WEBVTT

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end of the universe could be much closer
than<00:01:24.240><c> we</c><00:01:24.479><c> expect.</c>

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than we expect.
 

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than we expect.
All<00:01:27.520><c> good</c><00:01:27.759><c> things</c><00:01:28.000><c> come</c><00:01:28.240><c> to</c><00:01:28.400><c> an</c><00:01:28.560><c> end.</c><00:01:29.280><c> Stars</c>

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All good things come to an end. Stars
 

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All good things come to an end. Stars
burn<00:01:30.000><c> through</c><00:01:30.240><c> their</c><00:01:30.479><c> fuel.</c><00:01:31.119><c> Galaxies</c><00:01:31.680><c> grow</c>

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burn through their fuel. Galaxies grow
 

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burn through their fuel. Galaxies grow
old<00:01:32.240><c> and</c><00:01:32.479><c> dim.</c><00:01:33.119><c> Even</c><00:01:33.439><c> black</c><00:01:33.680><c> holes</c><00:01:34.240><c> given</c>

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old and dim. Even black holes given
 

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old and dim. Even black holes given
enough<00:01:34.960><c> time</c><00:01:35.439><c> slowly</c><00:01:35.920><c> evaporate</c><00:01:36.560><c> away</c><00:01:36.799><c> into</c>

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enough time slowly evaporate away into
 

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enough time slowly evaporate away into
nothing.<00:01:38.240><c> But</c><00:01:38.479><c> when</c><00:01:38.640><c> we</c><00:01:38.880><c> talk</c><00:01:39.119><c> about</c><00:01:39.280><c> the</c><00:01:39.520><c> end</c>

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nothing. But when we talk about the end
 

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nothing. But when we talk about the end
of<00:01:39.920><c> the</c><00:01:40.079><c> universe</c><00:01:40.400><c> itself,</c><00:01:41.520><c> things</c><00:01:41.840><c> become</c>

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of the universe itself, things become
 

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of the universe itself, things become
far<00:01:42.799><c> stranger.</c><00:01:44.000><c> There</c><00:01:44.320><c> are</c><00:01:44.479><c> a</c><00:01:44.720><c> number</c><00:01:44.880><c> of</c>

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far stranger. There are a number of
 

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far stranger. There are a number of
possibilities<00:01:45.680><c> that</c><00:01:46.000><c> could</c><00:01:46.240><c> bring</c><00:01:46.479><c> about</c><00:01:46.720><c> the</c>

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possibilities that could bring about the
 

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possibilities that could bring about the
end<00:01:47.040><c> of</c><00:01:47.119><c> the</c><00:01:47.280><c> universe.</c><00:01:48.079><c> I'll</c><00:01:48.320><c> come</c><00:01:48.479><c> to</c><00:01:48.640><c> them</c>

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end of the universe. I'll come to them
 

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end of the universe. I'll come to them
in<00:01:48.960><c> a</c><00:01:49.119><c> moment.</c><00:01:50.000><c> But</c><00:01:50.159><c> there</c><00:01:50.399><c> is</c><00:01:50.799><c> one</c><00:01:51.280><c> that</c><00:01:51.520><c> is</c>

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in a moment. But there is one that is
 

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in a moment. But there is one that is
particularly<00:01:52.640><c> horrifying.</c><00:01:53.759><c> One</c><00:01:54.000><c> where</c><00:01:54.399><c> space</c>

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particularly horrifying. One where space
 

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particularly horrifying. One where space
itself<00:01:55.600><c> becomes</c><00:01:56.240><c> the</c><00:01:56.479><c> destroyer.</c><00:01:57.600><c> In</c><00:01:57.840><c> this</c>

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itself becomes the destroyer. In this
 

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itself becomes the destroyer. In this
version<00:01:58.479><c> of</c><00:01:58.640><c> the</c><00:01:58.880><c> universe's</c><00:01:59.439><c> death,</c>

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version of the universe's death,
 

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version of the universe's death,
everything<00:02:00.640><c> from</c><00:02:00.880><c> the</c><00:02:01.119><c> largest</c><00:02:01.520><c> of</c>

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everything from the largest of
 

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everything from the largest of
structures<00:02:02.479><c> to</c><00:02:02.719><c> the</c><00:02:02.960><c> smallest</c><00:02:03.439><c> of</c><00:02:03.680><c> particles</c>

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structures to the smallest of particles
 

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structures to the smallest of particles
is<00:02:04.880><c> torn</c><00:02:05.200><c> apart</c><00:02:05.840><c> by</c><00:02:06.079><c> a</c><00:02:06.479><c> supercharged</c>

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is torn apart by a supercharged
 

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is torn apart by a supercharged
expansion.<00:02:08.879><c> At</c><00:02:09.119><c> first,</c><00:02:09.360><c> the</c><00:02:09.599><c> damage</c><00:02:10.000><c> starts</c>

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expansion. At first, the damage starts
 

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expansion. At first, the damage starts
on<00:02:10.560><c> scales</c><00:02:11.039><c> too</c><00:02:11.360><c> large</c><00:02:11.599><c> for</c><00:02:11.760><c> us</c><00:02:11.920><c> to</c><00:02:12.080><c> notice</c>

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on scales too large for us to notice
 

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on scales too large for us to notice
from<00:02:12.640><c> Earth.</c><00:02:13.360><c> Galaxy</c><00:02:13.840><c> clusters,</c><00:02:14.560><c> the</c><00:02:14.800><c> biggest</c>

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from Earth. Galaxy clusters, the biggest
 

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from Earth. Galaxy clusters, the biggest
bound<00:02:15.520><c> structures</c><00:02:15.920><c> in</c><00:02:16.080><c> the</c><00:02:16.239><c> universe,</c><00:02:16.959><c> begin</c>

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bound structures in the universe, begin
 

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bound structures in the universe, begin
to<00:02:17.440><c> slowly</c><00:02:17.920><c> unravel.</c><00:02:18.959><c> The</c><00:02:19.200><c> galaxies</c><00:02:19.680><c> inside</c>

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to slowly unravel. The galaxies inside
 

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to slowly unravel. The galaxies inside
them<00:02:20.480><c> start</c><00:02:20.800><c> slipping</c><00:02:21.280><c> away.</c><00:02:22.160><c> Stars</c><00:02:22.560><c> that</c><00:02:22.800><c> had</c>

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them start slipping away. Stars that had
 

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them start slipping away. Stars that had
orbited<00:02:23.599><c> together</c><00:02:23.920><c> for</c><00:02:24.160><c> billions</c><00:02:24.560><c> of</c><00:02:24.800><c> years</c>

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orbited together for billions of years
 

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orbited together for billions of years
drift<00:02:25.920><c> into</c><00:02:26.239><c> darkness.</c>

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drift into darkness.
 

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drift into darkness.
Then<00:02:28.319><c> the</c><00:02:28.640><c> destruction</c><00:02:29.120><c> moves</c><00:02:29.440><c> inward.</c><00:02:30.640><c> Solar</c>

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Then the destruction moves inward. Solar
 

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Then the destruction moves inward. Solar
systems<00:02:31.520><c> come</c><00:02:31.680><c> apart</c><00:02:32.319><c> and</c><00:02:32.720><c> planets</c><00:02:33.360><c> are</c>

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systems come apart and planets are
 

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systems come apart and planets are
pulled<00:02:33.760><c> away</c><00:02:34.000><c> from</c><00:02:34.160><c> their</c><00:02:34.400><c> stars.</c>

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pulled away from their stars.
 

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pulled away from their stars.
Eventually,<00:02:36.319><c> even</c><00:02:36.720><c> matter</c><00:02:37.120><c> itself</c><00:02:37.760><c> would</c><00:02:38.080><c> no</c>

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Eventually, even matter itself would no
 

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Eventually, even matter itself would no
longer<00:02:38.800><c> be</c><00:02:39.040><c> safe.</c><00:02:40.160><c> The</c><00:02:40.400><c> expansion</c><00:02:40.800><c> of</c><00:02:40.959><c> space</c>

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longer be safe. The expansion of space
 

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longer be safe. The expansion of space
would<00:02:41.599><c> overcome</c><00:02:42.160><c> even</c><00:02:42.480><c> the</c><00:02:42.720><c> most</c><00:02:43.040><c> powerful</c>

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would overcome even the most powerful
 

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would overcome even the most powerful
fundamental<00:02:44.400><c> forces</c><00:02:44.959><c> we</c><00:02:45.280><c> know</c><00:02:45.519><c> of.</c><00:02:46.080><c> The</c>

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fundamental forces we know of. The
 

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fundamental forces we know of. The
electromagnetic<00:02:47.120><c> and</c><00:02:47.440><c> strong</c><00:02:47.760><c> forces</c><00:02:48.160><c> that</c>

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electromagnetic and strong forces that
 

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electromagnetic and strong forces that
hold<00:02:48.879><c> atoms</c><00:02:49.280><c> together.</c><00:02:50.319><c> Any</c><00:02:50.720><c> two</c><00:02:51.040><c> points</c><00:02:51.280><c> in</c>

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hold atoms together. Any two points in
 

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hold atoms together. Any two points in
space,<00:02:52.239><c> even</c><00:02:52.720><c> fingers</c><00:02:53.120><c> on</c><00:02:53.360><c> the</c><00:02:53.519><c> same</c><00:02:53.760><c> hand,</c>

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space, even fingers on the same hand,
 

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space, even fingers on the same hand,
would<00:02:54.640><c> be</c><00:02:54.800><c> torn</c><00:02:55.280><c> apart,</c><00:02:56.239><c> infinitely</c><00:02:56.879><c> far</c><00:02:57.120><c> away</c>

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would be torn apart, infinitely far away
 

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would be torn apart, infinitely far away
from<00:02:57.599><c> each</c><00:02:57.840><c> other.</c><00:02:58.720><c> This</c><00:02:58.959><c> is</c><00:02:59.519><c> the</c><00:02:59.920><c> big</c><00:03:00.160><c> rip.</c><00:03:00.959><c> A</c>

01:37.110 --> 01:37.120 align:start position:0%
from each other. This is the big rip. A
 

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from each other. This is the big rip. A
hypothetical<00:03:01.920><c> future</c><00:03:02.560><c> where</c><00:03:02.800><c> the</c><00:03:03.040><c> universe's</c>

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hypothetical future where the universe's
 

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hypothetical future where the universe's
expansion<00:03:04.159><c> tears</c><00:03:04.560><c> apart</c><00:03:05.120><c> every</c><00:03:05.519><c> single</c><00:03:06.000><c> thing</c>

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expansion tears apart every single thing
 

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expansion tears apart every single thing
inside<00:03:06.720><c> it.</c><00:03:07.680><c> But</c><00:03:08.239><c> for</c><00:03:08.480><c> a</c><00:03:08.640><c> long</c><00:03:08.879><c> time,</c><00:03:09.680><c> despite</c>

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inside it. But for a long time, despite
 

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inside it. But for a long time, despite
the<00:03:10.400><c> horror</c><00:03:10.720><c> of</c><00:03:10.959><c> it</c><00:03:11.120><c> all,</c><00:03:11.760><c> there</c><00:03:12.000><c> was</c><00:03:12.239><c> at</c><00:03:12.319><c> least</c>

01:48.710 --> 01:48.720 align:start position:0%
the horror of it all, there was at least
 

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the horror of it all, there was at least
one<00:03:13.200><c> comforting</c><00:03:13.840><c> thought.</c><00:03:14.800><c> If</c><00:03:15.040><c> the</c><00:03:15.280><c> big</c><00:03:15.519><c> rip</c>

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one comforting thought. If the big rip
 

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one comforting thought. If the big rip
scenario<00:03:16.400><c> happens</c><00:03:16.800><c> at</c><00:03:17.040><c> all,</c><00:03:17.760><c> it</c><00:03:18.000><c> should</c><00:03:18.239><c> be</c>

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scenario happens at all, it should be
 

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scenario happens at all, it should be
unimaginably<00:03:19.840><c> far</c><00:03:20.080><c> away,</c><00:03:20.640><c> billions</c><00:03:21.120><c> of</c><00:03:21.280><c> years</c>

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unimaginably far away, billions of years
 

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unimaginably far away, billions of years
in<00:03:21.760><c> the</c><00:03:21.920><c> future.</c><00:03:22.640><c> So</c><00:03:22.879><c> distant</c><00:03:23.280><c> that</c><00:03:23.760><c> for</c><00:03:24.080><c> us,</c>

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in the future. So distant that for us,
 

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in the future. So distant that for us,
it<00:03:25.040><c> may</c><00:03:25.200><c> as</c><00:03:25.440><c> well</c><00:03:25.680><c> be</c><00:03:25.920><c> fiction.</c><00:03:26.800><c> But</c><00:03:27.040><c> in</c><00:03:27.280><c> May</c>

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it may as well be fiction. But in May
 

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it may as well be fiction. But in May
2026,<00:03:28.879><c> Robert</c><00:03:29.280><c> Sherer</c><00:03:29.920><c> and</c><00:03:30.319><c> Om</c><00:03:30.799><c> TDI</c><00:03:31.519><c> from</c>

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2026, Robert Sherer and Om TDI from
 

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2026, Robert Sherer and Om TDI from
Vanderbilt<00:03:32.799><c> University</c><00:03:33.920><c> published</c><00:03:34.400><c> a</c><00:03:34.640><c> paper</c>

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Vanderbilt University published a paper
 

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Vanderbilt University published a paper
with<00:03:35.280><c> a</c><00:03:35.519><c> fittingly</c><00:03:36.319><c> ominous</c><00:03:36.720><c> title.</c>

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with a fittingly ominous title.
 

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with a fittingly ominous title.
Apocalypse<00:03:38.480><c> when?</c><00:03:39.440><c> And</c><00:03:39.680><c> this</c><00:03:40.000><c> paper</c><00:03:40.480><c> poses</c>

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Apocalypse when? And this paper poses
 

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Apocalypse when? And this paper poses
some<00:03:41.440><c> rather</c><00:03:41.840><c> unsettling</c><00:03:42.560><c> questions.</c><00:03:43.599><c> What</c>

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some rather unsettling questions. What
 

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some rather unsettling questions. What
if<00:03:44.000><c> we're</c><00:03:44.239><c> wrong</c><00:03:44.400><c> to</c><00:03:44.640><c> assume</c><00:03:44.959><c> the</c><00:03:45.120><c> end</c><00:03:45.280><c> of</c><00:03:45.360><c> the</c>

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if we're wrong to assume the end of the
 

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if we're wrong to assume the end of the
universe<00:03:45.920><c> isn't</c><00:03:46.319><c> just</c><00:03:46.640><c> around</c><00:03:46.879><c> the</c><00:03:47.120><c> corner?</c>

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universe isn't just around the corner?
 

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universe isn't just around the corner?
If<00:03:48.159><c> dark</c><00:03:48.480><c> energy,</c><00:03:49.200><c> the</c><00:03:49.360><c> force</c><00:03:49.920><c> driving</c><00:03:50.400><c> cosmic</c>

02:26.869 --> 02:26.879 align:start position:0%
If dark energy, the force driving cosmic
 

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If dark energy, the force driving cosmic
acceleration,<00:03:52.000><c> had</c><00:03:52.239><c> changed</c><00:03:52.799><c> very</c><00:03:53.200><c> recently,</c>

02:30.229 --> 02:30.239 align:start position:0%
acceleration, had changed very recently,
 

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acceleration, had changed very recently,
would<00:03:54.560><c> our</c><00:03:54.959><c> usual</c><00:03:55.440><c> observations</c><00:03:56.400><c> even</c><00:03:56.799><c> tell</c>

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would our usual observations even tell
 

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would our usual observations even tell
us?<00:03:57.920><c> Could</c><00:03:58.159><c> the</c><00:03:58.400><c> universe</c><00:03:58.799><c> be</c><00:03:59.040><c> heading</c>

02:35.350 --> 02:35.360 align:start position:0%
us? Could the universe be heading
 

02:35.360 --> 02:37.589 align:start position:0%
us? Could the universe be heading
towards<00:03:59.680><c> a</c><00:03:59.920><c> big</c><00:04:00.159><c> rip</c><00:04:00.560><c> before</c><00:04:01.200><c> distant</c>

02:37.589 --> 02:37.599 align:start position:0%
towards a big rip before distant
 

02:37.599 --> 02:42.309 align:start position:0%
towards a big rip before distant
cosmology<00:04:02.400><c> has</c><00:04:02.640><c> had</c><00:04:02.879><c> time</c><00:04:03.200><c> to</c><00:04:03.439><c> warn</c><00:04:03.760><c> us?</c>

02:42.309 --> 02:42.319 align:start position:0%
cosmology has had time to warn us?
 

02:42.319 --> 02:44.309 align:start position:0%
cosmology has had time to warn us?
These<00:04:06.640><c> may</c><00:04:06.959><c> sound</c><00:04:07.280><c> like</c><00:04:07.680><c> impossible</c>

02:44.309 --> 02:44.319 align:start position:0%
These may sound like impossible
 

02:44.319 --> 02:46.229 align:start position:0%
These may sound like impossible
questions,<00:04:09.120><c> but</c><00:04:09.360><c> this</c><00:04:09.519><c> new</c><00:04:09.760><c> research</c>

02:46.229 --> 02:46.239 align:start position:0%
questions, but this new research
 

02:46.239 --> 02:48.149 align:start position:0%
questions, but this new research
suggests<00:04:10.799><c> there</c><00:04:11.120><c> may</c><00:04:11.280><c> be</c><00:04:11.439><c> a</c><00:04:11.599><c> way</c><00:04:11.760><c> to</c><00:04:11.920><c> answer</c>

02:48.149 --> 02:48.159 align:start position:0%
suggests there may be a way to answer
 

02:48.159 --> 02:50.309 align:start position:0%
suggests there may be a way to answer
them.<00:04:12.799><c> To</c><00:04:13.040><c> understand</c><00:04:13.280><c> how</c><00:04:13.599><c> scientists</c><00:04:14.080><c> can</c>

02:50.309 --> 02:50.319 align:start position:0%
them. To understand how scientists can
 

02:50.319 --> 02:52.469 align:start position:0%
them. To understand how scientists can
put<00:04:14.560><c> any</c><00:04:14.879><c> limit</c><00:04:15.200><c> at</c><00:04:15.439><c> all</c><00:04:15.680><c> on</c><00:04:16.000><c> cosmic</c>

02:52.469 --> 02:52.479 align:start position:0%
put any limit at all on cosmic
 

02:52.479 --> 02:54.550 align:start position:0%
put any limit at all on cosmic
destruction,<00:04:17.359><c> we</c><00:04:17.600><c> first</c><00:04:17.840><c> need</c><00:04:18.000><c> to</c><00:04:18.160><c> understand</c>

02:54.550 --> 02:54.560 align:start position:0%
destruction, we first need to understand
 

02:54.560 --> 02:57.670 align:start position:0%
destruction, we first need to understand
the<00:04:18.799><c> driving</c><00:04:19.199><c> force</c><00:04:19.600><c> behind</c><00:04:19.919><c> it,</c><00:04:20.560><c> namely</c><00:04:21.359><c> dark</c>

02:57.670 --> 02:57.680 align:start position:0%
the driving force behind it, namely dark
 

02:57.680 --> 03:00.150 align:start position:0%
the driving force behind it, namely dark
energy.<00:04:22.560><c> We've</c><00:04:22.880><c> covered</c><00:04:23.120><c> this</c><00:04:23.360><c> before,</c><00:04:24.000><c> but</c>

03:00.150 --> 03:00.160 align:start position:0%
energy. We've covered this before, but
 

03:00.160 --> 03:02.629 align:start position:0%
energy. We've covered this before, but
here's<00:04:24.400><c> a</c><00:04:24.560><c> quick</c><00:04:24.800><c> recap.</c><00:04:25.840><c> Gravity,</c><00:04:26.320><c> as</c><00:04:26.560><c> we</c>

03:02.629 --> 03:02.639 align:start position:0%
here's a quick recap. Gravity, as we
 

03:02.639 --> 03:04.629 align:start position:0%
here's a quick recap. Gravity, as we
know<00:04:26.800><c> it,</c><00:04:26.960><c> likes</c><00:04:27.280><c> to</c><00:04:27.440><c> bring</c><00:04:27.680><c> things</c><00:04:27.919><c> together.</c>

03:04.629 --> 03:04.639 align:start position:0%
know it, likes to bring things together.
 

03:04.639 --> 03:06.550 align:start position:0%
know it, likes to bring things together.
It<00:04:28.880><c> pulls</c><00:04:29.199><c> planets</c><00:04:29.520><c> into</c><00:04:29.759><c> orbit</c><00:04:30.160><c> around</c>

03:06.550 --> 03:06.560 align:start position:0%
It pulls planets into orbit around
 

03:06.560 --> 03:09.430 align:start position:0%
It pulls planets into orbit around
stars,<00:04:31.280><c> stars</c><00:04:31.600><c> into</c><00:04:31.919><c> galaxies,</c><00:04:32.639><c> and</c><00:04:32.880><c> galaxies</c>

03:09.430 --> 03:09.440 align:start position:0%
stars, stars into galaxies, and galaxies
 

03:09.440 --> 03:11.590 align:start position:0%
stars, stars into galaxies, and galaxies
towards<00:04:33.840><c> each</c><00:04:34.000><c> other.</c><00:04:34.560><c> And</c><00:04:34.720><c> if</c><00:04:34.880><c> it</c><00:04:35.120><c> were</c><00:04:35.280><c> all</c>

03:11.590 --> 03:11.600 align:start position:0%
towards each other. And if it were all
 

03:11.600 --> 03:13.909 align:start position:0%
towards each other. And if it were all
up<00:04:35.840><c> to</c><00:04:36.000><c> gravity,</c><00:04:36.800><c> some</c><00:04:37.040><c> models</c><00:04:37.360><c> say</c><00:04:37.600><c> the</c>

03:13.909 --> 03:13.919 align:start position:0%
up to gravity, some models say the
 

03:13.919 --> 03:16.790 align:start position:0%
up to gravity, some models say the
universe<00:04:38.479><c> would</c><00:04:38.720><c> be</c><00:04:39.040><c> a</c><00:04:39.280><c> very</c><00:04:39.600><c> small</c><00:04:39.919><c> place.</c>

03:16.790 --> 03:16.800 align:start position:0%
universe would be a very small place.
 

