WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:03.190 align:start position:0% In<00:01:27.600> 2024,<00:01:28.479> a<00:01:28.799> network<00:01:29.200> of<00:01:29.439> four<00:01:29.759> telescopes 00:03.190 --> 00:03.200 align:start position:0% In 2024, a network of four telescopes 00:03.200 --> 00:05.350 align:start position:0% In 2024, a network of four telescopes called<00:01:30.720> the<00:01:30.960> Asteroid<00:01:31.600> Terrestrial<00:01:32.320> Impact 00:05.350 --> 00:05.360 align:start position:0% called the Asteroid Terrestrial Impact 00:05.360 --> 00:08.470 align:start position:0% called the Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last<00:01:33.040> Alert<00:01:33.439> System<00:01:33.840> or<00:01:34.320> Atlas<00:01:35.040> was<00:01:35.360> scouring 00:08.470 --> 00:08.480 align:start position:0% Last Alert System or Atlas was scouring 00:08.480 --> 00:10.310 align:start position:0% Last Alert System or Atlas was scouring the<00:01:36.000> skies<00:01:36.320> for<00:01:36.560> asteroids<00:01:37.119> that<00:01:37.360> might 00:10.310 --> 00:10.320 align:start position:0% the skies for asteroids that might 00:10.320 --> 00:13.190 align:start position:0% the skies for asteroids that might threaten<00:01:38.159> life<00:01:38.400> here<00:01:38.560> on<00:01:38.799> Earth.<00:01:40.000> Each<00:01:40.320> night 00:13.190 --> 00:13.200 align:start position:0% threaten life here on Earth. Each night 00:13.200 --> 00:15.830 align:start position:0% threaten life here on Earth. Each night they<00:01:40.880> scan<00:01:41.119> the<00:01:41.360> entire<00:01:41.680> sky<00:01:42.079> four<00:01:42.479> times, 00:15.830 --> 00:15.840 align:start position:0% they scan the entire sky four times, 00:15.840 --> 00:17.910 align:start position:0% they scan the entire sky four times, looking<00:01:43.520> out<00:01:43.680> for<00:01:43.840> objects<00:01:44.240> so<00:01:44.560> faint<00:01:44.880> that<00:01:45.119> it 00:17.910 --> 00:17.920 align:start position:0% looking out for objects so faint that it 00:17.920 --> 00:20.310 align:start position:0% looking out for objects so faint that it would<00:01:45.520> be<00:01:45.759> like<00:01:46.079> standing<00:01:46.399> in<00:01:46.640> San<00:01:46.880> Francisco 00:20.310 --> 00:20.320 align:start position:0% would be like standing in San Francisco 00:20.320 --> 00:22.709 align:start position:0% would be like standing in San Francisco and<00:01:47.920> trying<00:01:48.159> to<00:01:48.320> spot<00:01:48.640> a<00:01:48.799> match<00:01:49.280> being<00:01:49.520> lit<00:01:49.840> in 00:22.709 --> 00:22.719 align:start position:0% and trying to spot a match being lit in 00:22.719 --> 00:25.429 align:start position:0% and trying to spot a match being lit in New<00:01:50.320> York.<00:01:51.119> In<00:01:51.360> space<00:01:51.680> terms,<00:01:52.399> that's 00:25.429 --> 00:25.439 align:start position:0% New York. In space terms, that's 00:25.439 --> 00:29.830 align:start position:0% New York. In space terms, that's spotting<00:01:53.280> a<00:01:53.840> 100<00:01:54.399> m<00:01:54.799> diameter<00:01:55.280> asteroid<00:01:56.479> 40 00:29.830 --> 00:29.840 align:start position:0% spotting a 100 m diameter asteroid 40 00:29.840 --> 00:32.630 align:start position:0% spotting a 100 m diameter asteroid 40 million<00:01:57.759> km<00:01:58.320> away<00:01:58.560> from<00:01:58.719> the<00:01:58.880> Earth,<00:01:59.520> as<00:01:59.759> far 00:32.630 --> 00:32.640 align:start position:0% million km away from the Earth, as far 00:32.640 --> 00:35.990 align:start position:0% million km away from the Earth, as far away<00:02:00.240> from<00:02:00.399> us<00:02:00.719> as<00:02:01.040> Venus<00:02:01.439> is<00:02:01.680> at<00:02:01.920> its<00:02:02.159> closest. 00:35.990 --> 00:36.000 align:start position:0% away from us as Venus is at its closest. 00:36.000 --> 00:37.910 align:start position:0% away from us as Venus is at its closest. Once<00:02:03.600> an<00:02:03.759> object<00:02:04.079> has<00:02:04.320> been<00:02:04.479> found,<00:02:04.880> the<00:02:05.119> next 00:37.910 --> 00:37.920 align:start position:0% Once an object has been found, the next 00:37.920 --> 00:40.310 align:start position:0% Once an object has been found, the next job<00:02:05.520> is<00:02:05.759> to<00:02:05.920> track<00:02:06.240> its<00:02:06.479> path.<00:02:07.200> And<00:02:07.360> to<00:02:07.600> do 00:40.310 --> 00:40.320 align:start position:0% job is to track its path. And to do 00:40.320 --> 00:42.949 align:start position:0% job is to track its path. And to do that,<00:02:08.080> Atlas<00:02:08.560> takes<00:02:08.959> four<00:02:09.280> exposures<00:02:09.840> of<00:02:10.080> the 00:42.949 --> 00:42.959 align:start position:0% that, Atlas takes four exposures of the 00:42.959 --> 00:45.750 align:start position:0% that, Atlas takes four exposures of the same<00:02:10.560> patch<00:02:10.879> of<00:02:11.120> sky<00:02:11.520> every<00:02:11.920> hour.<00:02:12.800> Since 00:45.750 --> 00:45.760 align:start position:0% same patch of sky every hour. Since 00:45.760 --> 00:47.750 align:start position:0% same patch of sky every hour. Since asteroids<00:02:13.680> are<00:02:13.920> fast<00:02:14.239> moving<00:02:14.560> when<00:02:14.800> close<00:02:14.959> to 00:47.750 --> 00:47.760 align:start position:0% asteroids are fast moving when close to 00:47.760 --> 00:49.430 align:start position:0% asteroids are fast moving when close to Earth,<00:02:15.599> they<00:02:15.840> should<00:02:16.000> appear<00:02:16.319> in<00:02:16.480> a<00:02:16.640> different 00:49.430 --> 00:49.440 align:start position:0% Earth, they should appear in a different 00:49.440 --> 00:51.589 align:start position:0% Earth, they should appear in a different patch<00:02:17.040> of<00:02:17.200> sky<00:02:17.520> with<00:02:17.760> each<00:02:18.000> exposure 00:51.589 --> 00:51.599 align:start position:0% patch of sky with each exposure 00:51.599 --> 00:54.710 align:start position:0% patch of sky with each exposure whooshing<00:02:19.599> through<00:02:20.000> each<00:02:20.400> frame.<00:02:21.520> But<00:02:21.760> on<00:02:21.920> the 00:54.710 --> 00:54.720 align:start position:0% whooshing through each frame. But on the 00:54.720 --> 00:57.350 align:start position:0% whooshing through each frame. But on the 12th<00:02:22.480> of<00:02:22.640> December,<00:02:23.520> near<00:02:23.920> the<00:02:24.160> constellation 00:57.350 --> 00:57.360 align:start position:0% 12th of December, near the constellation 00:57.360 --> 01:00.310 align:start position:0% 12th of December, near the constellation of<00:02:24.959> Corvvis,<00:02:26.080> they<00:02:26.319> saw<00:02:26.720> something<00:02:27.200> that<00:02:27.440> did 01:00.310 --> 01:00.320 align:start position:0% of Corvvis, they saw something that did 01:00.320 --> 01:02.710 align:start position:0% of Corvvis, they saw something that did not<00:02:28.080> follow<00:02:28.400> this<00:02:28.640> pattern.<00:02:29.599> It<00:02:29.760> was<00:02:29.920> an 01:02.710 --> 01:02.720 align:start position:0% not follow this pattern. It was an 01:02.720 --> 01:04.869 align:start position:0% not follow this pattern. It was an object<00:02:30.319> that<00:02:30.640> stayed<00:02:31.120> quite<00:02:31.440> motionless<00:02:31.920> in 01:04.869 --> 01:04.879 align:start position:0% object that stayed quite motionless in 01:04.879 --> 01:08.470 align:start position:0% object that stayed quite motionless in all<00:02:32.480> four<00:02:32.800> frames.<00:02:33.840> This<00:02:34.160> was<00:02:34.319> no<00:02:34.640> asteroid. 01:08.470 --> 01:08.480 align:start position:0% all four frames. This was no asteroid. 01:08.480 --> 01:10.949 align:start position:0% all four frames. This was no asteroid. Having<00:02:36.319> confirmed<00:02:36.720> that<00:02:37.120> Earth<00:02:37.440> was<00:02:37.680> safe, 01:10.949 --> 01:10.959 align:start position:0% Having confirmed that Earth was safe, 01:10.959 --> 01:13.270 align:start position:0% Having confirmed that Earth was safe, for<00:02:38.640> now<00:02:38.959> at<00:02:38.959> least,<00:02:39.680> the<00:02:39.920> team<00:02:40.080> was<00:02:40.319> curious 01:13.270 --> 01:13.280 align:start position:0% for now at least, the team was curious 01:13.280 --> 01:15.750 align:start position:0% for now at least, the team was curious as<00:02:40.879> to<00:02:41.040> what<00:02:41.360> this<00:02:41.680> might<00:02:41.920> be.<00:02:42.480> So<00:02:42.640> they<00:02:42.879> passed 01:15.750 --> 01:15.760 align:start position:0% as to what this might be. So they passed 01:15.760 --> 01:18.070 align:start position:0% as to what this might be. So they passed their<00:02:43.280> findings<00:02:43.680> on<00:02:43.920> to<00:02:44.239> Joseph<00:02:44.720> Farah<00:02:45.280> and 01:18.070 --> 01:18.080 align:start position:0% their findings on to Joseph Farah and 01:18.080 --> 01:20.630 align:start position:0% their findings on to Joseph Farah and his<00:02:45.680> team<00:02:46.000> at<00:02:46.319> Lasumbra's<00:02:47.360> Observatory 01:20.630 --> 01:20.640 align:start position:0% his team at Lasumbra's Observatory 01:20.640 --> 01:22.390 align:start position:0% his team at Lasumbra's Observatory Global<00:02:48.400> Telescope<00:02:49.040> for<00:02:49.360> closer 01:22.390 --> 01:22.400 align:start position:0% Global Telescope for closer 01:22.400 --> 01:25.190 align:start position:0% Global Telescope for closer investigation.<00:02:51.040> As<00:02:51.280> the<00:02:51.440> name<00:02:51.680> suggests, 01:25.190 --> 01:25.200 align:start position:0% investigation. As the name suggests, 01:25.200 --> 01:27.670 align:start position:0% investigation. As the name suggests, this<00:02:52.800> is<00:02:53.040> a<00:02:53.360> truly<00:02:54.000> global<00:02:54.480> network<00:02:54.800> of 01:27.670 --> 01:27.680 align:start position:0% this is a truly global network of 01:27.680 --> 01:30.070 align:start position:0% this is a truly global network of telescopes,<00:02:55.920> 27<00:02:56.400> of<00:02:56.560> them<00:02:56.800> in<00:02:56.959> fact, 01:30.070 --> 01:30.080 align:start position:0% telescopes, 27 of them in fact, 01:30.080 --> 01:32.070 align:start position:0% telescopes, 27 of them in fact, scattered<00:02:57.920> across<00:02:58.319> the<00:02:58.560> planet<00:02:58.800> at<00:02:59.040> locations 01:32.070 --> 01:32.080 align:start position:0% scattered across the planet at locations 01:32.080 --> 01:34.550 align:start position:0% scattered across the planet at locations from<00:02:59.760> Texas<00:03:00.480> all<00:03:00.720> the<00:03:00.879> way<00:03:00.959> to<00:03:01.200> South<00:03:01.440> Africa 01:34.550 --> 01:34.560 align:start position:0% from Texas all the way to South Africa 01:34.560 --> 01:37.270 align:start position:0% from Texas all the way to South Africa and<00:03:02.480> even<00:03:02.959> Australia. 01:37.270 --> 01:37.280 align:start position:0% and even Australia. 01:37.280 --> 01:39.830 align:start position:0% and even Australia. Askumbres<00:03:05.440> is<00:03:05.599> fully<00:03:05.920> robotic,<00:03:06.720> allowing<00:03:07.040> it 01:39.830 --> 01:39.840 align:start position:0% Askumbres is fully robotic, allowing it 01:39.840 --> 01:42.229 align:start position:0% Askumbres is fully robotic, allowing it to<00:03:07.360> run<00:03:07.680> around<00:03:08.000> the<00:03:08.319> clock.<00:03:09.040> Its<00:03:09.280> global 01:42.229 --> 01:42.239 align:start position:0% to run around the clock. Its global 01:42.239 --> 01:43.910 align:start position:0% to run around the clock. Its global spread<00:03:10.000> makes<00:03:10.239> it<00:03:10.400> brilliant<00:03:10.720> at<00:03:10.879> studying 01:43.910 --> 01:43.920 align:start position:0% spread makes it brilliant at studying 01:43.920 --> 01:46.630 align:start position:0% spread makes it brilliant at studying what<00:03:11.519> we<00:03:11.680> call<00:03:12.080> transient<00:03:12.720> events,<00:03:13.440> temporary 01:46.630 --> 01:46.640 align:start position:0% what we call transient events, temporary 01:46.640 --> 01:48.630 align:start position:0% what we call transient events, temporary phenomena<00:03:14.560> lasting<00:03:14.959> anywhere<00:03:15.360> from<00:03:15.599> mere 01:48.630 --> 01:48.640 align:start position:0% phenomena lasting anywhere from mere 01:48.640 --> 01:51.030 align:start position:0% phenomena lasting anywhere from mere seconds<00:03:16.560> to<00:03:16.879> several<00:03:17.280> years,<00:03:17.920> with<00:03:18.159> each 01:51.030 --> 01:51.040 align:start position:0% seconds to several years, with each 01:51.040 --> 01:52.630 align:start position:0% seconds to several years, with each telescope<00:03:18.959> passing<00:03:19.280> the<00:03:19.519> observation 01:52.630 --> 01:52.640 align:start position:0% telescope passing the observation 01:52.640 --> 01:55.670 align:start position:0% telescope passing the observation pattern<00:03:20.400> to<00:03:20.560> the<00:03:20.720> next<00:03:21.120> as<00:03:21.360> the<00:03:21.519> Earth<00:03:21.840> spins, 01:55.670 --> 01:55.680 align:start position:0% pattern to the next as the Earth spins, 01:55.680 --> 01:57.990 align:start position:0% pattern to the next as the Earth spins, causing<00:03:23.440> an<00:03:23.680> object<00:03:24.000> to<00:03:24.159> pass<00:03:24.480> across<00:03:25.120> and 01:57.990 --> 01:58.000 align:start position:0% causing an object to pass across and 01:58.000 --> 02:00.949 align:start position:0% causing an object to pass across and then<00:03:25.599> out<00:03:26.000> of<00:03:26.239> their<00:03:26.400> fields<00:03:26.720> of<00:03:26.879> view.<00:03:27.840> And<00:03:28.080> so 02:00.949 --> 02:00.959 align:start position:0% then out of their fields of view. And so 02:00.959 --> 02:05.030 align:start position:0% then out of their fields of view. And so for<00:03:28.560> another<00:03:29.360> 200<00:03:30.159> straight<00:03:30.560> days,<00:03:31.440> all<00:03:31.840> 27 02:05.030 --> 02:05.040 align:start position:0% for another 200 straight days, all 27 02:05.040 --> 02:07.589 align:start position:0% for another 200 straight days, all 27 telescopes<00:03:33.200> watched<00:03:33.599> the<00:03:33.840> single<00:03:34.560> distant 02:07.589 --> 02:07.599 align:start position:0% telescopes watched the single distant 02:07.599 --> 02:10.710 align:start position:0% telescopes watched the single distant point<00:03:35.440> Atlas<00:03:36.000> had<00:03:36.239> found.