WEBVTT

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alternative uses.
Before

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Before
 

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Before
we<00:01:38.560><c> get</c><00:01:38.720><c> too</c><00:01:39.040><c> excited</c><00:01:39.360><c> about</c><00:01:39.520><c> the</c><00:01:39.759><c> prospect</c><00:01:40.000><c> of</c>

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we get too excited about the prospect of
 

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we get too excited about the prospect of
a<00:01:40.320><c> lunar</c><00:01:40.640><c> base,</c><00:01:41.119><c> let's</c><00:01:41.439><c> rewind</c><00:01:41.920><c> for</c><00:01:42.240><c> just</c><00:01:42.479><c> a</c>

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a lunar base, let's rewind for just a
 

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a lunar base, let's rewind for just a
minute<00:01:42.880><c> and</c><00:01:43.280><c> recap</c><00:01:43.759><c> on</c><00:01:44.000><c> how</c><00:01:44.320><c> exactly</c><00:01:44.799><c> we</c><00:01:45.040><c> got</c>

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minute and recap on how exactly we got
 

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minute and recap on how exactly we got
here.<00:01:46.240><c> In</c><00:01:46.560><c> 1969,</c><00:01:47.600><c> Apollo</c><00:01:48.079><c> 11</c><00:01:48.479><c> landed</c><00:01:48.799><c> in</c><00:01:48.960><c> the</c>

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here. In 1969, Apollo 11 landed in the
 

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here. In 1969, Apollo 11 landed in the
Sea<00:01:49.280><c> of</c><00:01:49.439><c> Tranquility</c><00:01:50.079><c> on</c><00:01:50.320><c> the</c><00:01:50.479><c> near</c><00:01:50.720><c> side</c><00:01:50.880><c> of</c>

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Sea of Tranquility on the near side of
 

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Sea of Tranquility on the near side of
the<00:01:51.200><c> moon,</c><00:01:51.680><c> just</c><00:01:52.000><c> north</c><00:01:52.240><c> of</c><00:01:52.479><c> the</c><00:01:52.640><c> lunar</c>

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the moon, just north of the lunar
 

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the moon, just north of the lunar
equator.<00:01:54.000><c> Over</c><00:01:54.240><c> the</c><00:01:54.479><c> next</c><00:01:54.640><c> couple</c><00:01:54.799><c> of</c><00:01:54.960><c> years,</c>

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equator. Over the next couple of years,
 

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equator. Over the next couple of years,
five<00:01:55.920><c> more</c><00:01:56.159><c> Apollo</c><00:01:56.560><c> missions</c><00:01:56.960><c> touched</c><00:01:57.280><c> down</c>

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five more Apollo missions touched down
 

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five more Apollo missions touched down
in<00:01:57.759><c> other</c><00:01:58.000><c> locations,</c><00:01:58.960><c> and</c><00:01:59.280><c> 12</c><00:01:59.680><c> different</c>

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in other locations, and 12 different
 

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in other locations, and 12 different
people<00:02:00.399><c> walked</c><00:02:00.799><c> on</c><00:02:00.960><c> the</c><00:02:01.119><c> surface.</c><00:02:02.079><c> Each</c><00:02:02.399><c> time</c>

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people walked on the surface. Each time
 

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people walked on the surface. Each time
the<00:02:02.880><c> crew</c><00:02:03.200><c> brought</c><00:02:03.600><c> everything</c><00:02:04.000><c> they</c><00:02:04.240><c> needed</c>

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the crew brought everything they needed
 

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the crew brought everything they needed
to<00:02:04.719><c> survive</c><00:02:05.360><c> and</c><00:02:05.600><c> stayed</c><00:02:05.920><c> anywhere</c><00:02:06.320><c> from</c>

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to survive and stayed anywhere from
 

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to survive and stayed anywhere from
hours<00:02:07.360><c> to</c><00:02:07.680><c> a</c><00:02:07.840><c> few</c><00:02:08.080><c> days.</c><00:02:09.119><c> The</c><00:02:09.280><c> Apollo</c><00:02:09.759><c> program</c>

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hours to a few days. The Apollo program
 

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hours to a few days. The Apollo program
was<00:02:10.879><c> incredible.</c><00:02:11.760><c> It</c><00:02:12.000><c> showed</c><00:02:12.319><c> what</c><00:02:12.560><c> humans</c>

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was incredible. It showed what humans
 

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was incredible. It showed what humans
were<00:02:13.200><c> capable</c><00:02:13.520><c> of.</c><00:02:14.480><c> But</c><00:02:14.720><c> since</c><00:02:15.040><c> 1972,</c>

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were capable of. But since 1972,
 

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were capable of. But since 1972,
no<00:02:16.800><c> one</c><00:02:17.040><c> has</c><00:02:17.440><c> returned.</c><00:02:18.800><c> The</c><00:02:18.959><c> Otimus</c><00:02:19.520><c> program</c>

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no one has returned. The Otimus program
 

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no one has returned. The Otimus program
is<00:02:20.080><c> now</c><00:02:20.319><c> using</c><00:02:20.800><c> early</c><00:02:21.120><c> missions</c><00:02:21.440><c> to</c><00:02:21.599><c> rebuild</c>

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is now using early missions to rebuild
 

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is now using early missions to rebuild
our<00:02:22.319><c> foundational</c><00:02:22.879><c> capabilities.</c><00:02:24.080><c> Arteimus</c>

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our foundational capabilities. Arteimus
 

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our foundational capabilities. Arteimus
1<00:02:24.800><c> was</c><00:02:24.959><c> an</c><00:02:25.120><c> uncrrewed</c><00:02:25.680><c> test</c><00:02:25.920><c> flight</c><00:02:26.239><c> around</c>

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1 was an uncrrewed test flight around
 

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1 was an uncrrewed test flight around
the<00:02:26.560><c> moon</c><00:02:26.720><c> in</c><00:02:26.959><c> late</c><00:02:27.200><c> 2022,</c><00:02:28.319><c> followed</c><00:02:28.640><c> by</c>

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the moon in late 2022, followed by
 

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the moon in late 2022, followed by
Arteimus<00:02:29.440><c> 2</c><00:02:29.680><c> in</c><00:02:29.920><c> 2026,</c><00:02:30.959><c> which</c><00:02:31.280><c> carried</c><00:02:31.520><c> a</c><00:02:31.760><c> crew</c>

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Arteimus 2 in 2026, which carried a crew
 

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Arteimus 2 in 2026, which carried a crew
further<00:02:32.480><c> from</c><00:02:32.640><c> Earth</c><00:02:32.879><c> than</c><00:02:33.200><c> any</c><00:02:33.440><c> humans</c>

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further from Earth than any humans
 

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further from Earth than any humans
before<00:02:34.640><c> on</c><00:02:34.800><c> a</c><00:02:34.959><c> 9-day</c><00:02:35.519><c> journey</c><00:02:35.920><c> around</c><00:02:36.160><c> the</c>

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before on a 9-day journey around the
 

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before on a 9-day journey around the
moon<00:02:36.640><c> and</c><00:02:36.879><c> back.</c><00:02:37.920><c> Arteimus</c><00:02:38.480><c> 3</c><00:02:38.640><c> will</c><00:02:38.879><c> be</c><00:02:38.959><c> NASA's</c>

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moon and back. Arteimus 3 will be NASA's
 

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moon and back. Arteimus 3 will be NASA's
most<00:02:39.760><c> complex</c><00:02:40.319><c> crude</c><00:02:40.720><c> mission</c><00:02:40.959><c> to</c><00:02:41.200><c> date,</c>

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most complex crude mission to date,
 

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most complex crude mission to date,
involving<00:02:42.400><c> three</c><00:02:42.720><c> separate</c><00:02:43.120><c> rocket</c><00:02:43.440><c> launches</c>

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involving three separate rocket launches
 

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involving three separate rocket launches
and<00:02:44.319><c> two</c><00:02:44.959><c> privately</c><00:02:45.519><c> built</c><00:02:45.840><c> lunar</c><00:02:46.160><c> landers</c>

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and two privately built lunar landers
 

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and two privately built lunar landers
that<00:02:46.959><c> will</c><00:02:47.200><c> carry</c><00:02:47.360><c> out</c><00:02:47.599><c> a</c><00:02:47.840><c> series</c><00:02:48.160><c> of</c>

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that will carry out a series of
 

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that will carry out a series of
demonstrations<00:02:49.040><c> in</c><00:02:49.280><c> low</c><00:02:49.519><c> Earth</c><00:02:49.840><c> orbit</c>

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demonstrations in low Earth orbit
 

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demonstrations in low Earth orbit
designed<00:02:50.800><c> to</c><00:02:50.959><c> validate</c><00:02:51.440><c> critical</c><00:02:51.920><c> systems</c>

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designed to validate critical systems
 

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designed to validate critical systems
for<00:02:52.640><c> future</c><00:02:53.040><c> moon</c><00:02:53.360><c> landings.</c><00:02:54.720><c> Artemus</c><00:02:55.280><c> 4</c><00:02:55.599><c> will</c>

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for future moon landings. Artemus 4 will
 

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for future moon landings. Artemus 4 will
push<00:02:56.319><c> further</c><00:02:56.720><c> still</c><00:02:57.280><c> with</c><00:02:57.519><c> astronauts</c>

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push further still with astronauts
 

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push further still with astronauts
actually<00:02:58.720><c> touching</c><00:02:59.200><c> down</c><00:02:59.519><c> on</c><00:02:59.760><c> the</c><00:02:59.840><c> lunar</c>

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actually touching down on the lunar
 

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actually touching down on the lunar
surface,<00:03:01.040><c> staying</c><00:03:01.519><c> approximately</c><00:03:02.159><c> a</c><00:03:02.400><c> week,</c>

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surface, staying approximately a week,
 

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surface, staying approximately a week,
more<00:03:03.120><c> than</c><00:03:03.360><c> twice</c><00:03:03.680><c> the</c><00:03:03.840><c> Apollo</c><00:03:04.400><c> 17</c><00:03:04.800><c> record.</c>

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more than twice the Apollo 17 record.
 

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more than twice the Apollo 17 record.
But<00:03:05.920><c> these</c><00:03:06.159><c> milestones</c><00:03:06.800><c> are</c><00:03:07.040><c> only</c><00:03:07.360><c> steps</c>

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But these milestones are only steps
 

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But these milestones are only steps
towards<00:03:08.319><c> a</c><00:03:08.640><c> far</c><00:03:08.959><c> more</c><00:03:09.200><c> ambitious</c><00:03:09.840><c> plan.</c>

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towards a far more ambitious plan.
 

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towards a far more ambitious plan.
Transforming<00:03:11.200><c> the</c><00:03:11.360><c> moon</c><00:03:11.680><c> into</c><00:03:12.080><c> a</c><00:03:12.319><c> place</c><00:03:12.480><c> where</c>

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Transforming the moon into a place where
 

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Transforming the moon into a place where
people<00:03:13.280><c> actually</c><00:03:13.760><c> live.</c><00:03:14.879><c> The</c><00:03:15.120><c> problem</c><00:03:15.440><c> is</c>

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people actually live. The problem is
 

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people actually live. The problem is
that<00:03:16.400><c> when</c><00:03:16.640><c> Artemus</c><00:03:17.120><c> was</c><00:03:17.360><c> announced,</c><00:03:18.000><c> we</c>

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that when Artemus was announced, we
 

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that when Artemus was announced, we
didn't<00:03:18.560><c> actually</c><00:03:18.959><c> have</c><00:03:19.280><c> a</c><00:03:19.519><c> long-term</c><00:03:20.000><c> plan</c>

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didn't actually have a long-term plan
 

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didn't actually have a long-term plan
for<00:03:20.400><c> how</c><00:03:20.640><c> to</c><00:03:20.800><c> achieve</c><00:03:21.120><c> it.</c><00:03:21.840><c> But</c><00:03:22.159><c> recently,</c>

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for how to achieve it. But recently,
 

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for how to achieve it. But recently,
that's<00:03:23.200><c> changed.</c><00:03:24.159><c> NASA</c><00:03:24.560><c> has</c><00:03:24.720><c> released</c><00:03:25.120><c> a</c>

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that's changed. NASA has released a
 

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that's changed. NASA has released a
blueprint<00:03:25.760><c> for</c><00:03:26.000><c> how</c><00:03:26.159><c> we</c><00:03:26.400><c> will</c><00:03:26.560><c> work</c><00:03:26.800><c> toward</c><00:03:27.200><c> a</c>

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blueprint for how we will work toward a
 

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blueprint for how we will work toward a
notsoistant<00:03:28.319><c> future</c><00:03:28.879><c> where</c><00:03:29.120><c> humans</c><00:03:29.519><c> can</c>

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notsoistant future where humans can
 

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notsoistant future where humans can
maintain<00:03:30.239><c> a</c><00:03:30.560><c> constant</c><00:03:31.040><c> presence</c><00:03:31.519><c> on</c><00:03:31.760><c> our</c>

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maintain a constant presence on our
 

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maintain a constant presence on our
celestial<00:03:32.560><c> satellite.</c><00:03:33.599><c> The</c><00:03:33.840><c> plan</c><00:03:34.000><c> is</c><00:03:34.239><c> broken</c>

01:57.990 --> 01:58.000 align:start position:0%
celestial satellite. The plan is broken
 

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celestial satellite. The plan is broken
down<00:03:34.720><c> into</c><00:03:35.120><c> phases</c><00:03:35.680><c> from</c><00:03:36.000><c> robot</c><00:03:36.400><c> explorers</c><00:03:37.120><c> to</c>

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down into phases from robot explorers to
 

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down into phases from robot explorers to
livable<00:03:37.840><c> infrastructure</c><00:03:38.799><c> starting</c><00:03:39.200><c> now</c><00:03:39.440><c> in</c>

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livable infrastructure starting now in
 

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livable infrastructure starting now in
2026<00:03:40.879><c> and</c><00:03:41.200><c> continuing</c><00:03:41.760><c> through</c><00:03:42.239><c> 2030</c><00:03:42.959><c> and</c>

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2026 and continuing through 2030 and
 

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2026 and continuing through 2030 and
beyond.<00:03:44.400><c> So</c><00:03:45.120><c> let's</c><00:03:45.440><c> take</c><00:03:45.599><c> a</c><00:03:45.760><c> look.</c>

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beyond. So let's take a look.
 

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beyond. So let's take a look.
The<00:03:47.840><c> first</c><00:03:48.000><c> question</c><00:03:48.319><c> NASA</c><00:03:48.720><c> had</c><00:03:48.879><c> to</c><00:03:49.040><c> answer</c><00:03:49.360><c> is</c>

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The first question NASA had to answer is
 

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The first question NASA had to answer is
where<00:03:50.480><c> should</c><00:03:50.879><c> a</c><00:03:51.200><c> moon</c><00:03:51.440><c> base</c><00:03:51.840><c> go?</c><00:03:52.799><c> And</c><00:03:53.040><c> there</c>

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where should a moon base go? And there
 

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where should a moon base go? And there
are<00:03:53.680><c> two</c><00:03:54.000><c> big</c><00:03:54.239><c> problems</c><00:03:54.560><c> with</c><00:03:54.799><c> deciding</c><00:03:55.200><c> on</c><00:03:55.440><c> a</c>

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are two big problems with deciding on a
 

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are two big problems with deciding on a
specific<00:03:56.000><c> location.</c><00:03:57.200><c> Firstly,</c><00:03:57.840><c> across</c><00:03:58.239><c> the</c>

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specific location. Firstly, across the
 

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specific location. Firstly, across the
majority<00:03:58.879><c> of</c><00:03:59.040><c> the</c><00:03:59.200><c> surface</c><00:03:59.519><c> of</c><00:03:59.599><c> the</c><00:03:59.760><c> moon,</c><00:04:00.319><c> day</c>

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majority of the surface of the moon, day
 

02:24.000 --> 02:26.550 align:start position:0%
majority of the surface of the moon, day
and<00:04:00.720><c> night</c><00:04:01.040><c> lasts</c><00:04:01.360><c> about</c><00:04:01.680><c> 2</c><00:04:01.920><c> weeks</c><00:04:02.159><c> each.</c><00:04:02.959><c> A</c>

02:26.550 --> 02:26.560 align:start position:0%
and night lasts about 2 weeks each. A
 

02:26.560 --> 02:28.309 align:start position:0%
and night lasts about 2 weeks each. A
moon<00:04:03.360><c> base</c><00:04:03.599><c> and</c><00:04:03.760><c> its</c><00:04:04.000><c> inhabitants</c><00:04:04.560><c> would</c><00:04:04.799><c> need</c>

02:28.309 --> 02:28.319 align:start position:0%
moon base and its inhabitants would need
 

02:28.319 --> 02:30.869 align:start position:0%
moon base and its inhabitants would need
to<00:04:05.040><c> survive</c><00:04:05.519><c> 2</c><00:04:05.760><c> weeks</c><00:04:06.080><c> of</c><00:04:06.400><c> unfiltered,</c>

02:30.869 --> 02:30.879 align:start position:0%
to survive 2 weeks of unfiltered,
 

02:30.879 --> 02:33.270 align:start position:0%
to survive 2 weeks of unfiltered,
dangerous,<00:04:08.000><c> and</c><00:04:08.239><c> blistering</c><00:04:08.959><c> sunlight,</c>

02:33.270 --> 02:33.280 align:start position:0%
dangerous, and blistering sunlight,
 

02:33.280 --> 02:36.309 align:start position:0%
dangerous, and blistering sunlight,
followed<00:04:10.400><c> by</c><00:04:10.720><c> 2</c><00:04:10.959><c> weeks</c><00:04:11.200><c> of</c><00:04:11.439><c> total</c><00:04:11.920><c> darkness</c>

02:36.309 --> 02:36.319 align:start position:0%
followed by 2 weeks of total darkness
 

02:36.319 --> 02:39.190 align:start position:0%
followed by 2 weeks of total darkness
and<00:04:13.120><c> temperatures</c><00:04:13.599><c> that</c><00:04:13.840><c> can</c><00:04:14.000><c> fall</c><00:04:14.319><c> to</c><00:04:14.560><c> minus</c>

02:39.190 --> 02:39.200 align:start position:0%
and temperatures that can fall to minus
 

02:39.200 --> 02:41.030 align:start position:0%
and temperatures that can fall to minus
180°.

02:41.030 --> 02:41.040 align:start position:0%
180°.
 

02:41.040 --> 02:43.030 align:start position:0%
180°.
That<00:04:17.840><c> presents</c><00:04:18.239><c> quite</c><00:04:18.639><c> an</c><00:04:18.959><c> engineering</c>

02:43.030 --> 02:43.040 align:start position:0%
That presents quite an engineering
 

02:43.040 --> 02:45.670 align:start position:0%
That presents quite an engineering
headache<00:04:20.400><c> for</c><00:04:20.799><c> everything</c><00:04:21.280><c> from</c><00:04:21.680><c> keeping</c><00:04:22.000><c> the</c>

02:45.670 --> 02:45.680 align:start position:0%
headache for everything from keeping the
 

02:45.680 --> 02:47.349 align:start position:0%
headache for everything from keeping the
lights<00:04:22.479><c> on</c><00:04:22.800><c> to</c><00:04:23.040><c> the</c><00:04:23.280><c> safety</c><00:04:23.600><c> of</c><00:04:23.759><c> the</c>

02:47.349 --> 02:47.359 align:start position:0%
lights on to the safety of the
 

02:47.359 --> 02:49.750 align:start position:0%
lights on to the safety of the
astronauts.<00:04:24.960><c> The</c><00:04:25.199><c> other</c><00:04:25.360><c> big</c><00:04:25.600><c> problem</c><00:04:25.919><c> is</c>

02:49.750 --> 02:49.760 align:start position:0%
astronauts. The other big problem is
 

02:49.760 --> 02:52.710 align:start position:0%
astronauts. The other big problem is
resources.<00:04:27.440><c> Water</c><00:04:27.840><c> in</c><00:04:28.080><c> particular.</c><00:04:29.040><c> A</c>

02:52.710 --> 02:52.720 align:start position:0%
resources. Water in particular. A
 

02:52.720 --> 02:54.950 align:start position:0%
resources. Water in particular. A
permanent<00:04:29.680><c> presence</c><00:04:30.240><c> anywhere</c><00:04:30.800><c> is</c><00:04:31.199><c> only</c>

02:54.950 --> 02:54.960 align:start position:0%
permanent presence anywhere is only
 

02:54.960 --> 02:57.670 align:start position:0%
permanent presence anywhere is only
possible<00:04:31.919><c> if</c><00:04:32.160><c> we</c><00:04:32.400><c> have</c><00:04:32.560><c> access</c><00:04:32.880><c> to</c><00:04:33.120><c> it.</c><00:04:33.680><c> We</c><00:04:34.000><c> are</c>

02:57.670 --> 02:57.680 align:start position:0%
possible if we have access to it. We are
 

02:57.680 --> 03:00.150 align:start position:0%
possible if we have access to it. We are
water-based<00:04:34.880><c> organisms</c><00:04:35.520><c> after</c><00:04:35.759><c> all.</c><00:04:36.560><c> But</c>

03:00.150 --> 03:00.160 align:start position:0%
water-based organisms after all. But
 

03:00.160 --> 03:03.110 align:start position:0%
water-based organisms after all. But
with<00:04:36.960><c> such</c><00:04:37.280><c> extreme</c><00:04:37.919><c> conditions,</c><00:04:38.960><c> where</c><00:04:39.360><c> and</c>

03:03.110 --> 03:03.120 align:start position:0%
with such extreme conditions, where and
 

03:03.120 --> 03:05.270 align:start position:0%
with such extreme conditions, where and
how<00:04:40.000><c> can</c><00:04:40.240><c> we</c><00:04:40.400><c> find</c><00:04:40.639><c> that</c><00:04:40.960><c> precious</c><00:04:41.360><c> commodity</c>

03:05.270 --> 03:05.280 align:start position:0%
how can we find that precious commodity
 

03:05.280 --> 03:07.990 align:start position:0%
how can we find that precious commodity
on<00:04:42.000><c> the</c><00:04:42.160><c> moon's</c><00:04:42.479><c> surface?</c><00:04:43.759><c> Well,</c><00:04:44.160><c> if</c><00:04:44.400><c> you</c>

03:05.280 --> 03:08.550 align:start position:0%
you will already know the answer to
this.<00:04:50.479><c> It</c><00:04:50.720><c> lies</c><00:04:51.040><c> at</c><00:04:51.280><c> the</c><00:04:51.440><c> lunar</c><00:04:52.000><c> south</c><00:04:52.240><c> pole.</c>

03:08.436 --> 03:08.446 align:start position:0%
this. It lies at the lunar south pole.
 

03:08.446 --> 03:10.916 align:start position:0%
this. It lies at the lunar south pole.
This<00:04:53.440><c> is</c><00:04:53.600><c> a</c><00:04:53.919><c> particularly</c><00:04:54.639><c> strange</c><00:04:55.040><c> place,</c>

03:10.916 --> 03:10.926 align:start position:0%
This is a particularly strange place,
 

03:10.926 --> 03:13.876 align:start position:0%
This is a particularly strange place,
stranger<00:04:56.080><c> than</c><00:04:56.240><c> the</c><00:04:56.400><c> rest</c><00:04:56.560><c> of</c><00:04:56.639><c> the</c><00:04:56.800><c> moon.</c><00:04:57.680><c> Why?</c>

03:13.876 --> 03:13.886 align:start position:0%
stranger than the rest of the moon. Why?
 

03:13.886 --> 03:16.756 align:start position:0%
stranger than the rest of the moon. Why?
Well,<00:04:58.960><c> it</c><00:04:59.199><c> all</c><00:04:59.360><c> comes</c><00:04:59.600><c> down</c><00:04:59.840><c> to</c><00:05:00.240><c> axle</c><00:05:00.639><c> tilt</c><00:05:01.280><c> and</c>

03:16.756 --> 03:16.766 align:start position:0%
Well, it all comes down to axle tilt and
 

03:16.766 --> 03:19.795 align:start position:0%
Well, it all comes down to axle tilt and
ancient<00:05:01.919><c> comets.</c><00:05:03.120><c> On</c><00:05:03.360><c> Earth,</c><00:05:03.680><c> our</c><00:05:03.919><c> planet</c><00:05:04.320><c> has</c>

03:19.795 --> 03:19.805 align:start position:0%
ancient comets. On Earth, our planet has
 

03:19.805 --> 03:23.156 align:start position:0%
ancient comets. On Earth, our planet has
a<00:05:04.880><c> 23.5°</c><00:05:06.320><c> tilt,</c><00:05:06.880><c> which</c><00:05:07.120><c> means</c><00:05:07.360><c> that</c><00:05:07.600><c> even</c>

03:23.156 --> 03:23.166 align:start position:0%
a 23.5° tilt, which means that even
 

03:23.166 --> 03:25.476 align:start position:0%
a 23.5° tilt, which means that even
though<00:05:08.080><c> our</c><00:05:08.479><c> polar</c><00:05:08.880><c> regions</c><00:05:09.280><c> may</c><00:05:09.520><c> experience</c>

03:25.476 --> 03:25.486 align:start position:0%
though our polar regions may experience
 

03:25.486 --> 03:28.196 align:start position:0%
though our polar regions may experience
polar<00:05:10.560><c> night,</c><00:05:11.120><c> spending</c><00:05:11.680><c> months</c><00:05:12.000><c> in</c><00:05:12.320><c> darkness</c>

03:28.196 --> 03:28.206 align:start position:0%
polar night, spending months in darkness
 

03:28.206 --> 03:31.075 align:start position:0%
polar night, spending months in darkness
as<00:05:13.039><c> the</c><00:05:13.280><c> seasons</c><00:05:13.680><c> change,</c><00:05:14.479><c> so</c><00:05:14.880><c> does</c><00:05:15.120><c> the</c><00:05:15.360><c> angle</c>

03:31.075 --> 03:31.085 align:start position:0%
as the seasons change, so does the angle
 

03:31.085 --> 03:32.996 align:start position:0%
as the seasons change, so does the angle
and<00:05:16.160><c> amount</c><00:05:16.400><c> of</c><00:05:16.639><c> sunlight</c><00:05:17.039><c> that</c><00:05:17.360><c> reaches</c>

03:32.996 --> 03:33.006 align:start position:0%
and amount of sunlight that reaches
 

03:33.006 --> 03:35.876 align:start position:0%
and amount of sunlight that reaches
these<00:05:18.000><c> areas.</c><00:05:18.960><c> There</c><00:05:19.199><c> may</c><00:05:19.360><c> be</c><00:05:19.680><c> very</c><00:05:20.080><c> deep</c>

03:35.876 --> 03:35.886 align:start position:0%
these areas. There may be very deep
 

03:35.886 --> 03:38.196 align:start position:0%
these areas. There may be very deep
polar<00:05:20.960><c> ravines</c><00:05:21.600><c> or</c><00:05:21.919><c> caves</c><00:05:22.240><c> that</c><00:05:22.400><c> never</c><00:05:22.639><c> see</c>

03:38.196 --> 03:38.206 align:start position:0%
polar ravines or caves that never see
 

03:38.206 --> 03:40.596 align:start position:0%
polar ravines or caves that never see
sunlight,<00:05:23.600><c> but</c><00:05:23.840><c> really</c><00:05:24.240><c> there</c><00:05:24.479><c> are</c><00:05:24.639><c> no</c><00:05:24.960><c> parts</c>

03:40.596 --> 03:40.606 align:start position:0%
sunlight, but really there are no parts
 

03:40.606 --> 03:42.116 align:start position:0%
sunlight, but really there are no parts
of<00:05:25.440><c> the</c><00:05:25.600><c> surface</c><00:05:25.840><c> of</c><00:05:26.000><c> Earth</c><00:05:26.240><c> that</c><00:05:26.479><c> are</c>

03:42.116 --> 03:42.126 align:start position:0%
of the surface of Earth that are
 

03:42.126 --> 03:44.916 align:start position:0%
of the surface of Earth that are
continually<00:05:27.520><c> in</c><00:05:27.759><c> the</c><00:05:27.919><c> dark.</c><00:05:28.960><c> In</c><00:05:29.199><c> contrast,</c>

03:44.916 --> 03:44.926 align:start position:0%
continually in the dark. In contrast,
 

03:44.926 --> 03:46.916 align:start position:0%
continually in the dark. In contrast,
the<00:05:29.840><c> moon's</c><00:05:30.160><c> tilt</c><00:05:30.479><c> relative</c><00:05:30.800><c> to</c><00:05:30.960><c> the</c><00:05:31.120><c> sun</c><00:05:31.360><c> is</c>

03:46.916 --> 03:46.926 align:start position:0%
the moon's tilt relative to the sun is
 

03:46.926 --> 03:51.235 align:start position:0%
the moon's tilt relative to the sun is
almost<00:05:31.919><c> totally</c><00:05:32.560><c> upright</c><00:05:33.360><c> at</c><00:05:33.600><c> just</c><00:05:34.000><c> 1.6°.</c>

03:51.235 --> 03:51.245 align:start position:0%
almost totally upright at just 1.6°.
 