03:16.800 --> 03:18.629 align:start position:0%
universe would be a very small place.
Galaxies<00:04:41.360><c> would</c><00:04:41.520><c> eventually</c><00:04:42.000><c> attract</c><00:04:42.400><c> each</c>

03:18.629 --> 03:18.639 align:start position:0%
Galaxies would eventually attract each
 

03:18.639 --> 03:20.629 align:start position:0%
Galaxies would eventually attract each
other<00:04:42.720><c> and</c><00:04:43.040><c> merge.</c><00:04:43.759><c> Star</c><00:04:44.080><c> systems</c><00:04:44.479><c> would</c>

03:20.629 --> 03:20.639 align:start position:0%
other and merge. Star systems would
 

03:20.639 --> 03:23.110 align:start position:0%
other and merge. Star systems would
collide.<00:04:45.440><c> The</c><00:04:45.680><c> whole</c><00:04:46.080><c> universe</c><00:04:46.639><c> would</c><00:04:46.880><c> come</c>

03:23.110 --> 03:23.120 align:start position:0%
collide. The whole universe would come
 

03:23.120 --> 03:25.590 align:start position:0%
collide. The whole universe would come
together,<00:04:47.919><c> squeezing</c><00:04:48.560><c> everything</c><00:04:49.040><c> into</c><00:04:49.360><c> a</c>

03:25.590 --> 03:25.600 align:start position:0%
together, squeezing everything into a
 

03:25.600 --> 03:28.070 align:start position:0%
together, squeezing everything into a
single,<00:04:50.240><c> infinitely</c><00:04:50.880><c> small</c><00:04:51.199><c> point.</c><00:04:51.840><c> A</c>

03:28.070 --> 03:28.080 align:start position:0%
single, infinitely small point. A
 

03:28.080 --> 03:30.310 align:start position:0%
single, infinitely small point. A
dramatic<00:04:52.560><c> ending</c><00:04:53.120><c> with</c><00:04:53.280><c> a</c><00:04:53.520><c> slightly</c><00:04:53.840><c> flippant</c>

03:30.310 --> 03:30.320 align:start position:0%
dramatic ending with a slightly flippant
 

03:30.320 --> 03:33.189 align:start position:0%
dramatic ending with a slightly flippant
name,<00:04:54.880><c> the</c><00:04:55.120><c> big</c><00:04:55.360><c> crunch.</c><00:04:56.479><c> But</c><00:04:56.639><c> thankfully,</c>

03:33.189 --> 03:33.199 align:start position:0%
name, the big crunch. But thankfully,
 

03:33.199 --> 03:35.350 align:start position:0%
name, the big crunch. But thankfully,
that<00:04:57.520><c> does</c><00:04:57.759><c> not</c><00:04:58.000><c> seem</c><00:04:58.240><c> to</c><00:04:58.400><c> be</c><00:04:58.560><c> the</c><00:04:58.720><c> universe</c><00:04:59.120><c> we</c>

03:35.350 --> 03:35.360 align:start position:0%
that does not seem to be the universe we
 

03:35.360 --> 03:37.590 align:start position:0%
that does not seem to be the universe we
live<00:04:59.520><c> in.</c><00:05:00.240><c> There</c><00:05:00.479><c> are</c><00:05:00.720><c> numerous</c><00:05:01.199><c> ways</c>

03:35.360 --> 03:38.870 align:start position:0%
risk-free, so why not give it a try? It
won't<00:06:24.319><c> be</c><00:06:24.400><c> the</c><00:06:24.639><c> end</c><00:06:24.800><c> of</c><00:06:24.880><c> the</c><00:06:25.039><c> world.</c>

03:36.069 --> 03:36.079 align:start position:0%
won't be the end of the world.
 

03:36.079 --> 03:38.388 align:start position:0%
won't be the end of the world.
Despite<00:06:28.000><c> the</c><00:06:28.319><c> best</c><00:06:28.560><c> efforts</c><00:06:28.880><c> of</c><00:06:29.120><c> gravity,</c>

03:38.388 --> 03:38.398 align:start position:0%
Despite the best efforts of gravity,
 

03:38.398 --> 03:40.549 align:start position:0%
Despite the best efforts of gravity,
there<00:06:30.160><c> is</c><00:06:30.400><c> something</c><00:06:30.960><c> powerful</c><00:06:31.680><c> working</c>

03:40.549 --> 03:40.559 align:start position:0%
there is something powerful working
 

03:40.559 --> 03:43.029 align:start position:0%
there is something powerful working
against<00:06:32.400><c> it</c><00:06:32.720><c> on</c><00:06:32.960><c> the</c><00:06:33.199><c> largest</c><00:06:33.600><c> scales.</c>

03:43.029 --> 03:43.039 align:start position:0%
against it on the largest scales.
 

03:43.039 --> 03:45.108 align:start position:0%
against it on the largest scales.
Something<00:06:34.880><c> that</c><00:06:35.199><c> permeates</c><00:06:35.919><c> every</c><00:06:36.240><c> inch</c><00:06:36.560><c> of</c>

03:45.108 --> 03:45.118 align:start position:0%
Something that permeates every inch of
 

03:45.118 --> 03:47.269 align:start position:0%
Something that permeates every inch of
the<00:06:36.880><c> universe,</c><00:06:37.600><c> including</c><00:06:38.000><c> the</c><00:06:38.240><c> air</c><00:06:38.479><c> you're</c>

03:47.269 --> 03:47.279 align:start position:0%
the universe, including the air you're
 

03:47.279 --> 03:49.668 align:start position:0%
the universe, including the air you're
breathing<00:06:39.120><c> right</c><00:06:39.360><c> now.</c><00:06:39.919><c> And</c><00:06:40.080><c> it</c><00:06:40.319><c> makes</c><00:06:40.560><c> up</c>

03:49.668 --> 03:49.678 align:start position:0%
breathing right now. And it makes up
 

03:49.678 --> 03:52.869 align:start position:0%
breathing right now. And it makes up
nearly<00:06:41.919><c> 70%</c><00:06:43.039><c> of</c><00:06:43.280><c> the</c><00:06:43.440><c> universe's</c><00:06:44.000><c> total</c>

03:52.869 --> 03:52.879 align:start position:0%
nearly 70% of the universe's total
 

03:52.879 --> 03:55.589 align:start position:0%
nearly 70% of the universe's total
energy<00:06:44.800><c> budget.</c><00:06:45.680><c> Unfortunately,</c><00:06:46.720><c> whatever</c>

03:55.589 --> 03:55.599 align:start position:0%
energy budget. Unfortunately, whatever
 

03:55.599 --> 03:58.469 align:start position:0%
energy budget. Unfortunately, whatever
it<00:06:47.360><c> is,</c><00:06:47.919><c> it</c><00:06:48.160><c> isn't</c><00:06:48.560><c> well</c><00:06:48.880><c> understood.</c><00:06:49.759><c> And</c>

03:58.469 --> 03:58.479 align:start position:0%
it is, it isn't well understood. And
 

03:58.479 --> 04:00.629 align:start position:0%
it is, it isn't well understood. And
that<00:06:50.479><c> lack</c><00:06:50.800><c> of</c><00:06:50.960><c> knowledge</c><00:06:51.360><c> is</c><00:06:51.600><c> what</c><00:06:51.840><c> gives</c><00:06:52.000><c> it</c>

04:00.629 --> 04:00.639 align:start position:0%
that lack of knowledge is what gives it
 

04:00.639 --> 04:04.069 align:start position:0%
that lack of knowledge is what gives it
its<00:06:52.400><c> name,</c><00:06:53.120><c> dark</c><00:06:53.520><c> energy.</c><00:06:54.880><c> For</c><00:06:55.120><c> now,</c><00:06:55.360><c> we</c>

04:04.069 --> 04:04.079 align:start position:0%
its name, dark energy. For now, we
 

04:04.079 --> 04:06.149 align:start position:0%
its name, dark energy. For now, we
define<00:06:55.919><c> it</c><00:06:56.080><c> as</c><00:06:56.319><c> a</c><00:06:56.479><c> mysterious</c><00:06:57.039><c> component</c><00:06:57.440><c> that</c>

04:06.149 --> 04:06.159 align:start position:0%
define it as a mysterious component that
 

04:06.159 --> 04:08.869 align:start position:0%
define it as a mysterious component that
is<00:06:57.840><c> defying</c><00:06:58.319><c> gravity</c><00:06:58.880><c> and</c><00:06:59.280><c> driving</c><00:06:59.759><c> space</c><00:07:00.160><c> to</c>

04:08.869 --> 04:08.879 align:start position:0%
is defying gravity and driving space to
 

04:08.879 --> 04:11.269 align:start position:0%
is defying gravity and driving space to
expand.<00:07:01.120><c> And</c><00:07:01.280><c> as</c><00:07:01.520><c> per</c><00:07:01.919><c> the</c><00:07:02.160><c> best</c><00:07:02.479><c> of</c><00:07:02.639><c> our</c>

04:11.269 --> 04:11.279 align:start position:0%
expand. And as per the best of our
 

04:11.279 --> 04:13.189 align:start position:0%
expand. And as per the best of our
knowledge,<00:07:03.520><c> it's</c><00:07:03.759><c> quite</c><00:07:03.919><c> a</c><00:07:04.080><c> one-sided</c>

04:13.189 --> 04:13.199 align:start position:0%
knowledge, it's quite a one-sided
 

04:13.199 --> 04:15.749 align:start position:0%
knowledge, it's quite a one-sided
battle.<00:07:05.599><c> Not</c><00:07:05.919><c> only</c><00:07:06.160><c> is</c><00:07:06.400><c> dark</c><00:07:06.800><c> energy</c>

04:15.749 --> 04:15.759 align:start position:0%
battle. Not only is dark energy
 

04:15.759 --> 04:18.228 align:start position:0%
battle. Not only is dark energy
stretching<00:07:07.680><c> the</c><00:07:08.000><c> universe,</c><00:07:08.720><c> it</c><00:07:08.960><c> is</c><00:07:09.199><c> speeding</c>

04:18.228 --> 04:18.238 align:start position:0%
stretching the universe, it is speeding
 

04:18.238 --> 04:20.549 align:start position:0%
stretching the universe, it is speeding
up<00:07:10.160><c> that</c><00:07:10.400><c> expansion,</c><00:07:11.360><c> leading</c><00:07:11.680><c> to</c><00:07:11.840><c> an</c>

04:20.549 --> 04:20.559 align:start position:0%
up that expansion, leading to an
 

04:20.559 --> 04:23.189 align:start position:0%
up that expansion, leading to an
accelerated<00:07:12.880><c> expansion.</c><00:07:13.919><c> To</c><00:07:14.160><c> work</c><00:07:14.319><c> out</c><00:07:14.479><c> what</c>

04:23.189 --> 04:23.199 align:start position:0%
accelerated expansion. To work out what
 

04:23.199 --> 04:25.029 align:start position:0%
accelerated expansion. To work out what
this<00:07:14.880><c> means</c><00:07:15.120><c> for</c><00:07:15.280><c> the</c><00:07:15.520><c> future,</c><00:07:16.080><c> we</c><00:07:16.319><c> need</c><00:07:16.400><c> to</c>

04:25.029 --> 04:25.039 align:start position:0%
this means for the future, we need to
 

04:25.039 --> 04:28.149 align:start position:0%
this means for the future, we need to
understand<00:07:17.120><c> one</c><00:07:17.599><c> small</c><00:07:18.000><c> number.</c><00:07:18.960><c> Every</c><00:07:19.280><c> major</c>

04:28.149 --> 04:28.159 align:start position:0%
understand one small number. Every major
 

04:28.159 --> 04:29.508 align:start position:0%
understand one small number. Every major
ingredient<00:07:20.080><c> of</c><00:07:20.240><c> the</c><00:07:20.400><c> universe</c><00:07:20.720><c> can</c><00:07:20.960><c> be</c>

04:29.508 --> 04:29.518 align:start position:0%
ingredient of the universe can be
 

04:29.518 --> 04:31.029 align:start position:0%
ingredient of the universe can be
described<00:07:21.440><c> by</c><00:07:21.680><c> something</c><00:07:22.000><c> called</c><00:07:22.319><c> the</c>

04:31.029 --> 04:31.039 align:start position:0%
described by something called the
 

04:31.039 --> 04:33.749 align:start position:0%
described by something called the
equation<00:07:23.039><c> of</c><00:07:23.360><c> state</c><00:07:23.759><c> parameter.</c><00:07:24.800><c> This</c><00:07:25.039><c> sounds</c>

04:33.749 --> 04:33.759 align:start position:0%
equation of state parameter. This sounds
 

04:33.759 --> 04:36.149 align:start position:0%
equation of state parameter. This sounds
like<00:07:25.520><c> jargon,</c><00:07:26.240><c> but</c><00:07:26.479><c> it</c><00:07:26.720><c> is</c><00:07:26.880><c> really</c><00:07:27.199><c> just</c><00:07:27.360><c> a</c><00:07:27.599><c> way</c>

04:36.149 --> 04:36.159 align:start position:0%
like jargon, but it is really just a way
 

04:36.159 --> 04:39.508 align:start position:0%
like jargon, but it is really just a way
of<00:07:27.919><c> asking</c><00:07:28.880><c> what</c><00:07:29.280><c> does</c><00:07:29.599><c> this</c><00:07:29.840><c> stuff</c><00:07:30.160><c> do</c><00:07:30.479><c> as</c><00:07:30.800><c> the</c>

04:39.508 --> 04:39.518 align:start position:0%
of asking what does this stuff do as the
 

04:39.518 --> 04:42.709 align:start position:0%
of asking what does this stuff do as the
space<00:07:31.360><c> around</c><00:07:31.680><c> it</c><00:07:31.919><c> expands.</c><00:07:33.199><c> In</c><00:07:33.440><c> cosmology,</c>

04:42.709 --> 04:42.719 align:start position:0%
space around it expands. In cosmology,
 

04:42.719 --> 04:44.788 align:start position:0%
space around it expands. In cosmology,
the<00:07:34.479><c> equation</c><00:07:34.800><c> of</c><00:07:34.960><c> state</c><00:07:35.280><c> parameter</c><00:07:36.000><c> written</c>

04:44.788 --> 04:44.798 align:start position:0%
the equation of state parameter written
 

04:44.798 --> 04:47.108 align:start position:0%
the equation of state parameter written
as<00:07:36.479><c> the</c><00:07:36.639><c> letter</c><00:07:37.039><c> W,</c><00:07:37.680><c> tells</c><00:07:38.000><c> us</c><00:07:38.240><c> how</c><00:07:38.400><c> the</c>

04:47.108 --> 04:47.118 align:start position:0%
as the letter W, tells us how the
 

04:47.118 --> 04:49.189 align:start position:0%
as the letter W, tells us how the
density<00:07:38.960><c> of</c><00:07:39.199><c> something,</c><00:07:39.680><c> in</c><00:07:39.919><c> this</c><00:07:40.080><c> case</c><00:07:40.400><c> dark</c>

04:49.189 --> 04:49.199 align:start position:0%
density of something, in this case dark
 

04:49.199 --> 04:52.149 align:start position:0%
density of something, in this case dark
energy,<00:07:41.440><c> changes</c><00:07:41.919><c> as</c><00:07:42.160><c> the</c><00:07:42.319><c> universe</c><00:07:42.720><c> expands.</c>

04:52.149 --> 04:52.159 align:start position:0%
energy, changes as the universe expands.
 

04:52.159 --> 04:54.309 align:start position:0%
energy, changes as the universe expands.
And<00:07:43.840><c> to</c><00:07:44.080><c> work</c><00:07:44.240><c> it</c><00:07:44.400><c> out,</c><00:07:44.880><c> we</c><00:07:45.120><c> need</c><00:07:45.280><c> to</c><00:07:45.440><c> take</c><00:07:45.599><c> into</c>

04:54.309 --> 04:54.319 align:start position:0%
And to work it out, we need to take into
 

04:54.319 --> 04:56.388 align:start position:0%
And to work it out, we need to take into
account<00:07:46.160><c> its</c><00:07:46.560><c> pressure,</c><00:07:47.120><c> like</c><00:07:47.520><c> water</c>

04:56.388 --> 04:56.398 align:start position:0%
account its pressure, like water
 

04:56.398 --> 04:59.508 align:start position:0%
account its pressure, like water
pressure<00:07:48.560><c> and</c><00:07:48.960><c> energy</c><00:07:49.360><c> density.</c><00:07:50.560><c> The</c><00:07:50.800><c> higher</c>

04:59.508 --> 04:59.518 align:start position:0%
pressure and energy density. The higher
 

04:59.518 --> 05:02.068 align:start position:0%
pressure and energy density. The higher
the<00:07:51.360><c> value</c><00:07:51.520><c> of</c><00:07:51.840><c> W,</c><00:07:52.560><c> the</c><00:07:52.800><c> faster</c><00:07:53.280><c> something</c>

05:02.068 --> 05:02.078 align:start position:0%
the value of W, the faster something
 

05:02.078 --> 05:05.029 align:start position:0%
the value of W, the faster something
dilates<00:07:54.319><c> as</c><00:07:54.560><c> the</c><00:07:54.720><c> universe</c><00:07:55.120><c> grows</c><00:07:55.440><c> in</c><00:07:55.680><c> size.</c>

05:05.029 --> 05:05.039 align:start position:0%
dilates as the universe grows in size.
 

05:05.039 --> 05:08.788 align:start position:0%
dilates as the universe grows in size.
Ordinary<00:07:57.120><c> matter</c><00:07:57.680><c> with</c><00:07:58.240><c> a</c><00:07:58.479><c> W</c><00:07:58.879><c> of</c><00:07:59.199><c> zero</c><00:07:59.840><c> is</c><00:08:00.080><c> like</c>

05:08.788 --> 05:08.798 align:start position:0%
Ordinary matter with a W of zero is like
 

05:08.798 --> 05:11.348 align:start position:0%
Ordinary matter with a W of zero is like
dust<00:08:00.560><c> in</c><00:08:00.720><c> a</c><00:08:00.879><c> room.</c><00:08:01.440><c> If</c><00:08:01.680><c> the</c><00:08:01.840><c> room</c><00:08:02.080><c> gets</c><00:08:02.319><c> bigger,</c>

05:11.348 --> 05:11.358 align:start position:0%
dust in a room. If the room gets bigger,
 

05:11.358 --> 05:13.429 align:start position:0%
dust in a room. If the room gets bigger,
but<00:08:03.120><c> you</c><00:08:03.280><c> have</c><00:08:03.360><c> the</c><00:08:03.599><c> same</c><00:08:03.840><c> amount</c><00:08:04.080><c> of</c><00:08:04.240><c> dust,</c>

05:13.429 --> 05:13.439 align:start position:0%
but you have the same amount of dust,
 

05:13.439 --> 05:15.668 align:start position:0%
but you have the same amount of dust,
the<00:08:05.120><c> dust</c><00:08:05.440><c> just</c><00:08:05.680><c> spreads</c><00:08:06.000><c> out</c><00:08:06.160><c> more.</c><00:08:06.800><c> In</c><00:08:07.039><c> the</c>

05:15.668 --> 05:15.678 align:start position:0%
the dust just spreads out more. In the
 

05:15.678 --> 05:17.989 align:start position:0%
the dust just spreads out more. In the
same<00:08:07.440><c> way,</c><00:08:07.919><c> as</c><00:08:08.160><c> the</c><00:08:08.400><c> universe</c><00:08:08.720><c> expands,</c>

05:17.989 --> 05:17.999 align:start position:0%
same way, as the universe expands,
 

05:17.999 --> 05:21.508 align:start position:0%
same way, as the universe expands,
matter<00:08:10.000><c> gets</c><00:08:10.319><c> diluted.</c><00:08:11.520><c> Radiation</c><00:08:12.160><c> has</c><00:08:12.400><c> a</c><00:08:12.720><c> W</c>

05:21.508 --> 05:21.518 align:start position:0%
matter gets diluted. Radiation has a W
 

05:21.518 --> 05:24.228 align:start position:0%
matter gets diluted. Radiation has a W
of<00:08:13.440><c> a</c><00:08:13.680><c> third</c><00:08:14.240><c> and</c><00:08:14.479><c> also</c><00:08:14.800><c> spreads</c><00:08:15.120><c> out</c><00:08:15.280><c> as</c><00:08:15.520><c> space</c>

05:24.228 --> 05:24.238 align:start position:0%
of a third and also spreads out as space
 

05:24.238 --> 05:26.948 align:start position:0%
of a third and also spreads out as space
expands,<00:08:16.560><c> losing</c><00:08:17.039><c> even</c><00:08:17.360><c> more</c><00:08:17.680><c> energy</c><00:08:18.080><c> as</c><00:08:18.319><c> the</c>

05:26.948 --> 05:26.958 align:start position:0%
expands, losing even more energy as the
 

05:26.958 --> 05:29.668 align:start position:0%
expands, losing even more energy as the
wavelengths<00:08:19.120><c> get</c><00:08:19.360><c> stretched,</c><00:08:20.160><c> fading</c><00:08:20.800><c> even</c>

05:29.668 --> 05:29.678 align:start position:0%
wavelengths get stretched, fading even
 

05:29.678 --> 05:34.788 align:start position:0%
wavelengths get stretched, fading even
faster.<00:08:22.400><c> But</c><00:08:22.639><c> dark</c><00:08:22.960><c> energy</c><00:08:23.599><c> is</c><00:08:23.919><c> different.</c>

05:34.788 --> 05:34.798 align:start position:0%
faster. But dark energy is different.
 

