WEBVTT

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Mercury<00:00:00.880><c> is</c><00:00:01.360><c> a</c><00:00:01.839><c> planet</c><00:00:02.480><c> full</c><00:00:03.040><c> of</c>

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Mercury is a planet full of
 

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Mercury is a planet full of
contradictions.<00:00:04.640><c> How</c><00:00:04.960><c> can</c><00:00:05.279><c> a</c><00:00:05.520><c> rocky</c><00:00:05.920><c> world</c><00:00:06.319><c> so</c>

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contradictions. How can a rocky world so
 

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contradictions. How can a rocky world so
close<00:00:06.960><c> to</c><00:00:07.200><c> the</c><00:00:07.359><c> sun</c><00:00:08.000><c> harbor</c><00:00:08.480><c> some</c><00:00:08.800><c> of</c><00:00:08.960><c> the</c>

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close to the sun harbor some of the
 

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close to the sun harbor some of the
coldest<00:00:10.000><c> places</c><00:00:10.320><c> in</c><00:00:10.559><c> the</c><00:00:10.639><c> solar</c><00:00:10.960><c> system?</c><00:00:11.759><c> How</c>

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coldest places in the solar system? How
 

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coldest places in the solar system? How
can<00:00:12.240><c> the</c><00:00:12.480><c> closest</c><00:00:12.960><c> planet</c><00:00:13.360><c> to</c><00:00:13.519><c> us</c><00:00:13.840><c> on</c><00:00:14.080><c> average</c>

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can the closest planet to us on average
 

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can the closest planet to us on average
have<00:00:14.960><c> an</c><00:00:15.280><c> orbit</c><00:00:15.839><c> harder</c><00:00:16.320><c> for</c><00:00:16.560><c> us</c><00:00:16.800><c> to</c><00:00:16.960><c> send</c>

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have an orbit harder for us to send
 

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have an orbit harder for us to send
probes<00:00:17.680><c> into</c><00:00:18.320><c> than</c><00:00:18.640><c> Jupiter's?</c><00:00:20.000><c> And</c><00:00:20.240><c> how</c><00:00:20.800><c> can</c>

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probes into than Jupiter's? And how can
 

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probes into than Jupiter's? And how can
a<00:00:21.199><c> planet</c><00:00:21.439><c> that</c><00:00:21.680><c> looks</c><00:00:22.160><c> this</c><00:00:22.720><c> dead</c><00:00:23.119><c> on</c><00:00:23.359><c> the</c>

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a planet that looks this dead on the
 

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a planet that looks this dead on the
surface<00:00:24.400><c> be</c><00:00:24.640><c> geologically</c><00:00:25.760><c> active?</c><00:00:27.039><c> In</c><00:00:27.279><c> many</c>

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surface be geologically active? In many
 

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surface be geologically active? In many
ways,<00:00:28.160><c> Mercury</c><00:00:28.640><c> makes</c><00:00:28.880><c> no</c><00:00:29.119><c> sense,</c><00:00:30.080><c> but</c><00:00:30.560><c> that</c>

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ways, Mercury makes no sense, but that
 

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ways, Mercury makes no sense, but that
might<00:00:31.199><c> be</c><00:00:31.439><c> about</c><00:00:31.679><c> to</c><00:00:31.920><c> change.</c><00:00:32.960><c> As</c><00:00:33.280><c> Beepy</c>

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might be about to change. As Beepy
 

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might be about to change. As Beepy
Columbbo<00:00:34.239><c> prepares</c><00:00:34.640><c> to</c><00:00:34.800><c> enter</c><00:00:35.200><c> into</c><00:00:35.520><c> orbit</c>

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Columbbo prepares to enter into orbit
 

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Columbbo prepares to enter into orbit
around<00:00:36.239><c> Mercury</c><00:00:36.719><c> after</c><00:00:37.120><c> not</c><00:00:37.520><c> one</c><00:00:37.840><c> or</c><00:00:38.160><c> two,</c><00:00:38.800><c> but</c>

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around Mercury after not one or two, but
 

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around Mercury after not one or two, but
six<00:00:39.840><c> flybys,</c><00:00:41.040><c> it's</c><00:00:41.280><c> time</c><00:00:41.440><c> to</c><00:00:41.680><c> take</c><00:00:41.840><c> stock</c><00:00:42.160><c> of</c>

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six flybys, it's time to take stock of
 