<00:03:37.360> It<00:03:37.599> was<00:03:37.760> thanks<00:03:37.920> to 02:10.710 --> 02:10.720 align:start position:0% point Atlas had found. It was thanks to 02:10.720 --> 02:13.750 align:start position:0% point Atlas had found. It was thanks to this<00:03:38.319> combined<00:03:38.720> power<00:03:38.959> of<00:03:39.280> lasers 02:13.750 --> 02:13.760 align:start position:0% this combined power of lasers 02:13.760 --> 02:15.350 align:start position:0% this combined power of lasers were<00:03:41.280> able<00:03:41.519> to<00:03:41.680> observe<00:03:42.159> something<00:03:42.400> that 02:15.350 --> 02:15.360 align:start position:0% were able to observe something that 02:15.360 --> 02:18.949 align:start position:0% were able to observe something that mankind<00:03:43.360> had<00:03:43.760> never<00:03:44.080> seen<00:03:44.400> before,<00:03:45.360> something 02:18.949 --> 02:18.959 align:start position:0% mankind had never seen before, something 02:18.959 --> 02:21.350 align:start position:0% mankind had never seen before, something incredibly<00:03:47.200> powerful. 02:18.959 --> 02:21.588 align:start position:0% object witnessed by the lascom telescope that<00:05:21.360> was<00:05:21.520> shining<00:05:21.919> so<00:05:22.160> brightly.<00:05:23.520> The 02:20.707 --> 02:20.717 align:start position:0% that was shining so brightly. The 02:20.717 --> 02:23.188 align:start position:0% that was shining so brightly. The transient<00:05:24.320> event<00:05:24.639> the<00:05:24.880> laser<00:05:25.680> telescopes 02:23.188 --> 02:23.198 align:start position:0% transient event the laser telescopes 02:23.198 --> 02:26.228 align:start position:0% transient event the laser telescopes were<00:05:26.479> watching<00:05:27.280> was<00:05:27.520> called<00:05:28.160> super<00:05:28.639> luminous 02:26.228 --> 02:26.238 align:start position:0% were watching was called super luminous 02:26.238 --> 02:28.468 align:start position:0% were watching was called super luminous supernova.<00:05:30.560> You<00:05:30.720> might<00:05:30.880> be<00:05:31.039> able<00:05:31.199> to<00:05:31.280> guess 02:28.468 --> 02:28.478 align:start position:0% supernova. You might be able to guess 02:28.478 --> 02:30.468 align:start position:0% supernova. You might be able to guess from<00:05:31.759> the<00:05:31.919> name<00:05:32.080> that<00:05:32.400> this<00:05:32.720> is<00:05:33.120> a 02:30.468 --> 02:30.478 align:start position:0% from the name that this is a 02:30.478 --> 02:33.748 align:start position:0% from the name that this is a particularly<00:05:34.240> bright<00:05:34.720> supernova.<00:05:36.080> A<00:05:36.400> billion 02:33.748 --> 02:33.758 align:start position:0% particularly bright supernova. A billion 02:33.758 --> 02:35.908 align:start position:0% particularly bright supernova. A billion lightyears<00:05:37.280> from<00:05:37.440> Earth.<00:05:38.080> A<00:05:38.320> star<00:05:38.560> with<00:05:38.800> a 02:35.908 --> 02:35.918 align:start position:0% lightyears from Earth. A star with a 02:35.918 --> 02:38.948 align:start position:0% lightyears from Earth. A star with a mass<00:05:39.280> around<00:05:39.759> 25<00:05:40.320> times<00:05:40.639> that<00:05:40.880> of<00:05:41.039> our<00:05:41.280> sun<00:05:41.680> was 02:38.948 --> 02:38.958 align:start position:0% mass around 25 times that of our sun was 02:38.958 --> 02:42.308 align:start position:0% mass around 25 times that of our sun was dying,<00:05:42.880> going<00:05:43.199> out<00:05:43.600> in<00:05:43.919> a<00:05:44.160> final<00:05:44.639> blaze<00:05:45.120> of 02:42.308 --> 02:42.318 align:start position:0% dying, going out in a final blaze of 02:42.318 --> 02:46.228 align:start position:0% dying, going out in a final blaze of glory.<00:05:46.479> And<00:05:46.880> what<00:05:47.199> a<00:05:47.360> blaze.<00:05:48.320> This<00:05:48.639> mighty 02:46.228 --> 02:46.238 align:start position:0% glory. And what a blaze. This mighty 02:46.238 --> 02:48.468 align:start position:0% glory. And what a blaze. This mighty beacon<00:05:49.759> of<00:05:49.919> light<00:05:50.240> was<00:05:50.479> one<00:05:50.720> of<00:05:50.800> the<00:05:50.960> brightest 02:48.468 --> 02:48.478 align:start position:0% beacon of light was one of the brightest 02:48.478 --> 02:51.508 align:start position:0% beacon of light was one of the brightest events<00:05:52.080> anywhere<00:05:52.639> in<00:05:52.960> the<00:05:53.199> universe.<00:05:54.320> And 02:51.508 --> 02:51.518 align:start position:0% events anywhere in the universe. And 02:51.518 --> 02:59.188 align:start position:0% events anywhere in the universe. And they<00:05:54.960> catch<00:05:55.600> named<00:05:55.840> it<00:05:56.400> SN<00:05:57.039> 2024<00:05:58.160> AFAV. 02:59.188 --> 02:59.198 align:start position:0% 02:59.198 --> 03:01.108 align:start position:0% We've<00:06:02.639> been<00:06:02.880> occasionally<00:06:03.440> spotting<00:06:03.919> super 03:01.108 --> 03:01.118 align:start position:0% We've been occasionally spotting super 03:01.118 --> 03:02.867 align:start position:0% We've been occasionally spotting super luminous<00:06:04.560> supernova<00:06:05.120> for<00:06:05.280> the<00:06:05.440> last<00:06:05.600> 20 03:02.867 --> 03:02.877 align:start position:0% luminous supernova for the last 20 03:02.877 --> 03:05.668 align:start position:0% luminous supernova for the last 20 years,<00:06:06.560> but<00:06:06.800> they<00:06:06.960> are<00:06:07.120> not<00:06:07.360> common.<00:06:08.080> In<00:06:08.240> fact, 03:05.668 --> 03:05.678 align:start position:0% years, but they are not common. In fact, 03:05.678 --> 03:07.748 align:start position:0% years, but they are not common. In fact, we've<00:06:08.960> only<00:06:09.199> confirmed<00:06:09.600> sightings<00:06:10.000> of<00:06:10.240> around 03:07.748 --> 03:07.758 align:start position:0% we've only confirmed sightings of around 03:07.758 --> 03:10.468 align:start position:0% we've only confirmed sightings of around 100<00:06:11.280> of<00:06:11.440> them<00:06:11.680> in<00:06:11.919> that<00:06:12.160> time.<00:06:13.039> Standard 03:10.468 --> 03:10.478 align:start position:0% 100 of them in that time. Standard 03:10.478 --> 03:12.468 align:start position:0% 100 of them in that time. Standard supernova<00:06:14.319> derive<00:06:14.720> much<00:06:14.960> of<00:06:15.039> their<00:06:15.199> power 03:12.468 --> 03:12.478 align:start position:0% supernova derive much of their power 03:12.478 --> 03:15.348 align:start position:0% supernova derive much of their power from<00:06:15.759> radioactive<00:06:16.400> elements<00:06:16.800> like<00:06:17.120> nickel<00:06:17.520> 56 03:15.348 --> 03:15.358 align:start position:0% from radioactive elements like nickel 56 03:15.358 --> 03:17.668 align:start position:0% from radioactive elements like nickel 56 formed<00:06:18.800> during<00:06:19.120> their<00:06:19.360> explosion.<00:06:20.240> It<00:06:20.400> is<00:06:20.560> the 03:17.668 --> 03:17.678 align:start position:0% formed during their explosion. It is the 03:17.678 --> 03:19.508 align:start position:0% formed during their explosion. It is the decay<00:06:21.039> of<00:06:21.199> these<00:06:21.520> elements<00:06:21.840> that<00:06:22.080> we<00:06:22.240> can<00:06:22.319> see 03:19.508 --> 03:19.518 align:start position:0% decay of these elements that we can see 03:19.518 --> 03:21.267 align:start position:0% decay of these elements that we can see lighting<00:06:22.960> up<00:06:23.120> the<00:06:23.360> expanding<00:06:23.840> clouds<00:06:24.160> of 03:21.267 --> 03:21.277 align:start position:0% lighting up the expanding clouds of 03:21.277 --> 03:23.748 align:start position:0% lighting up the expanding clouds of stellar<00:06:24.720> debris<00:06:25.120> surrounding<00:06:25.520> them.<00:06:26.400> Super 03:23.748 --> 03:23.758 align:start position:0% stellar debris surrounding them. Super 03:23.758 --> 03:26.388 align:start position:0% stellar debris surrounding them. Super lunar<00:06:27.280> supernova,<00:06:28.080> on<00:06:28.240> the<00:06:28.319> other<00:06:28.479> hand,<00:06:29.039> are 03:26.388 --> 03:26.398 align:start position:0% lunar supernova, on the other hand, are 03:26.398 --> 03:29.348 align:start position:0% lunar supernova, on the other hand, are truly<00:06:30.160> dazzling<00:06:31.039> explosions,<00:06:32.000> usually 03:29.348 --> 03:29.358 align:start position:0% truly dazzling explosions, usually 03:29.358 --> 03:32.228 align:start position:0% truly dazzling explosions, usually between<00:06:32.880> 10<00:06:33.360> and<00:06:33.840> 100<00:06:34.319> times<00:06:34.639> brighter<00:06:35.039> than 03:32.228 --> 03:32.238 align:start position:0% between 10 and 100 times brighter than 03:32.238 --> 03:34.707 align:start position:0% between 10 and 100 times brighter than typical<00:06:35.600> supernova.<00:06:36.880> In<00:06:37.039> fact,<00:06:37.520> the 03:34.707 --> 03:34.717 align:start position:0% typical supernova. In fact, the 03:34.717 --> 03:36.707 align:start position:0% typical supernova. In fact, the brightest<00:06:38.240> supernova<00:06:38.960> like<00:06:39.199> event<00:06:39.520> that 03:36.707 --> 03:36.717 align:start position:0% brightest supernova like event that 03:36.717 --> 03:41.188 align:start position:0% brightest supernova like event that we've<00:06:40.080> ever<00:06:40.400> seen<00:06:41.120> was<00:06:41.680> not<00:06:42.000> only<00:06:42.720> 570 03:41.188 --> 03:41.198 align:start position:0% we've ever seen was not only 570 03:41.198 --> 03:43.828 align:start position:0% we've ever seen was not only 570 billion<00:06:44.800> times<00:06:45.199> brighter<00:06:45.600> than<00:06:45.759> our<00:06:46.000> own<00:06:46.240> sun, 03:43.828 --> 03:43.838 align:start position:0% billion times brighter than our own sun, 03:43.838 --> 03:46.468 align:start position:0% billion times brighter than our own sun, but<00:06:47.120> outshone<00:06:47.919> the<00:06:48.240> entire<00:06:48.880> Milky<00:06:49.199> Way 03:46.468 --> 03:46.478 align:start position:0% but outshone the entire Milky Way 03:46.478 --> 03:49.587 align:start position:0% but outshone the entire Milky Way galaxy.<00:06:50.720> And<00:06:50.960> therein<00:06:51.680> lies<00:06:52.080> the<00:06:52.319> mystery 03:49.587 --> 03:49.597 align:start position:0% galaxy. And therein lies the mystery 03:49.597 --> 03:51.828 align:start position:0% galaxy. And therein lies the mystery that<00:06:52.880> has<00:06:53.120> plagued<00:06:53.600> astronomers<00:06:54.160> since<00:06:54.479> these 03:51.828 --> 03:51.838 align:start position:0% that has plagued astronomers since these 03:51.838 --> 03:53.828 align:start position:0% that has plagued astronomers since these immense<00:06:55.440> explosions<00:06:55.919> of<00:06:56.160> light<00:06:56.400> were<00:06:56.639> first 03:53.828 --> 03:53.838 align:start position:0% immense explosions of light were first 03:53.838 --> 03:56.547 align:start position:0% immense explosions of light were first discovered<00:06:57.360> 20<00:06:57.680> years<00:06:57.840> ago.<00:06:58.800> What<00:06:59.039> is<00:06:59.199> it 03:56.547 --> 03:56.557 align:start position:0% discovered 20 years ago. What is it 03:56.557 --> 03:59.427 align:start position:0% discovered 20 years ago. What is it about<00:07:00.080> these<00:07:00.560> dying<00:07:00.960> stars<00:07:01.440> in<00:07:01.680> particular 03:59.427 --> 03:59.437 align:start position:0% about these dying stars in particular 03:59.437 --> 04:02.547 align:start position:0% about these dying stars in particular that<00:07:02.800> makes<00:07:02.960> them<00:07:03.199> shine<00:07:03.840> so<00:07:04.400> bright? 04:02.547 --> 04:02.557 align:start position:0% that makes them shine so bright? 04:02.557 --> 04:05.508 align:start position:0% that makes them shine so bright? Frustratingly<00:07:06.479> and<00:07:07.039> tantalizingly,<00:07:08.319> super 04:05.508 --> 04:05.518 align:start position:0% Frustratingly and tantalizingly, super 04:05.518 --> 04:07.668 align:start position:0% Frustratingly and tantalizingly, super luminous<00:07:08.960> supernova<00:07:09.759> are<00:07:10.000> one<00:07:10.160> of<00:07:10.319> those 04:07.668 --> 04:07.678 align:start position:0% luminous supernova are one of those 04:07.678 --> 04:10.228 align:start position:0% luminous supernova are one of those pesky<00:07:11.360> space<00:07:11.680> phenomena<00:07:12.479> that<00:07:12.800> are 04:10.228 --> 04:10.238 align:start position:0% pesky space phenomena that are 04:10.238 --> 04:13.108 align:start position:0% pesky space phenomena that are particularly<00:07:13.919> hard<00:07:14.160> to<00:07:14.400> see.<00:07:15.599> As<00:07:15.919> they 04:13.108 --> 04:13.118 align:start position:0% particularly hard to see. As they 04:13.118 --> 04:16.308 align:start position:0% particularly hard to see. As they explode,<00:07:16.960> waves<00:07:17.440> of<00:07:17.680> dust<00:07:18.080> and<00:07:18.319> gas<00:07:18.880> hurtle 04:16.308 --> 04:16.318 align:start position:0% explode, waves of dust and gas hurtle 04:16.318 --> 04:18.867 align:start position:0% explode, waves of dust and gas hurtle away<00:07:19.599> from<00:07:19.759> their<00:07:20.000> fiery<00:07:20.479> center,<00:07:21.199> creating<00:07:21.599> a 04:18.867 --> 04:18.877 align:start position:0% away from their fiery center, creating a 04:18.877 --> 04:21.987 align:start position:0% away from their fiery center, creating a huge<00:07:22.319> opaque<00:07:22.880> wall<00:07:23.360> of<00:07:23.680> super<00:07:24.080> hot<00:07:24.400> material 04:21.987 --> 04:21.997 align:start position:0% huge opaque wall of super hot material 04:21.997 --> 04:25.028 align:start position:0% huge opaque wall of super hot material that<00:07:25.280> our<00:07:25.599> telescopes<00:07:26.479> cannot<00:07:26.880> penetrate. 04:25.028 --> 04:25.038 align:start position:0% that our telescopes cannot penetrate. 04:25.038 --> 04:27.668 align:start position:0% that our telescopes cannot penetrate. The<00:07:28.319> difficulty<00:07:28.800> is<00:07:29.360> that<00:07:29.599> the<00:07:29.759> cloud<00:07:30.080> of<00:07:30.240> dust 04:27.668 --> 04:27.678 align:start position:0% The difficulty is that the cloud of dust 04:27.678 --> 04:29.908 align:start position:0% The difficulty is that the cloud of dust surrounding<00:07:31.199> the<00:07:31.440> exploding<00:07:32.000> star<00:07:32.319> is<00:07:32.639> so 04:29.908 --> 04:29.918 align:start position:0% surrounding the exploding star is so 04:29.918 --> 04:32.308 align:start position:0% surrounding the exploding star is so dense<00:07:33.360> and<00:07:33.599> hot<00:07:34.080> that<00:07:34.319> it<00:07:34.479> forms<00:07:34.800> a<00:07:34.960> wall<00:07:35.199> of 04:32.308 --> 04:32.318 align:start position:0% dense and hot that it forms a wall of 04:32.318 --> 04:34.788 align:start position:0% dense and hot that it forms a wall of plasma.<00:07:36.400> All<00:07:36.720> light<00:07:37.039> trying<00:07:37.280> to<00:07:37.440> escape 04:34.788 --> 04:34.798 align:start position:0% plasma. All light trying to escape 04:34.798 --> 04:36.948 align:start position:0% plasma. All light trying to escape becomes<00:07:38.240> trapped,<00:07:38.800> bouncing<00:07:39.360> around<00:07:39.759> the 04:36.948 --> 04:36.958 align:start position:0% becomes trapped, bouncing around the 04:36.958 --> 04:39.908 align:start position:0% becomes trapped, bouncing around the cloud<00:07:40.319> of<00:07:40.800> ions<00:07:41.039> and<00:07:41.280> electrons,<00:07:42.160> often<00:07:42.639> for 04:39.908 --> 04:39.918 align:start position:0% cloud of ions and electrons, often for 04:39.918 --> 04:43.028 align:start position:0% cloud of ions and electrons, often for days<00:07:43.440> or<00:07:43.759> weeks.