05:34.798 --> 05:37.029 align:start position:0%
faster. But dark energy is different.
The<00:08:26.639><c> current</c><00:08:26.960><c> standard</c><00:08:27.360><c> model</c><00:08:27.680><c> of</c><00:08:27.840><c> cosmology</c>

05:37.029 --> 05:37.039 align:start position:0%
The current standard model of cosmology
 

05:37.039 --> 05:39.189 align:start position:0%
The current standard model of cosmology
puts<00:08:28.879><c> the</c><00:08:29.039><c> dark</c><00:08:29.360><c> energy</c><00:08:29.759><c> parameter</c><00:08:30.319><c> at</c>

05:39.189 --> 05:39.199 align:start position:0%
puts the dark energy parameter at
 

05:39.199 --> 05:42.388 align:start position:0%
puts the dark energy parameter at
minus1,<00:08:32.000><c> which</c><00:08:32.240><c> means</c><00:08:32.800><c> dark</c><00:08:33.120><c> energy</c><00:08:33.599><c> doesn't</c>

05:42.388 --> 05:42.398 align:start position:0%
minus1, which means dark energy doesn't
 

05:42.398 --> 05:44.868 align:start position:0%
minus1, which means dark energy doesn't
dilute<00:08:34.320><c> at</c><00:08:34.560><c> all.</c><00:08:35.120><c> A</c><00:08:35.440><c> useful</c><00:08:35.760><c> way</c><00:08:35.839><c> to</c><00:08:36.000><c> picture</c>

05:44.868 --> 05:44.878 align:start position:0%
dilute at all. A useful way to picture
 

05:44.878 --> 05:47.188 align:start position:0%
dilute at all. A useful way to picture
this<00:08:36.719><c> is</c><00:08:36.959><c> with</c><00:08:37.200><c> a</c><00:08:37.440><c> bucket</c><00:08:37.680><c> of</c><00:08:37.919><c> water</c><00:08:38.320><c> mixed</c>

05:47.188 --> 05:47.198 align:start position:0%
this is with a bucket of water mixed
 

05:47.198 --> 05:49.988 align:start position:0%
this is with a bucket of water mixed
with<00:08:39.039><c> blue</c><00:08:39.360><c> paint.</c><00:08:40.240><c> If</c><00:08:40.479><c> ordinary</c><00:08:40.959><c> matter</c><00:08:41.360><c> were</c>

05:49.988 --> 05:49.998 align:start position:0%
with blue paint. If ordinary matter were
 

05:49.998 --> 05:51.829 align:start position:0%
with blue paint. If ordinary matter were
the<00:08:41.760><c> blue</c><00:08:41.919><c> paint,</c><00:08:42.479><c> then</c><00:08:42.719><c> expanding</c><00:08:43.200><c> the</c>

05:51.829 --> 05:51.839 align:start position:0%
the blue paint, then expanding the
 

05:51.839 --> 05:53.829 align:start position:0%
the blue paint, then expanding the
universe<00:08:43.680><c> would</c><00:08:43.919><c> be</c><00:08:44.000><c> like</c><00:08:44.240><c> pouring</c><00:08:44.640><c> it</c><00:08:44.800><c> into</c><00:08:45.120><c> a</c>

05:53.829 --> 05:53.839 align:start position:0%
universe would be like pouring it into a
 

05:53.839 --> 05:56.868 align:start position:0%
universe would be like pouring it into a
bigger<00:08:45.839><c> and</c><00:08:46.160><c> bigger</c><00:08:46.560><c> bucket</c><00:08:46.959><c> of</c><00:08:47.120><c> clear</c><00:08:47.440><c> water,</c>

05:56.868 --> 05:56.878 align:start position:0%
bigger and bigger bucket of clear water,
 

05:56.878 --> 05:59.029 align:start position:0%
bigger and bigger bucket of clear water,
the<00:08:48.640><c> color</c><00:08:48.959><c> would</c><00:08:49.279><c> of</c><00:08:49.440><c> course</c><00:08:50.000><c> become</c><00:08:50.320><c> more</c>

05:59.029 --> 05:59.039 align:start position:0%
the color would of course become more
 

05:59.039 --> 06:01.748 align:start position:0%
the color would of course become more
diluted<00:08:51.360><c> and</c><00:08:51.680><c> turn</c><00:08:51.920><c> into</c><00:08:52.240><c> a</c><00:08:52.399><c> fainter</c><00:08:52.880><c> shade</c><00:08:53.120><c> of</c>

06:01.748 --> 06:01.758 align:start position:0%
diluted and turn into a fainter shade of
 

06:01.758 --> 06:04.868 align:start position:0%
diluted and turn into a fainter shade of
blue.<00:08:54.160><c> If</c><00:08:54.320><c> we</c><00:08:54.560><c> then</c><00:08:54.800><c> imagine</c><00:08:55.279><c> dark</c><00:08:55.600><c> energy</c><00:08:56.080><c> as</c>

06:04.868 --> 06:04.878 align:start position:0%
blue. If we then imagine dark energy as
 

06:04.878 --> 06:07.748 align:start position:0%
blue. If we then imagine dark energy as
the<00:08:56.640><c> paint,</c><00:08:57.440><c> something</c><00:08:57.839><c> bizarre</c><00:08:58.320><c> happens.</c>

06:07.748 --> 06:07.758 align:start position:0%
the paint, something bizarre happens.
 

06:07.758 --> 06:10.149 align:start position:0%
the paint, something bizarre happens.
Every<00:08:59.600><c> time</c><00:08:59.760><c> the</c><00:09:00.080><c> bucket</c><00:09:00.399><c> gets</c><00:09:00.640><c> bigger</c><00:09:01.360><c> and</c>

06:10.149 --> 06:10.159 align:start position:0%
Every time the bucket gets bigger and
 

06:10.159 --> 06:13.109 align:start position:0%
Every time the bucket gets bigger and
more<00:09:02.000><c> water</c><00:09:02.480><c> appears,</c><00:09:03.600><c> there's</c><00:09:03.920><c> more</c><00:09:04.240><c> blue</c>

06:13.109 --> 06:13.119 align:start position:0%
more water appears, there's more blue
 

06:13.119 --> 06:15.988 align:start position:0%
more water appears, there's more blue
paint<00:09:04.880><c> with</c><00:09:05.120><c> it.</c><00:09:05.680><c> And</c><00:09:05.920><c> as</c><00:09:06.240><c> such,</c><00:09:06.880><c> the</c><00:09:07.200><c> color</c>

06:15.988 --> 06:15.998 align:start position:0%
paint with it. And as such, the color
 

06:15.998 --> 06:19.109 align:start position:0%
paint with it. And as such, the color
doesn't<00:09:07.839><c> fade</c><00:09:08.160><c> at</c><00:09:08.399><c> all.</c><00:09:09.600><c> As</c><00:09:10.000><c> the</c><00:09:10.240><c> universe</c>

06:19.109 --> 06:19.119 align:start position:0%
doesn't fade at all. As the universe
 

06:19.119 --> 06:22.149 align:start position:0%
doesn't fade at all. As the universe
expands,<00:09:11.600><c> every</c><00:09:12.080><c> fresh</c><00:09:12.560><c> new</c><00:09:12.800><c> centimeter</c><00:09:13.440><c> of</c>

06:22.149 --> 06:22.159 align:start position:0%
expands, every fresh new centimeter of
 

06:22.159 --> 06:25.029 align:start position:0%
expands, every fresh new centimeter of
space<00:09:14.240><c> comes</c><00:09:14.640><c> with</c><00:09:14.959><c> dark</c><00:09:15.360><c> energy</c><00:09:16.080><c> already</c>

06:25.029 --> 06:25.039 align:start position:0%
space comes with dark energy already
 

06:25.039 --> 06:28.549 align:start position:0%
space comes with dark energy already
inside<00:09:16.959><c> it.</c><00:09:17.839><c> So</c><00:09:18.160><c> instead</c><00:09:18.480><c> of</c><00:09:18.800><c> thinning</c><00:09:19.200><c> out,</c>

06:28.549 --> 06:28.559 align:start position:0%
inside it. So instead of thinning out,
 

06:28.559 --> 06:32.308 align:start position:0%
inside it. So instead of thinning out,
dark<00:09:20.480><c> energy</c><00:09:21.279><c> stays</c><00:09:21.760><c> constant.</c><00:09:23.040><c> This</c><00:09:23.600><c> is</c>

06:32.308 --> 06:32.318 align:start position:0%
dark energy stays constant. This is
 

06:32.318 --> 06:34.789 align:start position:0%
dark energy stays constant. This is
strange,<00:09:24.800><c> but</c><00:09:25.040><c> it</c><00:09:25.279><c> is</c><00:09:25.440><c> the</c><00:09:25.600><c> version</c><00:09:25.839><c> of</c><00:09:26.080><c> dark</c>

06:34.789 --> 06:34.799 align:start position:0%
strange, but it is the version of dark
 

06:34.799 --> 06:37.109 align:start position:0%
strange, but it is the version of dark
energy,<00:09:26.880><c> right</c><00:09:27.120><c> or</c><00:09:27.360><c> wrong,</c><00:09:27.920><c> that</c><00:09:28.160><c> we</c><00:09:28.399><c> have</c>

06:37.109 --> 06:37.119 align:start position:0%
energy, right or wrong, that we have
 

06:37.119 --> 06:39.748 align:start position:0%
energy, right or wrong, that we have
more<00:09:28.880><c> or</c><00:09:29.120><c> less</c><00:09:29.360><c> made</c><00:09:29.680><c> peace</c><00:09:29.920><c> with.</c><00:09:30.720><c> And</c><00:09:31.040><c> it</c>

06:39.748 --> 06:39.758 align:start position:0%
more or less made peace with. And it
 

06:39.758 --> 06:42.149 align:start position:0%
more or less made peace with. And it
will<00:09:31.440><c> never</c><00:09:31.760><c> stop.</c><00:09:32.720><c> Things</c><00:09:33.120><c> will</c><00:09:33.360><c> keep</c>

06:42.149 --> 06:42.159 align:start position:0%
will never stop. Things will keep
 

06:42.159 --> 06:44.629 align:start position:0%
will never stop. Things will keep
getting<00:09:34.160><c> further</c><00:09:34.560><c> and</c><00:09:34.800><c> further</c><00:09:35.200><c> apart</c><00:09:35.839><c> and</c>

06:44.629 --> 06:44.639 align:start position:0%
getting further and further apart and
 

06:44.639 --> 06:47.029 align:start position:0%
getting further and further apart and
galaxies<00:09:36.880><c> will</c><00:09:37.200><c> keep</c><00:09:37.440><c> on</c><00:09:37.680><c> drifting</c><00:09:38.160><c> away</c><00:09:38.399><c> from</c>

06:47.029 --> 06:47.039 align:start position:0%
galaxies will keep on drifting away from
 

06:47.039 --> 06:50.149 align:start position:0%
galaxies will keep on drifting away from
each<00:09:38.800><c> other.</c><00:09:39.600><c> Matter</c><00:09:40.080><c> and</c><00:09:40.399><c> heat</c><00:09:40.880><c> will</c><00:09:41.200><c> become</c>

06:50.149 --> 06:50.159 align:start position:0%
each other. Matter and heat will become
 

06:50.159 --> 06:52.789 align:start position:0%
each other. Matter and heat will become
more<00:09:41.920><c> and</c><00:09:42.160><c> more</c><00:09:42.399><c> diffuse</c><00:09:43.200><c> and</c><00:09:43.440><c> eventually</c><00:09:44.080><c> the</c>

06:52.789 --> 06:52.799 align:start position:0%
more and more diffuse and eventually the
 

06:52.799 --> 06:55.669 align:start position:0%
more and more diffuse and eventually the
universe<00:09:44.800><c> will</c><00:09:45.120><c> start</c><00:09:45.519><c> freezing.</c><00:09:46.800><c> As</c><00:09:47.040><c> the</c>

06:55.669 --> 06:55.679 align:start position:0%
universe will start freezing. As the
 

06:55.679 --> 06:58.389 align:start position:0%
universe will start freezing. As the
stars<00:09:47.600><c> die</c><00:09:47.839><c> out</c><00:09:48.160><c> and</c><00:09:48.640><c> even</c><00:09:48.959><c> the</c><00:09:49.200><c> black</c><00:09:49.440><c> holes</c>

06:58.389 --> 06:58.399 align:start position:0%
stars die out and even the black holes
 

06:58.399 --> 07:01.428 align:start position:0%
stars die out and even the black holes
evaporate,<00:09:51.120><c> there</c><00:09:51.279><c> will</c><00:09:51.519><c> be</c><00:09:52.000><c> little</c><00:09:52.560><c> heat</c>

07:01.428 --> 07:01.438 align:start position:0%
evaporate, there will be little heat
 

07:01.438 --> 07:03.909 align:start position:0%
evaporate, there will be little heat
left<00:09:53.200><c> in</c><00:09:53.440><c> the</c><00:09:53.600><c> cosmos.</c><00:09:54.560><c> And</c><00:09:54.720><c> so</c><00:09:54.959><c> comes</c><00:09:55.279><c> the</c>

07:03.909 --> 07:03.919 align:start position:0%
left in the cosmos. And so comes the
 

07:03.919 --> 07:07.269 align:start position:0%
left in the cosmos. And so comes the
name<00:09:55.680><c> of</c><00:09:56.000><c> this</c><00:09:56.240><c> theory,</c><00:09:56.959><c> the</c><00:09:57.279><c> heat</c><00:09:57.680><c> death.</c><00:09:58.560><c> As</c>

07:07.269 --> 07:07.279 align:start position:0%
name of this theory, the heat death. As
 

07:07.279 --> 07:10.308 align:start position:0%
name of this theory, the heat death. As
the<00:09:59.040><c> TS</c><00:09:59.600><c> Elliot</c><00:10:00.080><c> poem</c><00:10:00.480><c> says,</c><00:10:01.120><c> this</c><00:10:01.360><c> universe</c>

07:10.308 --> 07:10.318 align:start position:0%
the TS Elliot poem says, this universe
 

07:10.318 --> 07:13.029 align:start position:0%
the TS Elliot poem says, this universe
ends<00:10:02.240><c> not</c><00:10:02.480><c> with</c><00:10:02.640><c> a</c><00:10:02.800><c> bang,</c><00:10:03.440><c> but</c><00:10:03.760><c> with</c><00:10:04.320><c> a</c>

07:13.029 --> 07:13.039 align:start position:0%
ends not with a bang, but with a
 

07:13.039 --> 07:16.629 align:start position:0%
ends not with a bang, but with a
whimper.<00:10:05.839><c> The</c><00:10:06.000><c> heat</c><00:10:06.320><c> death</c><00:10:06.560><c> or</c><00:10:06.959><c> big</c><00:10:07.279><c> freeze</c><00:10:07.920><c> is</c>

07:16.629 --> 07:16.639 align:start position:0%
whimper. The heat death or big freeze is
 

07:16.639 --> 07:18.308 align:start position:0%
whimper. The heat death or big freeze is
currently<00:10:08.640><c> considered</c><00:10:08.959><c> the</c><00:10:09.200><c> most</c><00:10:09.440><c> likely</c>

07:18.308 --> 07:18.318 align:start position:0%
currently considered the most likely
 

07:18.318 --> 07:19.748 align:start position:0%
currently considered the most likely
fate<00:10:10.080><c> of</c><00:10:10.240><c> the</c><00:10:10.399><c> universe</c><00:10:10.880><c> under</c><00:10:11.120><c> the</c>

07:19.748 --> 07:19.758 align:start position:0%
fate of the universe under the
 

07:19.758 --> 07:22.629 align:start position:0%
fate of the universe under the
assumption<00:10:11.680><c> of</c><00:10:12.080><c> constant</c><00:10:12.480><c> dark</c><00:10:12.800><c> energy.</c><00:10:14.000><c> But</c>

07:22.629 --> 07:22.639 align:start position:0%
assumption of constant dark energy. But
 

07:22.639 --> 07:25.269 align:start position:0%
assumption of constant dark energy. But
there<00:10:14.399><c> is</c><00:10:14.800><c> another</c><00:10:15.200><c> possibility,</c><00:10:16.240><c> an</c><00:10:16.480><c> even</c>

07:25.269 --> 07:25.279 align:start position:0%
there is another possibility, an even
 

07:25.279 --> 07:27.909 align:start position:0%
there is another possibility, an even
darker<00:10:17.200><c> side</c><00:10:17.440><c> of</c><00:10:17.600><c> this</c><00:10:17.839><c> mysterious</c><00:10:18.480><c> force,</c><00:10:19.200><c> an</c>

07:27.909 --> 07:27.919 align:start position:0%
darker side of this mysterious force, an
 

07:27.919 --> 07:30.709 align:start position:0%
darker side of this mysterious force, an
evil<00:10:19.760><c> twin</c><00:10:20.320><c> that</c><00:10:20.560><c> is</c><00:10:20.800><c> far</c><00:10:21.040><c> more</c><00:10:21.279><c> violent</c><00:10:21.760><c> and</c>

07:30.709 --> 07:30.719 align:start position:0%
evil twin that is far more violent and
 

07:30.719 --> 07:33.589 align:start position:0%
evil twin that is far more violent and
far<00:10:22.640><c> more</c><00:10:22.959><c> dangerous.</c><00:10:24.399><c> The</c><00:10:24.640><c> equation</c><00:10:24.959><c> of</c>

07:33.589 --> 07:33.599 align:start position:0%
far more dangerous. The equation of
 

07:33.599 --> 07:35.988 align:start position:0%
far more dangerous. The equation of
state<00:10:25.360><c> parameter</c><00:10:26.000><c> can</c><00:10:26.240><c> be</c><00:10:26.399><c> thought</c><00:10:26.640><c> of</c><00:10:27.040><c> like</c><00:10:27.279><c> a</c>

07:35.988 --> 07:35.998 align:start position:0%
state parameter can be thought of like a
 

07:35.998 --> 07:40.469 align:start position:0%
state parameter can be thought of like a
dial.<00:10:28.399><c> At</c><00:10:28.800><c> W=</c><00:10:29.600><c> minus1,</c><00:10:30.800><c> dark</c><00:10:31.120><c> energy</c><00:10:31.600><c> behaves</c>

07:40.469 --> 07:40.479 align:start position:0%
dial. At W= minus1, dark energy behaves
 

07:40.479 --> 07:43.269 align:start position:0%
dial. At W= minus1, dark energy behaves
like<00:10:32.240><c> a</c><00:10:32.560><c> constant</c><00:10:33.120><c> background</c><00:10:33.680><c> presence.</c>

07:43.269 --> 07:43.279 align:start position:0%
like a constant background presence.
 

07:43.279 --> 07:45.829 align:start position:0%
like a constant background presence.
Let's<00:10:35.120><c> put</c><00:10:35.360><c> this</c><00:10:35.600><c> at</c><00:10:35.839><c> the</c><00:10:36.000><c> top</c><00:10:36.160><c> of</c><00:10:36.240><c> the</c><00:10:36.399><c> dial.</c>

07:45.829 --> 07:45.839 align:start position:0%
Let's put this at the top of the dial.
 

07:45.839 --> 07:48.069 align:start position:0%
Let's put this at the top of the dial.
This<00:10:37.680><c> boundary</c><00:10:38.240><c> is</c><00:10:38.560><c> often</c><00:10:38.959><c> called</c><00:10:39.279><c> the</c>

07:48.069 --> 07:48.079 align:start position:0%
This boundary is often called the
 

07:48.079 --> 07:50.709 align:start position:0%
This boundary is often called the
phantom<00:10:40.160><c> divide.</c><00:10:41.040><c> If</c><00:10:41.279><c> the</c><00:10:41.440><c> parameter</c><00:10:41.920><c> remains</c>

07:50.709 --> 07:50.719 align:start position:0%
phantom divide. If the parameter remains
 

07:50.719 --> 07:53.029 align:start position:0%
phantom divide. If the parameter remains
at<00:10:42.480><c> this</c><00:10:42.640><c> divide,</c><00:10:43.440><c> dark</c><00:10:43.760><c> energy</c><00:10:44.320><c> never</c>

07:53.029 --> 07:53.039 align:start position:0%
at this divide, dark energy never
 

07:53.039 --> 07:57.428 align:start position:0%
at this divide, dark energy never
dilutes<00:10:45.279><c> and</c><00:10:45.600><c> brings</c><00:10:45.920><c> on</c><00:10:46.160><c> our</c><00:10:46.560><c> cold</c><00:10:46.880><c> end.</c><00:10:48.000><c> But</c>

07:57.428 --> 07:57.438 align:start position:0%
dilutes and brings on our cold end. But
 

07:57.438 --> 07:59.428 align:start position:0%
dilutes and brings on our cold end. But
some<00:10:49.279><c> recent</c><00:10:49.680><c> results</c><00:10:50.079><c> have</c><00:10:50.399><c> raised</c><00:10:50.720><c> the</c>

07:59.428 --> 07:59.438 align:start position:0%
some recent results have raised the
 

07:59.438 --> 08:02.229 align:start position:0%
some recent results have raised the
possibility<00:10:51.440><c> that</c><00:10:51.680><c> dark</c><00:10:52.079><c> energy</c><00:10:52.640><c> may</c><00:10:52.959><c> not</c><00:10:53.440><c> be</c>

08:02.229 --> 08:02.239 align:start position:0%
possibility that dark energy may not be
 

08:02.239 --> 08:04.469 align:start position:0%
possibility that dark energy may not be
perfectly<00:10:54.240><c> constant.</c><00:10:55.200><c> You</c><00:10:55.440><c> can</c><00:10:55.519><c> watch</c><00:10:55.760><c> my</c>

08:02.239 --> 08:04.549 align:start position:0%
perfectly constant. You can watch my
video<00:10:56.320><c> about</c><00:10:56.560><c> that</c><00:10:56.880><c> here.</c><00:10:57.680><c> But</c><00:10:57.920><c> such</c><00:10:58.160><c> an</c>

08:03.734 --> 08:03.744 align:start position:0%
video about that here. But such an
 

08:03.744 --> 08:07.014 align:start position:0%
video about that here. But such an
equation<00:10:58.640><c> of</c><00:10:58.800><c> state</c><00:10:59.200><c> means</c><00:10:59.600><c> our</c><00:10:59.920><c> parameter</c><00:11:00.720><c> W</c>

08:07.014 --> 08:07.024 align:start position:0%
equation of state means our parameter W
 

08:07.024 --> 08:11.094 align:start position:0%
equation of state means our parameter W
might<00:11:02.000><c> go</c><00:11:02.480><c> above</c><00:11:03.200><c> minus1.</c><00:11:04.320><c> And</c><00:11:04.480><c> if</c><00:11:04.720><c> it</c><00:11:04.959><c> does,</c>

08:11.094 --> 08:11.104 align:start position:0%
might go above minus1. And if it does,
 

08:11.104 --> 08:14.134 align:start position:0%
might go above minus1. And if it does,
dark<00:11:06.000><c> energy</c><00:11:06.399><c> can</c><00:11:06.640><c> weaken</c><00:11:07.200><c> over</c><00:11:07.519><c> time.</c><00:11:08.399><c> In</c>

08:14.134 --> 08:14.144 align:start position:0%
dark energy can weaken over time. In
 

08:14.144 --> 08:18.373 align:start position:0%
dark energy can weaken over time. In
some<00:11:08.959><c> models,</c><00:11:09.600><c> when</c><00:11:09.920><c> W</c><00:11:10.399><c> goes</c><00:11:10.800><c> above</c><00:11:11.360><c> minus</c><00:11:11.839><c> a3,</c>

08:18.373 --> 08:18.383 align:start position:0%
some models, when W goes above minus a3,
 

08:18.383 --> 08:20.774 align:start position:0%
some models, when W goes above minus a3,
dark<00:11:13.279><c> energy</c><00:11:13.760><c> can</c><00:11:14.000><c> become</c><00:11:14.480><c> weak</c><00:11:14.800><c> enough</c><00:11:15.040><c> to</c>

08:20.774 --> 08:20.784 align:start position:0%
dark energy can become weak enough to
 

08:20.784 --> 08:23.894 align:start position:0%
dark energy can become weak enough to
start<00:11:15.680><c> losing</c><00:11:16.079><c> its</c><00:11:16.399><c> battle</c><00:11:16.880><c> against</c><00:11:17.279><c> gravity.</c>

08:23.894 --> 08:23.904 align:start position:0%
start losing its battle against gravity.
 

