510 align:start position:0% snake. As<01:04:49.200> noted<01:04:49.520> by<01:04:49.760> the<01:04:49.920> team,<01:04:50.720> one<01:04:50.960> of<01:04:51.039> the<01:04:51.280> most 01:04:51.510 --> 01:04:51.520 align:start position:0% As noted by the team, one of the most 01:04:51.520 --> 01:04:54.069 align:start position:0% As noted by the team, one of the most startling<01:04:52.160> discoveries<01:04:52.880> was<01:04:53.119> the<01:04:53.359> sheer 01:04:54.069 --> 01:04:54.079 align:start position:0% startling discoveries was the sheer 01:04:54.079 --> 01:04:56.150 align:start position:0% startling discoveries was the sheer number<01:04:54.720> of<01:04:54.960> filaments<01:04:55.440> apparent<01:04:55.839> in<01:04:56.000> the 01:04:56.150 --> 01:04:56.160 align:start position:0% number of filaments apparent in the 01:04:56.160 --> 01:04:58.390 align:start position:0% number of filaments apparent in the image,<01:04:56.799> an<01:04:57.039> order<01:04:57.280> of<01:04:57.440> magnitude<01:04:58.000> greater 01:04:58.390 --> 01:04:58.400 align:start position:0% image, an order of magnitude greater 01:04:58.400 --> 01:05:01.510 align:start position:0% image, an order of magnitude greater than<01:04:58.640> all<01:04:59.119> previously<01:04:59.680> known,<01:05:00.559> most<01:05:00.799> of<01:05:00.960> which 01:05:01.510 --> 01:05:01.520 align:start position:0% than all previously known, most of which 01:05:01.520 --> 01:05:04.390 align:start position:0% than all previously known, most of which had<01:05:01.839> never<01:05:02.319> been<01:05:02.559> seen<01:05:02.880> before. 01:05:04.390 --> 01:05:04.400 align:start position:0% had never been seen before. 01:05:04.400 --> 01:05:07.430 align:start position:0% had never been seen before. This<01:05:04.720> was<01:05:05.280> gamechanging<01:05:06.000> for<01:05:06.240> Zard<01:05:06.880> and<01:05:07.119> his 01:05:07.430 --> 01:05:07.440 align:start position:0% This was gamechanging for Zard and his 01:05:07.440 --> 01:05:10.710 align:start position:0% This was gamechanging for Zard and his colleagues.<01:05:08.720> Now<01:05:09.119> we<01:05:09.520> finally<01:05:10.000> see<01:05:10.240> the<01:05:10.480> big 01:05:10.710 --> 01:05:10.720 align:start position:0% colleagues. Now we finally see the big 01:05:10.720 --> 01:05:13.510 align:start position:0% colleagues. Now we finally see the big picture.<01:05:11.520> A<01:05:11.680> panoramic<01:05:12.400> view<01:05:12.720> filled<01:05:13.119> with<01:05:13.280> an 01:05:13.510 --> 01:05:13.520 align:start position:0% picture. A panoramic view filled with an 01:05:13.520 --> 01:05:15.990 align:start position:0% picture. A panoramic view filled with an abundance<01:05:14.000> of<01:05:14.240> filaments.<01:05:14.799> He<01:05:15.039> said,<01:05:15.680> "This 01:05:15.990 --> 01:05:16.000 align:start position:0% abundance of filaments. He said, "This 01:05:16.000 --> 01:05:18.470 align:start position:0% abundance of filaments. He said, "This is<01:05:16.160> a<01:05:16.400> watershed<01:05:17.200> in<01:05:17.520> furthering<01:05:18.160> our 01:05:18.470 --> 01:05:18.480 align:start position:0% is a watershed in furthering our 01:05:18.480 --> 01:05:20.950 align:start position:0% is a watershed in furthering our understanding<01:05:19.119> of<01:05:19.359> these<01:05:19.760> structures." 01:05:20.950 --> 01:05:20.960 align:start position:0% understanding of these structures." 01:05:20.960 --> 01:05:22.789 align:start position:0% understanding of these structures." There<01:05:21.119> was<01:05:21.359> finally<01:05:21.839> enough<01:05:22.079> data<01:05:22.400> to<01:05:22.640> carry 01:05:22.789 --> 01:05:22.799 align:start position:0% There was finally enough data to carry 01:05:22.799 --> 01:05:25.510 align:start position:0% There was finally enough data to carry out<01:05:23.200> meaningful<01:05:23.760> population<01:05:24.319> studies.<01:05:25.280> They 01:05:25.510 --> 01:05:25.520 align:start position:0% out meaningful population studies. They 01:05:25.520 --> 01:05:28.069 align:start position:0% out meaningful population studies. They set<01:05:25.839> to<01:05:26.079> work<01:05:26.559> carrying<01:05:26.960> out<01:05:27.280> statistical 01:05:28.069 --> 01:05:28.079 align:start position:0% set to work carrying out statistical 01:05:28.079 --> 01:05:31.589 align:start position:0% set to work carrying out statistical analysis<01:05:28.720> of<01:05:29.039> the<01:05:29.200> filaments.<01:05:30.640> This<01:05:30.960> work 01:05:31.589 --> 01:05:31.599 align:start position:0% analysis of the filaments. This work 01:05:31.599 --> 01:05:33.670 align:start position:0% analysis of the filaments. This work published<01:05:32.000> in<01:05:32.240> the<01:05:32.480> astrophysical<01:05:33.359> journal 01:05:33.670 --> 01:05:33.680 align:start position:0% published in the astrophysical journal 01:05:33.680 --> 01:05:36.630 align:start position:0% published in the astrophysical journal letters<01:05:34.640> not<01:05:34.960> only<01:05:35.200> further<01:05:35.680> categorizes<01:05:36.400> the 01:05:36.630 --> 01:05:36.640 align:start position:0% letters not only further categorizes the 01:05:36.640 --> 01:05:39.430 align:start position:0% letters not only further categorizes the filaments<01:05:37.359> but<01:05:37.599> gives<01:05:38.000> tantalizing<01:05:38.880> clues<01:05:39.200> to 01:05:39.430 --> 01:05:39.440 align:start position:0% filaments but gives tantalizing clues to 01:05:39.440 --> 01:05:42.230 align:start position:0% filaments but gives tantalizing clues to their<01:05:39.680> origin.<01:05:40.640> The<01:05:40.880> new<01:05:41.039> data<01:05:41.440> confirmed 01:05:42.230 --> 01:05:42.240 align:start position:0% their origin. The new data confirmed 01:05:42.240 --> 01:05:45.190 align:start position:0% their origin. The new data confirmed that<01:05:42.559> all<01:05:42.799> of<01:05:42.960> them<01:05:43.200> are<01:05:43.680> magnetized. 01:05:45.190 --> 01:05:45.200 align:start position:0% that all of them are magnetized. 01:05:45.200 --> 01:05:46.549 align:start position:0% that all of them are magnetized. In<01:05:45.359> fact,<01:05:45.599> the<01:05:45.760> team<01:05:46.000> found<01:05:46.240> that<01:05:46.400> the 01:05:46.549 --> 01:05:46.559 align:start position:0% In fact, the team found that the 01:05:46.559 --> 01:05:49.349 align:start position:0% In fact, the team found that the magnetic<01:05:47.039> field<01:05:47.359> was<01:05:47.680> significantly<01:05:48.559> greater 01:05:49.349 --> 01:05:49.359 align:start position:0% magnetic field was significantly greater 01:05:49.359 --> 01:05:52.630 align:start position:0% magnetic field was significantly greater in<01:05:49.599> some<01:05:49.760> cases<01:05:50.240> up<01:05:50.400> to<01:05:50.640> 10<01:05:51.200> to<01:05:51.760> 100<01:05:52.240> times 01:05:52.630 --> 01:05:52.640 align:start position:0% in some cases up to 10 to 100 times 01:05:52.640 --> 01:05:55.190 align:start position:0% in some cases up to 10 to 100 times stronger<01:05:53.280> than<01:05:53.599> typical<01:05:54.160> galactic<01:05:54.720> magnetic 01:05:55.190 --> 01:05:55.200 align:start position:0% stronger than typical galactic magnetic 01:05:55.200 --> 01:05:57.910 align:start position:0% stronger than typical galactic magnetic fields.<01:05:56.160> The<01:05:56.400> new<01:05:56.559> analysis<01:05:57.200> also<01:05:57.520> confirmed 01:05:57.910 --> 01:05:57.920 align:start position:0% fields. The new analysis also confirmed 01:05:57.920 --> 01:06:01.109 align:start position:0% fields. The new analysis also confirmed that<01:05:58.319> synretron<01:05:59.039> radiation<01:05:59.760> is<01:06:00.160> a<01:06:00.559> defining 01:06:01.109 --> 01:06:01.119 align:start position:0% that synretron radiation is a defining 01:06:01.119 --> 01:06:03.190 align:start position:0% that synretron radiation is a defining characteristic. 01:06:03.190 --> 01:06:03.200 align:start position:0% characteristic. 01:06:03.200 --> 01:06:05.270 align:start position:0% characteristic. Interestingly,<01:06:03.920> the<01:06:04.079> MICAT<01:06:04.640> data<01:06:04.880> revealed 01:06:05.270 --> 01:06:05.280 align:start position:0% Interestingly, the MICAT data revealed 01:06:05.280 --> 01:06:08.150 align:start position:0% Interestingly, the MICAT data revealed that<01:06:05.440> there<01:06:05.760> is<01:06:05.920> a<01:06:06.319> steepening<01:06:07.039> with<01:06:07.520> galactic 01:06:08.150 --> 01:06:08.160 align:start position:0% that there is a steepening with galactic 01:06:08.160 --> 01:06:11.270 align:start position:0% that there is a steepening with galactic latitude.<01:06:09.520> In<01:06:09.760> other<01:06:09.920> words,<01:06:10.480> the<01:06:10.799> filaments 01:06:11.270 --> 01:06:11.280 align:start position:0% latitude. In other words, the filaments 01:06:11.280 --> 01:06:13.910 align:start position:0% latitude. In other words, the filaments appear<01:06:11.680> to<01:06:11.920> cool<01:06:12.559> as<01:06:12.799> they<01:06:13.039> stretch<01:06:13.440> away<01:06:13.760> from 01:06:13.910 --> 01:06:13.920 align:start position:0% appear to cool as they stretch away from 01:06:13.920 --> 01:06:17.430 align:start position:0% appear to cool as they stretch away from the<01:06:14.160> galactic<01:06:14.640> plane.<01:06:16.079> This<01:06:16.400> gives<01:06:16.720> us<01:06:16.880> a<01:06:17.119> clue 01:06:17.430 --> 01:06:17.440 align:start position:0% the galactic plane. This gives us a clue 01:06:17.440 --> 01:06:20.150 align:start position:0% the galactic plane. This gives us a clue as<01:06:17.680> to<01:06:17.920> their<01:06:18.319> possible<01:06:18.880> origin.<01:06:19.920> The 01:06:20.150 --> 01:06:20.160 align:start position:0% as to their possible origin. The 01:06:20.160 --> 01:06:22.309 align:start position:0% as to their possible origin. The electrons<01:06:20.720> further<01:06:21.200> away<01:06:21.440> from<01:06:21.680> the<01:06:21.839> galactic 01:06:22.309 --> 01:06:22.319 align:start position:0% electrons further away from the galactic 01:06:22.319 --> 01:06:25.109 align:start position:0% electrons further away from the galactic plane<01:06:22.880> could<01:06:23.119> be<01:06:23.359> older,<01:06:24.240> implying<01:06:24.720> that<01:06:24.880> the 01:06:25.109 --> 01:06:25.119 align:start position:0% plane could be older, implying that the 01:06:25.119 --> 01:06:28.069 align:start position:0% plane could be older, implying that the filaments<01:06:25.760> are<01:06:26.000> related<01:06:26.400> to<01:06:26.720> past<01:06:27.200> activity 01:06:28.069 --> 01:06:28.079 align:start position:0% filaments are related to past activity 01:06:28.079 --> 01:06:31.750 align:start position:0% filaments are related to past activity of<01:06:28.799> Sagittarius<01:06:29.760> a<01:06:30.079> star.<01:06:31.200> And<01:06:31.440> there<01:06:31.599> was 01:06:31.750 --> 01:06:31.760 align:start position:0% of Sagittarius a star. And there was 01:06:31.760 --> 01:06:34.150 align:start position:0% of Sagittarius a star. And there was another<01:06:32.000> clue<01:06:32.240> that<01:06:32.480> suggested<01:06:32.880> this<01:06:33.119> too. 01:06:34.150 --> 01:06:34.160 align:start position:0% another clue that suggested this too. 01:06:34.160 --> 01:06:36.950 align:start position:0% another clue that suggested this too. Enormous<01:06:34.880> structures<01:06:35.440> known<01:06:36.079> as<01:06:36.480> radio 01:06:36.950 --> 01:06:36.960 align:start position:0% Enormous structures known as radio 01:06:36.960 --> 01:06:40.549 align:start position:0% Enormous structures known as radio bubbles.<01:06:38.160> This<01:06:38.319> discovered<01:06:38.720> by<01:06:39.119> Haywood<01:06:39.760> Zard 01:06:40.549 --> 01:06:40.559 align:start position:0% bubbles. This discovered by Haywood Zard 01:06:40.559 --> 01:06:44.549 align:start position:0% bubbles. This discovered by Haywood Zard and<01:06:40.799> the<01:06:41.039> Mircat<01:06:41.599> team<01:06:41.839> in<01:06:42.079> 2019,<01:06:43.280> these<01:06:43.760> huge 01:06:44.549 --> 01:06:44.559 align:start position:0% and the Mircat team in 2019, these huge 01:06:44.559 --> 01:06:46.950 align:start position:0% and the Mircat team in 2019, these huge radio<01:06:45.039> emmitting<01:06:45.520> structures<01:06:46.319> stretched 01:06:46.950 --> 01:06:46.960 align:start position:0% radio emmitting structures stretched 01:06:46.960 --> 01:06:49.349 align:start position:0% radio emmitting structures stretched symmetrically<01:06:47.760> above<01:06:48.400> and<01:06:48.720> below<01:06:49.119> the 01:06:49.349 --> 01:06:49.359 align:start position:0% symmetrically above and below the 01:06:49.359 --> 01:06:52.069 align:start position:0% symmetrically above and below the galactic<01:06:49.920> plane,<01:06:50.640> forming<01:06:51.119> an<01:06:51.440> hourglass 01:06:52.069 --> 01:06:52.079 align:start position:0% galactic plane, forming an hourglass 01:06:52.079 --> 01:06:55.510 align:start position:0% galactic plane, forming an hourglass shape<01:06:52.799> thousands<01:06:53.359> of<01:06:53.599> light<01:06:53.839> years<01:06:54.160> across. 01:06:55.510 --> 01:06:55.520 align:start position:0% shape thousands of light years across. 01:06:55.520 --> 01:06:57.670 align:start position:0% shape thousands of light years across. They<01:06:55.839> are<01:06:56.000> thought<01:06:56.160> to<01:06:56.319> have<01:06:56.559> been<01:06:56.720> created<01:06:57.280> by 01:06:57.670 --> 01:06:57.680 align:start position:0% They are thought to have been created by 01:06:57.680 --> 01:07:00.950 align:start position:0% They are thought to have been created by a<01:06:58.160> phenomenal<01:06:59.200> outburst<01:06:59.760> from<01:07:00.000> Sagittarius<01:07:00.720> A 01:07:00.950 --> 01:07:00.960 align:start position:0% a phenomenal outburst from Sagittarius A 01:07:00.960 --> 01:07:04.150 align:start position:0% a phenomenal outburst from Sagittarius A star<01:07:01.680> about<01:07:02.240> 100,000<01:07:03.119> to<01:07:03.440> a<01:07:03.599> million<01:07:03.920> years 01:07:04.150 --> 01:07:04.160 align:start position:0% star about 100,000 to a million years 01:07:04.160 --> 01:07:07.589 align:start position:0% star about 100,000 to a million years ago.<01:07:05.280> An<01:07:05.520> event<01:07:06.160> powerful<01:07:06.720> enough<01:07:07.039> to<01:07:07.359> leave 01:07:07.589 --> 01:07:07.599 align:start position:0% ago. An event powerful enough to leave 01:07:07.599 --> 01:07:09.829 align:start position:0% ago. An event powerful enough to leave such<01:07:07.839> a<01:07:08.079> scar<01:07:08.400> on<01:07:08.559> the<01:07:08.799> galaxy<01:07:09.440> could<01:07:09.680> have 01:07:09.829 --> 01:07:09.839 align:start position:0% such a scar on the galaxy could have 01:07:09.839 --> 01:07:12.789 align:start position:0% such a scar on the galaxy could have been<01:07:10.160> vast<01:07:10.640> quantities<01:07:11.280> of<01:07:11.599> gas<01:07:11.920> and<01:07:12.160> dust 01:07:12.789 --> 01:07:12.799 align:start position:0% been vast quantities of gas and dust 01:07:12.799 --> 01:07:16.309 align:start position:0% been vast quantities of gas and dust falling<01:07:13.280> into<01:07:13.599> the<01:07:13.760> black<01:07:14.000> hole<01:07:14.960> or<01:07:15.280> a<01:07:15.599> huge 01:07:16.309 --> 01:07:16.319 align:start position:0% falling into the black hole or a huge 01:07:16.319 --> 01:07:18.789 align:start position:0% falling into the black hole or a huge and<01:07:16.640> sudden<01:07:17.119> burst<01:07:17.440> in<01:07:17.680> star<01:07:18.000> formation<01:07:18.480> close 01:07:18.789 --> 01:07:18.799 align:start position:0% and sudden burst in star formation close 01:07:18.799 --> 01:07:21.510 align:start position:0% and sudden burst in star formation close by.<01:07:19.920> An<01:07:20.240> incident<01:07:20.559> like<01:07:20.880> this<01:07:21.119> would<01:07:21.359> have 01:07:21.510 --> 01:07:21.520 align:start position:0% by. An incident like this would have 01:07:21.520 --> 01:07:24.069 align:start position:0% by. An incident like this would have triggered<01:07:21.920> an<01:07:22.160> intense<01:07:22.799> outburst<01:07:23.280> of<01:07:23.520> energy 01:07:24.069 --> 01:07:24.079 align:start position:0% triggered an intense outburst of energy 01:07:24.079 --> 01:07:26.309 align:start position:0% triggered an intense outburst of energy and<01:07:24.319> whipped<01:07:24.640> up<01:07:24.880> galactic<01:07:25.440> winds,<01:07:25.839> driving 01:07:26.309 --> 01:07:26.319 align:start position:0% and whipped up galactic winds, driving 01:07:26.319 --> 01:07:29.029 align:start position:0% and whipped up galactic winds, driving gas<01:07:26.720> and<01:07:26.880> cosmic<01:07:27.280> rays<01:07:27.920> violently<01:07:28.559> away<01:07:28.880> from 01:07:29.029 --> 01:07:29.039 align:start position:0% gas and cosmic rays violently away from 01:07:29.039 --> 01:07:31.270 align:start position:0% gas and cosmic rays violently away from the<01:07:29.200> galactic<01:07:29.680> center,<01:07:30.480> stretching<01:07:30.960> and 01:07:31.270 --> 01:07:31.280 align:start position:0% the galactic center, stretching and 01:07:31.280 --> 01:07:33.190 align:start position:0% the galactic center, stretching and amplifying<01:07:31.920> magnetic<01:07:32.319> field<01:07:32.559> lines<01:07:32.880> in<01:07:33.039> its 01:07:33.190 --> 01:07:33.200 align:start position:0% amplifying magnetic field lines in its 01:07:33.200 --> 01:07:35.670 align:start position:0% amplifying magnetic field lines in its wake,<01:07:33.920> creating<01:07:34.400> those<01:07:34.640> bubbles<01:07:35.440> and 01:07:35.670 --> 01:07:35.680 align:start position:0% wake, creating those bubbles and 01:07:35.680 --> 01:07:38.870 align:start position:0% wake, creating those bubbles and non-thermal<01:07:36.400> filaments.<01:07:37.839> What's<01:07:38.079> more, 01:07:38.870 --> 01:07:38.880 align:start position:0% non-thermal filaments. What's more, 01:07:38.880 --> 01:07:41.589 align:start position:0% non-thermal filaments. What's more, strong<01:07:39.200> magnetic<01:07:39.680> fields,<01:07:40.480> which<01:07:40.799> as<01:07:41.119> we<01:07:41.280> now 01:07:41.589 --> 01:07:41.599 align:start position:0% strong magnetic fields, which as we now 01:07:41.599 --> 01:07:43.829 align:start position:0% strong magnetic fields, which as we now know<01:07:41.920> are<01:07:42.240> a<01:07:42.480> confirmed<01:07:42.960> characteristic<01:07:43.599> of 01:07:43.829 --> 01:07:43.839 align:start position:0% know are a confirmed characteristic of 01:07:43.839 --> 01:07:47.029 align:start position:0% know are a confirmed characteristic of all<01:07:44.079> filaments,<01:07:45.200> capture<01:07:45.599> cosmic<01:07:46.079> rays.<01:07:46.880> And 01:07:47.029 --> 01:07:47.039 align:start position:0% all filaments, capture cosmic rays. And 01:07:47.039 --> 01:07:50.309 align:start position:0% all filaments, capture cosmic rays. And the<01:07:47.280> great<01:07:47.440> thing<01:07:47.599> is<01:07:48.480> we<01:07:48.720> can<01:07:48.880> date<01:07:49.200> them. 01:07:50.309 --> 01:07:50.319 align:start position:0% the great thing is we can date them. 01:07:50.319 --> 01:07:52.470 align:start position:0% the great thing is we can date them. Those<01:07:50.640> detected<01:07:51.119> in<01:07:51.359> the<01:07:51.520> filaments<01:07:52.079> by 01:07:52.470 --> 01:07:52.480 align:start position:0% Those detected in the filaments by 01:07:52.480 --> 01:07:55.430 align:start position:0% Those detected in the filaments by Mircat<01:07:53.440> match<01:07:53.839> the<01:07:54.079> proposed<01:07:54.559> period<01:07:55.039> of<01:07:55.200> the 01:07:55.430 --> 01:07:55.440 align:start position:0% Mircat match the proposed period of the 01:07:55.440 --> 01:07:58.230 align:start position:0% Mircat match the proposed period of the Sagittarius<01:07:56.160> A<01:07:56.480> star<01:07:56.799> outburst<01:07:57.680> considered 01:07:58.230 --> 01:07:58.240 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star outburst considered 01:07:58.240 --> 01:08:00.789 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star outburst considered responsible<01:07:58.799> for<01:07:58.960> the<01:07:59.200> radio<01:07:59.520> bubbles.