<00:07:44.639> only<00:07:45.039> eventually<00:07:45.599> escaping 04:43.028 --> 04:43.038 align:start position:0% days or weeks. only eventually escaping 04:43.038 --> 04:45.028 align:start position:0% days or weeks. only eventually escaping when<00:07:46.319> the<00:07:46.560> plasma<00:07:47.039> cools<00:07:47.360> enough<00:07:47.599> for<00:07:47.840> light 04:45.028 --> 04:45.038 align:start position:0% when the plasma cools enough for light 04:45.038 --> 04:47.908 align:start position:0% when the plasma cools enough for light to<00:07:48.319> be<00:07:48.479> able<00:07:48.560> to<00:07:48.720> escape.<00:07:49.759> And<00:07:49.919> that<00:07:50.160> means<00:07:50.639> we 04:47.908 --> 04:47.918 align:start position:0% to be able to escape. And that means we 04:47.918 --> 04:50.308 align:start position:0% to be able to escape. And that means we cannot<00:07:51.360> see<00:07:51.759> and<00:07:52.080> do<00:07:52.400> not<00:07:52.560> know<00:07:52.880> what<00:07:53.199> is 04:50.308 --> 04:50.318 align:start position:0% cannot see and do not know what is 04:50.318 --> 04:52.707 align:start position:0% cannot see and do not know what is happening<00:07:53.680> at<00:07:53.919> their<00:07:54.160> heart<00:07:54.800> powering<00:07:55.360> these 04:52.707 --> 04:52.717 align:start position:0% happening at their heart powering these 04:52.717 --> 04:56.068 align:start position:0% happening at their heart powering these vastly<00:07:56.479> bright<00:07:56.879> explosions.<00:07:58.080> Instead,<00:07:58.720> for 04:56.068 --> 04:56.078 align:start position:0% vastly bright explosions. Instead, for 04:56.078 --> 04:58.628 align:start position:0% vastly bright explosions. Instead, for 20<00:07:59.360> years,<00:08:00.000> astronomers<00:08:00.800> have<00:08:01.039> been<00:08:01.280> forced 04:58.628 --> 04:58.638 align:start position:0% 20 years, astronomers have been forced 04:58.638 --> 05:01.668 align:start position:0% 20 years, astronomers have been forced to<00:08:02.000> speculate.<00:08:03.360> That<00:08:03.599> is<00:08:03.840> until<00:08:04.160> we<00:08:04.400> found 05:01.668 --> 05:01.678 align:start position:0% to speculate. That is until we found 05:01.678 --> 05:05.668 align:start position:0% to speculate. That is until we found this<00:08:05.199> super<00:08:05.599> luminous<00:08:06.000> supernova,<00:08:07.039> SN204 05:05.668 --> 05:05.678 align:start position:0% this super luminous supernova, SN204 05:05.678 --> 05:07.587 align:start position:0% this super luminous supernova, SN204 AFAV. 05:07.587 --> 05:07.597 align:start position:0% AFAV. 05:07.597 --> 05:11.188 align:start position:0% AFAV. You<00:08:10.960> see,<00:08:11.520> by<00:08:11.840> trolling<00:08:12.319> through<00:08:12.639> the<00:08:13.039> 255 05:11.188 --> 05:11.198 align:start position:0% You see, by trolling through the 255 05:11.198 --> 05:13.748 align:start position:0% You see, by trolling through the 255 days<00:08:14.639> worth<00:08:14.879> of<00:08:15.039> data<00:08:15.280> from<00:08:15.520> Lascom,<00:08:16.639> the 05:13.748 --> 05:13.758 align:start position:0% days worth of data from Lascom, the 05:13.758 --> 05:16.388 align:start position:0% days worth of data from Lascom, the analysis<00:08:17.280> team<00:08:17.599> discovered<00:08:18.080> that<00:08:18.319> SN2024 05:16.388 --> 05:16.398 align:start position:0% analysis team discovered that SN2024 05:16.398 --> 05:19.827 align:start position:0% analysis team discovered that SN2024 AFAV<00:08:20.560> did<00:08:20.800> not<00:08:21.199> follow<00:08:21.680> any<00:08:22.000> of<00:08:22.160> the<00:08:22.400> usual 05:19.827 --> 05:19.837 align:start position:0% AFAV did not follow any of the usual 05:19.837 --> 05:22.628 align:start position:0% AFAV did not follow any of the usual supernova<00:08:23.520> brightness<00:08:24.000> patterns.<00:08:25.120> Day<00:08:25.360> after 05:22.628 --> 05:22.638 align:start position:0% supernova brightness patterns. Day after 05:22.638 --> 05:25.188 align:start position:0% supernova brightness patterns. Day after day,<00:08:26.080> the<00:08:26.319> supernova<00:08:26.960> became<00:08:27.360> brighter<00:08:28.000> and 05:25.188 --> 05:25.198 align:start position:0% day, the supernova became brighter and 05:25.198 --> 05:28.867 align:start position:0% day, the supernova became brighter and brighter<00:08:28.879> and<00:08:29.280> brighter<00:08:30.160> until<00:08:31.039> around<00:08:31.520> day 05:28.867 --> 05:28.877 align:start position:0% brighter and brighter until around day 05:28.877 --> 05:32.388 align:start position:0% brighter and brighter until around day 46,<00:08:33.120> it<00:08:33.360> reached<00:08:33.680> its<00:08:34.000> dazzling<00:08:34.640> peak<00:08:35.120> and 05:32.388 --> 05:32.398 align:start position:0% 46, it reached its dazzling peak and 05:32.398 --> 05:35.508 align:start position:0% 46, it reached its dazzling peak and began<00:08:35.760> to<00:08:35.919> fade.<00:08:36.959> But<00:08:37.120> the<00:08:37.279> show<00:08:37.519> wasn't<00:08:37.919> over. 05:35.508 --> 05:35.518 align:start position:0% began to fade. But the show wasn't over. 05:35.518 --> 05:37.748 align:start position:0% began to fade. But the show wasn't over. About<00:08:39.039> 40<00:08:39.360> days<00:08:39.599> later,<00:08:39.919> the<00:08:40.080> supernova 05:37.748 --> 05:37.758 align:start position:0% About 40 days later, the supernova 05:37.758 --> 05:41.028 align:start position:0% About 40 days later, the supernova brightened<00:08:41.360> again,<00:08:42.080> then<00:08:42.479> sharply<00:08:43.039> faded, 05:41.028 --> 05:41.038 align:start position:0% brightened again, then sharply faded, 05:41.038 --> 05:43.428 align:start position:0% brightened again, then sharply faded, only<00:08:44.320> to<00:08:44.560> briefly<00:08:44.959> brighten<00:08:45.360> again<00:08:45.760> 32<00:08:46.240> days 05:43.428 --> 05:43.438 align:start position:0% only to briefly brighten again 32 days 05:43.438 --> 05:47.748 align:start position:0% only to briefly brighten again 32 days later.<00:08:47.680> Finally,<00:08:48.480> after<00:08:48.880> another<00:08:49.519> 22<00:08:50.160> days<00:08:50.480> of 05:47.748 --> 05:47.758 align:start position:0% later. Finally, after another 22 days of 05:47.758 --> 05:50.948 align:start position:0% later. Finally, after another 22 days of gentle<00:08:51.200> fading,<00:08:52.000> its<00:08:52.320> brightness<00:08:52.959> undulated 05:50.948 --> 05:50.958 align:start position:0% gentle fading, its brightness undulated 05:50.958 --> 05:53.668 align:start position:0% gentle fading, its brightness undulated four<00:08:54.480> more<00:08:54.800> times,<00:08:55.760> getting<00:08:56.080> brighter<00:08:56.480> and 05:53.668 --> 05:53.678 align:start position:0% four more times, getting brighter and 05:53.678 --> 05:56.148 align:start position:0% four more times, getting brighter and dimmer<00:08:57.120> again<00:08:57.440> in<00:08:57.600> the<00:08:57.839> same<00:08:58.000> fashion,<00:08:58.800> only 05:56.148 --> 05:56.158 align:start position:0% dimmer again in the same fashion, only 05:56.158 --> 05:58.308 align:start position:0% dimmer again in the same fashion, only less<00:08:59.519> dramatically<00:09:00.480> than<00:09:00.640> with<00:09:00.880> the<00:09:01.120> first 05:58.308 --> 05:58.318 align:start position:0% less dramatically than with the first 05:58.318 --> 06:01.028 align:start position:0% less dramatically than with the first three<00:09:01.600> peaks.<00:09:02.640> It<00:09:02.800> was<00:09:02.959> only<00:09:03.200> then<00:09:03.600> that<00:09:03.839> the 06:01.028 --> 06:01.038 align:start position:0% three peaks. It was only then that the 06:01.038 --> 06:04.388 align:start position:0% three peaks. It was only then that the supernova<00:09:04.800> truly<00:09:05.279> continued<00:09:05.839> to<00:09:06.080> fade<00:09:06.480> away. 06:04.388 --> 06:04.398 align:start position:0% supernova truly continued to fade away. 06:04.398 --> 06:07.028 align:start position:0% supernova truly continued to fade away. The<00:09:07.600> astronomers<00:09:08.240> had<00:09:08.720> never<00:09:09.120> seen<00:09:09.600> anything 06:07.028 --> 06:07.038 align:start position:0% The astronomers had never seen anything 06:07.038 --> 06:09.668 align:start position:0% The astronomers had never seen anything like<00:09:10.399> this<00:09:10.560> before.<00:09:11.680> On<00:09:12.000> occasion,<00:09:12.320> they'd 06:09.668 --> 06:09.678 align:start position:0% like this before. On occasion, they'd 06:09.678 --> 06:11.668 align:start position:0% like this before. On occasion, they'd seen<00:09:12.880> a<00:09:13.120> couple<00:09:13.279> of<00:09:13.519> bumps,<00:09:14.160> possibly 06:11.668 --> 06:11.678 align:start position:0% seen a couple of bumps, possibly 06:11.678 --> 06:14.308 align:start position:0% seen a couple of bumps, possibly produced<00:09:15.120> by<00:09:15.360> shock<00:09:15.680> waves<00:09:16.000> as<00:09:16.640> layers<00:09:16.800> of<00:09:16.959> gas 06:14.308 --> 06:14.318 align:start position:0% produced by shock waves as layers of gas 06:14.318 --> 06:16.868 align:start position:0% produced by shock waves as layers of gas collide<00:09:17.839> during<00:09:18.160> the<00:09:18.320> epic<00:09:18.720> explosion,<00:09:19.600> but 06:16.868 --> 06:16.878 align:start position:0% collide during the epic explosion, but 06:16.878 --> 06:19.108 align:start position:0% collide during the epic explosion, but never<00:09:20.320> anything<00:09:20.800> quite<00:09:21.120> as<00:09:21.360> distinctive<00:09:21.839> as 06:19.108 --> 06:19.118 align:start position:0% never anything quite as distinctive as 06:19.118 --> 06:22.388 align:start position:0% never anything quite as distinctive as these<00:09:22.800> four<00:09:23.519> clear,<00:09:24.320> increasingly<00:09:25.040> rapid 06:22.388 --> 06:22.398 align:start position:0% these four clear, increasingly rapid 06:22.398 --> 06:25.347 align:start position:0% these four clear, increasingly rapid oscillations<00:09:26.240> or<00:09:26.720> chirps,<00:09:27.519> which<00:09:27.920> swept 06:25.347 --> 06:25.357 align:start position:0% oscillations or chirps, which swept 06:25.357 --> 06:28.227 align:start position:0% oscillations or chirps, which swept upwards<00:09:28.959> in<00:09:29.279> frequency<00:09:29.920> like<00:09:30.160> a<00:09:30.480> rising<00:09:30.959> bird 06:28.227 --> 06:28.237 align:start position:0% upwards in frequency like a rising bird 06:28.237 --> 06:32.068 align:start position:0% upwards in frequency like a rising bird song.<00:09:32.399> So,<00:09:32.959> what<00:09:33.519> exactly<00:09:34.160> had<00:09:34.560> we<00:09:34.880> just 06:32.068 --> 06:32.078 align:start position:0% song. So, what exactly had we just 06:32.078 --> 06:35.268 align:start position:0% song. So, what exactly had we just witnessed? 06:35.268 --> 06:35.278 align:start position:0% 06:35.278 --> 06:37.668 align:start position:0% Across<00:09:38.720> the<00:09:38.959> US,<00:09:39.360> a<00:09:39.600> team<00:09:39.760> of<00:09:39.839> astrophysicists 06:37.668 --> 06:37.678 align:start position:0% Across the US, a team of astrophysicists 06:37.678 --> 06:40.068 align:start position:0% Across the US, a team of astrophysicists spent<00:09:41.200> months<00:09:42.000> building<00:09:42.399> and<00:09:42.720> testing 06:40.068 --> 06:40.078 align:start position:0% spent months building and testing 06:40.078 --> 06:42.148 align:start position:0% spent months building and testing models.<00:09:44.000> Central<00:09:44.399> to<00:09:44.560> one<00:09:44.720> of<00:09:44.800> the<00:09:44.959> most 06:42.148 --> 06:42.158 align:start position:0% models. Central to one of the most 06:42.158 --> 06:44.068 align:start position:0% models. Central to one of the most interesting<00:09:45.600> ones<00:09:45.839> was<00:09:46.080> the<00:09:46.240> promise<00:09:46.560> of<00:09:46.800> a 06:44.068 --> 06:44.078 align:start position:0% interesting ones was the promise of a 06:44.078 --> 06:46.708 align:start position:0% interesting ones was the promise of a new<00:09:47.360> cosmic<00:09:47.920> monster<00:09:48.320> being<00:09:48.640> born.<00:09:49.279> A<00:09:49.440> theory 06:46.708 --> 06:46.718 align:start position:0% new cosmic monster being born. A theory 06:46.718 --> 06:49.268 align:start position:0% new cosmic monster being born. A theory that<00:09:50.080> had<00:09:50.320> been<00:09:50.480> waiting<00:09:51.200> 16<00:09:51.600> years<00:09:51.920> to<00:09:52.160> be 06:49.268 --> 06:49.278 align:start position:0% that had been waiting 16 years to be 06:49.278 --> 06:52.068 align:start position:0% that had been waiting 16 years to be tested.<00:09:53.279> It<00:09:53.440> was<00:09:53.600> the<00:09:53.760> brainchild<00:09:54.399> of<00:09:54.640> Dan 06:52.068 --> 06:52.078 align:start position:0% tested. It was the brainchild of Dan 06:52.078 --> 06:55.028 align:start position:0% tested. It was the brainchild of Dan Quazin,<00:09:56.000> a<00:09:56.160> theoretical<00:09:56.720> astrophysicist<00:09:57.680> at 06:55.028 --> 06:55.038 align:start position:0% Quazin, a theoretical astrophysicist at 06:55.038 --> 06:58.068 align:start position:0% Quazin, a theoretical astrophysicist at University<00:09:58.560> of<00:09:58.800> California,<00:09:59.519> Berkeley.<00:10:00.640> Dan 06:58.068 --> 06:58.078 align:start position:0% University of California, Berkeley. Dan 06:58.078 --> 07:01.028 align:start position:0% University of California, Berkeley. Dan had<00:10:01.360> a<00:10:01.519> thought.<00:10:02.560> What<00:10:02.800> if<00:10:03.360> hiding<00:10:03.760> at<00:10:03.920> the 07:01.028 --> 07:01.038 align:start position:0% had a thought. What if hiding at the 07:01.038 --> 07:03.428 align:start position:0% had a thought. What if hiding at the heart<00:10:04.240> of<00:10:04.399> these<00:10:04.800> violent<00:10:05.360> cataclysms 07:03.428 --> 07:03.438 align:start position:0% heart of these violent cataclysms 07:03.438 --> 07:06.467 align:start position:0% heart of these violent cataclysms empowering<00:10:07.120> their<00:10:07.360> violent<00:10:07.920> explosions<00:10:09.040> was 07:06.467 --> 07:06.477 align:start position:0% empowering their violent explosions was 07:06.477 --> 07:08.548 align:start position:0% empowering their violent explosions was a<00:10:10.000> magnetar? 07:08.548 --> 07:08.558 align:start position:0% a magnetar? 