08:23.904 --> 08:26.614 align:start position:0%
start losing its battle against gravity.
The<00:11:18.720><c> universe</c><00:11:19.120><c> will</c><00:11:19.440><c> stop</c><00:11:19.839><c> expanding</c><00:11:20.800><c> and</c>

08:26.614 --> 08:26.624 align:start position:0%
The universe will stop expanding and
 

08:26.624 --> 08:29.094 align:start position:0%
The universe will stop expanding and
everything<00:11:21.760><c> in</c><00:11:22.160><c> the</c><00:11:22.399><c> universe</c><00:11:23.279><c> comes</c>

08:29.094 --> 08:29.104 align:start position:0%
everything in the universe comes
 

08:29.104 --> 08:31.574 align:start position:0%
everything in the universe comes
together.<00:11:24.800><c> We</c><00:11:25.040><c> are</c><00:11:25.200><c> back</c><00:11:25.440><c> to</c><00:11:25.600><c> where</c><00:11:25.839><c> we</c><00:11:26.000><c> were</c>

08:31.574 --> 08:31.584 align:start position:0%
together. We are back to where we were
 

08:31.584 --> 08:34.054 align:start position:0%
together. We are back to where we were
headed<00:11:26.640><c> before</c><00:11:27.120><c> dark</c><00:11:27.440><c> energy</c><00:11:28.000><c> graced</c><00:11:28.399><c> our</c>

08:34.054 --> 08:34.064 align:start position:0%
headed before dark energy graced our
 

08:34.064 --> 08:36.454 align:start position:0%
headed before dark energy graced our
universe,<00:11:29.600><c> the</c><00:11:29.839><c> big</c><00:11:30.160><c> crunch</c><00:11:30.560><c> that</c><00:11:30.800><c> I</c>

08:36.454 --> 08:36.464 align:start position:0%
universe, the big crunch that I
 

08:36.464 --> 08:38.134 align:start position:0%
universe, the big crunch that I
mentioned<00:11:31.279><c> earlier.</c>

08:38.134 --> 08:38.144 align:start position:0%
mentioned earlier.
 

08:38.144 --> 08:40.373 align:start position:0%
mentioned earlier.
Scientists<00:11:33.279><c> are</c><00:11:33.519><c> still</c><00:11:33.760><c> torn</c><00:11:34.320><c> about</c><00:11:34.560><c> whether</c>

08:40.373 --> 08:40.383 align:start position:0%
Scientists are still torn about whether
 

08:40.383 --> 08:42.693 align:start position:0%
Scientists are still torn about whether
this<00:11:35.120><c> is</c><00:11:35.279><c> a</c><00:11:35.519><c> possibility</c><00:11:36.240><c> and</c><00:11:36.560><c> future</c><00:11:36.880><c> data</c>

08:42.693 --> 08:42.703 align:start position:0%
this is a possibility and future data
 

08:42.703 --> 08:45.174 align:start position:0%
this is a possibility and future data
may<00:11:37.600><c> change</c><00:11:37.920><c> the</c><00:11:38.240><c> picture,</c><00:11:38.959><c> but</c><00:11:39.200><c> it</c><00:11:39.440><c> has</c>

08:45.174 --> 08:45.184 align:start position:0%
may change the picture, but it has
 

08:45.184 --> 08:48.534 align:start position:0%
may change the picture, but it has
reopened<00:11:40.399><c> an</c><00:11:40.720><c> age-old</c><00:11:41.440><c> question.</c><00:11:42.560><c> What</c><00:11:42.800><c> if</c>

08:48.534 --> 08:48.544 align:start position:0%
reopened an age-old question. What if
 

08:48.544 --> 08:50.854 align:start position:0%
reopened an age-old question. What if
dark<00:11:43.519><c> energy</c><00:11:43.839><c> evolves?</c><00:11:44.800><c> And</c><00:11:44.959><c> if</c><00:11:45.200><c> it</c><00:11:45.360><c> can</c>

08:50.854 --> 08:50.864 align:start position:0%
dark energy evolves? And if it can
 

08:50.864 --> 08:53.174 align:start position:0%
dark energy evolves? And if it can
evolve<00:11:45.839><c> in</c><00:11:46.079><c> one</c><00:11:46.320><c> direction,</c><00:11:47.200><c> it's</c><00:11:47.519><c> only</c>

08:53.174 --> 08:53.184 align:start position:0%
evolve in one direction, it's only
 

08:53.184 --> 08:55.334 align:start position:0%
evolve in one direction, it's only
natural<00:11:48.079><c> to</c><00:11:48.320><c> wonder</c><00:11:48.800><c> what</c><00:11:49.120><c> happens</c><00:11:49.440><c> if</c><00:11:49.760><c> it</c>

08:55.334 --> 08:55.344 align:start position:0%
natural to wonder what happens if it
 

08:55.344 --> 08:58.134 align:start position:0%
natural to wonder what happens if it
evolves<00:11:50.320><c> the</c><00:11:50.640><c> other</c><00:11:50.800><c> way.</c><00:11:52.000><c> Let's</c><00:11:52.240><c> go</c><00:11:52.399><c> back</c><00:11:52.560><c> to</c>

08:58.134 --> 08:58.144 align:start position:0%
evolves the other way. Let's go back to
 

08:58.144 --> 09:00.854 align:start position:0%
evolves the other way. Let's go back to
our<00:11:52.959><c> phantom</c><00:11:53.440><c> dial.</c><00:11:54.160><c> What</c><00:11:54.399><c> happens</c><00:11:54.640><c> if</c><00:11:55.040><c> W</c>

09:00.854 --> 09:00.864 align:start position:0%
our phantom dial. What happens if W
 

09:00.864 --> 09:04.294 align:start position:0%
our phantom dial. What happens if W
drops<00:11:56.000><c> below</c><00:11:56.560><c> the</c><00:11:56.880><c> phantom</c><00:11:57.360><c> divide?</c><00:11:58.480><c> This</c><00:11:58.720><c> is</c>

09:04.294 --> 09:04.304 align:start position:0%
drops below the phantom divide? This is
 

09:04.304 --> 09:06.454 align:start position:0%
drops below the phantom divide? This is
where<00:11:59.040><c> we</c><00:11:59.279><c> start</c><00:11:59.519><c> to</c><00:11:59.760><c> enter</c><00:12:00.399><c> strange</c>

09:06.454 --> 09:06.464 align:start position:0%
where we start to enter strange
 

09:06.464 --> 09:10.054 align:start position:0%
where we start to enter strange
territory.<00:12:02.399><c> Remember,</c><00:12:02.959><c> the</c><00:12:03.279><c> higher</c><00:12:03.600><c> the</c><00:12:03.920><c> W,</c>

09:10.054 --> 09:10.064 align:start position:0%
territory. Remember, the higher the W,
 

09:10.064 --> 09:12.854 align:start position:0%
territory. Remember, the higher the W,
the<00:12:04.959><c> faster</c><00:12:05.360><c> it</c><00:12:05.519><c> dilutes.</c><00:12:06.560><c> That</c><00:12:06.800><c> also</c><00:12:07.120><c> means</c>

09:12.854 --> 09:12.864 align:start position:0%
the faster it dilutes. That also means
 

09:12.864 --> 09:15.734 align:start position:0%
the faster it dilutes. That also means
the<00:12:07.760><c> lower</c><00:12:08.000><c> the</c><00:12:08.240><c> W,</c><00:12:08.880><c> the</c><00:12:09.120><c> faster</c><00:12:09.680><c> it</c><00:12:09.920><c> builds</c>

09:15.734 --> 09:15.744 align:start position:0%
the lower the W, the faster it builds
 

09:15.744 --> 09:19.734 align:start position:0%
the lower the W, the faster it builds
up.<00:12:11.120><c> If</c><00:12:11.440><c> W</c><00:12:11.839><c> goes</c><00:12:12.240><c> below</c><00:12:12.720><c> minus1,</c><00:12:13.760><c> it</c><00:12:14.000><c> enters</c>

09:19.734 --> 09:19.744 align:start position:0%
up. If W goes below minus1, it enters
 

09:19.744 --> 09:22.454 align:start position:0%
up. If W goes below minus1, it enters
into<00:12:14.639><c> a</c><00:12:14.880><c> supercharged</c><00:12:15.680><c> state.</c><00:12:16.399><c> The</c><00:12:16.639><c> more</c><00:12:16.800><c> the</c>

09:22.454 --> 09:22.464 align:start position:0%
into a supercharged state. The more the
 

09:22.464 --> 09:24.454 align:start position:0%
into a supercharged state. The more the
universe<00:12:17.440><c> expands,</c><00:12:18.240><c> the</c><00:12:18.480><c> higher</c><00:12:18.720><c> the</c>

09:24.454 --> 09:24.464 align:start position:0%
universe expands, the higher the
 

09:24.464 --> 09:26.933 align:start position:0%
universe expands, the higher the
proportion<00:12:19.360><c> of</c><00:12:19.519><c> dark</c><00:12:19.839><c> energy</c><00:12:20.240><c> becomes.</c><00:12:21.279><c> This</c>

09:26.933 --> 09:26.943 align:start position:0%
proportion of dark energy becomes. This
 

09:26.943 --> 09:29.734 align:start position:0%
proportion of dark energy becomes. This
time,<00:12:22.160><c> every</c><00:12:22.480><c> time</c><00:12:22.720><c> our</c><00:12:23.040><c> bucket</c><00:12:23.440><c> grows</c><00:12:24.160><c> and</c>

09:29.734 --> 09:29.744 align:start position:0%
time, every time our bucket grows and
 

09:29.744 --> 09:33.014 align:start position:0%
time, every time our bucket grows and
more<00:12:24.560><c> clear</c><00:12:24.959><c> water</c><00:12:25.279><c> is</c><00:12:25.600><c> added,</c><00:12:26.639><c> even</c><00:12:27.040><c> more</c>

09:33.014 --> 09:33.024 align:start position:0%
more clear water is added, even more
 

09:33.024 --> 09:35.574 align:start position:0%
more clear water is added, even more
blue<00:12:27.920><c> paint</c><00:12:28.320><c> appears</c><00:12:28.800><c> than</c><00:12:28.959><c> before.</c><00:12:29.839><c> Instead</c>

09:35.574 --> 09:35.584 align:start position:0%
blue paint appears than before. Instead
 

09:35.584 --> 09:38.454 align:start position:0%
blue paint appears than before. Instead
of<00:12:30.399><c> fading,</c><00:12:31.279><c> the</c><00:12:31.519><c> water</c><00:12:31.839><c> becomes</c><00:12:32.240><c> darker</c><00:12:32.720><c> and</c>

09:38.454 --> 09:38.464 align:start position:0%
of fading, the water becomes darker and
 

09:38.464 --> 09:41.334 align:start position:0%
of fading, the water becomes darker and
darker<00:12:33.519><c> blue.</c><00:12:34.480><c> In</c><00:12:34.800><c> this</c><00:12:34.959><c> scenario,</c><00:12:35.519><c> there</c><00:12:35.760><c> is</c>

09:41.334 --> 09:41.344 align:start position:0%
darker blue. In this scenario, there is
 

09:41.344 --> 09:43.974 align:start position:0%
darker blue. In this scenario, there is
simply<00:12:36.320><c> no</c><00:12:36.720><c> stopping</c><00:12:37.120><c> this</c><00:12:37.360><c> form</c><00:12:37.680><c> of</c><00:12:37.839><c> energy.</c>

09:43.974 --> 09:43.984 align:start position:0%
simply no stopping this form of energy.
 

09:43.984 --> 09:46.534 align:start position:0%
simply no stopping this form of energy.
The<00:12:38.880><c> universe</c><00:12:39.279><c> is</c><00:12:39.440><c> now</c><00:12:39.760><c> controlled</c><00:12:40.480><c> by</c><00:12:40.720><c> a</c>

09:46.534 --> 09:46.544 align:start position:0%
The universe is now controlled by a
 

09:46.544 --> 09:49.414 align:start position:0%
The universe is now controlled by a
monster<00:12:41.600><c> of</c><00:12:41.839><c> a</c><00:12:42.000><c> force</c><00:12:42.639><c> called</c><00:12:43.200><c> phantom</c><00:12:43.680><c> dark</c>

09:49.414 --> 09:49.424 align:start position:0%
monster of a force called phantom dark
 

09:49.424 --> 09:52.294 align:start position:0%
monster of a force called phantom dark
energy.<00:12:44.959><c> And</c><00:12:45.120><c> it</c><00:12:45.279><c> gets</c><00:12:45.519><c> worse.</c><00:12:46.240><c> The</c><00:12:46.480><c> universe</c>

09:52.294 --> 09:52.304 align:start position:0%
energy. And it gets worse. The universe
 

09:52.304 --> 09:54.693 align:start position:0%
energy. And it gets worse. The universe
expands<00:12:47.519><c> which</c><00:12:47.839><c> makes</c><00:12:48.160><c> phantom</c><00:12:48.639><c> dark</c><00:12:48.880><c> energy</c>

09:54.693 --> 09:54.703 align:start position:0%
expands which makes phantom dark energy
 

09:54.703 --> 09:57.493 align:start position:0%
expands which makes phantom dark energy
stronger.<00:12:50.399><c> Stronger</c><00:12:50.959><c> phantom</c><00:12:51.360><c> dark</c><00:12:51.680><c> energy</c>

09:57.493 --> 09:57.503 align:start position:0%
stronger. Stronger phantom dark energy
 

09:57.503 --> 10:00.854 align:start position:0%
stronger. Stronger phantom dark energy
in<00:12:52.320><c> turn</c><00:12:53.040><c> makes</c><00:12:53.279><c> the</c><00:12:53.519><c> universe</c><00:12:54.079><c> expand</c><00:12:54.639><c> faster</c>

10:00.854 --> 10:00.864 align:start position:0%
in turn makes the universe expand faster
 

10:00.864 --> 10:03.493 align:start position:0%
in turn makes the universe expand faster
and<00:12:55.760><c> faster</c><00:12:56.240><c> expansion</c><00:12:56.880><c> creates</c><00:12:57.360><c> even</c><00:12:57.680><c> more</c>

10:03.493 --> 10:03.503 align:start position:0%
and faster expansion creates even more
 

10:03.503 --> 10:06.134 align:start position:0%
and faster expansion creates even more
phantom<00:12:58.560><c> energy.</c><00:12:59.440><c> The</c><00:12:59.600><c> cycle</c><00:13:00.000><c> keeps</c><00:13:00.320><c> feeding</c>

10:06.134 --> 10:06.144 align:start position:0%
phantom energy. The cycle keeps feeding
 

10:06.144 --> 10:08.693 align:start position:0%
phantom energy. The cycle keeps feeding
itself<00:13:01.440><c> creating</c><00:13:01.839><c> a</c><00:13:02.079><c> so-called</c><00:13:02.800><c> runaway</c>

10:08.693 --> 10:08.703 align:start position:0%
itself creating a so-called runaway
 

10:08.703 --> 10:11.414 align:start position:0%
itself creating a so-called runaway
effect.<00:13:04.240><c> It's</c><00:13:04.480><c> this</c><00:13:04.800><c> state</c><00:13:05.200><c> that</c><00:13:05.519><c> leads</c><00:13:05.839><c> to</c>

10:11.414 --> 10:11.424 align:start position:0%
effect. It's this state that leads to
 

10:11.424 --> 10:13.974 align:start position:0%
effect. It's this state that leads to
the<00:13:06.160><c> big</c><00:13:06.399><c> rip</c><00:13:07.040><c> where</c><00:13:07.279><c> supercharged</c><00:13:08.000><c> expansion</c>

10:13.974 --> 10:13.984 align:start position:0%
the big rip where supercharged expansion
 

10:13.984 --> 10:17.174 align:start position:0%
the big rip where supercharged expansion
tears<00:13:09.120><c> everything</c><00:13:09.680><c> apart.</c><00:13:10.800><c> But</c><00:13:11.040><c> even</c><00:13:11.200><c> if</c><00:13:11.440><c> dark</c>

10:17.174 --> 10:17.184 align:start position:0%
tears everything apart. But even if dark
 

10:17.184 --> 10:19.334 align:start position:0%
tears everything apart. But even if dark
energy<00:13:12.079><c> goes</c><00:13:12.480><c> phantom,</c><00:13:13.200><c> there</c><00:13:13.360><c> is</c><00:13:13.519><c> still</c><00:13:13.680><c> one</c>

10:19.334 --> 10:19.344 align:start position:0%
energy goes phantom, there is still one
 

10:19.344 --> 10:21.894 align:start position:0%
energy goes phantom, there is still one
obvious<00:13:14.320><c> question.</c><00:13:15.279><c> How</c><00:13:15.600><c> do</c><00:13:15.760><c> we</c><00:13:15.920><c> calculate</c>

10:21.894 --> 10:21.904 align:start position:0%
obvious question. How do we calculate
 

10:21.904 --> 10:24.774 align:start position:0%
obvious question. How do we calculate
when<00:13:16.959><c> the</c><00:13:17.120><c> big</c><00:13:17.360><c> rip</c><00:13:17.680><c> would</c><00:13:17.920><c> actually</c><00:13:18.320><c> happen?</c>

10:24.774 --> 10:24.784 align:start position:0%
when the big rip would actually happen?
 

10:24.784 --> 10:26.854 align:start position:0%
when the big rip would actually happen?
Well,<00:13:19.839><c> the</c><00:13:20.079><c> paper</c><00:13:20.399><c> I</c><00:13:20.639><c> mentioned</c><00:13:20.959><c> earlier</c>

10:26.854 --> 10:26.864 align:start position:0%
Well, the paper I mentioned earlier
 

10:26.864 --> 10:29.253 align:start position:0%
Well, the paper I mentioned earlier
proposes<00:13:22.079><c> an</c><00:13:22.320><c> innovative</c><00:13:22.959><c> way</c><00:13:23.200><c> to</c><00:13:23.440><c> find</c><00:13:23.600><c> the</c>

10:29.253 --> 10:29.263 align:start position:0%
proposes an innovative way to find the
 

10:29.263 --> 10:32.214 align:start position:0%
proposes an innovative way to find the
answer<00:13:24.639><c> and</c><00:13:24.880><c> they</c><00:13:25.200><c> use</c><00:13:25.680><c> this</c><00:13:26.000><c> equation</c><00:13:26.399><c> to</c><00:13:26.639><c> do</c>

10:32.214 --> 10:32.224 align:start position:0%
answer and they use this equation to do
 

10:32.224 --> 10:34.933 align:start position:0%
answer and they use this equation to do
it.<00:13:27.519><c> At</c><00:13:27.760><c> first,</c><00:13:28.399><c> this</c><00:13:28.720><c> might</c><00:13:28.959><c> look</c><00:13:29.120><c> a</c><00:13:29.279><c> bit</c>

10:34.933 --> 10:34.943 align:start position:0%
it. At first, this might look a bit
 

10:34.943 --> 10:37.174 align:start position:0%
it. At first, this might look a bit
complicated,<00:13:30.240><c> but</c><00:13:30.480><c> for</c><00:13:30.720><c> our</c><00:13:31.040><c> purposes,</c><00:13:31.519><c> we</c>

10:37.174 --> 10:37.184 align:start position:0%
complicated, but for our purposes, we
 

10:37.184 --> 10:39.574 align:start position:0%
complicated, but for our purposes, we
can<00:13:31.920><c> strip</c><00:13:32.240><c> it</c><00:13:32.399><c> down</c><00:13:32.560><c> to</c><00:13:32.720><c> the</c><00:13:32.880><c> basics</c><00:13:33.519><c> and</c><00:13:33.839><c> then</c>

10:39.574 --> 10:39.584 align:start position:0%
can strip it down to the basics and then
 

10:39.584 --> 10:41.574 align:start position:0%
can strip it down to the basics and then
it<00:13:34.399><c> looks</c><00:13:34.560><c> a</c><00:13:34.720><c> bit</c><00:13:34.880><c> more</c><00:13:35.040><c> manageable.</c>

10:41.574 --> 10:41.584 align:start position:0%
it looks a bit more manageable.
 