<01:08:00.559> In 01:08:00.789 --> 01:08:00.799 align:start position:0% responsible for the radio bubbles. In 01:08:00.799 --> 01:08:04.630 align:start position:0% responsible for the radio bubbles. In other<01:08:00.960> words,<01:08:01.760> they<01:08:02.079> are<01:08:02.400> the<01:08:02.720> same<01:08:02.960> age. 01:08:04.630 --> 01:08:04.640 align:start position:0% other words, they are the same age. 01:08:04.640 --> 01:08:07.190 align:start position:0% other words, they are the same age. The<01:08:04.880> position<01:08:05.280> and<01:08:05.599> capabilities<01:08:06.160> of<01:08:06.319> Mircat 01:08:07.190 --> 01:08:07.200 align:start position:0% The position and capabilities of Mircat 01:08:07.200 --> 01:08:09.910 align:start position:0% The position and capabilities of Mircat alongside<01:08:07.760> the<01:08:08.079> same<01:08:08.400> highpass<01:08:09.200> filtering 01:08:09.910 --> 01:08:09.920 align:start position:0% alongside the same highpass filtering 01:08:09.920 --> 01:08:12.069 align:start position:0% alongside the same highpass filtering used<01:08:10.160> to<01:08:10.319> resolve<01:08:10.720> the<01:08:10.880> non-therrmal<01:08:11.680> radio 01:08:12.069 --> 01:08:12.079 align:start position:0% used to resolve the non-therrmal radio 01:08:12.079 --> 01:08:13.910 align:start position:0% used to resolve the non-therrmal radio filaments<01:08:12.799> not<01:08:13.039> only<01:08:13.280> revealed<01:08:13.680> these 01:08:13.910 --> 01:08:13.920 align:start position:0% filaments not only revealed these 01:08:13.920 --> 01:08:16.470 align:start position:0% filaments not only revealed these bubbles<01:08:14.240> in<01:08:14.480> astonishing<01:08:15.119> detail<01:08:15.839> but<01:08:16.080> showed 01:08:16.470 --> 01:08:16.480 align:start position:0% bubbles in astonishing detail but showed 01:08:16.480 --> 01:08:18.870 align:start position:0% bubbles in astonishing detail but showed almost<01:08:16.960> all<01:08:17.279> of<01:08:17.440> the<01:08:17.600> filaments<01:08:18.239> are<01:08:18.400> confined 01:08:18.870 --> 01:08:18.880 align:start position:0% almost all of the filaments are confined 01:08:18.880 --> 01:08:21.590 align:start position:0% almost all of the filaments are confined within<01:08:19.199> them.<01:08:20.159> This<01:08:20.560> close<01:08:21.120> physical 01:08:21.590 --> 01:08:21.600 align:start position:0% within them. This close physical 01:08:21.600 --> 01:08:24.070 align:start position:0% within them. This close physical association<01:08:22.400> adds<01:08:22.799> even<01:08:23.120> more<01:08:23.440> weight<01:08:23.679> to<01:08:23.839> the 01:08:24.070 --> 01:08:24.080 align:start position:0% association adds even more weight to the 01:08:24.080 --> 01:08:26.630 align:start position:0% association adds even more weight to the argument<01:08:24.640> that<01:08:24.960> the<01:08:25.199> same<01:08:25.440> energetic<01:08:26.080> event 01:08:26.630 --> 01:08:26.640 align:start position:0% argument that the same energetic event 01:08:26.640 --> 01:08:29.349 align:start position:0% argument that the same energetic event created<01:08:27.120> them.<01:08:28.239> Something<01:08:28.640> powerful<01:08:29.120> enough 01:08:29.349 --> 01:08:29.359 align:start position:0% created them. Something powerful enough 01:08:29.359 --> 01:08:31.430 align:start position:0% created them. Something powerful enough to<01:08:29.600> create<01:08:29.759> the<01:08:30.000> bubbles<01:08:30.560> would<01:08:30.880> certainly<01:08:31.279> be 01:08:31.430 --> 01:08:31.440 align:start position:0% to create the bubbles would certainly be 01:08:31.440 --> 01:08:33.590 align:start position:0% to create the bubbles would certainly be able<01:08:31.600> to<01:08:31.839> accelerate<01:08:32.400> electrons<01:08:32.960> to<01:08:33.120> near<01:08:33.359> the 01:08:33.590 --> 01:08:33.600 align:start position:0% able to accelerate electrons to near the 01:08:33.600 --> 01:08:35.829 align:start position:0% able to accelerate electrons to near the speed<01:08:33.839> of<01:08:34.000> light<01:08:34.640> with<01:08:34.799> the<01:08:34.960> stretch<01:08:35.359> magnetic 01:08:35.829 --> 01:08:35.839 align:start position:0% speed of light with the stretch magnetic 01:08:35.839 --> 01:08:37.430 align:start position:0% speed of light with the stretch magnetic field<01:08:36.080> lines<01:08:36.480> channeling<01:08:36.722> [music]<01:08:36.960> them<01:08:37.199> to 01:08:37.430 --> 01:08:37.440 align:start position:0% field lines channeling [music] them to 01:08:37.440 --> 01:08:39.030 align:start position:0% field lines channeling [music] them to produce<01:08:37.759> the<01:08:37.920> filament's<01:08:38.480> signature 01:08:39.030 --> 01:08:39.040 align:start position:0% produce the filament's signature 01:08:39.040 --> 01:08:42.070 align:start position:0% produce the filament's signature synretron<01:08:39.679> emission.<01:08:41.040> With<01:08:41.279> this<01:08:41.520> hypothesis 01:08:42.070 --> 01:08:42.080 align:start position:0% synretron emission. With this hypothesis 01:08:42.080 --> 01:08:44.630 align:start position:0% synretron emission. With this hypothesis in<01:08:42.319> mind,<01:08:42.719> Zard<01:08:43.279> and<01:08:43.440> the<01:08:43.600> team<01:08:43.920> described<01:08:44.400> the 01:08:44.630 --> 01:08:44.640 align:start position:0% in mind, Zard and the team described the 01:08:44.640 --> 01:08:47.269 align:start position:0% in mind, Zard and the team described the formation<01:08:45.040> of<01:08:45.199> non-therrmofilaments<01:08:46.560> as 01:08:47.269 --> 01:08:47.279 align:start position:0% formation of non-therrmofilaments as 01:08:47.279 --> 01:08:49.749 align:start position:0% formation of non-therrmofilaments as magnetized<01:08:48.000> streamers<01:08:48.719> in<01:08:48.960> a<01:08:49.199> cosmic 01:08:49.749 --> 01:08:49.759 align:start position:0% magnetized streamers in a cosmic 01:08:49.759 --> 01:08:52.550 align:start position:0% magnetized streamers in a cosmic raydriven<01:08:50.477> [music]<01:08:50.719> wind.<01:08:51.839> It<01:08:52.159> certainly 01:08:52.550 --> 01:08:52.560 align:start position:0% raydriven [music] wind. It certainly 01:08:52.560 --> 01:08:54.390 align:start position:0% raydriven [music] wind. It certainly paints<01:08:52.960> a<01:08:53.199> compelling<01:08:53.600> picture<01:08:54.000> for<01:08:54.159> the 01:08:54.390 --> 01:08:54.400 align:start position:0% paints a compelling picture for the 01:08:54.400 --> 01:08:56.630 align:start position:0% paints a compelling picture for the possible<01:08:54.719> origin<01:08:55.120> of<01:08:55.199> the<01:08:55.359> filaments,<01:08:56.159> but<01:08:56.400> it 01:08:56.630 --> 01:08:56.640 align:start position:0% possible origin of the filaments, but it 01:08:56.640 --> 01:08:59.189 align:start position:0% possible origin of the filaments, but it is<01:08:56.880> by<01:08:57.120> no<01:08:57.359> means<01:08:57.759> conclusive<01:08:58.560> as<01:08:58.799> even<01:08:59.040> the 01:08:59.189 --> 01:08:59.199 align:start position:0% is by no means conclusive as even the 01:08:59.199 --> 01:09:01.430 align:start position:0% is by no means conclusive as even the authors<01:08:59.600> themselves<01:09:00.080> attest.<01:09:01.199> Other 01:09:01.430 --> 01:09:01.440 align:start position:0% authors themselves attest. Other 01:09:01.440 --> 01:09:03.749 align:start position:0% authors themselves attest. Other theories<01:09:02.000> are<01:09:02.319> being<01:09:02.640> worked<01:09:02.880> on.<01:09:03.440> With<01:09:03.600> a 01:09:03.749 --> 01:09:03.759 align:start position:0% theories are being worked on. With a 01:09:03.759 --> 01:09:05.349 align:start position:0% theories are being worked on. With a mystery<01:09:04.080> this<01:09:04.319> tantalizing,<01:09:05.120> other 01:09:05.349 --> 01:09:05.359 align:start position:0% mystery this tantalizing, other 01:09:05.359 --> 01:09:06.950 align:start position:0% mystery this tantalizing, other astronomers<01:09:06.000> have<01:09:06.239> been<01:09:06.480> studying<01:09:06.719> the 01:09:06.950 --> 01:09:06.960 align:start position:0% astronomers have been studying the 01:09:06.960 --> 01:09:10.309 align:start position:0% astronomers have been studying the filaments,<01:09:07.440> too.<01:09:08.480> But<01:09:08.640> this<01:09:09.199> single<01:09:09.600> image<01:09:10.000> is 01:09:10.309 --> 01:09:10.319 align:start position:0% filaments, too. But this single image is 01:09:10.319 --> 01:09:13.030 align:start position:0% filaments, too. But this single image is still<01:09:10.480> the<01:09:10.719> one<01:09:11.120> that's<01:09:11.520> told<01:09:11.759> us<01:09:12.000> the<01:09:12.239> most. 01:09:13.030 --> 01:09:13.040 align:start position:0% still the one that's told us the most. 01:09:13.040 --> 01:09:15.590 align:start position:0% still the one that's told us the most. Zard<01:09:13.600> wasn't<01:09:14.000> kidding<01:09:14.400> when<01:09:14.719> he<01:09:14.880> said<01:09:15.120> it<01:09:15.440> was 01:09:15.590 --> 01:09:15.600 align:start position:0% Zard wasn't kidding when he said it was 01:09:15.600 --> 01:09:18.630 align:start position:0% Zard wasn't kidding when he said it was a<01:09:15.920> watershed<01:09:16.640> moment.<01:09:17.520> But<01:09:17.759> with<01:09:18.000> so<01:09:18.319> many 01:09:18.630 --> 01:09:18.640 align:start position:0% a watershed moment. But with so many 01:09:18.640 --> 01:09:20.709 align:start position:0% a watershed moment. But with so many unanswered<01:09:19.359> questions,<01:09:19.952> [music]<01:09:20.159> some<01:09:20.480> going 01:09:20.709 --> 01:09:20.719 align:start position:0% unanswered questions, [music] some going 01:09:20.719 --> 01:09:24.709 align:start position:0% unanswered questions, [music] some going back<01:09:21.279> 40<01:09:21.759> years,<01:09:22.719> where<01:09:22.960> does<01:09:23.120> that<01:09:23.359> leave<01:09:23.679> us? 01:09:24.709 --> 01:09:24.719 align:start position:0% back 40 years, where does that leave us? 01:09:24.719 --> 01:09:28.309 align:start position:0% back 40 years, where does that leave us? Are<01:09:24.880> non-thermal<01:09:25.839> radios<01:09:27.040> merely<01:09:27.520> a<01:09:27.759> galactic 01:09:28.309 --> 01:09:28.319 align:start position:0% Are non-thermal radios merely a galactic 01:09:28.319 --> 01:09:30.309 align:start position:0% Are non-thermal radios merely a galactic curiosity? 01:09:30.309 --> 01:09:30.319 align:start position:0% curiosity? 01:09:30.319 --> 01:09:33.669 align:start position:0% curiosity? Not<01:09:30.640> by<01:09:30.960> any<01:09:31.279> means.<01:09:32.400> They<01:09:32.719> are<01:09:32.880> a<01:09:33.120> riddle 01:09:33.669 --> 01:09:33.679 align:start position:0% Not by any means. They are a riddle 01:09:33.679 --> 01:09:36.550 align:start position:0% Not by any means. They are a riddle wrapped<01:09:34.080> in<01:09:34.319> a<01:09:34.480> mystery<01:09:35.040> inside<01:09:35.520> an<01:09:35.759> enigma 01:09:36.550 --> 01:09:36.560 align:start position:0% wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma 01:09:36.560 --> 01:09:38.309 align:start position:0% wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma and<01:09:36.799> could<01:09:37.040> shed<01:09:37.359> light<01:09:37.600> on<01:09:37.839> one<01:09:38.000> of<01:09:38.080> the 01:09:38.309 --> 01:09:38.319 align:start position:0% and could shed light on one of the 01:09:38.319 --> 01:09:40.950 align:start position:0% and could shed light on one of the biggest<01:09:38.799> unanswered<01:09:39.520> questions<01:09:39.920> out<01:09:40.159> there. 01:09:40.950 --> 01:09:40.960 align:start position:0% biggest unanswered questions out there. 01:09:40.960 --> 01:09:43.110 align:start position:0% biggest unanswered questions out there. How<01:09:41.279> super<01:09:41.679> massive<01:09:42.000> black<01:09:42.239> holes<01:09:42.640> regulate 01:09:43.110 --> 01:09:43.120 align:start position:0% How super massive black holes regulate 01:09:43.120 --> 01:09:46.309 align:start position:0% How super massive black holes regulate star<01:09:43.440> formation<01:09:44.080> within<01:09:44.560> a<01:09:44.799> galaxy. 01:09:46.309 --> 01:09:46.319 align:start position:0% star formation within a galaxy. 01:09:46.319 --> 01:09:48.149 align:start position:0% star formation within a galaxy. Scientists<01:09:46.799> know<01:09:47.040> that<01:09:47.199> the<01:09:47.440> active<01:09:47.759> centers 01:09:48.149 --> 01:09:48.159 align:start position:0% Scientists know that the active centers 01:09:48.159 --> 01:09:50.390 align:start position:0% Scientists know that the active centers of<01:09:48.319> galaxies<01:09:48.880> must<01:09:49.279> transfer<01:09:49.759> energy<01:09:50.080> and 01:09:50.390 --> 01:09:50.400 align:start position:0% of galaxies must transfer energy and 01:09:50.400 --> 01:09:52.070 align:start position:0% of galaxies must transfer energy and matter<01:09:50.719> into<01:09:51.040> interstellar<01:09:51.393> [music]<01:09:51.679> space 01:09:52.070 --> 01:09:52.080 align:start position:0% matter into interstellar [music] space 01:09:52.080 --> 01:09:53.829 align:start position:0% matter into interstellar [music] space through<01:09:52.319> a<01:09:52.560> process<01:09:52.960> called<01:09:53.359> galactic 01:09:53.829 --> 01:09:53.839 align:start position:0% through a process called galactic 01:09:53.839 --> 01:09:56.790 align:start position:0% through a process called galactic feedback.<01:09:54.800> If<01:09:55.040> they<01:09:55.280> didn't,<01:09:56.000> star<01:09:56.239> formation 01:09:56.790 --> 01:09:56.800 align:start position:0% feedback. If they didn't, star formation 01:09:56.800 --> 01:09:59.110 align:start position:0% feedback. If they didn't, star formation would<01:09:57.120> run<01:09:57.360> away<01:09:57.600> unchecked,<01:09:58.480> using<01:09:58.800> up<01:09:58.960> a 01:09:59.110 --> 01:09:59.120 align:start position:0% would run away unchecked, using up a 01:09:59.120 --> 01:10:01.110 align:start position:0% would run away unchecked, using up a galaxy's<01:09:59.600> gas<01:09:59.840> and<01:10:00.080> dust<01:10:00.480> faster<01:10:00.880> than 01:10:01.110 --> 01:10:01.120 align:start position:0% galaxy's gas and dust faster than 01:10:01.120 --> 01:10:03.430 align:start position:0% galaxy's gas and dust faster than observations<01:10:01.760> tell<01:10:02.000> us.<01:10:02.800> But<01:10:02.960> how<01:10:03.199> this 01:10:03.430 --> 01:10:03.440 align:start position:0% observations tell us. But how this 01:10:03.440 --> 01:10:06.790 align:start position:0% observations tell us. But how this feedback<01:10:04.000> happens<01:10:04.560> is<01:10:04.800> unknown.<01:10:06.080> Mircat's 01:10:06.790 --> 01:10:06.800 align:start position:0% feedback happens is unknown. Mircat's 01:10:06.800 --> 01:10:08.390 align:start position:0% feedback happens is unknown. Mircat's detailed<01:10:07.199> imagery<01:10:07.520> of<01:10:07.679> non-therrmal 01:10:08.390 --> 01:10:08.400 align:start position:0% detailed imagery of non-therrmal 01:10:08.400 --> 01:10:10.709 align:start position:0% detailed imagery of non-therrmal filaments<01:10:08.880> and<01:10:09.040> the<01:10:09.199> radio<01:10:09.600> bubbles<01:10:10.320> provides 01:10:10.709 --> 01:10:10.719 align:start position:0% filaments and the radio bubbles provides 01:10:10.719 --> 01:10:13.030 align:start position:0% filaments and the radio bubbles provides us<01:10:10.960> with<01:10:11.440> compelling<01:10:12.000> evidence<01:10:12.560> that<01:10:12.800> this 01:10:13.030 --> 01:10:13.040 align:start position:0% us with compelling evidence that this 01:10:13.040 --> 01:10:14.870 align:start position:0% us with compelling evidence that this outflow<01:10:13.440> of<01:10:13.600> energy<01:10:14.080> could<01:10:14.320> happen<01:10:14.640> in 01:10:14.870 --> 01:10:14.880 align:start position:0% outflow of energy could happen in 01:10:14.880 --> 01:10:18.149 align:start position:0% outflow of energy could happen in discrete<01:10:15.679> but<01:10:16.000> powerful<01:10:16.560> outbursts.<01:10:17.920> And 01:10:18.149 --> 01:10:18.159 align:start position:0% discrete but powerful outbursts. And 01:10:18.159 --> 01:10:19.990 align:start position:0% discrete but powerful outbursts. And this<01:10:18.320> is<01:10:18.480> something<01:10:18.719> that<01:10:19.040> has<01:10:19.360> never<01:10:19.760> been 01:10:19.990 --> 01:10:20.000 align:start position:0% this is something that has never been 01:10:20.000 --> 01:10:23.430 align:start position:0% this is something that has never been seen<01:10:20.320> before.<01:10:21.679> Fermy<01:10:22.159> bubbles<01:10:22.719> discovered<01:10:23.199> by 01:10:23.430 --> 01:10:23.440 align:start position:0% seen before. Fermy bubbles discovered by 01:10:23.440 --> 01:10:26.550 align:start position:0% seen before. Fermy bubbles discovered by NASA's<01:10:23.920> Fermy<01:10:24.400> gammaray<01:10:25.040> telescope<01:10:25.520> in<01:10:25.760> 2010 01:10:26.550 --> 01:10:26.560 align:start position:0% NASA's Fermy gammaray telescope in 2010 01:10:26.560 --> 01:10:29.110 align:start position:0% NASA's Fermy gammaray telescope in 2010 are<01:10:26.880> even<01:10:27.360> bigger<01:10:28.159> hourglass<01:10:28.719> shaped 01:10:29.110 --> 01:10:29.120 align:start position:0% are even bigger hourglass shaped 01:10:29.120 --> 01:10:29.990 align:start position:0% are even bigger hourglass shaped configurations<01:10:29.384> [music] 01:10:29.990 --> 01:10:30.000 align:start position:0% configurations [music] 01:10:30.000 --> 01:10:33.590 align:start position:0% configurations [music] spanning<01:10:30.400> a<01:10:30.640> total<01:10:30.960> of<01:10:31.280> 50,000<01:10:32.159> lightyear. 01:10:33.590 --> 01:10:33.600 align:start position:0% spanning a total of 50,000 lightyear. 01:10:33.600 --> 01:10:37.030 align:start position:0% spanning a total of 50,000 lightyear. These<01:10:34.239> mindbogglingly<01:10:35.600> massive<01:10:36.080> structures 01:10:37.030 --> 01:10:37.040 align:start position:0% These mindbogglingly massive structures 01:10:37.040 --> 01:10:39.430 align:start position:0% These mindbogglingly massive structures colored<01:10:37.520> magenta<01:10:38.000> in<01:10:38.320> this<01:10:38.480> image<01:10:39.199> are 01:10:39.430 --> 01:10:39.440 align:start position:0% colored magenta in this image are 01:10:39.440 --> 01:10:41.990 align:start position:0% colored magenta in this image are thought<01:10:39.679> to<01:10:39.920> be<01:10:40.320> millions<01:10:40.719> of<01:10:40.880> years<01:10:41.199> old. 01:10:41.990 --> 01:10:42.000 align:start position:0% thought to be millions of years old. 01:10:42.000 --> 01:10:44.070 align:start position:0% thought to be millions of years old. Likely<01:10:42.320> caused<01:10:42.640> by<01:10:42.800> a<01:10:43.040> violent<01:10:43.440> outburst<01:10:43.920> from 01:10:44.070 --> 01:10:44.080 align:start position:0% Likely caused by a violent outburst from 01:10:44.080 --> 01:10:46.709 align:start position:0% Likely caused by a violent outburst from Sagittarius<01:10:44.719> A<01:10:45.040> star<01:10:45.600> which<01:10:45.920> calculation 01:10:46.709 --> 01:10:46.719 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star which calculation 01:10:46.719 --> 01:10:50.790 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star which calculation suggests<01:10:47.440> had<01:10:47.679> the<01:10:47.920> energy<01:10:48.560> of<01:10:49.199> 100,000 01:10:50.790 --> 01:10:50.800 align:start position:0% suggests had the energy of 100,000 01:10:50.800 --> 01:10:52.470 align:start position:0% suggests had the energy of 100,000 supernova. 