07:08.558 --> 07:10.628 align:start position:0% a magnetar? Of<00:10:11.839> all<00:10:12.000> the<00:10:12.240> weird<00:10:12.640> and<00:10:12.959> wonderful<00:10:13.440> things 07:10.628 --> 07:10.638 align:start position:0% Of all the weird and wonderful things 07:10.638 --> 07:13.188 align:start position:0% Of all the weird and wonderful things that<00:10:14.000> populate<00:10:14.480> our<00:10:14.720> universe,<00:10:15.519> magnetars 07:13.188 --> 07:13.198 align:start position:0% that populate our universe, magnetars 07:13.198 --> 07:16.068 align:start position:0% that populate our universe, magnetars are<00:10:16.480> some<00:10:16.800> of<00:10:17.040> my<00:10:17.279> favorites,<00:10:18.240> they<00:10:18.560> are<00:10:18.800> a 07:16.068 --> 07:16.078 align:start position:0% are some of my favorites, they are a 07:16.078 --> 07:20.068 align:start position:0% are some of my favorites, they are a rare,<00:10:20.079> exotic,<00:10:21.120> and<00:10:21.519> extreme<00:10:22.240> type<00:10:22.640> of 07:20.068 --> 07:20.078 align:start position:0% rare, exotic, and extreme type of 07:20.078 --> 07:23.027 align:start position:0% rare, exotic, and extreme type of neutron<00:10:23.680> star.<00:10:24.800> Each<00:10:25.200> magnetar<00:10:25.760> has<00:10:25.920> a 07:23.027 --> 07:23.037 align:start position:0% neutron star. Each magnetar has a 07:23.037 --> 07:25.988 align:start position:0% neutron star. Each magnetar has a diameter<00:10:26.480> of<00:10:26.720> just<00:10:26.959> under<00:10:27.279> 20<00:10:27.600> km,<00:10:28.720> roughly 07:25.988 --> 07:25.998 align:start position:0% diameter of just under 20 km, roughly 07:25.998 --> 07:28.308 align:start position:0% diameter of just under 20 km, roughly the<00:10:29.279> length<00:10:29.519> of<00:10:29.680> Manhattan,<00:10:30.560> but<00:10:30.880> contains 07:28.308 --> 07:28.318 align:start position:0% the length of Manhattan, but contains 07:28.318 --> 07:32.068 align:start position:0% the length of Manhattan, but contains more<00:10:31.600> mass<00:10:32.079> than<00:10:32.320> the<00:10:32.640> sun.<00:10:33.760> And<00:10:34.000> boy,<00:10:34.560> do<00:10:34.800> they 07:32.068 --> 07:32.078 align:start position:0% more mass than the sun. And boy, do they 07:32.078 --> 07:35.027 align:start position:0% more mass than the sun. And boy, do they spin,<00:10:35.920> whipping<00:10:36.399> around<00:10:36.880> thousands<00:10:37.360> of<00:10:37.600> times 07:35.027 --> 07:35.037 align:start position:0% spin, whipping around thousands of times 07:35.037 --> 07:37.668 align:start position:0% spin, whipping around thousands of times every<00:10:38.640> second<00:10:39.040> at<00:10:39.279> their<00:10:39.519> peak.<00:10:40.399> But<00:10:40.560> the 07:37.668 --> 07:37.678 align:start position:0% every second at their peak. But the 07:37.678 --> 07:39.428 align:start position:0% every second at their peak. But the feature<00:10:40.959> that<00:10:41.120> makes<00:10:41.279> them<00:10:41.600> really<00:10:41.920> special 07:39.428 --> 07:39.438 align:start position:0% feature that makes them really special 07:39.438 --> 07:42.467 align:start position:0% feature that makes them really special is<00:10:42.720> their<00:10:43.040> titanic<00:10:43.760> magnetic<00:10:44.240> field.<00:10:45.200> Each 07:42.467 --> 07:42.477 align:start position:0% is their titanic magnetic field. Each 07:42.477 --> 07:45.748 align:start position:0% is their titanic magnetic field. Each magnetar<00:10:46.320> has<00:10:46.640> more<00:10:46.880> than<00:10:47.120> a<00:10:47.440> trillion<00:10:48.240> times 07:45.748 --> 07:45.758 align:start position:0% magnetar has more than a trillion times 07:45.758 --> 07:48.948 align:start position:0% magnetar has more than a trillion times more<00:10:49.200> magnetic<00:10:49.760> strength<00:10:50.160> than<00:10:50.399> the<00:10:50.720> sun.<00:10:51.680> Or 07:48.948 --> 07:48.958 align:start position:0% more magnetic strength than the sun. Or 07:48.958 --> 07:51.428 align:start position:0% more magnetic strength than the sun. Or to<00:10:52.240> put<00:10:52.480> it<00:10:52.640> another<00:10:52.959> way,<00:10:53.600> that's<00:10:53.920> more<00:10:54.160> than 07:51.428 --> 07:51.438 align:start position:0% to put it another way, that's more than 07:51.438 --> 07:54.148 align:start position:0% to put it another way, that's more than 10<00:10:55.200> trillion<00:10:55.680> times<00:10:56.000> stronger<00:10:56.640> than<00:10:56.959> one<00:10:57.120> of 07:54.148 --> 07:54.158 align:start position:0% 10 trillion times stronger than one of 07:54.158 --> 07:56.308 align:start position:0% 10 trillion times stronger than one of the<00:10:57.360> novelty<00:10:57.920> magnets<00:10:58.399> attached<00:10:58.880> to<00:10:59.040> your 07:56.308 --> 07:56.318 align:start position:0% the novelty magnets attached to your 07:56.318 --> 07:58.628 align:start position:0% the novelty magnets attached to your refrigerator<00:11:00.000> door.<00:11:01.120> Let's<00:11:01.360> not 07:58.628 --> 07:58.638 align:start position:0% refrigerator door. Let's not 07:58.638 --> 08:01.188 align:start position:0% refrigerator door. Let's not underestimate<00:11:02.320> what<00:11:02.640> that<00:11:02.880> means.<00:11:03.680> Get<00:11:04.000> close 08:01.188 --> 08:01.198 align:start position:0% underestimate what that means. Get close 08:01.198 --> 08:04.148 align:start position:0% underestimate what that means. Get close enough<00:11:04.480> to<00:11:04.640> a<00:11:04.800> magnetar<00:11:05.600> and<00:11:05.839> the<00:11:06.079> very<00:11:06.560> atoms 08:04.148 --> 08:04.158 align:start position:0% enough to a magnetar and the very atoms 08:04.158 --> 08:07.907 align:start position:0% enough to a magnetar and the very atoms inside<00:11:07.680> you<00:11:08.160> will<00:11:08.480> rip<00:11:08.880> you<00:11:09.200> apart,<00:11:10.160> shredded 08:07.907 --> 08:07.917 align:start position:0% inside you will rip you apart, shredded 08:07.917 --> 08:10.787 align:start position:0% inside you will rip you apart, shredded by<00:11:11.200> its<00:11:11.440> magnetic<00:11:12.000> pull.<00:11:13.200> Despite<00:11:13.600> their 08:10.787 --> 08:10.797 align:start position:0% by its magnetic pull. Despite their 08:10.797 --> 08:13.027 align:start position:0% by its magnetic pull. Despite their extreme<00:11:14.320> nature,<00:11:14.800> however,<00:11:15.440> we<00:11:15.760> haven't 08:13.027 --> 08:13.037 align:start position:0% extreme nature, however, we haven't 08:13.037 --> 08:15.907 align:start position:0% extreme nature, however, we haven't actually<00:11:16.560> known<00:11:17.120> about<00:11:17.519> magnetars<00:11:18.399> for<00:11:18.720> that 08:15.907 --> 08:15.917 align:start position:0% actually known about magnetars for that 08:15.917 --> 08:18.548 align:start position:0% actually known about magnetars for that long.<00:11:19.920> The<00:11:20.160> story<00:11:20.320> of<00:11:20.480> magnetars<00:11:21.120> began<00:11:21.360> in 08:18.548 --> 08:18.558 align:start position:0% long. The story of magnetars began in 08:18.558 --> 08:21.428 align:start position:0% long. The story of magnetars began in 1979<00:11:22.720> when<00:11:23.120> three<00:11:23.440> disconnected<00:11:24.079> events 08:21.428 --> 08:21.438 align:start position:0% 1979 when three disconnected events 08:21.438 --> 08:23.907 align:start position:0% 1979 when three disconnected events occurred<00:11:24.880> in<00:11:25.040> the<00:11:25.200> same<00:11:25.440> year.<00:11:26.079> Each<00:11:26.320> one<00:11:26.640> a 08:23.907 --> 08:23.917 align:start position:0% occurred in the same year. Each one a 08:23.917 --> 08:26.548 align:start position:0% occurred in the same year. Each one a powerful<00:11:27.760> and<00:11:27.920> unexplainable<00:11:28.880> burst<00:11:29.279> of 08:26.548 --> 08:26.558 align:start position:0% powerful and unexplainable burst of 08:26.558 --> 08:29.268 align:start position:0% powerful and unexplainable burst of gamma<00:11:29.920> rays.<00:11:30.800> The<00:11:31.040> second<00:11:31.360> event<00:11:31.760> which<00:11:32.000> took 08:29.268 --> 08:29.278 align:start position:0% gamma rays. The second event which took 08:29.278 --> 08:31.508 align:start position:0% gamma rays. The second event which took place<00:11:32.480> on<00:11:32.640> the<00:11:32.800> 5th<00:11:33.040> of<00:11:33.200> March<00:11:33.760> lasted<00:11:34.160> only 08:31.508 --> 08:31.518 align:start position:0% place on the 5th of March lasted only 08:31.518 --> 08:35.347 align:start position:0% place on the 5th of March lasted only 0.2<00:11:35.519> seconds<00:11:36.399> but<00:11:36.640> released<00:11:37.120> as<00:11:37.440> much<00:11:37.760> energy 08:35.347 --> 08:35.357 align:start position:0% 0.2 seconds but released as much energy 08:35.357 --> 08:39.748 align:start position:0% 0.2 seconds but released as much energy as<00:11:38.640> the<00:11:38.880> sun<00:11:39.120> emits<00:11:39.920> in<00:11:40.399> a<00:11:40.640> thousand<00:11:41.279> years. 08:39.748 --> 08:39.758 align:start position:0% as the sun emits in a thousand years. 08:39.758 --> 08:41.588 align:start position:0% as the sun emits in a thousand years. Astronomers<00:11:43.519> first<00:11:43.760> assumed<00:11:44.160> that<00:11:44.320> they<00:11:44.480> were 08:41.588 --> 08:41.598 align:start position:0% Astronomers first assumed that they were 08:41.598 --> 08:43.907 align:start position:0% Astronomers first assumed that they were looking<00:11:44.800> at<00:11:44.959> simple<00:11:45.360> gammaray<00:11:46.000> bursts,<00:11:46.720> but 08:43.907 --> 08:43.917 align:start position:0% looking at simple gammaray bursts, but 08:43.917 --> 08:46.628 align:start position:0% looking at simple gammaray bursts, but as<00:11:47.120> time<00:11:47.360> went<00:11:47.600> on,<00:11:48.079> they<00:11:48.320> ruled<00:11:48.640> that<00:11:48.880> out.<00:11:49.519> A 08:46.628 --> 08:46.638 align:start position:0% as time went on, they ruled that out. A 08:46.638 --> 08:49.188 align:start position:0% as time went on, they ruled that out. A gammaray<00:11:50.240> burst<00:11:50.480> is<00:11:50.640> a<00:11:50.959> one-time<00:11:51.519> event, 08:49.188 --> 08:49.198 align:start position:0% gammaray burst is a one-time event, 08:49.198 --> 08:51.508 align:start position:0% gammaray burst is a one-time event, whereas<00:11:52.640> these<00:11:53.120> peculiar<00:11:53.760> objects<00:11:54.320> would 08:51.508 --> 08:51.518 align:start position:0% whereas these peculiar objects would 08:51.518 --> 08:54.868 align:start position:0% whereas these peculiar objects would flash<00:11:55.040> brightly<00:11:55.600> on<00:11:55.920> and<00:11:56.320> off<00:11:56.720> over<00:11:56.959> a<00:11:57.200> week, 08:54.868 --> 08:54.878 align:start position:0% flash brightly on and off over a week, 08:54.878 --> 08:58.227 align:start position:0% flash brightly on and off over a week, stop<00:11:58.320> for<00:11:58.560> weeks<00:11:58.959> or<00:11:59.279> years,<00:12:00.160> and<00:12:00.399> then<00:12:00.720> flash 08:58.227 --> 08:58.237 align:start position:0% stop for weeks or years, and then flash 08:58.237 --> 09:01.268 align:start position:0% stop for weeks or years, and then flash again.<00:12:02.640> Instead,<00:12:03.040> it<00:12:03.279> was<00:12:03.519> quickly<00:12:03.920> realized 09:01.268 --> 09:01.278 align:start position:0% again. Instead, it was quickly realized 09:01.278 --> 09:03.668 align:start position:0% again. Instead, it was quickly realized that<00:12:04.560> these<00:12:05.040> three<00:12:05.279> objects<00:12:05.760> were<00:12:06.000> connected, 09:03.668 --> 09:03.678 align:start position:0% that these three objects were connected, 09:03.678 --> 09:06.467 align:start position:0% that these three objects were connected, and<00:12:06.880> since<00:12:07.200> they<00:12:07.440> were<00:12:07.600> all<00:12:08.000> very<00:12:08.480> compact<00:12:09.200> and 09:06.467 --> 09:06.477 align:start position:0% and since they were all very compact and 09:06.477 --> 09:08.388 align:start position:0% and since they were all very compact and releasing<00:12:10.079> huge<00:12:10.480> amounts<00:12:10.720> of<00:12:10.880> energy<00:12:11.200> with 09:08.388 --> 09:08.398 align:start position:0% releasing huge amounts of energy with 09:08.398 --> 09:10.948 align:start position:0% releasing huge amounts of energy with each<00:12:11.760> burst,<00:12:12.560> they<00:12:12.720> were<00:12:12.959> good<00:12:13.200> candidates<00:12:13.760> to 09:10.948 --> 09:10.958 align:start position:0% each burst, they were good candidates to 09:10.958 --> 09:13.668 align:start position:0% each burst, they were good candidates to be<00:12:14.240> neutron<00:12:14.720> stars.<00:12:16.000> The<00:12:16.160> next<00:12:16.320> time<00:12:16.480> there 09:13.668 --> 09:13.678 align:start position:0% be neutron stars. The next time there 09:13.678 --> 09:15.668 align:start position:0% be neutron stars. The next time there was<00:12:16.800> an<00:12:16.959> outburst,<00:12:17.600> a<00:12:17.760> team<00:12:17.920> of<00:12:18.079> astronomers 09:15.668 --> 09:15.678 align:start position:0% was an outburst, a team of astronomers 09:15.678 --> 09:18.948 align:start position:0% was an outburst, a team of astronomers led<00:12:18.959> by<00:12:19.200> Dr.<00:12:19.680> Chrisa<00:12:20.240> Coleoto<00:12:21.360> of<00:12:21.680> George 09:18.948 --> 09:18.958 align:start position:0% led by Dr. Chrisa Coleoto of George 09:18.958 --> 09:21.668 align:start position:0% led by Dr. Chrisa Coleoto of George Washington<00:12:22.560> University<00:12:23.600> set<00:12:23.920> out<00:12:24.079> to<00:12:24.320> take 09:21.668 --> 09:21.678 align:start position:0% Washington University set out to take 09:21.678 --> 09:23.907 align:start position:0% Washington University set out to take two<00:12:25.040> measurements.<00:12:26.000> The<00:12:26.240> speed<00:12:26.480> at<00:12:26.639> which<00:12:26.800> the 09:23.907 --> 09:23.917 align:start position:0% two measurements. The speed at which the 09:23.917 --> 09:25.988 align:start position:0% two measurements. The speed at which the object<00:12:27.279> was<00:12:27.440> spinning<00:12:28.079> and<00:12:28.320> the<00:12:28.480> rate<00:12:28.800> that 09:25.988 --> 09:25.998 align:start position:0% object was spinning and the rate that 09:25.998 --> 09:28.787 align:start position:0% object was spinning and the rate that this<00:12:29.200> spin<00:12:29.600> was<00:12:29.839> slowing<00:12:30.240> down.<00:12:31.279> This<00:12:31.519> way 09:28.787 --> 09:28.797 align:start position:0% this spin was slowing down. This way 09:28.797 --> 09:30.467 align:start position:0% this spin was slowing down. This way they<00:12:32.079> had<00:12:32.320> hoped<00:12:32.560> to<00:12:32.720> predict<00:12:32.959> the<00:12:33.120> neutron 09:30.467 --> 09:30.477 align:start position:0% they had hoped to predict the neutron 09:30.477 --> 09:33.508 align:start position:0% they had hoped to predict the neutron star's<00:12:33.920> magnetic<00:12:34.320> field<00:12:34.639> strength.