03:51.245 --> 03:53.716 align:start position:0%
almost totally upright at just 1.6°.
So,<00:05:36.320><c> some</c><00:05:36.560><c> places</c><00:05:36.880><c> in</c><00:05:37.039><c> the</c><00:05:37.199><c> lunar</c><00:05:37.520><c> south</c><00:05:37.759><c> pole</c>

03:53.716 --> 03:53.726 align:start position:0%
So, some places in the lunar south pole
 

03:53.726 --> 03:56.756 align:start position:0%
So, some places in the lunar south pole
never<00:05:38.960><c> get</c><00:05:39.280><c> direct</c><00:05:39.600><c> sunlight.</c><00:05:40.639><c> Instead,</c><00:05:41.120><c> it</c>

03:56.756 --> 03:56.766 align:start position:0%
never get direct sunlight. Instead, it
 

03:56.766 --> 03:59.636 align:start position:0%
never get direct sunlight. Instead, it
barely<00:05:42.000><c> skims</c><00:05:42.400><c> the</c><00:05:42.720><c> horizon</c><00:05:43.280><c> without</c><00:05:43.840><c> rising</c>

03:59.636 --> 03:59.646 align:start position:0%
barely skims the horizon without rising
 

03:59.646 --> 04:02.596 align:start position:0%
barely skims the horizon without rising
any<00:05:44.639><c> higher.</c><00:05:45.440><c> And</c><00:05:45.680><c> while</c><00:05:46.000><c> a</c><00:05:46.400><c> tall</c><00:05:46.800><c> crater</c>

04:02.596 --> 04:02.606 align:start position:0%
any higher. And while a tall crater
 

04:02.606 --> 04:04.676 align:start position:0%
any higher. And while a tall crater
ridge<00:05:47.600><c> may</c><00:05:47.840><c> get</c><00:05:48.080><c> nearly</c><00:05:48.639><c> continuous</c>

04:04.676 --> 04:04.686 align:start position:0%
ridge may get nearly continuous
 

04:04.686 --> 04:07.396 align:start position:0%
ridge may get nearly continuous
sunlight,<00:05:50.240><c> the</c><00:05:50.479><c> bottom</c><00:05:50.720><c> of</c><00:05:50.880><c> it</c><00:05:51.120><c> may</c><00:05:51.360><c> remain</c><00:05:51.759><c> in</c>

04:07.396 --> 04:07.406 align:start position:0%
sunlight, the bottom of it may remain in
 

04:07.406 --> 04:09.876 align:start position:0%
sunlight, the bottom of it may remain in
perpetual<00:05:52.720><c> shadow</c><00:05:53.440><c> with</c><00:05:53.680><c> nothing</c><00:05:54.080><c> to</c><00:05:54.240><c> warm</c>

04:09.876 --> 04:09.886 align:start position:0%
perpetual shadow with nothing to warm
 

04:09.886 --> 04:12.596 align:start position:0%
perpetual shadow with nothing to warm
the<00:05:54.720><c> surface.</c><00:05:55.759><c> Here,</c><00:05:56.320><c> temperatures</c><00:05:56.880><c> can</c><00:05:57.039><c> get</c>

04:12.596 --> 04:12.606 align:start position:0%
the surface. Here, temperatures can get
 

04:12.606 --> 04:17.476 align:start position:0%
the surface. Here, temperatures can get
as<00:05:57.520><c> low</c><00:05:57.919><c> as</c><00:05:58.320><c> -23°.</c>

04:17.476 --> 04:17.486 align:start position:0%
 
 

04:17.486 --> 04:19.556 align:start position:0%
 
Mapped<00:06:02.560><c> by</c><00:06:02.880><c> NASA's</c><00:06:03.360><c> Lunar</c><00:06:03.759><c> Reconnaissance</c>

04:19.556 --> 04:19.566 align:start position:0%
Mapped by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance
 

04:19.566 --> 04:22.355 align:start position:0%
Mapped by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter<00:06:04.720><c> in</c><00:06:04.880><c> 2013</c><00:06:05.919><c> and</c><00:06:06.080><c> aptly</c><00:06:06.560><c> named</c>

04:22.355 --> 04:22.365 align:start position:0%
Orbiter in 2013 and aptly named
 

04:22.365 --> 04:24.355 align:start position:0%
Orbiter in 2013 and aptly named
permanently<00:06:07.600><c> shadowed</c><00:06:08.080><c> regions,</c><00:06:08.880><c> the</c>

04:24.355 --> 04:24.365 align:start position:0%
permanently shadowed regions, the
 

04:24.365 --> 04:26.196 align:start position:0%
permanently shadowed regions, the
insides<00:06:09.520><c> of</c><00:06:09.600><c> these</c><00:06:09.840><c> craters</c><00:06:10.319><c> haven't</c><00:06:10.560><c> seen</c>

04:26.196 --> 04:26.206 align:start position:0%
insides of these craters haven't seen
 

04:26.206 --> 04:28.515 align:start position:0%
insides of these craters haven't seen
sunlight<00:06:11.280><c> in</c><00:06:11.440><c> more</c><00:06:11.680><c> than</c><00:06:11.919><c> two</c><00:06:12.160><c> billion</c><00:06:12.479><c> years,</c>

04:28.515 --> 04:28.525 align:start position:0%
sunlight in more than two billion years,
 

04:28.525 --> 04:31.396 align:start position:0%
sunlight in more than two billion years,
and<00:06:13.520><c> they</c><00:06:13.759><c> act</c><00:06:14.080><c> like</c><00:06:14.319><c> a</c><00:06:14.560><c> deep</c><00:06:14.800><c> freeze.</c><00:06:15.680><c> Water</c>

04:31.396 --> 04:31.406 align:start position:0%
and they act like a deep freeze. Water
 

04:31.406 --> 04:33.156 align:start position:0%
and they act like a deep freeze. Water
brought<00:06:16.319><c> to</c><00:06:16.479><c> the</c><00:06:16.639><c> moon</c><00:06:16.800><c> by</c><00:06:17.120><c> ancient</c><00:06:17.440><c> comet</c>

04:33.156 --> 04:33.166 align:start position:0%
brought to the moon by ancient comet
 

04:33.166 --> 04:35.396 align:start position:0%
brought to the moon by ancient comet
impacts<00:06:18.400><c> billions</c><00:06:18.800><c> of</c><00:06:18.960><c> years</c><00:06:19.120><c> ago</c><00:06:19.759><c> got</c>

04:35.396 --> 04:35.406 align:start position:0%
impacts billions of years ago got
 

04:35.406 --> 04:37.156 align:start position:0%
impacts billions of years ago got
trapped<00:06:20.400><c> down</c><00:06:20.639><c> there</c><00:06:20.880><c> in</c><00:06:21.120><c> the</c><00:06:21.280><c> dark,</c>

04:37.156 --> 04:37.166 align:start position:0%
trapped down there in the dark,
 

04:37.166 --> 04:40.515 align:start position:0%
trapped down there in the dark,
accumulating<00:06:22.720><c> as</c><00:06:23.039><c> ice.</c><00:06:23.840><c> This</c><00:06:24.240><c> geographically</c>

04:40.515 --> 04:40.525 align:start position:0%
accumulating as ice. This geographically
 

04:40.525 --> 04:43.075 align:start position:0%
accumulating as ice. This geographically
close<00:06:25.600><c> contrast</c><00:06:26.160><c> of</c><00:06:26.479><c> light</c><00:06:26.720><c> and</c><00:06:27.039><c> darkness,</c>

04:43.075 --> 04:43.085 align:start position:0%
close contrast of light and darkness,
 

04:43.085 --> 04:45.316 align:start position:0%
close contrast of light and darkness,
hot<00:06:28.000><c> and</c><00:06:28.240><c> cold,</c><00:06:28.960><c> presents</c><00:06:29.440><c> a</c><00:06:29.759><c> great</c>

04:45.316 --> 04:45.326 align:start position:0%
hot and cold, presents a great
 

04:45.326 --> 04:48.276 align:start position:0%
hot and cold, presents a great
opportunity.<00:06:31.199><c> We've</c><00:06:31.520><c> got</c><00:06:31.919><c> a</c><00:06:32.240><c> pristine</c>

04:48.276 --> 04:48.286 align:start position:0%
opportunity. We've got a pristine
 

04:48.286 --> 04:51.316 align:start position:0%
opportunity. We've got a pristine
conserved<00:06:33.520><c> water</c><00:06:33.840><c> source,</c><00:06:34.720><c> ridges</c><00:06:35.280><c> with</c><00:06:35.600><c> near</c>

04:51.316 --> 04:51.326 align:start position:0%
conserved water source, ridges with near
 

04:51.326 --> 04:53.235 align:start position:0%
conserved water source, ridges with near
continuous<00:06:36.560><c> sunlight</c><00:06:36.960><c> for</c><00:06:37.199><c> solar</c><00:06:37.520><c> panels</c>

04:53.235 --> 04:53.245 align:start position:0%
continuous sunlight for solar panels
 

04:53.245 --> 04:56.515 align:start position:0%
continuous sunlight for solar panels
collecting<00:06:38.319><c> energy,</c><00:06:39.280><c> and</c><00:06:40.080><c> great</c><00:06:40.560><c> real</c><00:06:40.800><c> estate</c>

04:56.515 --> 04:56.525 align:start position:0%
collecting energy, and great real estate
 

04:56.525 --> 04:58.836 align:start position:0%
collecting energy, and great real estate
options<00:06:41.919><c> boasting</c><00:06:42.400><c> indirect</c><00:06:43.120><c> nearly</c>

04:58.836 --> 04:58.846 align:start position:0%
options boasting indirect nearly
 

04:58.846 --> 05:00.916 align:start position:0%
options boasting indirect nearly
constant<00:06:44.000><c> light</c><00:06:44.400><c> and</c><00:06:44.720><c> milder</c><00:06:45.199><c> temperatures</c>

05:00.916 --> 05:00.926 align:start position:0%
constant light and milder temperatures
 

05:00.926 --> 05:02.596 align:start position:0%
constant light and milder temperatures
in<00:06:45.759><c> the</c><00:06:45.840><c> twilight</c><00:06:46.240><c> zone.</c><00:06:46.800><c> So,</c><00:06:47.039><c> moon</c>

05:02.596 --> 05:02.606 align:start position:0%
in the twilight zone. So, moon
 

05:02.606 --> 05:04.515 align:start position:0%
in the twilight zone. So, moon
inhabitants<00:06:47.919><c> wouldn't</c><00:06:48.240><c> need</c><00:06:48.400><c> to</c><00:06:48.560><c> endure</c><00:06:48.960><c> 2</c>

05:04.515 --> 05:04.525 align:start position:0%
inhabitants wouldn't need to endure 2
 

05:04.525 --> 05:06.996 align:start position:0%
inhabitants wouldn't need to endure 2
weeks<00:06:49.440><c> of</c><00:06:49.680><c> the</c><00:06:49.840><c> most</c><00:06:50.080><c> harsh</c><00:06:50.400><c> daylight</c><00:06:51.120><c> or</c><00:06:51.440><c> 2</c>

05:06.996 --> 05:07.006 align:start position:0%
weeks of the most harsh daylight or 2
 

05:07.006 --> 05:10.036 align:start position:0%
weeks of the most harsh daylight or 2
weeks<00:06:52.000><c> of</c><00:06:52.240><c> extreme</c><00:06:52.720><c> dark</c><00:06:53.120><c> and</c><00:06:53.360><c> frigid</c><00:06:53.840><c> cold.</c>

05:07.006 --> 05:10.996 align:start position:0%
code Astramm at checkout. Give it a
look.

05:09.949 --> 05:09.959 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:09.959 --> 05:11.789 align:start position:0%
 
All right,<00:08:29.120><c> now</c><00:08:29.360><c> that</c><00:08:29.520><c> we</c><00:08:29.680><c> know</c><00:08:29.759><c> where</c><00:08:30.000><c> the</c>

05:11.789 --> 05:11.799 align:start position:0%
All right, now that we know where the
 

05:11.799 --> 05:14.988 align:start position:0%
All right, now that we know where the
moon<00:08:30.319><c> base</c><00:08:30.639><c> will</c><00:08:30.800><c> be,</c><00:08:31.440><c> what</c><00:08:31.680><c> comes</c><00:08:31.919><c> next?</c><00:08:32.959><c> This</c>

05:14.988 --> 05:14.998 align:start position:0%
moon base will be, what comes next? This
 

05:14.998 --> 05:17.069 align:start position:0%
moon base will be, what comes next? This
is<00:08:33.440><c> the</c><00:08:33.680><c> start</c><00:08:33.919><c> of</c><00:08:34.080><c> the</c><00:08:34.240><c> fun</c><00:08:34.560><c> stuff</c><00:08:35.039><c> because</c>

05:17.069 --> 05:17.079 align:start position:0%
is the start of the fun stuff because
 

05:17.079 --> 05:20.748 align:start position:0%
is the start of the fun stuff because
the<00:08:35.599><c> answer</c><00:08:36.320><c> is</c><00:08:36.719><c> robots.</c>

05:20.748 --> 05:20.758 align:start position:0%
the answer is robots.
 

05:20.758 --> 05:22.428 align:start position:0%
the answer is robots.
The<00:08:39.279><c> blueprint</c><00:08:39.760><c> for</c><00:08:39.919><c> the</c><00:08:40.080><c> moon</c><00:08:40.240><c> base</c><00:08:40.560><c> is</c>

05:22.428 --> 05:22.438 align:start position:0%
The blueprint for the moon base is
 

05:22.438 --> 05:24.829 align:start position:0%
The blueprint for the moon base is
divided<00:08:41.120><c> into</c><00:08:41.519><c> three</c><00:08:41.919><c> phases.</c><00:08:42.800><c> I'll</c>

05:24.829 --> 05:24.839 align:start position:0%
divided into three phases. I'll
 

05:24.839 --> 05:26.829 align:start position:0%
divided into three phases. I'll
summarize<00:08:43.440><c> the</c><00:08:43.680><c> phases</c><00:08:44.000><c> for</c><00:08:44.240><c> a</c><00:08:44.480><c> big</c><00:08:44.720><c> picture</c>

05:26.829 --> 05:26.839 align:start position:0%
summarize the phases for a big picture
 

05:26.839 --> 05:28.909 align:start position:0%
summarize the phases for a big picture
view<00:08:45.440><c> first,</c><00:08:46.080><c> then</c><00:08:46.320><c> we'll</c><00:08:46.640><c> get</c><00:08:46.800><c> into</c><00:08:46.959><c> the</c>

05:28.909 --> 05:28.919 align:start position:0%
view first, then we'll get into the
 

05:28.919 --> 05:31.789 align:start position:0%
view first, then we'll get into the
details<00:08:47.519><c> of</c><00:08:47.680><c> each</c><00:08:47.920><c> step.</c><00:08:48.959><c> Phase</c><00:08:49.360><c> one</c><00:08:49.760><c> is</c>

05:31.789 --> 05:31.799 align:start position:0%
details of each step. Phase one is
 

05:31.799 --> 05:33.709 align:start position:0%
details of each step. Phase one is
already<00:08:50.480><c> in</c><00:08:50.640><c> motion</c><00:08:51.120><c> and</c><00:08:51.360><c> will</c><00:08:51.680><c> continue</c>

05:33.709 --> 05:33.719 align:start position:0%
already in motion and will continue
 

05:33.719 --> 05:36.668 align:start position:0%
already in motion and will continue
through<00:08:52.399><c> 2029.</c><00:08:53.680><c> It</c><00:08:53.920><c> focuses</c><00:08:54.320><c> on</c><00:08:54.480><c> robotic</c>

05:36.668 --> 05:36.678 align:start position:0%
through 2029. It focuses on robotic
 

05:36.678 --> 05:38.429 align:start position:0%
through 2029. It focuses on robotic
missions<00:08:55.360><c> to</c><00:08:55.600><c> survey</c><00:08:55.920><c> the</c><00:08:56.080><c> South</c><00:08:56.399><c> Pole</c>

05:38.429 --> 05:38.439 align:start position:0%
missions to survey the South Pole
 

05:38.439 --> 05:40.988 align:start position:0%
missions to survey the South Pole
region,<00:08:57.360><c> test</c><00:08:57.760><c> critical</c><00:08:58.160><c> technology,</c><00:08:59.040><c> and</c>

05:40.988 --> 05:40.998 align:start position:0%
region, test critical technology, and
 

05:40.998 --> 05:44.108 align:start position:0%
region, test critical technology, and
prepare<00:08:59.600><c> for</c><00:08:59.839><c> surface</c><00:09:00.320><c> operations.</c><00:09:01.600><c> Phase</c><00:09:02.000><c> 2</c>

05:44.108 --> 05:44.118 align:start position:0%
prepare for surface operations. Phase 2
 

05:44.118 --> 05:47.949 align:start position:0%
prepare for surface operations. Phase 2
is<00:09:02.640><c> slated</c><00:09:02.959><c> for</c><00:09:03.200><c> 2029</c><00:09:03.920><c> to</c><00:09:04.240><c> 2032</c><00:09:05.440><c> and</c><00:09:05.680><c> involves</c>

05:47.949 --> 05:47.959 align:start position:0%
is slated for 2029 to 2032 and involves
 

05:47.959 --> 05:50.429 align:start position:0%
is slated for 2029 to 2032 and involves
building<00:09:06.800><c> semi-permanent</c><00:09:07.680><c> infrastructure,</c>

05:50.429 --> 05:50.439 align:start position:0%
building semi-permanent infrastructure,
 

05:50.439 --> 05:53.069 align:start position:0%
building semi-permanent infrastructure,
testing<00:09:09.200><c> key</c><00:09:09.600><c> technology,</c><00:09:10.399><c> logistics,</c><00:09:11.040><c> and</c>

05:53.069 --> 05:53.079 align:start position:0%
testing key technology, logistics, and
 

05:53.079 --> 05:54.988 align:start position:0%
testing key technology, logistics, and
early<00:09:11.760><c> habitation.</c>

05:54.988 --> 05:54.998 align:start position:0%
early habitation.
 

05:54.998 --> 05:58.429 align:start position:0%
early habitation.
Phase<00:09:13.680><c> 3</c><00:09:14.160><c> covers</c><00:09:14.560><c> 2032</c><00:09:15.279><c> and</c><00:09:15.519><c> beyond,</c><00:09:16.320><c> aiming</c>

05:58.429 --> 05:58.439 align:start position:0%
Phase 3 covers 2032 and beyond, aiming
 

05:58.439 --> 06:00.429 align:start position:0%
Phase 3 covers 2032 and beyond, aiming
for<00:09:16.959><c> a</c><00:09:17.200><c> sustained</c><00:09:17.760><c> human</c><00:09:18.080><c> presence</c><00:09:18.399><c> on</c><00:09:18.560><c> the</c>

06:00.429 --> 06:00.439 align:start position:0%
for a sustained human presence on the
 

06:00.439 --> 06:02.829 align:start position:0%
for a sustained human presence on the
moon<00:09:19.120><c> with</c><00:09:19.519><c> routine</c><00:09:20.000><c> crew</c><00:09:20.320><c> rotations</c><00:09:20.880><c> and</c>

06:02.829 --> 06:02.839 align:start position:0%
moon with routine crew rotations and
 

06:02.839 --> 06:05.709 align:start position:0%
moon with routine crew rotations and
surface<00:09:21.519><c> activity.</c><00:09:22.800><c> After</c><00:09:23.120><c> that,</c><00:09:23.680><c> we'll</c><00:09:23.920><c> take</c>

06:05.709 --> 06:05.719 align:start position:0%
surface activity. After that, we'll take
 

06:05.719 --> 06:07.869 align:start position:0%
surface activity. After that, we'll take
a<00:09:24.160><c> look</c><00:09:24.320><c> at</c><00:09:24.480><c> what</c><00:09:24.800><c> people</c><00:09:25.279><c> other</c><00:09:25.600><c> than</c><00:09:25.760><c> NASA</c>

06:07.869 --> 06:07.879 align:start position:0%
a look at what people other than NASA
 

06:07.879 --> 06:10.829 align:start position:0%
a look at what people other than NASA
are<00:09:26.320><c> dreaming</c><00:09:26.640><c> up.</c><00:09:27.519><c> And</c><00:09:28.080><c> that's</c><00:09:28.320><c> where</c><00:09:28.640><c> things</c>

06:10.829 --> 06:10.839 align:start position:0%
are dreaming up. And that's where things
 

06:10.839 --> 06:13.709 align:start position:0%
are dreaming up. And that's where things
look<00:09:29.360><c> a</c><00:09:29.680><c> little</c><00:09:29.839><c> less</c><00:09:30.160><c> friendly.</c><00:09:31.519><c> Seeing</c><00:09:31.839><c> as</c>

06:13.709 --> 06:13.719 align:start position:0%
look a little less friendly. Seeing as
 

06:13.719 --> 06:15.789 align:start position:0%
look a little less friendly. Seeing as
we're<00:09:32.240><c> already</c><00:09:32.560><c> in</c><00:09:32.720><c> phase</c><00:09:33.040><c> one,</c><00:09:33.680><c> let's</c><00:09:34.000><c> get</c>

06:15.789 --> 06:15.799 align:start position:0%
we're already in phase one, let's get
 

06:15.799 --> 06:17.709 align:start position:0%
we're already in phase one, let's get
into<00:09:34.320><c> the</c><00:09:34.560><c> details</c><00:09:34.959><c> of</c><00:09:35.279><c> what's</c><00:09:35.600><c> happening</c>

06:17.709 --> 06:17.719 align:start position:0%
into the details of what's happening
 

06:17.719 --> 06:19.789 align:start position:0%
into the details of what's happening
now.<00:09:36.959><c> This</c><00:09:37.120><c> series</c><00:09:37.360><c> of</c><00:09:37.519><c> missions</c><00:09:37.839><c> will</c>

06:19.789 --> 06:19.799 align:start position:0%
now. This series of missions will
 

06:19.799 --> 06:21.789 align:start position:0%
now. This series of missions will
deliver<00:09:38.399><c> payloads</c><00:09:38.959><c> to</c><00:09:39.200><c> the</c><00:09:39.360><c> lunar</c><00:09:39.760><c> south</c>

06:21.789 --> 06:21.799 align:start position:0%
deliver payloads to the lunar south
 

06:21.799 --> 06:24.189 align:start position:0%
deliver payloads to the lunar south
pole.<00:09:40.720><c> The</c><00:09:40.959><c> first</c><00:09:41.120><c> of</c><00:09:41.279><c> which</c><00:09:41.600><c> has</c><00:09:41.760><c> a</c><00:09:42.000><c> targeted</c>

06:24.189 --> 06:24.199 align:start position:0%
pole. The first of which has a targeted
 

06:24.199 --> 06:27.469 align:start position:0%
pole. The first of which has a targeted
launch<00:09:42.800><c> date</c><00:09:43.040><c> of</c><00:09:43.360><c> early</c><00:09:43.760><c> 2027.</c><00:09:45.200><c> Among</c><00:09:45.600><c> the</c>

06:27.469 --> 06:27.479 align:start position:0%
launch date of early 2027. Among the
 

06:27.479 --> 06:29.149 align:start position:0%
launch date of early 2027. Among the
equipment<00:09:46.080><c> to</c><00:09:46.240><c> be</c><00:09:46.399><c> delivered</c><00:09:46.720><c> on</c><00:09:46.880><c> this</c><00:09:47.120><c> first</c>

06:29.149 --> 06:29.159 align:start position:0%
equipment to be delivered on this first
 

06:29.159 --> 06:31.469 align:start position:0%
equipment to be delivered on this first
landing<00:09:48.000><c> will</c><00:09:48.240><c> be</c><00:09:48.480><c> stereo</c><00:09:48.959><c> cameras</c><00:09:49.360><c> to</c><00:09:49.519><c> study</c>

06:31.469 --> 06:31.479 align:start position:0%
landing will be stereo cameras to study
 

06:31.479 --> 06:33.309 align:start position:0%
landing will be stereo cameras to study
how<00:09:50.000><c> thrusters</c><00:09:50.640><c> interact</c><00:09:51.040><c> with</c><00:09:51.200><c> the</c><00:09:51.360><c> moon's</c>

06:33.309 --> 06:33.319 align:start position:0%
how thrusters interact with the moon's
 

06:33.319 --> 06:35.949 align:start position:0%
how thrusters interact with the moon's
surface<00:09:52.399><c> and</c><00:09:52.640><c> a</c><00:09:52.800><c> laser</c><00:09:53.279><c> retroreflective</c>

06:35.949 --> 06:35.959 align:start position:0%
surface and a laser retroreflective
 

06:35.959 --> 06:38.749 align:start position:0%
surface and a laser retroreflective
array<00:09:54.880><c> used</c><00:09:55.200><c> to</c><00:09:55.360><c> measure</c><00:09:55.680><c> precise</c><00:09:56.240><c> distances</c>

06:38.749 --> 06:38.759 align:start position:0%
array used to measure precise distances
 

06:38.759 --> 06:41.469 align:start position:0%
array used to measure precise distances
and<00:09:57.360><c> guide</c><00:09:57.680><c> spacecraft.</c><00:09:58.880><c> It</c><00:09:59.120><c> will</c><00:09:59.279><c> touch</c><00:09:59.519><c> down</c>

06:41.469 --> 06:41.479 align:start position:0%
and guide spacecraft. It will touch down
 

06:41.479 --> 06:43.309 align:start position:0%
and guide spacecraft. It will touch down
on<00:09:59.920><c> what's</c><00:10:00.160><c> known</c><00:10:00.399><c> as</c><00:10:00.560><c> the</c><00:10:00.720><c> Shackleton</c>

06:43.309 --> 06:43.319 align:start position:0%
on what's known as the Shackleton
 

06:43.319 --> 06:46.029 align:start position:0%
on what's known as the Shackleton
connecting<00:10:02.160><c> ridge,</c><00:10:02.880><c> a</c><00:10:03.120><c> narrow</c><00:10:03.600><c> strip</c><00:10:03.839><c> of</c><00:10:04.080><c> high</c>

06:46.029 --> 06:46.039 align:start position:0%
connecting ridge, a narrow strip of high
 

06:46.039 --> 06:47.949 align:start position:0%
connecting ridge, a narrow strip of high
ground<00:10:04.480><c> that</c><00:10:04.800><c> extends</c><00:10:05.200><c> away</c><00:10:05.440><c> from</c><00:10:05.680><c> the</c><00:10:05.839><c> rim</c><00:10:06.080><c> of</c>

06:47.949 --> 06:47.959 align:start position:0%
ground that extends away from the rim of
 

06:47.959 --> 06:50.589 align:start position:0%
ground that extends away from the rim of
Shackleton<00:10:06.880><c> Crater.</c><00:10:07.760><c> It</c><00:10:08.000><c> is</c><00:10:08.160><c> one</c><00:10:08.320><c> of</c><00:10:08.399><c> the</c><00:10:08.640><c> most</c>

06:50.589 --> 06:50.599 align:start position:0%
Shackleton Crater. It is one of the most
 

06:50.599 --> 06:52.749 align:start position:0%
Shackleton Crater. It is one of the most
scientifically<00:10:09.839><c> important</c><00:10:10.480><c> permanently</c>

06:52.749 --> 06:52.759 align:start position:0%
scientifically important permanently
 

06:52.759 --> 06:54.749 align:start position:0%
scientifically important permanently
shadowed<00:10:11.360><c> craters</c><00:10:11.760><c> at</c><00:10:12.000><c> the</c><00:10:12.160><c> south</c><00:10:12.399><c> pole</c>

06:54.749 --> 06:54.759 align:start position:0%
shadowed craters at the south pole
 

06:54.759 --> 06:56.668 align:start position:0%
shadowed craters at the south pole
because<00:10:13.279><c> it</c><00:10:13.519><c> provides</c><00:10:13.920><c> the</c><00:10:14.160><c> perfect</c><00:10:14.480><c> mix</c><00:10:14.720><c> of</c>

06:56.668 --> 06:56.678 align:start position:0%
because it provides the perfect mix of
 

06:56.678 --> 06:59.069 align:start position:0%
because it provides the perfect mix of
water<00:10:15.279><c> ice</c><00:10:15.440><c> at</c><00:10:15.600><c> the</c><00:10:15.680><c> crater</c><00:10:16.079><c> floor</c><00:10:16.560><c> and</c><00:10:16.880><c> almost</c>

06:59.069 --> 06:59.079 align:start position:0%
water ice at the crater floor and almost
 

06:59.079 --> 07:01.069 align:start position:0%
water ice at the crater floor and almost
constant<00:10:17.920><c> sunlight</c><00:10:18.320><c> at</c><00:10:18.480><c> the</c><00:10:18.640><c> rim</c><00:10:18.959><c> that</c><00:10:19.200><c> I</c>

07:01.069 --> 07:01.079 align:start position:0%
constant sunlight at the rim that I
 

07:01.079 --> 07:03.389 align:start position:0%
constant sunlight at the rim that I
mentioned<00:10:19.680><c> earlier.</c><00:10:20.640><c> It</c><00:10:20.880><c> also</c><00:10:21.120><c> has</c><00:10:21.200><c> a</c><00:10:21.440><c> clear</c>

07:03.389 --> 07:03.399 align:start position:0%
mentioned earlier. It also has a clear
 

07:03.399 --> 07:05.389 align:start position:0%
mentioned earlier. It also has a clear
line<00:10:21.920><c> of</c><00:10:22.079><c> sight,</c><00:10:22.560><c> making</c><00:10:22.880><c> communication</c><00:10:23.440><c> with</c>

07:05.389 --> 07:05.399 align:start position:0%
line of sight, making communication with
 

07:05.399 --> 07:07.709 align:start position:0%
line of sight, making communication with
Earth<00:10:24.000><c> relatively</c><00:10:24.560><c> easy,</c><00:10:25.120><c> reducing</c><00:10:25.519><c> the</c><00:10:25.680><c> risk</c>

07:07.709 --> 07:07.719 align:start position:0%
Earth relatively easy, reducing the risk
 

07:07.719 --> 07:10.509 align:start position:0%
Earth relatively easy, reducing the risk
for<00:10:26.240><c> the</c><00:10:26.640><c> later</c><00:10:27.040><c> crude</c><00:10:27.440><c> landing</c><00:10:28.000><c> of</c><00:10:28.240><c> Arteimus</c>

07:10.509 --> 07:10.519 align:start position:0%
for the later crude landing of Arteimus
 

07:10.519 --> 07:13.709 align:start position:0%
for the later crude landing of Arteimus
4<00:10:29.040><c> in</c><00:10:29.279><c> 2028.</c><00:10:30.320><c> Other</c><00:10:30.959><c> phase</c><00:10:31.279><c> 1</c><00:10:31.519><c> missions</c>

07:13.709 --> 07:13.719 align:start position:0%
4 in 2028. Other phase 1 missions
 

07:13.719 --> 07:16.108 align:start position:0%
4 in 2028. Other phase 1 missions
originally<00:10:32.480><c> targeted</c><00:10:32.880><c> to</c><00:10:33.040><c> launch</c><00:10:33.279><c> in</c><00:10:33.519><c> 2026</c>

07:16.108 --> 07:16.118 align:start position:0%
originally targeted to launch in 2026
 

07:16.118 --> 07:17.869 align:start position:0%
originally targeted to launch in 2026
will<00:10:34.720><c> deliver</c><00:10:35.200><c> international</c><00:10:35.839><c> science</c>

07:17.869 --> 07:17.879 align:start position:0%
will deliver international science
 

07:17.879 --> 07:20.668 align:start position:0%
will deliver international science
payloads<00:10:36.959><c> and</c><00:10:37.200><c> Astrolab's</c><00:10:38.079><c> Flex</c><00:10:38.560><c> Luna</c>

07:20.668 --> 07:20.678 align:start position:0%
payloads and Astrolab's Flex Luna
 

07:20.678 --> 07:22.988 align:start position:0%
payloads and Astrolab's Flex Luna
Innovation<00:10:39.519><c> Platform,</c><00:10:40.320><c> a</c><00:10:40.560><c> rover</c><00:10:40.880><c> that</c><00:10:41.040><c> will</c>

07:22.988 --> 07:22.998 align:start position:0%
Innovation Platform, a rover that will
 

07:22.998 --> 07:24.509 align:start position:0%
Innovation Platform, a rover that will
demonstrate<00:10:41.839><c> important</c><00:10:42.320><c> mobility</c>

07:24.509 --> 07:24.519 align:start position:0%
demonstrate important mobility
 

07:24.519 --> 07:27.069 align:start position:0%
demonstrate important mobility
technology<00:10:43.519><c> and</c><00:10:43.839><c> inform</c><00:10:44.480><c> future</c><00:10:44.959><c> lunar</c>

07:27.069 --> 07:27.079 align:start position:0%
technology and inform future lunar
 

07:27.079 --> 07:30.269 align:start position:0%
technology and inform future lunar
terrain<00:10:45.760><c> vehicle</c><00:10:46.160><c> or</c><00:10:46.560><c> LTV</c><00:10:47.200><c> use.</c><00:10:48.240><c> It's</c>

07:30.269 --> 07:30.279 align:start position:0%
terrain vehicle or LTV use. It's
 

07:30.279 --> 07:31.709 align:start position:0%
terrain vehicle or LTV use. It's
designed<00:10:48.880><c> to</c><00:10:49.120><c> deliver</c><00:10:49.519><c> scientific</c>

07:31.709 --> 07:31.719 align:start position:0%
designed to deliver scientific
 

07:31.719 --> 07:33.709 align:start position:0%
designed to deliver scientific
instruments<00:10:50.399><c> and</c><00:10:50.640><c> equipment</c><00:10:51.279><c> as</c><00:10:51.519><c> well</c><00:10:51.680><c> as</c>

07:33.709 --> 07:33.719 align:start position:0%
instruments and equipment as well as
 

07:33.719 --> 07:36.429 align:start position:0%
instruments and equipment as well as
operate<00:10:52.480><c> autonomously.</c><00:10:53.760><c> I</c><00:10:54.000><c> told</c><00:10:54.160><c> you</c><00:10:54.399><c> there'd</c>

07:36.429 --> 07:36.439 align:start position:0%
operate autonomously. I told you there'd
 

07:36.439 --> 07:39.228 align:start position:0%
operate autonomously. I told you there'd
be<00:10:54.959><c> robots.</c><00:10:56.000><c> Alongside</c><00:10:56.480><c> these</c><00:10:56.720><c> landers,</c><00:10:57.120><c> NASA</c>

07:39.228 --> 07:39.238 align:start position:0%
be robots. Alongside these landers, NASA
 

07:39.238 --> 07:41.228 align:start position:0%
be robots. Alongside these landers, NASA
has<00:10:57.680><c> announced</c><00:10:57.920><c> a</c><00:10:58.160><c> fleet</c><00:10:58.399><c> of</c><00:10:58.560><c> small</c><00:10:59.040><c> hopping</c>

07:41.228 --> 07:41.238 align:start position:0%
has announced a fleet of small hopping
 

07:41.238 --> 07:44.429 align:start position:0%
has announced a fleet of small hopping
robots<00:11:00.160><c> nicknamed</c><00:11:00.959><c> Moonfall</c><00:11:01.519><c> Drones</c><00:11:02.240><c> to</c><00:11:02.480><c> set</c>

07:44.429 --> 07:44.439 align:start position:0%
robots nicknamed Moonfall Drones to set
 

07:44.439 --> 07:47.309 align:start position:0%
robots nicknamed Moonfall Drones to set
launch<00:11:03.040><c> in</c><00:11:03.279><c> a</c><00:11:03.440><c> single</c><00:11:03.760><c> mission</c><00:11:04.079><c> in</c><00:11:04.320><c> 2028.</c>

07:47.309 --> 07:47.319 align:start position:0%
launch in a single mission in 2028.
 