01:10:52.470 --> 01:10:52.480 align:start position:0% supernova. 01:10:52.480 --> 01:10:55.110 align:start position:0% supernova. This<01:10:52.719> is<01:10:53.199> much<01:10:53.679> more<01:10:54.000> powerful<01:10:54.719> and<01:10:54.928> [music] 01:10:55.110 --> 01:10:55.120 align:start position:0% This is much more powerful and [music] 01:10:55.120 --> 01:10:56.870 align:start position:0% This is much more powerful and [music] ancient<01:10:55.520> than<01:10:55.760> the<01:10:55.920> event<01:10:56.239> proposed<01:10:56.640> to<01:10:56.800> have 01:10:56.870 --> 01:10:56.880 align:start position:0% ancient than the event proposed to have 01:10:56.880 --> 01:10:59.270 align:start position:0% ancient than the event proposed to have made<01:10:57.040> the<01:10:57.280> filaments<01:10:57.679> and<01:10:57.920> radio<01:10:58.320> bubbles. 01:10:59.270 --> 01:10:59.280 align:start position:0% made the filaments and radio bubbles. 01:10:59.280 --> 01:11:01.350 align:start position:0% made the filaments and radio bubbles. But<01:10:59.520> together<01:10:59.840> they<01:11:00.159> paint<01:11:00.400> a<01:11:00.640> picture<01:11:00.960> of 01:11:01.350 --> 01:11:01.360 align:start position:0% But together they paint a picture of 01:11:01.360 --> 01:11:03.510 align:start position:0% But together they paint a picture of intermittent<01:11:02.134> [music]<01:11:02.159> outbursts<01:11:02.880> from<01:11:03.199> deep 01:11:03.510 --> 01:11:03.520 align:start position:0% intermittent [music] outbursts from deep 01:11:03.520 --> 01:11:06.149 align:start position:0% intermittent [music] outbursts from deep within<01:11:03.920> the<01:11:04.080> heart<01:11:04.320> of<01:11:04.480> our<01:11:04.719> galaxy.<01:11:05.840> Both 01:11:06.149 --> 01:11:06.159 align:start position:0% within the heart of our galaxy. Both 01:11:06.159 --> 01:11:07.990 align:start position:0% within the heart of our galaxy. Both have<01:11:06.400> the<01:11:06.560> potential<01:11:06.880> to<01:11:07.199> regulate<01:11:07.679> star 01:11:07.990 --> 01:11:08.000 align:start position:0% have the potential to regulate star 01:11:08.000 --> 01:11:10.229 align:start position:0% have the potential to regulate star formation,<01:11:08.880> ensuring<01:11:09.280> that<01:11:09.440> the<01:11:09.679> Milky<01:11:09.920> Way 01:11:10.229 --> 01:11:10.239 align:start position:0% formation, ensuring that the Milky Way 01:11:10.239 --> 01:11:12.870 align:start position:0% formation, ensuring that the Milky Way doesn't<01:11:10.560> suffer<01:11:10.880> from<01:11:11.199> burnout.<01:11:12.560> As 01:11:12.870 --> 01:11:12.880 align:start position:0% doesn't suffer from burnout. As 01:11:12.880 --> 01:11:14.950 align:start position:0% doesn't suffer from burnout. As scientists<01:11:13.440> continue<01:11:13.840> to<01:11:14.239> unravel<01:11:14.719> the 01:11:14.950 --> 01:11:14.960 align:start position:0% scientists continue to unravel the 01:11:14.960 --> 01:11:17.189 align:start position:0% scientists continue to unravel the mysteries<01:11:15.280> of<01:11:15.440> non-therrmof<01:11:16.320> filaments<01:11:16.880> and 01:11:17.189 --> 01:11:17.199 align:start position:0% mysteries of non-therrmof filaments and 01:11:17.199 --> 01:11:18.630 align:start position:0% mysteries of non-therrmof filaments and tackle<01:11:17.520> the<01:11:17.760> big<01:11:17.854> [music]<01:11:17.920> questions<01:11:18.320> about 01:11:18.630 --> 01:11:18.640 align:start position:0% tackle the big [music] questions about 01:11:18.640 --> 01:11:21.030 align:start position:0% tackle the big [music] questions about how<01:11:18.880> the<01:11:19.120> universe<01:11:19.600> works,<01:11:20.560> the<01:11:20.719> trail 01:11:21.030 --> 01:11:21.040 align:start position:0% how the universe works, the trail 01:11:21.040 --> 01:11:22.630 align:start position:0% how the universe works, the trail doesn't<01:11:21.360> seem<01:11:21.520> to<01:11:21.679> be<01:11:21.840> going<01:11:22.080> cold<01:11:22.400> again 01:11:22.630 --> 01:11:22.640 align:start position:0% doesn't seem to be going cold again 01:11:22.640 --> 01:11:25.110 align:start position:0% doesn't seem to be going cold again anytime<01:11:23.094> [music]<01:11:23.120> soon.<01:11:24.320> Since<01:11:24.640> the<01:11:24.880> first 01:11:25.110 --> 01:11:25.120 align:start position:0% anytime [music] soon. Since the first 01:11:25.120 --> 01:11:27.910 align:start position:0% anytime [music] soon. Since the first full<01:11:25.440> array<01:11:25.760> image,<01:11:26.400> Mircat<01:11:27.040> has<01:11:27.280> found<01:11:27.600> more 01:11:27.910 --> 01:11:27.920 align:start position:0% full array image, Mircat has found more 01:11:27.920 --> 01:11:29.990 align:start position:0% full array image, Mircat has found more of<01:11:28.080> these<01:11:28.480> mystery<01:11:28.960> strands<01:11:29.360> in<01:11:29.679> other 01:11:29.990 --> 01:11:30.000 align:start position:0% of these mystery strands in other 01:11:30.000 --> 01:11:32.870 align:start position:0% of these mystery strands in other galaxies<01:11:31.040> with<01:11:31.360> very<01:11:31.760> similar<01:11:32.239> properties<01:11:32.640> to 01:11:32.870 --> 01:11:32.880 align:start position:0% galaxies with very similar properties to 01:11:32.880 --> 01:11:35.510 align:start position:0% galaxies with very similar properties to the<01:11:33.040> ones<01:11:33.280> we<01:11:33.520> see<01:11:33.679> in<01:11:33.920> the<01:11:34.000> Milky<01:11:34.400> Way.<01:11:35.199> Their 01:11:35.510 --> 01:11:35.520 align:start position:0% the ones we see in the Milky Way. Their 01:11:35.520 --> 01:11:38.070 align:start position:0% the ones we see in the Milky Way. Their very<01:11:35.760> existence<01:11:36.480> elsewhere<01:11:37.360> suggests<01:11:37.840> a 01:11:38.070 --> 01:11:38.080 align:start position:0% very existence elsewhere suggests a 01:11:38.080 --> 01:11:40.114 align:start position:0% very existence elsewhere suggests a common<01:11:38.640> underlying<01:11:39.280> mechanism<01:11:39.760> that<01:11:40.080> alludes 01:11:40.114 --> 01:11:40.124 align:start position:0% common underlying mechanism that alludes 01:11:40.124 --> 01:11:42.070 align:start position:0% common underlying mechanism that alludes [music]<01:11:40.480> to<01:11:40.640> their<01:11:40.880> role<01:11:41.120> in<01:11:41.440> fundamental 01:11:42.070 --> 01:11:42.080 align:start position:0% [music] to their role in fundamental 01:11:42.080 --> 01:11:44.390 align:start position:0% [music] to their role in fundamental galactic<01:11:42.640> processes. 01:11:44.390 --> 01:11:44.400 align:start position:0% galactic processes. 01:11:44.400 --> 01:11:46.390 align:start position:0% galactic processes. To<01:11:44.719> conclusively<01:11:45.280> piece<01:11:45.600> together<01:11:45.920> the<01:11:46.159> whole 01:11:46.390 --> 01:11:46.400 align:start position:0% To conclusively piece together the whole 01:11:46.400 --> 01:11:48.950 align:start position:0% To conclusively piece together the whole picture<01:11:47.040> will<01:11:47.360> require<01:11:47.920> another<01:11:48.320> step<01:11:48.560> change 01:11:48.950 --> 01:11:48.960 align:start position:0% picture will require another step change 01:11:48.960 --> 01:11:51.910 align:start position:0% picture will require another step change in<01:11:49.280> imaging<01:11:49.760> resolution.<01:11:51.120> And<01:11:51.440> hopefully 01:11:51.910 --> 01:11:51.920 align:start position:0% in imaging resolution. And hopefully 01:11:51.920 --> 01:11:54.709 align:start position:0% in imaging resolution. And hopefully that's<01:11:52.239> not<01:11:52.400> too<01:11:52.640> far<01:11:52.880> off.<01:11:53.679> As<01:11:53.920> Mircat 01:11:54.709 --> 01:11:54.719 align:start position:0% that's not too far off. As Mircat 01:11:54.719 --> 01:11:56.390 align:start position:0% that's not too far off. As Mircat already<01:11:55.199> awarded<01:11:55.679> by<01:11:55.840> the<01:11:56.080> Royal 01:11:56.390 --> 01:11:56.400 align:start position:0% already awarded by the Royal 01:11:56.400 --> 01:11:58.790 align:start position:0% already awarded by the Royal Astronomical<01:11:57.120> Society<01:11:57.600> for<01:11:57.840> its<01:11:58.080> spectacular 01:11:58.790 --> 01:11:58.800 align:start position:0% Astronomical Society for its spectacular 01:11:58.800 --> 01:12:01.074 align:start position:0% Astronomical Society for its spectacular observations<01:11:59.360> in<01:11:59.600> radioastronomy<01:12:00.880> was<01:12:01.040> built 01:12:01.074 --> 01:12:01.084 align:start position:0% observations in radioastronomy was built 01:12:01.084 --> 01:12:03.910 align:start position:0% observations in radioastronomy was built [music]<01:12:01.440> with<01:12:01.920> longerterm<01:12:02.640> goals<01:12:02.880> in<01:12:03.120> mind, 01:12:03.910 --> 01:12:03.920 align:start position:0% [music] with longerterm goals in mind, 01:12:03.920 --> 01:12:06.709 align:start position:0% [music] with longerterm goals in mind, namely<01:12:04.640> to<01:12:04.880> be<01:12:05.040> incorporated<01:12:06.000> into<01:12:06.400> the 01:12:06.709 --> 01:12:06.719 align:start position:0% namely to be incorporated into the 01:12:06.719 --> 01:12:09.350 align:start position:0% namely to be incorporated into the square<01:12:07.199> kilometer<01:12:07.760> array.<01:12:08.640> With<01:12:08.880> a<01:12:09.040> total 01:12:09.350 --> 01:12:09.360 align:start position:0% square kilometer array. With a total 01:12:09.360 --> 01:12:12.550 align:start position:0% square kilometer array. With a total collecting<01:12:09.920> area<01:12:10.320> of<01:12:10.719> one<01:12:11.120> square<01:12:11.440> km,<01:12:12.320> it 01:12:12.550 --> 01:12:12.560 align:start position:0% collecting area of one square km, it 01:12:12.560 --> 01:12:15.110 align:start position:0% collecting area of one square km, it will<01:12:12.719> be<01:12:13.040> 50<01:12:13.360> times<01:12:13.760> more<01:12:14.000> sensitive<01:12:14.480> than<01:12:14.800> any 01:12:15.110 --> 01:12:15.120 align:start position:0% will be 50 times more sensitive than any 01:12:15.120 --> 01:12:17.750 align:start position:0% will be 50 times more sensitive than any other<01:12:15.440> radio<01:12:15.840> instrument<01:12:16.320> in<01:12:16.640> existence,<01:12:17.520> and 01:12:17.750 --> 01:12:17.760 align:start position:0% other radio instrument in existence, and 01:12:17.760 --> 01:12:20.149 align:start position:0% other radio instrument in existence, and it's<01:12:18.000> expected<01:12:18.400> to<01:12:18.560> be<01:12:18.800> fully<01:12:19.120> constructed<01:12:19.679> by 01:12:20.149 --> 01:12:20.159 align:start position:0% it's expected to be fully constructed by 01:12:20.159 --> 01:12:21.910 align:start position:0% it's expected to be fully constructed by 2028. 01:12:21.910 --> 01:12:21.920 align:start position:0% 2028. 01:12:21.920 --> 01:12:23.750 align:start position:0% 2028. Keeping<01:12:22.239> an<01:12:22.480> eye<01:12:22.560> on<01:12:22.800> developments<01:12:23.280> in<01:12:23.520> other 01:12:23.750 --> 01:12:23.760 align:start position:0% Keeping an eye on developments in other 01:12:23.760 --> 01:12:25.350 align:start position:0% Keeping an eye on developments in other parts<01:12:23.920> of<01:12:24.000> the<01:12:24.159> electromagnetic<01:12:24.960> spectrum 01:12:25.350 --> 01:12:25.360 align:start position:0% parts of the electromagnetic spectrum 01:12:25.360 --> 01:12:27.910 align:start position:0% parts of the electromagnetic spectrum will<01:12:25.600> be<01:12:25.760> important<01:12:26.320> too.<01:12:27.040> Zard<01:12:27.679> believes 01:12:27.910 --> 01:12:27.920 align:start position:0% will be important too. Zard believes 01:12:27.920 --> 01:12:29.590 align:start position:0% will be important too. Zard believes that<01:12:28.159> the<01:12:28.400> next<01:12:28.560> breakthrough<01:12:29.120> will<01:12:29.360> come 01:12:29.590 --> 01:12:29.600 align:start position:0% that the next breakthrough will come 01:12:29.600 --> 01:12:32.310 align:start position:0% that the next breakthrough will come from<01:12:30.080> gamma<01:12:30.480> ray<01:12:30.719> telescopes.<01:12:31.760> Imaging<01:12:32.080> at 01:12:32.310 --> 01:12:32.320 align:start position:0% from gamma ray telescopes. Imaging at 01:12:32.320 --> 01:12:34.470 align:start position:0% from gamma ray telescopes. Imaging at higher<01:12:32.719> frequencies<01:12:33.360> results<01:12:33.760> in<01:12:34.080> higher 01:12:34.470 --> 01:12:34.480 align:start position:0% higher frequencies results in higher 01:12:34.480 --> 01:12:36.870 align:start position:0% higher frequencies results in higher resolution<01:12:35.040> imagery<01:12:35.920> which<01:12:36.239> has<01:12:36.480> potential 01:12:36.870 --> 01:12:36.880 align:start position:0% resolution imagery which has potential 01:12:36.880 --> 01:12:38.790 align:start position:0% resolution imagery which has potential to<01:12:37.120> show<01:12:37.280> us<01:12:37.440> whether<01:12:37.760> the<01:12:37.920> filaments,<01:12:38.560> the 01:12:38.790 --> 01:12:38.800 align:start position:0% to show us whether the filaments, the 01:12:38.800 --> 01:12:40.870 align:start position:0% to show us whether the filaments, the radio<01:12:39.120> bubbles<01:12:39.440> that<01:12:39.600> contain<01:12:40.000> them,<01:12:40.480> and<01:12:40.640> the 01:12:40.870 --> 01:12:40.880 align:start position:0% radio bubbles that contain them, and the 01:12:40.880 --> 01:12:44.310 align:start position:0% radio bubbles that contain them, and the vast<01:12:41.280> fermy<01:12:41.760> bubbles<01:12:42.320> are<01:12:42.640> connected. 01:12:44.310 --> 01:12:44.320 align:start position:0% vast fermy bubbles are connected. 01:12:44.320 --> 01:12:46.470 align:start position:0% vast fermy bubbles are connected. There's<01:12:44.640> an<01:12:44.800> elegance<01:12:45.280> in<01:12:45.520> order<01:12:45.920> rising<01:12:46.320> out 01:12:46.470 --> 01:12:46.480 align:start position:0% There's an elegance in order rising out 01:12:46.480 --> 01:12:48.870 align:start position:0% There's an elegance in order rising out of<01:12:46.719> chaos,<01:12:47.440> and<01:12:47.679> observing<01:12:48.159> non-therrmal 01:12:48.870 --> 01:12:48.880 align:start position:0% of chaos, and observing non-therrmal 01:12:48.880 --> 01:12:50.630 align:start position:0% of chaos, and observing non-therrmal filaments<01:12:49.440> streaming<01:12:50.000> out<01:12:50.239> through<01:12:50.480> the 01:12:50.630 --> 01:12:50.640 align:start position:0% filaments streaming out through the 01:12:50.640 --> 01:12:53.030 align:start position:0% filaments streaming out through the cosmic<01:12:51.040> winds<01:12:51.840> certainly<01:12:52.400> fits<01:12:52.719> that<01:12:52.830> [music] 01:12:53.030 --> 01:12:53.040 align:start position:0% cosmic winds certainly fits that [music] 01:12:53.040 --> 01:12:56.390 align:start position:0% cosmic winds certainly fits that [music] notion.<01:12:54.400> A<01:12:54.640> tour<01:12:54.880> of<01:12:55.040> the<01:12:55.120> Milky<01:12:55.440> Way<01:12:55.679> galaxy 01:12:56.390 --> 01:12:56.400 align:start position:0% notion. A tour of the Milky Way galaxy 01:12:56.400 --> 01:12:59.910 align:start position:0% notion. A tour of the Milky Way galaxy could<01:12:56.880> go<01:12:57.280> on<01:12:57.679> and<01:12:58.080> on.<01:12:58.960> But<01:12:59.120> there<01:12:59.280> is<01:12:59.600> one 01:12:59.910 --> 01:12:59.920 align:start position:0% could go on and on. But there is one 01:12:59.920 --> 01:13:01.910 align:start position:0% could go on and on. But there is one last<01:13:00.159> feature<01:13:00.480> I<01:13:00.719> want<01:13:00.880> to<01:13:01.040> explore<01:13:01.440> on<01:13:01.679> this 01:13:01.910 --> 01:13:01.920 align:start position:0% last feature I want to explore on this 01:13:01.920 --> 01:13:04.550 align:start position:0% last feature I want to explore on this journey<01:13:02.159> of<01:13:02.320> our<01:13:02.640> often<01:13:03.120> misunderstood<01:13:03.840> home. 01:13:04.550 --> 01:13:04.560 align:start position:0% journey of our often misunderstood home. 01:13:04.560 --> 01:13:06.709 align:start position:0% journey of our often misunderstood home. The<01:13:04.800> shining<01:13:05.280> jewels<01:13:05.760> in<01:13:05.920> the<01:13:06.080> Milky<01:13:06.320> Way's 01:13:06.709 --> 01:13:06.719 align:start position:0% The shining jewels in the Milky Way's 01:13:06.719 --> 01:13:09.270 align:start position:0% The shining jewels in the Milky Way's crown.<01:13:07.520> And<01:13:07.679> I<01:13:07.840> mean<01:13:08.000> that<01:13:08.320> shining<01:13:08.800> part 01:13:09.270 --> 01:13:09.280 align:start position:0% crown. And I mean that shining part 01:13:09.280 --> 01:13:11.830 align:start position:0% crown. And I mean that shining part quite<01:13:09.600> literally.<01:13:10.719> But<01:13:10.960> to<01:13:11.120> understand<01:13:11.440> it, 01:13:11.830 --> 01:13:11.840 align:start position:0% quite literally. But to understand it, 01:13:11.840 --> 01:13:18.310 align:start position:0% quite literally. But to understand it, we<01:13:12.080> must<01:13:12.320> first<01:13:12.719> look<01:13:13.040> further<01:13:13.360> a<01:13:13.600> field. 01:13:18.310 --> 01:13:18.320 align:start position:0% 01:13:18.320 --> 01:13:20.390 align:start position:0% Have<01:13:18.480> a<01:13:18.640> look<01:13:18.800> at<01:13:19.040> this<01:13:19.440> beautiful<01:13:19.920> image 01:13:20.390 --> 01:13:20.400 align:start position:0% Have a look at this beautiful image 01:13:20.400 --> 01:13:22.229 align:start position:0% Have a look at this beautiful image captured<01:13:20.880> by<01:13:21.040> the<01:13:21.199> James<01:13:21.600> Webb<01:13:21.920> Space 01:13:22.229 --> 01:13:22.239 align:start position:0% captured by the James Webb Space 01:13:22.239 --> 01:13:25.030 align:start position:0% captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.<01:13:23.600> Immediately,<01:13:24.080> you'll<01:13:24.480> notice 01:13:25.030 --> 01:13:25.040 align:start position:0% Telescope. Immediately, you'll notice 01:13:25.040 --> 01:13:27.830 align:start position:0% Telescope. Immediately, you'll notice two<01:13:25.360> types<01:13:25.679> of<01:13:25.840> objects.<01:13:27.120> First,<01:13:27.360> you'll<01:13:27.679> see 01:13:27.830 --> 01:13:27.840 align:start position:0% two types of objects. First, you'll see 01:13:27.840 --> 01:13:29.990 align:start position:0% two types of objects. First, you'll see the<01:13:28.080> nearby<01:13:28.560> stars<01:13:28.880> within<01:13:29.199> our<01:13:29.440> own<01:13:29.679> Milky 01:13:29.990 --> 01:13:30.000 align:start position:0% the nearby stars within our own Milky 01:13:30.000 --> 01:13:32.470 align:start position:0% the nearby stars within our own Milky Way<01:13:30.320> galaxy,<01:13:31.120> which<01:13:31.440> look<01:13:31.600> like<01:13:31.920> points<01:13:32.239> of 01:13:32.470 --> 01:13:32.480 align:start position:0% Way galaxy, which look like points of 01:13:32.480 --> 01:13:35.430 align:start position:0% Way galaxy, which look like points of light<01:13:32.800> surrounded<01:13:33.280> by<01:13:33.520> defraction<01:13:34.159> spikes. 01:13:35.430 --> 01:13:35.440 align:start position:0% light surrounded by defraction spikes. 