<00:12:35.680> How? 09:33.508 --> 09:33.518 align:start position:0% star's magnetic field strength. How? 09:33.518 --> 09:35.587 align:start position:0% star's magnetic field strength. How? Well,<00:12:36.880> a<00:12:37.120> magnetic<00:12:37.519> field<00:12:37.839> acts<00:12:38.160> like<00:12:38.399> a 09:35.587 --> 09:35.597 align:start position:0% Well, a magnetic field acts like a 09:35.597 --> 09:37.907 align:start position:0% Well, a magnetic field acts like a cosmic<00:12:39.200> break.<00:12:39.760> And<00:12:39.920> the<00:12:40.079> stronger<00:12:40.399> it<00:12:40.639> is, 09:37.907 --> 09:37.917 align:start position:0% cosmic break. And the stronger it is, 09:37.917 --> 09:39.828 align:start position:0% cosmic break. And the stronger it is, the<00:12:41.200> faster<00:12:41.519> it<00:12:41.760> slows<00:12:42.079> the<00:12:42.320> spin<00:12:42.560> of<00:12:42.720> a 09:39.828 --> 09:39.838 align:start position:0% the faster it slows the spin of a 09:39.838 --> 09:42.227 align:start position:0% the faster it slows the spin of a neutron<00:12:43.279> star.<00:12:44.160> The<00:12:44.399> object<00:12:44.639> that<00:12:44.800> they<00:12:45.040> saw 09:42.227 --> 09:42.237 align:start position:0% neutron star. The object that they saw 09:42.237 --> 09:43.587 align:start position:0% neutron star. The object that they saw exploding<00:12:45.600> on<00:12:45.760> the<00:12:45.839> 5th<00:12:46.079> of<00:12:46.240> March<00:12:46.399> was 09:43.587 --> 09:43.597 align:start position:0% exploding on the 5th of March was 09:43.597 --> 09:45.428 align:start position:0% exploding on the 5th of March was estimated<00:12:47.040> to<00:12:47.279> have<00:12:47.440> a<00:12:47.680> magnetic<00:12:48.160> field 09:45.428 --> 09:45.438 align:start position:0% estimated to have a magnetic field 09:45.438 --> 09:48.787 align:start position:0% estimated to have a magnetic field strength<00:12:49.040> somewhere<00:12:49.519> between<00:12:50.399> 100<00:12:50.959> trillion 09:48.787 --> 09:48.797 align:start position:0% strength somewhere between 100 trillion 09:48.797 --> 09:54.227 align:start position:0% strength somewhere between 100 trillion and<00:12:52.160> a<00:12:52.480> quadrillion<00:12:53.360> or<00:12:53.680> 10<00:12:54.240> ^<00:12:54.880> 15<00:12:55.839> gaus.<00:12:57.040> one 09:54.227 --> 09:54.237 align:start position:0% and a quadrillion or 10 ^ 15 gaus. one 09:54.237 --> 09:57.428 align:start position:0% and a quadrillion or 10 ^ 15 gaus. one of<00:12:57.440> the<00:12:57.680> strongest<00:12:58.320> ever<00:12:58.639> seen<00:12:59.120> or<00:12:59.680> predicted 09:57.428 --> 09:57.438 align:start position:0% of the strongest ever seen or predicted 09:57.438 --> 10:00.787 align:start position:0% of the strongest ever seen or predicted in<00:13:00.800> the<00:13:00.959> universe. 10:00.787 --> 10:00.797 align:start position:0% in the universe. 10:00.797 --> 10:03.347 align:start position:0% in the universe. In<00:13:04.079> 1992,<00:13:04.959> Dr.<00:13:05.279> Robert<00:13:05.680> Duncan<00:13:06.079> of<00:13:06.240> the 10:03.347 --> 10:03.357 align:start position:0% In 1992, Dr. Robert Duncan of the 10:03.357 --> 10:05.988 align:start position:0% In 1992, Dr. Robert Duncan of the University<00:13:06.720> of<00:13:06.880> Texas<00:13:07.360> at<00:13:07.680> Austin<00:13:08.320> and<00:13:08.639> Dr. 10:05.988 --> 10:05.998 align:start position:0% University of Texas at Austin and Dr. 10:05.998 --> 10:07.748 align:start position:0% University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Christopher<00:13:09.440> Thompson<00:13:09.920> of<00:13:10.160> the<00:13:10.399> University 10:07.748 --> 10:07.758 align:start position:0% Christopher Thompson of the University 10:07.758 --> 10:10.068 align:start position:0% Christopher Thompson of the University of<00:13:11.040> South<00:13:11.279> Carolina<00:13:11.839> at<00:13:12.000> Chapel<00:13:12.399> Hill 10:10.068 --> 10:10.078 align:start position:0% of South Carolina at Chapel Hill 10:10.078 --> 10:11.988 align:start position:0% of South Carolina at Chapel Hill proposed<00:13:13.519> that<00:13:13.760> it<00:13:14.000> was<00:13:14.160> possible<00:13:14.480> that<00:13:14.720> these 10:11.988 --> 10:11.998 align:start position:0% proposed that it was possible that these 10:11.998 --> 10:14.068 align:start position:0% proposed that it was possible that these incredibly<00:13:15.680> powerful<00:13:16.160> magnetic<00:13:16.639> fields 10:14.068 --> 10:14.078 align:start position:0% incredibly powerful magnetic fields 10:14.078 --> 10:16.308 align:start position:0% incredibly powerful magnetic fields could<00:13:17.440> theoretically<00:13:18.160> be<00:13:18.399> generated<00:13:18.880> by<00:13:19.120> a 10:16.308 --> 10:16.318 align:start position:0% could theoretically be generated by a 10:16.318 --> 10:19.508 align:start position:0% could theoretically be generated by a newborn<00:13:19.920> neutron<00:13:20.480> star<00:13:21.040> spinning<00:13:21.519> as<00:13:21.839> fast<00:13:22.320> as 10:19.508 --> 10:19.518 align:start position:0% newborn neutron star spinning as fast as 10:19.518 --> 10:22.308 align:start position:0% newborn neutron star spinning as fast as it<00:13:22.880> can<00:13:23.360> without<00:13:23.839> breaking<00:13:24.240> apart.<00:13:25.120> They 10:22.308 --> 10:22.318 align:start position:0% it can without breaking apart. They 10:22.318 --> 10:25.587 align:start position:0% it can without breaking apart. They coined<00:13:25.760> the<00:13:25.920> term<00:13:26.399> magnetar<00:13:27.279> for<00:13:27.519> these<00:13:28.160> super 10:25.587 --> 10:25.597 align:start position:0% coined the term magnetar for these super 10:25.597 --> 10:28.308 align:start position:0% coined the term magnetar for these super magnetically<00:13:29.360> powerful<00:13:29.839> neutron<00:13:30.320> stars. 10:28.308 --> 10:28.318 align:start position:0% magnetically powerful neutron stars. 10:28.318 --> 10:31.188 align:start position:0% magnetically powerful neutron stars. Then<00:13:31.680> in<00:13:31.920> 1998,<00:13:33.040> astronomers<00:13:33.680> picked<00:13:34.000> up 10:31.188 --> 10:31.198 align:start position:0% Then in 1998, astronomers picked up 10:31.198 --> 10:33.988 align:start position:0% Then in 1998, astronomers picked up steady<00:13:34.880> X-ray<00:13:35.279> pulses<00:13:35.920> from<00:13:36.160> a<00:13:36.480> mysterious 10:33.988 --> 10:33.998 align:start position:0% steady X-ray pulses from a mysterious 10:33.998 --> 10:36.227 align:start position:0% steady X-ray pulses from a mysterious object<00:13:37.920> and<00:13:38.160> found<00:13:38.399> that<00:13:38.560> its<00:13:38.800> spin<00:13:39.120> was 10:36.227 --> 10:36.237 align:start position:0% object and found that its spin was 10:36.237 --> 10:38.548 align:start position:0% object and found that its spin was slowing<00:13:39.680> down.<00:13:40.480> From<00:13:40.880> those<00:13:41.040> measurements, 10:38.548 --> 10:38.558 align:start position:0% slowing down. From those measurements, 10:38.558 --> 10:40.787 align:start position:0% slowing down. From those measurements, they<00:13:41.760> inferred<00:13:42.240> a<00:13:42.399> magnetic<00:13:42.880> field<00:13:43.200> around 10:40.787 --> 10:40.797 align:start position:0% they inferred a magnetic field around 10:40.797 --> 10:42.467 align:start position:0% they inferred a magnetic field around 100<00:13:44.240> times<00:13:44.560> stronger<00:13:44.880> than<00:13:45.040> those<00:13:45.279> of 10:42.467 --> 10:42.477 align:start position:0% 100 times stronger than those of 10:42.477 --> 10:45.188 align:start position:0% 100 times stronger than those of ordinary<00:13:46.160> radio<00:13:46.560> pulsars,<00:13:47.440> giving<00:13:47.760> us<00:13:47.920> the 10:45.188 --> 10:45.198 align:start position:0% ordinary radio pulsars, giving us the 10:45.198 --> 10:47.108 align:start position:0% ordinary radio pulsars, giving us the first<00:13:48.639> compelling<00:13:49.440> observational 10:47.108 --> 10:47.118 align:start position:0% first compelling observational 10:47.118 --> 10:49.587 align:start position:0% first compelling observational confirmation<00:13:50.959> that<00:13:51.360> magnetars<00:13:52.240> really 10:49.587 --> 10:49.597 align:start position:0% confirmation that magnetars really 10:49.597 --> 10:52.467 align:start position:0% confirmation that magnetars really existed.<00:13:54.079> But<00:13:54.240> the<00:13:54.399> evidence<00:13:54.800> was<00:13:55.040> still 10:52.467 --> 10:52.477 align:start position:0% existed. But the evidence was still 10:52.477 --> 10:55.027 align:start position:0% existed. But the evidence was still indirect.<00:13:56.639> Scientists<00:13:57.120> had<00:13:57.360> calculated<00:13:57.839> the 10:55.027 --> 10:55.037 align:start position:0% indirect. Scientists had calculated the 10:55.037 --> 10:56.388 align:start position:0% indirect. Scientists had calculated the field<00:13:58.399> strength<00:13:58.720> from<00:13:58.880> the<00:13:59.040> object's 10:56.388 --> 10:56.398 align:start position:0% field strength from the object's 10:56.398 --> 10:58.467 align:start position:0% field strength from the object's behavior<00:14:00.240> rather<00:14:00.560> than<00:14:00.959> measured<00:14:01.279> it 10:58.467 --> 10:58.477 align:start position:0% behavior rather than measured it 10:58.477 --> 11:01.988 align:start position:0% behavior rather than measured it outright.<00:14:02.560> It<00:14:02.800> wasn't<00:14:03.120> until<00:14:03.600> 2002<00:14:04.720> that 11:01.988 --> 11:01.998 align:start position:0% outright. It wasn't until 2002 that 11:01.998 --> 11:05.188 align:start position:0% outright. It wasn't until 2002 that scientists<00:14:05.760> using<00:14:06.240> NASA's<00:14:06.880> Rossi<00:14:07.680> X-ray 11:05.188 --> 11:05.198 align:start position:0% scientists using NASA's Rossi X-ray 11:05.198 --> 11:07.508 align:start position:0% scientists using NASA's Rossi X-ray timing<00:14:08.720> explorer<00:14:09.680> managed<00:14:10.000> to<00:14:10.160> measure<00:14:10.399> the 11:07.508 --> 11:07.518 align:start position:0% timing explorer managed to measure the 11:07.518 --> 11:09.508 align:start position:0% timing explorer managed to measure the magnetic<00:14:11.040> field<00:14:11.279> strength<00:14:11.600> of<00:14:11.760> a<00:14:12.000> potential 11:09.508 --> 11:09.518 align:start position:0% magnetic field strength of a potential 11:09.518 --> 11:12.467 align:start position:0% magnetic field strength of a potential magnetar<00:14:13.199> directly<00:14:14.079> rather<00:14:14.480> than<00:14:14.639> as<00:14:14.959> a<00:14:15.120> ratio 11:12.467 --> 11:12.477 align:start position:0% magnetar directly rather than as a ratio 11:12.477 --> 11:15.748 align:start position:0% magnetar directly rather than as a ratio of<00:14:15.680> the<00:14:15.920> spin<00:14:16.240> and<00:14:16.560> spin<00:14:16.959> down<00:14:17.360> speed.<00:14:18.320> Todd 11:15.748 --> 11:15.758 align:start position:0% of the spin and spin down speed. Todd 11:15.758 --> 11:19.027 align:start position:0% of the spin and spin down speed. Todd Strowmire<00:14:19.839> and<00:14:20.240> Allah<00:14:20.639> Ibrahim<00:14:21.279> from<00:14:21.600> NASA 11:19.027 --> 11:19.037 align:start position:0% Strowmire and Allah Ibrahim from NASA 11:19.037 --> 11:21.748 align:start position:0% Strowmire and Allah Ibrahim from NASA Goddard<00:14:22.800> captured<00:14:23.199> a<00:14:23.519> key<00:14:23.760> measurement<00:14:24.240> from 11:21.748 --> 11:21.758 align:start position:0% Goddard captured a key measurement from 11:21.758 --> 11:24.467 align:start position:0% Goddard captured a key measurement from SG180620, 11:24.467 --> 11:24.477 align:start position:0% SG180620, 11:24.477 --> 11:26.868 align:start position:0% SG180620, the<00:14:27.760> fourth<00:14:28.160> magnetar<00:14:28.800> ever<00:14:29.040> discovered. 11:26.868 --> 11:26.878 align:start position:0% the fourth magnetar ever discovered. 11:26.878 --> 11:28.948 align:start position:0% the fourth magnetar ever discovered. They<00:14:30.079> teased<00:14:30.480> out<00:14:30.639> a<00:14:30.800> line<00:14:31.040> in<00:14:31.199> the<00:14:31.360> magnetar's 11:28.948 --> 11:28.958 align:start position:0% They teased out a line in the magnetar's 11:28.958 --> 11:30.948 align:start position:0% They teased out a line in the magnetar's absorption<00:14:32.560> spectrum<00:14:33.040> that<00:14:33.279> was<00:14:33.519> at<00:14:33.760> an 11:30.948 --> 11:30.958 align:start position:0% absorption spectrum that was at an 11:30.958 --> 11:34.467 align:start position:0% absorption spectrum that was at an energy<00:14:34.399> of<00:14:34.880> 5<00:14:35.199> k<00:14:35.600> electron<00:14:36.079> volts<00:14:37.040> consistent 11:34.467 --> 11:34.477 align:start position:0% energy of 5 k electron volts consistent 11:34.477 --> 11:36.787 align:start position:0% energy of 5 k electron volts consistent with<00:14:37.680> the<00:14:37.920> energy<00:14:38.240> of<00:14:38.399> a<00:14:38.560> proton<00:14:39.120> spiraling<00:14:39.680> in 11:36.787 --> 11:36.797 align:start position:0% with the energy of a proton spiraling in 11:36.797 --> 11:41.668 align:start position:0% with the energy of a proton spiraling in a<00:14:40.000> magnetic<00:14:40.399> field<00:14:40.800> of<00:14:41.120> a<00:14:41.360> quadrillion<00:14:42.000> gi 11:41.668 --> 11:41.678 align:start position:0% a magnetic field of a quadrillion gi 11:41.678 --> 11:44.787 align:start position:0% a magnetic field of a quadrillion gi predicted.<00:14:46.079> Even<00:14:46.399> today,<00:14:47.120> we<00:14:47.360> have<00:14:47.519> only 11:44.787 --> 11:44.797 align:start position:0% predicted. Even today, we have only 11:44.797 --> 11:48.227 align:start position:0% predicted. Even today, we have only confirmed<00:14:48.639> 24<00:14:49.279> of<00:14:49.519> them<00:14:50.079> with<00:14:50.399> a<00:14:50.560> handful<00:14:50.959> more 11:48.227 --> 11:48.237 align:start position:0% confirmed 24 of them with a handful more 11:48.237 --> 11:51.587 align:start position:0% confirmed 24 of them with a handful more candidates<00:14:51.839> in<00:14:52.160> contention.<00:14:53.360> And<00:14:53.600> Dan's<00:14:54.000> idea 11:51.587 --> 11:51.597 align:start position:0% candidates in contention. And Dan's idea 11:51.597 --> 11:54.308 align:start position:0% candidates in contention. And Dan's idea was<00:14:54.959> that<00:14:55.440> perhaps<00:14:56.160> these<00:14:56.560> super<00:14:56.880> luminous 11:54.308 --> 11:54.318 align:start position:0% was that perhaps these super luminous 11:54.318 --> 11:56.628 align:start position:0% was that perhaps these super luminous supernova<00:14:58.000> events<00:14:58.560> were<00:14:58.800> showing<00:14:59.120> us<00:14:59.360> not 11:56.628 --> 11:56.638 align:start position:0% supernova events were showing us not 11:56.638 --> 11:59.508 align:start position:0% supernova events were showing us not just<00:14:59.839> the<00:15:00.160> death<00:15:00.480> of<00:15:00.639> a<00:15:00.959> star,<00:15:01.680> but<00:15:02.000> the<00:15:02.160> birth 11:59.508 --> 11:59.518 align:start position:0% just the death of a star, but the birth 11:59.518 --> 12:03.508 align:start position:0% just the death of a star, but the birth of<00:15:02.800> a<00:15:03.199> magnetar.