07:47.319 --> 07:49.469 align:start position:0%
launch in a single mission in 2028.
Inspired<00:11:06.079><c> by</c><00:11:06.320><c> NASA's</c><00:11:06.800><c> Ingenuity</c><00:11:07.440><c> Mars</c>

07:49.469 --> 07:49.479 align:start position:0%
Inspired by NASA's Ingenuity Mars
 

07:49.479 --> 07:52.029 align:start position:0%
Inspired by NASA's Ingenuity Mars
helicopter,<00:11:08.640><c> the</c><00:11:08.880><c> Moonfall</c><00:11:09.440><c> drones</c><00:11:09.839><c> will</c><00:11:10.079><c> fly</c>

07:52.029 --> 07:52.039 align:start position:0%
helicopter, the Moonfall drones will fly
 

07:52.039 --> 07:54.589 align:start position:0%
helicopter, the Moonfall drones will fly
to<00:11:10.480><c> the</c><00:11:10.640><c> moon</c><00:11:10.880><c> aboard</c><00:11:11.279><c> Firefly</c><00:11:11.920><c> Aerospace's</c>

07:54.589 --> 07:54.599 align:start position:0%
to the moon aboard Firefly Aerospace's
 

07:54.599 --> 07:56.988 align:start position:0%
to the moon aboard Firefly Aerospace's
Elytra<00:11:13.440><c> spacecraft</c><00:11:14.079><c> and</c><00:11:14.399><c> deploy</c><00:11:14.880><c> during</c>

07:56.988 --> 07:56.998 align:start position:0%
Elytra spacecraft and deploy during
 

07:56.998 --> 07:59.709 align:start position:0%
Elytra spacecraft and deploy during
descent<00:11:15.680><c> to</c><00:11:15.839><c> the</c><00:11:16.000><c> lunar</c><00:11:16.320><c> surface.</c><00:11:17.680><c> Rather</c>

07:59.709 --> 07:59.719 align:start position:0%
descent to the lunar surface. Rather
 

07:59.719 --> 08:01.548 align:start position:0%
descent to the lunar surface. Rather
than<00:11:18.240><c> carrying</c><00:11:18.720><c> across</c><00:11:18.959><c> the</c><00:11:19.200><c> surface</c><00:11:19.440><c> the</c><00:11:19.680><c> way</c>

08:01.548 --> 08:01.558 align:start position:0%
than carrying across the surface the way
 

08:01.558 --> 08:03.788 align:start position:0%
than carrying across the surface the way
traditional<00:11:20.320><c> rovers</c><00:11:20.720><c> do,</c><00:11:21.360><c> these</c><00:11:21.600><c> drones</c><00:11:21.920><c> are</c>

08:03.788 --> 08:03.798 align:start position:0%
traditional rovers do, these drones are
 

08:03.798 --> 08:05.788 align:start position:0%
traditional rovers do, these drones are
designed<00:11:22.399><c> to</c><00:11:22.640><c> fly</c><00:11:22.880><c> from</c><00:11:23.120><c> point</c><00:11:23.360><c> to</c><00:11:23.600><c> point</c>

08:05.788 --> 08:05.798 align:start position:0%
designed to fly from point to point
 

08:05.798 --> 08:08.269 align:start position:0%
designed to fly from point to point
across<00:11:24.480><c> the</c><00:11:24.720><c> rugged</c><00:11:25.440><c> crater</c><00:11:25.920><c> pock</c><00:11:26.240><c> terrain</c>

08:08.269 --> 08:08.279 align:start position:0%
across the rugged crater pock terrain
 

08:08.279 --> 08:10.909 align:start position:0%
across the rugged crater pock terrain
near<00:11:26.800><c> the</c><00:11:26.959><c> pole.</c><00:11:27.680><c> A</c><00:11:27.920><c> method</c><00:11:28.160><c> that's</c><00:11:28.640><c> far</c><00:11:28.959><c> more</c>

08:10.909 --> 08:10.919 align:start position:0%
near the pole. A method that's far more
 

08:10.919 --> 08:12.829 align:start position:0%
near the pole. A method that's far more
effective<00:11:29.600><c> than</c><00:11:29.839><c> wheeled</c><00:11:30.240><c> travel</c><00:11:30.640><c> in</c><00:11:30.880><c> an</c>

08:12.829 --> 08:12.839 align:start position:0%
effective than wheeled travel in an
 

08:12.839 --> 08:14.589 align:start position:0%
effective than wheeled travel in an
environment<00:11:31.519><c> full</c><00:11:31.760><c> of</c><00:11:31.920><c> steep</c><00:11:32.240><c> slopes</c><00:11:32.640><c> and</c>

08:14.589 --> 08:14.599 align:start position:0%
environment full of steep slopes and
 

08:14.599 --> 08:16.909 align:start position:0%
environment full of steep slopes and
boulder<00:11:33.279><c> fields</c><00:11:33.839><c> and</c><00:11:34.079><c> aided</c><00:11:34.560><c> by</c><00:11:34.800><c> reduced</c>

08:16.909 --> 08:16.919 align:start position:0%
boulder fields and aided by reduced
 

08:16.919 --> 08:19.788 align:start position:0%
boulder fields and aided by reduced
gravity.<00:11:36.480><c> Their</c><00:11:36.800><c> job</c><00:11:37.120><c> is</c><00:11:37.279><c> to</c><00:11:37.519><c> survey</c><00:11:37.839><c> the</c>

08:19.788 --> 08:19.798 align:start position:0%
gravity. Their job is to survey the
 

08:19.798 --> 08:22.108 align:start position:0%
gravity. Their job is to survey the
terrain<00:11:38.480><c> in</c><00:11:38.800><c> high</c><00:11:39.040><c> resolution,</c><00:11:39.920><c> gathering</c>

08:22.108 --> 08:22.118 align:start position:0%
terrain in high resolution, gathering
 

08:22.118 --> 08:23.869 align:start position:0%
terrain in high resolution, gathering
detailed<00:11:40.880><c> imagery</c><00:11:41.200><c> that</c><00:11:41.440><c> mission</c><00:11:41.760><c> planners</c>

08:23.869 --> 08:23.879 align:start position:0%
detailed imagery that mission planners
 

08:23.879 --> 08:26.189 align:start position:0%
detailed imagery that mission planners
need<00:11:42.399><c> ahead</c><00:11:42.720><c> of</c><00:11:42.800><c> the</c><00:11:42.959><c> crude</c><00:11:43.279><c> missions.</c><00:11:44.160><c> After</c>

08:26.189 --> 08:26.199 align:start position:0%
need ahead of the crude missions. After
 

08:26.199 --> 08:28.029 align:start position:0%
need ahead of the crude missions. After
their<00:11:44.720><c> initial</c><00:11:45.040><c> survey</c><00:11:45.440><c> work</c><00:11:45.600><c> is</c><00:11:45.839><c> complete,</c>

08:28.029 --> 08:28.039 align:start position:0%
their initial survey work is complete,
 

08:28.039 --> 08:29.869 align:start position:0%
their initial survey work is complete,
the<00:11:46.560><c> drones</c><00:11:46.880><c> will</c><00:11:47.120><c> continue</c><00:11:47.440><c> operating</c><00:11:47.920><c> for</c>

08:29.869 --> 08:29.879 align:start position:0%
the drones will continue operating for
 

08:29.879 --> 08:32.269 align:start position:0%
the drones will continue operating for
months,<00:11:48.720><c> providing</c><00:11:49.279><c> an</c><00:11:49.600><c> ongoing</c><00:11:50.079><c> stream</c><00:11:50.399><c> of</c>

08:32.269 --> 08:32.279 align:start position:0%
months, providing an ongoing stream of
 

08:32.279 --> 08:35.069 align:start position:0%
months, providing an ongoing stream of
data<00:11:50.880><c> about</c><00:11:51.200><c> the</c><00:11:51.440><c> region.</c><00:11:52.480><c> Talk</c><00:11:52.800><c> about</c><00:11:52.959><c> a</c>

08:35.069 --> 08:35.079 align:start position:0%
data about the region. Talk about a
 

08:35.079 --> 08:36.988 align:start position:0%
data about the region. Talk about a
lofty<00:11:53.760><c> set</c><00:11:53.920><c> of</c><00:11:54.079><c> goals</c><00:11:54.320><c> to</c><00:11:54.560><c> squeeze</c><00:11:54.880><c> into</c><00:11:55.120><c> the</c>

08:36.988 --> 08:36.998 align:start position:0%
lofty set of goals to squeeze into the
 

08:36.998 --> 08:41.069 align:start position:0%
lofty set of goals to squeeze into the
next<00:11:55.519><c> 3</c><00:11:55.760><c> years.</c><00:11:56.640><c> As</c><00:11:56.880><c> many</c><00:11:57.120><c> as</c><00:11:57.760><c> 21</c><00:11:58.480><c> landings</c><00:11:59.040><c> in</c>

08:41.069 --> 08:41.079 align:start position:0%
next 3 years. As many as 21 landings in
 

08:41.079 --> 08:45.228 align:start position:0%
next 3 years. As many as 21 landings in
just<00:11:59.600><c> 36</c><00:12:00.240><c> months</c><00:12:00.880><c> is</c><00:12:01.279><c> a</c><00:12:01.600><c> genuinely</c><00:12:02.399><c> aggressive</c>

08:45.228 --> 08:45.238 align:start position:0%
just 36 months is a genuinely aggressive
 

08:45.238 --> 08:47.309 align:start position:0%
just 36 months is a genuinely aggressive
short-term<00:12:04.160><c> deadline.</c><00:12:04.880><c> And</c><00:12:05.040><c> it</c><00:12:05.200><c> tells</c><00:12:05.440><c> you</c>

08:47.309 --> 08:47.319 align:start position:0%
short-term deadline. And it tells you
 

08:47.319 --> 08:48.909 align:start position:0%
short-term deadline. And it tells you
something<00:12:05.920><c> important</c><00:12:06.320><c> about</c><00:12:06.639><c> where</c><00:12:06.880><c> we</c><00:12:07.040><c> are</c>

08:48.909 --> 08:48.919 align:start position:0%
something important about where we are
 

08:48.919 --> 08:51.469 align:start position:0%
something important about where we are
in<00:12:07.440><c> this</c><00:12:07.600><c> story.</c><00:12:08.560><c> Despite</c><00:12:08.959><c> a</c><00:12:09.200><c> proposed</c><00:12:09.519><c> budget</c>

08:51.469 --> 08:51.479 align:start position:0%
in this story. Despite a proposed budget
 

08:51.479 --> 08:54.029 align:start position:0%
in this story. Despite a proposed budget
cut<00:12:09.920><c> to</c><00:12:10.079><c> NASA</c><00:12:10.399><c> for</c><00:12:10.639><c> 2027,</c><00:12:11.600><c> which</c><00:12:11.839><c> will</c><00:12:12.079><c> cut</c>

08:54.029 --> 08:54.039 align:start position:0%
cut to NASA for 2027, which will cut
 

08:54.039 --> 08:57.389 align:start position:0%
cut to NASA for 2027, which will cut
total<00:12:12.639><c> funding</c><00:12:12.959><c> by</c><00:12:13.360><c> 23%</c><00:12:14.560><c> and</c><00:12:14.959><c> reduce</c><00:12:15.360><c> funding</c>

08:57.389 --> 08:57.399 align:start position:0%
total funding by 23% and reduce funding
 

08:57.399 --> 09:00.108 align:start position:0%
total funding by 23% and reduce funding
to<00:12:15.920><c> science</c><00:12:16.320><c> programs</c><00:12:16.720><c> by</c><00:12:16.959><c> nearly</c><00:12:17.279><c> half,</c><00:12:18.160><c> the</c>

09:00.108 --> 09:00.118 align:start position:0%
to science programs by nearly half, the
 

09:00.118 --> 09:02.668 align:start position:0%
to science programs by nearly half, the
budget<00:12:18.880><c> does</c><00:12:19.279><c> maintain</c><00:12:20.079><c> and</c><00:12:20.480><c> actually</c>

09:02.668 --> 09:02.678 align:start position:0%
budget does maintain and actually
 

09:02.678 --> 09:06.509 align:start position:0%
budget does maintain and actually
increases<00:12:21.920><c> funding</c><00:12:22.480><c> for</c><00:12:23.040><c> lunar</c><00:12:23.519><c> exploration.</c>

09:06.509 --> 09:06.519 align:start position:0%
increases funding for lunar exploration.
 

09:06.519 --> 09:08.509 align:start position:0%
increases funding for lunar exploration.
That<00:12:25.200><c> increase</c><00:12:25.519><c> will</c><00:12:25.760><c> help</c><00:12:26.000><c> to</c><00:12:26.240><c> fully</c><00:12:26.560><c> fund</c>

09:08.509 --> 09:08.519 align:start position:0%
That increase will help to fully fund
 

09:08.519 --> 09:11.548 align:start position:0%
That increase will help to fully fund
the<00:12:27.040><c> OTM</c><00:12:27.600><c> program</c><00:12:28.320><c> and</c><00:12:28.720><c> new</c><00:12:28.959><c> robotic</c><00:12:29.519><c> missions</c>

09:11.548 --> 09:11.558 align:start position:0%
the OTM program and new robotic missions
 

09:11.558 --> 09:14.348 align:start position:0%
the OTM program and new robotic missions
to<00:12:30.079><c> establish</c><00:12:30.560><c> a</c><00:12:30.800><c> moon</c><00:12:31.120><c> base.</c><00:12:32.000><c> This</c><00:12:32.160><c> isn't</c><00:12:32.480><c> a</c>

09:14.348 --> 09:14.358 align:start position:0%
to establish a moon base. This isn't a
 

09:14.358 --> 09:16.749 align:start position:0%
to establish a moon base. This isn't a
plan<00:12:33.040><c> sitting</c><00:12:33.360><c> in</c><00:12:33.519><c> a</c><00:12:33.680><c> drawer</c><00:12:34.160><c> waiting</c><00:12:34.560><c> for</c>

09:16.749 --> 09:16.759 align:start position:0%
plan sitting in a drawer waiting for
 

09:16.759 --> 09:19.869 align:start position:0%
plan sitting in a drawer waiting for
funding<00:12:35.600><c> decades</c><00:12:36.079><c> into</c><00:12:36.320><c> the</c><00:12:36.480><c> future.</c><00:12:37.360><c> This</c><00:12:37.839><c> is</c>

09:19.869 --> 09:19.879 align:start position:0%
funding decades into the future. This is
 

09:19.879 --> 09:22.668 align:start position:0%
funding decades into the future. This is
hardware<00:12:38.959><c> under</c><00:12:39.360><c> contract</c><00:12:40.079><c> with</c><00:12:40.480><c> named</c>

09:22.668 --> 09:22.678 align:start position:0%
hardware under contract with named
 

09:22.678 --> 09:25.309 align:start position:0%
hardware under contract with named
companies<00:12:41.680><c> being</c><00:12:42.000><c> funded</c><00:12:42.399><c> and</c><00:12:42.720><c> built</c><00:12:43.279><c> right</c>

09:25.309 --> 09:25.319 align:start position:0%
companies being funded and built right
 

09:25.319 --> 09:27.709 align:start position:0%
companies being funded and built right
now<00:12:44.240><c> and</c><00:12:44.480><c> aimed</c><00:12:44.800><c> for</c><00:12:45.040><c> completion</c><00:12:45.519><c> during</c><00:12:45.839><c> the</c>

09:27.709 --> 09:27.719 align:start position:0%
now and aimed for completion during the
 

09:27.719 --> 09:31.469 align:start position:0%
now and aimed for completion during the
specific<00:12:46.480><c> window</c><00:12:46.959><c> of</c><00:12:47.360><c> just</c><00:12:47.839><c> 3</c><00:12:48.160><c> years.</c><00:12:49.519><c> Think</c>

09:31.469 --> 09:31.479 align:start position:0%
specific window of just 3 years. Think
 

09:31.479 --> 09:34.108 align:start position:0%
specific window of just 3 years. Think
about<00:12:50.079><c> what</c><00:12:50.320><c> that</c><00:12:50.560><c> means</c><00:12:50.880><c> practically.</c><00:12:52.079><c> Long</c>

09:34.108 --> 09:34.118 align:start position:0%
about what that means practically. Long
 

09:34.118 --> 09:36.189 align:start position:0%
about what that means practically. Long
before<00:12:52.800><c> any</c><00:12:53.120><c> astronaut's</c><00:12:53.680><c> boots</c><00:12:54.000><c> touch</c><00:12:54.320><c> the</c>

09:36.189 --> 09:36.199 align:start position:0%
before any astronaut's boots touch the
 

09:36.199 --> 09:38.589 align:start position:0%
before any astronaut's boots touch the
ground<00:12:54.720><c> near</c><00:12:54.880><c> the</c><00:12:55.040><c> South</c><00:12:55.279><c> Pole,</c><00:12:56.079><c> this</c><00:12:56.480><c> small</c>

09:38.589 --> 09:38.599 align:start position:0%
ground near the South Pole, this small
 

09:38.599 --> 09:41.309 align:start position:0%
ground near the South Pole, this small
army<00:12:57.200><c> of</c><00:12:57.440><c> rovers,</c><00:12:58.240><c> landers,</c><00:12:58.639><c> and</c><00:12:58.880><c> drones</c><00:12:59.279><c> will</c>

09:41.309 --> 09:41.319 align:start position:0%
army of rovers, landers, and drones will
 

09:41.319 --> 09:43.869 align:start position:0%
army of rovers, landers, and drones will
already<00:13:00.000><c> have</c><00:13:00.240><c> crawled,</c><00:13:01.040><c> driven,</c><00:13:01.519><c> and</c><00:13:01.760><c> hopped</c>

09:43.869 --> 09:43.879 align:start position:0%
already have crawled, driven, and hopped
 

09:43.879 --> 09:45.788 align:start position:0%
already have crawled, driven, and hopped
across<00:13:02.480><c> the</c><00:13:02.800><c> exact</c><00:13:03.120><c> terrain</c><00:13:03.440><c> that</c><00:13:03.680><c> the</c><00:13:03.839><c> base</c>

09:45.788 --> 09:45.798 align:start position:0%
across the exact terrain that the base
 

09:45.798 --> 09:47.949 align:start position:0%
across the exact terrain that the base
will<00:13:04.320><c> eventually</c><00:13:04.720><c> sit</c><00:13:04.959><c> on.</c><00:13:05.600><c> They'll</c><00:13:05.920><c> measure</c>

09:47.949 --> 09:47.959 align:start position:0%
will eventually sit on. They'll measure
 

09:47.959 --> 09:50.108 align:start position:0%
will eventually sit on. They'll measure
the<00:13:06.399><c> ice.</c><00:13:07.040><c> They'll</c><00:13:07.360><c> map</c><00:13:07.680><c> the</c><00:13:07.920><c> boulders</c><00:13:08.240><c> and</c>

09:50.108 --> 09:50.118 align:start position:0%
the ice. They'll map the boulders and
 

09:50.118 --> 09:52.189 align:start position:0%
the ice. They'll map the boulders and
the<00:13:08.560><c> slopes.</c><00:13:09.360><c> They'll</c><00:13:09.600><c> test</c><00:13:09.920><c> the</c><00:13:10.160><c> solar</c>

09:52.189 --> 09:52.199 align:start position:0%
the slopes. They'll test the solar
 

09:52.199 --> 09:54.749 align:start position:0%
the slopes. They'll test the solar
panels<00:13:10.800><c> and</c><00:13:10.959><c> the</c><00:13:11.200><c> navigation</c><00:13:11.680><c> systems.</c><00:13:12.800><c> By</c>

09:54.749 --> 09:54.759 align:start position:0%
panels and the navigation systems. By
 

09:54.759 --> 09:56.829 align:start position:0%
panels and the navigation systems. By
the<00:13:13.200><c> time</c><00:13:13.360><c> a</c><00:13:13.600><c> crude</c><00:13:14.000><c> mission</c><00:13:14.320><c> arrives,</c><00:13:14.959><c> the</c>

09:56.829 --> 09:56.839 align:start position:0%
the time a crude mission arrives, the
 

09:56.839 --> 09:58.829 align:start position:0%
the time a crude mission arrives, the
base's<00:13:15.600><c> own</c><00:13:15.760><c> robotic</c><00:13:16.240><c> ancestors</c><00:13:16.800><c> will</c>

09:58.829 --> 09:58.839 align:start position:0%
base's own robotic ancestors will
 

09:58.839 --> 10:00.829 align:start position:0%
base's own robotic ancestors will
already<00:13:17.519><c> have</c><00:13:17.760><c> done</c><00:13:17.920><c> the</c><00:13:18.160><c> reconnaissance</c><00:13:18.880><c> to</c>

10:00.829 --> 10:00.839 align:start position:0%
already have done the reconnaissance to
 

10:00.839 --> 10:02.429 align:start position:0%
already have done the reconnaissance to
make<00:13:19.279><c> sure</c><00:13:19.440><c> the</c><00:13:19.680><c> environment</c><00:13:20.079><c> is</c><00:13:20.240><c> safe</c><00:13:20.480><c> for</c>

10:02.429 --> 10:02.439 align:start position:0%
make sure the environment is safe for
 

10:02.439 --> 10:05.309 align:start position:0%
make sure the environment is safe for
humans<00:13:21.200><c> and</c><00:13:21.440><c> the</c><00:13:21.680><c> water</c><00:13:22.000><c> is</c><00:13:22.320><c> good</c><00:13:22.480><c> to</c><00:13:22.639><c> drink.</c>

10:05.309 --> 10:05.319 align:start position:0%
humans and the water is good to drink.
 

10:05.319 --> 10:08.988 align:start position:0%
humans and the water is good to drink.
But<00:13:23.839><c> then</c><00:13:24.560><c> comes</c><00:13:24.800><c> the</c><00:13:25.040><c> hard</c><00:13:25.360><c> part.</c>

10:08.988 --> 10:08.998 align:start position:0%
But then comes the hard part.
 

10:08.998 --> 10:10.829 align:start position:0%
But then comes the hard part.
If<00:13:27.519><c> phase</c><00:13:27.839><c> one</c><00:13:28.079><c> is</c><00:13:28.240><c> characterized</c><00:13:28.800><c> by</c>

10:10.829 --> 10:10.839 align:start position:0%
If phase one is characterized by
 

10:10.839 --> 10:13.788 align:start position:0%
If phase one is characterized by
scouting,<00:13:29.920><c> then</c><00:13:30.160><c> phase</c><00:13:30.480><c> 2</c><00:13:30.959><c> is</c><00:13:31.279><c> all</c><00:13:31.600><c> about</c>

10:13.788 --> 10:13.798 align:start position:0%
scouting, then phase 2 is all about
 

10:13.798 --> 10:17.069 align:start position:0%
scouting, then phase 2 is all about
building.<00:13:33.040><c> beginning</c><00:13:33.440><c> in</c><00:13:33.760><c> 2029.</c>

10:17.069 --> 10:17.079 align:start position:0%
building. beginning in 2029.
 

10:17.079 --> 10:18.909 align:start position:0%
building. beginning in 2029.
This<00:13:35.600><c> phase</c><00:13:35.920><c> will</c><00:13:36.160><c> include</c><00:13:36.480><c> the</c><00:13:36.720><c> delivery</c><00:13:37.040><c> of</c>

10:18.909 --> 10:18.919 align:start position:0%
This phase will include the delivery of
 

10:18.919 --> 10:21.869 align:start position:0%
This phase will include the delivery of
up<00:13:37.440><c> to</c><00:13:37.600><c> 60</c><00:13:37.920><c> tons</c><00:13:38.160><c> of</c><00:13:38.320><c> cargo</c><00:13:38.720><c> across</c><00:13:39.200><c> as</c><00:13:39.519><c> many</c><00:13:39.760><c> as</c>

10:21.869 --> 10:21.879 align:start position:0%
up to 60 tons of cargo across as many as
 

10:21.879 --> 10:26.589 align:start position:0%
up to 60 tons of cargo across as many as
24<00:13:40.800><c> landings</c><00:13:41.760><c> lasting</c><00:13:42.240><c> from</c><00:13:42.480><c> 2029</c><00:13:43.200><c> to</c><00:13:43.600><c> 2032.</c>

10:26.589 --> 10:26.599 align:start position:0%
24 landings lasting from 2029 to 2032.
 