01:13:35.440 --> 01:13:37.430 align:start position:0% light surrounded by defraction spikes. But<01:13:35.679> further<01:13:36.080> in<01:13:36.239> the<01:13:36.400> background,<01:13:37.120> you'll 01:13:37.430 --> 01:13:37.440 align:start position:0% But further in the background, you'll 01:13:37.440 --> 01:13:40.630 align:start position:0% But further in the background, you'll see<01:13:37.920> entirely<01:13:38.719> new<01:13:39.199> galaxies.<01:13:40.320> each 01:13:40.630 --> 01:13:40.640 align:start position:0% see entirely new galaxies. each 01:13:40.640 --> 01:13:43.590 align:start position:0% see entirely new galaxies. each containing<01:13:41.280> billions<01:13:41.840> of<01:13:42.000> stars<01:13:42.880> smeared<01:13:43.360> out 01:13:43.590 --> 01:13:43.600 align:start position:0% containing billions of stars smeared out 01:13:43.600 --> 01:13:47.590 align:start position:0% containing billions of stars smeared out into<01:13:44.080> elliptical<01:13:44.880> or<01:13:45.199> spiraling<01:13:45.840> blurs.<01:13:47.280> What 01:13:47.590 --> 01:13:47.600 align:start position:0% into elliptical or spiraling blurs. What 01:13:47.600 --> 01:13:50.460 align:start position:0% into elliptical or spiraling blurs. What you<01:13:47.840> probably<01:13:48.400> won't<01:13:48.800> see<01:13:49.440> are<01:13:49.760> distinct 01:13:50.460 --> 01:13:50.470 align:start position:0% you probably won't see are distinct 01:13:50.470 --> 01:13:52.709 align:start position:0% you probably won't see are distinct [music]<01:13:50.719> individual<01:13:51.440> objects<01:13:52.000> within<01:13:52.400> those 01:13:52.709 --> 01:13:52.719 align:start position:0% [music] individual objects within those 01:13:52.719 --> 01:13:54.870 align:start position:0% [music] individual objects within those other<01:13:52.960> galaxies<01:13:53.679> as<01:13:53.920> they<01:13:54.159> are<01:13:54.320> far<01:13:54.560> too 01:13:54.870 --> 01:13:54.880 align:start position:0% other galaxies as they are far too 01:13:54.880 --> 01:13:56.950 align:start position:0% other galaxies as they are far too distant<01:13:55.280> and<01:13:55.600> blend<01:13:55.920> in<01:13:56.159> with<01:13:56.400> all<01:13:56.560> the<01:13:56.800> other 01:13:56.950 --> 01:13:56.960 align:start position:0% distant and blend in with all the other 01:13:56.960 --> 01:14:00.229 align:start position:0% distant and blend in with all the other sources<01:13:57.360> of<01:13:57.520> light.<01:13:58.880> But<01:13:59.280> there<01:13:59.600> is<01:13:59.920> one 01:14:00.229 --> 01:14:00.239 align:start position:0% sources of light. But there is one 01:14:00.239 --> 01:14:02.630 align:start position:0% sources of light. But there is one exception<01:14:00.719> to<01:14:00.880> that<01:14:01.040> rule.<01:14:01.920> One<01:14:02.239> type<01:14:02.480> of 01:14:02.630 --> 01:14:02.640 align:start position:0% exception to that rule. One type of 01:14:02.640 --> 01:14:05.270 align:start position:0% exception to that rule. One type of object<01:14:03.040> that<01:14:03.280> is<01:14:03.520> so<01:14:03.840> bright<01:14:04.480> you<01:14:04.719> can<01:14:04.880> make<01:14:05.120> it 01:14:05.270 --> 01:14:05.280 align:start position:0% object that is so bright you can make it 01:14:05.280 --> 01:14:08.229 align:start position:0% object that is so bright you can make it out<01:14:05.520> from<01:14:06.000> billions<01:14:06.560> of<01:14:06.719> light<01:14:07.040> years<01:14:07.280> away. 01:14:08.229 --> 01:14:08.239 align:start position:0% out from billions of light years away. 01:14:08.239 --> 01:14:10.550 align:start position:0% out from billions of light years away. so<01:14:08.560> bright<01:14:08.880> that<01:14:09.120> it<01:14:09.360> stands<01:14:09.679> out<01:14:09.920> from<01:14:10.320> all 01:14:10.550 --> 01:14:10.560 align:start position:0% so bright that it stands out from all 01:14:10.560 --> 01:14:13.590 align:start position:0% so bright that it stands out from all the<01:14:10.800> surrounding<01:14:11.360> stars<01:14:11.679> in<01:14:11.920> its<01:14:12.239> galaxy.<01:14:13.360> A 01:14:13.590 --> 01:14:13.600 align:start position:0% the surrounding stars in its galaxy. A 01:14:13.600 --> 01:14:15.110 align:start position:0% the surrounding stars in its galaxy. A quazar. 01:14:15.110 --> 01:14:15.120 align:start position:0% quazar. 01:14:15.120 --> 01:14:17.030 align:start position:0% quazar. But<01:14:15.360> what<01:14:15.520> if<01:14:15.679> I<01:14:15.840> told<01:14:16.000> you<01:14:16.159> that<01:14:16.400> a<01:14:16.719> whole 01:14:17.030 --> 01:14:17.040 align:start position:0% But what if I told you that a whole 01:14:17.040 --> 01:14:20.070 align:start position:0% But what if I told you that a whole bunch<01:14:17.440> of<01:14:17.760> tiny<01:14:18.239> quazars<01:14:18.960> were<01:14:19.280> hiding<01:14:19.760> in 01:14:20.070 --> 01:14:20.080 align:start position:0% bunch of tiny quazars were hiding in 01:14:20.080 --> 01:14:23.030 align:start position:0% bunch of tiny quazars were hiding in plain<01:14:20.400> sight<01:14:21.199> right<01:14:21.440> within<01:14:22.000> our<01:14:22.320> own<01:14:22.640> Milky 01:14:23.030 --> 01:14:23.040 align:start position:0% plain sight right within our own Milky 01:14:23.040 --> 01:14:26.149 align:start position:0% plain sight right within our own Milky Way?<01:14:24.080> How<01:14:24.239> can<01:14:24.480> that<01:14:24.719> be<01:14:25.199> when<01:14:25.440> they<01:14:25.679> are<01:14:25.840> some 01:14:26.149 --> 01:14:26.159 align:start position:0% Way? How can that be when they are some 01:14:26.159 --> 01:14:28.070 align:start position:0% Way? How can that be when they are some of<01:14:26.320> the<01:14:26.560> brightest<01:14:27.199> objects<01:14:27.600> in<01:14:27.840> the 01:14:28.070 --> 01:14:28.080 align:start position:0% of the brightest objects in the 01:14:28.080 --> 01:14:30.790 align:start position:0% of the brightest objects in the universe?<01:14:29.120> Don't<01:14:29.360> worry,<01:14:30.080> you're<01:14:30.320> about<01:14:30.560> to 01:14:30.790 --> 01:14:30.800 align:start position:0% universe? Don't worry, you're about to 01:14:30.800 --> 01:14:33.830 align:start position:0% universe? Don't worry, you're about to find<01:14:30.960> out.<01:14:32.400> Astronomers<01:14:33.040> have<01:14:33.280> been<01:14:33.440> pointing 01:14:33.830 --> 01:14:33.840 align:start position:0% find out. Astronomers have been pointing 01:14:33.840 --> 01:14:35.990 align:start position:0% find out. Astronomers have been pointing their<01:14:34.000> telescopes<01:14:34.640> up<01:14:34.880> at<01:14:35.040> the<01:14:35.120> night<01:14:35.360> sky<01:14:35.679> for 01:14:35.990 --> 01:14:36.000 align:start position:0% their telescopes up at the night sky for 01:14:36.000 --> 01:14:39.590 align:start position:0% their telescopes up at the night sky for centuries.<01:14:37.280> Yet,<01:14:37.840> it<01:14:38.080> was<01:14:38.239> only<01:14:38.480> in<01:14:38.719> the<01:14:38.880> 1950s 01:14:39.590 --> 01:14:39.600 align:start position:0% centuries. Yet, it was only in the 1950s 01:14:39.600 --> 01:14:41.990 align:start position:0% centuries. Yet, it was only in the 1950s that<01:14:39.920> they<01:14:40.159> set<01:14:40.400> out<01:14:40.560> on<01:14:40.800> a<01:14:40.960> quest<01:14:41.199> to<01:14:41.440> map<01:14:41.760> out 01:14:41.990 --> 01:14:42.000 align:start position:0% that they set out on a quest to map out 01:14:42.000 --> 01:14:43.910 align:start position:0% that they set out on a quest to map out what<01:14:42.239> the<01:14:42.480> universe<01:14:42.800> around<01:14:43.120> us<01:14:43.360> looked<01:14:43.679> like 01:14:43.910 --> 01:14:43.920 align:start position:0% what the universe around us looked like 01:14:43.920 --> 01:14:46.630 align:start position:0% what the universe around us looked like in<01:14:44.320> radio<01:14:44.719> waves<01:14:45.520> rather<01:14:45.920> than<01:14:46.239> visible 01:14:46.630 --> 01:14:46.640 align:start position:0% in radio waves rather than visible 01:14:46.640 --> 01:14:49.430 align:start position:0% in radio waves rather than visible light.<01:14:47.760> Think<01:14:48.000> of<01:14:48.159> this<01:14:48.400> as<01:14:48.560> the<01:14:48.800> astronomers 01:14:49.430 --> 01:14:49.440 align:start position:0% light. Think of this as the astronomers 01:14:49.440 --> 01:14:51.430 align:start position:0% light. Think of this as the astronomers version<01:14:49.920> of<01:14:50.159> putting<01:14:50.480> on<01:14:50.800> night<01:14:51.120> vision 01:14:51.430 --> 01:14:51.440 align:start position:0% version of putting on night vision 01:14:51.440 --> 01:14:53.990 align:start position:0% version of putting on night vision goggles.<01:14:52.719> At<01:14:53.040> first,<01:14:53.280> they<01:14:53.520> didn't<01:14:53.760> see 01:14:53.990 --> 01:14:54.000 align:start position:0% goggles. At first, they didn't see 01:14:54.000 --> 01:14:56.070 align:start position:0% goggles. At first, they didn't see anything<01:14:54.320> out<01:14:54.560> of<01:14:54.640> the<01:14:54.800> ordinary.<01:14:55.679> Many<01:14:55.920> of 01:14:56.070 --> 01:14:56.080 align:start position:0% anything out of the ordinary. Many of 01:14:56.080 --> 01:14:58.149 align:start position:0% anything out of the ordinary. Many of the<01:14:56.320> same<01:14:56.560> galaxies<01:14:57.040> that<01:14:57.280> emitted<01:14:57.760> visible 01:14:58.149 --> 01:14:58.159 align:start position:0% the same galaxies that emitted visible 01:14:58.159 --> 01:15:01.270 align:start position:0% the same galaxies that emitted visible light<01:14:58.719> also<01:14:59.040> emitted<01:14:59.520> radio<01:14:59.920> waves,<01:15:00.719> so<01:15:01.040> they 01:15:01.270 --> 01:15:01.280 align:start position:0% light also emitted radio waves, so they 01:15:01.280 --> 01:15:03.189 align:start position:0% light also emitted radio waves, so they could<01:15:01.440> be<01:15:01.600> seen<01:15:02.000> with<01:15:02.320> or<01:15:02.719> without<01:15:03.040> the 01:15:03.189 --> 01:15:03.199 align:start position:0% could be seen with or without the 01:15:03.199 --> 01:15:05.910 align:start position:0% could be seen with or without the goggles.<01:15:04.159> But<01:15:04.400> then<01:15:04.960> among<01:15:05.280> the<01:15:05.440> stars<01:15:05.760> and 01:15:05.910 --> 01:15:05.920 align:start position:0% goggles. But then among the stars and 01:15:05.920 --> 01:15:07.830 align:start position:0% goggles. But then among the stars and galaxies<01:15:06.320> that<01:15:06.560> were<01:15:06.719> known<01:15:06.960> to<01:15:07.120> populate<01:15:07.600> the 01:15:07.830 --> 01:15:07.840 align:start position:0% galaxies that were known to populate the 01:15:07.840 --> 01:15:10.149 align:start position:0% galaxies that were known to populate the night<01:15:08.080> sky,<01:15:08.880> astronomers<01:15:09.520> saw<01:15:09.840> something 01:15:10.149 --> 01:15:10.159 align:start position:0% night sky, astronomers saw something 01:15:10.159 --> 01:15:12.950 align:start position:0% night sky, astronomers saw something new.<01:15:11.040> Something<01:15:11.360> that<01:15:11.679> shone<01:15:12.080> very<01:15:12.560> brightly 01:15:12.950 --> 01:15:12.960 align:start position:0% new. Something that shone very brightly 01:15:12.960 --> 01:15:15.590 align:start position:0% new. Something that shone very brightly in<01:15:13.280> radio<01:15:13.679> waves,<01:15:14.400> but<01:15:14.640> had<01:15:14.880> never<01:15:15.199> before 01:15:15.590 --> 01:15:15.600 align:start position:0% in radio waves, but had never before 01:15:15.600 --> 01:15:18.229 align:start position:0% in radio waves, but had never before been<01:15:15.840> seen<01:15:16.159> in<01:15:16.400> visible<01:15:16.800> light.<01:15:17.679> And<01:15:18.000> there 01:15:18.229 --> 01:15:18.239 align:start position:0% been seen in visible light. And there 01:15:18.239 --> 01:15:20.470 align:start position:0% been seen in visible light. And there wasn't<01:15:18.560> just<01:15:18.719> one<01:15:18.880> of<01:15:19.040> these<01:15:19.199> objects.<01:15:20.159> By 01:15:20.470 --> 01:15:20.480 align:start position:0% wasn't just one of these objects. By 01:15:20.480 --> 01:15:23.750 align:start position:0% wasn't just one of these objects. By 1960,<01:15:21.440> observations<01:15:22.159> quickly<01:15:22.560> grew<01:15:23.199> until 01:15:23.750 --> 01:15:23.760 align:start position:0% 1960, observations quickly grew until 01:15:23.760 --> 01:15:26.229 align:start position:0% 1960, observations quickly grew until hundreds<01:15:24.239> of<01:15:24.560> mysterious<01:15:25.199> radio<01:15:25.600> sources<01:15:26.000> had 01:15:26.229 --> 01:15:26.239 align:start position:0% hundreds of mysterious radio sources had 01:15:26.239 --> 01:15:29.590 align:start position:0% hundreds of mysterious radio sources had been<01:15:26.480> recorded<01:15:26.960> across<01:15:27.360> our<01:15:27.679> sky.<01:15:29.120> At<01:15:29.360> the 01:15:29.590 --> 01:15:29.600 align:start position:0% been recorded across our sky. At the 01:15:29.600 --> 01:15:31.430 align:start position:0% been recorded across our sky. At the time,<01:15:30.000> astronomers<01:15:30.640> didn't<01:15:30.960> have<01:15:31.040> a<01:15:31.199> clue 01:15:31.430 --> 01:15:31.440 align:start position:0% time, astronomers didn't have a clue 01:15:31.440 --> 01:15:33.270 align:start position:0% time, astronomers didn't have a clue what<01:15:31.679> the<01:15:31.920> origin<01:15:32.159> of<01:15:32.320> these<01:15:32.560> radio<01:15:32.960> waves 01:15:33.270 --> 01:15:33.280 align:start position:0% what the origin of these radio waves 01:15:33.280 --> 01:15:35.750 align:start position:0% what the origin of these radio waves could<01:15:33.520> be.<01:15:34.239> For<01:15:34.400> all<01:15:34.560> they<01:15:34.800> knew,<01:15:35.199> the<01:15:35.440> waves 01:15:35.750 --> 01:15:35.760 align:start position:0% could be. For all they knew, the waves 01:15:35.760 --> 01:15:37.750 align:start position:0% could be. For all they knew, the waves could<01:15:35.920> come<01:15:36.080> from<01:15:36.320> a<01:15:36.480> giant<01:15:36.880> intergalactic 01:15:37.750 --> 01:15:37.760 align:start position:0% could come from a giant intergalactic 01:15:37.760 --> 01:15:40.790 align:start position:0% could come from a giant intergalactic network<01:15:38.080> of<01:15:38.320> alien<01:15:38.800> radios.<01:15:39.920> But<01:15:40.239> what<01:15:40.480> they 01:15:40.790 --> 01:15:40.800 align:start position:0% network of alien radios. But what they 01:15:40.800 --> 01:15:43.110 align:start position:0% network of alien radios. But what they did<01:15:41.120> learn<01:15:41.440> from<01:15:41.920> follow-up<01:15:42.400> observations 01:15:43.110 --> 01:15:43.120 align:start position:0% did learn from follow-up observations 01:15:43.120 --> 01:15:45.270 align:start position:0% did learn from follow-up observations using<01:15:43.440> more<01:15:43.760> precise<01:15:44.320> telescopes<01:15:44.960> like<01:15:45.120> the 01:15:45.270 --> 01:15:45.280 align:start position:0% using more precise telescopes like the 01:15:45.280 --> 01:15:47.750 align:start position:0% using more precise telescopes like the Hail<01:15:45.679> Telescope<01:15:46.480> is<01:15:46.719> that<01:15:46.960> you<01:15:47.280> could<01:15:47.600> see 01:15:47.750 --> 01:15:47.760 align:start position:0% Hail Telescope is that you could see 01:15:47.760 --> 01:15:49.830 align:start position:0% Hail Telescope is that you could see these<01:15:48.080> objects<01:15:48.560> in<01:15:48.800> the<01:15:48.960> visible<01:15:49.360> part<01:15:49.600> of<01:15:49.679> the 01:15:49.830 --> 01:15:49.840 align:start position:0% these objects in the visible part of the 01:15:49.840 --> 01:15:52.709 align:start position:0% these objects in the visible part of the spectrum.<01:15:50.800> They<01:15:50.960> were<01:15:51.199> just<01:15:51.600> extremely<01:15:52.239> small 01:15:52.709 --> 01:15:52.719 align:start position:0% spectrum. They were just extremely small 01:15:52.719 --> 01:15:56.070 align:start position:0% spectrum. They were just extremely small and<01:15:53.040> faint.<01:15:54.320> They<01:15:54.640> were<01:15:54.880> far<01:15:55.199> too<01:15:55.440> small<01:15:55.679> to<01:15:55.840> be 01:15:56.070 --> 01:15:56.080 align:start position:0% and faint. They were far too small to be 01:15:56.080 --> 01:15:59.110 align:start position:0% and faint. They were far too small to be galaxies.<01:15:57.120> They<01:15:57.360> appeared<01:15:57.760> as<01:15:58.000> points,<01:15:58.880> not 01:15:59.110 --> 01:15:59.120 align:start position:0% galaxies. They appeared as points, not 01:15:59.120 --> 01:16:01.910 align:start position:0% galaxies. They appeared as points, not smeared<01:15:59.600> out<01:15:59.840> blobs<01:16:00.320> in<01:16:00.480> the<01:16:00.640> sky.<01:16:01.520> But<01:16:01.679> they 01:16:01.910 --> 01:16:01.920 align:start position:0% smeared out blobs in the sky. But they 01:16:01.920 --> 01:16:04.630 align:start position:0% smeared out blobs in the sky. But they also<01:16:02.239> couldn't<01:16:02.640> be<01:16:02.880> regular<01:16:03.360> stars<01:16:04.159> because 01:16:04.630 --> 01:16:04.640 align:start position:0% also couldn't be regular stars because 01:16:04.640 --> 01:16:07.270 align:start position:0% also couldn't be regular stars because regular<01:16:05.120> stars<01:16:05.760> don't<01:16:06.080> typically<01:16:06.560> emit<01:16:07.040> much 01:16:07.270 --> 01:16:07.280 align:start position:0% regular stars don't typically emit much 01:16:07.280 --> 01:16:10.149 align:start position:0% regular stars don't typically emit much energy<01:16:07.679> at<01:16:07.920> all<01:16:08.159> in<01:16:08.400> radio<01:16:08.800> waves.<01:16:09.679> For<01:16:09.920> this 01:16:10.149 --> 01:16:10.159 align:start position:0% energy at all in radio waves. For this 01:16:10.159 --> 01:16:12.470 align:start position:0% energy at all in radio waves. For this reason,<01:16:10.640> these<01:16:11.040> mysterious<01:16:11.600> objects<01:16:12.080> came<01:16:12.320> to 01:16:12.470 --> 01:16:12.480 align:start position:0% reason, these mysterious objects came to 01:16:12.480 --> 01:16:16.149 align:start position:0% reason, these mysterious objects came to be<01:16:12.640> known<01:16:12.960> as<01:16:13.360> quasi<01:16:14.000> stellar<01:16:14.560> radio<01:16:15.040> sources, 01:16:16.149 --> 01:16:16.159 align:start position:0% be known as quasi stellar radio sources, 01:16:16.159 --> 01:16:18.470 align:start position:0% be known as quasi stellar radio sources, which<01:16:16.480> quite<01:16:16.800> literally<01:16:17.360> translates<01:16:17.840> to 01:16:18.470 --> 01:16:18.480 align:start position:0% which quite literally translates to 01:16:18.480 --> 01:16:20.630 align:start position:0% which quite literally translates to something<01:16:18.880> like<01:16:19.040> a<01:16:19.280> star,<01:16:19.840> but<01:16:20.159> not<01:16:20.400> a<01:16:20.468> [music] 01:16:20.630 --> 01:16:20.640 align:start position:0% something like a star, but not a [music] 01:16:20.640 --> 01:16:23.990 align:start position:0% something like a star, but not a [music] star<01:16:21.360> that<01:16:21.600> emits<01:16:22.080> a<01:16:22.400> lot<01:16:22.560> of<01:16:22.719> radio<01:16:23.120> waves. 01:16:23.990 --> 01:16:24.000 align:start position:0% star that emits a lot of radio waves. 