<00:15:04.560> He<00:15:04.880> proposed<00:15:05.360> that<00:15:05.839> as<00:15:06.160> these 12:03.508 --> 12:03.518 align:start position:0% of a magnetar. He proposed that as these 12:03.518 --> 12:06.227 align:start position:0% of a magnetar. He proposed that as these wild<00:15:07.199> neutron<00:15:07.680> stars<00:15:08.000> spin,<00:15:08.639> the<00:15:08.880> magnetic 12:06.227 --> 12:06.237 align:start position:0% wild neutron stars spin, the magnetic 12:06.237 --> 12:07.907 align:start position:0% wild neutron stars spin, the magnetic fields<00:15:09.680> would<00:15:10.000> accelerate<00:15:10.639> charged 12:07.907 --> 12:07.917 align:start position:0% fields would accelerate charged 12:07.917 --> 12:10.147 align:start position:0% fields would accelerate charged particles,<00:15:11.760> hurtling<00:15:12.320> them<00:15:12.480> into<00:15:12.639> the<00:15:12.800> debris 12:10.147 --> 12:10.157 align:start position:0% particles, hurtling them into the debris 12:10.157 --> 12:12.147 align:start position:0% particles, hurtling them into the debris expanding<00:15:13.680> around<00:15:13.920> the<00:15:14.160> supernova.<00:15:14.959> the 12:12.147 --> 12:12.157 align:start position:0% expanding around the supernova. the 12:12.157 --> 12:13.907 align:start position:0% expanding around the supernova. the force<00:15:15.440> of<00:15:15.600> these<00:15:15.760> particles<00:15:16.320> colliding<00:15:16.800> with 12:13.907 --> 12:13.917 align:start position:0% force of these particles colliding with 12:13.917 --> 12:15.508 align:start position:0% force of these particles colliding with the<00:15:17.120> debris<00:15:17.440> field<00:15:17.680> that<00:15:17.920> would<00:15:18.079> heat<00:15:18.320> the 12:15.508 --> 12:15.518 align:start position:0% the debris field that would heat the 12:15.518 --> 12:17.587 align:start position:0% the debris field that would heat the already<00:15:18.959> boiling<00:15:19.440> hot<00:15:19.680> debris<00:15:20.079> up<00:15:20.320> even 12:17.587 --> 12:17.597 align:start position:0% already boiling hot debris up even 12:17.597 --> 12:19.748 align:start position:0% already boiling hot debris up even further,<00:15:21.360> supercharging<00:15:22.000> the<00:15:22.160> supernova's 12:19.748 --> 12:19.758 align:start position:0% further, supercharging the supernova's 12:19.758 --> 12:22.388 align:start position:0% further, supercharging the supernova's glow<00:15:23.279> and<00:15:23.600> making<00:15:23.839> it<00:15:24.160> far<00:15:24.560> brighter<00:15:25.040> than<00:15:25.199> a 12:22.388 --> 12:22.398 align:start position:0% glow and making it far brighter than a 12:22.398 --> 12:25.268 align:start position:0% glow and making it far brighter than a typical<00:15:25.760> supernova.<00:15:27.120> But<00:15:27.279> he<00:15:27.440> had<00:15:27.680> never<00:15:28.079> been 12:25.268 --> 12:25.278 align:start position:0% typical supernova. But he had never been 12:25.278 --> 12:28.388 align:start position:0% typical supernova. But he had never been able<00:15:28.639> to<00:15:28.959> conclusively<00:15:29.760> link<00:15:30.079> the<00:15:30.320> two.<00:15:31.279> And 12:28.388 --> 12:28.398 align:start position:0% able to conclusively link the two. And 12:28.398 --> 12:31.508 align:start position:0% able to conclusively link the two. And that<00:15:31.680> brings<00:15:31.920> us<00:15:32.079> back<00:15:32.320> to<00:15:32.480> the<00:15:32.880> 2024<00:15:34.079> super 12:31.508 --> 12:31.518 align:start position:0% that brings us back to the 2024 super 12:31.518 --> 12:34.787 align:start position:0% that brings us back to the 2024 super luminous<00:15:35.040> supernova<00:15:35.920> and<00:15:36.480> those<00:15:36.880> mysterious 12:34.787 --> 12:34.797 align:start position:0% luminous supernova and those mysterious 12:34.797 --> 12:38.388 align:start position:0% luminous supernova and those mysterious luminous<00:15:38.399> chirps<00:15:38.880> in<00:15:39.199> signal<00:15:39.839> SN2024 12:38.388 --> 12:38.398 align:start position:0% luminous chirps in signal SN2024 12:38.398 --> 12:40.227 align:start position:0% luminous chirps in signal SN2024 AFAV. 12:40.227 --> 12:40.237 align:start position:0% AFAV. 12:40.237 --> 12:42.388 align:start position:0% AFAV. Joseph<00:15:43.760> Farra<00:15:44.079> at<00:15:44.320> the<00:15:44.480> Lasumbra's 12:42.388 --> 12:42.398 align:start position:0% Joseph Farra at the Lasumbra's 12:42.398 --> 12:44.708 align:start position:0% Joseph Farra at the Lasumbra's Observatory<00:15:46.079> Global<00:15:46.480> Telescope<00:15:47.199> managed<00:15:47.519> to 12:44.708 --> 12:44.718 align:start position:0% Observatory Global Telescope managed to 12:44.718 --> 12:47.508 align:start position:0% Observatory Global Telescope managed to link<00:15:48.079> those<00:15:48.399> chips<00:15:48.880> to<00:15:49.120> Dan<00:15:49.519> Quaison's<00:15:50.160> idea 12:47.508 --> 12:47.518 align:start position:0% link those chips to Dan Quaison's idea 12:47.518 --> 12:50.628 align:start position:0% link those chips to Dan Quaison's idea about<00:15:50.880> magnetars<00:15:51.680> being<00:15:51.920> born.<00:15:52.959> It<00:15:53.360> wasn't 12:50.628 --> 12:50.638 align:start position:0% about magnetars being born. It wasn't 12:50.638 --> 12:53.027 align:start position:0% about magnetars being born. It wasn't straightforward<00:15:54.320> though.<00:15:54.880> As<00:15:55.120> his<00:15:55.440> team<00:15:55.680> ran 12:53.027 --> 12:53.037 align:start position:0% straightforward though. As his team ran 12:53.037 --> 12:55.428 align:start position:0% straightforward though. As his team ran model<00:15:56.560> after<00:15:56.959> model<00:15:57.360> to<00:15:57.519> try<00:15:57.680> and<00:15:57.920> find<00:15:58.240> one 12:55.428 --> 12:55.438 align:start position:0% model after model to try and find one 12:55.438 --> 12:57.188 align:start position:0% model after model to try and find one that<00:15:58.800> perfectly<00:15:59.199> fit<00:15:59.440> the<00:15:59.680> data<00:15:59.920> and 12:57.188 --> 12:57.198 align:start position:0% that perfectly fit the data and 12:57.198 --> 12:58.948 align:start position:0% that perfectly fit the data and explained<00:16:00.720> exactly<00:16:01.199> what<00:16:01.360> they<00:16:01.519> had<00:16:01.759> seen 12:58.948 --> 12:58.958 align:start position:0% explained exactly what they had seen 12:58.958 --> 13:02.308 align:start position:0% explained exactly what they had seen over<00:16:02.240> their<00:16:02.560> 255<00:16:03.600> days<00:16:03.839> of<00:16:04.000> observations,<00:16:05.120> it 13:02.308 --> 13:02.318 align:start position:0% over their 255 days of observations, it 13:02.318 --> 13:04.548 align:start position:0% over their 255 days of observations, it became<00:16:05.680> clear<00:16:06.240> that<00:16:06.560> something<00:16:07.120> wasn't 13:04.548 --> 13:04.558 align:start position:0% became clear that something wasn't 13:04.558 --> 13:07.988 align:start position:0% became clear that something wasn't right.<00:16:08.720> using<00:16:09.120> classic<00:16:09.440> Newtonian<00:16:10.079> mechanics 13:07.988 --> 13:07.998 align:start position:0% right. using classic Newtonian mechanics 13:07.998 --> 13:10.227 align:start position:0% right. using classic Newtonian mechanics wasn't<00:16:11.600> producing<00:16:12.079> simulations<00:16:12.720> that<00:16:13.040> match 13:10.227 --> 13:10.237 align:start position:0% wasn't producing simulations that match 13:10.237 --> 13:11.668 align:start position:0% wasn't producing simulations that match what<00:16:13.519> they<00:16:13.680> had<00:16:13.839> detected<00:16:14.320> with<00:16:14.480> their 13:11.668 --> 13:11.678 align:start position:0% what they had detected with their 13:11.678 --> 13:14.628 align:start position:0% what they had detected with their telescopes.<00:16:16.079> And<00:16:16.320> that<00:16:16.880> was<00:16:17.040> because<00:16:17.440> they 13:14.628 --> 13:14.638 align:start position:0% telescopes. And that was because they 13:14.638 --> 13:17.508 align:start position:0% telescopes. And that was because they were<00:16:17.839> missing<00:16:18.320> one<00:16:18.800> more<00:16:19.279> crucial<00:16:19.759> link. 13:17.508 --> 13:17.518 align:start position:0% were missing one more crucial link. 13:17.518 --> 13:19.268 align:start position:0% were missing one more crucial link. Something<00:16:20.880> that<00:16:21.199> has<00:16:21.519> become<00:16:21.839> one<00:16:22.079> of<00:16:22.160> the 13:19.268 --> 13:19.278 align:start position:0% Something that has become one of the 13:19.278 --> 13:22.227 align:start position:0% Something that has become one of the most<00:16:22.720> revolutionary<00:16:23.680> ideas<00:16:24.240> of<00:16:24.480> the<00:16:24.800> 20th 13:22.227 --> 13:22.237 align:start position:0% most revolutionary ideas of the 20th 13:22.237 --> 13:25.587 align:start position:0% most revolutionary ideas of the 20th century. 13:25.587 --> 13:25.597 align:start position:0% 13:25.597 --> 13:28.467 align:start position:0% The<00:16:28.880> team<00:16:29.279> ran<00:16:29.759> their<00:16:30.079> models<00:16:30.560> again,<00:16:31.279> but 13:28.467 --> 13:28.477 align:start position:0% The team ran their models again, but 13:28.477 --> 13:30.868 align:start position:0% The team ran their models again, but this<00:16:31.680> time<00:16:31.839> they<00:16:32.160> accounted<00:16:32.639> for<00:16:33.040> spaceime 13:30.868 --> 13:30.878 align:start position:0% this time they accounted for spaceime 13:30.878 --> 13:33.428 align:start position:0% this time they accounted for spaceime and<00:16:34.240> general<00:16:34.639> relativity.<00:16:35.759> Given<00:16:36.079> we<00:16:36.320> know 13:33.428 --> 13:33.438 align:start position:0% and general relativity. Given we know 13:33.438 --> 13:35.508 align:start position:0% and general relativity. Given we know its<00:16:36.800> effects<00:16:37.199> become<00:16:37.519> dominant<00:16:38.000> in<00:16:38.240> really 13:35.508 --> 13:35.518 align:start position:0% its effects become dominant in really 13:35.518 --> 13:38.147 align:start position:0% its effects become dominant in really extreme<00:16:39.040> environments,<00:16:40.000> it<00:16:40.240> seemed<00:16:40.720> worth<00:16:40.959> a 13:38.147 --> 13:38.157 align:start position:0% extreme environments, it seemed worth a 13:38.157 --> 13:40.707 align:start position:0% extreme environments, it seemed worth a try.<00:16:42.079> Instead<00:16:42.399> of<00:16:42.560> picturing<00:16:43.040> an<00:16:43.279> invisible 13:40.707 --> 13:40.717 align:start position:0% try. Instead of picturing an invisible 13:40.717 --> 13:43.027 align:start position:0% try. Instead of picturing an invisible force<00:16:44.160> pulling<00:16:44.560> between<00:16:44.959> two<00:16:45.279> objects, 13:43.027 --> 13:43.037 align:start position:0% force pulling between two objects, 13:43.037 --> 13:45.027 align:start position:0% force pulling between two objects, general<00:16:46.480> relativity<00:16:47.120> describes<00:16:47.600> a 13:45.027 --> 13:45.037 align:start position:0% general relativity describes a 13:45.037 --> 13:47.907 align:start position:0% general relativity describes a fourdimensional<00:16:49.120> fabric<00:16:49.759> that<00:16:50.000> is<00:16:50.160> warped<00:16:50.639> by 13:47.907 --> 13:47.917 align:start position:0% fourdimensional fabric that is warped by 13:47.917 --> 13:51.188 align:start position:0% fourdimensional fabric that is warped by any<00:16:51.279> object<00:16:51.759> with<00:16:52.079> mass,<00:16:52.800> familiar<00:16:53.199> to<00:16:53.440> us<00:16:53.680> as 13:51.188 --> 13:51.198 align:start position:0% any object with mass, familiar to us as 13:51.198 --> 13:52.707 align:start position:0% any object with mass, familiar to us as spacetime. 13:52.707 --> 13:52.717 align:start position:0% spacetime. 13:52.717 --> 13:54.548 align:start position:0% spacetime. That<00:16:56.000> picture<00:16:56.320> changes<00:16:56.800> how<00:16:56.959> we<00:16:57.199> calculate 13:54.548 --> 13:54.558 align:start position:0% That picture changes how we calculate 13:54.558 --> 13:56.467 align:start position:0% That picture changes how we calculate the<00:16:57.759> influence<00:16:58.160> of<00:16:58.320> objects<00:16:58.720> very<00:16:59.040> close<00:16:59.199> to<00:16:59.360> a 13:56.467 --> 13:56.477 align:start position:0% the influence of objects very close to a 13:56.477 --> 13:58.787 align:start position:0% the influence of objects very close to a dense<00:16:59.839> mass,<00:17:00.399> like<00:17:00.639> the<00:17:00.880> debris<00:17:01.360> around<00:17:01.600> a 13:58.787 --> 13:58.797 align:start position:0% dense mass, like the debris around a 13:58.797 --> 14:01.188 align:start position:0% dense mass, like the debris around a magnetar.<00:17:02.959> When<00:17:03.199> we<00:17:03.360> take<00:17:03.519> the<00:17:03.759> effects<00:17:04.000> of 14:01.188 --> 14:01.198 align:start position:0% magnetar. When we take the effects of 14:01.198 --> 14:03.828 align:start position:0% magnetar. When we take the effects of general<00:17:04.559> relativity<00:17:05.199> into<00:17:05.520> consideration, 14:03.828 --> 14:03.838 align:start position:0% general relativity into consideration, 14:03.838 --> 14:06.867 align:start position:0% general relativity into consideration, all<00:17:07.199> sorts<00:17:07.600> of<00:17:07.919> new<00:17:08.480> and<00:17:08.880> surprising<00:17:09.520> effects 14:06.867 --> 14:06.877 align:start position:0% all sorts of new and surprising effects 14:06.877 --> 14:08.708 align:start position:0% all sorts of new and surprising effects are<00:17:10.240> predicted. 14:08.708 --> 14:08.718 align:start position:0% are predicted. 14:08.718 --> 14:11.348 align:start position:0% are predicted. Farah<00:17:12.240> and<00:17:12.480> his<00:17:12.720> team<00:17:13.199> shifted<00:17:13.679> gears, 14:11.348 --> 14:11.358 align:start position:0% Farah and his team shifted gears, 14:11.358 --> 14:13.428 align:start position:0% Farah and his team shifted gears, beginning<00:17:14.799> to<00:17:14.959> include<00:17:15.439> general<00:17:15.760> relativity 14:13.428 --> 14:13.438 align:start position:0% beginning to include general relativity 14:13.438 --> 14:16.308 align:start position:0% beginning to include general relativity into<00:17:16.799> their<00:17:17.039> models,<00:17:17.919> and<00:17:18.160> suddenly 14:16.308 --> 14:16.318 align:start position:0% into their models, and suddenly 14:16.318 --> 14:18.708 align:start position:0% into their models, and suddenly everything<00:17:19.839> began<00:17:20.160> to<00:17:20.319> click<00:17:20.640> into<00:17:20.959> place, 14:18.708 --> 14:18.718 align:start position:0% everything began to click into place, 14:18.718 --> 14:21.108 align:start position:0% everything began to click into place, including<00:17:22.160> the<00:17:22.400> changes<00:17:22.799> in<00:17:23.039> its<00:17:23.280> brightness. 