10:26.599 --> 10:28.988 align:start position:0%
24 landings lasting from 2029 to 2032.
Phase<00:13:45.279><c> 2</c><00:13:45.440><c> will</c><00:13:45.680><c> see</c><00:13:45.839><c> the</c><00:13:46.079><c> deployment</c><00:13:46.480><c> of</c><00:13:46.800><c> new</c>

10:28.988 --> 10:28.998 align:start position:0%
Phase 2 will see the deployment of new
 

10:28.998 --> 10:31.309 align:start position:0%
Phase 2 will see the deployment of new
and<00:13:47.519><c> expanding</c><00:13:48.240><c> power</c><00:13:48.560><c> systems</c><00:13:49.200><c> and</c><00:13:49.360><c> the</c>

10:31.309 --> 10:31.319 align:start position:0%
and expanding power systems and the
 

10:31.319 --> 10:33.709 align:start position:0%
and expanding power systems and the
delivery<00:13:50.000><c> of</c><00:13:50.240><c> upgraded</c><00:13:50.800><c> rovers</c><00:13:51.600><c> and</c>

10:33.709 --> 10:33.719 align:start position:0%
delivery of upgraded rovers and
 

10:33.719 --> 10:35.949 align:start position:0%
delivery of upgraded rovers and
potentially<00:13:52.800><c> more</c><00:13:53.200><c> advanced</c><00:13:53.760><c> moonfall</c>

10:35.949 --> 10:35.959 align:start position:0%
potentially more advanced moonfall
 

10:35.959 --> 10:39.228 align:start position:0%
potentially more advanced moonfall
drones.<00:13:55.200><c> A</c><00:13:55.440><c> highlight</c><00:13:55.760><c> of</c><00:13:56.000><c> these</c><00:13:56.320><c> LTVs</c><00:13:57.120><c> is</c><00:13:57.360><c> a</c>

10:39.228 --> 10:39.238 align:start position:0%
drones. A highlight of these LTVs is a
 

10:39.238 --> 10:40.908 align:start position:0%
drones. A highlight of these LTVs is a
pressurized<00:13:58.000><c> rover</c><00:13:58.320><c> that</c><00:13:58.480><c> will</c><00:13:58.639><c> be</c><00:13:58.720><c> built</c><00:13:59.040><c> by</c>

10:40.908 --> 10:40.918 align:start position:0%
pressurized rover that will be built by
 

10:40.918 --> 10:42.829 align:start position:0%
pressurized rover that will be built by
the<00:13:59.440><c> Japanese</c><00:13:59.920><c> Aerospace</c><00:14:00.560><c> Exploration</c>

10:42.829 --> 10:42.839 align:start position:0%
the Japanese Aerospace Exploration
 

10:42.839 --> 10:45.069 align:start position:0%
the Japanese Aerospace Exploration
Agency.<00:14:02.160><c> This</c><00:14:02.399><c> will</c><00:14:02.560><c> provide</c><00:14:02.880><c> astronauts</c>

10:45.069 --> 10:45.079 align:start position:0%
Agency. This will provide astronauts
 

10:45.079 --> 10:46.829 align:start position:0%
Agency. This will provide astronauts
with<00:14:03.519><c> the</c><00:14:03.760><c> ability</c><00:14:04.000><c> to</c><00:14:04.240><c> travel</c><00:14:04.639><c> greater</c>

10:46.829 --> 10:46.839 align:start position:0%
with the ability to travel greater
 

10:46.839 --> 10:48.908 align:start position:0%
with the ability to travel greater
distances,<00:14:05.920><c> living</c><00:14:06.320><c> and</c><00:14:06.639><c> working</c><00:14:06.880><c> in</c><00:14:07.040><c> the</c>

10:48.908 --> 10:48.918 align:start position:0%
distances, living and working in the
 

10:48.918 --> 10:51.548 align:start position:0%
distances, living and working in the
rover<00:14:07.600><c> for</c><00:14:07.760><c> up</c><00:14:07.920><c> to</c><00:14:08.160><c> 30</c><00:14:08.560><c> days,</c><00:14:09.360><c> allowing</c><00:14:09.680><c> them</c>

10:51.548 --> 10:51.558 align:start position:0%
rover for up to 30 days, allowing them
 

10:51.558 --> 10:53.548 align:start position:0%
rover for up to 30 days, allowing them
to<00:14:10.079><c> conduct</c><00:14:10.399><c> research</c><00:14:10.880><c> more</c><00:14:11.120><c> efficiently</c><00:14:11.600><c> and</c>

10:53.548 --> 10:53.558 align:start position:0%
to conduct research more efficiently and
 

10:53.558 --> 10:55.709 align:start position:0%
to conduct research more efficiently and
comfortably<00:14:12.560><c> without</c><00:14:12.959><c> the</c><00:14:13.199><c> need</c><00:14:13.360><c> to</c><00:14:13.519><c> wear</c><00:14:13.760><c> a</c>

10:55.709 --> 10:55.719 align:start position:0%
comfortably without the need to wear a
 

10:55.719 --> 10:58.589 align:start position:0%
comfortably without the need to wear a
spacuit<00:14:14.560><c> during</c><00:14:14.880><c> the</c><00:14:15.040><c> commute.</c><00:14:16.240><c> It's</c><00:14:16.480><c> sort</c><00:14:16.720><c> of</c>

10:58.589 --> 10:58.599 align:start position:0%
spacuit during the commute. It's sort of
 

10:58.599 --> 11:01.548 align:start position:0%
spacuit during the commute. It's sort of
like<00:14:17.199><c> a</c><00:14:17.440><c> lunar</c><00:14:17.760><c> camper</c><00:14:18.160><c> van,</c><00:14:18.880><c> and</c><00:14:19.120><c> I</c><00:14:19.440><c> certainly</c>

11:01.548 --> 11:01.558 align:start position:0%
like a lunar camper van, and I certainly
 

11:01.558 --> 11:04.269 align:start position:0%
like a lunar camper van, and I certainly
wouldn't<00:14:20.160><c> mind</c><00:14:20.399><c> trying</c><00:14:20.720><c> one</c><00:14:20.880><c> of</c><00:14:20.959><c> them</c><00:14:21.199><c> out.</c>

11:04.269 --> 11:04.279 align:start position:0%
wouldn't mind trying one of them out.
 

11:04.279 --> 11:07.069 align:start position:0%
wouldn't mind trying one of them out.
Next<00:14:22.800><c> is</c><00:14:23.199><c> communication</c><00:14:23.920><c> and</c><00:14:24.160><c> navigation.</c><00:14:25.120><c> On</c>

11:07.069 --> 11:07.079 align:start position:0%
Next is communication and navigation. On
 

11:07.079 --> 11:08.749 align:start position:0%
Next is communication and navigation. On
Earth,<00:14:25.600><c> we're</c><00:14:25.839><c> quite</c><00:14:26.079><c> used</c><00:14:26.160><c> to</c><00:14:26.320><c> having</c><00:14:26.560><c> GPS</c>

11:08.749 --> 11:08.759 align:start position:0%
Earth, we're quite used to having GPS
 

11:08.759 --> 11:10.988 align:start position:0%
Earth, we're quite used to having GPS
and<00:14:27.279><c> cell</c><00:14:27.600><c> networks.</c><00:14:28.399><c> But</c><00:14:28.560><c> on</c><00:14:28.720><c> the</c><00:14:28.880><c> moon,</c>

11:10.988 --> 11:10.998 align:start position:0%
and cell networks. But on the moon,
 

11:10.998 --> 11:12.988 align:start position:0%
and cell networks. But on the moon,
astronauts<00:14:29.839><c> have</c><00:14:30.079><c> had</c><00:14:30.240><c> to</c><00:14:30.399><c> navigate</c><00:14:30.880><c> without</c>

11:12.988 --> 11:12.998 align:start position:0%
astronauts have had to navigate without
 

11:12.998 --> 11:16.029 align:start position:0%
astronauts have had to navigate without
those,<00:14:32.000><c> which</c><00:14:32.320><c> is</c><00:14:32.560><c> a</c><00:14:33.040><c> serious</c><00:14:33.519><c> limitation</c><00:14:34.079><c> for</c>

11:16.029 --> 11:16.039 align:start position:0%
those, which is a serious limitation for
 

11:16.039 --> 11:17.869 align:start position:0%
those, which is a serious limitation for
a<00:14:34.480><c> permanent</c><00:14:34.800><c> moon</c><00:14:35.040><c> base</c><00:14:35.360><c> that</c><00:14:35.680><c> needs</c>

11:17.869 --> 11:17.879 align:start position:0%
a permanent moon base that needs
 

11:17.879 --> 11:20.749 align:start position:0%
a permanent moon base that needs
continuous,<00:14:37.040><c> reliable</c><00:14:37.680><c> connectivity.</c><00:14:38.800><c> I</c>

11:20.749 --> 11:20.759 align:start position:0%
continuous, reliable connectivity. I
 

11:20.759 --> 11:22.749 align:start position:0%
continuous, reliable connectivity. I
mean,<00:14:39.440><c> even</c><00:14:39.839><c> astronauts</c><00:14:40.480><c> will</c><00:14:40.639><c> want</c><00:14:40.800><c> to</c><00:14:40.959><c> be</c>

11:22.749 --> 11:22.759 align:start position:0%
mean, even astronauts will want to be
 

11:22.759 --> 11:25.629 align:start position:0%
mean, even astronauts will want to be
able<00:14:41.120><c> to</c><00:14:41.279><c> call</c><00:14:41.600><c> home.</c><00:14:42.480><c> NASA</c><00:14:42.959><c> plans</c><00:14:43.199><c> to</c><00:14:43.360><c> deploy</c>

11:25.629 --> 11:25.639 align:start position:0%
able to call home. NASA plans to deploy
 

11:25.639 --> 11:27.788 align:start position:0%
able to call home. NASA plans to deploy
dedicated<00:14:44.639><c> surfaceto-orbit</c><00:14:45.519><c> communication</c>

11:27.788 --> 11:27.798 align:start position:0%
dedicated surfaceto-orbit communication
 

11:27.798 --> 11:30.749 align:start position:0%
dedicated surfaceto-orbit communication
stations,<00:14:46.959><c> providing</c><00:14:47.440><c> higher</c><00:14:47.920><c> data</c><00:14:48.240><c> capacity</c>

11:30.749 --> 11:30.759 align:start position:0%
stations, providing higher data capacity
 

11:30.759 --> 11:33.069 align:start position:0%
stations, providing higher data capacity
and<00:14:49.279><c> more</c><00:14:49.519><c> reliable</c><00:14:50.000><c> connections.</c><00:14:51.040><c> This</c><00:14:51.279><c> is</c>

11:33.069 --> 11:33.079 align:start position:0%
and more reliable connections. This is
 

11:33.079 --> 11:34.988 align:start position:0%
and more reliable connections. This is
also<00:14:51.680><c> where</c><00:14:51.839><c> the</c><00:14:52.000><c> European</c><00:14:52.480><c> Space</c><00:14:52.720><c> Ay's</c>

11:34.988 --> 11:34.998 align:start position:0%
also where the European Space Ay's
 

11:34.998 --> 11:37.788 align:start position:0%
also where the European Space Ay's
Moonlight<00:14:53.839><c> program</c><00:14:54.240><c> comes</c><00:14:54.560><c> in.</c><00:14:55.199><c> Moonlight</c><00:14:55.839><c> is</c>

11:37.788 --> 11:37.798 align:start position:0%
Moonlight program comes in. Moonlight is
 

11:37.798 --> 11:40.348 align:start position:0%
Moonlight program comes in. Moonlight is
designed<00:14:56.399><c> to</c><00:14:56.560><c> be</c><00:14:56.800><c> in</c><00:14:57.040><c> effect</c><00:14:57.680><c> the</c><00:14:57.920><c> moon's</c><00:14:58.399><c> own</c>

11:40.348 --> 11:40.358 align:start position:0%
designed to be in effect the moon's own
 

11:40.358 --> 11:42.189 align:start position:0%
designed to be in effect the moon's own
version<00:14:58.959><c> of</c><00:14:59.120><c> GPS</c><00:14:59.600><c> and</c><00:14:59.920><c> cellular</c>

11:42.189 --> 11:42.199 align:start position:0%
version of GPS and cellular
 

11:42.199 --> 11:44.348 align:start position:0%
version of GPS and cellular
infrastructure<00:15:01.120><c> combined.</c><00:15:01.920><c> A</c><00:15:02.160><c> constellation</c>

11:44.348 --> 11:44.358 align:start position:0%
infrastructure combined. A constellation
 

11:44.358 --> 11:46.189 align:start position:0%
infrastructure combined. A constellation
of<00:15:02.800><c> satellites</c><00:15:03.279><c> in</c><00:15:03.440><c> orbit</c><00:15:03.760><c> around</c><00:15:04.000><c> it</c>

11:46.189 --> 11:46.199 align:start position:0%
of satellites in orbit around it
 

11:46.199 --> 11:48.108 align:start position:0%
of satellites in orbit around it
providing<00:15:04.959><c> navigation</c><00:15:05.519><c> and</c><00:15:05.839><c> communication</c>

11:48.108 --> 11:48.118 align:start position:0%
providing navigation and communication
 

11:48.118 --> 11:50.668 align:start position:0%
providing navigation and communication
services<00:15:07.120><c> to</c><00:15:07.360><c> landers,</c><00:15:08.079><c> rovers,</c><00:15:08.720><c> and</c>

11:50.668 --> 11:50.678 align:start position:0%
services to landers, rovers, and
 

11:50.678 --> 11:53.469 align:start position:0%
services to landers, rovers, and
eventually<00:15:09.680><c> astronauts</c><00:15:10.320><c> on</c><00:15:10.480><c> the</c><00:15:10.639><c> surface.</c>

11:53.469 --> 11:53.479 align:start position:0%
eventually astronauts on the surface.
 

11:53.479 --> 11:54.829 align:start position:0%
eventually astronauts on the surface.
Moonlight<00:15:12.240><c> is</c><00:15:12.399><c> being</c><00:15:12.560><c> developed</c><00:15:12.880><c> in</c>

11:54.829 --> 11:54.839 align:start position:0%
Moonlight is being developed in
 

11:54.839 --> 11:57.069 align:start position:0%
Moonlight is being developed in
coordination<00:15:13.600><c> with</c><00:15:13.760><c> NASA</c><00:15:14.399><c> and</c><00:15:14.639><c> Japan</c><00:15:15.120><c> Space</c>

11:57.069 --> 11:57.079 align:start position:0%
coordination with NASA and Japan Space
 

11:57.079 --> 11:59.869 align:start position:0%
coordination with NASA and Japan Space
Agency<00:15:15.839><c> JAXA</c><00:15:16.720><c> around</c><00:15:17.040><c> a</c><00:15:17.279><c> shared</c><00:15:17.600><c> set</c><00:15:17.839><c> of</c>

11:59.869 --> 11:59.879 align:start position:0%
Agency JAXA around a shared set of
 

11:59.879 --> 12:02.668 align:start position:0%
Agency JAXA around a shared set of
technical<00:15:18.639><c> standards</c><00:15:19.120><c> known</c><00:15:19.360><c> as</c><00:15:19.760><c> Lunaet</c><00:15:20.720><c> so</c>

12:02.668 --> 12:02.678 align:start position:0%
technical standards known as Lunaet so
 

12:02.678 --> 12:04.189 align:start position:0%
technical standards known as Lunaet so
that<00:15:21.199><c> missions</c><00:15:21.519><c> from</c><00:15:21.760><c> multiple</c><00:15:22.160><c> countries</c>

12:04.189 --> 12:04.199 align:start position:0%
that missions from multiple countries
 

12:04.199 --> 12:06.749 align:start position:0%
that missions from multiple countries
and<00:15:22.800><c> companies</c><00:15:23.440><c> can</c><00:15:23.680><c> all</c><00:15:23.920><c> use</c><00:15:24.160><c> the</c><00:15:24.399><c> same</c><00:15:24.639><c> Luna</c>

12:06.749 --> 12:06.759 align:start position:0%
and companies can all use the same Luna
 

12:06.759 --> 12:08.908 align:start position:0%
and companies can all use the same Luna
communications<00:15:25.760><c> backbone</c><00:15:26.560><c> rather</c><00:15:26.880><c> than</c>

12:08.908 --> 12:08.918 align:start position:0%
communications backbone rather than
 

12:08.918 --> 12:11.309 align:start position:0%
communications backbone rather than
everyone<00:15:27.680><c> building</c><00:15:28.000><c> their</c><00:15:28.240><c> own</c><00:15:28.720><c> incompatible</c>

12:11.309 --> 12:11.319 align:start position:0%
everyone building their own incompatible
 

12:11.319 --> 12:13.949 align:start position:0%
everyone building their own incompatible
system<00:15:29.920><c> from</c><00:15:30.160><c> scratch.</c><00:15:31.360><c> NASA</c><00:15:31.760><c> will</c><00:15:32.000><c> also</c>

12:13.949 --> 12:13.959 align:start position:0%
system from scratch. NASA will also
 

12:13.959 --> 12:15.788 align:start position:0%
system from scratch. NASA will also
position<00:15:32.720><c> surface</c><00:15:33.120><c> communication</c><00:15:33.680><c> nodes</c>

12:15.788 --> 12:15.798 align:start position:0%
position surface communication nodes
 

12:15.798 --> 12:17.869 align:start position:0%
position surface communication nodes
around<00:15:34.399><c> the</c><00:15:34.560><c> lunar</c><00:15:34.880><c> south</c><00:15:35.120><c> pole</c><00:15:35.600><c> that</c><00:15:35.920><c> cover</c>

12:17.869 --> 12:17.879 align:start position:0%
around the lunar south pole that cover
 

12:17.879 --> 12:20.908 align:start position:0%
around the lunar south pole that cover
roughly<00:15:36.560><c> an</c><00:15:36.800><c> area</c><00:15:37.120><c> of</c><00:15:37.360><c> 10</c><00:15:37.680><c> km</c><00:15:38.160><c> each.</c><00:15:38.959><c> These</c>

12:20.908 --> 12:20.918 align:start position:0%
roughly an area of 10 km each. These
 

12:20.918 --> 12:23.469 align:start position:0%
roughly an area of 10 km each. These
nodes<00:15:39.600><c> will</c><00:15:39.839><c> act</c><00:15:40.079><c> similar</c><00:15:40.480><c> to</c><00:15:40.800><c> cell</c><00:15:41.199><c> towers</c><00:15:41.519><c> on</c>

12:23.469 --> 12:23.479 align:start position:0%
nodes will act similar to cell towers on
 

12:23.479 --> 12:25.949 align:start position:0%
nodes will act similar to cell towers on
Earth.<00:15:42.720><c> And</c><00:15:42.959><c> with</c><00:15:43.279><c> all</c><00:15:43.440><c> this</c><00:15:43.600><c> infrastructure</c>

12:25.949 --> 12:25.959 align:start position:0%
Earth. And with all this infrastructure
 

12:25.959 --> 12:28.269 align:start position:0%
Earth. And with all this infrastructure
coming<00:15:44.480><c> online</c><00:15:44.880><c> in</c><00:15:45.120><c> phase</c><00:15:45.440><c> 2,</c><00:15:46.079><c> you</c><00:15:46.399><c> might</c>

12:28.269 --> 12:28.279 align:start position:0%
coming online in phase 2, you might
 

12:28.279 --> 12:30.589 align:start position:0%
coming online in phase 2, you might
wonder<00:15:47.199><c> where</c><00:15:47.519><c> all</c><00:15:47.760><c> the</c><00:15:48.000><c> power</c><00:15:48.399><c> will</c><00:15:48.639><c> come</c>

12:30.589 --> 12:30.599 align:start position:0%
wonder where all the power will come
 

12:30.599 --> 12:34.348 align:start position:0%
wonder where all the power will come
from.<00:15:50.000><c> Well,</c><00:15:50.560><c> although</c><00:15:51.120><c> solar</c><00:15:51.519><c> power</c><00:15:52.079><c> is</c><00:15:52.320><c> a</c>

12:34.348 --> 12:34.358 align:start position:0%
from. Well, although solar power is a
 

12:34.358 --> 12:36.749 align:start position:0%
from. Well, although solar power is a
practical<00:15:53.199><c> source,</c><00:15:54.160><c> it</c><00:15:54.480><c> still</c><00:15:54.720><c> has</c>

12:36.749 --> 12:36.759 align:start position:0%
practical source, it still has
 

12:36.759 --> 12:39.228 align:start position:0%
practical source, it still has
limitations.<00:15:56.160><c> And</c><00:15:56.320><c> a</c><00:15:56.480><c> moon</c><00:15:56.720><c> base</c><00:15:57.040><c> needs</c>

12:39.228 --> 12:39.238 align:start position:0%
limitations. And a moon base needs
 

12:39.238 --> 12:42.029 align:start position:0%
limitations. And a moon base needs
consistent<00:15:58.160><c> power</c><00:15:58.480><c> to</c><00:15:58.720><c> support</c><00:15:59.040><c> habitation.</c>

12:42.029 --> 12:42.039 align:start position:0%
consistent power to support habitation.
 

12:42.039 --> 12:44.108 align:start position:0%
consistent power to support habitation.
Even<00:16:00.560><c> at</c><00:16:00.800><c> the</c><00:16:00.959><c> South</c><00:16:01.199><c> Pole,</c><00:16:01.839><c> there</c><00:16:02.000><c> will</c><00:16:02.240><c> be</c>

12:44.108 --> 12:44.118 align:start position:0%
Even at the South Pole, there will be
 

12:44.118 --> 12:46.749 align:start position:0%
Even at the South Pole, there will be
periods<00:16:02.720><c> of</c><00:16:02.959><c> darkness</c><00:16:03.279><c> or</c><00:16:03.519><c> shadow.</c><00:16:04.399><c> Dust</c><00:16:04.800><c> may</c>

12:46.749 --> 12:46.759 align:start position:0%
periods of darkness or shadow. Dust may
 

12:46.759 --> 12:49.389 align:start position:0%
periods of darkness or shadow. Dust may
accumulate<00:16:05.519><c> on</c><00:16:05.759><c> panels,</c><00:16:06.720><c> or</c><00:16:07.040><c> there</c><00:16:07.279><c> may</c><00:16:07.519><c> be</c>

12:49.389 --> 12:49.399 align:start position:0%
accumulate on panels, or there may be
 

12:49.399 --> 12:51.309 align:start position:0%
accumulate on panels, or there may be
growing<00:16:08.000><c> demand</c><00:16:08.399><c> for</c><00:16:08.639><c> power</c><00:16:08.959><c> as</c><00:16:09.120><c> the</c><00:16:09.279><c> base</c>

12:51.309 --> 12:51.319 align:start position:0%
growing demand for power as the base
 

12:51.319 --> 12:53.309 align:start position:0%
growing demand for power as the base
expands<00:16:10.079><c> from</c><00:16:10.320><c> a</c><00:16:10.720><c> handful</c><00:16:11.040><c> of</c><00:16:11.199><c> visiting</c>

12:53.309 --> 12:53.319 align:start position:0%
expands from a handful of visiting
 

12:53.319 --> 12:55.709 align:start position:0%
expands from a handful of visiting
astronauts<00:16:12.320><c> to</c><00:16:12.560><c> a</c><00:16:12.800><c> genuinely</c><00:16:13.440><c> permanent</c>

12:55.709 --> 12:55.719 align:start position:0%
astronauts to a genuinely permanent
 

12:55.719 --> 12:58.348 align:start position:0%
astronauts to a genuinely permanent
population.<00:16:15.279><c> To</c><00:16:15.519><c> solve</c><00:16:15.759><c> this,</c><00:16:16.160><c> plans</c><00:16:16.480><c> are</c>

12:58.348 --> 12:58.358 align:start position:0%
population. To solve this, plans are
 

12:58.358 --> 13:02.029 align:start position:0%
population. To solve this, plans are
underway<00:16:17.199><c> for</c><00:16:17.519><c> a</c><00:16:17.839><c> lunar</c><00:16:18.399><c> fish</c><00:16:18.880><c> reactor,</c><00:16:20.079><c> a</c>

13:02.029 --> 13:02.039 align:start position:0%
underway for a lunar fish reactor, a
 

13:02.039 --> 13:04.429 align:start position:0%
underway for a lunar fish reactor, a
small<00:16:20.639><c> nuclear</c><00:16:21.120><c> power</c><00:16:21.440><c> system</c><00:16:22.079><c> designed</c><00:16:22.480><c> to</c>

13:04.429 --> 13:04.439 align:start position:0%
small nuclear power system designed to
 

13:04.439 --> 13:07.149 align:start position:0%
small nuclear power system designed to
provide<00:16:23.199><c> steady,</c><00:16:23.920><c> reliable</c><00:16:24.560><c> electricity</c>

13:07.149 --> 13:07.159 align:start position:0%
provide steady, reliable electricity
 

13:07.159 --> 13:09.069 align:start position:0%
provide steady, reliable electricity
independent<00:16:26.079><c> of</c><00:16:26.240><c> the</c><00:16:26.399><c> sun's</c><00:16:26.720><c> position</c><00:16:27.040><c> in</c><00:16:27.199><c> the</c>

13:09.069 --> 13:09.079 align:start position:0%
independent of the sun's position in the
 

13:09.079 --> 13:11.629 align:start position:0%
independent of the sun's position in the
sky,<00:16:28.079><c> supplementing</c><00:16:28.720><c> solar</c><00:16:29.120><c> power</c><00:16:29.600><c> and</c>

13:11.629 --> 13:11.639 align:start position:0%
sky, supplementing solar power and
 

13:11.639 --> 13:13.949 align:start position:0%
sky, supplementing solar power and
providing<00:16:30.240><c> the</c><00:16:30.560><c> kind</c><00:16:30.720><c> of</c><00:16:31.040><c> always</c><00:16:31.440><c> on</c><00:16:31.680><c> baseline</c>

13:13.949 --> 13:13.959 align:start position:0%
providing the kind of always on baseline
 

13:13.959 --> 13:16.589 align:start position:0%
providing the kind of always on baseline
energy<00:16:32.800><c> that</c><00:16:33.120><c> a</c><00:16:33.360><c> truly</c><00:16:33.839><c> permanent</c><00:16:34.320><c> settlement</c>

13:16.589 --> 13:16.599 align:start position:0%
energy that a truly permanent settlement
 

13:16.599 --> 13:19.069 align:start position:0%
energy that a truly permanent settlement
requires.<00:16:36.160><c> And</c><00:16:36.399><c> to</c><00:16:36.560><c> help</c><00:16:36.720><c> inform</c><00:16:37.120><c> these</c>

13:19.069 --> 13:19.079 align:start position:0%
requires. And to help inform these
 

13:19.079 --> 13:21.228 align:start position:0%
requires. And to help inform these
large-<00:16:37.519><c> scale</c><00:16:37.920><c> endeavors,</c><00:16:38.639><c> NASA</c><00:16:39.040><c> plans</c><00:16:39.279><c> to</c>

13:21.228 --> 13:21.238 align:start position:0%
large- scale endeavors, NASA plans to
 

13:21.238 --> 13:24.429 align:start position:0%
large- scale endeavors, NASA plans to
use<00:16:39.920><c> RTGS</c><00:16:41.040><c> or</c><00:16:41.279><c> radioisotope</c><00:16:42.240><c> thermmoelect</c>

13:24.429 --> 13:24.439 align:start position:0%
use RTGS or radioisotope thermmoelect
 

13:24.439 --> 13:26.668 align:start position:0%
use RTGS or radioisotope thermmoelect
electric<00:16:43.040><c> generators</c><00:16:43.680><c> during</c><00:16:44.000><c> this</c><00:16:44.240><c> phase</c>

13:26.668 --> 13:26.678 align:start position:0%
electric generators during this phase
 

13:26.678 --> 13:28.908 align:start position:0%
electric generators during this phase
capable<00:16:45.440><c> of</c><00:16:45.600><c> producing</c><00:16:46.240><c> hundreds</c><00:16:46.639><c> of</c><00:16:46.880><c> watts</c>

13:28.908 --> 13:28.918 align:start position:0%
capable of producing hundreds of watts
 

13:28.918 --> 13:31.949 align:start position:0%
capable of producing hundreds of watts
of<00:16:47.360><c> power</c><00:16:47.920><c> our</c><00:16:48.240><c> lunar</c><00:16:48.560><c> residents</c><00:16:49.040><c> can</c><00:16:49.199><c> use.</c>

13:31.949 --> 13:31.959 align:start position:0%
of power our lunar residents can use.
 

13:31.959 --> 13:34.348 align:start position:0%
of power our lunar residents can use.
These<00:16:50.720><c> three</c><00:16:51.120><c> things</c><00:16:51.519><c> form</c><00:16:51.839><c> the</c><00:16:52.000><c> backbone</c><00:16:52.480><c> of</c>

13:34.348 --> 13:34.358 align:start position:0%
These three things form the backbone of
 

13:34.358 --> 13:37.548 align:start position:0%
These three things form the backbone of
phase<00:16:53.040><c> 2.</c><00:16:53.759><c> Mobility</c><00:16:54.240><c> rovers,</c><00:16:54.959><c> connectivity,</c>

13:37.548 --> 13:37.558 align:start position:0%
phase 2. Mobility rovers, connectivity,
 

13:37.558 --> 13:42.108 align:start position:0%
phase 2. Mobility rovers, connectivity,
and<00:16:56.160><c> power.</c><00:16:56.959><c> The</c><00:16:57.199><c> beginnings</c><00:16:58.000><c> of</c><00:16:58.320><c> habitation.</c>

13:42.108 --> 13:42.118 align:start position:0%
and power. The beginnings of habitation.
 

13:42.118 --> 13:44.589 align:start position:0%
and power. The beginnings of habitation.
But<00:17:00.639><c> there's</c><00:17:00.959><c> one</c><00:17:01.199><c> more</c><00:17:01.839><c> important</c><00:17:02.399><c> piece</c><00:17:02.720><c> to</c>

13:44.589 --> 13:44.599 align:start position:0%
But there's one more important piece to
 

13:44.599 --> 13:47.949 align:start position:0%
But there's one more important piece to
phase<00:17:03.199><c> 2.</c><00:17:04.160><c> What</c><00:17:04.480><c> will</c><00:17:04.799><c> moon</c><00:17:05.120><c> inhabitants</c><00:17:05.919><c> do</c>

13:47.949 --> 13:47.959 align:start position:0%
phase 2. What will moon inhabitants do
 

13:47.959 --> 13:50.829 align:start position:0%
phase 2. What will moon inhabitants do
about<00:17:06.799><c> radiation?</c>

13:50.829 --> 13:50.839 align:start position:0%
about radiation?
 