01:16:24.000 --> 01:16:26.070 align:start position:0% star that emits a lot of radio waves. That<01:16:24.320> name<01:16:24.560> eventually<01:16:25.120> got<01:16:25.440> shortened<01:16:25.840> to 01:16:26.070 --> 01:16:26.080 align:start position:0% That name eventually got shortened to 01:16:26.080 --> 01:16:27.270 align:start position:0% That name eventually got shortened to something<01:16:26.239> that<01:16:26.480> was<01:16:26.560> a<01:16:26.800> little<01:16:26.960> bit<01:16:27.120> more 01:16:27.270 --> 01:16:27.280 align:start position:0% something that was a little bit more 01:16:27.280 --> 01:16:30.149 align:start position:0% something that was a little bit more palatable,<01:16:28.480> quazars. 01:16:30.149 --> 01:16:30.159 align:start position:0% palatable, quazars. 01:16:30.159 --> 01:16:32.229 align:start position:0% palatable, quazars. Even<01:16:30.400> with<01:16:30.719> the<01:16:30.880> catchy<01:16:31.280> name,<01:16:31.840> it<01:16:32.000> took 01:16:32.229 --> 01:16:32.239 align:start position:0% Even with the catchy name, it took 01:16:32.239 --> 01:16:34.310 align:start position:0% Even with the catchy name, it took astronomers<01:16:32.719> and<01:16:32.960> physicists<01:16:33.440> nearly<01:16:33.920> 30 01:16:34.310 --> 01:16:34.320 align:start position:0% astronomers and physicists nearly 30 01:16:34.320 --> 01:16:36.229 align:start position:0% astronomers and physicists nearly 30 years<01:16:34.800> to<01:16:35.040> really<01:16:35.360> pin<01:16:35.679> down<01:16:35.840> what<01:16:36.000> these 01:16:36.229 --> 01:16:36.239 align:start position:0% years to really pin down what these 01:16:36.239 --> 01:16:39.669 align:start position:0% years to really pin down what these quazars<01:16:36.880> were.<01:16:37.840> And<01:16:38.159> unfortunately,<01:16:39.280> it's 01:16:39.669 --> 01:16:39.679 align:start position:0% quazars were. And unfortunately, it's 01:16:39.679 --> 01:16:42.310 align:start position:0% quazars were. And unfortunately, it's probably<01:16:40.080> not<01:16:40.320> alien<01:16:40.800> radios.<01:16:41.760> Although<01:16:42.080> the 01:16:42.310 --> 01:16:42.320 align:start position:0% probably not alien radios. Although the 01:16:42.320 --> 01:16:44.229 align:start position:0% probably not alien radios. Although the real<01:16:42.560> answer<01:16:42.880> is<01:16:43.199> still<01:16:43.520> extremely 01:16:44.229 --> 01:16:44.239 align:start position:0% real answer is still extremely 01:16:44.239 --> 01:16:46.950 align:start position:0% real answer is still extremely fascinating.<01:16:45.679> It<01:16:45.920> turns<01:16:46.159> out<01:16:46.400> that<01:16:46.640> the 01:16:46.950 --> 01:16:46.960 align:start position:0% fascinating. It turns out that the 01:16:46.960 --> 01:16:49.750 align:start position:0% fascinating. It turns out that the explanation<01:16:47.600> centers<01:16:48.080> around<01:16:48.480> black<01:16:48.800> holes. 01:16:49.750 --> 01:16:49.760 align:start position:0% explanation centers around black holes. 01:16:49.760 --> 01:16:52.310 align:start position:0% explanation centers around black holes. And<01:16:50.080> not<01:16:50.239> just<01:16:50.480> ordinary<01:16:50.960> black<01:16:51.199> holes,<01:16:51.920> but 01:16:52.310 --> 01:16:52.320 align:start position:0% And not just ordinary black holes, but 01:16:52.320 --> 01:16:54.709 align:start position:0% And not just ordinary black holes, but super<01:16:52.880> massive<01:16:53.360> black<01:16:53.600> holes<01:16:54.159> that<01:16:54.320> can<01:16:54.480> be 01:16:54.709 --> 01:16:54.719 align:start position:0% super massive black holes that can be 01:16:54.719 --> 01:16:57.270 align:start position:0% super massive black holes that can be millions<01:16:55.280> or<01:16:55.520> even<01:16:56.000> billions<01:16:56.480> of<01:16:56.640> times<01:16:57.040> the 01:16:57.270 --> 01:16:57.280 align:start position:0% millions or even billions of times the 01:16:57.280 --> 01:17:00.310 align:start position:0% millions or even billions of times the mass<01:16:57.520> of<01:16:57.600> the<01:16:57.840> sun.<01:16:59.120> Such<01:16:59.600> super<01:16:59.920> massive 01:17:00.310 --> 01:17:00.320 align:start position:0% mass of the sun. Such super massive 01:17:00.320 --> 01:17:02.390 align:start position:0% mass of the sun. Such super massive black<01:17:00.560> holes<01:17:01.040> are<01:17:01.280> frequently<01:17:01.760> found<01:17:02.000> at<01:17:02.239> the 01:17:02.390 --> 01:17:02.400 align:start position:0% black holes are frequently found at the 01:17:02.400 --> 01:17:05.110 align:start position:0% black holes are frequently found at the center<01:17:02.560> of<01:17:02.800> large<01:17:03.120> galaxies.<01:17:04.239> And<01:17:04.640> although 01:17:05.110 --> 01:17:05.120 align:start position:0% center of large galaxies. And although 01:17:05.120 --> 01:17:06.870 align:start position:0% center of large galaxies. And although black<01:17:05.360> holes<01:17:05.679> can't<01:17:06.000> emit<01:17:06.320> any<01:17:06.560> light 01:17:06.870 --> 01:17:06.880 align:start position:0% black holes can't emit any light 01:17:06.880 --> 01:17:08.950 align:start position:0% black holes can't emit any light themselves,<01:17:07.920> they<01:17:08.159> can<01:17:08.283> [music]<01:17:08.320> make<01:17:08.640> quite 01:17:08.950 --> 01:17:08.960 align:start position:0% themselves, they can [music] make quite 01:17:08.960 --> 01:17:11.270 align:start position:0% themselves, they can [music] make quite the<01:17:09.199> spectacle<01:17:09.840> out<01:17:10.000> of<01:17:10.159> the<01:17:10.320> accretion<01:17:10.880> discs 01:17:11.270 --> 01:17:11.280 align:start position:0% the spectacle out of the accretion discs 01:17:11.280 --> 01:17:14.229 align:start position:0% the spectacle out of the accretion discs orbiting<01:17:11.840> around<01:17:12.080> them.<01:17:13.360> If<01:17:13.600> you<01:17:13.760> want<01:17:14.000> all 01:17:14.229 --> 01:17:14.239 align:start position:0% orbiting around them. If you want all 01:17:14.239 --> 01:17:16.709 align:start position:0% orbiting around them. If you want all the<01:17:14.480> details,<01:17:15.120> you<01:17:15.360> can<01:17:15.520> cue<01:17:15.920> up<01:17:16.080> our<01:17:16.320> older 01:17:16.709 --> 01:17:16.719 align:start position:0% the details, you can cue up our older 01:17:16.719 --> 01:17:19.270 align:start position:0% the details, you can cue up our older video<01:17:16.880> on<01:17:17.120> quazars<01:17:17.760> here.<01:17:18.400> But<01:17:18.640> for<01:17:18.800> now,<01:17:19.120> let 01:17:19.270 --> 01:17:19.280 align:start position:0% video on quazars here. But for now, let 01:17:19.280 --> 01:17:22.070 align:start position:0% video on quazars here. But for now, let me<01:17:19.440> just<01:17:19.679> give<01:17:19.840> you<01:17:20.000> a<01:17:20.239> quick<01:17:20.480> summary.<01:17:21.679> Matter 01:17:22.070 --> 01:17:22.080 align:start position:0% me just give you a quick summary. Matter 01:17:22.080 --> 01:17:24.470 align:start position:0% me just give you a quick summary. Matter orbiting<01:17:22.480> a<01:17:22.719> black<01:17:22.880> hole<01:17:23.280> can<01:17:23.600> spiral<01:17:24.080> inward 01:17:24.470 --> 01:17:24.480 align:start position:0% orbiting a black hole can spiral inward 01:17:24.480 --> 01:17:26.790 align:start position:0% orbiting a black hole can spiral inward as<01:17:24.719> it<01:17:24.960> loses<01:17:25.280> energy<01:17:25.840> due<01:17:26.080> to<01:17:26.320> internal 01:17:26.790 --> 01:17:26.800 align:start position:0% as it loses energy due to internal 01:17:26.800 --> 01:17:29.510 align:start position:0% as it loses energy due to internal friction.<01:17:27.920> Much<01:17:28.159> of<01:17:28.320> that<01:17:28.560> energy<01:17:29.120> ultimately 01:17:29.510 --> 01:17:29.520 align:start position:0% friction. Much of that energy ultimately 01:17:29.520 --> 01:17:31.669 align:start position:0% friction. Much of that energy ultimately gets<01:17:29.760> converted<01:17:30.239> into<01:17:30.560> light<01:17:30.960> that<01:17:31.199> streams 01:17:31.669 --> 01:17:31.679 align:start position:0% gets converted into light that streams 01:17:31.679 --> 01:17:34.310 align:start position:0% gets converted into light that streams outward<01:17:32.080> from<01:17:32.239> the<01:17:32.400> black<01:17:32.640> hole.<01:17:33.600> But<01:17:33.840> in<01:17:34.080> some 01:17:34.310 --> 01:17:34.320 align:start position:0% outward from the black hole. But in some 01:17:34.320 --> 01:17:36.950 align:start position:0% outward from the black hole. But in some cases,<01:17:34.960> the<01:17:35.199> accretion<01:17:35.760> disc<01:17:36.080> also<01:17:36.560> splits 01:17:36.950 --> 01:17:36.960 align:start position:0% cases, the accretion disc also splits 01:17:36.960 --> 01:17:40.070 align:start position:0% cases, the accretion disc also splits out<01:17:37.360> relativistic<01:17:38.080> jets<01:17:38.480> of<01:17:38.880> ionized<01:17:39.280> matter 01:17:40.070 --> 01:17:40.080 align:start position:0% out relativistic jets of ionized matter 01:17:40.080 --> 01:17:42.790 align:start position:0% out relativistic jets of ionized matter cumated<01:17:40.800> by<01:17:41.120> powerful<01:17:41.679> magnetic<01:17:42.159> fields 01:17:42.790 --> 01:17:42.800 align:start position:0% cumated by powerful magnetic fields 01:17:42.800 --> 01:17:44.630 align:start position:0% cumated by powerful magnetic fields along<01:17:43.120> with<01:17:43.280> the<01:17:43.520> spin<01:17:43.840> of<01:17:44.000> the<01:17:44.159> black<01:17:44.320> hole 01:17:44.630 --> 01:17:44.640 align:start position:0% along with the spin of the black hole 01:17:44.640 --> 01:17:47.110 align:start position:0% along with the spin of the black hole and<01:17:44.800> its<01:17:45.040> surroundings.<01:17:46.320> The<01:17:46.560> particles<01:17:46.960> in 01:17:47.110 --> 01:17:47.120 align:start position:0% and its surroundings. The particles in 01:17:47.120 --> 01:17:49.110 align:start position:0% and its surroundings. The particles in these<01:17:47.360> jets<01:17:47.679> can<01:17:48.000> propagate<01:17:48.560> through<01:17:48.880> the 01:17:49.110 --> 01:17:49.120 align:start position:0% these jets can propagate through the 01:17:49.120 --> 01:17:51.990 align:start position:0% these jets can propagate through the universe<01:17:49.520> from<01:17:49.920> galaxy<01:17:50.320> to<01:17:50.560> galaxy<01:17:51.120> as<01:17:51.520> cosmic 01:17:51.990 --> 01:17:52.000 align:start position:0% universe from galaxy to galaxy as cosmic 01:17:52.000 --> 01:17:54.470 align:start position:0% universe from galaxy to galaxy as cosmic rays,<01:17:52.880> sending<01:17:53.199> out<01:17:53.440> radio<01:17:53.920> signals<01:17:54.239> as 01:17:54.470 --> 01:17:54.480 align:start position:0% rays, sending out radio signals as 01:17:54.480 --> 01:17:56.390 align:start position:0% rays, sending out radio signals as they're<01:17:54.800> pushed<01:17:55.120> around<01:17:55.440> by<01:17:55.679> intergalactic 01:17:56.390 --> 01:17:56.400 align:start position:0% they're pushed around by intergalactic 01:17:56.400 --> 01:18:00.070 align:start position:0% they're pushed around by intergalactic magnetic<01:17:56.880> fields.<01:17:58.000> Overall,<01:17:58.719> quazars<01:17:59.360> emit 01:18:00.070 --> 01:18:00.080 align:start position:0% magnetic fields. Overall, quazars emit 01:18:00.080 --> 01:18:03.270 align:start position:0% magnetic fields. Overall, quazars emit so<01:18:00.480> much<01:18:00.719> energy<01:18:01.440> that<01:18:01.760> a<01:18:02.000> single<01:18:02.400> quazar<01:18:02.960> in<01:18:03.120> a 01:18:03.270 --> 01:18:03.280 align:start position:0% so much energy that a single quazar in a 01:18:03.280 --> 01:18:06.790 align:start position:0% so much energy that a single quazar in a distant<01:18:03.679> galaxy<01:18:04.480> will<01:18:04.960> outshine<01:18:06.000> the<01:18:06.320> other 01:18:06.790 --> 01:18:06.800 align:start position:0% distant galaxy will outshine the other 01:18:06.800 --> 01:18:09.270 align:start position:0% distant galaxy will outshine the other hundreds<01:18:07.360> of<01:18:07.679> billions<01:18:08.159> of<01:18:08.320> stars<01:18:08.800> in<01:18:09.040> that 01:18:09.270 --> 01:18:09.280 align:start position:0% hundreds of billions of stars in that 01:18:09.280 --> 01:18:11.750 align:start position:0% hundreds of billions of stars in that galaxy<01:18:10.080> combined. 01:18:11.750 --> 01:18:11.760 align:start position:0% galaxy combined. 01:18:11.760 --> 01:18:13.910 align:start position:0% galaxy combined. That's<01:18:12.080> why<01:18:12.560> when<01:18:12.880> quazars<01:18:13.520> were<01:18:13.679> first 01:18:13.910 --> 01:18:13.920 align:start position:0% That's why when quazars were first 01:18:13.920 --> 01:18:16.310 align:start position:0% That's why when quazars were first observed,<01:18:14.640> they<01:18:14.880> appeared<01:18:15.360> as<01:18:15.679> small<01:18:15.920> as<01:18:16.080> a 01:18:16.310 --> 01:18:16.320 align:start position:0% observed, they appeared as small as a 01:18:16.320 --> 01:18:19.110 align:start position:0% observed, they appeared as small as a star,<01:18:16.960> but<01:18:17.280> far<01:18:17.679> brighter<01:18:18.080> than<01:18:18.320> any<01:18:18.719> star 01:18:19.110 --> 01:18:19.120 align:start position:0% star, but far brighter than any star 01:18:19.120 --> 01:18:21.510 align:start position:0% star, but far brighter than any star outside<01:18:19.520> of<01:18:19.679> the<01:18:19.840> Milky<01:18:20.159> Way<01:18:20.560> could<01:18:20.960> have<01:18:21.199> ever 01:18:21.510 --> 01:18:21.520 align:start position:0% outside of the Milky Way could have ever 01:18:21.520 --> 01:18:24.950 align:start position:0% outside of the Milky Way could have ever been.<01:18:22.719> Now,<01:18:23.280> the<01:18:23.520> Milky<01:18:23.840> Way<01:18:24.239> has<01:18:24.480> its<01:18:24.800> own 01:18:24.950 --> 01:18:24.960 align:start position:0% been. Now, the Milky Way has its own 01:18:24.960 --> 01:18:27.030 align:start position:0% been. Now, the Milky Way has its own super<01:18:25.280> massive<01:18:25.760> black<01:18:26.000> hole<01:18:26.400> right<01:18:26.640> in<01:18:26.800> its 01:18:27.030 --> 01:18:27.040 align:start position:0% super massive black hole right in its 01:18:27.040 --> 01:18:30.709 align:start position:0% super massive black hole right in its center,<01:18:27.360> too,<01:18:27.920> called<01:18:28.239> Sagittarius,<01:18:29.040> a<01:18:29.360> star. 01:18:30.709 --> 01:18:30.719 align:start position:0% center, too, called Sagittarius, a star. 01:18:30.719 --> 01:18:32.870 align:start position:0% center, too, called Sagittarius, a star. But<01:18:30.960> for<01:18:31.280> better<01:18:31.679> or<01:18:31.920> for<01:18:32.080> worse,<01:18:32.719> the 01:18:32.870 --> 01:18:32.880 align:start position:0% But for better or for worse, the 01:18:32.880 --> 01:18:35.110 align:start position:0% But for better or for worse, the accretion<01:18:33.360> disc<01:18:33.600> around<01:18:33.920> our<01:18:34.239> black<01:18:34.480> hole<01:18:34.800> is 01:18:35.110 --> 01:18:35.120 align:start position:0% accretion disc around our black hole is 01:18:35.120 --> 01:18:37.030 align:start position:0% accretion disc around our black hole is too<01:18:35.360> thin<01:18:35.600> and<01:18:35.920> faint<01:18:36.159> to<01:18:36.320> call<01:18:36.480> it<01:18:36.719> anything 01:18:37.030 --> 01:18:37.040 align:start position:0% too thin and faint to call it anything 01:18:37.040 --> 01:18:39.669 align:start position:0% too thin and faint to call it anything close<01:18:37.280> to<01:18:37.440> a<01:18:37.600> quazar.<01:18:38.640> And<01:18:38.880> until<01:18:39.280> something 01:18:39.669 --> 01:18:39.679 align:start position:0% close to a quazar. And until something 01:18:39.679 --> 01:18:42.229 align:start position:0% close to a quazar. And until something dramatic<01:18:40.239> happens,<01:18:40.960> Sagittarius<01:18:41.679> A<01:18:42.000> star 01:18:42.229 --> 01:18:42.239 align:start position:0% dramatic happens, Sagittarius A star 01:18:42.239 --> 01:18:45.830 align:start position:0% dramatic happens, Sagittarius A star will<01:18:42.560> likely<01:18:42.960> remain<01:18:43.440> calm<01:18:43.920> and<01:18:44.159> mellow.<01:18:45.600> On 01:18:45.830 --> 01:18:45.840 align:start position:0% will likely remain calm and mellow. On 01:18:45.840 --> 01:18:48.390 align:start position:0% will likely remain calm and mellow. On one<01:18:46.080> hand,<01:18:46.400> we're<01:18:46.719> kind<01:18:46.880> of<01:18:47.040> lucky<01:18:47.840> because<01:18:48.159> a 01:18:48.390 --> 01:18:48.400 align:start position:0% one hand, we're kind of lucky because a 01:18:48.400 --> 01:18:50.470 align:start position:0% one hand, we're kind of lucky because a quazar<01:18:48.880> that<01:18:49.120> close<01:18:49.280> to<01:18:49.440> Earth<01:18:49.760> would<01:18:50.000> emit 01:18:50.470 --> 01:18:50.480 align:start position:0% quazar that close to Earth would emit 01:18:50.480 --> 01:18:52.870 align:start position:0% quazar that close to Earth would emit enough<01:18:51.040> high<01:18:51.360> energy<01:18:51.760> radiation<01:18:52.320> to<01:18:52.560> be 01:18:52.870 --> 01:18:52.880 align:start position:0% enough high energy radiation to be 01:18:52.880 --> 01:18:55.510 align:start position:0% enough high energy radiation to be potentially<01:18:53.520> fatal<01:18:54.000> to<01:18:54.159> terrestrial<01:18:54.719> life, 01:18:55.510 --> 01:18:55.520 align:start position:0% potentially fatal to terrestrial life, 01:18:55.520 --> 01:18:57.189 align:start position:0% potentially fatal to terrestrial life, which<01:18:55.760> makes<01:18:55.920> you<01:18:56.159> wonder<01:18:56.480> about<01:18:56.719> the<01:18:56.960> kinds 01:18:57.189 --> 01:18:57.199 align:start position:0% which makes you wonder about the kinds 01:18:57.199 --> 01:18:59.030 align:start position:0% which makes you wonder about the kinds of<01:18:57.280> life<01:18:57.520> that<01:18:57.760> could<01:18:58.000> arise<01:18:58.320> in<01:18:58.560> galaxies 01:18:59.030 --> 01:18:59.040 align:start position:0% of life that could arise in galaxies 01:18:59.040 --> 01:19:01.510 align:start position:0% of life that could arise in galaxies that<01:18:59.360> do<01:18:59.600> contain<01:19:00.000> quazars. 01:19:01.510 --> 01:19:01.520 align:start position:0% that do contain quazars. 01:19:01.520 --> 01:19:03.590 align:start position:0% that do contain quazars. But<01:19:01.840> on<01:19:02.000> the<01:19:02.159> other<01:19:02.320> hand,<01:19:02.880> we're<01:19:03.120> missing<01:19:03.360> out 01:19:03.590 --> 01:19:03.600 align:start position:0% But on the other hand, we're missing out 01:19:03.600 --> 01:19:05.910 align:start position:0% But on the other hand, we're missing out on<01:19:03.840> a<01:19:04.000> second<01:19:04.320> source<01:19:04.560> of<01:19:04.719> light<01:19:04.880> in<01:19:05.120> the<01:19:05.280> sky, 01:19:05.910 --> 01:19:05.920 align:start position:0% on a second source of light in the sky, 01:19:05.920 --> 01:19:07.750 align:start position:0% on a second source of light in the sky, illuminating<01:19:06.480> our<01:19:06.880> planet<01:19:07.280> almost<01:19:07.600> as 01:19:07.750 --> 01:19:07.760 align:start position:0% illuminating our planet almost as 01:19:07.760 --> 01:19:10.550 align:start position:0% illuminating our planet almost as brightly<01:19:08.080> as<01:19:08.239> the<01:19:08.400> sun.<01:19:09.280> And<01:19:09.600> it<01:19:09.840> would<01:19:10.000> be<01:19:10.239> so 01:19:10.550 --> 01:19:10.560 align:start position:0% brightly as the sun. And it would be so 01:19:10.560 --> 01:19:12.870 align:start position:0% brightly as the sun. And it would be so cool<01:19:10.880> to<01:19:11.120> get<01:19:11.280> to<01:19:11.520> study<01:19:11.760> a<01:19:11.920> quazar<01:19:12.480> from<01:19:12.640> up 01:19:12.870 --> 01:19:12.880 align:start position:0% cool to get to study a quazar from up 01:19:12.880 --> 01:19:14.470 align:start position:0% cool to get to study a quazar from up close. 