10:41.584 --> 10:43.654 align:start position:0%
it looks a bit more manageable.
Essentially,<00:13:36.800><c> this</c><00:13:37.040><c> tells</c><00:13:37.279><c> us</c><00:13:37.680><c> the</c><00:13:37.920><c> stronger</c>

10:43.654 --> 10:43.664 align:start position:0%
Essentially, this tells us the stronger
 

10:43.664 --> 10:45.813 align:start position:0%
Essentially, this tells us the stronger
the<00:13:38.399><c> phantom</c><00:13:38.800><c> strength,</c><00:13:39.440><c> the</c><00:13:39.680><c> less</c><00:13:39.920><c> time</c><00:13:40.160><c> we</c>

10:45.813 --> 10:45.823 align:start position:0%
the phantom strength, the less time we
 

10:45.823 --> 10:48.134 align:start position:0%
the phantom strength, the less time we
have<00:13:40.639><c> left</c><00:13:40.880><c> in</c><00:13:41.120><c> the</c><00:13:41.279><c> universe.</c><00:13:42.160><c> But</c><00:13:42.320><c> it</c><00:13:42.480><c> also</c>

10:48.134 --> 10:48.144 align:start position:0%
have left in the universe. But it also
 

10:48.144 --> 10:50.454 align:start position:0%
have left in the universe. But it also
depends<00:13:43.040><c> on</c><00:13:43.279><c> how</c><00:13:43.600><c> strong</c><00:13:44.000><c> dark</c><00:13:44.320><c> energy</c><00:13:44.800><c> is</c>

10:50.454 --> 10:50.464 align:start position:0%
depends on how strong dark energy is
 

10:50.464 --> 10:53.014 align:start position:0%
depends on how strong dark energy is
today.<00:13:45.920><c> The</c><00:13:46.160><c> more</c><00:13:46.240><c> of</c><00:13:46.399><c> it</c><00:13:46.560><c> there</c><00:13:46.800><c> is</c><00:13:47.200><c> already</c>

10:53.014 --> 10:53.024 align:start position:0%
today. The more of it there is already
 

10:53.024 --> 10:55.334 align:start position:0%
today. The more of it there is already
filling<00:13:48.000><c> space,</c><00:13:48.639><c> the</c><00:13:48.880><c> faster</c><00:13:49.200><c> the</c><00:13:49.440><c> runaway</c>

10:55.334 --> 10:55.344 align:start position:0%
filling space, the faster the runaway
 

10:55.344 --> 10:58.134 align:start position:0%
filling space, the faster the runaway
process<00:13:50.560><c> reaches</c><00:13:51.040><c> its</c><00:13:51.279><c> catastrophic</c><00:13:51.920><c> end.</c>

10:58.134 --> 10:58.144 align:start position:0%
process reaches its catastrophic end.
 

10:58.144 --> 11:00.214 align:start position:0%
process reaches its catastrophic end.
And<00:13:52.880><c> this</c><00:13:53.120><c> is</c><00:13:53.279><c> where</c><00:13:53.440><c> we</c><00:13:53.680><c> run</c><00:13:53.920><c> into</c><00:13:54.160><c> problems</c>

11:00.214 --> 11:00.224 align:start position:0%
And this is where we run into problems
 

11:00.224 --> 11:02.053 align:start position:0%
And this is where we run into problems
because<00:13:55.040><c> we</c><00:13:55.360><c> don't</c><00:13:55.600><c> actually</c><00:13:56.000><c> know</c><00:13:56.320><c> how</c>

11:02.053 --> 11:02.063 align:start position:0%
because we don't actually know how
 

11:02.063 --> 11:06.774 align:start position:0%
because we don't actually know how
strong<00:13:56.959><c> dark</c><00:13:57.279><c> energy</c><00:13:57.680><c> is</c><00:13:58.079><c> right</c><00:13:58.399><c> now.</c>

11:06.774 --> 11:06.784 align:start position:0%
strong dark energy is right now.
 

11:06.784 --> 11:08.613 align:start position:0%
strong dark energy is right now.
Dark<00:14:01.760><c> energy</c><00:14:02.160><c> doesn't</c><00:14:02.560><c> interact</c><00:14:02.959><c> with</c>

11:08.613 --> 11:08.623 align:start position:0%
Dark energy doesn't interact with
 

11:08.623 --> 11:10.454 align:start position:0%
Dark energy doesn't interact with
anything<00:14:03.440><c> in</c><00:14:03.680><c> the</c><00:14:03.839><c> universe</c><00:14:04.320><c> in</c><00:14:04.560><c> the</c><00:14:04.720><c> way</c>

11:10.454 --> 11:10.464 align:start position:0%
anything in the universe in the way
 

11:10.464 --> 11:13.174 align:start position:0%
anything in the universe in the way
radiation<00:14:05.680><c> or</c><00:14:06.160><c> ordinary</c><00:14:06.720><c> matter</c><00:14:07.040><c> does.</c>

11:13.174 --> 11:13.184 align:start position:0%
radiation or ordinary matter does.
 

11:13.184 --> 11:15.414 align:start position:0%
radiation or ordinary matter does.
Cosmologists<00:14:08.560><c> can't</c><00:14:08.800><c> scoop</c><00:14:09.040><c> it</c><00:14:09.279><c> up,</c><00:14:09.600><c> place</c><00:14:09.839><c> it</c>

11:15.414 --> 11:15.424 align:start position:0%
Cosmologists can't scoop it up, place it
 

11:15.424 --> 11:17.974 align:start position:0%
Cosmologists can't scoop it up, place it
in<00:14:10.160><c> a</c><00:14:10.320><c> detector,</c><00:14:10.800><c> and</c><00:14:11.040><c> measure</c><00:14:11.360><c> it.</c><00:14:12.079><c> So,</c><00:14:12.320><c> they</c>

11:17.974 --> 11:17.984 align:start position:0%
in a detector, and measure it. So, they
 

11:17.984 --> 11:20.373 align:start position:0%
in a detector, and measure it. So, they
do<00:14:12.800><c> something</c><00:14:13.120><c> more</c><00:14:13.440><c> indirect.</c><00:14:14.399><c> They</c><00:14:14.639><c> measure</c>

11:20.373 --> 11:20.383 align:start position:0%
do something more indirect. They measure
 

11:20.383 --> 11:22.134 align:start position:0%
do something more indirect. They measure
the<00:14:15.199><c> historical</c><00:14:15.920><c> expansion</c><00:14:16.399><c> of</c><00:14:16.560><c> the</c>

11:22.134 --> 11:22.144 align:start position:0%
the historical expansion of the
 

11:22.144 --> 11:24.454 align:start position:0%
the historical expansion of the
universe.<00:14:17.519><c> And</c><00:14:17.680><c> for</c><00:14:17.920><c> that,</c><00:14:18.240><c> they</c><00:14:18.560><c> rely</c><00:14:18.800><c> on</c>

11:24.454 --> 11:24.464 align:start position:0%
universe. And for that, they rely on
 

11:24.464 --> 11:26.294 align:start position:0%
universe. And for that, they rely on
some<00:14:19.199><c> of</c><00:14:19.279><c> the</c><00:14:19.440><c> most</c><00:14:19.680><c> powerful</c><00:14:20.240><c> observations</c>

11:26.294 --> 11:26.304 align:start position:0%
some of the most powerful observations
 

11:26.304 --> 11:29.174 align:start position:0%
some of the most powerful observations
in<00:14:21.120><c> cosmology.</c><00:14:22.240><c> Telescopes</c><00:14:22.880><c> and</c><00:14:23.120><c> data</c><00:14:23.440><c> sets</c>

11:29.174 --> 11:29.184 align:start position:0%
in cosmology. Telescopes and data sets
 

11:29.184 --> 11:32.454 align:start position:0%
in cosmology. Telescopes and data sets
like<00:14:24.079><c> Hubble,</c><00:14:24.880><c> WAP,</c><00:14:25.680><c> Plank,</c><00:14:26.399><c> Supernova</c>

11:32.454 --> 11:32.464 align:start position:0%
like Hubble, WAP, Plank, Supernova
 

11:32.464 --> 11:35.014 align:start position:0%
like Hubble, WAP, Plank, Supernova
surveys,<00:14:27.680><c> and</c><00:14:27.920><c> large</c><00:14:28.240><c> scale</c><00:14:28.639><c> galaxy</c><00:14:29.040><c> maps</c>

11:35.014 --> 11:35.024 align:start position:0%
surveys, and large scale galaxy maps
 

11:35.024 --> 11:36.774 align:start position:0%
surveys, and large scale galaxy maps
have<00:14:29.839><c> helped</c><00:14:30.079><c> us</c><00:14:30.240><c> reconstruct</c><00:14:30.880><c> the</c><00:14:31.120><c> history</c>

11:36.774 --> 11:36.784 align:start position:0%
have helped us reconstruct the history
 

11:36.784 --> 11:39.414 align:start position:0%
have helped us reconstruct the history
of<00:14:31.600><c> the</c><00:14:31.760><c> universe.</c><00:14:32.720><c> They</c><00:14:33.040><c> tell</c><00:14:33.279><c> us</c><00:14:33.519><c> how</c><00:14:33.760><c> fast</c>

11:39.414 --> 11:39.424 align:start position:0%
of the universe. They tell us how fast
 

11:39.424 --> 11:41.654 align:start position:0%
of the universe. They tell us how fast
the<00:14:34.240><c> universe</c><00:14:34.560><c> has</c><00:14:34.800><c> expanded,</c><00:14:35.680><c> what</c><00:14:35.839><c> it</c><00:14:36.079><c> was</c>

11:41.654 --> 11:41.664 align:start position:0%
the universe has expanded, what it was
 

11:41.664 --> 11:44.373 align:start position:0%
the universe has expanded, what it was
made<00:14:36.480><c> of</c><00:14:36.720><c> at</c><00:14:36.959><c> different</c><00:14:37.279><c> stages,</c><00:14:38.240><c> when</c><00:14:38.480><c> matter</c>

11:44.373 --> 11:44.383 align:start position:0%
made of at different stages, when matter
 

11:44.383 --> 11:46.854 align:start position:0%
made of at different stages, when matter
dominated,<00:14:39.920><c> when</c><00:14:40.160><c> dark</c><00:14:40.480><c> energy</c><00:14:40.880><c> began</c><00:14:41.279><c> to</c>

11:46.854 --> 11:46.864 align:start position:0%
dominated, when dark energy began to
 

11:46.864 --> 11:49.493 align:start position:0%
dominated, when dark energy began to
take<00:14:41.600><c> over,</c><00:14:42.320><c> and</c><00:14:42.560><c> how</c><00:14:42.880><c> cosmic</c><00:14:43.519><c> structures</c>

11:49.493 --> 11:49.503 align:start position:0%
take over, and how cosmic structures
 

11:49.503 --> 11:52.613 align:start position:0%
take over, and how cosmic structures
grew<00:14:44.560><c> over</c><00:14:44.880><c> time.</c><00:14:46.000><c> But</c><00:14:46.160><c> there</c><00:14:46.399><c> is</c><00:14:46.480><c> a</c><00:14:46.720><c> strange</c>

11:52.613 --> 11:52.623 align:start position:0%
grew over time. But there is a strange
 

11:52.623 --> 11:55.174 align:start position:0%
grew over time. But there is a strange
limitation<00:14:47.839><c> hidden</c><00:14:48.240><c> inside</c><00:14:48.720><c> all</c><00:14:48.959><c> of</c><00:14:49.040><c> this.</c>

11:55.174 --> 11:55.184 align:start position:0%
limitation hidden inside all of this.
 

11:55.184 --> 11:57.734 align:start position:0%
limitation hidden inside all of this.
The<00:14:49.920><c> cosmic</c><00:14:50.399><c> microwave</c><00:14:51.040><c> background</c><00:14:51.920><c> mapped</c>

11:57.734 --> 11:57.744 align:start position:0%
The cosmic microwave background mapped
 

11:57.744 --> 11:59.974 align:start position:0%
The cosmic microwave background mapped
in<00:14:52.480><c> extraordinary</c><00:14:53.120><c> detail</c><00:14:53.440><c> by</c><00:14:53.760><c> WMAP</c><00:14:54.320><c> and</c>

11:59.974 --> 11:59.984 align:start position:0%
in extraordinary detail by WMAP and
 

11:59.984 --> 12:01.734 align:start position:0%
in extraordinary detail by WMAP and
Plank<00:14:55.120><c> is</c><00:14:55.360><c> one</c><00:14:55.519><c> of</c><00:14:55.600><c> the</c><00:14:55.760><c> most</c><00:14:56.000><c> important</c>

12:01.734 --> 12:01.744 align:start position:0%
Plank is one of the most important
 

12:01.744 --> 12:04.454 align:start position:0%
Plank is one of the most important
pieces<00:14:56.639><c> of</c><00:14:56.800><c> evidence</c><00:14:57.120><c> in</c><00:14:57.360><c> all</c><00:14:57.600><c> of</c><00:14:57.760><c> cosmology.</c>

12:04.454 --> 12:04.464 align:start position:0%
pieces of evidence in all of cosmology.
 

12:04.464 --> 12:07.574 align:start position:0%
pieces of evidence in all of cosmology.
But<00:14:59.680><c> it</c><00:15:00.000><c> is</c><00:15:00.240><c> a</c><00:15:00.480><c> relic</c><00:15:01.040><c> from</c><00:15:01.279><c> when</c><00:15:01.519><c> the</c><00:15:01.680><c> universe</c>

12:07.574 --> 12:07.584 align:start position:0%
But it is a relic from when the universe
 

12:07.584 --> 12:11.654 align:start position:0%
But it is a relic from when the universe
was<00:15:02.480><c> only</c><00:15:02.800><c> about</c><00:15:03.519><c> 380,000</c><00:15:04.959><c> years</c><00:15:05.199><c> old.</c>

12:11.654 --> 12:11.664 align:start position:0%
was only about 380,000 years old.
 

12:11.664 --> 12:14.613 align:start position:0%
was only about 380,000 years old.
Supernova<00:15:06.959><c> are</c><00:15:07.199><c> more</c><00:15:07.440><c> recent.</c><00:15:08.240><c> Yet</c><00:15:08.560><c> even</c><00:15:08.800><c> they</c>

12:14.613 --> 12:14.623 align:start position:0%
Supernova are more recent. Yet even they
 

12:14.623 --> 12:17.253 align:start position:0%
Supernova are more recent. Yet even they
are<00:15:09.440><c> not</c><00:15:09.680><c> truly</c><00:15:10.240><c> present-day</c><00:15:10.800><c> measurements.</c>

12:17.253 --> 12:17.263 align:start position:0%
are not truly present-day measurements.
 

12:17.263 --> 12:19.334 align:start position:0%
are not truly present-day measurements.
When<00:15:12.079><c> we</c><00:15:12.320><c> observe</c><00:15:12.639><c> a</c><00:15:12.800><c> distant</c><00:15:13.120><c> supernova,</c>

12:19.334 --> 12:19.344 align:start position:0%
When we observe a distant supernova,
 

12:19.344 --> 12:20.613 align:start position:0%
When we observe a distant supernova,
we're<00:15:14.160><c> seeing</c><00:15:14.399><c> light</c><00:15:14.639><c> that</c><00:15:14.880><c> may</c><00:15:15.040><c> have</c>

12:20.613 --> 12:20.623 align:start position:0%
we're seeing light that may have
 

12:20.623 --> 12:22.214 align:start position:0%
we're seeing light that may have
traveled<00:15:15.519><c> for</c><00:15:15.760><c> billions</c><00:15:16.079><c> of</c><00:15:16.240><c> years</c><00:15:16.480><c> before</c>

12:22.214 --> 12:22.224 align:start position:0%
traveled for billions of years before
 

12:22.224 --> 12:25.014 align:start position:0%
traveled for billions of years before
reaching<00:15:17.199><c> us.</c><00:15:18.000><c> Large</c><00:15:18.240><c> scale</c><00:15:18.639><c> galaxy</c><00:15:19.040><c> surveys</c>

12:25.014 --> 12:25.024 align:start position:0%
reaching us. Large scale galaxy surveys
 

12:25.024 --> 12:27.174 align:start position:0%
reaching us. Large scale galaxy surveys
work<00:15:19.839><c> in</c><00:15:20.000><c> a</c><00:15:20.160><c> similar</c><00:15:20.480><c> way.</c><00:15:20.959><c> They</c><00:15:21.199><c> map</c><00:15:21.519><c> the</c>

12:27.174 --> 12:27.184 align:start position:0%
work in a similar way. They map the
 

12:27.184 --> 12:29.174 align:start position:0%
work in a similar way. They map the
structure<00:15:22.000><c> of</c><00:15:22.160><c> the</c><00:15:22.320><c> universe</c><00:15:22.639><c> across</c><00:15:23.199><c> cosmic</c>

12:29.174 --> 12:29.184 align:start position:0%
structure of the universe across cosmic
 

12:29.184 --> 12:32.134 align:start position:0%
structure of the universe across cosmic
time.<00:15:24.560><c> But</c><00:15:24.720><c> the</c><00:15:24.959><c> further</c><00:15:25.279><c> away</c><00:15:25.519><c> we</c><00:15:25.760><c> look,</c><00:15:26.399><c> the</c>

12:32.134 --> 12:32.144 align:start position:0%
time. But the further away we look, the
 

12:32.144 --> 12:35.654 align:start position:0%
time. But the further away we look, the
older<00:15:27.040><c> the</c><00:15:27.360><c> information</c><00:15:27.839><c> becomes.</c><00:15:29.120><c> So</c><00:15:29.760><c> it</c><00:15:30.000><c> is</c>

12:35.654 --> 12:35.664 align:start position:0%
older the information becomes. So it is
 

12:35.664 --> 12:38.053 align:start position:0%
older the information becomes. So it is
theoretically<00:15:31.120><c> possible</c><00:15:31.839><c> that</c><00:15:32.160><c> the</c><00:15:32.320><c> dark</c>

12:38.053 --> 12:38.063 align:start position:0%
theoretically possible that the dark
 

12:38.063 --> 12:39.894 align:start position:0%
theoretically possible that the dark
energy<00:15:32.959><c> we</c><00:15:33.199><c> infer</c><00:15:33.680><c> from</c><00:15:33.839><c> these</c><00:15:34.079><c> ancient</c>

12:39.894 --> 12:39.904 align:start position:0%
energy we infer from these ancient
 

12:39.904 --> 12:42.854 align:start position:0%
energy we infer from these ancient
observations<00:15:35.519><c> is</c><00:15:35.839><c> not</c><00:15:36.480><c> exactly</c><00:15:36.880><c> the</c><00:15:37.120><c> dark</c>

12:42.854 --> 12:42.864 align:start position:0%
observations is not exactly the dark
 

12:42.864 --> 12:45.654 align:start position:0%
observations is not exactly the dark
energy<00:15:37.920><c> acting</c><00:15:38.240><c> in</c><00:15:38.480><c> the</c><00:15:38.639><c> universe</c><00:15:38.959><c> today.</c><00:15:39.920><c> It</c>

12:45.654 --> 12:45.664 align:start position:0%
energy acting in the universe today. It
 

12:45.664 --> 12:47.654 align:start position:0%
energy acting in the universe today. It
may<00:15:40.480><c> have</c><00:15:40.720><c> weakened,</c><00:15:41.600><c> it</c><00:15:41.839><c> may</c><00:15:42.000><c> have</c>

12:47.654 --> 12:47.664 align:start position:0%
may have weakened, it may have
 

12:47.664 --> 12:50.214 align:start position:0%
may have weakened, it may have
strengthened,<00:15:43.199><c> or</c><00:15:43.680><c> in</c><00:15:43.920><c> the</c><00:15:44.079><c> most</c><00:15:44.320><c> extreme</c>

12:50.214 --> 12:50.224 align:start position:0%
strengthened, or in the most extreme
 

12:50.224 --> 12:52.933 align:start position:0%
strengthened, or in the most extreme
case,<00:15:45.600><c> it</c><00:15:45.920><c> may</c><00:15:46.160><c> have</c><00:15:46.399><c> crossed</c><00:15:46.880><c> into</c><00:15:47.199><c> a</c>

12:52.933 --> 12:52.943 align:start position:0%
case, it may have crossed into a
 

12:52.943 --> 12:56.053 align:start position:0%
case, it may have crossed into a
dangerous<00:15:48.160><c> phantom</c><00:15:48.639><c> state</c><00:15:49.199><c> very</c><00:15:49.600><c> recently.</c>

12:56.053 --> 12:56.063 align:start position:0%
dangerous phantom state very recently.
 

12:56.063 --> 12:58.613 align:start position:0%
dangerous phantom state very recently.
And<00:15:50.880><c> if</c><00:15:51.120><c> that</c><00:15:51.360><c> happened,</c><00:15:52.160><c> we</c><00:15:52.399><c> cannot</c><00:15:52.800><c> rely</c><00:15:53.120><c> on</c>

12:58.613 --> 12:58.623 align:start position:0%
And if that happened, we cannot rely on
 

12:58.623 --> 13:00.854 align:start position:0%
And if that happened, we cannot rely on
these<00:15:53.519><c> distant</c><00:15:53.839><c> probes</c><00:15:54.240><c> to</c><00:15:54.399><c> warn</c><00:15:54.639><c> us.</c><00:15:55.279><c> It</c>

13:00.854 --> 13:00.864 align:start position:0%
these distant probes to warn us. It
 

13:00.864 --> 13:02.294 align:start position:0%
these distant probes to warn us. It
would<00:15:55.600><c> be</c><00:15:55.759><c> like</c><00:15:56.079><c> trying</c><00:15:56.320><c> to</c><00:15:56.480><c> work</c><00:15:56.639><c> out</c>

13:02.294 --> 13:02.304 align:start position:0%
would be like trying to work out
 

13:02.304 --> 13:04.933 align:start position:0%
would be like trying to work out
someone's<00:15:57.360><c> current</c><00:15:57.680><c> health</c><00:15:58.160><c> by</c><00:15:58.639><c> looking</c><00:15:59.120><c> only</c>

13:04.933 --> 13:04.943 align:start position:0%
someone's current health by looking only
 

13:04.943 --> 13:07.493 align:start position:0%
someone's current health by looking only
at<00:15:59.839><c> photographs</c><00:16:00.320><c> of</c><00:16:00.480><c> them</c><00:16:00.639><c> from</c><00:16:00.959><c> childhood.</c>

13:07.493 --> 13:07.503 align:start position:0%
at photographs of them from childhood.
 