13:50.839 --> 13:52.349 align:start position:0%
about radiation?
On<00:17:09.360><c> Earth,</c><00:17:09.600><c> we're</c><00:17:09.919><c> protected</c><00:17:10.319><c> from</c><00:17:10.480><c> the</c>

13:52.349 --> 13:52.359 align:start position:0%
On Earth, we're protected from the
 

13:52.359 --> 13:54.748 align:start position:0%
On Earth, we're protected from the
harshest<00:17:11.120><c> forms</c><00:17:11.439><c> of</c><00:17:11.600><c> space</c><00:17:11.919><c> radiation</c><00:17:12.640><c> by</c><00:17:12.799><c> a</c>

13:54.748 --> 13:54.758 align:start position:0%
harshest forms of space radiation by a
 

13:54.758 --> 13:56.268 align:start position:0%
harshest forms of space radiation by a
combination<00:17:13.360><c> of</c><00:17:13.520><c> our</c><00:17:13.760><c> planet's</c><00:17:14.160><c> magnetic</c>

13:56.268 --> 13:56.278 align:start position:0%
combination of our planet's magnetic
 

13:56.278 --> 13:58.268 align:start position:0%
combination of our planet's magnetic
field,<00:17:14.959><c> which</c><00:17:15.280><c> deflects</c><00:17:15.679><c> charged</c><00:17:16.079><c> particles</c>

13:58.268 --> 13:58.278 align:start position:0%
field, which deflects charged particles
 

13:58.278 --> 13:59.949 align:start position:0%
field, which deflects charged particles
around<00:17:16.880><c> the</c><00:17:17.120><c> sun,</c><00:17:17.600><c> and</c><00:17:17.760><c> our</c><00:17:18.000><c> thick</c>

13:59.949 --> 13:59.959 align:start position:0%
around the sun, and our thick
 

13:59.959 --> 14:02.109 align:start position:0%
around the sun, and our thick
atmosphere,<00:17:18.880><c> which</c><00:17:19.120><c> absorbs</c><00:17:19.679><c> a</c><00:17:19.919><c> huge</c><00:17:20.160><c> amount</c>

14:02.109 --> 14:02.119 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, which absorbs a huge amount
 

14:02.119 --> 14:05.309 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, which absorbs a huge amount
of<00:17:20.559><c> the</c><00:17:20.799><c> radiation.</c><00:17:22.079><c> But</c><00:17:22.240><c> the</c><00:17:22.400><c> moon</c><00:17:22.720><c> has</c><00:17:23.199><c> no</c>

14:05.309 --> 14:05.319 align:start position:0%
of the radiation. But the moon has no
 

14:05.319 --> 14:07.548 align:start position:0%
of the radiation. But the moon has no
global<00:17:24.000><c> magnetic</c><00:17:24.400><c> field,</c><00:17:24.959><c> and</c><00:17:25.120><c> an</c><00:17:25.360><c> atmosphere</c>

14:07.548 --> 14:07.558 align:start position:0%
global magnetic field, and an atmosphere
 

14:07.558 --> 14:10.508 align:start position:0%
global magnetic field, and an atmosphere
so<00:17:26.160><c> thin</c><00:17:26.640><c> it</c><00:17:26.880><c> might</c><00:17:27.039><c> as</c><00:17:27.199><c> well</c><00:17:27.360><c> not</c><00:17:27.600><c> exist.</c><00:17:28.640><c> That</c>

14:10.508 --> 14:10.518 align:start position:0%
so thin it might as well not exist. That
 

14:10.518 --> 14:13.229 align:start position:0%
so thin it might as well not exist. That
means<00:17:29.039><c> the</c><00:17:29.280><c> lunar</c><00:17:29.600><c> surface</c><00:17:29.919><c> is</c><00:17:30.240><c> bathed</c><00:17:30.880><c> in</c><00:17:31.200><c> two</c>

14:13.229 --> 14:13.239 align:start position:0%
means the lunar surface is bathed in two
 

14:13.239 --> 14:15.709 align:start position:0%
means the lunar surface is bathed in two
kinds<00:17:31.840><c> of</c><00:17:32.080><c> dangerous</c><00:17:32.480><c> radiation.</c><00:17:33.440><c> a</c><00:17:33.679><c> steady</c>

14:15.709 --> 14:15.719 align:start position:0%
kinds of dangerous radiation. a steady
 

14:15.719 --> 14:17.869 align:start position:0%
kinds of dangerous radiation. a steady
background<00:17:34.480><c> of</c><00:17:34.960><c> galactic</c><00:17:35.440><c> cosmic</c><00:17:35.840><c> rays</c>

14:17.869 --> 14:17.879 align:start position:0%
background of galactic cosmic rays
 

14:17.879 --> 14:20.429 align:start position:0%
background of galactic cosmic rays
arriving<00:17:36.640><c> from</c><00:17:36.880><c> outside</c><00:17:37.360><c> our</c><00:17:37.679><c> solar</c><00:17:38.000><c> system</c>

14:20.429 --> 14:20.439 align:start position:0%
arriving from outside our solar system
 

14:20.439 --> 14:23.229 align:start position:0%
arriving from outside our solar system
and<00:17:38.960><c> periodic</c><00:17:39.840><c> sometimes</c><00:17:40.480><c> intense</c><00:17:40.960><c> bursts</c><00:17:41.360><c> of</c>

14:23.229 --> 14:23.239 align:start position:0%
and periodic sometimes intense bursts of
 

14:23.239 --> 14:25.388 align:start position:0%
and periodic sometimes intense bursts of
energetic<00:17:42.080><c> particles</c><00:17:42.640><c> thrown</c><00:17:43.039><c> out</c><00:17:43.280><c> by</c><00:17:43.520><c> the</c>

14:25.388 --> 14:25.398 align:start position:0%
energetic particles thrown out by the
 

14:25.398 --> 14:29.309 align:start position:0%
energetic particles thrown out by the
sun<00:17:44.000><c> itself</c><00:17:44.720><c> during</c><00:17:45.120><c> solar</c><00:17:45.520><c> storms.</c><00:17:46.640><c> In</c><00:17:46.960><c> 2020,</c>

14:29.309 --> 14:29.319 align:start position:0%
sun itself during solar storms. In 2020,
 

14:29.319 --> 14:31.949 align:start position:0%
sun itself during solar storms. In 2020,
a<00:17:47.840><c> dossimeter</c><00:17:48.559><c> inside</c><00:17:48.960><c> China's</c><00:17:49.360><c> Chang</c><00:17:49.919><c> 4</c>

14:31.949 --> 14:31.959 align:start position:0%
a dossimeter inside China's Chang 4
 

14:31.959 --> 14:33.949 align:start position:0%
a dossimeter inside China's Chang 4
probe<00:17:50.799><c> found</c><00:17:51.039><c> that</c><00:17:51.200><c> the</c><00:17:51.360><c> astronauts</c><00:17:51.919><c> on</c><00:17:52.080><c> the</c>

14:33.949 --> 14:33.959 align:start position:0%
probe found that the astronauts on the
 

14:33.959 --> 14:36.508 align:start position:0%
probe found that the astronauts on the
moon<00:17:52.480><c> would</c><00:17:52.720><c> be</c><00:17:52.880><c> exposed</c><00:17:53.200><c> to</c><00:17:53.440><c> roughly</c><00:17:54.080><c> 200</c>

14:36.508 --> 14:36.518 align:start position:0%
moon would be exposed to roughly 200
 

14:36.518 --> 14:38.909 align:start position:0%
moon would be exposed to roughly 200
times<00:17:55.120><c> the</c><00:17:55.360><c> radiation</c><00:17:55.919><c> levels</c><00:17:56.320><c> as</c><00:17:56.640><c> people</c><00:17:56.880><c> on</c>

14:38.909 --> 14:38.919 align:start position:0%
times the radiation levels as people on
 

14:38.919 --> 14:42.748 align:start position:0%
times the radiation levels as people on
Earth<00:17:57.840><c> and</c><00:17:58.080><c> even</c><00:17:58.400><c> more</c><00:17:58.960><c> during</c><00:17:59.360><c> solar</c><00:17:59.679><c> storms.</c>

14:42.748 --> 14:42.758 align:start position:0%
Earth and even more during solar storms.
 

14:42.758 --> 14:44.829 align:start position:0%
Earth and even more during solar storms.
For<00:18:01.280><c> a</c><00:18:01.440><c> mission</c><00:18:01.760><c> lasting</c><00:18:02.160><c> a</c><00:18:02.400><c> few</c><00:18:02.559><c> days</c><00:18:02.880><c> like</c>

14:44.829 --> 14:44.839 align:start position:0%
For a mission lasting a few days like
 

14:44.839 --> 14:47.709 align:start position:0%
For a mission lasting a few days like
Apollo,<00:18:04.160><c> this</c><00:18:04.400><c> exposure</c><00:18:04.880><c> was</c><00:18:05.039><c> manageable.</c>

14:47.709 --> 14:47.719 align:start position:0%
Apollo, this exposure was manageable.
 

14:47.719 --> 14:50.829 align:start position:0%
Apollo, this exposure was manageable.
For<00:18:06.240><c> a</c><00:18:06.480><c> mission</c><00:18:06.720><c> lasting</c><00:18:07.280><c> months</c><00:18:07.760><c> or</c><00:18:08.160><c> years,</c>

14:50.829 --> 14:50.839 align:start position:0%
For a mission lasting months or years,
 

14:50.839 --> 14:53.069 align:start position:0%
For a mission lasting months or years,
for<00:18:09.360><c> a</c><00:18:09.679><c> genuinely</c><00:18:10.320><c> permanent</c><00:18:10.799><c> settlement</c>

14:53.069 --> 14:53.079 align:start position:0%
for a genuinely permanent settlement
 

14:53.079 --> 14:54.989 align:start position:0%
for a genuinely permanent settlement
where<00:18:11.679><c> people</c><00:18:11.919><c> might</c><00:18:12.160><c> live</c><00:18:12.400><c> for</c><00:18:12.720><c> a</c><00:18:12.960><c> large</c>

14:54.989 --> 14:54.999 align:start position:0%
where people might live for a large
 

14:54.999 --> 14:57.309 align:start position:0%
where people might live for a large
fraction<00:18:13.679><c> of</c><00:18:13.840><c> their</c><00:18:14.080><c> lives,</c><00:18:14.799><c> it</c><00:18:15.039><c> becomes</c><00:18:15.360><c> one</c>

14:57.309 --> 14:57.319 align:start position:0%
fraction of their lives, it becomes one
 

14:57.319 --> 14:59.869 align:start position:0%
fraction of their lives, it becomes one
of<00:18:15.679><c> the</c><00:18:15.919><c> single</c><00:18:16.400><c> most</c><00:18:16.880><c> serious</c><00:18:17.360><c> health</c><00:18:17.679><c> risks</c>

14:59.869 --> 14:59.879 align:start position:0%
of the single most serious health risks
 

14:59.879 --> 15:02.029 align:start position:0%
of the single most serious health risks
astronauts<00:18:18.720><c> will</c><00:18:18.960><c> face.</c><00:18:19.679><c> They</c><00:18:19.919><c> will</c><00:18:20.080><c> need</c><00:18:20.160><c> to</c>

15:02.029 --> 15:02.039 align:start position:0%
astronauts will face. They will need to
 

15:02.039 --> 15:03.388 align:start position:0%
astronauts will face. They will need to
be<00:18:20.480><c> protected</c><00:18:20.799><c> from</c><00:18:21.039><c> the</c><00:18:21.280><c> constant</c>

15:03.388 --> 15:03.398 align:start position:0%
be protected from the constant
 

15:03.398 --> 15:05.709 align:start position:0%
be protected from the constant
radiation,<00:18:22.640><c> but</c><00:18:22.880><c> especially</c><00:18:23.600><c> from</c><00:18:23.840><c> the</c>

15:05.709 --> 15:05.719 align:start position:0%
radiation, but especially from the
 

15:05.719 --> 15:08.829 align:start position:0%
radiation, but especially from the
radiation<00:18:24.559><c> spikes</c><00:18:25.039><c> during</c><00:18:25.440><c> storms.</c><00:18:26.720><c> On</c><00:18:26.960><c> top</c>

15:08.829 --> 15:08.839 align:start position:0%
radiation spikes during storms. On top
 

15:08.839 --> 15:10.748 align:start position:0%
radiation spikes during storms. On top
of<00:18:27.200><c> that,</c><00:18:27.600><c> there's</c><00:18:27.919><c> also</c><00:18:28.160><c> the</c><00:18:28.400><c> danger</c><00:18:28.720><c> of</c>

15:10.748 --> 15:10.758 align:start position:0%
of that, there's also the danger of
 

15:10.758 --> 15:12.349 align:start position:0%
of that, there's also the danger of
micrometeoroids.

15:12.349 --> 15:12.359 align:start position:0%
micrometeoroids.
 

15:12.359 --> 15:14.669 align:start position:0%
micrometeoroids.
A<00:18:30.880><c> recent</c><00:18:31.200><c> modeling</c><00:18:31.679><c> study</c><00:18:32.160><c> estimated</c><00:18:32.640><c> that</c>

15:14.669 --> 15:14.679 align:start position:0%
A recent modeling study estimated that
 

15:14.679 --> 15:17.229 align:start position:0%
A recent modeling study estimated that
an<00:18:33.360><c> ISS-ized</c><00:18:34.240><c> moon</c><00:18:34.480><c> base</c><00:18:34.799><c> near</c><00:18:35.039><c> the</c><00:18:35.200><c> lunar</c>

15:17.229 --> 15:17.239 align:start position:0%
an ISS-ized moon base near the lunar
 

15:17.239 --> 15:20.349 align:start position:0%
an ISS-ized moon base near the lunar
south<00:18:35.760><c> pole</c><00:18:36.480><c> could</c><00:18:36.799><c> be</c><00:18:37.039><c> struck</c><00:18:37.440><c> by</c><00:18:37.679><c> around</c>

15:20.349 --> 15:20.359 align:start position:0%
south pole could be struck by around
 

15:20.359 --> 15:24.829 align:start position:0%
south pole could be struck by around
15,000<00:18:40.080><c> micrometeoroids</c><00:18:41.360><c> each</c><00:18:41.840><c> year.</c>

15:24.829 --> 15:24.839 align:start position:0%
15,000 micrometeoroids each year.
 

15:24.839 --> 15:26.508 align:start position:0%
15,000 micrometeoroids each year.
Without<00:18:43.440><c> an</c><00:18:43.600><c> atmosphere</c><00:18:44.080><c> to</c><00:18:44.320><c> burn</c><00:18:44.559><c> up</c>

15:26.508 --> 15:26.518 align:start position:0%
Without an atmosphere to burn up
 

15:26.518 --> 15:29.229 align:start position:0%
Without an atmosphere to burn up
incoming<00:18:45.280><c> debris</c><00:18:45.600><c> the</c><00:18:45.840><c> way</c><00:18:46.000><c> Earth</c><00:18:46.320><c> does,</c><00:18:47.120><c> even</c>

15:29.229 --> 15:29.239 align:start position:0%
incoming debris the way Earth does, even
 

15:29.239 --> 15:31.469 align:start position:0%
incoming debris the way Earth does, even
tiny<00:18:47.919><c> particles</c><00:18:48.400><c> of</c><00:18:48.640><c> rock</c><00:18:48.880><c> and</c><00:18:49.120><c> dust</c><00:18:49.360><c> from</c>

15:31.469 --> 15:31.479 align:start position:0%
tiny particles of rock and dust from
 

15:31.479 --> 15:33.949 align:start position:0%
tiny particles of rock and dust from
space<00:18:50.559><c> strike</c><00:18:50.880><c> the</c><00:18:51.120><c> lunar</c><00:18:51.440><c> surface</c><00:18:51.919><c> at</c>

15:33.949 --> 15:33.959 align:start position:0%
space strike the lunar surface at
 

15:33.959 --> 15:37.949 align:start position:0%
space strike the lunar surface at
extraordinary<00:18:53.039><c> velocities,</c><00:18:54.080><c> up</c><00:18:54.320><c> to</c><00:18:54.720><c> 70</c><00:18:55.200><c> km/</c>

15:37.949 --> 15:37.959 align:start position:0%
extraordinary velocities, up to 70 km/
 

15:37.959 --> 15:41.229 align:start position:0%
extraordinary velocities, up to 70 km/
second.<00:18:57.440><c> That's</c><00:18:57.679><c> around</c><00:18:58.240><c> 70</c><00:18:58.720><c> times</c><00:18:59.039><c> the</c><00:18:59.360><c> speed</c>

15:41.229 --> 15:41.239 align:start position:0%
second. That's around 70 times the speed
 

15:41.239 --> 15:43.229 align:start position:0%
second. That's around 70 times the speed
of<00:18:59.679><c> a</c><00:18:59.840><c> bullet</c><00:19:00.240><c> when</c><00:19:00.480><c> it</c><00:19:00.640><c> leaves</c><00:19:00.880><c> the</c><00:19:01.120><c> muzzle</c><00:19:01.440><c> of</c>

15:43.229 --> 15:43.239 align:start position:0%
of a bullet when it leaves the muzzle of
 

15:43.239 --> 15:44.989 align:start position:0%
of a bullet when it leaves the muzzle of
a<00:19:01.679><c> rifle.</c>

15:44.989 --> 15:44.999 align:start position:0%
a rifle.
 

15:44.999 --> 15:47.069 align:start position:0%
a rifle.
A<00:19:03.520><c> structure</c><00:19:03.919><c> built</c><00:19:04.240><c> entirely</c><00:19:04.720><c> on</c><00:19:04.880><c> the</c><00:19:05.120><c> open</c>

15:47.069 --> 15:47.079 align:start position:0%
A structure built entirely on the open
 

15:47.079 --> 15:48.909 align:start position:0%
A structure built entirely on the open
surface<00:19:06.080><c> has</c><00:19:06.320><c> to</c><00:19:06.480><c> be</c><00:19:06.640><c> engineered</c><00:19:07.039><c> to</c>

15:48.909 --> 15:48.919 align:start position:0%
surface has to be engineered to
 

15:48.919 --> 15:51.309 align:start position:0%
surface has to be engineered to
withstand<00:19:07.760><c> this</c><00:19:08.240><c> constant</c><00:19:08.960><c> low-level</c>

15:51.309 --> 15:51.319 align:start position:0%
withstand this constant low-level
 

15:51.319 --> 15:53.789 align:start position:0%
withstand this constant low-level
bombardment<00:19:10.559><c> indefinitely.</c>

15:53.789 --> 15:53.799 align:start position:0%
bombardment indefinitely.
 

15:53.799 --> 15:56.589 align:start position:0%
bombardment indefinitely.
So,<00:19:12.320><c> how</c><00:19:12.559><c> do</c><00:19:12.720><c> they</c><00:19:12.880><c> get</c><00:19:13.039><c> around</c><00:19:13.280><c> that?</c><00:19:14.640><c> The</c>

15:56.589 --> 15:56.599 align:start position:0%
So, how do they get around that? The
 

15:56.599 --> 15:59.309 align:start position:0%
So, how do they get around that? The
answer<00:19:15.440><c> may</c><00:19:15.840><c> come</c><00:19:16.160><c> from</c><00:19:16.640><c> ancient</c><00:19:17.039><c> volcanic</c>

15:59.309 --> 15:59.319 align:start position:0%
answer may come from ancient volcanic
 

15:59.319 --> 16:01.949 align:start position:0%
answer may come from ancient volcanic
activity<00:19:18.000><c> on</c><00:19:18.160><c> the</c><00:19:18.320><c> moon.</c><00:19:19.039><c> More</c><00:19:19.360><c> specifically,</c>

16:01.949 --> 16:01.959 align:start position:0%
activity on the moon. More specifically,
 

16:01.959 --> 16:05.789 align:start position:0%
activity on the moon. More specifically,
in<00:19:20.400><c> the</c><00:19:20.559><c> form</c><00:19:20.960><c> of</c><00:19:21.440><c> lava</c><00:19:21.919><c> tubes.</c><00:19:23.360><c> In</c><00:19:23.600><c> its</c><00:19:23.840><c> early</c>

16:05.789 --> 16:05.799 align:start position:0%
in the form of lava tubes. In its early
 

16:05.799 --> 16:07.869 align:start position:0%
in the form of lava tubes. In its early
history,<00:19:24.400><c> the</c><00:19:24.559><c> moon</c><00:19:24.880><c> experienced</c><00:19:25.360><c> periods</c><00:19:25.840><c> of</c>

16:07.869 --> 16:07.879 align:start position:0%
history, the moon experienced periods of
 

16:07.879 --> 16:10.429 align:start position:0%
history, the moon experienced periods of
active<00:19:26.559><c> volcanism</c><00:19:27.440><c> with</c><00:19:27.760><c> rivers</c><00:19:28.080><c> of</c><00:19:28.240><c> molten</c>

16:10.429 --> 16:10.439 align:start position:0%
active volcanism with rivers of molten
 

16:10.439 --> 16:13.309 align:start position:0%
active volcanism with rivers of molten
lava<00:19:29.120><c> flowing</c><00:19:29.600><c> across</c><00:19:29.919><c> its</c><00:19:30.160><c> surface.</c><00:19:31.200><c> As</c><00:19:31.440><c> the</c>

16:13.309 --> 16:13.319 align:start position:0%
lava flowing across its surface. As the
 

16:13.319 --> 16:15.149 align:start position:0%
lava flowing across its surface. As the
outer<00:19:31.840><c> surface</c><00:19:32.240><c> cooled</c><00:19:32.559><c> and</c><00:19:32.720><c> hardened</c><00:19:33.200><c> into</c>

16:15.149 --> 16:15.159 align:start position:0%
outer surface cooled and hardened into
 

16:15.159 --> 16:17.628 align:start position:0%
outer surface cooled and hardened into
rock,<00:19:34.000><c> in</c><00:19:34.240><c> some</c><00:19:34.480><c> cases,</c><00:19:35.039><c> the</c><00:19:35.280><c> still</c><00:19:35.520><c> molten</c>

16:17.628 --> 16:17.638 align:start position:0%
rock, in some cases, the still molten
 

16:17.638 --> 16:20.029 align:start position:0%
rock, in some cases, the still molten
lava<00:19:36.240><c> underneath</c><00:19:36.880><c> drained</c><00:19:37.360><c> away,</c><00:19:38.000><c> leaving</c>

16:20.029 --> 16:20.039 align:start position:0%
lava underneath drained away, leaving
 

16:20.039 --> 16:22.989 align:start position:0%
lava underneath drained away, leaving
behind<00:19:38.880><c> long</c><00:19:39.679><c> hollow</c><00:19:40.480><c> tunnel-like</c>

16:22.989 --> 16:22.999 align:start position:0%
behind long hollow tunnel-like
 

16:22.999 --> 16:24.589 align:start position:0%
behind long hollow tunnel-like
structures.

16:24.589 --> 16:24.599 align:start position:0%
structures.
 

16:24.599 --> 16:26.909 align:start position:0%
structures.
In<00:19:43.120><c> 2024,</c><00:19:44.160><c> researchers</c><00:19:44.720><c> studying</c><00:19:45.039><c> this</c>

16:26.909 --> 16:26.919 align:start position:0%
In 2024, researchers studying this
 

16:26.919 --> 16:29.229 align:start position:0%
In 2024, researchers studying this
phenomenon<00:19:45.840><c> found</c><00:19:46.160><c> the</c><00:19:46.480><c> first</c><00:19:46.799><c> ever</c><00:19:47.120><c> evidence</c>

16:29.229 --> 16:29.239 align:start position:0%
phenomenon found the first ever evidence
 

16:29.239 --> 16:31.789 align:start position:0%
phenomenon found the first ever evidence
for<00:19:47.919><c> lunar</c><00:19:48.320><c> lava</c><00:19:48.640><c> tubes</c><00:19:49.039><c> with</c><00:19:49.360><c> ceilings</c><00:19:49.840><c> more</c>

16:31.789 --> 16:31.799 align:start position:0%
for lunar lava tubes with ceilings more
 

16:31.799 --> 16:34.669 align:start position:0%
for lunar lava tubes with ceilings more
than<00:19:50.400><c> 100</c><00:19:50.799><c> m</c><00:19:51.120><c> thick</c><00:19:51.679><c> and</c><00:19:51.919><c> interior</c><00:19:52.400><c> chambers</c>

16:34.669 --> 16:34.679 align:start position:0%
than 100 m thick and interior chambers
 

16:34.679 --> 16:36.508 align:start position:0%
than 100 m thick and interior chambers
potentially<00:19:53.440><c> large</c><00:19:53.760><c> enough</c><00:19:54.000><c> to</c><00:19:54.160><c> enclose</c>

16:36.508 --> 16:36.518 align:start position:0%
potentially large enough to enclose
 

16:36.518 --> 16:39.069 align:start position:0%
potentially large enough to enclose
entire<00:19:55.360><c> city</c><00:19:55.679><c> blocks</c><00:19:56.400><c> with</c><00:19:56.799><c> diameters</c>

16:39.069 --> 16:39.079 align:start position:0%
entire city blocks with diameters
 

16:39.079 --> 16:42.349 align:start position:0%
entire city blocks with diameters
spanning<00:19:58.000><c> hundreds</c><00:19:58.480><c> of</c><00:19:58.720><c> meters</c><00:19:59.120><c> across.</c>

16:42.349 --> 16:42.359 align:start position:0%
spanning hundreds of meters across.
 

16:42.359 --> 16:44.429 align:start position:0%
spanning hundreds of meters across.
While<00:20:01.280><c> no</c><00:20:01.600><c> official</c><00:20:02.000><c> plans</c><00:20:02.320><c> have</c><00:20:02.559><c> been</c>

16:44.429 --> 16:44.439 align:start position:0%
While no official plans have been
 

16:44.439 --> 16:46.508 align:start position:0%
While no official plans have been
unveiled<00:20:03.200><c> about</c><00:20:03.520><c> building</c><00:20:03.919><c> inside</c><00:20:04.400><c> lava</c>

16:46.508 --> 16:46.518 align:start position:0%
unveiled about building inside lava
 

16:46.518 --> 16:48.829 align:start position:0%
unveiled about building inside lava
tubes<00:20:05.120><c> just</c><00:20:05.360><c> yet,</c><00:20:06.080><c> a</c><00:20:06.400><c> publication</c><00:20:06.799><c> in</c><00:20:07.039><c> the</c>

16:48.829 --> 16:48.839 align:start position:0%
tubes just yet, a publication in the
 

16:48.839 --> 16:50.669 align:start position:0%
tubes just yet, a publication in the
International<00:20:07.679><c> Journal</c><00:20:08.080><c> of</c><00:20:08.320><c> Mining</c><00:20:08.720><c> Science</c>

16:50.669 --> 16:50.679 align:start position:0%
International Journal of Mining Science
 

16:50.679 --> 16:52.909 align:start position:0%
International Journal of Mining Science
and<00:20:09.200><c> Technology</c><00:20:10.080><c> found</c><00:20:10.320><c> that</c><00:20:10.480><c> these</c><00:20:10.799><c> lava</c>

16:52.909 --> 16:52.919 align:start position:0%
and Technology found that these lava
 

16:52.919 --> 16:55.469 align:start position:0%
and Technology found that these lava
tubes<00:20:11.679><c> could</c><00:20:11.919><c> provide</c><00:20:12.480><c> excellent</c><00:20:13.120><c> radiation</c>

16:55.469 --> 16:55.479 align:start position:0%
tubes could provide excellent radiation
 

16:55.479 --> 16:57.709 align:start position:0%
tubes could provide excellent radiation
shielding<00:20:14.320><c> and</c><00:20:14.640><c> robust</c><00:20:15.280><c> protection</c><00:20:15.760><c> from</c>

16:57.709 --> 16:57.719 align:start position:0%
shielding and robust protection from
 

16:57.719 --> 16:59.229 align:start position:0%
shielding and robust protection from
micrometeorites.

16:59.229 --> 16:59.239 align:start position:0%
micrometeorites.
 

16:59.239 --> 17:02.508 align:start position:0%
micrometeorites.
And<00:20:17.760><c> in</c><00:20:18.000><c> 2026,</c><00:20:19.120><c> a</c><00:20:19.440><c> multid-disciplinary</c><00:20:20.480><c> team</c>

17:02.508 --> 17:02.518 align:start position:0%
And in 2026, a multid-disciplinary team
 

17:02.518 --> 17:05.869 align:start position:0%
And in 2026, a multid-disciplinary team
at<00:20:21.120><c> Space</c><00:20:21.520><c> TX,</c><00:20:22.320><c> the</c><00:20:22.720><c> space</c><00:20:23.280><c> and</c><00:20:23.600><c> terrestrial</c>

17:05.869 --> 17:05.879 align:start position:0%
at Space TX, the space and terrestrial
 

17:05.879 --> 17:07.628 align:start position:0%
at Space TX, the space and terrestrial
robotic<00:20:24.640><c> exploration</c><00:20:25.120><c> laboratory</c><00:20:25.600><c> at</c><00:20:25.760><c> the</c>

17:07.628 --> 17:07.638 align:start position:0%
robotic exploration laboratory at the
 

17:07.638 --> 17:09.709 align:start position:0%
robotic exploration laboratory at the
University<00:20:26.320><c> of</c><00:20:26.559><c> Arizona,</c><00:20:27.520><c> designed</c>

17:09.709 --> 17:09.719 align:start position:0%
University of Arizona, designed
 

17:09.719 --> 17:11.628 align:start position:0%
University of Arizona, designed
structural<00:20:28.480><c> concepts</c><00:20:28.880><c> for</c><00:20:29.120><c> using</c><00:20:29.440><c> existing</c>

17:11.628 --> 17:11.638 align:start position:0%
structural concepts for using existing
 

17:11.638 --> 17:14.989 align:start position:0%
structural concepts for using existing
lava<00:20:30.240><c> tubes</c><00:20:30.880><c> to</c><00:20:31.120><c> house</c><00:20:31.440><c> a</c><00:20:31.760><c> lunar</c><00:20:32.240><c> data</c><00:20:32.640><c> center,</c>

17:14.989 --> 17:14.999 align:start position:0%
lava tubes to house a lunar data center,
 

17:14.999 --> 17:17.789 align:start position:0%
lava tubes to house a lunar data center,
an<00:20:33.440><c> astronaut</c><00:20:34.000><c> refuge,</c><00:20:34.720><c> and</c><00:20:34.960><c> a</c><00:20:35.360><c> lunar</c><00:20:35.760><c> command</c>

17:17.789 --> 17:17.799 align:start position:0%
an astronaut refuge, and a lunar command
 

17:17.799 --> 17:20.109 align:start position:0%
an astronaut refuge, and a lunar command
center.<00:20:36.960><c> The</c><00:20:37.120><c> benefits</c><00:20:37.600><c> don't</c><00:20:37.760><c> stop</c><00:20:38.000><c> at</c>

17:20.109 --> 17:20.119 align:start position:0%
center. The benefits don't stop at
 

17:20.119 --> 17:22.349 align:start position:0%
center. The benefits don't stop at
radiation<00:20:38.960><c> shielding</c><00:20:39.360><c> or</c><00:20:39.679><c> micrometeorite</c>

17:22.349 --> 17:22.359 align:start position:0%
radiation shielding or micrometeorite
 

17:22.359 --> 17:25.309 align:start position:0%
radiation shielding or micrometeorite
protection<00:20:41.120><c> either.</c><00:20:42.000><c> Lava</c><00:20:42.400><c> tubes</c><00:20:42.880><c> also</c><00:20:43.200><c> offer</c>

17:25.309 --> 17:25.319 align:start position:0%
protection either. Lava tubes also offer
 

17:25.319 --> 17:27.868 align:start position:0%
protection either. Lava tubes also offer
remarkably<00:20:44.400><c> stable</c><00:20:44.880><c> internal</c><00:20:45.440><c> temperatures</c>

17:27.868 --> 17:27.878 align:start position:0%
remarkably stable internal temperatures
 

17:27.878 --> 17:30.029 align:start position:0%
remarkably stable internal temperatures
with<00:20:46.400><c> some</c><00:20:46.640><c> research</c><00:20:47.120><c> suggesting</c><00:20:47.760><c> interior</c>

17:30.029 --> 17:30.039 align:start position:0%
with some research suggesting interior
 

17:30.039 --> 17:32.268 align:start position:0%
with some research suggesting interior
conditions<00:20:48.960><c> holding</c><00:20:49.440><c> steady</c><00:20:49.919><c> at</c><00:20:50.240><c> around</c>

17:32.268 --> 17:32.278 align:start position:0%
conditions holding steady at around
 

17:32.278 --> 17:35.309 align:start position:0%
conditions holding steady at around
minus20°<00:20:51.760><c> C</c><00:20:52.640><c> even</c><00:20:52.880><c> when</c><00:20:53.200><c> surface</c>

17:35.309 --> 17:35.319 align:start position:0%
minus20° C even when surface
 

17:35.319 --> 17:37.388 align:start position:0%
minus20° C even when surface
temperatures<00:20:54.080><c> measured</c><00:20:54.480><c> swings</c><00:20:54.880><c> between</c>

17:37.388 --> 17:37.398 align:start position:0%
temperatures measured swings between
 

17:37.398 --> 17:42.268 align:start position:0%
temperatures measured swings between
110°<00:20:57.039><c> to</c><00:20:57.520><c> minus</c><00:20:58.640><c> 170°.</c>

17:42.268 --> 17:42.278 align:start position:0%
110° to minus 170°.
 