01:19:14.470 --> 01:19:14.480 align:start position:0% close. 01:19:14.480 --> 01:19:16.870 align:start position:0% close. So,<01:19:14.880> can<01:19:15.120> you<01:19:15.280> imagine<01:19:15.679> my<01:19:16.000> surprise<01:19:16.400> when<01:19:16.640> I 01:19:16.870 --> 01:19:16.880 align:start position:0% So, can you imagine my surprise when I 01:19:16.880 --> 01:19:19.270 align:start position:0% So, can you imagine my surprise when I learned<01:19:17.280> that<01:19:17.600> we<01:19:17.920> might<01:19:18.239> actually<01:19:18.719> have<01:19:18.960> the 01:19:19.270 --> 01:19:19.280 align:start position:0% learned that we might actually have the 01:19:19.280 --> 01:19:23.189 align:start position:0% learned that we might actually have the best<01:19:19.520> of<01:19:19.760> both<01:19:20.080> worlds?<01:19:21.280> Quazars<01:19:22.400> alive<01:19:22.880> and 01:19:23.189 --> 01:19:23.199 align:start position:0% best of both worlds? Quazars alive and 01:19:23.199 --> 01:19:25.910 align:start position:0% best of both worlds? Quazars alive and active<01:19:23.520> in<01:19:23.679> the<01:19:23.840> Milky<01:19:24.159> Way<01:19:24.800> and<01:19:25.040> yet<01:19:25.360> not<01:19:25.600> so 01:19:25.910 --> 01:19:25.920 align:start position:0% active in the Milky Way and yet not so 01:19:25.920 --> 01:19:27.990 align:start position:0% active in the Milky Way and yet not so powerful<01:19:26.320> as<01:19:26.560> to<01:19:26.800> wipe<01:19:27.040> out<01:19:27.280> our<01:19:27.600> entire 01:19:27.990 --> 01:19:28.000 align:start position:0% powerful as to wipe out our entire 01:19:28.000 --> 01:19:29.510 align:start position:0% powerful as to wipe out our entire biosphere. 01:19:29.510 --> 01:19:29.520 align:start position:0% biosphere. 01:19:29.520 --> 01:19:32.149 align:start position:0% biosphere. How<01:19:29.760> could<01:19:29.920> this<01:19:30.159> be<01:19:30.320> possible?<01:19:31.440> If<01:19:31.760> the<01:19:31.920> one 01:19:32.149 --> 01:19:32.159 align:start position:0% How could this be possible? If the one 01:19:32.159 --> 01:19:33.990 align:start position:0% How could this be possible? If the one super<01:19:32.480> massive<01:19:32.880> black<01:19:33.120> hole<01:19:33.360> at<01:19:33.600> the<01:19:33.760> center 01:19:33.990 --> 01:19:34.000 align:start position:0% super massive black hole at the center 01:19:34.000 --> 01:19:37.030 align:start position:0% super massive black hole at the center of<01:19:34.159> our<01:19:34.480> galaxy<01:19:34.880> isn't<01:19:35.280> a<01:19:35.440> quazar,<01:19:36.400> then<01:19:36.719> where 01:19:37.030 --> 01:19:37.040 align:start position:0% of our galaxy isn't a quazar, then where 01:19:37.040 --> 01:19:41.830 align:start position:0% of our galaxy isn't a quazar, then where could<01:19:37.360> they<01:19:37.600> be? 01:19:41.830 --> 01:19:41.840 align:start position:0% 01:19:41.840 --> 01:19:44.070 align:start position:0% It<01:19:42.080> took<01:19:42.320> a<01:19:42.640> couple<01:19:42.719> of<01:19:42.960> decades,<01:19:43.760> but 01:19:44.070 --> 01:19:44.080 align:start position:0% It took a couple of decades, but 01:19:44.080 --> 01:19:45.990 align:start position:0% It took a couple of decades, but scientists<01:19:44.800> eventually<01:19:45.360> discovered<01:19:45.760> that 01:19:45.990 --> 01:19:46.000 align:start position:0% scientists eventually discovered that 01:19:46.000 --> 01:19:48.470 align:start position:0% scientists eventually discovered that quazars<01:19:46.640> can<01:19:46.800> form<01:19:47.120> around<01:19:47.679> ordinary<01:19:48.239> black 01:19:48.470 --> 01:19:48.480 align:start position:0% quazars can form around ordinary black 01:19:48.480 --> 01:19:52.070 align:start position:0% quazars can form around ordinary black holes,<01:19:48.960> too,<01:19:49.760> not<01:19:50.000> just<01:19:50.239> super<01:19:50.560> massive<01:19:50.960> ones. 01:19:52.070 --> 01:19:52.080 align:start position:0% holes, too, not just super massive ones. 01:19:52.080 --> 01:19:54.790 align:start position:0% holes, too, not just super massive ones. These<01:19:52.560> ordinary<01:19:53.120> black<01:19:53.360> holes,<01:19:54.080> just<01:19:54.320> a<01:19:54.560> few 01:19:54.790 --> 01:19:54.800 align:start position:0% These ordinary black holes, just a few 01:19:54.800 --> 01:19:56.709 align:start position:0% These ordinary black holes, just a few times<01:19:55.120> more<01:19:55.360> massive<01:19:55.760> than<01:19:55.920> the<01:19:56.080> sun, 01:19:56.709 --> 01:19:56.719 align:start position:0% times more massive than the sun, 01:19:56.719 --> 01:19:58.630 align:start position:0% times more massive than the sun, typically<01:19:57.120> form<01:19:57.520> when<01:19:57.760> giant<01:19:58.239> stars 01:19:58.630 --> 01:19:58.640 align:start position:0% typically form when giant stars 01:19:58.640 --> 01:20:01.270 align:start position:0% typically form when giant stars collapse.<01:19:59.760> So,<01:20:00.000> there<01:20:00.239> are<01:20:00.480> loads<01:20:00.880> of<01:20:00.960> them 01:20:01.270 --> 01:20:01.280 align:start position:0% collapse. So, there are loads of them 01:20:01.280 --> 01:20:02.870 align:start position:0% collapse. So, there are loads of them spread<01:20:01.679> throughout<01:20:02.080> practically<01:20:02.560> any 01:20:02.870 --> 01:20:02.880 align:start position:0% spread throughout practically any 01:20:02.880 --> 01:20:04.470 align:start position:0% spread throughout practically any galaxy. 01:20:04.470 --> 01:20:04.480 align:start position:0% galaxy. 01:20:04.480 --> 01:20:06.310 align:start position:0% galaxy. You<01:20:04.800> probably<01:20:05.199> wouldn't<01:20:05.600> expect<01:20:06.000> one<01:20:06.239> of 01:20:06.310 --> 01:20:06.320 align:start position:0% You probably wouldn't expect one of 01:20:06.320 --> 01:20:07.669 align:start position:0% You probably wouldn't expect one of these<01:20:06.560> black<01:20:06.719> holes<01:20:07.040> to<01:20:07.199> have<01:20:07.360> its<01:20:07.600> own 01:20:07.669 --> 01:20:07.679 align:start position:0% these black holes to have its own 01:20:07.679 --> 01:20:10.709 align:start position:0% these black holes to have its own accretion<01:20:08.239> disc,<01:20:09.040> but<01:20:09.280> once<01:20:09.600> in<01:20:09.760> a<01:20:09.920> while,<01:20:10.480> a 01:20:10.709 --> 01:20:10.719 align:start position:0% accretion disc, but once in a while, a 01:20:10.719 --> 01:20:13.189 align:start position:0% accretion disc, but once in a while, a nearby<01:20:11.120> orbiting<01:20:11.679> star<01:20:12.320> might<01:20:12.640> get<01:20:12.880> sucked 01:20:13.189 --> 01:20:13.199 align:start position:0% nearby orbiting star might get sucked 01:20:13.199 --> 01:20:15.750 align:start position:0% nearby orbiting star might get sucked into<01:20:13.440> its<01:20:13.760> gravitational<01:20:14.320> pull<01:20:14.880> and<01:20:15.120> act<01:20:15.360> as<01:20:15.600> a 01:20:15.750 --> 01:20:15.760 align:start position:0% into its gravitational pull and act as a 01:20:15.760 --> 01:20:17.910 align:start position:0% into its gravitational pull and act as a source<01:20:16.080> for<01:20:16.239> the<01:20:16.480> smaller,<01:20:17.199> less<01:20:17.520> deadly 01:20:17.910 --> 01:20:17.920 align:start position:0% source for the smaller, less deadly 01:20:17.920 --> 01:20:21.669 align:start position:0% source for the smaller, less deadly version<01:20:18.239> of<01:20:18.400> a<01:20:18.560> quazar,<01:20:19.600> a<01:20:19.920> micro<01:20:20.400> quazar. 01:20:21.669 --> 01:20:21.679 align:start position:0% version of a quazar, a micro quazar. 01:20:21.679 --> 01:20:23.669 align:start position:0% version of a quazar, a micro quazar. Even<01:20:21.920> though<01:20:22.080> the<01:20:22.320> jets<01:20:22.640> of<01:20:22.719> a<01:20:22.880> micro<01:20:23.199> quazar 01:20:23.669 --> 01:20:23.679 align:start position:0% Even though the jets of a micro quazar 01:20:23.679 --> 01:20:26.390 align:start position:0% Even though the jets of a micro quazar are<01:20:23.920> much<01:20:24.159> weaker,<01:20:25.120> they<01:20:25.440> can<01:20:25.679> be<01:20:25.920> easier<01:20:26.239> to 01:20:26.390 --> 01:20:26.400 align:start position:0% are much weaker, they can be easier to 01:20:26.400 --> 01:20:28.229 align:start position:0% are much weaker, they can be easier to study<01:20:26.800> because<01:20:27.040> of<01:20:27.199> their<01:20:27.520> proximity<01:20:28.000> to 01:20:28.229 --> 01:20:28.239 align:start position:0% study because of their proximity to 01:20:28.239 --> 01:20:30.709 align:start position:0% study because of their proximity to Earth,<01:20:28.960> allowing<01:20:29.360> us<01:20:29.520> to<01:20:29.679> learn<01:20:29.920> more<01:20:30.239> details 01:20:30.709 --> 01:20:30.719 align:start position:0% Earth, allowing us to learn more details 01:20:30.719 --> 01:20:32.709 align:start position:0% Earth, allowing us to learn more details about<01:20:30.880> the<01:20:31.120> properties<01:20:31.520> and<01:20:31.840> dynamics<01:20:32.480> of 01:20:32.709 --> 01:20:32.719 align:start position:0% about the properties and dynamics of 01:20:32.719 --> 01:20:35.590 align:start position:0% about the properties and dynamics of both<01:20:33.040> microquazars<01:20:34.080> and<01:20:34.320> their<01:20:34.640> larger<01:20:35.280> full 01:20:35.590 --> 01:20:35.600 align:start position:0% both microquazars and their larger full 01:20:35.600 --> 01:20:37.590 align:start position:0% both microquazars and their larger full scale<01:20:36.000> counterparts. 01:20:37.590 --> 01:20:37.600 align:start position:0% scale counterparts. 01:20:37.600 --> 01:20:39.510 align:start position:0% scale counterparts. The<01:20:37.840> very<01:20:38.159> first<01:20:38.400> micro<01:20:38.800> quazar<01:20:39.280> was 01:20:39.510 --> 01:20:39.520 align:start position:0% The very first micro quazar was 01:20:39.520 --> 01:20:42.790 align:start position:0% The very first micro quazar was discovered<01:20:39.920> in<01:20:40.239> 1979<01:20:41.679> and<01:20:42.000> was<01:20:42.239> given<01:20:42.560> the 01:20:42.790 --> 01:20:42.800 align:start position:0% discovered in 1979 and was given the 01:20:42.800 --> 01:20:45.590 align:start position:0% discovered in 1979 and was given the obvious<01:20:43.199> name<01:20:43.760> SS433 01:20:45.590 --> 01:20:45.600 align:start position:0% obvious name SS433 01:20:45.600 --> 01:20:48.149 align:start position:0% obvious name SS433 as<01:20:45.840> it<01:20:46.080> was<01:20:46.239> originally<01:20:46.880> documented<01:20:47.520> as<01:20:47.840> the 01:20:48.149 --> 01:20:48.159 align:start position:0% as it was originally documented as the 01:20:48.159 --> 01:20:51.830 align:start position:0% as it was originally documented as the 433rd<01:20:49.600> entry<01:20:50.000> in<01:20:50.239> a<01:20:50.400> catalog<01:20:50.880> of<01:20:51.120> stars 01:20:51.830 --> 01:20:51.840 align:start position:0% 433rd entry in a catalog of stars 01:20:51.840 --> 01:20:53.669 align:start position:0% 433rd entry in a catalog of stars compiled<01:20:52.320> by<01:20:52.560> astronomers<01:20:53.199> Nicholas 01:20:53.669 --> 01:20:53.679 align:start position:0% compiled by astronomers Nicholas 01:20:53.679 --> 01:20:56.709 align:start position:0% compiled by astronomers Nicholas Sanderik<01:20:54.560> and<01:20:54.880> Bruce<01:20:55.280> Stevenson<01:20:56.080> 2<01:20:56.400> years 01:20:56.709 --> 01:20:56.719 align:start position:0% Sanderik and Bruce Stevenson 2 years 01:20:56.719 --> 01:20:59.990 align:start position:0% Sanderik and Bruce Stevenson 2 years prior.<01:20:58.159> To<01:20:58.400> date,<01:20:58.640> only<01:20:58.880> a<01:20:59.120> handful<01:20:59.440> of<01:20:59.600> micro 01:20:59.990 --> 01:21:00.000 align:start position:0% prior. To date, only a handful of micro 01:21:00.000 --> 01:21:03.990 align:start position:0% prior. To date, only a handful of micro quazars<01:21:00.640> have<01:21:00.880> ever<01:21:01.199> been<01:21:01.440> found,<01:21:02.239> and<01:21:02.560> SS433 01:21:03.990 --> 01:21:04.000 align:start position:0% quazars have ever been found, and SS433 01:21:04.000 --> 01:21:06.390 align:start position:0% quazars have ever been found, and SS433 in<01:21:04.239> particular<01:21:04.960> has<01:21:05.280> been<01:21:05.440> a<01:21:05.679> subject<01:21:06.080> of 01:21:06.390 --> 01:21:06.400 align:start position:0% in particular has been a subject of 01:21:06.400 --> 01:21:09.350 align:start position:0% in particular has been a subject of widespread<01:21:07.120> wonder<01:21:07.520> and<01:21:07.679> research.<01:21:08.960> Despite 01:21:09.350 --> 01:21:09.360 align:start position:0% widespread wonder and research. Despite 01:21:09.360 --> 01:21:12.870 align:start position:0% widespread wonder and research. Despite its<01:21:09.679> name,<01:21:10.239> SS433<01:21:11.679> is<01:21:11.920> more<01:21:12.239> than<01:21:12.400> just<01:21:12.640> some 01:21:12.870 --> 01:21:12.880 align:start position:0% its name, SS433 is more than just some 01:21:12.880 --> 01:21:15.910 align:start position:0% its name, SS433 is more than just some ordinary<01:21:13.360> star<01:21:13.600> in<01:21:13.760> a<01:21:13.920> catalog.<01:21:15.040> It<01:21:15.280> is<01:21:15.600> a 01:21:15.910 --> 01:21:15.920 align:start position:0% ordinary star in a catalog. It is a 01:21:15.920 --> 01:21:18.950 align:start position:0% ordinary star in a catalog. It is a typea<01:21:16.960> super<01:21:17.280> giant<01:21:17.840> orbiting<01:21:18.400> around<01:21:18.719> a 01:21:18.950 --> 01:21:18.960 align:start position:0% typea super giant orbiting around a 01:21:18.960 --> 01:21:21.110 align:start position:0% typea super giant orbiting around a stellar<01:21:19.360> mass<01:21:19.760> black<01:21:20.000> hole<01:21:20.239> in<01:21:20.480> a<01:21:20.640> binary 01:21:21.110 --> 01:21:21.120 align:start position:0% stellar mass black hole in a binary 01:21:21.120 --> 01:21:23.669 align:start position:0% stellar mass black hole in a binary system.<01:21:22.159> As<01:21:22.400> the<01:21:22.640> black<01:21:22.800> hole<01:21:23.120> accretes 01:21:23.669 --> 01:21:23.679 align:start position:0% system. As the black hole accretes 01:21:23.679 --> 01:21:26.070 align:start position:0% system. As the black hole accretes material<01:21:24.159> from<01:21:24.320> the<01:21:24.560> super<01:21:24.800> giant<01:21:25.199> star,<01:21:25.840> it 01:21:26.070 --> 01:21:26.080 align:start position:0% material from the super giant star, it 01:21:26.080 --> 01:21:28.470 align:start position:0% material from the super giant star, it produces<01:21:26.560> a<01:21:26.800> pair<01:21:26.960> of<01:21:27.120> jets<01:21:27.520> perpendicular<01:21:28.239> to 01:21:28.470 --> 01:21:28.480 align:start position:0% produces a pair of jets perpendicular to 01:21:28.480 --> 01:21:30.390 align:start position:0% produces a pair of jets perpendicular to the<01:21:28.640> line<01:21:28.880> of<01:21:29.040> sight<01:21:29.280> from<01:21:29.440> Earth,<01:21:30.159> meaning 01:21:30.390 --> 01:21:30.400 align:start position:0% the line of sight from Earth, meaning 01:21:30.400 --> 01:21:32.310 align:start position:0% the line of sight from Earth, meaning that<01:21:30.560> the<01:21:30.719> jets<01:21:31.040> themselves<01:21:31.600> will<01:21:31.920> never 01:21:32.310 --> 01:21:32.320 align:start position:0% that the jets themselves will never 01:21:32.320 --> 01:21:35.510 align:start position:0% that the jets themselves will never actually<01:21:32.719> hit<01:21:32.960> us<01:21:33.280> or<01:21:33.600> reach<01:21:33.840> our<01:21:34.159> detectors. 01:21:35.510 --> 01:21:35.520 align:start position:0% actually hit us or reach our detectors. 01:21:35.520 --> 01:21:37.990 align:start position:0% actually hit us or reach our detectors. But<01:21:35.840> as<01:21:36.080> the<01:21:36.239> jets<01:21:36.640> propagate<01:21:37.120> outward,<01:21:37.840> they 01:21:37.990 --> 01:21:38.000 align:start position:0% But as the jets propagate outward, they 01:21:38.000 --> 01:21:40.630 align:start position:0% But as the jets propagate outward, they emit<01:21:38.400> light<01:21:38.640> in<01:21:38.960> all<01:21:39.199> sorts<01:21:39.440> of<01:21:39.679> directions, 01:21:40.630 --> 01:21:40.640 align:start position:0% emit light in all sorts of directions, 01:21:40.640 --> 01:21:42.550 align:start position:0% emit light in all sorts of directions, allowing<01:21:41.040> us<01:21:41.280> to<01:21:41.440> image<01:21:41.760> them<01:21:41.920> at<01:21:42.159> various 01:21:42.550 --> 01:21:42.560 align:start position:0% allowing us to image them at various 01:21:42.560 --> 01:21:44.950 align:start position:0% allowing us to image them at various wavelengths<01:21:43.440> and<01:21:43.760> learn<01:21:44.000> more<01:21:44.239> about<01:21:44.640> how 01:21:44.950 --> 01:21:44.960 align:start position:0% wavelengths and learn more about how 01:21:44.960 --> 01:21:47.030 align:start position:0% wavelengths and learn more about how they<01:21:45.199> are<01:21:45.360> produced. 01:21:47.030 --> 01:21:47.040 align:start position:0% they are produced. 01:21:47.040 --> 01:21:48.870 align:start position:0% they are produced. One<01:21:47.280> of<01:21:47.360> the<01:21:47.520> first<01:21:47.760> things<01:21:47.920> we<01:21:48.159> saw<01:21:48.480> was<01:21:48.719> that 01:21:48.870 --> 01:21:48.880 align:start position:0% One of the first things we saw was that 01:21:48.880 --> 01:21:51.030 align:start position:0% One of the first things we saw was that there<01:21:49.120> are<01:21:49.360> actually<01:21:49.840> two<01:21:50.239> types<01:21:50.560> of<01:21:50.719> jets 01:21:51.030 --> 01:21:51.040 align:start position:0% there are actually two types of jets 01:21:51.040 --> 01:21:54.550 align:start position:0% there are actually two types of jets emanating<01:21:51.520> from<01:21:51.840> SS<01:21:52.320> 433.<01:21:53.679> The<01:21:53.920> inner<01:21:54.159> jets 01:21:54.550 --> 01:21:54.560 align:start position:0% emanating from SS 433. The inner jets 01:21:54.560 --> 01:21:56.070 align:start position:0% emanating from SS 433. The inner jets extend<01:21:54.960> out<01:21:55.176> [music]<01:21:55.280> just<01:21:55.520> a<01:21:55.760> couple<01:21:55.920> of 01:21:56.070 --> 01:21:56.080 align:start position:0% extend out [music] just a couple of 01:21:56.080 --> 01:21:57.590 align:start position:0% extend out [music] just a couple of light<01:21:56.320> years<01:21:56.480> from<01:21:56.639> the<01:21:56.800> black<01:21:56.960> hole<01:21:57.280> before 01:21:57.590 --> 01:21:57.600 align:start position:0% light years from the black hole before 01:21:57.600 --> 01:22:00.950 align:start position:0% light years from the black hole before fading<01:21:58.000> away,<01:21:58.800> while<01:21:59.120> the<01:21:59.360> outer<01:21:59.760> jets<01:22:00.239> appear 01:22:00.950 --> 01:22:00.960 align:start position:0% fading away, while the outer jets appear 01:22:00.960 --> 01:22:03.669 align:start position:0% fading away, while the outer jets appear 75<01:22:01.600> light<01:22:01.920> years<01:22:02.159> out<01:22:02.800> and<01:22:03.120> span<01:22:03.440> an 01:22:03.669 --> 01:22:03.679 align:start position:0% 75 light years out and span an 01:22:03.679 --> 01:22:07.189 align:start position:0% 75 light years out and span an additional<01:22:04.239> 300<01:22:04.880> lightyear<01:22:05.360> or<01:22:05.600> so.