13:07.503 --> 13:10.053 align:start position:0%
at photographs of them from childhood.
What<00:16:02.320><c> if</c><00:16:02.560><c> dark</c><00:16:02.880><c> energy</c><00:16:03.279><c> behaved</c><00:16:03.920><c> calmly</c><00:16:04.399><c> for</c>

13:10.053 --> 13:10.063 align:start position:0%
What if dark energy behaved calmly for
 

13:10.063 --> 13:12.774 align:start position:0%
What if dark energy behaved calmly for
billions<00:16:04.959><c> of</c><00:16:05.120><c> years,</c><00:16:05.759><c> staying</c><00:16:06.160><c> close</c><00:16:06.480><c> to</c><00:16:06.880><c> W</c>

13:12.774 --> 13:12.784 align:start position:0%
billions of years, staying close to W
 

13:12.784 --> 13:16.134 align:start position:0%
billions of years, staying close to W
equals<00:16:07.839><c> minus1,</c><00:16:09.040><c> but</c><00:16:09.360><c> only</c><00:16:09.680><c> very</c><00:16:10.000><c> recently</c>

13:16.134 --> 13:16.144 align:start position:0%
equals minus1, but only very recently
 

13:16.144 --> 13:18.214 align:start position:0%
equals minus1, but only very recently
crossed<00:16:11.120><c> into</c><00:16:11.360><c> a</c><00:16:11.600><c> far</c><00:16:11.920><c> more</c><00:16:12.240><c> dangerous</c>

13:18.214 --> 13:18.224 align:start position:0%
crossed into a far more dangerous
 

13:18.224 --> 13:21.094 align:start position:0%
crossed into a far more dangerous
phantom<00:16:13.279><c> state.</c><00:16:14.480><c> It</c><00:16:14.800><c> sounds</c><00:16:15.040><c> like</c><00:16:15.199><c> the</c><00:16:15.440><c> plot</c>

13:21.094 --> 13:21.104 align:start position:0%
phantom state. It sounds like the plot
 

13:21.104 --> 13:23.253 align:start position:0%
phantom state. It sounds like the plot
of<00:16:15.759><c> a</c><00:16:15.920><c> science</c><00:16:16.160><c> fiction</c><00:16:16.480><c> story.</c><00:16:17.360><c> And</c><00:16:17.519><c> in</c><00:16:17.680><c> a</c>

13:23.253 --> 13:23.263 align:start position:0%
of a science fiction story. And in a
 

13:23.263 --> 13:26.854 align:start position:0%
of a science fiction story. And in a
way,<00:16:18.240><c> it</c><00:16:18.480><c> is.</c><00:16:19.360><c> Professor</c><00:16:19.920><c> Cherra</c><00:16:20.560><c> says</c><00:16:20.959><c> he</c><00:16:21.199><c> has</c>

13:26.854 --> 13:26.864 align:start position:0%
way, it is. Professor Cherra says he has
 

13:26.864 --> 13:28.373 align:start position:0%
way, it is. Professor Cherra says he has
been<00:16:21.680><c> thinking</c><00:16:21.920><c> about</c><00:16:22.160><c> this</c><00:16:22.399><c> question</c><00:16:22.639><c> for</c>

13:28.373 --> 13:28.383 align:start position:0%
been thinking about this question for
 

13:28.383 --> 13:30.933 align:start position:0%
been thinking about this question for
years,<00:16:23.680><c> partly</c><00:16:24.079><c> inspired</c><00:16:24.560><c> by</c><00:16:24.720><c> a</c><00:16:24.959><c> story</c><00:16:25.279><c> in</c>

13:30.933 --> 13:30.943 align:start position:0%
years, partly inspired by a story in
 

13:30.943 --> 13:32.854 align:start position:0%
years, partly inspired by a story in
which<00:16:25.759><c> scientists</c><00:16:26.240><c> discover</c><00:16:26.560><c> that</c><00:16:26.800><c> a</c><00:16:27.040><c> big</c><00:16:27.199><c> rip</c>

13:32.854 --> 13:32.864 align:start position:0%
which scientists discover that a big rip
 

13:32.864 --> 13:35.014 align:start position:0%
which scientists discover that a big rip
is<00:16:27.600><c> imminent</c><00:16:28.160><c> and</c><00:16:28.480><c> humanity</c><00:16:28.959><c> prepares</c><00:16:29.440><c> for</c>

13:35.014 --> 13:35.024 align:start position:0%
is imminent and humanity prepares for
 

13:35.024 --> 13:38.534 align:start position:0%
is imminent and humanity prepares for
the<00:16:29.759><c> end.</c><00:16:30.560><c> Meanwhile,</c><00:16:31.120><c> his</c><00:16:31.440><c> PhD</c><00:16:32.079><c> student</c><00:16:32.720><c> Om</c>

13:38.534 --> 13:38.544 align:start position:0%
the end. Meanwhile, his PhD student Om
 

13:38.544 --> 13:41.574 align:start position:0%
the end. Meanwhile, his PhD student Om
Trevi<00:16:34.160><c> had</c><00:16:34.480><c> been</c><00:16:34.800><c> exploring</c><00:16:35.519><c> how</c><00:16:35.920><c> other</c>

13:41.574 --> 13:41.584 align:start position:0%
Trevi had been exploring how other
 

13:41.584 --> 13:43.974 align:start position:0%
Trevi had been exploring how other
procession<00:16:36.639><c> tools</c><00:16:37.040><c> like</c><00:16:37.279><c> atomic</c><00:16:37.839><c> clocks</c>

13:43.974 --> 13:43.984 align:start position:0%
procession tools like atomic clocks
 

13:43.984 --> 13:46.613 align:start position:0%
procession tools like atomic clocks
might<00:16:38.880><c> constrain</c><00:16:39.440><c> dark</c><00:16:39.759><c> energy</c><00:16:40.160><c> models.</c>

13:46.613 --> 13:46.623 align:start position:0%
might constrain dark energy models.
 

13:46.623 --> 13:48.134 align:start position:0%
might constrain dark energy models.
Their<00:16:41.360><c> paper</c><00:16:41.680><c> brings</c><00:16:42.000><c> those</c><00:16:42.320><c> threads</c>

13:48.134 --> 13:48.144 align:start position:0%
Their paper brings those threads
 

13:48.144 --> 13:50.774 align:start position:0%
Their paper brings those threads
together<00:16:43.440><c> and</c><00:16:43.680><c> in</c><00:16:43.920><c> so</c><00:16:44.240><c> doing</c><00:16:44.560><c> it</c><00:16:44.720><c> deals</c><00:16:44.959><c> with</c><00:16:45.120><c> a</c>

13:50.774 --> 13:50.784 align:start position:0%
together and in so doing it deals with a
 

13:50.784 --> 13:53.014 align:start position:0%
together and in so doing it deals with a
very<00:16:45.600><c> important</c><00:16:46.079><c> question.</c><00:16:46.959><c> If</c><00:16:47.199><c> distant</c>

13:53.014 --> 13:53.024 align:start position:0%
very important question. If distant
 

13:53.024 --> 13:55.414 align:start position:0%
very important question. If distant
observations<00:16:48.320><c> cannot</c><00:16:48.800><c> give</c><00:16:48.959><c> us</c><00:16:49.199><c> a</c><00:16:49.440><c> realtime</c>

13:55.414 --> 13:55.424 align:start position:0%
observations cannot give us a realtime
 

13:55.424 --> 13:58.134 align:start position:0%
observations cannot give us a realtime
warning,<00:16:50.959><c> how</c><00:16:51.199><c> can</c><00:16:51.440><c> we</c><00:16:51.600><c> know</c><00:16:51.920><c> how</c><00:16:52.240><c> much</c><00:16:52.480><c> time</c>

13:58.134 --> 13:58.144 align:start position:0%
warning, how can we know how much time
 

13:58.144 --> 14:00.693 align:start position:0%
warning, how can we know how much time
we<00:16:52.959><c> have</c><00:16:53.120><c> left</c><00:16:54.160><c> to</c><00:16:54.320><c> know</c><00:16:54.480><c> whether</c><00:16:54.880><c> something</c>

14:00.693 --> 14:00.703 align:start position:0%
we have left to know whether something
 

14:00.703 --> 14:02.933 align:start position:0%
we have left to know whether something
dangerous<00:16:55.759><c> is</c><00:16:56.000><c> happening</c><00:16:56.320><c> right</c><00:16:56.639><c> now?</c><00:16:57.279><c> We</c>

14:02.933 --> 14:02.943 align:start position:0%
dangerous is happening right now? We
 

14:02.943 --> 14:05.334 align:start position:0%
dangerous is happening right now? We
need<00:16:57.759><c> a</c><00:16:58.079><c> different</c><00:16:58.399><c> kind</c><00:16:58.560><c> of</c><00:16:58.800><c> test.</c><00:16:59.440><c> Something</c>

14:05.334 --> 14:05.344 align:start position:0%
need a different kind of test. Something
 

14:05.344 --> 14:07.813 align:start position:0%
need a different kind of test. Something
local,<00:17:00.639><c> something</c><00:17:01.040><c> precise,</c><00:17:01.920><c> and</c><00:17:02.160><c> something</c>

14:07.813 --> 14:07.823 align:start position:0%
local, something precise, and something
 

14:07.823 --> 14:11.014 align:start position:0%
local, something precise, and something
that<00:17:02.720><c> responds</c><00:17:03.199><c> to</c><00:17:03.519><c> changes</c><00:17:04.079><c> in</c><00:17:04.400><c> real</c><00:17:04.720><c> time.</c>

14:11.014 --> 14:11.024 align:start position:0%
that responds to changes in real time.
 

14:11.024 --> 14:15.253 align:start position:0%
that responds to changes in real time.
And<00:17:05.839><c> that</c><00:17:06.079><c> brings</c><00:17:06.319><c> us</c><00:17:06.559><c> to</c><00:17:07.439><c> the</c><00:17:07.760><c> solar</c><00:17:08.160><c> system.</c>

14:15.253 --> 14:15.263 align:start position:0%
And that brings us to the solar system.
 

14:15.263 --> 14:17.253 align:start position:0%
And that brings us to the solar system.
While<00:17:10.079><c> the</c><00:17:10.240><c> distant</c><00:17:10.640><c> universe</c><00:17:11.039><c> might</c><00:17:11.360><c> fail</c><00:17:11.600><c> to</c>

14:17.253 --> 14:17.263 align:start position:0%
While the distant universe might fail to
 

14:17.263 --> 14:19.733 align:start position:0%
While the distant universe might fail to
act<00:17:12.000><c> as</c><00:17:12.160><c> our</c><00:17:12.400><c> doomsday</c><00:17:12.959><c> clock,</c><00:17:13.679><c> the</c><00:17:13.919><c> planets</c>

14:19.733 --> 14:19.743 align:start position:0%
act as our doomsday clock, the planets
 

14:19.743 --> 14:22.054 align:start position:0%
act as our doomsday clock, the planets
in<00:17:14.480><c> our</c><00:17:14.720><c> solar</c><00:17:14.959><c> system</c><00:17:15.439><c> can</c><00:17:15.760><c> be</c><00:17:15.919><c> handy</c><00:17:16.400><c> for</c>

14:22.054 --> 14:22.064 align:start position:0%
in our solar system can be handy for
 

14:22.064 --> 14:24.534 align:start position:0%
in our solar system can be handy for
such<00:17:16.880><c> measurements.</c><00:17:17.839><c> Their</c><00:17:18.000><c> orbits</c><00:17:18.480><c> are,</c><00:17:18.959><c> in</c>

14:24.534 --> 14:24.544 align:start position:0%
such measurements. Their orbits are, in
 

14:24.544 --> 14:27.174 align:start position:0%
such measurements. Their orbits are, in
cosmic<00:17:19.600><c> terms,</c><00:17:20.240><c> close</c><00:17:20.559><c> by.</c><00:17:21.280><c> So,</c><00:17:21.439><c> they</c><00:17:21.600><c> can</c>

14:27.174 --> 14:27.184 align:start position:0%
cosmic terms, close by. So, they can
 

14:27.184 --> 14:30.054 align:start position:0%
cosmic terms, close by. So, they can
give<00:17:21.919><c> us</c><00:17:22.160><c> something</c><00:17:22.720><c> much</c><00:17:23.039><c> more</c><00:17:23.360><c> immediate.</c>

14:30.054 --> 14:30.064 align:start position:0%
give us something much more immediate.
 

14:30.064 --> 14:33.253 align:start position:0%
give us something much more immediate.
As<00:17:24.959><c> dark</c><00:17:25.280><c> energy</c><00:17:25.839><c> fills</c><00:17:26.240><c> space,</c><00:17:27.039><c> it</c><00:17:27.360><c> also</c>

14:33.253 --> 14:33.263 align:start position:0%
As dark energy fills space, it also
 

14:33.263 --> 14:35.734 align:start position:0%
As dark energy fills space, it also
fills<00:17:28.160><c> our</c><00:17:28.480><c> solar</c><00:17:28.799><c> system,</c><00:17:29.520><c> but</c><00:17:29.679><c> its</c><00:17:29.919><c> effects</c>

14:35.734 --> 14:35.744 align:start position:0%
fills our solar system, but its effects
 

14:35.744 --> 14:39.414 align:start position:0%
fills our solar system, but its effects
here<00:17:30.640><c> are</c><00:17:31.039><c> incredibly</c><00:17:31.919><c> tiny.</c><00:17:32.960><c> That</c><00:17:33.280><c> said,</c>

14:39.414 --> 14:39.424 align:start position:0%
here are incredibly tiny. That said,
 

14:39.424 --> 14:42.534 align:start position:0%
here are incredibly tiny. That said,
they<00:17:34.400><c> can</c><00:17:34.799><c> show</c><00:17:35.039><c> up</c><00:17:35.280><c> in</c><00:17:35.520><c> orbital</c><00:17:36.000><c> motion,</c><00:17:36.880><c> such</c>

14:42.534 --> 14:42.544 align:start position:0%
they can show up in orbital motion, such
 

14:42.544 --> 14:44.854 align:start position:0%
they can show up in orbital motion, such
as<00:17:37.440><c> the</c><00:17:37.679><c> shift</c><00:17:38.000><c> of</c><00:17:38.160><c> a</c><00:17:38.400><c> planet's</c><00:17:38.880><c> closest</c>

14:44.854 --> 14:44.864 align:start position:0%
as the shift of a planet's closest
 

14:44.864 --> 14:47.494 align:start position:0%
as the shift of a planet's closest
approach<00:17:39.840><c> to</c><00:17:40.000><c> the</c><00:17:40.160><c> sun,</c><00:17:40.799><c> known</c><00:17:41.039><c> as</c><00:17:41.360><c> perihelium</c>

14:47.494 --> 14:47.504 align:start position:0%
approach to the sun, known as perihelium
 

14:47.504 --> 14:50.374 align:start position:0%
approach to the sun, known as perihelium
procession,<00:17:43.039><c> and</c><00:17:43.440><c> even</c><00:17:44.000><c> as</c><00:17:44.160><c> subtle</c><00:17:44.559><c> changes</c>

14:50.374 --> 14:50.384 align:start position:0%
procession, and even as subtle changes
 

14:50.384 --> 14:52.854 align:start position:0%
procession, and even as subtle changes
in<00:17:45.200><c> the</c><00:17:45.360><c> orbital</c><00:17:45.840><c> speed.</c><00:17:46.880><c> Don't</c><00:17:47.120><c> get</c><00:17:47.280><c> me</c>

14:52.854 --> 14:52.864 align:start position:0%
in the orbital speed. Don't get me
 

14:52.864 --> 14:55.254 align:start position:0%
in the orbital speed. Don't get me
wrong,<00:17:47.919><c> the</c><00:17:48.160><c> sun's</c><00:17:48.640><c> immense</c><00:17:49.120><c> gravity</c><00:17:49.520><c> is</c>

14:55.254 --> 14:55.264 align:start position:0%
wrong, the sun's immense gravity is
 

14:55.264 --> 14:58.054 align:start position:0%
wrong, the sun's immense gravity is
still<00:17:50.400><c> by</c><00:17:50.799><c> far</c><00:17:51.360><c> the</c><00:17:51.600><c> dominant</c><00:17:52.080><c> influence</c><00:17:52.480><c> on</c>

14:58.054 --> 14:58.064 align:start position:0%
still by far the dominant influence on
 

14:58.064 --> 14:59.973 align:start position:0%
still by far the dominant influence on
the<00:17:52.799><c> movement</c><00:17:53.039><c> of</c><00:17:53.200><c> the</c><00:17:53.360><c> planets.</c><00:17:54.160><c> Compared</c>

14:59.973 --> 14:59.983 align:start position:0%
the movement of the planets. Compared
 

14:59.983 --> 15:02.694 align:start position:0%
the movement of the planets. Compared
with<00:17:54.720><c> that,</c><00:17:55.280><c> normal</c><00:17:55.679><c> dark</c><00:17:55.919><c> energy</c><00:17:56.400><c> is</c><00:17:56.799><c> almost</c>

15:02.694 --> 15:02.704 align:start position:0%
with that, normal dark energy is almost
 

15:02.704 --> 15:06.374 align:start position:0%
with that, normal dark energy is almost
invisible.<00:17:58.720><c> But</c><00:17:59.120><c> almost</c><00:17:59.679><c> invisible</c><00:18:00.480><c> is</c><00:18:00.799><c> not</c>

15:06.374 --> 15:06.384 align:start position:0%
invisible. But almost invisible is not
 

15:06.384 --> 15:10.054 align:start position:0%
invisible. But almost invisible is not
the<00:18:01.200><c> same</c><00:18:01.280><c> as</c><00:18:01.520><c> zero.</c><00:18:02.559><c> It</c><00:18:02.880><c> still</c><00:18:03.120><c> leaves</c><00:18:03.600><c> a</c><00:18:03.919><c> tiny</c>

15:10.054 --> 15:10.064 align:start position:0%
the same as zero. It still leaves a tiny
 

15:10.064 --> 15:12.054 align:start position:0%
the same as zero. It still leaves a tiny
gravitational<00:18:05.360><c> fingerprint</c><00:18:05.919><c> on</c><00:18:06.160><c> planetary</c>

15:12.054 --> 15:12.064 align:start position:0%
gravitational fingerprint on planetary
 

15:12.064 --> 15:14.934 align:start position:0%
gravitational fingerprint on planetary
motion.<00:18:07.520><c> One</c><00:18:07.760><c> that</c><00:18:08.480><c> under</c><00:18:08.960><c> phantom</c>

15:14.934 --> 15:14.944 align:start position:0%
motion. One that under phantom
 

15:14.944 --> 15:17.814 align:start position:0%
motion. One that under phantom
conditions<00:18:10.480><c> could</c><00:18:10.880><c> become</c><00:18:11.280><c> stronger</c><00:18:12.080><c> and</c>

15:17.814 --> 15:17.824 align:start position:0%
conditions could become stronger and
 

15:17.824 --> 15:20.534 align:start position:0%
conditions could become stronger and
change<00:18:12.799><c> quickly</c><00:18:13.200><c> enough</c><00:18:13.440><c> for</c><00:18:13.679><c> us</c><00:18:13.840><c> to</c><00:18:14.000><c> notice.</c>

15:20.534 --> 15:20.544 align:start position:0%
change quickly enough for us to notice.
 

15:20.544 --> 15:22.854 align:start position:0%
change quickly enough for us to notice.
This<00:18:15.360><c> is</c><00:18:15.600><c> exactly</c><00:18:16.080><c> what</c><00:18:16.400><c> the</c><00:18:16.559><c> authors</c><00:18:16.960><c> aim</c><00:18:17.280><c> to</c>

15:22.854 --> 15:22.864 align:start position:0%
This is exactly what the authors aim to
 

15:22.864 --> 15:25.494 align:start position:0%
This is exactly what the authors aim to
look<00:18:17.520><c> for.</c><00:18:18.080><c> Using</c><00:18:18.400><c> solar</c><00:18:18.799><c> system</c><00:18:19.039><c> dynamics</c><00:18:19.760><c> as</c>

15:25.494 --> 15:25.504 align:start position:0%
look for. Using solar system dynamics as
 

15:25.504 --> 15:28.213 align:start position:0%
look for. Using solar system dynamics as
a<00:18:20.240><c> local</c><00:18:20.720><c> dark</c><00:18:21.039><c> energy</c><00:18:21.520><c> detector.</c>

15:28.213 --> 15:28.223 align:start position:0%
a local dark energy detector.
 

15:28.223 --> 15:30.213 align:start position:0%
a local dark energy detector.
Thankfully,<00:18:23.280><c> with</c><00:18:23.440><c> our</c><00:18:23.679><c> fleet</c><00:18:24.000><c> of</c><00:18:24.160><c> satellites</c>

15:30.213 --> 15:30.223 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, with our fleet of satellites
 

15:30.223 --> 15:32.294 align:start position:0%
Thankfully, with our fleet of satellites
and<00:18:24.960><c> array</c><00:18:25.360><c> of</c><00:18:25.679><c> excellent</c><00:18:26.160><c> telescopes</c><00:18:26.720><c> on</c>

15:32.294 --> 15:32.304 align:start position:0%
and array of excellent telescopes on
 

15:32.304 --> 15:34.374 align:start position:0%
and array of excellent telescopes on
Earth,<00:18:27.520><c> we</c><00:18:27.679><c> can</c><00:18:27.840><c> measure</c><00:18:28.160><c> the</c><00:18:28.400><c> orbits</c><00:18:28.799><c> of</c>

15:34.374 --> 15:34.384 align:start position:0%
Earth, we can measure the orbits of
 

15:34.384 --> 15:36.854 align:start position:0%
Earth, we can measure the orbits of
planets<00:18:29.360><c> with</c><00:18:29.679><c> incredible</c><00:18:30.320><c> precision.</c>

15:36.854 --> 15:36.864 align:start position:0%
planets with incredible precision.
 