17:42.278 --> 17:44.349 align:start position:0%
110° to minus 170°.
A<00:21:00.799><c> structure</c><00:21:01.120><c> built</c><00:21:01.440><c> inside</c><00:21:01.679><c> a</c><00:21:01.919><c> lava</c><00:21:02.240><c> tube</c>

17:44.349 --> 17:44.359 align:start position:0%
A structure built inside a lava tube
 

17:44.359 --> 17:45.628 align:start position:0%
A structure built inside a lava tube
wouldn't<00:21:02.880><c> have</c><00:21:03.039><c> to</c><00:21:03.200><c> be</c><00:21:03.360><c> engineered</c><00:21:03.760><c> to</c>

17:45.628 --> 17:45.638 align:start position:0%
wouldn't have to be engineered to
 

17:45.638 --> 17:48.429 align:start position:0%
wouldn't have to be engineered to
survive<00:21:04.240><c> that</c><00:21:04.720><c> entire</c><00:21:05.360><c> punishing</c><00:21:05.919><c> range.</c>

17:48.429 --> 17:48.439 align:start position:0%
survive that entire punishing range.
 

17:48.439 --> 17:51.069 align:start position:0%
survive that entire punishing range.
just<00:21:07.200><c> a</c><00:21:07.440><c> moderately</c><00:21:08.080><c> cold</c><00:21:08.480><c> environment,</c>

17:51.069 --> 17:51.079 align:start position:0%
just a moderately cold environment,
 

17:51.079 --> 17:53.549 align:start position:0%
just a moderately cold environment,
which<00:21:09.600><c> is</c><00:21:09.840><c> a</c><00:21:10.159><c> vastly</c><00:21:10.799><c> simpler</c><00:21:11.280><c> engineering</c>

17:53.549 --> 17:53.559 align:start position:0%
which is a vastly simpler engineering
 

17:53.559 --> 17:56.029 align:start position:0%
which is a vastly simpler engineering
problem<00:21:12.559><c> and</c><00:21:13.039><c> nothing</c><00:21:13.440><c> some</c><00:21:13.679><c> parts</c><00:21:13.919><c> of</c><00:21:14.080><c> Earth</c>

17:56.029 --> 17:56.039 align:start position:0%
problem and nothing some parts of Earth
 

17:56.039 --> 17:58.589 align:start position:0%
problem and nothing some parts of Earth
aren't<00:21:14.559><c> used</c><00:21:14.799><c> to.</c><00:21:15.039><c> Anyway,</c><00:21:16.080><c> the</c><00:21:16.320><c> concept</c><00:21:16.640><c> of</c>

17:58.589 --> 17:58.599 align:start position:0%
aren't used to. Anyway, the concept of
 

17:58.599 --> 18:00.349 align:start position:0%
aren't used to. Anyway, the concept of
living<00:21:17.200><c> and</c><00:21:17.440><c> working</c><00:21:17.679><c> in</c><00:21:17.919><c> these</c><00:21:18.159><c> ancient</c>

18:00.349 --> 18:00.359 align:start position:0%
living and working in these ancient
 

18:00.359 --> 18:03.149 align:start position:0%
living and working in these ancient
lunar<00:21:19.039><c> lava</c><00:21:19.440><c> tubes</c><00:21:19.840><c> is</c><00:21:20.080><c> a</c><00:21:20.240><c> real</c><00:21:20.480><c> possibility.</c>

18:03.149 --> 18:03.159 align:start position:0%
lunar lava tubes is a real possibility.
 

18:03.159 --> 18:04.989 align:start position:0%
lunar lava tubes is a real possibility.
And<00:21:21.600><c> if</c><00:21:21.840><c> we</c><00:21:22.000><c> are</c><00:21:22.240><c> going</c><00:21:22.400><c> to</c><00:21:22.640><c> utilize</c><00:21:22.960><c> these</c>

18:04.989 --> 18:04.999 align:start position:0%
And if we are going to utilize these
 

18:04.999 --> 18:07.309 align:start position:0%
And if we are going to utilize these
natural<00:21:23.679><c> structures,</c><00:21:24.480><c> plans</c><00:21:24.880><c> will</c><00:21:25.120><c> likely</c>

18:07.309 --> 18:07.319 align:start position:0%
natural structures, plans will likely
 

18:07.319 --> 18:09.628 align:start position:0%
natural structures, plans will likely
come<00:21:25.840><c> together</c><00:21:26.240><c> soon.</c><00:21:27.039><c> Although,</c><00:21:27.440><c> it</c><00:21:27.679><c> doesn't</c>

18:09.628 --> 18:09.638 align:start position:0%
come together soon. Although, it doesn't
 

18:09.638 --> 18:11.069 align:start position:0%
come together soon. Although, it doesn't
leave<00:21:28.159><c> much</c><00:21:28.400><c> time</c><00:21:28.559><c> for</c><00:21:28.799><c> picking</c><00:21:29.120><c> out</c>

18:11.069 --> 18:11.079 align:start position:0%
leave much time for picking out
 

18:11.079 --> 18:13.388 align:start position:0%
leave much time for picking out
furniture.<00:21:30.559><c> And</c><00:21:30.720><c> if</c><00:21:30.960><c> we</c><00:21:31.039><c> don't</c><00:21:31.200><c> get</c><00:21:31.280><c> it</c><00:21:31.520><c> all</c>

18:13.388 --> 18:13.398 align:start position:0%
furniture. And if we don't get it all
 

18:13.398 --> 18:15.229 align:start position:0%
furniture. And if we don't get it all
sorted<00:21:32.000><c> in</c><00:21:32.159><c> time</c><00:21:32.320><c> for</c><00:21:32.480><c> the</c><00:21:32.640><c> Artimus</c><00:21:33.200><c> 4</c>

18:15.229 --> 18:15.239 align:start position:0%
sorted in time for the Artimus 4
 

18:15.239 --> 18:17.469 align:start position:0%
sorted in time for the Artimus 4
touchdown,<00:21:34.480><c> then</c><00:21:34.799><c> another</c><00:21:35.200><c> possible</c>

18:17.469 --> 18:17.479 align:start position:0%
touchdown, then another possible
 

18:17.479 --> 18:20.669 align:start position:0%
touchdown, then another possible
solution<00:21:36.559><c> is</c><00:21:36.960><c> a</c><00:21:37.280><c> whipple</c><00:21:37.679><c> shield.</c><00:21:38.559><c> Similar</c><00:21:38.880><c> to</c>

18:20.669 --> 18:20.679 align:start position:0%
solution is a whipple shield. Similar to
 

18:20.679 --> 18:22.268 align:start position:0%
solution is a whipple shield. Similar to
the<00:21:39.200><c> protection</c><00:21:39.600><c> already</c><00:21:40.000><c> used</c><00:21:40.320><c> on</c>

18:22.268 --> 18:22.278 align:start position:0%
the protection already used on
 

18:22.278 --> 18:24.909 align:start position:0%
the protection already used on
spacecraft<00:21:41.120><c> such</c><00:21:41.280><c> as</c><00:21:41.360><c> the</c><00:21:41.520><c> ISS,</c><00:21:42.640><c> this</c><00:21:42.799><c> is</c><00:21:42.960><c> a</c>

18:24.909 --> 18:24.919 align:start position:0%
spacecraft such as the ISS, this is a
 

18:24.919 --> 18:26.909 align:start position:0%
spacecraft such as the ISS, this is a
thin<00:21:43.679><c> outer</c><00:21:44.159><c> layer</c><00:21:44.240><c> that</c><00:21:44.480><c> breaks</c><00:21:44.799><c> apart</c>

18:26.909 --> 18:26.919 align:start position:0%
thin outer layer that breaks apart
 

18:26.919 --> 18:28.829 align:start position:0%
thin outer layer that breaks apart
incoming<00:21:45.679><c> particles,</c><00:21:46.559><c> spreading</c><00:21:46.960><c> their</c>

18:28.829 --> 18:28.839 align:start position:0%
incoming particles, spreading their
 

18:28.839 --> 18:31.149 align:start position:0%
incoming particles, spreading their
energy<00:21:47.520><c> across</c><00:21:47.840><c> a</c><00:21:48.080><c> gap</c><00:21:48.559><c> before</c><00:21:48.799><c> the</c><00:21:48.960><c> fragments</c>

18:31.149 --> 18:31.159 align:start position:0%
energy across a gap before the fragments
 

18:31.159 --> 18:33.868 align:start position:0%
energy across a gap before the fragments
reach<00:21:49.679><c> the</c><00:21:49.919><c> habitat's</c><00:21:50.480><c> main</c><00:21:50.720><c> wall.</c><00:21:51.520><c> A</c><00:21:51.840><c> recent</c>

18:33.868 --> 18:33.878 align:start position:0%
reach the habitat's main wall. A recent
 

18:33.878 --> 18:36.029 align:start position:0%
reach the habitat's main wall. A recent
modeling<00:21:52.559><c> study</c><00:21:52.960><c> estimated</c><00:21:53.440><c> that</c><00:21:53.600><c> a</c><00:21:53.919><c> wibble</c>

18:36.029 --> 18:36.039 align:start position:0%
modeling study estimated that a wibble
 

18:36.039 --> 18:40.349 align:start position:0%
modeling study estimated that a wibble
shield<00:21:54.640><c> could</c><00:21:54.880><c> stop</c><00:21:55.120><c> about</c><00:21:55.600><c> 99.9997%</c>

18:40.349 --> 18:40.359 align:start position:0%
 
 

18:40.359 --> 18:43.309 align:start position:0%
 
of<00:21:58.880><c> incoming</c><00:21:59.360><c> micrometeorites.</c><00:22:00.799><c> But,</c><00:22:01.360><c> and</c>

18:43.309 --> 18:43.319 align:start position:0%
of incoming micrometeorites. But, and
 

18:43.319 --> 18:45.868 align:start position:0%
of incoming micrometeorites. But, and
it's<00:22:01.840><c> quite</c><00:22:02.080><c> a</c><00:22:02.240><c> big</c><00:22:02.480><c> butt,</c><00:22:03.120><c> a</c><00:22:03.440><c> powerful</c><00:22:03.840><c> enough</c>

18:45.868 --> 18:45.878 align:start position:0%
it's quite a big butt, a powerful enough
 

18:45.878 --> 18:48.109 align:start position:0%
it's quite a big butt, a powerful enough
impact<00:22:04.559><c> to</c><00:22:04.799><c> blast</c><00:22:05.200><c> through</c><00:22:05.440><c> the</c><00:22:05.679><c> defenses</c>

18:48.109 --> 18:48.119 align:start position:0%
impact to blast through the defenses
 

18:48.119 --> 18:51.549 align:start position:0%
impact to blast through the defenses
might<00:22:06.720><c> hit</c><00:22:07.200><c> roughly</c><00:22:07.679><c> once</c><00:22:08.000><c> every</c><00:22:08.400><c> 42</c><00:22:08.960><c> years.</c>

18:51.549 --> 18:51.559 align:start position:0%
might hit roughly once every 42 years.
 

18:51.559 --> 18:54.268 align:start position:0%
might hit roughly once every 42 years.
So,<00:22:10.080><c> a</c><00:22:10.320><c> full</c><00:22:10.720><c> protection</c><00:22:11.280><c> scheme</c><00:22:11.840><c> is</c><00:22:12.159><c> still</c><00:22:12.400><c> a</c>

18:54.268 --> 18:54.278 align:start position:0%
So, a full protection scheme is still a
 

18:54.278 --> 18:57.868 align:start position:0%
So, a full protection scheme is still a
work<00:22:12.799><c> in</c><00:22:13.039><c> progress.</c><00:22:14.400><c> Which</c><00:22:15.200><c> brings</c><00:22:15.520><c> us</c><00:22:15.679><c> to</c><00:22:15.919><c> the</c>

18:57.868 --> 18:57.878 align:start position:0%
work in progress. Which brings us to the
 

18:57.878 --> 19:01.069 align:start position:0%
work in progress. Which brings us to the
final<00:22:16.480><c> phase.</c>

19:01.069 --> 19:01.079 align:start position:0%
final phase.
 

19:01.079 --> 19:03.149 align:start position:0%
final phase.
According<00:22:19.840><c> to</c><00:22:19.919><c> the</c><00:22:20.159><c> blueprint,</c><00:22:20.880><c> it'll</c><00:22:21.200><c> be</c><00:22:21.280><c> a</c>

19:03.149 --> 19:03.159 align:start position:0%
According to the blueprint, it'll be a
 

19:03.159 --> 19:05.868 align:start position:0%
According to the blueprint, it'll be a
busy<00:22:21.760><c> time</c><00:22:22.000><c> for</c><00:22:22.240><c> moon</c><00:22:22.559><c> base</c><00:22:22.880><c> inhabitants.</c>

19:05.868 --> 19:05.878 align:start position:0%
busy time for moon base inhabitants.
 

19:05.878 --> 19:09.309 align:start position:0%
busy time for moon base inhabitants.
Beginning<00:22:24.640><c> in</c><00:22:24.960><c> 2032,</c><00:22:26.240><c> phase</c><00:22:26.559><c> 3</c><00:22:26.960><c> takes</c><00:22:27.280><c> things</c>

19:09.309 --> 19:09.319 align:start position:0%
Beginning in 2032, phase 3 takes things
 

19:09.319 --> 19:13.149 align:start position:0%
Beginning in 2032, phase 3 takes things
to<00:22:27.840><c> the</c><00:22:28.000><c> next</c><00:22:28.320><c> level</c><00:22:28.880><c> with</c><00:22:29.360><c> 29</c><00:22:30.240><c> launches</c><00:22:31.120><c> and</c>

19:13.149 --> 19:13.159 align:start position:0%
to the next level with 29 launches and
 

19:13.159 --> 19:15.709 align:start position:0%
to the next level with 29 launches and
all<00:22:31.600><c> but</c><00:22:31.919><c> one</c><00:22:32.320><c> planned</c><00:22:32.720><c> to</c><00:22:33.039><c> actually</c><00:22:33.520><c> land</c><00:22:33.840><c> on</c>

19:15.709 --> 19:15.719 align:start position:0%
all but one planned to actually land on
 

19:15.719 --> 19:19.069 align:start position:0%
all but one planned to actually land on
the<00:22:34.159><c> moon.</c><00:22:35.280><c> This</c><00:22:35.520><c> is</c><00:22:35.600><c> the</c><00:22:35.840><c> part</c><00:22:36.400><c> when</c><00:22:36.880><c> major</c>

19:19.069 --> 19:19.079 align:start position:0%
the moon. This is the part when major
 

19:19.079 --> 19:21.469 align:start position:0%
the moon. This is the part when major
moon<00:22:37.679><c> dirt</c><00:22:38.000><c> gets</c><00:22:38.320><c> moved</c><00:22:38.880><c> and</c><00:22:39.200><c> permanent</c>

19:21.469 --> 19:21.479 align:start position:0%
moon dirt gets moved and permanent
 

19:21.479 --> 19:24.029 align:start position:0%
moon dirt gets moved and permanent
infrastructure<00:22:40.480><c> is</c><00:22:40.799><c> laid</c><00:22:41.120><c> down.</c><00:22:41.919><c> Although</c>

19:24.029 --> 19:24.039 align:start position:0%
infrastructure is laid down. Although
 

19:24.039 --> 19:25.709 align:start position:0%
infrastructure is laid down. Although
less<00:22:42.559><c> is</c><00:22:42.799><c> known</c><00:22:42.960><c> about</c><00:22:43.200><c> this</c><00:22:43.440><c> phase</c><00:22:43.679><c> of</c><00:22:43.840><c> the</c>

19:25.709 --> 19:25.719 align:start position:0%
less is known about this phase of the
 

19:25.719 --> 19:28.429 align:start position:0%
less is known about this phase of the
plan,<00:22:44.640><c> what</c><00:22:44.880><c> we</c><00:22:45.039><c> do</c><00:22:45.280><c> know</c><00:22:45.679><c> is</c><00:22:45.840><c> that</c><00:22:46.080><c> NASA</c><00:22:46.480><c> has</c>

19:28.429 --> 19:28.439 align:start position:0%
plan, what we do know is that NASA has
 

19:28.439 --> 19:30.829 align:start position:0%
plan, what we do know is that NASA has
plans<00:22:47.039><c> to</c><00:22:47.360><c> transition</c><00:22:47.919><c> from</c><00:22:48.559><c> short-term</c>

19:30.829 --> 19:30.839 align:start position:0%
plans to transition from short-term
 

19:30.839 --> 19:33.868 align:start position:0%
plans to transition from short-term
habitats<00:22:50.080><c> to</c><00:22:50.559><c> semi-permanent</c><00:22:51.600><c> habitation</c>

19:33.868 --> 19:33.878 align:start position:0%
habitats to semi-permanent habitation
 

19:33.878 --> 19:36.189 align:start position:0%
habitats to semi-permanent habitation
modules<00:22:52.799><c> with</c><00:22:53.120><c> more</c><00:22:53.440><c> comfortable</c><00:22:54.000><c> interiors</c>

19:36.189 --> 19:36.199 align:start position:0%
modules with more comfortable interiors
 

19:36.199 --> 19:38.989 align:start position:0%
modules with more comfortable interiors
for<00:22:54.640><c> the</c><00:22:54.880><c> crew</c><00:22:55.600><c> as</c><00:22:55.840><c> well</c><00:22:56.000><c> as</c><00:22:56.480><c> operational</c>

19:38.989 --> 19:38.999 align:start position:0%
for the crew as well as operational
 

19:38.999 --> 19:41.789 align:start position:0%
for the crew as well as operational
fishing<00:22:57.840><c> power</c><00:22:58.159><c> systems.</c><00:22:59.120><c> Phase</c><00:22:59.440><c> 3</c><00:22:59.679><c> will</c><00:22:59.840><c> mark</c>

19:41.789 --> 19:41.799 align:start position:0%
fishing power systems. Phase 3 will mark
 

19:41.799 --> 19:43.709 align:start position:0%
fishing power systems. Phase 3 will mark
a<00:23:00.320><c> transition</c><00:23:00.720><c> from</c><00:23:00.960><c> simply</c><00:23:01.440><c> demonstrating</c>

19:43.709 --> 19:43.719 align:start position:0%
a transition from simply demonstrating
 

19:43.719 --> 19:46.029 align:start position:0%
a transition from simply demonstrating
the<00:23:02.240><c> collection</c><00:23:02.559><c> of</c><00:23:02.799><c> lunar</c><00:23:03.280><c> resources</c><00:23:04.000><c> to</c>

19:46.029 --> 19:46.039 align:start position:0%
the collection of lunar resources to
 

19:46.039 --> 19:47.949 align:start position:0%
the collection of lunar resources to
actually<00:23:04.640><c> using</c><00:23:04.960><c> those</c><00:23:05.280><c> resources</c><00:23:05.840><c> like</c>

19:47.949 --> 19:47.959 align:start position:0%
actually using those resources like
 

19:47.959 --> 19:50.589 align:start position:0%
actually using those resources like
water,<00:23:06.960><c> oxygen,</c><00:23:07.520><c> and</c><00:23:07.760><c> hydrogen</c><00:23:08.400><c> in</c><00:23:08.640><c> a</c>

19:50.589 --> 19:50.599 align:start position:0%
water, oxygen, and hydrogen in a
 

19:50.599 --> 19:52.989 align:start position:0%
water, oxygen, and hydrogen in a
sustained<00:23:09.440><c> way.</c><00:23:10.159><c> This</c><00:23:10.400><c> will</c><00:23:10.559><c> also</c><00:23:10.799><c> be</c><00:23:10.880><c> a</c><00:23:11.039><c> shift</c>

19:52.989 --> 19:52.999 align:start position:0%
sustained way. This will also be a shift
 

19:52.999 --> 19:55.388 align:start position:0%
sustained way. This will also be a shift
to<00:23:11.440><c> a</c><00:23:11.600><c> more</c><00:23:11.840><c> advanced</c><00:23:12.320><c> network</c><00:23:12.640><c> of</c><00:23:12.880><c> logistics</c>

19:55.388 --> 19:55.398 align:start position:0%
to a more advanced network of logistics
 

19:55.398 --> 19:57.628 align:start position:0%
to a more advanced network of logistics
to<00:23:13.919><c> keep</c><00:23:14.080><c> the</c><00:23:14.320><c> base</c><00:23:14.640><c> running</c><00:23:14.960><c> year</c><00:23:15.280><c> round,</c>

19:57.628 --> 19:57.638 align:start position:0%
to keep the base running year round,
 

19:57.638 --> 19:59.549 align:start position:0%
to keep the base running year round,
supported<00:23:16.320><c> by</c><00:23:16.480><c> the</c><00:23:16.720><c> crew,</c><00:23:17.280><c> autonomous</c>

19:59.549 --> 19:59.559 align:start position:0%
supported by the crew, autonomous
 

19:59.559 --> 20:02.748 align:start position:0%
supported by the crew, autonomous
rovers,<00:23:18.640><c> uncrrewed</c><00:23:19.360><c> payload</c><00:23:19.840><c> return</c><00:23:20.240><c> trips,</c>

20:02.748 --> 20:02.758 align:start position:0%
rovers, uncrrewed payload return trips,
 

20:02.758 --> 20:05.949 align:start position:0%
rovers, uncrrewed payload return trips,
and<00:23:21.280><c> delivery</c><00:23:21.679><c> of</c><00:23:21.919><c> up</c><00:23:22.080><c> to</c><00:23:22.400><c> 38</c><00:23:23.039><c> tons</c><00:23:23.520><c> of</c><00:23:23.760><c> cargo</c>

20:05.949 --> 20:05.959 align:start position:0%
and delivery of up to 38 tons of cargo
 

20:05.959 --> 20:08.109 align:start position:0%
and delivery of up to 38 tons of cargo
annually<00:23:24.799><c> to</c><00:23:25.039><c> sustain</c><00:23:25.440><c> the</c><00:23:25.760><c> systems,</c>

20:08.109 --> 20:08.119 align:start position:0%
annually to sustain the systems,
 

20:08.119 --> 20:10.989 align:start position:0%
annually to sustain the systems,
operations,<00:23:27.200><c> and</c><00:23:27.520><c> inhabitants.</c>

20:10.989 --> 20:10.999 align:start position:0%
operations, and inhabitants.
 

20:10.999 --> 20:13.069 align:start position:0%
operations, and inhabitants.
So,<00:23:29.840><c> what</c><00:23:30.080><c> would</c><00:23:30.240><c> it</c><00:23:30.400><c> look</c><00:23:30.640><c> like</c><00:23:30.799><c> to</c><00:23:31.039><c> live</c><00:23:31.200><c> on</c>

20:13.069 --> 20:13.079 align:start position:0%
So, what would it look like to live on
 

20:13.079 --> 20:15.388 align:start position:0%
So, what would it look like to live on
the<00:23:31.520><c> moon?</c><00:23:32.480><c> This</c><00:23:32.720><c> is</c><00:23:32.799><c> the</c><00:23:33.039><c> part</c><00:23:33.200><c> of</c><00:23:33.360><c> the</c><00:23:33.520><c> story</c>

20:15.388 --> 20:15.398 align:start position:0%
the moon? This is the part of the story
 

20:15.398 --> 20:17.549 align:start position:0%
the moon? This is the part of the story
that's<00:23:34.000><c> hardest</c><00:23:34.320><c> to</c><00:23:34.400><c> pin</c><00:23:34.720><c> down</c><00:23:34.960><c> with</c><00:23:35.120><c> facts</c>

20:17.549 --> 20:17.559 align:start position:0%
that's hardest to pin down with facts
 

20:17.559 --> 20:19.709 align:start position:0%
that's hardest to pin down with facts
because<00:23:36.240><c> a</c><00:23:36.559><c> functioning</c><00:23:37.039><c> day-to-day</c><00:23:37.600><c> Luna</c>

20:19.709 --> 20:19.719 align:start position:0%
because a functioning day-to-day Luna
 

20:19.719 --> 20:21.868 align:start position:0%
because a functioning day-to-day Luna
settlement<00:23:38.720><c> doesn't</c><00:23:39.039><c> exist</c><00:23:39.360><c> yet.</c><00:23:39.760><c> So,</c><00:23:40.000><c> we</c>

20:21.868 --> 20:21.878 align:start position:0%
settlement doesn't exist yet. So, we
 

20:21.878 --> 20:23.949 align:start position:0%
settlement doesn't exist yet. So, we
can't<00:23:40.400><c> know</c><00:23:40.559><c> for</c><00:23:40.799><c> sure.</c><00:23:41.360><c> But</c><00:23:41.600><c> perhaps</c><00:23:42.000><c> that</c>

20:23.949 --> 20:23.959 align:start position:0%
can't know for sure. But perhaps that
 

20:23.959 --> 20:26.349 align:start position:0%
can't know for sure. But perhaps that
just<00:23:42.400><c> makes</c><00:23:42.640><c> it</c><00:23:42.799><c> more</c><00:23:42.960><c> fun</c><00:23:43.200><c> to</c><00:23:43.440><c> imagine.</c><00:23:44.400><c> And</c>

20:26.349 --> 20:26.359 align:start position:0%
just makes it more fun to imagine. And
 

20:26.359 --> 20:28.029 align:start position:0%
just makes it more fun to imagine. And
based<00:23:44.880><c> on</c><00:23:45.120><c> everything</c><00:23:45.520><c> we've</c><00:23:45.840><c> talked</c><00:23:46.080><c> about</c>

20:28.029 --> 20:28.039 align:start position:0%
based on everything we've talked about
 

20:28.039 --> 20:30.109 align:start position:0%
based on everything we've talked about
so<00:23:46.559><c> far,</c><00:23:47.039><c> we</c><00:23:47.280><c> can</c><00:23:47.360><c> at</c><00:23:47.360><c> least</c><00:23:47.760><c> paint</c><00:23:48.000><c> a</c>

20:30.109 --> 20:30.119 align:start position:0%
so far, we can at least paint a
 

20:30.119 --> 20:31.868 align:start position:0%
so far, we can at least paint a
reasonable<00:23:48.960><c> picture</c><00:23:49.360><c> of</c><00:23:49.520><c> what</c><00:23:49.840><c> daily</c>

20:31.868 --> 20:31.878 align:start position:0%
reasonable picture of what daily
 

20:31.878 --> 20:34.829 align:start position:0%
reasonable picture of what daily
existence<00:23:50.640><c> is</c><00:23:50.880><c> likely</c><00:23:51.200><c> to</c><00:23:51.440><c> involve.</c><00:23:52.640><c> Near</c><00:23:52.960><c> the</c>

20:34.829 --> 20:34.839 align:start position:0%
existence is likely to involve. Near the
 

20:34.839 --> 20:37.229 align:start position:0%
existence is likely to involve. Near the
South<00:23:53.360><c> Pole,</c><00:23:53.840><c> the</c><00:23:54.080><c> sun</c><00:23:54.400><c> never</c><00:23:54.799><c> climbs</c><00:23:55.200><c> high</c>

20:37.229 --> 20:37.239 align:start position:0%
South Pole, the sun never climbs high
 

20:37.239 --> 20:39.949 align:start position:0%
South Pole, the sun never climbs high
overhead.<00:23:56.480><c> Instead,</c><00:23:56.880><c> it</c><00:23:57.200><c> only</c><00:23:57.520><c> just</c><00:23:57.840><c> peaks</c>

20:39.949 --> 20:39.959 align:start position:0%
overhead. Instead, it only just peaks
 

20:39.959 --> 20:42.829 align:start position:0%
overhead. Instead, it only just peaks
above<00:23:58.480><c> the</c><00:23:58.720><c> horizon</c><00:23:59.280><c> as</c><00:23:59.600><c> it</c><00:23:59.840><c> slowly</c><00:24:00.240><c> circles,</c>

20:42.829 --> 20:42.839 align:start position:0%
above the horizon as it slowly circles,
 

20:42.839 --> 20:46.349 align:start position:0%
above the horizon as it slowly circles,
casting<00:24:01.679><c> long,</c><00:24:02.400><c> dramatic</c><00:24:03.039><c> shadows.</c><00:24:04.320><c> Getting</c>

20:46.349 --> 20:46.359 align:start position:0%
casting long, dramatic shadows. Getting
 

20:46.359 --> 20:48.589 align:start position:0%
casting long, dramatic shadows. Getting
around<00:24:04.960><c> would</c><00:24:05.200><c> mean</c><00:24:05.520><c> relying</c><00:24:06.000><c> heavily</c><00:24:06.480><c> on</c><00:24:06.720><c> the</c>

20:48.589 --> 20:48.599 align:start position:0%
around would mean relying heavily on the
 

20:48.599 --> 20:50.909 align:start position:0%
around would mean relying heavily on the
rovers.<00:24:07.760><c> But</c><00:24:07.919><c> given</c><00:24:08.240><c> the</c><00:24:08.400><c> harsh</c><00:24:08.720><c> radiation</c>

20:50.909 --> 20:50.919 align:start position:0%
rovers. But given the harsh radiation
 

20:50.919 --> 20:52.669 align:start position:0%
rovers. But given the harsh radiation
and<00:24:09.600><c> temperatures</c><00:24:10.000><c> on</c><00:24:10.159><c> the</c><00:24:10.240><c> moon</c><00:24:10.559><c> and</c><00:24:10.799><c> the</c>

20:52.669 --> 20:52.679 align:start position:0%
and temperatures on the moon and the
 

20:52.679 --> 20:54.988 align:start position:0%
and temperatures on the moon and the
sheer<00:24:11.360><c> physical</c><00:24:11.840><c> toll</c><00:24:12.240><c> of</c><00:24:12.480><c> working</c><00:24:12.799><c> in</c><00:24:13.039><c> a</c>

20:54.988 --> 20:54.998 align:start position:0%
sheer physical toll of working in a
 

20:54.998 --> 20:57.229 align:start position:0%
sheer physical toll of working in a
pressurized<00:24:13.840><c> space</c><00:24:14.080><c> suit,</c><00:24:14.799><c> time</c><00:24:15.120><c> spent</c>

20:57.229 --> 20:57.239 align:start position:0%
pressurized space suit, time spent
 

20:57.239 --> 20:59.628 align:start position:0%
pressurized space suit, time spent
directly<00:24:16.000><c> on</c><00:24:16.159><c> the</c><00:24:16.400><c> open</c><00:24:16.720><c> surface</c><00:24:17.440><c> might</c><00:24:17.760><c> be</c>

20:59.628 --> 20:59.638 align:start position:0%
directly on the open surface might be
 