<01:22:06.639> We<01:22:06.880> still 01:22:07.189 --> 01:22:07.199 align:start position:0% additional 300 lightyear or so. We still 01:22:07.199 --> 01:22:09.510 align:start position:0% additional 300 lightyear or so. We still don't<01:22:07.520> know<01:22:07.840> how<01:22:08.159> exactly<01:22:08.560> these<01:22:08.880> outer<01:22:09.199> jets 01:22:09.510 --> 01:22:09.520 align:start position:0% don't know how exactly these outer jets 01:22:09.520 --> 01:22:12.470 align:start position:0% don't know how exactly these outer jets form<01:22:10.320> or<01:22:10.639> why<01:22:10.880> they<01:22:11.040> terminate<01:22:11.600> after<01:22:12.000> 300 01:22:12.470 --> 01:22:12.480 align:start position:0% form or why they terminate after 300 01:22:12.480 --> 01:22:15.350 align:start position:0% form or why they terminate after 300 lighty<01:22:12.719> years.<01:22:13.679> and<01:22:13.920> we<01:22:14.159> only<01:22:14.480> have<01:22:14.719> a<01:22:14.960> rough 01:22:15.350 --> 01:22:15.360 align:start position:0% lighty years. and we only have a rough 01:22:15.360 --> 01:22:17.990 align:start position:0% lighty years. and we only have a rough idea<01:22:15.679> of<01:22:15.840> what<01:22:16.080> they're<01:22:16.400> even<01:22:16.639> made<01:22:16.880> of.<01:22:17.679> But<01:22:17.840> a 01:22:17.990 --> 01:22:18.000 align:start position:0% idea of what they're even made of. But a 01:22:18.000 --> 01:22:20.149 align:start position:0% idea of what they're even made of. But a recent<01:22:18.320> study<01:22:18.560> from<01:22:18.639> the<01:22:18.800> Hes<01:22:19.280> collaboration 01:22:20.149 --> 01:22:20.159 align:start position:0% recent study from the Hes collaboration 01:22:20.159 --> 01:22:22.229 align:start position:0% recent study from the Hes collaboration gave<01:22:20.400> us<01:22:20.560> some<01:22:20.800> new<01:22:21.040> clues<01:22:21.440> to<01:22:21.679> answer<01:22:21.920> these 01:22:22.229 --> 01:22:22.239 align:start position:0% gave us some new clues to answer these 01:22:22.239 --> 01:22:23.830 align:start position:0% gave us some new clues to answer these questions. 01:22:23.830 --> 01:22:23.840 align:start position:0% questions. 01:22:23.840 --> 01:22:26.229 align:start position:0% questions. One<01:22:24.159> such<01:22:24.480> clue<01:22:24.960> is<01:22:25.280> the<01:22:25.520> presence<01:22:25.920> and 01:22:26.229 --> 01:22:26.239 align:start position:0% One such clue is the presence and 01:22:26.239 --> 01:22:28.709 align:start position:0% One such clue is the presence and distribution<01:22:26.880> of<01:22:27.199> high<01:22:27.520> energy<01:22:28.000> photons 01:22:28.709 --> 01:22:28.719 align:start position:0% distribution of high energy photons 01:22:28.719 --> 01:22:31.350 align:start position:0% distribution of high energy photons called<01:22:28.960> gamma<01:22:29.360> rays<01:22:29.840> being<01:22:30.159> emitted<01:22:30.560> by<01:22:30.880> SS 01:22:31.350 --> 01:22:31.360 align:start position:0% called gamma rays being emitted by SS 01:22:31.360 --> 01:22:33.430 align:start position:0% called gamma rays being emitted by SS 433. 01:22:33.430 --> 01:22:33.440 align:start position:0% 433. 01:22:33.440 --> 01:22:35.830 align:start position:0% 433. Ordinarily,<01:22:34.320> stars<01:22:34.800> or<01:22:34.960> accretion<01:22:35.520> discs 01:22:35.830 --> 01:22:35.840 align:start position:0% Ordinarily, stars or accretion discs 01:22:35.840 --> 01:22:37.910 align:start position:0% Ordinarily, stars or accretion discs could<01:22:36.080> not<01:22:36.239> be<01:22:36.400> expected<01:22:36.880> to<01:22:37.040> produce<01:22:37.600> any 01:22:37.910 --> 01:22:37.920 align:start position:0% could not be expected to produce any 01:22:37.920 --> 01:22:39.830 align:start position:0% could not be expected to produce any gamma<01:22:38.239> rays<01:22:38.800> because<01:22:39.120> their<01:22:39.360> temperatures 01:22:39.830 --> 01:22:39.840 align:start position:0% gamma rays because their temperatures 01:22:39.840 --> 01:22:42.790 align:start position:0% gamma rays because their temperatures are<01:22:40.159> far<01:22:40.480> too<01:22:40.719> low.<01:22:41.679> But<01:22:41.840> the<01:22:42.080> outer<01:22:42.400> jets 01:22:42.790 --> 01:22:42.800 align:start position:0% are far too low. But the outer jets 01:22:42.800 --> 01:22:46.310 align:start position:0% are far too low. But the outer jets coming<01:22:43.040> out<01:22:43.199> of<01:22:43.440> SS433<01:22:44.880> seem<01:22:45.199> to<01:22:45.360> emit<01:22:45.760> them<01:22:45.920> in 01:22:46.310 --> 01:22:46.320 align:start position:0% coming out of SS433 seem to emit them in 01:22:46.320 --> 01:22:47.990 align:start position:0% coming out of SS433 seem to emit them in spades. 01:22:47.990 --> 01:22:48.000 align:start position:0% spades. 01:22:48.000 --> 01:22:50.550 align:start position:0% spades. What's<01:22:48.320> even<01:22:48.560> more<01:22:48.800> surprising<01:22:49.440> is<01:22:49.679> that<01:22:50.239> even 01:22:50.550 --> 01:22:50.560 align:start position:0% What's even more surprising is that even 01:22:50.560 --> 01:22:52.950 align:start position:0% What's even more surprising is that even though<01:22:50.800> the<01:22:51.040> outer<01:22:51.360> jets<01:22:51.679> are<01:22:51.840> extremely<01:22:52.400> hot, 01:22:52.950 --> 01:22:52.960 align:start position:0% though the outer jets are extremely hot, 01:22:52.960 --> 01:22:54.629 align:start position:0% though the outer jets are extremely hot, the<01:22:53.199> spectrum<01:22:53.600> of<01:22:53.760> light<01:22:54.080> that<01:22:54.400> they're 01:22:54.629 --> 01:22:54.639 align:start position:0% the spectrum of light that they're 01:22:54.639 --> 01:22:56.790 align:start position:0% the spectrum of light that they're emitting<01:22:55.280> isn't<01:22:55.760> consistent<01:22:56.239> with<01:22:56.480> an 01:22:56.790 --> 01:22:56.800 align:start position:0% emitting isn't consistent with an 01:22:56.800 --> 01:22:58.390 align:start position:0% emitting isn't consistent with an ordinary<01:22:57.280> thermal<01:22:57.760> distribution<01:22:58.159> of 01:22:58.390 --> 01:22:58.400 align:start position:0% ordinary thermal distribution of 01:22:58.400 --> 01:23:01.830 align:start position:0% ordinary thermal distribution of photons.<01:22:59.840> So<01:23:00.400> what's<01:23:00.880> generating<01:23:01.520> all<01:23:01.679> of 01:23:01.830 --> 01:23:01.840 align:start position:0% photons. So what's generating all of 01:23:01.840 --> 01:23:04.709 align:start position:0% photons. So what's generating all of those<01:23:02.080> gamma<01:23:02.400> rays?<01:23:03.600> The<01:23:03.840> current<01:23:04.080> theory<01:23:04.480> is 01:23:04.709 --> 01:23:04.719 align:start position:0% those gamma rays? The current theory is 01:23:04.719 --> 01:23:07.189 align:start position:0% those gamma rays? The current theory is that<01:23:04.960> the<01:23:05.199> outer<01:23:05.600> jets<01:23:05.920> contain<01:23:06.320> high<01:23:06.719> energy 01:23:07.189 --> 01:23:07.199 align:start position:0% that the outer jets contain high energy 01:23:07.199 --> 01:23:09.669 align:start position:0% that the outer jets contain high energy electrons<01:23:08.080> that<01:23:08.400> can<01:23:08.560> bump<01:23:08.880> into<01:23:09.280> lower 01:23:09.669 --> 01:23:09.679 align:start position:0% electrons that can bump into lower 01:23:09.679 --> 01:23:11.590 align:start position:0% electrons that can bump into lower energy<01:23:10.080> photons<01:23:10.719> passing<01:23:11.120> through<01:23:11.360> the 01:23:11.590 --> 01:23:11.600 align:start position:0% energy photons passing through the 01:23:11.600 --> 01:23:13.669 align:start position:0% energy photons passing through the system<01:23:12.239> and<01:23:12.480> they<01:23:12.719> transfer<01:23:13.120> their<01:23:13.360> energies 01:23:13.669 --> 01:23:13.679 align:start position:0% system and they transfer their energies 01:23:13.679 --> 01:23:16.390 align:start position:0% system and they transfer their energies to<01:23:13.920> the<01:23:14.080> photons<01:23:14.639> during<01:23:15.040> those<01:23:15.280> collisions. 01:23:16.390 --> 01:23:16.400 align:start position:0% to the photons during those collisions. 01:23:16.400 --> 01:23:18.790 align:start position:0% to the photons during those collisions. This<01:23:16.639> process<01:23:17.040> goes<01:23:17.280> by<01:23:17.440> the<01:23:17.679> name<01:23:17.920> of<01:23:18.159> inverse 01:23:18.790 --> 01:23:18.800 align:start position:0% This process goes by the name of inverse 01:23:18.800 --> 01:23:21.110 align:start position:0% This process goes by the name of inverse Compton<01:23:19.360> scattering. 01:23:21.110 --> 01:23:21.120 align:start position:0% Compton scattering. 01:23:21.120 --> 01:23:23.270 align:start position:0% Compton scattering. The<01:23:21.360> scientists<01:23:21.760> at<01:23:22.000> Hess<01:23:22.480> realized<01:23:22.960> that 01:23:23.270 --> 01:23:23.280 align:start position:0% The scientists at Hess realized that 01:23:23.280 --> 01:23:25.110 align:start position:0% The scientists at Hess realized that measuring<01:23:23.679> the<01:23:23.920> energy<01:23:24.239> in<01:23:24.480> these<01:23:24.719> emitted 01:23:25.110 --> 01:23:25.120 align:start position:0% measuring the energy in these emitted 01:23:25.120 --> 01:23:27.030 align:start position:0% measuring the energy in these emitted gamma<01:23:25.520> rays<01:23:26.000> can<01:23:26.239> give<01:23:26.400> us<01:23:26.560> a<01:23:26.719> lot<01:23:26.880> of 01:23:27.030 --> 01:23:27.040 align:start position:0% gamma rays can give us a lot of 01:23:27.040 --> 01:23:28.870 align:start position:0% gamma rays can give us a lot of information<01:23:27.600> about<01:23:27.840> the<01:23:28.080> energy<01:23:28.400> of<01:23:28.639> the 01:23:28.870 --> 01:23:28.880 align:start position:0% information about the energy of the 01:23:28.880 --> 01:23:30.709 align:start position:0% information about the energy of the electrons<01:23:29.440> in<01:23:29.600> the<01:23:29.760> jets<01:23:30.000> that<01:23:30.239> produced<01:23:30.560> them 01:23:30.709 --> 01:23:30.719 align:start position:0% electrons in the jets that produced them 01:23:30.719 --> 01:23:32.870 align:start position:0% electrons in the jets that produced them in<01:23:30.880> the<01:23:31.040> first<01:23:31.280> place.<01:23:32.000> And<01:23:32.159> what<01:23:32.400> they<01:23:32.639> found 01:23:32.870 --> 01:23:32.880 align:start position:0% in the first place. And what they found 01:23:32.880 --> 01:23:35.110 align:start position:0% in the first place. And what they found was<01:23:33.120> in<01:23:33.440> full<01:23:33.760> support<01:23:34.159> of<01:23:34.400> the<01:23:34.560> inverse 01:23:35.110 --> 01:23:35.120 align:start position:0% was in full support of the inverse 01:23:35.120 --> 01:23:37.830 align:start position:0% was in full support of the inverse Compton<01:23:35.600> scattering<01:23:36.080> theory.<01:23:37.120> The<01:23:37.440> highest 01:23:37.830 --> 01:23:37.840 align:start position:0% Compton scattering theory. The highest 01:23:37.840 --> 01:23:41.270 align:start position:0% Compton scattering theory. The highest energy<01:23:38.239> gamma<01:23:38.560> rays<01:23:39.280> carrying<01:23:39.840> over<01:23:40.239> 10<01:23:40.800> terra 01:23:41.270 --> 01:23:41.280 align:start position:0% energy gamma rays carrying over 10 terra 01:23:41.280 --> 01:23:44.310 align:start position:0% energy gamma rays carrying over 10 terra electron<01:23:41.840> volts<01:23:42.159> of<01:23:42.320> energy<01:23:42.719> per<01:23:43.040> photon<01:23:44.000> or 01:23:44.310 --> 01:23:44.320 align:start position:0% electron volts of energy per photon or 01:23:44.320 --> 01:23:47.030 align:start position:0% electron volts of energy per photon or about<01:23:44.639> 10<01:23:45.280> trillion<01:23:45.840> times<01:23:46.239> more<01:23:46.480> energy<01:23:46.800> than 01:23:47.030 --> 01:23:47.040 align:start position:0% about 10 trillion times more energy than 01:23:47.040 --> 01:23:49.910 align:start position:0% about 10 trillion times more energy than a<01:23:47.199> photon<01:23:47.600> of<01:23:47.760> visible<01:23:48.159> light<01:23:48.960> were<01:23:49.280> primarily 01:23:49.910 --> 01:23:49.920 align:start position:0% a photon of visible light were primarily 01:23:49.920 --> 01:23:52.149 align:start position:0% a photon of visible light were primarily coming<01:23:50.159> from<01:23:50.480> the<01:23:50.719> innermost<01:23:51.280> region<01:23:51.679> of<01:23:51.920> the 01:23:52.149 --> 01:23:52.159 align:start position:0% coming from the innermost region of the 01:23:52.159 --> 01:23:55.270 align:start position:0% coming from the innermost region of the outer<01:23:52.560> jets.<01:23:54.000> Gamma<01:23:54.400> rays<01:23:54.719> with<01:23:54.960> lower 01:23:55.270 --> 01:23:55.280 align:start position:0% outer jets. Gamma rays with lower 01:23:55.280 --> 01:23:57.350 align:start position:0% outer jets. Gamma rays with lower energies,<01:23:55.840> on<01:23:56.000> the<01:23:56.080> other<01:23:56.239> hand,<01:23:56.800> came<01:23:57.040> from 01:23:57.350 --> 01:23:57.360 align:start position:0% energies, on the other hand, came from 01:23:57.360 --> 01:23:58.962 align:start position:0% energies, on the other hand, came from correspondingly<01:23:58.159> farther<01:23:58.639> distances 01:23:58.962 --> 01:23:58.972 align:start position:0% correspondingly farther distances 01:23:58.972 --> 01:24:02.229 align:start position:0% correspondingly farther distances [music]<01:23:59.199> down<01:23:59.520> the<01:23:59.679> jets<01:24:00.080> of<01:24:00.320> S433. 01:24:02.229 --> 01:24:02.239 align:start position:0% [music] down the jets of S433. 01:24:02.239 --> 01:24:04.550 align:start position:0% [music] down the jets of S433. This<01:24:02.560> distribution<01:24:03.360> is<01:24:03.600> a<01:24:03.760> clear<01:24:04.080> indication 01:24:04.550 --> 01:24:04.560 align:start position:0% This distribution is a clear indication 01:24:04.560 --> 01:24:06.550 align:start position:0% This distribution is a clear indication that<01:24:04.960> electrons<01:24:05.520> farther<01:24:05.840> down<01:24:06.000> the<01:24:06.239> jets 01:24:06.550 --> 01:24:06.560 align:start position:0% that electrons farther down the jets 01:24:06.560 --> 01:24:08.790 align:start position:0% that electrons farther down the jets have<01:24:06.800> less<01:24:07.040> energy<01:24:07.360> to<01:24:07.600> transfer<01:24:07.920> to<01:24:08.159> photons 01:24:08.790 --> 01:24:08.800 align:start position:0% have less energy to transfer to photons 01:24:08.800 --> 01:24:11.189 align:start position:0% have less energy to transfer to photons than<01:24:09.120> electrons<01:24:09.760> right<01:24:10.000> at<01:24:10.159> the<01:24:10.400> beginning. 01:24:11.189 --> 01:24:11.199 align:start position:0% than electrons right at the beginning. 01:24:11.199 --> 01:24:13.110 align:start position:0% than electrons right at the beginning. Or<01:24:11.360> in<01:24:11.520> other<01:24:11.679> words,<01:24:12.159> as<01:24:12.400> the<01:24:12.560> electrons 01:24:13.110 --> 01:24:13.120 align:start position:0% Or in other words, as the electrons 01:24:13.120 --> 01:24:15.270 align:start position:0% Or in other words, as the electrons stream<01:24:13.520> along<01:24:13.760> the<01:24:13.920> outer<01:24:14.239> jets,<01:24:14.880> they<01:24:15.120> tend 01:24:15.270 --> 01:24:15.280 align:start position:0% stream along the outer jets, they tend 01:24:15.280 --> 01:24:17.910 align:start position:0% stream along the outer jets, they tend to<01:24:15.440> lose<01:24:15.679> energy<01:24:16.000> over<01:24:16.320> time,<01:24:16.960> presumably<01:24:17.679> due 01:24:17.910 --> 01:24:17.920 align:start position:0% to lose energy over time, presumably due 01:24:17.920 --> 01:24:20.550 align:start position:0% to lose energy over time, presumably due to<01:24:18.080> their<01:24:18.320> collisions<01:24:18.719> with<01:24:18.960> photons.<01:24:20.320> But 01:24:20.550 --> 01:24:20.560 align:start position:0% to their collisions with photons. But 01:24:20.560 --> 01:24:23.110 align:start position:0% to their collisions with photons. But how<01:24:20.800> did<01:24:20.880> the<01:24:21.120> electrons<01:24:21.600> acquire<01:24:22.159> such<01:24:22.719> large 01:24:23.110 --> 01:24:23.120 align:start position:0% how did the electrons acquire such large 01:24:23.120 --> 01:24:25.750 align:start position:0% how did the electrons acquire such large energies<01:24:23.600> to<01:24:23.840> begin<01:24:24.000> with?<01:24:25.040> Models<01:24:25.440> suggest 01:24:25.750 --> 01:24:25.760 align:start position:0% energies to begin with? Models suggest 01:24:25.760 --> 01:24:27.590 align:start position:0% energies to begin with? Models suggest that<01:24:26.000> their<01:24:26.239> initial<01:24:26.639> launch<01:24:26.960> velocity<01:24:27.440> from 01:24:27.590 --> 01:24:27.600 align:start position:0% that their initial launch velocity from 01:24:27.600 --> 01:24:30.310 align:start position:0% that their initial launch velocity from the<01:24:27.760> black<01:24:28.000> hole<01:24:28.320> was<01:24:28.719> just<01:24:29.040> about<01:24:29.520> 1<01:24:29.920> quarter 01:24:30.310 --> 01:24:30.320 align:start position:0% the black hole was just about 1 quarter 01:24:30.320 --> 01:24:32.470 align:start position:0% the black hole was just about 1 quarter of<01:24:30.480> the<01:24:30.639> speed<01:24:30.880> of<01:24:31.040> light.<01:24:31.840> But<01:24:32.000> by<01:24:32.159> the<01:24:32.320> time 01:24:32.470 --> 01:24:32.480 align:start position:0% of the speed of light. But by the time 01:24:32.480 --> 01:24:35.189 align:start position:0% of the speed of light. But by the time they<01:24:32.800> reach<01:24:33.040> the<01:24:33.360> outer<01:24:33.679> jets,<01:24:34.560> these<01:24:34.880> high 01:24:35.189 --> 01:24:35.199 align:start position:0% they reach the outer jets, these high 01:24:35.199 --> 01:24:37.270 align:start position:0% they reach the outer jets, these high energy<01:24:35.600> electrons<01:24:36.159> appear<01:24:36.480> to<01:24:36.639> be<01:24:36.800> moving<01:24:37.040> at 01:24:37.270 --> 01:24:37.280 align:start position:0% energy electrons appear to be moving at 01:24:37.280 --> 01:24:40.229 align:start position:0% energy electrons appear to be moving at speeds<01:24:37.679> greater<01:24:38.080> than<01:24:38.480> 99%<01:24:39.600> the<01:24:39.920> speed<01:24:40.080> of 01:24:40.229 --> 01:24:40.239 align:start position:0% speeds greater than 99% the speed of 01:24:40.239 --> 01:24:42.229 align:start position:0% speeds greater than 99% the speed of light,<01:24:41.040> multiplying<01:24:41.600> their<01:24:41.920> initial 01:24:42.229 --> 01:24:42.239 align:start position:0% light, multiplying their initial 01:24:42.239 --> 01:24:46.149 align:start position:0% light, multiplying their initial energies<01:24:42.719> by<01:24:42.880> a<01:24:43.120> factor<01:24:43.440> of<01:24:43.920> 1<01:24:44.400> billion. 01:24:46.149 --> 01:24:46.159 align:start position:0% energies by a factor of 1 billion. 