14:21.108 --> 14:21.118 align:start position:0% including the changes in its brightness. 14:21.118 --> 14:24.147 align:start position:0% including the changes in its brightness. The<00:17:24.480> picture<00:17:25.039> that<00:17:25.280> began<00:17:25.600> to<00:17:25.839> emerge<00:17:26.720> looked 14:24.147 --> 14:24.157 align:start position:0% The picture that began to emerge looked 14:24.157 --> 14:28.468 align:start position:0% The picture that began to emerge looked like<00:17:27.760> this.<00:17:29.120> A<00:17:29.440> star<00:17:29.679> with<00:17:30.000> a<00:17:30.480> very<00:17:30.960> powerful 14:28.468 --> 14:28.478 align:start position:0% like this. A star with a very powerful 14:28.478 --> 14:30.948 align:start position:0% like this. A star with a very powerful magnetic<00:17:32.000> field<00:17:32.240> dies.<00:17:33.120> As<00:17:33.360> it<00:17:33.600> collapses 14:30.948 --> 14:30.958 align:start position:0% magnetic field dies. As it collapses 14:30.958 --> 14:33.668 align:start position:0% magnetic field dies. As it collapses into<00:17:34.240> a<00:17:34.400> neutron<00:17:34.799> star,<00:17:35.360> it<00:17:35.679> spins<00:17:36.160> ever<00:17:36.480> more 14:33.668 --> 14:33.678 align:start position:0% into a neutron star, it spins ever more 14:33.678 --> 14:36.068 align:start position:0% into a neutron star, it spins ever more rapidly.<00:17:37.679> If<00:17:37.919> the<00:17:38.080> dying<00:17:38.400> star's<00:17:38.799> initial 14:36.068 --> 14:36.078 align:start position:0% rapidly. If the dying star's initial 14:36.078 --> 14:38.068 align:start position:0% rapidly. If the dying star's initial magnetic<00:17:39.520> field<00:17:39.760> is<00:17:40.000> strong<00:17:40.240> enough,<00:17:40.880> this 14:38.068 --> 14:38.078 align:start position:0% magnetic field is strong enough, this 14:38.078 --> 14:40.867 align:start position:0% magnetic field is strong enough, this rapid<00:17:41.600> rotation<00:17:42.160> creates<00:17:42.559> a<00:17:43.120> magneetto 14:40.867 --> 14:40.877 align:start position:0% rapid rotation creates a magneetto 14:40.877 --> 14:43.987 align:start position:0% rapid rotation creates a magneetto hydrodnamic<00:17:45.200> dynamo,<00:17:46.080> amplifying<00:17:46.799> that 14:43.987 --> 14:43.997 align:start position:0% hydrodnamic dynamo, amplifying that 14:43.997 --> 14:48.148 align:start position:0% hydrodnamic dynamo, amplifying that magnetic<00:17:47.600> field<00:17:48.160> by<00:17:48.720> trillions<00:17:49.520> of<00:17:49.840> times.<00:17:50.960> In 14:48.148 --> 14:48.158 align:start position:0% magnetic field by trillions of times. In 14:48.158 --> 14:50.708 align:start position:0% magnetic field by trillions of times. In this<00:17:51.360> case,<00:17:52.000> out<00:17:52.240> of<00:17:52.400> the<00:17:52.720> catastrophic 14:50.708 --> 14:50.718 align:start position:0% this case, out of the catastrophic 14:50.718 --> 14:55.028 align:start position:0% this case, out of the catastrophic explosion,<00:17:54.799> a<00:17:55.039> brand<00:17:55.360> new<00:17:55.679> magnetar<00:17:56.400> is<00:17:56.720> born. 14:55.028 --> 14:55.038 align:start position:0% explosion, a brand new magnetar is born. 14:55.038 --> 14:56.788 align:start position:0% explosion, a brand new magnetar is born. During<00:17:58.400> the<00:17:58.559> collapse,<00:17:59.120> huge<00:17:59.440> amounts<00:17:59.679> of 14:56.788 --> 14:56.798 align:start position:0% During the collapse, huge amounts of 14:56.798 --> 14:58.708 align:start position:0% During the collapse, huge amounts of dust<00:18:00.080> and<00:18:00.240> gas<00:18:00.480> are<00:18:00.640> propelled<00:18:01.120> out<00:18:01.360> into<00:18:01.600> the 14:58.708 --> 14:58.718 align:start position:0% dust and gas are propelled out into the 14:58.718 --> 15:01.428 align:start position:0% dust and gas are propelled out into the cosmos<00:18:02.240> by<00:18:02.559> vastly<00:18:03.120> powerful<00:18:03.520> shock<00:18:03.840> waves. 15:01.428 --> 15:01.438 align:start position:0% cosmos by vastly powerful shock waves. 15:01.438 --> 15:03.028 align:start position:0% cosmos by vastly powerful shock waves. Much<00:18:04.720> of<00:18:04.880> it<00:18:05.039> is<00:18:05.200> carried<00:18:05.520> away<00:18:05.760> from<00:18:05.919> the 15:03.028 --> 15:03.038 align:start position:0% Much of it is carried away from the 15:03.038 --> 15:06.068 align:start position:0% Much of it is carried away from the dying<00:18:06.480> star,<00:18:07.200> but<00:18:07.520> not<00:18:07.760> all.<00:18:08.640> Some<00:18:08.799> of<00:18:08.960> the 15:06.068 --> 15:06.078 align:start position:0% dying star, but not all. Some of the 15:06.078 --> 15:08.388 align:start position:0% dying star, but not all. Some of the material<00:18:09.600> falls<00:18:09.919> back,<00:18:10.480> unable<00:18:10.960> to<00:18:11.120> escape 15:08.388 --> 15:08.398 align:start position:0% material falls back, unable to escape 15:08.398 --> 15:10.148 align:start position:0% material falls back, unable to escape the<00:18:11.600> pole<00:18:11.840> of<00:18:11.919> the<00:18:12.000> magnetar's<00:18:12.799> great 15:10.148 --> 15:10.158 align:start position:0% the pole of the magnetar's great 15:10.158 --> 15:13.507 align:start position:0% the pole of the magnetar's great gravitational<00:18:13.840> field.<00:18:14.799> It<00:18:15.039> instead<00:18:15.760> forms<00:18:16.240> a 15:13.507 --> 15:13.517 align:start position:0% gravitational field. It instead forms a 15:13.517 --> 15:16.388 align:start position:0% gravitational field. It instead forms a flat<00:18:17.039> accretion<00:18:17.679> disc<00:18:18.400> spinning<00:18:18.880> around<00:18:19.200> the 15:16.388 --> 15:16.398 align:start position:0% flat accretion disc spinning around the 15:16.398 --> 15:18.788 align:start position:0% flat accretion disc spinning around the magnetar.<00:18:20.480> But<00:18:20.640> the<00:18:20.799> accretion<00:18:21.200> disc<00:18:21.520> and<00:18:21.679> the 15:18.788 --> 15:18.798 align:start position:0% magnetar. But the accretion disc and the 15:18.798 --> 15:21.028 align:start position:0% magnetar. But the accretion disc and the magnetar<00:18:22.640> are<00:18:22.880> spinning<00:18:23.280> along<00:18:23.760> different 15:21.028 --> 15:21.038 align:start position:0% magnetar are spinning along different 15:21.038 --> 15:24.388 align:start position:0% magnetar are spinning along different axes.<00:18:25.440> And<00:18:25.919> this<00:18:26.160> is<00:18:26.320> where<00:18:26.559> things<00:18:26.960> start<00:18:27.280> to 15:24.388 --> 15:24.398 align:start position:0% axes. And this is where things start to 15:24.398 --> 15:26.627 align:start position:0% axes. And this is where things start to get<00:18:27.679> really<00:18:28.080> weird.<00:18:28.880> Thanks<00:18:29.120> to<00:18:29.360> general 15:26.627 --> 15:26.637 align:start position:0% get really weird. Thanks to general 15:26.637 --> 15:29.428 align:start position:0% get really weird. Thanks to general relativity,<00:18:30.640> spinning<00:18:31.120> objects<00:18:31.760> like<00:18:32.000> these 15:29.428 --> 15:29.438 align:start position:0% relativity, spinning objects like these 15:29.438 --> 15:32.468 align:start position:0% relativity, spinning objects like these dense,<00:18:33.039> newly<00:18:33.520> forming<00:18:33.919> magnetars<00:18:34.880> drag 15:32.468 --> 15:32.478 align:start position:0% dense, newly forming magnetars drag 15:32.478 --> 15:35.987 align:start position:0% dense, newly forming magnetars drag spaceime<00:18:36.480> with<00:18:36.799> them.<00:18:37.760> Theoreticians<00:18:38.720> refer 15:35.987 --> 15:35.997 align:start position:0% spaceime with them. Theoreticians refer 15:35.997 --> 15:39.108 align:start position:0% spaceime with them. Theoreticians refer to<00:18:39.280> this<00:18:39.600> as<00:18:40.240> frame<00:18:40.640> dragging,<00:18:41.440> which<00:18:41.760> in<00:18:42.000> this 15:39.108 --> 15:39.118 align:start position:0% to this as frame dragging, which in this 15:39.118 --> 15:42.548 align:start position:0% to this as frame dragging, which in this case<00:18:42.559> causes<00:18:43.120> a<00:18:43.280> motion<00:18:43.600> known<00:18:43.919> as<00:18:44.320> lensing 15:42.548 --> 15:42.558 align:start position:0% case causes a motion known as lensing 15:42.558 --> 15:44.948 align:start position:0% case causes a motion known as lensing procession,<00:18:46.559> where<00:18:46.799> a<00:18:47.039> new<00:18:47.200> magnetar<00:18:47.760> is 15:44.948 --> 15:44.958 align:start position:0% procession, where a new magnetar is 15:44.958 --> 15:47.348 align:start position:0% procession, where a new magnetar is warping<00:18:48.400> its<00:18:48.720> space-time<00:18:49.200> sheet<00:18:49.760> around<00:18:50.160> it 15:47.348 --> 15:47.358 align:start position:0% warping its space-time sheet around it 15:47.358 --> 15:50.148 align:start position:0% warping its space-time sheet around it as<00:18:50.640> it<00:18:50.799> spins.<00:18:51.840> The<00:18:52.080> result<00:18:52.400> is<00:18:52.720> that<00:18:52.960> the 15:50.148 --> 15:50.158 align:start position:0% as it spins. The result is that the 15:50.158 --> 15:52.627 align:start position:0% as it spins. The result is that the accretion<00:18:53.679> disc<00:18:54.000> wobbles<00:18:54.799> and<00:18:55.120> every<00:18:55.360> now<00:18:55.520> and 15:52.627 --> 15:52.637 align:start position:0% accretion disc wobbles and every now and 15:52.637 --> 15:54.948 align:start position:0% accretion disc wobbles and every now and again<00:18:56.240> blocks<00:18:56.640> and<00:18:56.960> reflects<00:18:57.360> the<00:18:57.600> light<00:18:57.840> from 15:54.948 --> 15:54.958 align:start position:0% again blocks and reflects the light from 15:54.958 --> 15:57.828 align:start position:0% again blocks and reflects the light from the<00:18:58.240> magnetar.<00:18:59.440> This<00:18:59.679> creates<00:19:00.160> an<00:19:00.480> almost 15:57.828 --> 15:57.838 align:start position:0% the magnetar. This creates an almost 15:57.838 --> 16:00.948 align:start position:0% the magnetar. This creates an almost strobing<00:19:01.520> effect,<00:19:02.240> a<00:19:02.559> blinking<00:19:03.120> in<00:19:03.360> the<00:19:03.600> light 16:00.948 --> 16:00.958 align:start position:0% strobing effect, a blinking in the light 16:00.958 --> 16:03.987 align:start position:0% strobing effect, a blinking in the light traveling<00:19:04.480> to<00:19:04.640> us<00:19:04.880> on<00:19:05.120> Earth.<00:19:06.559> Since<00:19:06.799> the 16:03.987 --> 16:03.997 align:start position:0% traveling to us on Earth. Since the 16:03.997 --> 16:05.668 align:start position:0% traveling to us on Earth. Since the spaceime<00:19:07.440> around<00:19:07.679> the<00:19:07.840> magnetar<00:19:08.400> is<00:19:08.559> being 16:05.668 --> 16:05.678 align:start position:0% spaceime around the magnetar is being 16:05.678 --> 16:08.308 align:start position:0% spaceime around the magnetar is being dragged<00:19:09.200> faster<00:19:09.679> and<00:19:10.000> faster<00:19:10.400> the<00:19:10.720> closer<00:19:11.120> you 16:08.308 --> 16:08.318 align:start position:0% dragged faster and faster the closer you 16:08.318 --> 16:10.708 align:start position:0% dragged faster and faster the closer you get.<00:19:12.080> As<00:19:12.320> the<00:19:12.559> disc<00:19:12.799> is<00:19:12.960> pulled<00:19:13.280> inward 16:10.708 --> 16:10.718 align:start position:0% get. As the disc is pulled inward 16:10.718 --> 16:13.188 align:start position:0% get. As the disc is pulled inward towards<00:19:14.240> the<00:19:14.559> giant<00:19:15.039> spinning<00:19:15.440> mass,<00:19:15.919> its 16:13.188 --> 16:13.198 align:start position:0% towards the giant spinning mass, its 16:13.198 --> 16:15.428 align:start position:0% towards the giant spinning mass, its wobbles<00:19:16.720> get<00:19:16.880> faster<00:19:17.200> and<00:19:17.440> faster<00:19:17.840> too, 16:15.428 --> 16:15.438 align:start position:0% wobbles get faster and faster too, 16:15.438 --> 16:17.188 align:start position:0% wobbles get faster and faster too, matching<00:19:18.880> the<00:19:19.120> increased<00:19:19.600> speed<00:19:19.840> of<00:19:20.000> the 16:17.188 --> 16:17.198 align:start position:0% matching the increased speed of the 16:17.198 --> 16:18.548 align:start position:0% matching the increased speed of the oscillating<00:19:20.799> brightness<00:19:21.200> that<00:19:21.440> the 16:18.548 --> 16:18.558 align:start position:0% oscillating brightness that the 16:18.558 --> 16:20.788 align:start position:0% oscillating brightness that the researchers<00:19:22.160> spotted<00:19:22.799> as<00:19:23.039> the<00:19:23.200> supernova 16:20.788 --> 16:20.798 align:start position:0% researchers spotted as the supernova 16:20.798 --> 16:23.507 align:start position:0% researchers spotted as the supernova began<00:19:24.160> to<00:19:24.320> fade.<00:19:25.280> The<00:19:25.440> team<00:19:25.760> say<00:19:26.080> this<00:19:26.240> is 16:23.507 --> 16:23.517 align:start position:0% began to fade. The team say this is 16:23.517 --> 16:25.588 align:start position:0% began to fade. The team say this is actually<00:19:27.039> the<00:19:27.360> first<00:19:27.760> time<00:19:28.240> general 16:25.588 --> 16:25.598 align:start position:0% actually the first time general 16:25.598 --> 16:27.747 align:start position:0% actually the first time general relativity<00:19:29.280> has<00:19:29.600> been<00:19:29.760> needed<00:19:30.080> to<00:19:30.240> describe 16:27.747 --> 16:27.757 align:start position:0% relativity has been needed to describe 16:27.757 --> 16:30.867 align:start position:0% relativity has been needed to describe the<00:19:31.120> behavioral<00:19:31.760> mechanics<00:19:32.160> of<00:19:32.320> a<00:19:32.559> supernova. 16:30.867 --> 16:30.877 align:start position:0% the behavioral mechanics of a supernova. 16:30.877 --> 16:33.588 align:start position:0% the behavioral mechanics of a supernova. And<00:19:34.400> what's<00:19:34.880> really<00:19:35.360> special<00:19:35.760> about<00:19:36.000> this<00:19:36.480> is 16:33.588 --> 16:33.598 align:start position:0% And what's really special about this is 16:33.598 --> 16:35.908 align:start position:0% And what's really special about this is that<00:19:36.880> it<00:19:37.039> provides<00:19:37.360> a<00:19:37.679> really<00:19:38.080> strong<00:19:38.640> clear 16:35.908 --> 16:35.918 align:start position:0% that it provides a really strong clear 16:35.918 --> 16:39.108 align:start position:0% that it provides a really strong clear link<00:19:39.360> between<00:19:39.840> two<00:19:40.480> remarkable<00:19:41.120> phenomena. 16:39.108 --> 16:39.118 align:start position:0% link between two remarkable phenomena. 