20:59.638 --> 21:02.109 align:start position:0%
directly on the open surface might be
carefully<00:24:18.480><c> rationed</c><00:24:18.960><c> and</c><00:24:19.279><c> monitored,</c><00:24:20.080><c> much</c>

21:02.109 --> 21:02.119 align:start position:0%
carefully rationed and monitored, much
 

21:02.119 --> 21:04.189 align:start position:0%
carefully rationed and monitored, much
like<00:24:20.640><c> how</c><00:24:20.960><c> space</c><00:24:21.279><c> walks</c><00:24:21.600><c> are</c><00:24:21.840><c> scheduled</c><00:24:22.240><c> and</c>

21:04.189 --> 21:04.199 align:start position:0%
like how space walks are scheduled and
 

21:04.199 --> 21:06.508 align:start position:0%
like how space walks are scheduled and
tracked<00:24:22.799><c> today.</c><00:24:23.600><c> Communication</c><00:24:24.240><c> back</c><00:24:24.480><c> to</c>

21:06.508 --> 21:06.518 align:start position:0%
tracked today. Communication back to
 

21:06.518 --> 21:08.748 align:start position:0%
tracked today. Communication back to
friends<00:24:25.120><c> and</c><00:24:25.360><c> family</c><00:24:25.600><c> on</c><00:24:25.919><c> Earth</c><00:24:26.400><c> and</c><00:24:26.640><c> between</c>

21:08.748 --> 21:08.758 align:start position:0%
friends and family on Earth and between
 

21:08.758 --> 21:11.069 align:start position:0%
friends and family on Earth and between
different<00:24:27.440><c> parts</c><00:24:27.760><c> of</c><00:24:27.919><c> the</c><00:24:28.080><c> base</c><00:24:28.400><c> itself</c><00:24:29.120><c> would</c>

21:11.069 --> 21:11.079 align:start position:0%
different parts of the base itself would
 

21:11.079 --> 21:12.349 align:start position:0%
different parts of the base itself would
likely<00:24:29.679><c> run</c><00:24:29.840><c> through</c><00:24:30.000><c> the</c><00:24:30.159><c> satellite</c>

21:12.349 --> 21:12.359 align:start position:0%
likely run through the satellite
 

21:12.359 --> 21:14.029 align:start position:0%
likely run through the satellite
networks<00:24:31.120><c> like</c><00:24:31.360><c> moonlight</c><00:24:31.919><c> circling</c>

21:14.029 --> 21:14.039 align:start position:0%
networks like moonlight circling
 

21:14.039 --> 21:16.429 align:start position:0%
networks like moonlight circling
overhead,<00:24:33.120><c> providing</c><00:24:33.520><c> the</c><00:24:33.840><c> kind</c><00:24:34.000><c> of</c><00:24:34.240><c> steady</c>

21:16.429 --> 21:16.439 align:start position:0%
overhead, providing the kind of steady
 

21:16.439 --> 21:18.748 align:start position:0%
overhead, providing the kind of steady
connectivity<00:24:35.279><c> that</c><00:24:35.600><c> hasn't</c><00:24:35.919><c> existed</c><00:24:36.320><c> for</c><00:24:36.640><c> any</c>

21:18.748 --> 21:18.758 align:start position:0%
connectivity that hasn't existed for any
 

21:18.758 --> 21:20.829 align:start position:0%
connectivity that hasn't existed for any
previous<00:24:37.440><c> lunar</c><00:24:37.840><c> mission.</c><00:24:38.400><c> An</c><00:24:38.640><c> important</c>

21:20.829 --> 21:20.839 align:start position:0%
previous lunar mission. An important
 

21:20.839 --> 21:23.628 align:start position:0%
previous lunar mission. An important
quality<00:24:39.520><c> of</c><00:24:39.679><c> life</c><00:24:39.919><c> improvement.</c><00:24:41.200><c> And</c><00:24:41.520><c> perhaps</c>

21:23.628 --> 21:23.638 align:start position:0%
quality of life improvement. And perhaps
 

21:23.638 --> 21:26.029 align:start position:0%
quality of life improvement. And perhaps
you<00:24:42.159><c> live</c><00:24:42.400><c> in</c><00:24:42.640><c> a</c><00:24:42.880><c> shielded</c><00:24:43.360><c> module</c><00:24:43.919><c> connected</c>

21:26.029 --> 21:26.039 align:start position:0%
you live in a shielded module connected
 

21:26.039 --> 21:29.069 align:start position:0%
you live in a shielded module connected
to<00:24:44.480><c> several</c><00:24:44.960><c> others.</c><00:24:45.840><c> Or</c><00:24:46.159><c> maybe</c><00:24:46.799><c> your</c><00:24:47.039><c> living</c>

21:29.069 --> 21:29.079 align:start position:0%
to several others. Or maybe your living
 

21:29.079 --> 21:31.229 align:start position:0%
to several others. Or maybe your living
quarters<00:24:47.760><c> would</c><00:24:48.000><c> be</c><00:24:48.159><c> built</c><00:24:48.480><c> inside</c><00:24:48.880><c> a</c><00:24:49.120><c> hollow</c>

21:31.229 --> 21:31.239 align:start position:0%
quarters would be built inside a hollow
 

21:31.239 --> 21:33.949 align:start position:0%
quarters would be built inside a hollow
lava<00:24:49.919><c> tube</c><00:24:50.240><c> for</c><00:24:50.480><c> protection.</c><00:24:51.679><c> It's</c><00:24:52.000><c> worth</c>

21:33.949 --> 21:33.959 align:start position:0%
lava tube for protection. It's worth
 

21:33.959 --> 21:35.628 align:start position:0%
lava tube for protection. It's worth
being<00:24:52.480><c> honest</c><00:24:52.799><c> about</c><00:24:53.120><c> what</c><00:24:53.360><c> we</c><00:24:53.600><c> don't</c><00:24:53.760><c> know</c>

21:35.628 --> 21:35.638 align:start position:0%
being honest about what we don't know
 

21:35.638 --> 21:37.789 align:start position:0%
being honest about what we don't know
yet.<00:24:54.640><c> Would</c><00:24:54.880><c> there</c><00:24:55.039><c> be</c><00:24:55.520><c> long-term</c>

21:37.789 --> 21:37.799 align:start position:0%
yet. Would there be long-term
 

21:37.799 --> 21:39.709 align:start position:0%
yet. Would there be long-term
psychological<00:24:56.799><c> effects</c><00:24:57.120><c> of</c><00:24:57.360><c> living</c><00:24:57.600><c> in</c>

21:39.709 --> 21:39.719 align:start position:0%
psychological effects of living in
 

21:39.719 --> 21:42.189 align:start position:0%
psychological effects of living in
relative<00:24:58.400><c> isolation?</c><00:24:59.600><c> Will</c><00:24:59.840><c> all</c><00:25:00.159><c> of</c><00:25:00.320><c> the</c>

21:42.189 --> 21:42.199 align:start position:0%
relative isolation? Will all of the
 

21:42.199 --> 21:44.109 align:start position:0%
relative isolation? Will all of the
inhabitants<00:25:01.120><c> food</c><00:25:01.440><c> need</c><00:25:01.679><c> to</c><00:25:01.840><c> be</c><00:25:01.919><c> sent</c><00:25:02.159><c> from</c>

21:44.109 --> 21:44.119 align:start position:0%
inhabitants food need to be sent from
 

21:44.119 --> 21:46.268 align:start position:0%
inhabitants food need to be sent from
Earth?<00:25:03.120><c> Or</c><00:25:03.279><c> will</c><00:25:03.440><c> we</c><00:25:03.600><c> find</c><00:25:03.840><c> ways</c><00:25:04.080><c> to</c><00:25:04.240><c> produce</c>

21:46.268 --> 21:46.278 align:start position:0%
Earth? Or will we find ways to produce
 

21:46.278 --> 21:48.829 align:start position:0%
Earth? Or will we find ways to produce
it<00:25:04.720><c> on</c><00:25:04.880><c> the</c><00:25:05.039><c> moon?</c><00:25:05.840><c> What</c><00:25:06.080><c> happens</c><00:25:06.480><c> if</c><00:25:06.799><c> someone</c>

21:48.829 --> 21:48.839 align:start position:0%
it on the moon? What happens if someone
 

21:48.839 --> 21:51.628 align:start position:0%
it on the moon? What happens if someone
needs<00:25:07.440><c> urgent</c><00:25:07.760><c> medical</c><00:25:08.159><c> care?</c><00:25:09.279><c> A</c><00:25:09.520><c> permanent</c>

21:51.628 --> 21:51.638 align:start position:0%
needs urgent medical care? A permanent
 

21:51.638 --> 21:53.868 align:start position:0%
needs urgent medical care? A permanent
moon<00:25:10.159><c> base</c><00:25:10.480><c> will</c><00:25:10.640><c> help</c><00:25:10.799><c> us</c><00:25:11.120><c> begin</c><00:25:11.520><c> to</c><00:25:11.760><c> answer</c>

21:53.868 --> 21:53.878 align:start position:0%
moon base will help us begin to answer
 

21:53.878 --> 21:56.109 align:start position:0%
moon base will help us begin to answer
many<00:25:12.480><c> of</c><00:25:12.640><c> these</c><00:25:12.880><c> questions</c><00:25:13.279><c> directly</c><00:25:14.080><c> through</c>

21:56.109 --> 21:56.119 align:start position:0%
many of these questions directly through
 

21:56.119 --> 21:58.109 align:start position:0%
many of these questions directly through
lived<00:25:14.720><c> experience</c><00:25:15.440><c> rather</c><00:25:15.760><c> than</c><00:25:16.000><c> through</c>

21:58.109 --> 21:58.119 align:start position:0%
lived experience rather than through
 

21:58.119 --> 22:01.069 align:start position:0%
lived experience rather than through
speculation<00:25:16.960><c> alone.</c><00:25:18.000><c> But</c><00:25:18.400><c> establishing</c><00:25:19.120><c> a</c>

22:01.069 --> 22:01.079 align:start position:0%
speculation alone. But establishing a
 

22:01.079 --> 22:05.309 align:start position:0%
speculation alone. But establishing a
moon<00:25:19.679><c> base</c><00:25:20.080><c> now</c><00:25:20.880><c> this</c><00:25:21.279><c> rapidly</c><00:25:22.400><c> is</c><00:25:22.880><c> not</c><00:25:23.279><c> just</c>

22:05.309 --> 22:05.319 align:start position:0%
moon base now this rapidly is not just
 

22:05.319 --> 22:07.949 align:start position:0%
moon base now this rapidly is not just
about<00:25:23.919><c> scientific</c><00:25:24.480><c> questions.</c><00:25:25.360><c> There's</c><00:25:25.919><c> some</c>

22:07.949 --> 22:07.959 align:start position:0%
about scientific questions. There's some
 

22:07.959 --> 22:11.388 align:start position:0%
about scientific questions. There's some
strategy<00:25:26.799><c> behind</c><00:25:27.120><c> it.</c><00:25:27.919><c> And</c><00:25:28.080><c> with</c><00:25:28.320><c> that</c><00:25:29.360><c> may</c>

22:11.388 --> 22:11.398 align:start position:0%
strategy behind it. And with that may
 

22:11.398 --> 22:14.748 align:start position:0%
strategy behind it. And with that may
come<00:25:30.240><c> conflict.</c><00:25:31.440><c> The</c><00:25:31.679><c> moon's</c><00:25:32.000><c> south</c><00:25:32.240><c> pole</c><00:25:32.799><c> is</c>

22:14.748 --> 22:14.758 align:start position:0%
come conflict. The moon's south pole is
 

22:14.758 --> 22:16.669 align:start position:0%
come conflict. The moon's south pole is
not<00:25:33.200><c> a</c><00:25:33.440><c> big</c><00:25:33.600><c> place.</c><00:25:34.159><c> There</c><00:25:34.400><c> are</c><00:25:34.559><c> limited</c>

22:16.669 --> 22:16.679 align:start position:0%
not a big place. There are limited
 

22:16.679 --> 22:18.349 align:start position:0%
not a big place. There are limited
locations<00:25:35.360><c> where</c><00:25:35.520><c> the</c><00:25:35.760><c> sun</c><00:25:36.000><c> hits</c><00:25:36.159><c> the</c><00:25:36.320><c> rim</c><00:25:36.559><c> of</c>

22:18.349 --> 22:18.359 align:start position:0%
locations where the sun hits the rim of
 

22:18.359 --> 22:20.669 align:start position:0%
locations where the sun hits the rim of
a<00:25:36.799><c> crater</c><00:25:37.120><c> just</c><00:25:37.360><c> right</c><00:25:37.840><c> to</c><00:25:38.080><c> create</c><00:25:38.320><c> the</c><00:25:38.480><c> ideal</c>

22:20.669 --> 22:20.679 align:start position:0%
a crater just right to create the ideal
 

22:20.679 --> 22:23.149 align:start position:0%
a crater just right to create the ideal
conditions<00:25:39.360><c> for</c><00:25:39.600><c> a</c><00:25:39.760><c> sustained</c><00:25:40.320><c> moon</c><00:25:40.640><c> base.</c>

22:23.149 --> 22:23.159 align:start position:0%
conditions for a sustained moon base.
 

22:23.159 --> 22:25.549 align:start position:0%
conditions for a sustained moon base.
And<00:25:41.600><c> NASA</c><00:25:42.080><c> isn't</c><00:25:42.559><c> the</c><00:25:42.720><c> only</c><00:25:42.960><c> space</c><00:25:43.360><c> program</c>

22:25.549 --> 22:25.559 align:start position:0%
And NASA isn't the only space program
 

22:25.559 --> 22:28.109 align:start position:0%
And NASA isn't the only space program
eyeing<00:25:44.320><c> the</c><00:25:44.559><c> same</c><00:25:44.960><c> small</c><00:25:45.360><c> patch</c><00:25:45.760><c> of</c><00:25:46.000><c> lunar</c>

22:28.109 --> 22:28.119 align:start position:0%
eyeing the same small patch of lunar
 

22:28.119 --> 22:29.469 align:start position:0%
eyeing the same small patch of lunar
real<00:25:46.640><c> estate.</c>

22:29.469 --> 22:29.479 align:start position:0%
real estate.
 

22:29.479 --> 22:31.549 align:start position:0%
real estate.
China<00:25:48.159><c> has</c><00:25:48.400><c> its</c><00:25:48.640><c> own</c><00:25:48.799><c> ambitions</c><00:25:49.360><c> for</c><00:25:49.600><c> a</c>

22:31.549 --> 22:31.559 align:start position:0%
China has its own ambitions for a
 

22:31.559 --> 22:33.709 align:start position:0%
China has its own ambitions for a
permanent<00:25:50.320><c> lunar</c><00:25:50.720><c> research</c><00:25:51.200><c> station</c>

22:33.709 --> 22:33.719 align:start position:0%
permanent lunar research station
 

22:33.719 --> 22:35.388 align:start position:0%
permanent lunar research station
described<00:25:52.640><c> as</c><00:25:52.880><c> an</c><00:25:53.120><c> international</c>

22:35.388 --> 22:35.398 align:start position:0%
described as an international
 

22:35.398 --> 22:37.709 align:start position:0%
described as an international
collaborative<00:25:54.320><c> effort</c><00:25:54.880><c> intended</c><00:25:55.360><c> to</c><00:25:55.520><c> support</c>

22:37.709 --> 22:37.719 align:start position:0%
collaborative effort intended to support
 

22:37.719 --> 22:40.109 align:start position:0%
collaborative effort intended to support
long-term<00:25:56.559><c> robotic</c><00:25:57.200><c> and</c><00:25:57.440><c> eventually</c><00:25:58.000><c> crude</c>

22:40.109 --> 22:40.119 align:start position:0%
long-term robotic and eventually crude
 

22:40.119 --> 22:42.508 align:start position:0%
long-term robotic and eventually crude
operations<00:25:58.880><c> on</c><00:25:59.039><c> the</c><00:25:59.200><c> moon.</c><00:26:00.000><c> And</c><00:26:00.159><c> they</c><00:26:00.640><c> are</c>

22:42.508 --> 22:42.518 align:start position:0%
operations on the moon. And they are
 

22:42.518 --> 22:44.748 align:start position:0%
operations on the moon. And they are
looking<00:26:01.039><c> at</c><00:26:01.200><c> the</c><00:26:01.360><c> same</c><00:26:01.600><c> place</c><00:26:01.919><c> NASA</c><00:26:02.320><c> is</c><00:26:02.799><c> for</c>

22:44.748 --> 22:44.758 align:start position:0%
looking at the same place NASA is for
 

22:44.758 --> 22:47.388 align:start position:0%
looking at the same place NASA is for
the<00:26:03.279><c> same</c><00:26:03.520><c> reasons,</c><00:26:04.400><c> resources</c><00:26:05.279><c> and</c>

22:47.388 --> 22:47.398 align:start position:0%
the same reasons, resources and
 

22:47.398 --> 22:50.029 align:start position:0%
the same reasons, resources and
sunlight.<00:26:06.960><c> Meanwhile,</c><00:26:07.600><c> commercial</c><00:26:08.000><c> players</c>

22:50.029 --> 22:50.039 align:start position:0%
sunlight. Meanwhile, commercial players
 

22:50.039 --> 22:52.029 align:start position:0%
sunlight. Meanwhile, commercial players
are<00:26:08.640><c> pursuing</c><00:26:09.039><c> their</c><00:26:09.279><c> own</c><00:26:09.760><c> even</c><00:26:10.080><c> more</c>

22:52.029 --> 22:52.039 align:start position:0%
are pursuing their own even more
 

22:52.039 --> 22:53.949 align:start position:0%
are pursuing their own even more
ambitious<00:26:10.960><c> visions</c><00:26:11.279><c> for</c><00:26:11.440><c> the</c><00:26:11.600><c> lunar</c><00:26:12.000><c> south</c>

22:53.949 --> 22:53.959 align:start position:0%
ambitious visions for the lunar south
 

22:53.959 --> 22:56.669 align:start position:0%
ambitious visions for the lunar south
pole<00:26:12.640><c> entirely</c><00:26:13.279><c> independent</c><00:26:14.000><c> of</c><00:26:14.240><c> any</c><00:26:14.559><c> single</c>

22:56.669 --> 22:56.679 align:start position:0%
pole entirely independent of any single
 

22:56.679 --> 22:59.149 align:start position:0%
pole entirely independent of any single
national<00:26:15.279><c> space</c><00:26:15.679><c> agency.</c><00:26:16.640><c> For</c><00:26:16.799><c> example,</c>

22:59.149 --> 22:59.159 align:start position:0%
national space agency. For example,
 

22:59.159 --> 23:02.589 align:start position:0%
national space agency. For example,
SpaceX<00:26:18.000><c> has</c><00:26:18.320><c> aspirations</c><00:26:18.960><c> for</c><00:26:19.279><c> a</c><00:26:19.520><c> lunar</c><00:26:20.000><c> city</c>

23:02.589 --> 23:02.599 align:start position:0%
SpaceX has aspirations for a lunar city
 

23:02.599 --> 23:04.268 align:start position:0%
SpaceX has aspirations for a lunar city
designed<00:26:21.200><c> to</c><00:26:21.440><c> expand</c><00:26:21.919><c> and</c><00:26:22.240><c> become</c>

23:04.268 --> 23:04.278 align:start position:0%
designed to expand and become
 

23:04.278 --> 23:06.589 align:start position:0%
designed to expand and become
increasingly<00:26:23.279><c> self-sufficient</c><00:26:24.000><c> over</c><00:26:24.320><c> time</c>

23:06.589 --> 23:06.599 align:start position:0%
increasingly self-sufficient over time
 

23:06.599 --> 23:09.149 align:start position:0%
increasingly self-sufficient over time
rather<00:26:25.200><c> than</c><00:26:25.440><c> remaining</c><00:26:25.919><c> a</c><00:26:26.320><c> small</c><00:26:26.799><c> fixed</c>

23:09.149 --> 23:09.159 align:start position:0%
rather than remaining a small fixed
 

23:09.159 --> 23:11.709 align:start position:0%
rather than remaining a small fixed
research<00:26:27.840><c> station</c><00:26:28.320><c> indefinitely.</c><00:26:29.520><c> It's</c><00:26:29.760><c> no</c>

23:11.709 --> 23:11.719 align:start position:0%
research station indefinitely. It's no
 

23:11.719 --> 23:13.949 align:start position:0%
research station indefinitely. It's no
coincidence<00:26:30.559><c> that</c><00:26:31.039><c> everyone</c><00:26:31.520><c> wants</c><00:26:31.840><c> the</c><00:26:32.080><c> same</c>

23:13.949 --> 23:13.959 align:start position:0%
coincidence that everyone wants the same
 

23:13.959 --> 23:16.109 align:start position:0%
coincidence that everyone wants the same
land.<00:26:32.960><c> And</c><00:26:33.120><c> with</c><00:26:33.440><c> major</c><00:26:33.760><c> gaps</c><00:26:34.159><c> still</c>

23:16.109 --> 23:16.119 align:start position:0%
land. And with major gaps still
 

23:16.119 --> 23:17.789 align:start position:0%
land. And with major gaps still
remaining<00:26:34.720><c> in</c><00:26:35.039><c> international</c><00:26:35.600><c> policy</c>

23:17.789 --> 23:17.799 align:start position:0%
remaining in international policy
 

23:17.799 --> 23:19.949 align:start position:0%
remaining in international policy
governing<00:26:36.480><c> lunar</c><00:26:36.880><c> resources,</c><00:26:37.840><c> simply</c>

23:19.949 --> 23:19.959 align:start position:0%
governing lunar resources, simply
 

23:19.959 --> 23:22.508 align:start position:0%
governing lunar resources, simply
getting<00:26:38.559><c> there</c><00:26:38.799><c> first</c><00:26:39.440><c> may</c><00:26:39.760><c> dictate</c><00:26:40.240><c> who</c><00:26:40.480><c> sets</c>

23:22.508 --> 23:22.518 align:start position:0%
getting there first may dictate who sets
 

23:22.518 --> 23:25.868 align:start position:0%
getting there first may dictate who sets
the<00:26:40.960><c> rules</c><00:26:41.440><c> and</c><00:26:41.760><c> who</c><00:26:42.080><c> gets</c><00:26:42.320><c> the</c><00:26:42.559><c> resources.</c>

23:25.868 --> 23:25.878 align:start position:0%
the rules and who gets the resources.
 

23:25.878 --> 23:29.229 align:start position:0%
the rules and who gets the resources.
This<00:26:44.640><c> truly</c><00:26:45.360><c> may</c><00:26:45.679><c> be</c><00:26:46.159><c> a</c><00:26:46.400><c> second</c><00:26:46.720><c> space</c><00:26:47.039><c> race</c>

23:29.229 --> 23:29.239 align:start position:0%
This truly may be a second space race
 

23:29.239 --> 23:31.789 align:start position:0%
This truly may be a second space race
with<00:26:47.840><c> high</c><00:26:48.159><c> stakes</c><00:26:48.559><c> indeed.</c><00:26:49.360><c> And</c><00:26:49.520><c> as</c><00:26:49.760><c> with</c>

23:31.789 --> 23:31.799 align:start position:0%
with high stakes indeed. And as with
 

23:31.799 --> 23:34.829 align:start position:0%
with high stakes indeed. And as with
many<00:26:50.400><c> geopolitical</c><00:26:51.120><c> discussions,</c><00:26:52.240><c> weapons</c>

23:34.829 --> 23:34.839 align:start position:0%
many geopolitical discussions, weapons
 

23:34.839 --> 23:38.508 align:start position:0%
many geopolitical discussions, weapons
may<00:26:53.440><c> not</c><00:26:53.760><c> be</c><00:26:54.000><c> far</c><00:26:54.320><c> from</c><00:26:54.480><c> the</c><00:26:54.720><c> table.</c>

23:38.508 --> 23:38.518 align:start position:0%
may not be far from the table.
 

23:38.518 --> 23:40.829 align:start position:0%
may not be far from the table.
One<00:26:57.120><c> piece</c><00:26:57.520><c> of</c><00:26:57.840><c> proposed</c><00:26:58.240><c> lunar</c><00:26:58.640><c> technology</c>

23:40.829 --> 23:40.839 align:start position:0%
One piece of proposed lunar technology
 

23:40.839 --> 23:42.829 align:start position:0%
One piece of proposed lunar technology
that's<00:26:59.520><c> drawn</c><00:26:59.840><c> a</c><00:27:00.080><c> lot</c><00:27:00.240><c> of</c><00:27:00.400><c> attention</c><00:27:00.799><c> from</c>

23:42.829 --> 23:42.839 align:start position:0%
that's drawn a lot of attention from
 

23:42.839 --> 23:45.229 align:start position:0%
that's drawn a lot of attention from
security<00:27:01.600><c> analysts</c><00:27:02.159><c> recently</c><00:27:02.880><c> is</c><00:27:03.200><c> what's</c>

23:45.229 --> 23:45.239 align:start position:0%
security analysts recently is what's
 

23:45.239 --> 23:48.669 align:start position:0%
security analysts recently is what's
called<00:27:04.000><c> the</c><00:27:04.240><c> electromagnetic</c><00:27:05.360><c> mass</c><00:27:05.840><c> driver.</c>

23:48.669 --> 23:48.679 align:start position:0%
called the electromagnetic mass driver.
 

23:48.679 --> 23:51.469 align:start position:0%
called the electromagnetic mass driver.
Essentially,<00:27:08.000><c> SpaceX</c><00:27:08.640><c> is</c><00:27:08.960><c> looking</c><00:27:09.200><c> to</c><00:27:09.440><c> build</c>

23:51.469 --> 23:51.479 align:start position:0%
Essentially, SpaceX is looking to build
 

23:51.479 --> 23:54.988 align:start position:0%
Essentially, SpaceX is looking to build
a<00:27:10.080><c> magnetic</c><00:27:10.880><c> catapult</c><00:27:11.520><c> on</c><00:27:11.760><c> the</c><00:27:11.919><c> moon.</c><00:27:12.960><c> It</c>

23:54.988 --> 23:54.998 align:start position:0%
a magnetic catapult on the moon. It
 

23:54.998 --> 23:56.988 align:start position:0%
a magnetic catapult on the moon. It
works<00:27:13.520><c> by</c><00:27:13.760><c> using</c><00:27:14.080><c> a</c><00:27:14.400><c> long</c><00:27:14.799><c> track</c><00:27:15.120><c> of</c>

23:56.988 --> 23:56.998 align:start position:0%
works by using a long track of
 

23:56.998 --> 23:58.829 align:start position:0%
works by using a long track of
electromagnets,<00:27:16.480><c> similar</c><00:27:16.720><c> to</c><00:27:16.880><c> the</c>

23:58.829 --> 23:58.839 align:start position:0%
electromagnets, similar to the
 

23:58.839 --> 24:01.388 align:start position:0%
electromagnets, similar to the
technology<00:27:17.679><c> behind</c><00:27:18.080><c> maglev</c><00:27:18.640><c> trains</c><00:27:18.960><c> on</c><00:27:19.120><c> Earth</c>

24:01.388 --> 24:01.398 align:start position:0%
technology behind maglev trains on Earth
 

24:01.398 --> 24:03.469 align:start position:0%
technology behind maglev trains on Earth
to<00:27:19.919><c> accelerate</c><00:27:20.320><c> an</c><00:27:20.559><c> object</c><00:27:20.880><c> to</c><00:27:21.120><c> very</c><00:27:21.440><c> high</c>

24:03.469 --> 24:03.479 align:start position:0%
to accelerate an object to very high
 

24:03.479 --> 24:05.789 align:start position:0%
to accelerate an object to very high
speed<00:27:22.080><c> using</c><00:27:22.400><c> magnetic</c><00:27:22.880><c> fields</c><00:27:23.200><c> alone</c><00:27:23.840><c> rather</c>

24:05.789 --> 24:05.799 align:start position:0%
speed using magnetic fields alone rather
 

24:05.799 --> 24:08.508 align:start position:0%
speed using magnetic fields alone rather
than<00:27:24.320><c> burning</c><00:27:24.720><c> rocket</c><00:27:25.120><c> fuel.</c><00:27:26.080><c> On</c><00:27:26.240><c> the</c><00:27:26.400><c> moon,</c>

24:08.508 --> 24:08.518 align:start position:0%
than burning rocket fuel. On the moon,
 

24:08.518 --> 24:10.589 align:start position:0%
than burning rocket fuel. On the moon,
with<00:27:26.960><c> its</c><00:27:27.279><c> lower</c><00:27:27.520><c> gravity</c><00:27:28.080><c> and</c><00:27:28.320><c> absence</c><00:27:28.720><c> of</c>

24:10.589 --> 24:10.599 align:start position:0%
with its lower gravity and absence of
 

24:10.599 --> 24:12.508 align:start position:0%
with its lower gravity and absence of
atmosphere<00:27:29.440><c> to</c><00:27:29.600><c> create</c><00:27:29.919><c> drag,</c><00:27:30.559><c> a</c>

24:12.508 --> 24:12.518 align:start position:0%
atmosphere to create drag, a
 

24:12.518 --> 24:14.748 align:start position:0%
atmosphere to create drag, a
sufficiently<00:27:31.360><c> long</c><00:27:31.679><c> electromagnetic</c><00:27:32.559><c> track</c>

24:14.748 --> 24:14.758 align:start position:0%
sufficiently long electromagnetic track
 

24:14.758 --> 24:18.109 align:start position:0%
sufficiently long electromagnetic track
could<00:27:33.679><c> in</c><00:27:33.919><c> principle</c><00:27:34.799><c> accelerate</c><00:27:35.360><c> cargo</c><00:27:36.159><c> or</c>

24:18.109 --> 24:18.119 align:start position:0%
could in principle accelerate cargo or
 

24:18.119 --> 24:20.669 align:start position:0%
could in principle accelerate cargo or
even<00:27:36.720><c> fully</c><00:27:37.120><c> assemble</c><00:27:37.600><c> satellites</c><00:27:38.320><c> to</c><00:27:38.640><c> lunar</c>

24:20.669 --> 24:20.679 align:start position:0%
even fully assemble satellites to lunar
 

24:20.679 --> 24:23.229 align:start position:0%
even fully assemble satellites to lunar
escape<00:27:39.360><c> velocity</c><00:27:40.000><c> and</c><00:27:40.240><c> beyond,</c><00:27:41.120><c> launching</c>

24:23.229 --> 24:23.239 align:start position:0%
escape velocity and beyond, launching
 

24:23.239 --> 24:25.549 align:start position:0%
escape velocity and beyond, launching
them<00:27:41.679><c> into</c><00:27:42.000><c> space</c><00:27:42.400><c> without</c><00:27:42.799><c> ever</c><00:27:43.120><c> burning</c><00:27:43.520><c> a</c>