15:36.864 --> 15:38.614 align:start position:0%
planets with incredible precision.
Multiple<00:18:32.000><c> papers</c><00:18:32.320><c> have</c><00:18:32.640><c> used</c><00:18:32.880><c> these</c>

15:38.614 --> 15:38.624 align:start position:0%
Multiple papers have used these
 

15:38.624 --> 15:40.213 align:start position:0%
Multiple papers have used these
measurements<00:18:33.600><c> to</c><00:18:33.840><c> work</c><00:18:34.000><c> backwards</c><00:18:34.559><c> through</c>

15:40.213 --> 15:40.223 align:start position:0%
measurements to work backwards through
 

15:40.223 --> 15:42.774 align:start position:0%
measurements to work backwards through
the<00:18:35.039><c> equations</c><00:18:35.840><c> and</c><00:18:36.160><c> place</c><00:18:36.480><c> limits</c><00:18:36.880><c> on</c><00:18:37.039><c> dark</c>

15:42.774 --> 15:42.784 align:start position:0%
the equations and place limits on dark
 

15:42.784 --> 15:45.574 align:start position:0%
the equations and place limits on dark
energy.<00:18:38.559><c> Now</c><00:18:38.880><c> with</c><00:18:39.120><c> those</c><00:18:39.440><c> constraints</c><00:18:39.919><c> in</c>

15:45.574 --> 15:45.584 align:start position:0%
energy. Now with those constraints in
 

15:45.584 --> 15:48.614 align:start position:0%
energy. Now with those constraints in
place,<00:18:40.720><c> Shira</c><00:18:41.360><c> and</c><00:18:41.600><c> Trevi</c><00:18:42.480><c> could</c><00:18:42.799><c> turn</c><00:18:43.039><c> the</c>

15:48.614 --> 15:48.624 align:start position:0%
place, Shira and Trevi could turn the
 

15:48.624 --> 15:51.254 align:start position:0%
place, Shira and Trevi could turn the
solar<00:18:43.520><c> system</c><00:18:43.840><c> into</c><00:18:44.160><c> a</c><00:18:44.400><c> kind</c><00:18:44.640><c> of</c><00:18:44.960><c> clock</c><00:18:45.600><c> to</c>

15:51.254 --> 15:51.264 align:start position:0%
solar system into a kind of clock to
 

15:51.264 --> 15:53.254 align:start position:0%
solar system into a kind of clock to
predict<00:18:46.240><c> the</c><00:18:46.480><c> time</c><00:18:46.720><c> limits</c><00:18:47.120><c> of</c><00:18:47.280><c> impending</c>

15:53.254 --> 15:53.264 align:start position:0%
predict the time limits of impending
 

15:53.264 --> 15:56.054 align:start position:0%
predict the time limits of impending
doom.<00:18:48.640><c> And</c><00:18:48.799><c> their</c><00:18:49.039><c> calculations</c><00:18:49.679><c> revealed</c><00:18:50.320><c> a</c>

15:56.054 --> 15:56.064 align:start position:0%
doom. And their calculations revealed a
 

15:56.064 --> 15:59.574 align:start position:0%
doom. And their calculations revealed a
countdown.<00:18:51.840><c> That</c><00:18:52.559><c> might</c><00:18:52.960><c> not</c><00:18:53.440><c> be</c><00:18:53.679><c> what</c><00:18:53.919><c> you</c>

15:59.574 --> 15:59.584 align:start position:0%
countdown. That might not be what you
 

15:59.584 --> 16:02.213 align:start position:0%
countdown. That might not be what you
expect.<00:18:55.360><c> The</c><00:18:55.600><c> first</c><00:18:55.840><c> checks</c><00:18:56.160><c> for</c><00:18:56.320><c> changes</c><00:18:56.640><c> in</c>

16:02.213 --> 16:02.223 align:start position:0%
expect. The first checks for changes in
 

16:02.223 --> 16:05.574 align:start position:0%
expect. The first checks for changes in
the<00:18:56.960><c> orbits</c><00:18:57.520><c> came</c><00:18:57.840><c> from</c><00:18:58.160><c> Mars.</c><00:18:59.200><c> Estimates</c><00:18:59.760><c> by</c>

16:05.574 --> 16:05.584 align:start position:0%
the orbits came from Mars. Estimates by
 

16:05.584 --> 16:08.694 align:start position:0%
the orbits came from Mars. Estimates by
Mao<00:19:00.720><c> Sereno</c><00:19:01.440><c> and</c><00:19:01.760><c> Filipe</c><00:19:02.320><c> Yetszer</c><00:19:02.880><c> from</c><00:19:03.120><c> the</c>

16:08.694 --> 16:08.704 align:start position:0%
Mao Sereno and Filipe Yetszer from the
 

16:08.704 --> 16:11.254 align:start position:0%
Mao Sereno and Filipe Yetszer from the
University<00:19:03.600><c> of</c><00:19:03.840><c> Zurich</c><00:19:04.640><c> tell</c><00:19:04.880><c> us</c><00:19:05.039><c> that</c><00:19:05.440><c> dark</c>

16:11.254 --> 16:11.264 align:start position:0%
University of Zurich tell us that dark
 

16:11.264 --> 16:13.574 align:start position:0%
University of Zurich tell us that dark
energy<00:19:06.480><c> cannot</c><00:19:07.039><c> already</c><00:19:07.360><c> be</c><00:19:07.600><c> too</c><00:19:07.840><c> strong</c>

16:13.574 --> 16:13.584 align:start position:0%
energy cannot already be too strong
 

16:13.584 --> 16:16.694 align:start position:0%
energy cannot already be too strong
locally.<00:19:09.200><c> If</c><00:19:09.440><c> it</c><00:19:09.679><c> were,</c><00:19:10.320><c> the</c><00:19:10.559><c> planet</c><00:19:10.880><c> would</c>

16:16.694 --> 16:16.704 align:start position:0%
locally. If it were, the planet would
 

16:16.704 --> 16:19.174 align:start position:0%
locally. If it were, the planet would
not<00:19:11.760><c> move</c><00:19:12.160><c> quite</c><00:19:12.559><c> the</c><00:19:12.799><c> way</c><00:19:12.960><c> we</c><00:19:13.200><c> observe</c><00:19:13.520><c> it</c>

16:19.174 --> 16:19.184 align:start position:0%
not move quite the way we observe it
 

16:19.184 --> 16:21.973 align:start position:0%
not move quite the way we observe it
moving<00:19:14.160><c> today.</c><00:19:15.120><c> They</c><00:19:15.360><c> quote</c><00:19:15.760><c> this</c><00:19:16.000><c> constraint</c>

16:21.973 --> 16:21.983 align:start position:0%
moving today. They quote this constraint
 

16:21.983 --> 16:23.973 align:start position:0%
moving today. They quote this constraint
as<00:19:16.799><c> the</c><00:19:17.039><c> upper</c><00:19:17.360><c> limit</c><00:19:17.600><c> on</c><00:19:17.840><c> the</c><00:19:18.000><c> local</c><00:19:18.320><c> dark</c>

16:23.973 --> 16:23.983 align:start position:0%
as the upper limit on the local dark
 

16:23.983 --> 16:26.854 align:start position:0%
as the upper limit on the local dark
energy<00:19:18.960><c> density.</c><00:19:19.919><c> But</c><00:19:20.080><c> this</c><00:19:20.240><c> figure</c><00:19:20.640><c> is</c><00:19:21.120><c> much</c>

16:26.854 --> 16:26.864 align:start position:0%
energy density. But this figure is much
 

16:26.864 --> 16:28.774 align:start position:0%
energy density. But this figure is much
weaker<00:19:21.840><c> than</c><00:19:22.000><c> the</c><00:19:22.160><c> standard</c><00:19:22.559><c> cosmological</c>

16:28.774 --> 16:28.784 align:start position:0%
weaker than the standard cosmological
 

16:28.784 --> 16:32.213 align:start position:0%
weaker than the standard cosmological
value.<00:19:24.000><c> About</c><00:19:24.559><c> 10</c><00:19:25.200><c> billion</c><00:19:25.840><c> times</c><00:19:26.160><c> weaker</c><00:19:26.640><c> to</c>

16:32.213 --> 16:32.223 align:start position:0%
value. About 10 billion times weaker to
 

16:32.223 --> 16:35.014 align:start position:0%
value. About 10 billion times weaker to
be<00:19:26.960><c> precise.</c><00:19:28.320><c> The</c><00:19:28.559><c> authors</c><00:19:28.960><c> then</c><00:19:29.200><c> looked</c><00:19:29.440><c> up</c>

16:35.014 --> 16:35.024 align:start position:0%
be precise. The authors then looked up
 

16:35.024 --> 16:37.254 align:start position:0%
be precise. The authors then looked up
how<00:19:29.919><c> fast</c><00:19:30.160><c> dark</c><00:19:30.480><c> energy</c><00:19:30.880><c> has</c><00:19:31.120><c> changed</c><00:19:31.600><c> in</c>

16:37.254 --> 16:37.264 align:start position:0%
how fast dark energy has changed in
 

16:37.264 --> 16:40.213 align:start position:0%
how fast dark energy has changed in
recent<00:19:32.160><c> years.</c><00:19:33.120><c> This</c><00:19:33.360><c> is</c><00:19:33.600><c> key</c><00:19:34.000><c> to</c><00:19:34.240><c> timing</c><00:19:34.640><c> the</c>

16:40.213 --> 16:40.223 align:start position:0%
recent years. This is key to timing the
 

16:40.223 --> 16:42.934 align:start position:0%
recent years. This is key to timing the
big<00:19:35.039><c> rip</c><00:19:35.600><c> as</c><00:19:35.760><c> a</c><00:19:36.000><c> phantom</c><00:19:36.400><c> energy</c><00:19:36.799><c> would</c><00:19:37.120><c> rise</c>

16:42.934 --> 16:42.944 align:start position:0%
big rip as a phantom energy would rise
 

16:42.944 --> 16:45.814 align:start position:0%
big rip as a phantom energy would rise
sharply<00:19:38.000><c> over</c><00:19:38.240><c> a</c><00:19:38.480><c> very</c><00:19:38.720><c> short</c><00:19:38.960><c> time.</c><00:19:39.840><c> For</c><00:19:40.080><c> that</c>

16:45.814 --> 16:45.824 align:start position:0%
sharply over a very short time. For that
 

16:45.824 --> 16:48.054 align:start position:0%
sharply over a very short time. For that
they<00:19:40.720><c> turned</c><00:19:40.960><c> to</c><00:19:41.039><c> the</c><00:19:41.200><c> works</c><00:19:41.520><c> of</c><00:19:41.919><c> Lorenzo</c>

16:48.054 --> 16:48.064 align:start position:0%
they turned to the works of Lorenzo
 

16:48.064 --> 16:50.854 align:start position:0%
they turned to the works of Lorenzo
Yorio<00:19:43.440><c> who</c><00:19:43.760><c> used</c><00:19:44.000><c> the</c><00:19:44.160><c> orbit</c><00:19:44.559><c> of</c><00:19:44.720><c> Saturn</c><00:19:45.200><c> to</c>

16:50.854 --> 16:50.864 align:start position:0%
Yorio who used the orbit of Saturn to
 

16:50.864 --> 16:53.333 align:start position:0%
Yorio who used the orbit of Saturn to
constrain<00:19:46.080><c> changes</c><00:19:46.559><c> in</c><00:19:46.799><c> cosmic</c><00:19:47.280><c> acceleration</c>

16:53.333 --> 16:53.343 align:start position:0%
constrain changes in cosmic acceleration
 

16:53.343 --> 16:55.973 align:start position:0%
constrain changes in cosmic acceleration
over<00:19:48.240><c> time.</c><00:19:49.039><c> Using</c><00:19:49.440><c> those</c><00:19:49.760><c> results</c><00:19:50.240><c> and</c>

16:55.973 --> 16:55.983 align:start position:0%
over time. Using those results and
 

16:55.983 --> 16:58.374 align:start position:0%
over time. Using those results and
working<00:19:50.960><c> under</c><00:19:51.280><c> some</c><00:19:51.600><c> strict</c><00:19:52.000><c> assumptions,</c>

16:58.374 --> 16:58.384 align:start position:0%
working under some strict assumptions,
 

16:58.384 --> 17:00.774 align:start position:0%
working under some strict assumptions,
the<00:19:53.120><c> authors</c><00:19:53.600><c> were</c><00:19:53.840><c> finally</c><00:19:54.400><c> able</c><00:19:54.640><c> to</c><00:19:54.880><c> place</c><00:19:55.120><c> a</c>

17:00.774 --> 17:00.784 align:start position:0%
the authors were finally able to place a
 

17:00.784 --> 17:03.414 align:start position:0%
the authors were finally able to place a
solar<00:19:55.760><c> system</c><00:19:56.240><c> given</c><00:19:56.799><c> lower</c><00:19:57.200><c> limit</c><00:19:57.520><c> on</c><00:19:57.760><c> the</c>

17:03.414 --> 17:03.424 align:start position:0%
solar system given lower limit on the
 

17:03.424 --> 17:06.213 align:start position:0%
solar system given lower limit on the
equation<00:19:58.559><c> of</c><00:19:58.880><c> state</c><00:19:59.280><c> parameter</c><00:20:00.320><c> to</c><00:20:00.559><c> a</c>

17:06.213 --> 17:06.223 align:start position:0%
equation of state parameter to a
 

17:06.223 --> 17:10.374 align:start position:0%
equation of state parameter to a
negative<00:20:01.919><c> 400</c><00:20:02.559><c> million.</c><00:20:03.679><c> I</c><00:20:04.000><c> know</c><00:20:04.400><c> that</c><00:20:04.720><c> sounds</c>

17:10.374 --> 17:10.384 align:start position:0%
negative 400 million. I know that sounds
 

17:10.384 --> 17:12.534 align:start position:0%
negative 400 million. I know that sounds
weird.<00:20:05.840><c> After</c><00:20:06.080><c> all,</c><00:20:06.400><c> for</c><00:20:06.559><c> most</c><00:20:06.799><c> of</c><00:20:06.960><c> this</c>

17:12.534 --> 17:12.544 align:start position:0%
weird. After all, for most of this
 

17:12.544 --> 17:15.254 align:start position:0%
weird. After all, for most of this
video,<00:20:07.440><c> I've</c><00:20:07.679><c> been</c><00:20:07.840><c> talking</c><00:20:08.240><c> about</c><00:20:08.799><c> W</c><00:20:09.280><c> values</c>

17:15.254 --> 17:15.264 align:start position:0%
video, I've been talking about W values
 

17:15.264 --> 17:17.574 align:start position:0%
video, I've been talking about W values
around<00:20:10.559><c> minus1.</c>

17:17.574 --> 17:17.584 align:start position:0%
around minus1.
 

17:17.584 --> 17:20.453 align:start position:0%
around minus1.
So<00:20:12.480><c> -</c><00:20:13.039><c> 400</c><00:20:13.520><c> million</c><00:20:14.000><c> feels</c><00:20:14.400><c> almost</c><00:20:14.720><c> too</c>

17:20.453 --> 17:20.463 align:start position:0%
So - 400 million feels almost too
 

17:20.463 --> 17:22.614 align:start position:0%
So - 400 million feels almost too
phantom<00:20:15.520><c> for</c><00:20:15.760><c> us</c><00:20:15.919><c> to</c><00:20:16.080><c> go</c><00:20:16.320><c> calmly</c><00:20:16.720><c> about</c><00:20:16.960><c> our</c>

17:22.614 --> 17:22.624 align:start position:0%
phantom for us to go calmly about our
 

17:22.624 --> 17:24.694 align:start position:0%
phantom for us to go calmly about our
daily<00:20:17.520><c> lives.</c><00:20:18.400><c> But</c><00:20:18.559><c> it's</c><00:20:18.799><c> important</c><00:20:19.120><c> to</c>

17:24.694 --> 17:24.704 align:start position:0%
daily lives. But it's important to
 

17:24.704 --> 17:27.414 align:start position:0%
daily lives. But it's important to
remember<00:20:19.760><c> this</c><00:20:20.000><c> is</c><00:20:20.320><c> just</c><00:20:20.559><c> a</c><00:20:20.880><c> lower</c><00:20:21.280><c> bound,</c>

17:27.414 --> 17:27.424 align:start position:0%
remember this is just a lower bound,
 

17:27.424 --> 17:29.973 align:start position:0%
remember this is just a lower bound,
however<00:20:22.480><c> extreme.</c><00:20:23.600><c> As</c><00:20:23.919><c> per</c><00:20:24.240><c> their</c>

17:29.973 --> 17:29.983 align:start position:0%
however extreme. As per their
 

17:29.983 --> 17:32.774 align:start position:0%
however extreme. As per their
calculations,<00:20:25.520><c> the</c><00:20:25.760><c> solar</c><00:20:26.080><c> system</c><00:20:26.400><c> alone</c><00:20:27.039><c> is</c>

17:32.774 --> 17:32.784 align:start position:0%
calculations, the solar system alone is
 

17:32.784 --> 17:34.854 align:start position:0%
calculations, the solar system alone is
enough<00:20:27.600><c> to</c><00:20:27.760><c> rule</c><00:20:28.080><c> out</c><00:20:28.320><c> any</c><00:20:28.720><c> dark</c><00:20:29.039><c> energy</c>

17:34.854 --> 17:34.864 align:start position:0%
enough to rule out any dark energy
 

17:34.864 --> 17:37.734 align:start position:0%
enough to rule out any dark energy
strength<00:20:30.000><c> more</c><00:20:30.400><c> severe</c><00:20:30.799><c> than</c><00:20:30.960><c> this.</c><00:20:31.760><c> And</c><00:20:32.000><c> most</c>

17:37.734 --> 17:37.744 align:start position:0%
strength more severe than this. And most
 

17:37.744 --> 17:40.453 align:start position:0%
strength more severe than this. And most
importantly,<00:20:33.360><c> it</c><00:20:33.600><c> is</c><00:20:33.760><c> not</c><00:20:34.000><c> infinite,</c><00:20:34.720><c> which</c>

17:40.453 --> 17:40.463 align:start position:0%
importantly, it is not infinite, which
 

17:40.463 --> 17:42.854 align:start position:0%
importantly, it is not infinite, which
allows<00:20:35.360><c> us</c><00:20:35.520><c> to</c><00:20:35.679><c> place</c><00:20:36.159><c> actual</c><00:20:36.720><c> mathematical</c>

17:42.854 --> 17:42.864 align:start position:0%
allows us to place actual mathematical
 

17:42.864 --> 17:45.894 align:start position:0%
allows us to place actual mathematical
constraints<00:20:38.159><c> on</c><00:20:38.400><c> the</c><00:20:38.640><c> time</c><00:20:38.799><c> we</c><00:20:39.039><c> have</c><00:20:39.200><c> left.</c>

17:45.894 --> 17:45.904 align:start position:0%
constraints on the time we have left.
 

17:45.904 --> 17:48.453 align:start position:0%
constraints on the time we have left.
The<00:20:40.720><c> authors</c><00:20:41.200><c> now</c><00:20:41.679><c> had</c><00:20:42.080><c> all</c><00:20:42.320><c> the</c><00:20:42.559><c> planetary</c>

17:48.453 --> 17:48.463 align:start position:0%
The authors now had all the planetary
 

17:48.463 --> 17:51.814 align:start position:0%
The authors now had all the planetary
pieces<00:20:43.520><c> of</c><00:20:43.840><c> their</c><00:20:44.159><c> big</c><00:20:44.640><c> cosmological</c><00:20:45.440><c> puzzle.</c>

17:51.814 --> 17:51.824 align:start position:0%
pieces of their big cosmological puzzle.
 

17:51.824 --> 17:54.134 align:start position:0%
pieces of their big cosmological puzzle.
Plugging<00:20:46.880><c> these</c><00:20:47.200><c> values</c><00:20:47.600><c> back</c><00:20:47.919><c> into</c><00:20:48.159><c> the</c><00:20:48.400><c> time</c>

17:54.134 --> 17:54.144 align:start position:0%
Plugging these values back into the time
 

17:54.144 --> 17:56.614 align:start position:0%
Plugging these values back into the time
left<00:20:48.960><c> equation,</c><00:20:49.840><c> they</c><00:20:50.159><c> were</c><00:20:50.400><c> ultimately</c><00:20:50.880><c> able</c>

17:56.614 --> 17:56.624 align:start position:0%
left equation, they were ultimately able
 

17:56.624 --> 18:00.134 align:start position:0%
left equation, they were ultimately able
to<00:20:51.440><c> put</c><00:20:51.600><c> a</c><00:20:51.840><c> limit</c><00:20:52.240><c> on</c><00:20:52.559><c> the</c><00:20:52.799><c> big</c><00:20:53.200><c> rip</c><00:20:53.679><c> countdown.</c>

18:00.134 --> 18:00.144 align:start position:0%
to put a limit on the big rip countdown.
 