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six flybys, it's time to take stock of
what<00:00:42.719><c> we've</c><00:00:43.120><c> learned</c><00:00:43.520><c> about</c><00:00:43.760><c> this</c><00:00:44.160><c> strange</c>

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what we've learned about this strange
 

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what we've learned about this strange
world<00:00:45.120><c> over</c><00:00:45.360><c> the</c><00:00:45.520><c> last</c><00:00:45.680><c> few</c><00:00:45.920><c> years</c><00:00:46.640><c> and</c><00:00:46.960><c> start</c>

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world over the last few years and start
 

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world over the last few years and start
to<00:00:47.440><c> unravel</c><00:00:48.079><c> some</c><00:00:48.399><c> of</c><00:00:48.559><c> those</c><00:00:48.879><c> mysteries.</c><00:00:50.239><c> And</c>

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to unravel some of those mysteries. And
 

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to unravel some of those mysteries. And
it's<00:00:50.879><c> a</c><00:00:51.039><c> good</c><00:00:51.200><c> thing,</c><00:00:51.440><c> too,</c><00:00:52.079><c> because</c><00:00:52.559><c> this</c>

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it's a good thing, too, because this
 

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it's a good thing, too, because this
small<00:00:53.760><c> scorched</c><00:00:54.239><c> planet</c><00:00:54.960><c> may</c><00:00:55.280><c> be</c><00:00:55.520><c> our</c><00:00:55.920><c> key</c><00:00:56.480><c> to</c>

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small scorched planet may be our key to
 

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small scorched planet may be our key to
understanding<00:00:57.280><c> other</c><00:00:57.600><c> rocky</c><00:00:58.000><c> planets</c><00:00:58.480><c> across</c>

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understanding other rocky planets across
 

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understanding other rocky planets across
the<00:00:59.039><c> galaxy</c><00:00:59.920><c> and</c><00:01:00.239><c> beyond.</c>

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the galaxy and beyond.
 

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the galaxy and beyond.
I'm<00:01:02.000><c> Alex</c><00:01:02.320><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:03.039><c> and</c><00:01:03.280><c> you're</c><00:01:03.440><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:04.559><c> Join</c><00:01:04.879><c> me</c><00:01:05.040><c> today</c><00:01:05.280><c> as</c><00:01:05.519><c> we</c><00:01:05.680><c> uncover</c><00:01:06.080><c> the</c>

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Astramm. Join me today as we uncover the
 

01:06.240 --> 01:08.230 align:start position:0%
Astramm. Join me today as we uncover the
secrets<00:01:06.640><c> hiding</c><00:01:06.960><c> in</c><00:01:07.200><c> Mercury's</c><00:01:07.760><c> strange</c>

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secrets hiding in Mercury's strange
 

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secrets hiding in Mercury's strange
craters,<00:01:09.200><c> explore</c><00:01:09.680><c> how</c><00:01:09.920><c> its</c><00:01:10.159><c> magnetic</c><00:01:10.640><c> field</c>

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craters, explore how its magnetic field
 

01:11.040 --> 01:13.190 align:start position:0%
craters, explore how its magnetic field
could<00:01:11.200><c> be</c><00:01:11.360><c> influenced</c><00:01:11.840><c> by</c><00:01:12.080><c> diamonds,</c><00:01:13.040><c> and</c>

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could be influenced by diamonds, and
 

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could be influenced by diamonds, and
reveal<00:01:13.600><c> why</c><00:01:14.080><c> this</c><00:01:14.400><c> minuscule</c><00:01:15.040><c> planet</c><00:01:15.360><c> in</c><00:01:15.600><c> our</c>

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reveal why this minuscule planet in our
 

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reveal why this minuscule planet in our
own<00:01:16.159><c> backyard</c><00:01:16.960><c> could</c><00:01:17.200><c> help</c><00:01:17.439><c> us</c><00:01:17.680><c> understand</c>

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own backyard could help us understand
 

01:18.240 --> 01:20.469 align:start position:0%
own backyard could help us understand
exoplanets<00:01:19.200><c> thousands</c><00:01:19.759><c> of</c><00:01:19.920><c> light</c><00:01:20.240><c> years</c>

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exoplanets thousands of light years
 

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exoplanets thousands of light years
away.