16:39.118 --> 16:41.747 align:start position:0% link between two remarkable phenomena. Super<00:19:42.480> luminous<00:19:42.960> supernova<00:19:43.919> and<00:19:44.240> the<00:19:44.480> birth 16:41.747 --> 16:41.757 align:start position:0% Super luminous supernova and the birth 16:41.757 --> 16:44.308 align:start position:0% Super luminous supernova and the birth of<00:19:45.120> magnetars<00:19:46.080> and<00:19:46.320> ties<00:19:46.720> them<00:19:46.880> together<00:19:47.120> with 16:44.308 --> 16:44.318 align:start position:0% of magnetars and ties them together with 16:44.318 --> 16:47.188 align:start position:0% of magnetars and ties them together with Einstein's<00:19:48.000> theory<00:19:48.320> of<00:19:48.559> general<00:19:48.960> relativity. 16:47.188 --> 16:47.198 align:start position:0% Einstein's theory of general relativity. 16:47.198 --> 16:51.668 align:start position:0% Einstein's theory of general relativity. Two<00:19:50.559> birds<00:19:51.200> with<00:19:51.600> one<00:19:52.320> very<00:19:52.720> weird<00:19:53.200> stone.<00:19:54.480> If 16:51.668 --> 16:51.678 align:start position:0% Two birds with one very weird stone. If 16:51.678 --> 16:53.588 align:start position:0% Two birds with one very weird stone. If they<00:19:54.880> are<00:19:55.039> right<00:19:55.440> and<00:19:55.679> it<00:19:55.919> is<00:19:56.160> indeed<00:19:56.480> the 16:53.588 --> 16:53.598 align:start position:0% they are right and it is indeed the 16:53.598 --> 16:55.268 align:start position:0% they are right and it is indeed the birth<00:19:56.880> of<00:19:56.960> a<00:19:57.120> magnetar<00:19:57.600> at<00:19:57.760> the<00:19:57.919> center<00:19:58.160> of 16:55.268 --> 16:55.278 align:start position:0% birth of a magnetar at the center of 16:55.278 --> 16:57.987 align:start position:0% birth of a magnetar at the center of this<00:19:58.559> super<00:19:58.960> bright<00:19:59.280> space<00:19:59.679> explosion,<00:20:00.640> then 16:57.987 --> 16:57.997 align:start position:0% this super bright space explosion, then 16:57.997 --> 17:00.228 align:start position:0% this super bright space explosion, then Vara<00:20:01.520> and<00:20:01.760> his<00:20:02.000> colleagues<00:20:02.559> estimate<00:20:03.039> that 17:00.228 --> 17:00.238 align:start position:0% Vara and his colleagues estimate that 17:00.238 --> 17:04.548 align:start position:0% Vara and his colleagues estimate that the<00:20:03.440> magnetar<00:20:04.080> has<00:20:04.240> a<00:20:04.400> spin<00:20:04.720> period<00:20:05.360> of<00:20:06.160> 4.2 17:04.548 --> 17:04.558 align:start position:0% the magnetar has a spin period of 4.2 17:04.558 --> 17:08.308 align:start position:0% the magnetar has a spin period of 4.2 milliseconds<00:20:08.720> and<00:20:09.039> a<00:20:09.280> magnetic<00:20:09.760> field<00:20:10.480> about 17:08.308 --> 17:08.318 align:start position:0% milliseconds and a magnetic field about 17:08.318 --> 17:11.028 align:start position:0% milliseconds and a magnetic field about 300<00:20:12.400> trillion<00:20:12.880> times<00:20:13.280> the<00:20:13.520> strength<00:20:13.840> of 17:11.028 --> 17:11.038 align:start position:0% 300 trillion times the strength of 17:11.038 --> 17:14.627 align:start position:0% 300 trillion times the strength of Earth's. 17:14.627 --> 17:14.637 align:start position:0% 17:14.637 --> 17:16.788 align:start position:0% But<00:20:17.919> of<00:20:18.160> course,<00:20:18.720> saying<00:20:18.960> that<00:20:19.120> magnetars<00:20:19.760> are 17:16.788 --> 17:16.798 align:start position:0% But of course, saying that magnetars are 17:16.798 --> 17:19.108 align:start position:0% But of course, saying that magnetars are at<00:20:20.000> the<00:20:20.080> heart<00:20:20.320> of<00:20:20.960> some<00:20:21.440> super<00:20:21.760> luminous 17:19.108 --> 17:19.118 align:start position:0% at the heart of some super luminous 17:19.118 --> 17:21.428 align:start position:0% at the heart of some super luminous supernova<00:20:23.120> doesn't<00:20:23.520> mean<00:20:23.679> they<00:20:24.000> are<00:20:24.160> at<00:20:24.320> the 17:21.428 --> 17:21.438 align:start position:0% supernova doesn't mean they are at the 17:21.438 --> 17:25.028 align:start position:0% supernova doesn't mean they are at the heart<00:20:24.799> of<00:20:25.120> all<00:20:25.360> of<00:20:25.520> them.<00:20:26.559> No<00:20:26.960> other<00:20:27.280> supernova 17:25.028 --> 17:25.038 align:start position:0% heart of all of them. No other supernova 17:25.038 --> 17:27.428 align:start position:0% heart of all of them. No other supernova has<00:20:28.400> been<00:20:28.559> found<00:20:28.799> to<00:20:29.039> have<00:20:29.120> a<00:20:29.360> chip.<00:20:30.080> And<00:20:30.240> the 17:27.428 --> 17:27.438 align:start position:0% has been found to have a chip. And the 17:27.438 --> 17:30.308 align:start position:0% has been found to have a chip. And the team<00:20:30.799> are<00:20:31.039> very<00:20:31.440> clear<00:20:32.000> that<00:20:32.320> this<00:20:32.640> is<00:20:32.880> only 17:30.308 --> 17:30.318 align:start position:0% team are very clear that this is only 17:30.318 --> 17:33.507 align:start position:0% team are very clear that this is only one<00:20:33.760> part<00:20:34.159> of<00:20:34.400> a<00:20:34.640> bigger<00:20:35.039> picture.<00:20:36.240> Other 17:33.507 --> 17:33.517 align:start position:0% one part of a bigger picture. Other 17:33.517 --> 17:35.828 align:start position:0% one part of a bigger picture. Other possibilities<00:20:37.280> are<00:20:37.600> still<00:20:37.840> being<00:20:38.159> explored, 17:35.828 --> 17:35.838 align:start position:0% possibilities are still being explored, 17:35.838 --> 17:37.668 align:start position:0% possibilities are still being explored, and<00:20:39.039> you'll<00:20:39.280> be<00:20:39.440> pleased<00:20:39.679> to<00:20:39.840> hear<00:20:40.159> they<00:20:40.480> are 17:37.668 --> 17:37.678 align:start position:0% and you'll be pleased to hear they are 17:37.678 --> 17:40.228 align:start position:0% and you'll be pleased to hear they are equally<00:20:41.200> epic.<00:20:42.000> We<00:20:42.240> won't<00:20:42.480> delve<00:20:42.880> into<00:20:43.120> them 17:37.678 --> 17:40.229 align:start position:0% be interested in another video, then let me<00:20:46.880> know<00:20:46.960> in<00:20:47.200> the<00:20:47.360> comments.<00:20:48.080> But<00:20:48.480> one<00:20:48.799> option 17:39.549 --> 17:39.559 align:start position:0% me know in the comments. But one option 17:39.559 --> 17:41.709 align:start position:0% me know in the comments. But one option is<00:20:49.600> that<00:20:49.840> they<00:20:50.080> could<00:20:50.240> still<00:20:50.480> be<00:20:50.720> an<00:20:50.960> exploding 17:41.709 --> 17:41.719 align:start position:0% is that they could still be an exploding 17:41.719 --> 17:43.949 align:start position:0% is that they could still be an exploding stars<00:20:51.919> ejector<00:20:52.559> racing<00:20:52.960> out<00:20:53.200> in<00:20:53.360> a<00:20:53.520> shock 17:43.949 --> 17:43.959 align:start position:0% stars ejector racing out in a shock 17:43.959 --> 17:46.348 align:start position:0% stars ejector racing out in a shock wave.<00:20:54.559> This<00:20:54.720> shock<00:20:54.960> wave<00:20:55.280> collides<00:20:55.760> with 17:46.348 --> 17:46.358 align:start position:0% wave. This shock wave collides with 17:46.358 --> 17:48.589 align:start position:0% wave. This shock wave collides with peripheral,<00:20:57.039> slower<00:20:57.520> moving<00:20:57.840> shells<00:20:58.240> of 17:48.589 --> 17:48.599 align:start position:0% peripheral, slower moving shells of 17:48.599 --> 17:50.589 align:start position:0% peripheral, slower moving shells of material<00:20:58.880> that<00:20:59.200> the<00:20:59.360> progenitor<00:20:59.919> star<00:21:00.159> had 17:50.589 --> 17:50.599 align:start position:0% material that the progenitor star had 17:50.599 --> 17:53.389 align:start position:0% material that the progenitor star had cast<00:21:00.640> off<00:21:00.960> before<00:21:01.440> dying<00:21:02.240> and<00:21:02.480> dramatically 17:53.389 --> 17:53.399 align:start position:0% cast off before dying and dramatically 17:53.399 --> 17:55.309 align:start position:0% cast off before dying and dramatically increases<00:21:03.600> the<00:21:03.840> luminosity<00:21:04.400> as<00:21:04.640> it<00:21:04.799> turns 17:55.309 --> 17:55.319 align:start position:0% increases the luminosity as it turns 17:55.319 --> 17:58.269 align:start position:0% increases the luminosity as it turns dust<00:21:05.760> into<00:21:06.080> seething<00:21:06.559> hot<00:21:06.880> plasma,<00:21:07.679> thus 17:58.269 --> 17:58.279 align:start position:0% dust into seething hot plasma, thus 17:58.279 --> 18:01.228 align:start position:0% dust into seething hot plasma, thus causing<00:21:08.480> the<00:21:08.799> blips<00:21:09.200> in<00:21:09.440> luminosity.<00:21:10.799> And 18:01.228 --> 18:01.238 align:start position:0% causing the blips in luminosity. And 18:01.238 --> 18:03.228 align:start position:0% causing the blips in luminosity. And another<00:21:11.360> option<00:21:11.760> is<00:21:12.000> that<00:21:12.240> it<00:21:12.480> could<00:21:12.720> be<00:21:12.880> a 18:03.228 --> 18:03.238 align:start position:0% another option is that it could be a 18:03.238 --> 18:05.149 align:start position:0% another option is that it could be a black<00:21:13.280> hole<00:21:13.600> forming.<00:21:14.400> And<00:21:14.559> what<00:21:14.799> we're 18:05.149 --> 18:05.159 align:start position:0% black hole forming. And what we're 18:05.159 --> 18:07.149 align:start position:0% black hole forming. And what we're seeing<00:21:15.200> is<00:21:15.440> the<00:21:15.600> wobbles<00:21:16.080> of<00:21:16.240> a<00:21:16.480> newborn 18:07.149 --> 18:07.159 align:start position:0% seeing is the wobbles of a newborn 18:07.159 --> 18:09.868 align:start position:0% seeing is the wobbles of a newborn accretion<00:21:17.520> disc.<00:21:18.400> And<00:21:18.799> who<00:21:19.039> wouldn't<00:21:19.360> want<00:21:19.520> to 18:09.868 --> 18:09.878 align:start position:0% accretion disc. And who wouldn't want to 18:09.878 --> 18:12.429 align:start position:0% accretion disc. And who wouldn't want to see<00:21:19.919> that?<00:21:20.799> As<00:21:21.039> I<00:21:21.200> said,<00:21:21.600> more<00:21:21.840> on<00:21:22.000> that 18:12.429 --> 18:12.439 align:start position:0% see that? As I said, more on that 18:12.439 --> 18:14.829 align:start position:0% see that? As I said, more on that another<00:21:22.640> time.<00:21:23.280> But<00:21:23.440> personally,<00:21:24.000> I<00:21:24.320> like<00:21:24.480> the 18:14.829 --> 18:14.839 align:start position:0% another time. But personally, I like the 18:14.839 --> 18:16.988 align:start position:0% another time. But personally, I like the magnetar<00:21:25.200> theory<00:21:25.600> best.<00:21:26.159> There<00:21:26.320> is<00:21:26.559> something 18:16.988 --> 18:16.998 align:start position:0% magnetar theory best. There is something 18:16.998 --> 18:18.909 align:start position:0% magnetar theory best. There is something about<00:21:27.039> those<00:21:27.440> powerful<00:21:27.919> magnetic<00:21:28.400> fields 18:18.909 --> 18:18.919 align:start position:0% about those powerful magnetic fields 18:18.919 --> 18:21.149 align:start position:0% about those powerful magnetic fields distorted<00:21:29.280> by<00:21:29.520> space<00:21:29.760> and<00:21:29.919> time,<00:21:30.559> ready<00:21:30.799> to 18:21.149 --> 18:21.159 align:start position:0% distorted by space and time, ready to 18:21.159 --> 18:22.909 align:start position:0% distorted by space and time, ready to shred<00:21:31.440> anything<00:21:31.840> that<00:21:32.000> gets<00:21:32.240> too<00:21:32.400> close<00:21:32.559> to 18:22.909 --> 18:22.919 align:start position:0% shred anything that gets too close to 18:22.919 --> 18:26.029 align:start position:0% shred anything that gets too close to them<00:21:33.039> that<00:21:33.440> captures<00:21:33.840> the<00:21:34.080> mind.<00:21:34.960> And<00:21:35.200> what<00:21:35.520> I 18:26.029 --> 18:26.039 align:start position:0% them that captures the mind. And what I 18:26.039 --> 18:28.589 align:start position:0% them that captures the mind. And what I find<00:21:36.080> most<00:21:36.400> exciting<00:21:36.960> is<00:21:37.200> that<00:21:37.520> this<00:21:37.840> is<00:21:38.080> only 18:28.589 --> 18:28.599 align:start position:0% find most exciting is that this is only 18:28.599 --> 18:31.629 align:start position:0% find most exciting is that this is only the<00:21:38.640> start.<00:21:39.360> Given<00:21:39.679> that<00:21:40.000> before<00:21:40.480> now<00:21:40.960> no<00:21:41.280> one 18:31.629 --> 18:31.639 align:start position:0% the start. Given that before now no one 18:31.639 --> 18:33.469 align:start position:0% the start. Given that before now no one had<00:21:41.679> combined<00:21:42.080> the<00:21:42.240> explosive<00:21:42.720> power<00:21:42.960> of<00:21:43.120> a 18:33.469 --> 18:33.479 align:start position:0% had combined the explosive power of a 18:33.479 --> 18:36.348 align:start position:0% had combined the explosive power of a supernova<00:21:43.919> with<00:21:44.240> general<00:21:44.720> relativity,<00:21:45.840> who 18:36.348 --> 18:36.358 align:start position:0% supernova with general relativity, who 18:36.358 --> 18:38.108 align:start position:0% supernova with general relativity, who knows<00:21:46.480> what<00:21:46.720> future<00:21:47.039> observations<00:21:47.679> will 18:38.108 --> 18:38.118 align:start position:0% knows what future observations will 18:38.118 --> 18:40.748 align:start position:0% knows what future observations will find.<00:21:48.720> I<00:21:49.039> really<00:21:49.360> hope<00:21:49.520> they<00:21:49.840> go<00:21:50.000> back<00:21:50.159> and<00:21:50.320> use 18:40.748 --> 18:40.758 align:start position:0% find. I really hope they go back and use 18:40.758 --> 18:42.829 align:start position:0% find. I really hope they go back and use these<00:21:50.799> same<00:21:50.960> principles<00:21:51.440> on<00:21:51.679> other<00:21:52.000> supernova 18:42.829 --> 18:42.839 align:start position:0% these same principles on other supernova 18:42.839 --> 18:45.069 align:start position:0% these same principles on other supernova events,<00:21:53.200> as<00:21:53.440> there<00:21:53.600> could<00:21:53.760> be<00:21:53.919> a<00:21:54.159> whole<00:21:54.559> world 18:45.069 --> 18:45.079 align:start position:0% events, as there could be a whole world 18:45.079 --> 18:47.389 align:start position:0% events, as there could be a whole world of<00:21:55.200> new<00:21:55.440> physics<00:21:56.159> just<00:21:56.400> waiting<00:21:56.799> to<00:21:57.039> be 18:47.389 --> 18:47.399 align:start position:0% of new physics just waiting to be 18:47.399 --> 18:53.309 align:start position:0% of new physics just waiting to be uncovered.