18:00.144 --> 18:04.694 align:start position:0%
to put a limit on the big rip countdown.
The<00:20:55.039><c> result,</c><00:20:56.480><c> 30</c><00:20:56.880><c> years.</c><00:20:58.240><c> This</c><00:20:58.559><c> number</c>

18:04.694 --> 18:04.704 align:start position:0%
The result, 30 years. This number
 

18:04.704 --> 18:07.333 align:start position:0%
The result, 30 years. This number
surprised<00:20:59.919><c> even</c><00:21:00.320><c> the</c><00:21:00.559><c> researchers,</c><00:21:01.520><c> but</c><00:21:01.760><c> it</c>

18:07.333 --> 18:07.343 align:start position:0%
surprised even the researchers, but it
 

18:07.343 --> 18:10.213 align:start position:0%
surprised even the researchers, but it
comes<00:21:02.159><c> with</c><00:21:02.400><c> a</c><00:21:02.640><c> lot</c><00:21:02.799><c> of</c><00:21:02.960><c> caveats.</c><00:21:04.080><c> This</c><00:21:04.240><c> is</c><00:21:04.480><c> not</c>

18:10.213 --> 18:10.223 align:start position:0%
comes with a lot of caveats. This is not
 

18:10.223 --> 18:12.213 align:start position:0%
comes with a lot of caveats. This is not
a<00:21:05.039><c> prediction</c><00:21:05.360><c> that</c><00:21:05.600><c> the</c><00:21:05.760><c> universe</c><00:21:06.159><c> will</c><00:21:06.400><c> end</c>

18:12.213 --> 18:12.223 align:start position:0%
a prediction that the universe will end
 

18:12.223 --> 18:15.254 align:start position:0%
a prediction that the universe will end
in<00:21:07.120><c> 30</c><00:21:07.440><c> years.</c><00:21:08.159><c> It</c><00:21:08.400><c> is</c><00:21:08.559><c> instead</c><00:21:09.200><c> a</c><00:21:09.440><c> lower</c>

18:15.254 --> 18:15.264 align:start position:0%
in 30 years. It is instead a lower
 

18:15.264 --> 18:18.134 align:start position:0%
in 30 years. It is instead a lower
limit,<00:21:10.480><c> saying</c><00:21:10.799><c> it</c><00:21:11.120><c> will</c><00:21:11.360><c> not</c><00:21:11.840><c> end</c><00:21:12.320><c> in</c><00:21:12.559><c> the</c>

18:18.134 --> 18:18.144 align:start position:0%
limit, saying it will not end in the
 

18:18.144 --> 18:20.854 align:start position:0%
limit, saying it will not end in the
next<00:21:12.960><c> three</c><00:21:13.200><c> decades.</c><00:21:14.240><c> Professor</c><00:21:14.880><c> Jera</c>

18:20.854 --> 18:20.864 align:start position:0%
next three decades. Professor Jera
 

18:20.864 --> 18:23.254 align:start position:0%
next three decades. Professor Jera
admitted<00:21:16.320><c> he</c><00:21:16.640><c> was</c><00:21:16.720><c> a</c><00:21:16.960><c> little</c><00:21:17.120><c> disappointed</c><00:21:17.600><c> by</c>

18:23.254 --> 18:23.264 align:start position:0%
admitted he was a little disappointed by
 

18:23.264 --> 18:25.494 align:start position:0%
admitted he was a little disappointed by
the<00:21:18.080><c> result.</c><00:21:18.799><c> Not</c><00:21:19.039><c> because</c><00:21:19.360><c> he</c><00:21:19.600><c> thinks</c><00:21:19.840><c> the</c>

18:25.494 --> 18:25.504 align:start position:0%
the result. Not because he thinks the
 

18:25.504 --> 18:28.054 align:start position:0%
the result. Not because he thinks the
big<00:21:20.240><c> rip</c><00:21:20.480><c> is</c><00:21:20.640><c> imminent,</c><00:21:21.440><c> but</c><00:21:21.679><c> because</c><00:21:22.000><c> he</c><00:21:22.400><c> had</c>

18:28.054 --> 18:28.064 align:start position:0%
big rip is imminent, but because he had
 

18:28.064 --> 18:30.374 align:start position:0%
big rip is imminent, but because he had
hoped<00:21:23.200><c> even</c><00:21:23.440><c> the</c><00:21:23.760><c> local</c><00:21:24.080><c> measurements</c><00:21:24.720><c> would</c>

18:30.374 --> 18:30.384 align:start position:0%
hoped even the local measurements would
 

18:30.384 --> 18:33.254 align:start position:0%
hoped even the local measurements would
push<00:21:25.280><c> the</c><00:21:25.440><c> limit</c><00:21:26.000><c> much</c><00:21:26.320><c> further</c><00:21:26.799><c> away.</c><00:21:27.679><c> But</c>

18:33.254 --> 18:33.264 align:start position:0%
push the limit much further away. But
 

18:33.264 --> 18:35.254 align:start position:0%
push the limit much further away. But
the<00:21:28.000><c> real</c><00:21:28.240><c> victory</c><00:21:28.559><c> of</c><00:21:28.799><c> their</c><00:21:29.039><c> research</c><00:21:29.440><c> lies</c>

18:35.254 --> 18:35.264 align:start position:0%
the real victory of their research lies
 

18:35.264 --> 18:38.134 align:start position:0%
the real victory of their research lies
elsewhere.<00:21:30.880><c> They</c><00:21:31.120><c> show</c><00:21:31.440><c> that</c><00:21:31.840><c> two</c><00:21:32.159><c> fields</c>

18:38.134 --> 18:38.144 align:start position:0%
elsewhere. They show that two fields
 

18:38.144 --> 18:40.453 align:start position:0%
elsewhere. They show that two fields
which<00:21:32.960><c> seem</c><00:21:33.520><c> completely</c><00:21:34.080><c> separate,</c><00:21:34.799><c> the</c>

18:40.453 --> 18:40.463 align:start position:0%
which seem completely separate, the
 

18:40.463 --> 18:42.213 align:start position:0%
which seem completely separate, the
motion<00:21:35.280><c> of</c><00:21:35.440><c> the</c><00:21:35.600><c> planets</c><00:21:35.919><c> and</c><00:21:36.159><c> the</c><00:21:36.320><c> evolution</c>

18:42.213 --> 18:42.223 align:start position:0%
motion of the planets and the evolution
 

18:42.223 --> 18:45.333 align:start position:0%
motion of the planets and the evolution
of<00:21:36.960><c> the</c><00:21:37.120><c> universe</c><00:21:38.159><c> can</c><00:21:38.480><c> be</c><00:21:38.640><c> tied</c><00:21:39.039><c> together</c><00:21:39.600><c> in</c>

18:45.333 --> 18:45.343 align:start position:0%
of the universe can be tied together in
 

18:45.343 --> 18:48.453 align:start position:0%
of the universe can be tied together in
a<00:21:40.159><c> meaningful</c><00:21:40.720><c> way.</c><00:21:41.600><c> Of</c><00:21:42.000><c> course,</c><00:21:42.240><c> by</c><00:21:42.559><c> cosmic</c>

18:48.453 --> 18:48.463 align:start position:0%
a meaningful way. Of course, by cosmic
 

18:48.463 --> 18:51.254 align:start position:0%
a meaningful way. Of course, by cosmic
standards,<00:21:43.760><c> 30</c><00:21:44.080><c> years</c><00:21:44.400><c> is</c><00:21:44.720><c> an</c><00:21:44.960><c> absurdly</c><00:21:45.600><c> short</c>

18:51.254 --> 18:51.264 align:start position:0%
standards, 30 years is an absurdly short
 

18:51.264 --> 18:53.814 align:start position:0%
standards, 30 years is an absurdly short
amount<00:21:46.080><c> of</c><00:21:46.320><c> time.</c><00:21:47.039><c> But</c><00:21:47.280><c> scientifically,</c><00:21:48.159><c> the</c>

18:53.814 --> 18:53.824 align:start position:0%
amount of time. But scientifically, the
 

18:53.824 --> 18:55.734 align:start position:0%
amount of time. But scientifically, the
surprise<00:21:48.799><c> here</c><00:21:49.120><c> isn't</c><00:21:49.520><c> the</c><00:21:49.760><c> size</c><00:21:50.000><c> of</c><00:21:50.159><c> the</c>

18:55.734 --> 18:55.744 align:start position:0%
surprise here isn't the size of the
 

18:55.744 --> 18:58.453 align:start position:0%
surprise here isn't the size of the
limit.<00:21:50.960><c> It's</c><00:21:51.120><c> the</c><00:21:51.360><c> fact</c><00:21:51.520><c> that</c><00:21:51.760><c> we</c><00:21:52.080><c> can</c><00:21:52.480><c> place</c>

18:58.453 --> 18:58.463 align:start position:0%
limit. It's the fact that we can place
 

18:58.463 --> 19:01.174 align:start position:0%
limit. It's the fact that we can place
any<00:21:53.360><c> limit</c><00:21:53.760><c> at</c><00:21:53.919><c> all</c><00:21:54.559><c> using</c><00:21:54.960><c> just</c><00:21:55.200><c> our</c><00:21:55.440><c> solar</c>

19:01.174 --> 19:01.184 align:start position:0%
any limit at all using just our solar
 

19:01.184 --> 19:03.654 align:start position:0%
any limit at all using just our solar
system.<00:21:56.720><c> Our</c><00:21:56.960><c> neighborhood</c><00:21:57.600><c> might</c><00:21:57.840><c> be</c><00:21:58.000><c> the</c>

19:03.654 --> 19:03.664 align:start position:0%
system. Our neighborhood might be the
 

19:03.664 --> 19:05.573 align:start position:0%
system. Our neighborhood might be the
only<00:21:58.480><c> place</c><00:21:58.640><c> where</c><00:21:58.960><c> we</c><00:21:59.200><c> can</c><00:21:59.520><c> look</c><00:21:59.679><c> for</c><00:21:59.919><c> a</c>

19:05.573 --> 19:05.583 align:start position:0%
only place where we can look for a
 

19:05.583 --> 19:08.694 align:start position:0%
only place where we can look for a
real-time<00:22:00.640><c> warning.</c><00:22:01.520><c> And</c><00:22:01.919><c> as</c><00:22:02.240><c> we</c><00:22:02.400><c> make</c><00:22:02.720><c> better</c>

19:08.694 --> 19:08.704 align:start position:0%
real-time warning. And as we make better
 

19:08.704 --> 19:10.534 align:start position:0%
real-time warning. And as we make better
and<00:22:03.600><c> longer</c><00:22:04.000><c> measurements</c><00:22:04.320><c> of</c><00:22:04.480><c> the</c><00:22:04.720><c> planetary</c>

19:10.534 --> 19:10.544 align:start position:0%
and longer measurements of the planetary
 

19:10.544 --> 19:13.734 align:start position:0%
and longer measurements of the planetary
orbits,<00:22:06.000><c> this</c><00:22:06.240><c> lower</c><00:22:06.559><c> bound</c><00:22:06.960><c> will</c><00:22:07.440><c> hopefully</c>

19:13.734 --> 19:13.744 align:start position:0%
orbits, this lower bound will hopefully
 

19:13.744 --> 19:16.134 align:start position:0%
orbits, this lower bound will hopefully
be<00:22:08.559><c> pushed</c><00:22:09.039><c> at</c><00:22:09.120><c> least</c><00:22:09.440><c> a</c><00:22:09.760><c> couple</c><00:22:10.159><c> billion</c>

19:16.134 --> 19:16.144 align:start position:0%
be pushed at least a couple billion
 

19:16.144 --> 19:18.694 align:start position:0%
be pushed at least a couple billion
years<00:22:11.039><c> into</c><00:22:11.280><c> the</c><00:22:11.520><c> future.</c><00:22:12.320><c> So</c><00:22:12.559><c> no,</c><00:22:13.039><c> the</c>

19:18.694 --> 19:18.704 align:start position:0%
years into the future. So no, the
 

19:18.704 --> 19:21.093 align:start position:0%
years into the future. So no, the
universe<00:22:13.679><c> is</c><00:22:14.240><c> thankfully</c><00:22:14.799><c> and</c><00:22:15.200><c> fairly</c>

19:21.093 --> 19:21.103 align:start position:0%
universe is thankfully and fairly
 

19:21.103 --> 19:24.134 align:start position:0%
universe is thankfully and fairly
certainly<00:22:16.640><c> not</c><00:22:17.120><c> ending</c><00:22:17.520><c> tomorrow.</c><00:22:18.400><c> And</c><00:22:18.559><c> the</c>

19:24.134 --> 19:24.144 align:start position:0%
certainly not ending tomorrow. And the
 

19:24.144 --> 19:26.854 align:start position:0%
certainly not ending tomorrow. And the
big<00:22:18.880><c> rip</c><00:22:19.440><c> may</c><00:22:19.679><c> never</c><00:22:20.000><c> come.</c><00:22:20.720><c> Phantom</c><00:22:21.200><c> dark</c>

19:26.854 --> 19:26.864 align:start position:0%
big rip may never come. Phantom dark
 

19:26.864 --> 19:28.774 align:start position:0%
big rip may never come. Phantom dark
energy<00:22:21.840><c> may</c><00:22:22.080><c> turn</c><00:22:22.240><c> out</c><00:22:22.400><c> to</c><00:22:22.559><c> be</c><00:22:22.720><c> nothing</c><00:22:23.039><c> more</c>

19:28.774 --> 19:28.784 align:start position:0%
energy may turn out to be nothing more
 

19:28.784 --> 19:31.254 align:start position:0%
energy may turn out to be nothing more
than<00:22:23.600><c> a</c><00:22:23.760><c> mathematical</c><00:22:24.480><c> solution.</c><00:22:25.440><c> But</c><00:22:25.600><c> I</c>

19:31.254 --> 19:31.264 align:start position:0%
than a mathematical solution. But I
 

19:31.264 --> 19:33.014 align:start position:0%
than a mathematical solution. But I
think<00:22:25.919><c> it's</c><00:22:26.159><c> important</c><00:22:26.480><c> that</c><00:22:26.720><c> we</c><00:22:26.960><c> explore</c><00:22:27.360><c> all</c>

19:33.014 --> 19:33.024 align:start position:0%
think it's important that we explore all
 

19:33.024 --> 19:35.734 align:start position:0%
think it's important that we explore all
the<00:22:27.760><c> possibilities.</c><00:22:29.039><c> After</c><00:22:29.360><c> all,</c><00:22:29.679><c> it</c><00:22:29.919><c> forces</c>

19:35.734 --> 19:35.744 align:start position:0%
the possibilities. After all, it forces
 

19:35.744 --> 19:38.453 align:start position:0%
the possibilities. After all, it forces
us<00:22:30.480><c> to</c><00:22:30.720><c> investigate</c><00:22:31.200><c> a</c><00:22:31.440><c> key</c><00:22:31.760><c> question.</c><00:22:32.640><c> If</c><00:22:32.799><c> the</c>

19:38.453 --> 19:38.463 align:start position:0%
us to investigate a key question. If the
 

19:38.463 --> 19:41.254 align:start position:0%
us to investigate a key question. If the
universe<00:22:33.600><c> did</c><00:22:33.840><c> something</c><00:22:34.400><c> this</c><00:22:34.720><c> extreme,</c>

19:41.254 --> 19:41.264 align:start position:0%
universe did something this extreme,
 

19:41.264 --> 19:43.973 align:start position:0%
universe did something this extreme,
would<00:22:36.159><c> we</c><00:22:36.400><c> even</c><00:22:36.799><c> be</c><00:22:36.960><c> able</c><00:22:37.200><c> to</c><00:22:37.360><c> tell?</c><00:22:38.240><c> As</c>

19:43.973 --> 19:43.983 align:start position:0%
would we even be able to tell? As
 

19:43.983 --> 19:45.734 align:start position:0%
would we even be able to tell? As
scientists<00:22:38.960><c> look</c><00:22:39.120><c> for</c><00:22:39.360><c> new</c><00:22:39.600><c> ways</c><00:22:39.760><c> to</c><00:22:40.000><c> probe</c>

19:45.734 --> 19:45.744 align:start position:0%
scientists look for new ways to probe
 

19:45.744 --> 19:48.294 align:start position:0%
scientists look for new ways to probe
dark<00:22:40.559><c> energy</c><00:22:40.960><c> locally,</c><00:22:41.840><c> one</c><00:22:42.080><c> proposal</c><00:22:42.640><c> from</c>

19:48.294 --> 19:48.304 align:start position:0%
dark energy locally, one proposal from
 

19:48.304 --> 19:51.093 align:start position:0%
dark energy locally, one proposal from
the<00:22:43.120><c> same</c><00:22:43.360><c> authors</c><00:22:44.000><c> suggest</c><00:22:44.559><c> placing</c><00:22:44.960><c> a</c><00:22:45.280><c> laser</c>

19:51.093 --> 19:51.103 align:start position:0%
the same authors suggest placing a laser
 

19:51.103 --> 19:53.573 align:start position:0%
the same authors suggest placing a laser
intererometer<00:22:46.559><c> on</c><00:22:46.720><c> the</c><00:22:46.880><c> moon</c><00:22:47.360><c> to</c><00:22:47.600><c> listen</c><00:22:47.919><c> to</c>

19:53.573 --> 19:53.583 align:start position:0%
intererometer on the moon to listen to
 

19:53.583 --> 19:55.894 align:start position:0%
intererometer on the moon to listen to
dark<00:22:48.480><c> energy</c><00:22:49.120><c> by</c><00:22:49.360><c> measuring</c><00:22:49.919><c> tiny</c>

19:55.894 --> 19:55.904 align:start position:0%
dark energy by measuring tiny
 

19:55.904 --> 19:58.374 align:start position:0%
dark energy by measuring tiny
disturbances<00:22:51.120><c> in</c><00:22:51.440><c> spaceime.</c><00:22:52.400><c> Plus,</c><00:22:52.720><c> if</c>

19:58.374 --> 19:58.384 align:start position:0%
disturbances in spaceime. Plus, if
 

19:58.384 --> 20:00.934 align:start position:0%
disturbances in spaceime. Plus, if
phantom<00:22:53.360><c> dark</c><00:22:53.679><c> energy</c><00:22:54.159><c> has</c><00:22:54.400><c> even</c><00:22:54.720><c> a</c><00:22:54.960><c> slight</c>

20:00.934 --> 20:00.944 align:start position:0%
phantom dark energy has even a slight
 

20:00.944 --> 20:03.333 align:start position:0%
phantom dark energy has even a slight
coupling<00:22:55.919><c> to</c><00:22:56.080><c> electromagnetic</c><00:22:56.880><c> physics,</c><00:22:57.600><c> its</c>

20:03.333 --> 20:03.343 align:start position:0%
coupling to electromagnetic physics, its
 

20:03.343 --> 20:05.814 align:start position:0%
coupling to electromagnetic physics, its
warning<00:22:58.400><c> signs</c><00:22:58.880><c> might</c><00:22:59.200><c> appear</c><00:22:59.679><c> as</c><00:23:00.000><c> small</c>

20:05.814 --> 20:05.824 align:start position:0%
warning signs might appear as small
 

20:05.824 --> 20:08.374 align:start position:0%
warning signs might appear as small
changes<00:23:00.880><c> in</c><00:23:01.120><c> constants</c><00:23:01.840><c> like</c><00:23:02.080><c> the</c><00:23:02.320><c> electron</c>

20:08.374 --> 20:08.384 align:start position:0%
changes in constants like the electron
 

20:08.384 --> 20:12.213 align:start position:0%
changes in constants like the electron
proton<00:23:03.360><c> mass</c><00:23:03.760><c> ratio.</c><00:23:04.880><c> But</c><00:23:05.200><c> if</c><00:23:05.520><c> it</c><00:23:05.840><c> only</c><00:23:06.320><c> speaks</c>

20:12.213 --> 20:12.223 align:start position:0%
proton mass ratio. But if it only speaks
 

20:12.223 --> 20:14.694 align:start position:0%
proton mass ratio. But if it only speaks
through<00:23:07.200><c> gravity,</c><00:23:08.240><c> then</c><00:23:08.480><c> the</c><00:23:08.640><c> solar</c><00:23:08.880><c> system</c>

20:14.694 --> 20:14.704 align:start position:0%
through gravity, then the solar system
 

20:14.704 --> 20:17.254 align:start position:0%
through gravity, then the solar system
may<00:23:09.600><c> remain</c><00:23:09.919><c> the</c><00:23:10.240><c> only</c><00:23:10.640><c> local</c><00:23:11.039><c> avenue</c><00:23:11.520><c> to</c>

20:17.254 --> 20:17.264 align:start position:0%
may remain the only local avenue to
 

20:17.264 --> 20:19.494 align:start position:0%
may remain the only local avenue to
understand<00:23:12.240><c> the</c><00:23:12.480><c> power</c><00:23:12.720><c> that</c><00:23:12.960><c> controls</c><00:23:13.360><c> us</c>

20:19.494 --> 20:19.504 align:start position:0%
understand the power that controls us
 

20:19.504 --> 20:23.414 align:start position:0%
understand the power that controls us
and<00:23:14.720><c> ultimately</c><00:23:15.440><c> our</c><00:23:15.840><c> fate.</c><00:23:16.720><c> A</c><00:23:16.960><c> fate</c><00:23:17.360><c> that</c><00:23:17.679><c> may</c>

20:23.414 --> 20:23.424 align:start position:0%
and ultimately our fate. A fate that may
 

20:23.424 --> 20:25.734 align:start position:0%
and ultimately our fate. A fate that may
not<00:23:18.320><c> only</c><00:23:18.559><c> be</c><00:23:18.799><c> written</c><00:23:19.200><c> in</c><00:23:19.440><c> the</c><00:23:19.679><c> oldest</c><00:23:20.080><c> light</c>

20:25.734 --> 20:25.744 align:start position:0%
not only be written in the oldest light
 

20:25.744 --> 20:28.854 align:start position:0%
not only be written in the oldest light
we<00:23:20.559><c> can</c><00:23:20.720><c> see,</c><00:23:21.600><c> but</c><00:23:21.840><c> hidden</c><00:23:22.320><c> in</c><00:23:22.559><c> the</c><00:23:22.799><c> quiet,</c>

20:28.854 --> 20:28.864 align:start position:0%
we can see, but hidden in the quiet,
 

20:28.864 --> 20:32.054 align:start position:0%
we can see, but hidden in the quiet,
precise<00:23:24.080><c> motion</c><00:23:24.720><c> of</c><00:23:25.039><c> worlds</c><00:23:25.679><c> much</c><00:23:26.080><c> closer</c><00:23:26.480><c> to</c>

20:32.054 --> 20:32.064 align:start position:0%
precise motion of worlds much closer to
 

20:32.064 --> 20:35.254 align:start position:0%
precise motion of worlds much closer to
home.<00:23:27.520><c> I'll</c><00:23:27.760><c> see</c><00:23:27.919><c> you</c><00:23:28.080><c> back</c><00:23:28.320><c> here</c><00:23:28.559><c> in</c><00:23:28.880><c> 31</c><00:23:29.360><c> years</c>

20:35.254 --> 20:35.264 align:start position:0%
home. I'll see you back here in 31 years
 

20:35.264 --> 20:42.614 align:start position:0%
home. I'll see you back here in 31 years
to<00:23:30.080><c> check</c><00:23:30.320><c> in</c><00:23:31.039><c> if</c><00:23:31.280><c> we</c><00:23:31.440><c> make</c><00:23:31.679><c> it.</c>