24:25.549 --> 24:25.559 align:start position:0%
them into space without ever burning a
 

24:25.559 --> 24:28.508 align:start position:0%
them into space without ever burning a
drop<00:27:44.159><c> of</c><00:27:44.400><c> rocket</c><00:27:44.720><c> fuel.</c><00:27:45.760><c> But</c><00:27:45.919><c> as</c><00:27:46.159><c> genuinely</c>

24:28.508 --> 24:28.518 align:start position:0%
drop of rocket fuel. But as genuinely
 

24:28.518 --> 24:30.829 align:start position:0%
drop of rocket fuel. But as genuinely
exciting<00:27:47.200><c> as</c><00:27:47.440><c> that</c><00:27:47.679><c> idea</c><00:27:48.000><c> may</c><00:27:48.240><c> be</c><00:27:48.480><c> from</c><00:27:48.720><c> a</c>

24:30.829 --> 24:30.839 align:start position:0%
exciting as that idea may be from a
 

24:30.839 --> 24:33.069 align:start position:0%
exciting as that idea may be from a
purely<00:27:49.679><c> engineering</c><00:27:50.320><c> and</c><00:27:50.720><c> economic</c>

24:33.069 --> 24:33.079 align:start position:0%
purely engineering and economic
 

24:33.079 --> 24:36.589 align:start position:0%
purely engineering and economic
standpoint,<00:27:52.400><c> there's</c><00:27:52.640><c> a</c><00:27:52.799><c> catch.</c><00:27:53.760><c> A</c><00:27:54.000><c> 2026</c>

24:36.589 --> 24:36.599 align:start position:0%
standpoint, there's a catch. A 2026
 

24:36.599 --> 24:38.268 align:start position:0%
standpoint, there's a catch. A 2026
security<00:27:55.279><c> analysis</c><00:27:55.840><c> published</c><00:27:56.159><c> by</c><00:27:56.320><c> the</c>

24:38.268 --> 24:38.278 align:start position:0%
security analysis published by the
 

24:38.278 --> 24:40.669 align:start position:0%
security analysis published by the
American<00:27:57.039><c> Foreign</c><00:27:57.440><c> Policy</c><00:27:57.840><c> Council</c><00:27:58.559><c> pointed</c>

24:40.669 --> 24:40.679 align:start position:0%
American Foreign Policy Council pointed
 

24:40.679 --> 24:43.069 align:start position:0%
American Foreign Policy Council pointed
out<00:27:59.120><c> that</c><00:27:59.520><c> fundamentally</c><00:28:00.399><c> a</c><00:28:00.720><c> device</c><00:28:01.039><c> designed</c>

24:43.069 --> 24:43.079 align:start position:0%
out that fundamentally a device designed
 

24:43.079 --> 24:45.309 align:start position:0%
out that fundamentally a device designed
to<00:28:01.520><c> accelerate</c><00:28:02.080><c> and</c><00:28:02.320><c> launch</c><00:28:02.640><c> objects</c><00:28:03.120><c> at</c><00:28:03.360><c> high</c>

24:45.309 --> 24:45.319 align:start position:0%
to accelerate and launch objects at high
 

24:45.319 --> 24:49.149 align:start position:0%
to accelerate and launch objects at high
velocities<00:28:04.399><c> is</c><00:28:05.200><c> inherently</c><00:28:06.000><c> dual</c><00:28:06.399><c> use.</c><00:28:07.279><c> As</c>

24:49.149 --> 24:49.159 align:start position:0%
velocities is inherently dual use. As
 

24:49.159 --> 24:51.628 align:start position:0%
velocities is inherently dual use. As
in,<00:28:08.000><c> not</c><00:28:08.320><c> only</c><00:28:08.480><c> could</c><00:28:08.720><c> it</c><00:28:08.880><c> launch</c><00:28:09.279><c> satellites</c>

24:51.628 --> 24:51.638 align:start position:0%
in, not only could it launch satellites
 

24:51.638 --> 24:54.988 align:start position:0%
in, not only could it launch satellites
or<00:28:10.240><c> cargo,</c><00:28:11.279><c> it</c><00:28:11.440><c> could</c><00:28:11.760><c> also</c><00:28:12.159><c> launch</c><00:28:12.559><c> weapons</c>

24:54.988 --> 24:54.998 align:start position:0%
or cargo, it could also launch weapons
 

24:54.998 --> 24:58.029 align:start position:0%
or cargo, it could also launch weapons
from<00:28:13.600><c> a</c><00:28:14.000><c> worryingly</c><00:28:15.039><c> unstoppable</c>

24:58.029 --> 24:58.039 align:start position:0%
from a worryingly unstoppable
 

24:58.039 --> 25:00.988 align:start position:0%
from a worryingly unstoppable
undetectable<00:28:17.279><c> platform.</c><00:28:18.480><c> The</c><00:28:18.720><c> report</c>

25:00.988 --> 25:00.998 align:start position:0%
undetectable platform. The report
 

25:00.998 --> 25:02.508 align:start position:0%
undetectable platform. The report
identifies<00:28:19.760><c> several</c><00:28:20.159><c> categories</c><00:28:20.640><c> of</c>

25:02.508 --> 25:02.518 align:start position:0%
identifies several categories of
 

25:02.518 --> 25:05.549 align:start position:0%
identifies several categories of
concern.<00:28:21.840><c> First</c><00:28:22.240><c> is</c><00:28:22.799><c> kinetic</c><00:28:23.440><c> energy</c>

25:05.549 --> 25:05.559 align:start position:0%
concern. First is kinetic energy
 

25:05.559 --> 25:08.108 align:start position:0%
concern. First is kinetic energy
impactors.<00:28:24.880><c> Dense</c><00:28:25.279><c> objects</c><00:28:25.840><c> launched</c><00:28:26.159><c> at</c>

25:08.108 --> 25:08.118 align:start position:0%
impactors. Dense objects launched at
 

25:08.118 --> 25:10.669 align:start position:0%
impactors. Dense objects launched at
extremely<00:28:26.960><c> high</c><00:28:27.200><c> velocity</c><00:28:27.840><c> which</c><00:28:28.320><c> due</c><00:28:28.559><c> to</c><00:28:28.720><c> the</c>

25:10.669 --> 25:10.679 align:start position:0%
extremely high velocity which due to the
 

25:10.679 --> 25:13.309 align:start position:0%
extremely high velocity which due to the
sheer<00:28:29.360><c> energy</c><00:28:29.760><c> involved</c><00:28:30.159><c> in</c><00:28:30.480><c> that</c><00:28:30.720><c> speed</c><00:28:31.360><c> can</c>

25:13.309 --> 25:13.319 align:start position:0%
sheer energy involved in that speed can
 

25:13.319 --> 25:15.388 align:start position:0%
sheer energy involved in that speed can
cause<00:28:31.919><c> damage</c><00:28:32.320><c> roughly</c><00:28:32.720><c> comparable</c><00:28:33.279><c> to</c><00:28:33.440><c> an</c>

25:15.388 --> 25:15.398 align:start position:0%
cause damage roughly comparable to an
 

25:15.398 --> 25:17.789 align:start position:0%
cause damage roughly comparable to an
explosive<00:28:34.240><c> weapon</c><00:28:34.960><c> without</c><00:28:35.360><c> needing</c><00:28:35.760><c> any</c>

25:17.789 --> 25:17.799 align:start position:0%
explosive weapon without needing any
 

25:17.799 --> 25:20.029 align:start position:0%
explosive weapon without needing any
explosive<00:28:36.640><c> material</c><00:28:37.039><c> at</c><00:28:37.279><c> all.</c><00:28:37.840><c> Because</c><00:28:38.080><c> the</c>

25:20.029 --> 25:20.039 align:start position:0%
explosive material at all. Because the
 

25:20.039 --> 25:22.189 align:start position:0%
explosive material at all. Because the
destructive<00:28:38.799><c> force</c><00:28:39.200><c> comes</c><00:28:39.600><c> purely</c><00:28:40.159><c> from</c>

25:22.189 --> 25:22.199 align:start position:0%
destructive force comes purely from
 

25:22.199 --> 25:25.229 align:start position:0%
destructive force comes purely from
velocity<00:28:41.039><c> and</c><00:28:41.360><c> mass.</c><00:28:42.640><c> Second,</c>

25:25.229 --> 25:25.239 align:start position:0%
velocity and mass. Second,
 

25:25.239 --> 25:27.628 align:start position:0%
velocity and mass. Second,
anti-satellite<00:28:44.399><c> weapons.</c><00:28:45.120><c> The</c><00:28:45.360><c> same</c><00:28:45.600><c> launch</c>

25:27.628 --> 25:27.638 align:start position:0%
anti-satellite weapons. The same launch
 

25:27.638 --> 25:30.029 align:start position:0%
anti-satellite weapons. The same launch
capability<00:28:46.640><c> could</c><00:28:46.880><c> be</c><00:28:47.039><c> used</c><00:28:47.279><c> to</c><00:28:47.520><c> threaten</c><00:28:47.919><c> or</c>

25:30.029 --> 25:30.039 align:start position:0%
capability could be used to threaten or
 

25:30.039 --> 25:32.189 align:start position:0%
capability could be used to threaten or
destroy<00:28:49.039><c> the</c><00:28:49.279><c> growing</c><00:28:49.600><c> number</c><00:28:49.840><c> of</c><00:28:50.000><c> satellites</c>

25:32.189 --> 25:32.199 align:start position:0%
destroy the growing number of satellites
 

25:32.199 --> 25:34.829 align:start position:0%
destroy the growing number of satellites
that<00:28:50.720><c> modern</c><00:28:51.120><c> life</c><00:28:51.440><c> from</c><00:28:51.919><c> communications</c><00:28:52.720><c> to</c>

25:34.829 --> 25:34.839 align:start position:0%
that modern life from communications to
 

25:34.839 --> 25:37.949 align:start position:0%
that modern life from communications to
navigation<00:28:53.919><c> to</c><00:28:54.480><c> weather</c><00:28:54.799><c> forecasting</c><00:28:55.919><c> is</c>

25:37.949 --> 25:37.959 align:start position:0%
navigation to weather forecasting is
 

25:37.959 --> 25:40.909 align:start position:0%
navigation to weather forecasting is
deeply<00:28:56.640><c> dependent</c><00:28:57.039><c> upon.</c><00:28:58.240><c> Third,</c><00:28:58.559><c> and</c><00:28:58.960><c> most</c>

25:40.909 --> 25:40.919 align:start position:0%
deeply dependent upon. Third, and most
 

25:40.919 --> 25:42.988 align:start position:0%
deeply dependent upon. Third, and most
seriously,<00:29:00.000><c> the</c><00:29:00.240><c> report</c><00:29:00.640><c> raises</c><00:29:01.039><c> the</c>

25:42.988 --> 25:42.998 align:start position:0%
seriously, the report raises the
 

25:42.998 --> 25:45.628 align:start position:0%
seriously, the report raises the
theoretical<00:29:01.919><c> possibility</c><00:29:02.880><c> of</c><00:29:03.120><c> using</c><00:29:03.520><c> such</c><00:29:03.760><c> a</c>

25:45.628 --> 25:45.638 align:start position:0%
theoretical possibility of using such a
 

25:45.638 --> 25:48.508 align:start position:0%
theoretical possibility of using such a
system<00:29:04.240><c> to</c><00:29:04.480><c> launch</c><00:29:04.960><c> nuclear</c><00:29:05.440><c> payloads.</c>

25:48.508 --> 25:48.518 align:start position:0%
system to launch nuclear payloads.
 

25:48.518 --> 25:51.069 align:start position:0%
system to launch nuclear payloads.
Modern<00:29:07.200><c> nuclear</c><00:29:07.760><c> armed</c><00:29:08.080><c> nations</c><00:29:08.720><c> maintain</c>

25:51.069 --> 25:51.079 align:start position:0%
Modern nuclear armed nations maintain
 

25:51.079 --> 25:53.469 align:start position:0%
Modern nuclear armed nations maintain
extensive<00:29:10.320><c> sophisticated</c><00:29:11.039><c> early</c><00:29:11.360><c> warning</c>

25:53.469 --> 25:53.479 align:start position:0%
extensive sophisticated early warning
 

25:53.479 --> 25:54.909 align:start position:0%
extensive sophisticated early warning
systems<00:29:12.159><c> designed</c><00:29:12.480><c> to</c><00:29:12.640><c> detect</c><00:29:12.960><c> the</c>

25:54.909 --> 25:54.919 align:start position:0%
systems designed to detect the
 

25:54.919 --> 25:56.349 align:start position:0%
systems designed to detect the
distinctive<00:29:13.679><c> heat</c><00:29:14.000><c> signature</c><00:29:14.399><c> and</c>

25:56.349 --> 25:56.359 align:start position:0%
distinctive heat signature and
 

25:56.359 --> 25:58.029 align:start position:0%
distinctive heat signature and
trajectory<00:29:15.120><c> of</c><00:29:15.279><c> a</c><00:29:15.520><c> conventional</c><00:29:15.919><c> rocket</c>

25:58.029 --> 25:58.039 align:start position:0%
trajectory of a conventional rocket
 

25:58.039 --> 26:01.229 align:start position:0%
trajectory of a conventional rocket
launch<00:29:16.720><c> whether</c><00:29:17.039><c> from</c><00:29:17.360><c> land,</c><00:29:18.080><c> sea,</c><00:29:18.480><c> or</c><00:29:18.720><c> air,</c>

26:01.229 --> 26:01.239 align:start position:0%
launch whether from land, sea, or air,
 

26:01.239 --> 26:03.789 align:start position:0%
launch whether from land, sea, or air,
giving<00:29:19.919><c> crucial</c><00:29:20.399><c> minutes</c><00:29:20.720><c> of</c><00:29:20.880><c> warning</c><00:29:21.200><c> time.</c>

26:03.789 --> 26:03.799 align:start position:0%
giving crucial minutes of warning time.
 

26:03.799 --> 26:05.949 align:start position:0%
giving crucial minutes of warning time.
But<00:29:22.240><c> a</c><00:29:22.480><c> launch</c><00:29:22.799><c> originating</c><00:29:23.360><c> from</c><00:29:23.600><c> the</c><00:29:23.840><c> lunar</c>

26:05.949 --> 26:05.959 align:start position:0%
But a launch originating from the lunar
 

26:05.959 --> 26:08.189 align:start position:0%
But a launch originating from the lunar
surface<00:29:24.960><c> using</c><00:29:25.440><c> electromagnetic</c>

26:08.189 --> 26:08.199 align:start position:0%
surface using electromagnetic
 

26:08.199 --> 26:10.988 align:start position:0%
surface using electromagnetic
acceleration<00:29:27.120><c> rather</c><00:29:27.440><c> than</c><00:29:27.760><c> fuel</c><00:29:28.559><c> would</c><00:29:28.880><c> not</c>

26:10.988 --> 26:10.998 align:start position:0%
acceleration rather than fuel would not
 

26:10.998 --> 26:13.868 align:start position:0%
acceleration rather than fuel would not
trigger<00:29:29.840><c> those</c><00:29:30.159><c> same</c><00:29:30.480><c> detection</c><00:29:31.039><c> signatures.</c>

26:13.868 --> 26:13.878 align:start position:0%
trigger those same detection signatures.
 

26:13.878 --> 26:15.709 align:start position:0%
trigger those same detection signatures.
This<00:29:32.399><c> would</c><00:29:32.559><c> be</c><00:29:32.720><c> a</c><00:29:32.960><c> whole</c><00:29:33.279><c> new</c><00:29:33.520><c> level</c><00:29:33.840><c> of</c>

26:15.709 --> 26:15.719 align:start position:0%
This would be a whole new level of
 

26:15.719 --> 26:18.349 align:start position:0%
This would be a whole new level of
threat<00:29:34.720><c> and</c><00:29:35.039><c> whoever</c><00:29:35.520><c> controlled</c><00:29:35.840><c> it</c><00:29:36.320><c> could</c>

26:18.349 --> 26:18.359 align:start position:0%
threat and whoever controlled it could
 

26:18.359 --> 26:21.149 align:start position:0%
threat and whoever controlled it could
wield<00:29:37.200><c> great</c><00:29:37.760><c> power</c><00:29:38.240><c> over</c><00:29:38.720><c> essentially</c><00:29:39.120><c> the</c>

26:21.149 --> 26:21.159 align:start position:0%
wield great power over essentially the
 

26:21.159 --> 26:24.108 align:start position:0%
wield great power over essentially the
entire<00:29:39.919><c> planet.</c><00:29:41.120><c> But</c><00:29:41.279><c> it</c><00:29:41.440><c> isn't</c><00:29:41.679><c> just</c><00:29:41.840><c> SpaceX</c>

26:24.108 --> 26:24.118 align:start position:0%
entire planet. But it isn't just SpaceX
 

26:24.118 --> 26:26.108 align:start position:0%
entire planet. But it isn't just SpaceX
looking<00:29:42.640><c> at</c><00:29:42.880><c> this</c><00:29:43.039><c> technology.</c><00:29:44.000><c> The</c><00:29:44.159><c> same</c>

26:26.108 --> 26:26.118 align:start position:0%
looking at this technology. The same
 

26:26.118 --> 26:28.669 align:start position:0%
looking at this technology. The same
report<00:29:44.799><c> notes</c><00:29:45.120><c> that</c><00:29:45.360><c> China</c><00:29:45.840><c> is</c><00:29:46.159><c> also</c><00:29:46.480><c> pursuing</c>

26:28.669 --> 26:28.679 align:start position:0%
report notes that China is also pursuing
 

26:28.679 --> 26:30.909 align:start position:0%
report notes that China is also pursuing
the<00:29:47.200><c> development</c><00:29:47.760><c> of</c><00:29:48.000><c> its</c><00:29:48.240><c> own</c><00:29:48.720><c> lunar</c>

26:30.909 --> 26:30.919 align:start position:0%
the development of its own lunar
 

26:30.919 --> 26:33.469 align:start position:0%
the development of its own lunar
magnetic<00:29:49.679><c> launcher</c><00:29:50.159><c> concept.</c><00:29:51.279><c> Given</c><00:29:51.600><c> the</c>

26:33.469 --> 26:33.479 align:start position:0%
magnetic launcher concept. Given the
 

26:33.479 --> 26:35.709 align:start position:0%
magnetic launcher concept. Given the
high<00:29:52.000><c> stakes,</c><00:29:52.640><c> the</c><00:29:52.880><c> report</c><00:29:53.200><c> recommended</c><00:29:53.760><c> that</c>

26:35.709 --> 26:35.719 align:start position:0%
high stakes, the report recommended that
 

26:35.719 --> 26:37.949 align:start position:0%
high stakes, the report recommended that
the<00:29:54.159><c> United</c><00:29:54.480><c> States</c><00:29:54.720><c> pursue</c><00:29:55.120><c> an</c><00:29:55.440><c> aggressive,</c>

26:37.949 --> 26:37.959 align:start position:0%
the United States pursue an aggressive,
 

26:37.959 --> 26:39.868 align:start position:0%
the United States pursue an aggressive,
sustained,<00:29:57.200><c> permanent</c><00:29:57.679><c> presence</c>

26:39.868 --> 26:39.878 align:start position:0%
sustained, permanent presence
 

26:39.878 --> 26:42.429 align:start position:0%
sustained, permanent presence
specifically<00:29:58.799><c> at</c><00:29:59.120><c> the</c><00:29:59.279><c> lunar</c><00:29:59.600><c> south</c><00:29:59.840><c> pole</c><00:30:00.480><c> in</c>

26:42.429 --> 26:42.439 align:start position:0%
specifically at the lunar south pole in
 

26:42.439 --> 26:45.388 align:start position:0%
specifically at the lunar south pole in
order<00:30:00.960><c> to</c><00:30:01.200><c> establish</c><00:30:01.760><c> strategic</c><00:30:02.320><c> control.</c><00:30:03.440><c> As</c>

26:45.388 --> 26:45.398 align:start position:0%
order to establish strategic control. As
 

26:45.398 --> 26:47.709 align:start position:0%
order to establish strategic control. As
you<00:30:03.840><c> can</c><00:30:04.000><c> see,</c><00:30:04.480><c> the</c><00:30:04.640><c> moon</c><00:30:04.960><c> base</c><00:30:05.360><c> may</c><00:30:05.679><c> serve</c>

26:47.709 --> 26:47.719 align:start position:0%
you can see, the moon base may serve
 

26:47.719 --> 26:50.189 align:start position:0%
you can see, the moon base may serve
multiple<00:30:06.480><c> purposes,</c><00:30:07.279><c> both</c><00:30:07.520><c> scientific</c><00:30:08.080><c> and</c>

26:50.189 --> 26:50.199 align:start position:0%
multiple purposes, both scientific and
 

26:50.199 --> 26:53.149 align:start position:0%
multiple purposes, both scientific and
strategic.<00:30:09.679><c> And</c><00:30:10.080><c> both</c><00:30:10.399><c> of</c><00:30:10.559><c> these</c><00:30:10.799><c> stories</c><00:30:11.200><c> can</c>

26:53.149 --> 26:53.159 align:start position:0%
strategic. And both of these stories can
 

26:53.159 --> 26:57.309 align:start position:0%
strategic. And both of these stories can
be<00:30:11.600><c> true</c><00:30:12.000><c> at</c><00:30:12.240><c> the</c><00:30:12.399><c> same</c><00:30:12.559><c> time.</c>

26:57.309 --> 26:57.319 align:start position:0%
 
 

26:57.319 --> 26:59.628 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:30:15.840><c> more</c><00:30:16.000><c> than</c><00:30:16.240><c> 50</c><00:30:16.559><c> years,</c><00:30:17.120><c> humans</c><00:30:17.520><c> on</c><00:30:17.760><c> the</c>

26:59.628 --> 26:59.638 align:start position:0%
For more than 50 years, humans on the
 

26:59.638 --> 27:01.469 align:start position:0%
For more than 50 years, humans on the
moon<00:30:18.240><c> has</c><00:30:18.480><c> meant</c><00:30:18.799><c> a</c><00:30:19.039><c> handful</c><00:30:19.520><c> of</c>

27:01.469 --> 27:01.479 align:start position:0%
moon has meant a handful of
 

27:01.479 --> 27:04.508 align:start position:0%
moon has meant a handful of
extraordinary<00:30:20.559><c> but</c><00:30:21.039><c> brief</c><00:30:21.520><c> visits.</c><00:30:22.559><c> But</c>

27:04.508 --> 27:04.518 align:start position:0%
extraordinary but brief visits. But
 

27:04.518 --> 27:08.268 align:start position:0%
extraordinary but brief visits. But
soon,<00:30:23.520><c> it</c><00:30:23.840><c> could</c><00:30:24.080><c> mean</c><00:30:24.640><c> much</c><00:30:24.960><c> more.</c><00:30:26.000><c> We</c><00:30:26.240><c> have</c><00:30:26.320><c> a</c>

27:08.268 --> 27:08.278 align:start position:0%
soon, it could mean much more. We have a
 

27:08.278 --> 27:10.429 align:start position:0%
soon, it could mean much more. We have a
blueprint<00:30:26.960><c> for</c><00:30:27.200><c> staying.</c><00:30:27.760><c> We've</c><00:30:28.080><c> chosen</c><00:30:28.480><c> the</c>

27:10.429 --> 27:10.439 align:start position:0%
blueprint for staying. We've chosen the
 

27:10.439 --> 27:12.589 align:start position:0%
blueprint for staying. We've chosen the
location,<00:30:29.520><c> and</c><00:30:29.760><c> the</c><00:30:29.919><c> first</c><00:30:30.240><c> steps</c><00:30:30.559><c> are</c>

27:12.589 --> 27:12.599 align:start position:0%
location, and the first steps are
 

27:12.599 --> 27:14.988 align:start position:0%
location, and the first steps are
already<00:30:31.360><c> well</c><00:30:31.760><c> underway</c><00:30:32.399><c> to</c><00:30:32.559><c> send</c><00:30:32.799><c> robotic</c>

27:14.988 --> 27:14.998 align:start position:0%
already well underway to send robotic
 

27:14.998 --> 27:18.189 align:start position:0%
already well underway to send robotic
scouts<00:30:33.679><c> ahead</c><00:30:33.919><c> of</c><00:30:34.000><c> us.</c><00:30:34.640><c> By</c><00:30:34.880><c> the</c><00:30:35.039><c> early</c><00:30:35.360><c> 2030s,</c>

27:18.189 --> 27:18.199 align:start position:0%
scouts ahead of us. By the early 2030s,
 

27:18.199 --> 27:20.748 align:start position:0%
scouts ahead of us. By the early 2030s,
we<00:30:36.720><c> may</c><00:30:36.960><c> have</c><00:30:37.200><c> humans</c><00:30:37.840><c> living</c><00:30:38.159><c> on</c><00:30:38.320><c> the</c><00:30:38.559><c> moon</c>

27:20.748 --> 27:20.758 align:start position:0%
we may have humans living on the moon
 

27:20.758 --> 27:23.469 align:start position:0%
we may have humans living on the moon
full<00:30:39.440><c> time.</c><00:30:40.640><c> Going</c><00:30:40.960><c> somewhere</c><00:30:41.440><c> as</c>

27:23.469 --> 27:23.479 align:start position:0%
full time. Going somewhere as
 

27:23.479 --> 27:25.469 align:start position:0%
full time. Going somewhere as
extraordinary<00:30:42.320><c> as</c><00:30:42.559><c> another</c><00:30:42.880><c> world</c><00:30:43.120><c> was</c><00:30:43.440><c> never</c>

27:25.469 --> 27:25.479 align:start position:0%
extraordinary as another world was never
 

27:25.479 --> 27:27.789 align:start position:0%
extraordinary as another world was never
going<00:30:43.919><c> to</c><00:30:44.080><c> be</c><00:30:44.240><c> simple</c><00:30:44.880><c> or</c><00:30:45.200><c> free</c><00:30:45.440><c> of</c><00:30:45.600><c> difficult</c>

27:27.789 --> 27:27.799 align:start position:0%
going to be simple or free of difficult
 

27:27.799 --> 27:29.628 align:start position:0%
going to be simple or free of difficult
questions.<00:30:46.880><c> It's</c><00:30:47.200><c> going</c><00:30:47.279><c> to</c><00:30:47.440><c> involve</c>

27:29.628 --> 27:29.638 align:start position:0%
questions. It's going to involve
 

27:29.638 --> 27:31.868 align:start position:0%
questions. It's going to involve
innovative<00:30:48.559><c> engineering,</c><00:30:49.600><c> international</c>

27:31.868 --> 27:31.878 align:start position:0%
innovative engineering, international
 

27:31.878 --> 27:34.748 align:start position:0%
innovative engineering, international
cooperation,<00:30:51.279><c> and</c><00:30:51.520><c> almost</c><00:30:52.000><c> certainly</c>

27:34.748 --> 27:34.758 align:start position:0%
cooperation, and almost certainly
 

27:34.758 --> 27:37.628 align:start position:0%
cooperation, and almost certainly
genuine<00:30:53.760><c> tension</c><00:30:54.480><c> that</c><00:30:54.720><c> has</c><00:30:54.880><c> to</c><00:30:55.039><c> be</c><00:30:55.200><c> carefully</c>

27:37.628 --> 27:37.638 align:start position:0%
genuine tension that has to be carefully
 

27:37.638 --> 27:41.069 align:start position:0%
genuine tension that has to be carefully
and<00:30:56.240><c> thoughtfully</c><00:30:56.880><c> navigated.</c><00:30:58.240><c> But</c><00:30:58.720><c> here's</c>

27:41.069 --> 27:41.079 align:start position:0%
and thoughtfully navigated. But here's
 

27:41.079 --> 27:43.149 align:start position:0%
and thoughtfully navigated. But here's
what<00:30:59.600><c> I</c><00:30:59.840><c> keep</c><00:31:00.000><c> coming</c><00:31:00.240><c> back</c><00:31:00.399><c> to,</c><00:31:00.720><c> and</c><00:31:01.120><c> what</c><00:31:01.279><c> I</c>

27:43.149 --> 27:43.159 align:start position:0%
what I keep coming back to, and what I
 

27:43.159 --> 27:45.149 align:start position:0%
what I keep coming back to, and what I
hope<00:31:01.600><c> you'll</c><00:31:02.000><c> take</c><00:31:02.159><c> away</c><00:31:02.320><c> from</c><00:31:02.559><c> this,</c><00:31:02.799><c> too.</c>

27:45.149 --> 27:45.159 align:start position:0%
hope you'll take away from this, too.
 

27:45.159 --> 27:46.829 align:start position:0%
hope you'll take away from this, too.
For<00:31:03.679><c> the</c><00:31:03.840><c> very</c><00:31:04.080><c> first</c><00:31:04.320><c> time</c><00:31:04.480><c> in</c><00:31:04.799><c> human</c>

27:46.829 --> 27:46.839 align:start position:0%
For the very first time in human
 

27:46.839 --> 27:49.868 align:start position:0%
For the very first time in human
history,<00:31:06.000><c> we</c><00:31:06.240><c> have</c><00:31:06.320><c> a</c><00:31:06.559><c> plan.</c><00:31:07.360><c> not</c><00:31:07.679><c> just</c><00:31:07.919><c> a</c>

27:49.868 --> 27:49.878 align:start position:0%
history, we have a plan. not just a
 

27:49.878 --> 27:53.469 align:start position:0%
history, we have a plan. not just a
dream,<00:31:08.799><c> a</c><00:31:09.039><c> plan</c><00:31:09.919><c> to</c><00:31:10.159><c> venture</c><00:31:10.640><c> beyond</c><00:31:11.120><c> our</c><00:31:11.520><c> own</c>

27:53.469 --> 27:53.479 align:start position:0%
dream, a plan to venture beyond our own
 

27:53.479 --> 27:56.349 align:start position:0%
dream, a plan to venture beyond our own
planet<00:31:12.240><c> for</c><00:31:12.480><c> more</c><00:31:12.720><c> than</c><00:31:12.960><c> just</c><00:31:13.200><c> a</c><00:31:13.440><c> visit.</c><00:31:14.399><c> And</c>

27:56.349 --> 27:56.359 align:start position:0%
planet for more than just a visit. And
 

27:56.359 --> 28:02.108 align:start position:0%
planet for more than just a visit. And
that<00:31:15.360><c> I</c><00:31:15.679><c> think</c><00:31:16.159><c> is</c><00:31:16.480><c> incredible.</c>

27:57.100 --> 27:57.110 align:start position:0%
daily life while supporting future
 

27:57.110 --> 28:00.470 align:start position:0%
daily life while supporting future
Astramm<00:31:54.640><c> Creations.</c>