01:24:46.159 --> 01:24:48.229 align:start position:0% energies by a factor of 1 billion. The<01:24:46.400> Hess<01:24:46.800> collaboration<01:24:47.679> believes<01:24:48.000> that 01:24:48.229 --> 01:24:48.239 align:start position:0% The Hess collaboration believes that 01:24:48.239 --> 01:24:50.790 align:start position:0% The Hess collaboration believes that this<01:24:48.560> wild<01:24:48.960> acceleration<01:24:49.840> occurs<01:24:50.239> due<01:24:50.480> to<01:24:50.639> a 01:24:50.790 --> 01:24:50.800 align:start position:0% this wild acceleration occurs due to a 01:24:50.800 --> 01:24:53.030 align:start position:0% this wild acceleration occurs due to a shock<01:24:51.120> wave<01:24:51.360> at<01:24:51.520> the<01:24:51.679> base<01:24:51.840> of<01:24:51.920> the<01:24:52.080> outer<01:24:52.480> jets 01:24:53.030 --> 01:24:53.040 align:start position:0% shock wave at the base of the outer jets 01:24:53.040 --> 01:24:55.189 align:start position:0% shock wave at the base of the outer jets caused<01:24:53.360> by<01:24:53.679> complicated<01:24:54.320> configurations<01:24:54.960> of 01:24:55.189 --> 01:24:55.199 align:start position:0% caused by complicated configurations of 01:24:55.199 --> 01:24:58.070 align:start position:0% caused by complicated configurations of magnetic<01:24:55.679> fields.<01:24:56.800> Each<01:24:57.120> time<01:24:57.280> an<01:24:57.520> electron 01:24:58.070 --> 01:24:58.080 align:start position:0% magnetic fields. Each time an electron 01:24:58.080 --> 01:25:00.310 align:start position:0% magnetic fields. Each time an electron interacts<01:24:58.560> with<01:24:58.719> the<01:24:58.960> shock<01:24:59.280> front,<01:24:59.760> it<01:25:00.000> gains 01:25:00.310 --> 01:25:00.320 align:start position:0% interacts with the shock front, it gains 01:25:00.320 --> 01:25:02.629 align:start position:0% interacts with the shock front, it gains a<01:25:00.480> boost<01:25:00.719> of<01:25:00.960> speed<01:25:01.440> as<01:25:01.679> if<01:25:01.840> it<01:25:02.159> crossed<01:25:02.400> a 01:25:02.629 --> 01:25:02.639 align:start position:0% a boost of speed as if it crossed a 01:25:02.639 --> 01:25:05.590 align:start position:0% a boost of speed as if it crossed a boost<01:25:02.880> pad<01:25:03.120> in<01:25:03.360> Mario<01:25:03.760> Kart.<01:25:04.800> And<01:25:05.040> due<01:25:05.280> to<01:25:05.440> the 01:25:05.590 --> 01:25:05.600 align:start position:0% boost pad in Mario Kart. And due to the 01:25:05.600 --> 01:25:07.750 align:start position:0% boost pad in Mario Kart. And due to the diffusion<01:25:06.080> of<01:25:06.320> electrons<01:25:06.960> back<01:25:07.199> and<01:25:07.440> forth 01:25:07.750 --> 01:25:07.760 align:start position:0% diffusion of electrons back and forth 01:25:07.760 --> 01:25:10.470 align:start position:0% diffusion of electrons back and forth within<01:25:08.080> the<01:25:08.239> jet,<01:25:08.960> some<01:25:09.280> electrons<01:25:09.920> can<01:25:10.159> cross 01:25:10.470 --> 01:25:10.480 align:start position:0% within the jet, some electrons can cross 01:25:10.480 --> 01:25:13.510 align:start position:0% within the jet, some electrons can cross over<01:25:10.800> this<01:25:10.960> boost<01:25:11.280> pad<01:25:11.920> over<01:25:12.320> and<01:25:12.719> over<01:25:13.120> and 01:25:13.510 --> 01:25:13.520 align:start position:0% over this boost pad over and over and 01:25:13.520 --> 01:25:15.910 align:start position:0% over this boost pad over and over and over<01:25:13.840> again,<01:25:14.560> like<01:25:14.800> an<01:25:15.040> infinite<01:25:15.520> speed 01:25:15.910 --> 01:25:15.920 align:start position:0% over again, like an infinite speed 01:25:15.920 --> 01:25:19.270 align:start position:0% over again, like an infinite speed glitch.<01:25:16.960> This<01:25:17.280> process<01:25:17.840> is<01:25:18.080> called<01:25:18.639> diffusive 01:25:19.270 --> 01:25:19.280 align:start position:0% glitch. This process is called diffusive 01:25:19.280 --> 01:25:21.510 align:start position:0% glitch. This process is called diffusive shock<01:25:19.679> acceleration,<01:25:20.800> and<01:25:20.960> it<01:25:21.199> may<01:25:21.360> be 01:25:21.510 --> 01:25:21.520 align:start position:0% shock acceleration, and it may be 01:25:21.520 --> 01:25:23.830 align:start position:0% shock acceleration, and it may be responsible<01:25:22.080> for<01:25:22.320> amping<01:25:22.800> up<01:25:23.040> electrons<01:25:23.600> to 01:25:23.830 --> 01:25:23.840 align:start position:0% responsible for amping up electrons to 01:25:23.840 --> 01:25:26.070 align:start position:0% responsible for amping up electrons to energies<01:25:24.400> in<01:25:24.639> the<01:25:24.880> hundreds<01:25:25.360> of<01:25:25.600> terror 01:25:26.070 --> 01:25:26.080 align:start position:0% energies in the hundreds of terror 01:25:26.080 --> 01:25:28.310 align:start position:0% energies in the hundreds of terror electron<01:25:26.560> volts,<01:25:27.360> just<01:25:27.600> enough<01:25:27.920> to<01:25:28.080> be<01:25:28.159> able 01:25:28.310 --> 01:25:28.320 align:start position:0% electron volts, just enough to be able 01:25:28.320 --> 01:25:30.390 align:start position:0% electron volts, just enough to be able to<01:25:28.480> produce<01:25:28.800> the<01:25:29.040> high<01:25:29.360> energy<01:25:29.760> gamma<01:25:30.080> rays 01:25:30.390 --> 01:25:30.400 align:start position:0% to produce the high energy gamma rays 01:25:30.400 --> 01:25:33.350 align:start position:0% to produce the high energy gamma rays observed<01:25:30.880> by<01:25:31.040> Hess.<01:25:32.400> But<01:25:32.639> shedding<01:25:33.040> light<01:25:33.199> on 01:25:33.350 --> 01:25:33.360 align:start position:0% observed by Hess. But shedding light on 01:25:33.360 --> 01:25:34.870 align:start position:0% observed by Hess. But shedding light on the<01:25:33.520> production<01:25:33.840> of<01:25:34.000> photons<01:25:34.480> within<01:25:34.719> the 01:25:34.870 --> 01:25:34.880 align:start position:0% the production of photons within the 01:25:34.880 --> 01:25:37.270 align:start position:0% the production of photons within the outer<01:25:35.199> jets<01:25:35.520> of<01:25:35.679> SS433 01:25:37.270 --> 01:25:37.280 align:start position:0% outer jets of SS433 01:25:37.280 --> 01:25:40.229 align:start position:0% outer jets of SS433 is<01:25:37.600> just<01:25:37.840> the<01:25:38.080> beginning.<01:25:39.120> Micro<01:25:39.600> quazars 01:25:40.229 --> 01:25:40.239 align:start position:0% is just the beginning. Micro quazars 01:25:40.239 --> 01:25:42.149 align:start position:0% is just the beginning. Micro quazars scattered<01:25:40.719> throughout<01:25:41.040> the<01:25:41.199> Milky<01:25:41.520> Way<01:25:41.920> can 01:25:42.149 --> 01:25:42.159 align:start position:0% scattered throughout the Milky Way can 01:25:42.159 --> 01:25:43.990 align:start position:0% scattered throughout the Milky Way can hold<01:25:42.400> treasure<01:25:42.800> troves<01:25:43.280> of<01:25:43.440> information 01:25:43.990 --> 01:25:44.000 align:start position:0% hold treasure troves of information 01:25:44.000 --> 01:25:46.229 align:start position:0% hold treasure troves of information about<01:25:44.239> the<01:25:44.480> inner<01:25:44.800> workings<01:25:45.360> of<01:25:45.679> even<01:25:46.000> the 01:25:46.229 --> 01:25:46.239 align:start position:0% about the inner workings of even the 01:25:46.239 --> 01:25:48.349 align:start position:0% about the inner workings of even the most<01:25:46.560> massive<01:25:47.120> quazars<01:25:47.760> in<01:25:48.000> the<01:25:48.159> center 01:25:48.349 --> 01:25:48.359 align:start position:0% most massive quazars in the center 01:25:48.359 --> 01:25:50.550 align:start position:0% most massive quazars in the center [music]<01:25:48.400> of<01:25:48.639> distant<01:25:49.040> galaxies. 01:25:50.550 --> 01:25:50.560 align:start position:0% [music] of distant galaxies. 01:25:50.560 --> 01:25:52.629 align:start position:0% [music] of distant galaxies. And<01:25:50.800> now<01:25:50.960> that<01:25:51.199> we<01:25:51.360> know<01:25:51.520> to<01:25:51.679> look<01:25:51.840> for<01:25:52.000> them, 01:25:52.629 --> 01:25:52.639 align:start position:0% And now that we know to look for them, 01:25:52.639 --> 01:25:55.590 align:start position:0% And now that we know to look for them, micro<01:25:53.040> quazars<01:25:53.679> are<01:25:53.920> less<01:25:54.159> like<01:25:54.400> hidden<01:25:54.800> gems 01:25:55.590 --> 01:25:55.600 align:start position:0% micro quazars are less like hidden gems 01:25:55.600 --> 01:25:58.550 align:start position:0% micro quazars are less like hidden gems and<01:25:55.920> more<01:25:56.159> like<01:25:56.480> beacons<01:25:56.960> in<01:25:57.199> the<01:25:57.360> sky,<01:25:58.080> posing 01:25:58.550 --> 01:25:58.560 align:start position:0% and more like beacons in the sky, posing 01:25:58.560 --> 01:26:00.709 align:start position:0% and more like beacons in the sky, posing for<01:25:58.800> our<01:25:59.040> astronomers<01:25:59.840> to<01:26:00.080> capture<01:26:00.400> their 01:26:00.709 --> 01:26:00.719 align:start position:0% for our astronomers to capture their 01:26:00.719 --> 01:26:02.870 align:start position:0% for our astronomers to capture their beauty<01:26:01.199> in<01:26:01.440> an<01:26:01.679> entire<01:26:02.239> spectrum<01:26:02.719> of 01:26:02.870 --> 01:26:02.880 align:start position:0% beauty in an entire spectrum of 01:26:02.880 --> 01:26:05.350 align:start position:0% beauty in an entire spectrum of photographs<01:26:03.760> and<01:26:04.080> revealing<01:26:04.560> ever<01:26:04.960> more 01:26:05.350 --> 01:26:05.360 align:start position:0% photographs and revealing ever more 01:26:05.360 --> 01:26:08.310 align:start position:0% photographs and revealing ever more shocking<01:26:05.920> surprises. 01:26:08.310 --> 01:26:08.320 align:start position:0% shocking surprises. 01:26:08.320 --> 01:26:11.669 align:start position:0% shocking surprises. And<01:26:08.960> there<01:26:09.199> you<01:26:09.440> have<01:26:09.600> it.<01:26:10.480> There<01:26:10.719> is<01:26:10.880> still<01:26:11.199> so 01:26:11.669 --> 01:26:11.679 align:start position:0% And there you have it. There is still so 01:26:11.679 --> 01:26:13.830 align:start position:0% And there you have it. There is still so much<01:26:11.920> for<01:26:12.080> us<01:26:12.239> to<01:26:12.480> learn<01:26:12.639> about<01:26:12.960> our<01:26:13.280> Milky<01:26:13.600> Way 01:26:13.830 --> 01:26:13.840 align:start position:0% much for us to learn about our Milky Way 01:26:13.840 --> 01:26:16.950 align:start position:0% much for us to learn about our Milky Way galaxy.<01:26:14.800> And<01:26:15.040> yet,<01:26:15.440> as<01:26:15.679> our<01:26:15.920> telescopes<01:26:16.639> peer 01:26:16.950 --> 01:26:16.960 align:start position:0% galaxy. And yet, as our telescopes peer 01:26:16.960 --> 01:26:19.669 align:start position:0% galaxy. And yet, as our telescopes peer through<01:26:17.280> its<01:26:17.520> obscuring<01:26:18.239> starscape,<01:26:19.120> we<01:26:19.360> find 01:26:19.669 --> 01:26:19.679 align:start position:0% through its obscuring starscape, we find 01:26:19.679 --> 01:26:22.390 align:start position:0% through its obscuring starscape, we find feature<01:26:20.239> after<01:26:20.639> feature<01:26:21.040> that<01:26:21.280> causes<01:26:21.840> my<01:26:22.080> jaw 01:26:22.390 --> 01:26:22.400 align:start position:0% feature after feature that causes my jaw 01:26:22.400 --> 01:26:24.950 align:start position:0% feature after feature that causes my jaw to<01:26:22.639> drop.<01:26:23.600> There<01:26:23.840> are<01:26:24.000> so<01:26:24.159> many<01:26:24.400> wonders<01:26:24.800> out 01:26:24.950 --> 01:26:24.960 align:start position:0% to drop. There are so many wonders out 01:26:24.960 --> 01:26:27.510 align:start position:0% to drop. There are so many wonders out there,<01:26:25.440> ranging<01:26:25.840> from<01:26:26.000> its<01:26:26.320> enigmatic<01:26:27.040> arms 01:26:27.510 --> 01:26:27.520 align:start position:0% there, ranging from its enigmatic arms 01:26:27.520 --> 01:26:30.149 align:start position:0% there, ranging from its enigmatic arms to<01:26:27.760> its<01:26:28.000> star<01:26:28.400> shrouded<01:26:28.960> core<01:26:29.679> to<01:26:29.920> its 01:26:30.149 --> 01:26:30.159 align:start position:0% to its star shrouded core to its 01:26:30.159 --> 01:26:32.870 align:start position:0% to its star shrouded core to its cavities<01:26:30.639> of<01:26:30.880> supernova<01:26:31.600> explosions<01:26:32.560> and 01:26:32.870 --> 01:26:32.880 align:start position:0% cavities of supernova explosions and 01:26:32.880 --> 01:26:35.830 align:start position:0% cavities of supernova explosions and towering<01:26:33.600> filaments,<01:26:34.639> its<01:26:34.880> black<01:26:35.120> holes<01:26:35.600> and 01:26:35.830 --> 01:26:35.840 align:start position:0% towering filaments, its black holes and 01:26:35.840 --> 01:26:38.629 align:start position:0% towering filaments, its black holes and quazars,<01:26:36.800> and<01:26:37.040> its<01:26:37.360> myriads<01:26:37.840> of<01:26:38.000> stars<01:26:38.400> that 01:26:38.629 --> 01:26:38.639 align:start position:0% quazars, and its myriads of stars that 01:26:38.639 --> 01:26:41.990 align:start position:0% quazars, and its myriads of stars that shine<01:26:39.040> and<01:26:39.360> gleam<01:26:39.760> through<01:26:40.000> the<01:26:40.239> sky.<01:26:41.280> I'm<01:26:41.760> in 01:26:41.990 --> 01:26:42.000 align:start position:0% shine and gleam through the sky. I'm in 01:26:42.000 --> 01:26:44.870 align:start position:0% shine and gleam through the sky. I'm in awe<01:26:42.560> of<01:26:42.880> how<01:26:43.120> much<01:26:43.280> there<01:26:43.520> is<01:26:43.679> to<01:26:43.920> see<01:26:44.400> and<01:26:44.639> how 01:26:44.870 --> 01:26:44.880 align:start position:0% awe of how much there is to see and how 01:26:44.880 --> 01:26:47.110 align:start position:0% awe of how much there is to see and how much<01:26:45.120> there<01:26:45.440> still<01:26:45.840> could<01:26:46.159> be<01:26:46.320> out<01:26:46.560> there 01:26:47.110 --> 01:26:47.120 align:start position:0% much there still could be out there 01:26:47.120 --> 01:26:50.070 align:start position:0% much there still could be out there waiting<01:26:47.440> to<01:26:47.679> be<01:26:47.840> uncovered.<01:26:48.880> Our<01:26:49.199> Milky<01:26:49.600> Way 01:26:50.070 --> 01:26:50.080 align:start position:0% waiting to be uncovered. Our Milky Way 01:26:50.080 --> 01:26:52.550 align:start position:0% waiting to be uncovered. Our Milky Way feels<01:26:50.480> like<01:26:50.639> it<01:26:50.880> has<01:26:51.120> so<01:26:51.520> many<01:26:51.840> more<01:26:52.159> secrets 01:26:52.550 --> 01:26:52.560 align:start position:0% feels like it has so many more secrets 01:26:52.560 --> 01:26:55.750 align:start position:0% feels like it has so many more secrets to<01:26:52.800> reveal.<01:26:53.760> So,<01:26:54.400> what<01:26:54.639> do<01:26:54.880> you<01:26:55.199> think<01:26:55.440> is 01:26:55.750 --> 01:26:55.760 align:start position:0% to reveal. So, what do you think is 01:26:55.760 --> 01:26:57.830 align:start position:0% to reveal. So, what do you think is still<01:26:55.920> out<01:26:56.159> there?<01:26:56.719> And<01:26:56.880> what<01:26:57.120> discoveries 01:26:57.830 --> 01:26:57.840 align:start position:0% still out there? And what discoveries 01:26:57.840 --> 01:27:00.550 align:start position:0% still out there? And what discoveries have<01:26:58.080> been<01:26:58.320> your<01:26:58.719> favorite<01:26:59.120> so<01:26:59.440> far?<01:27:00.159> Let<01:27:00.400> me 01:27:00.550 --> 01:27:00.560 align:start position:0% have been your favorite so far? Let me 01:27:00.560 --> 01:27:05.590 align:start position:0% have been your favorite so far? Let me know<01:27:00.880> in<01:27:01.199> the<01:27:01.360> comments<01:27:01.679> below. 01:27:05.590 --> 01:27:05.600 align:start position:0% 01:27:05.600 --> 01:27:07.430 align:start position:0% You<01:27:05.760> may<01:27:05.920> have<01:27:06.080> noticed<01:27:06.480> this<01:27:06.719> video<01:27:07.120> didn't 01:27:07.430 --> 01:27:07.440 align:start position:0% You may have noticed this video didn't 01:27:07.440 --> 01:27:09.910 align:start position:0% You may have noticed this video didn't have<01:27:07.679> any<01:27:08.000> sponsors,<01:27:08.960> and<01:27:09.120> that's<01:27:09.360> because<01:27:09.679> it 01:27:09.910 --> 01:27:09.920 align:start position:0% have any sponsors, and that's because it 01:27:09.920 --> 01:27:12.229 align:start position:0% have any sponsors, and that's because it was<01:27:10.080> brought<01:27:10.400> to<01:27:10.560> you<01:27:10.800> by<01:27:11.040> our<01:27:11.360> astronauts<01:27:12.080> on 01:27:12.229 --> 01:27:12.239 align:start position:0% was brought to you by our astronauts on 01:27:12.239 --> 01:27:14.950 align:start position:0% was brought to you by our astronauts on Patreon.<01:27:13.199> Consider<01:27:13.679> joining<01:27:14.000> our<01:27:14.239> Patreon<01:27:14.719> to 01:27:14.950 --> 01:27:14.960 align:start position:0% Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to 01:27:14.960 --> 01:27:16.870 align:start position:0% Patreon. Consider joining our Patreon to keep<01:27:15.120> these<01:27:15.360> videos<01:27:15.760> thriving,<01:27:16.400> even<01:27:16.639> when 01:27:16.870 --> 01:27:16.880 align:start position:0% keep these videos thriving, even when 01:27:16.880 --> 01:27:19.189 align:start position:0% keep these videos thriving, even when they're<01:27:17.199> sponsor<01:27:17.679> free.<01:27:18.320> It's<01:27:18.560> the<01:27:18.800> reason<01:27:18.960> we 01:27:19.189 --> 01:27:19.199 align:start position:0% they're sponsor free. It's the reason we 01:27:19.199 --> 01:27:20.629 align:start position:0% they're sponsor free. It's the reason we can<01:27:19.360> research<01:27:19.920> deep<01:27:20.060> [music]<01:27:20.239> into<01:27:20.480> the 01:27:20.629 --> 01:27:20.639 align:start position:0% can research deep [music] into the 01:27:20.639 --> 01:27:22.790 align:start position:0% can research deep [music] into the topics<01:27:20.960> we<01:27:21.199> love<01:27:21.679> without<01:27:22.000> cutting<01:27:22.400> corners 01:27:22.790 --> 01:27:22.800 align:start position:0% topics we love without cutting corners 01:27:22.800 --> 01:27:25.830 align:start position:0% topics we love without cutting corners or<01:27:23.120> chasing<01:27:23.600> clicks.<01:27:24.560> Every<01:27:24.880> new<01:27:25.120> astronaut 01:27:25.830 --> 01:27:25.840 align:start position:0% or chasing clicks. Every new astronaut 01:27:25.840 --> 01:27:28.629 align:start position:0% or chasing clicks. Every new astronaut allows<01:27:26.239> us<01:27:26.400> to<01:27:26.560> explore<01:27:27.040> bigger<01:27:27.440> ideas<01:27:28.239> and 01:27:28.629 --> 01:27:28.639 align:start position:0% allows us to explore bigger ideas and 01:27:28.639 --> 01:27:30.790 align:start position:0% allows us to explore bigger ideas and make<01:27:28.880> every<01:27:29.120> upload<01:27:29.840> even<01:27:30.159> better<01:27:30.400> than<01:27:30.560> the 01:27:30.790 --> 01:27:30.800 align:start position:0% make every upload even better than the 01:27:30.800 --> 01:27:33.189 align:start position:0% make every upload even better than the last.<01:27:31.679> So,<01:27:32.000> if<01:27:32.159> you've<01:27:32.480> ever<01:27:32.719> thought<01:27:32.960> about 01:27:33.189 --> 01:27:33.199 align:start position:0% last. So, if you've ever thought about 01:27:33.199 --> 01:27:34.950 align:start position:0% last. So, if you've ever thought about being<01:27:33.440> a<01:27:33.600> bigger<01:27:33.840> part<01:27:34.000> of<01:27:34.159> this<01:27:34.400> channel, 01:27:34.950 --> 01:27:34.960 align:start position:0% being a bigger part of this channel, 01:27:34.960 --> 01:27:37.750 align:start position:0% being a bigger part of this channel, join<01:27:35.280> the<01:27:35.440> crew<01:27:35.760> to<01:27:36.000> power<01:27:36.320> Astramm<01:27:37.120> and<01:27:37.440> keep 01:27:37.750 --> 01:27:37.760 align:start position:0% join the crew to power Astramm and keep 01:27:37.760 --> 01:27:41.960 align:start position:0% join the crew to power Astramm and keep space<01:27:38.239> curiosity<01:27:38.960> alive.