01:23.590 --> 01:23.600 align:start position:0%
 
 

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We've<00:01:23.920><c> only</c><00:01:24.159><c> been</c><00:01:24.320><c> to</c><00:01:24.479><c> Mercury</c><00:01:24.960><c> twice,</c><00:01:25.920><c> making</c>

01:26.149 --> 01:26.159 align:start position:0%
We've only been to Mercury twice, making
 

01:26.159 --> 01:28.469 align:start position:0%
We've only been to Mercury twice, making
it<00:01:26.320><c> the</c><00:01:26.560><c> least</c><00:01:26.960><c> visited</c><00:01:27.439><c> terrestrial</c><00:01:28.080><c> planet</c>

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it the least visited terrestrial planet
 

01:28.479 --> 01:31.109 align:start position:0%
it the least visited terrestrial planet
in<00:01:28.720><c> our</c><00:01:28.960><c> solar</c><00:01:29.280><c> system.</c><00:01:30.240><c> The</c><00:01:30.479><c> first</c><00:01:30.640><c> craft</c><00:01:30.880><c> to</c>

01:31.109 --> 01:31.119 align:start position:0%
in our solar system. The first craft to
 

01:31.119 --> 01:33.510 align:start position:0%
in our solar system. The first craft to
visit<00:01:31.360><c> was</c><00:01:31.600><c> NASA's</c><00:01:32.240><c> Mariner</c><00:01:32.720><c> 10,</c><00:01:33.280><c> which</c>

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visit was NASA's Mariner 10, which
 

01:33.520 --> 01:36.310 align:start position:0%
visit was NASA's Mariner 10, which
performed<00:01:34.000><c> three</c><00:01:34.240><c> flybys</c><00:01:34.880><c> between</c><00:01:35.200><c> 1974</c><00:01:36.079><c> and</c>

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performed three flybys between 1974 and
 

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performed three flybys between 1974 and
1975.

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1975.
 

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1975.
The<00:01:38.240><c> second</c><00:01:38.640><c> was</c><00:01:38.960><c> at</c><00:01:39.119><c> the</c><00:01:39.360><c> start</c><00:01:39.520><c> of</c><00:01:39.600><c> the</c>

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The second was at the start of the
 

01:39.759 --> 01:42.149 align:start position:0%
The second was at the start of the
century<00:01:40.159><c> with</c><00:01:40.479><c> NASA's</c><00:01:41.040><c> Messenger</c><00:01:41.520><c> mission,</c>

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century with NASA's Messenger mission,
 

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century with NASA's Messenger mission,
which<00:01:42.560><c> became</c><00:01:42.880><c> the</c><00:01:43.200><c> first</c><00:01:43.360><c> probe</c><00:01:43.759><c> to</c><00:01:43.920><c> enter</c>

01:44.149 --> 01:44.159 align:start position:0%
which became the first probe to enter
 

01:44.159 --> 01:47.109 align:start position:0%
which became the first probe to enter
into<00:01:44.400><c> orbit</c><00:01:44.880><c> around</c><00:01:45.200><c> the</c><00:01:45.360><c> planet.</c><00:01:46.240><c> And</c><00:01:46.479><c> now,</c>

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into orbit around the planet. And now,
 

01:47.119 --> 01:50.389 align:start position:0%
into orbit around the planet. And now,
Depp<00:01:47.600><c> Columbbo</c><00:01:48.240><c> is</c><00:01:48.479><c> on</c><00:01:48.640><c> its</c><00:01:48.880><c> way.</c><00:01:49.840><c> It</c><00:01:50.000><c> has</c><00:01:50.159><c> been</c>

01:50.389 --> 01:50.399 align:start position:0%
Depp Columbbo is on its way. It has been
 

01:50.399 --> 01:52.230 align:start position:0%
Depp Columbbo is on its way. It has been
threading<00:01:50.799><c> its</c><00:01:51.040><c> way</c><00:01:51.280><c> across</c><00:01:51.520><c> the</c><00:01:51.680><c> inner</c><00:01:52.000><c> solar</c>

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threading its way across the inner solar
 

01:52.240 --> 01:55.510 align:start position:0%
threading its way across the inner solar
system<00:01:52.560><c> since</c><00:01:53.040><c> 2018,</c><00:01:54.399><c> traversing</c><00:01:54.960><c> more</c><00:01:55.200><c> than</c>

01:55.510 --> 01:55.520 align:start position:0%
system since 2018, traversing more than
 

01:55.520 --> 01:59.190 align:start position:0%
system since 2018, traversing more than
8.5<00:01:56.720><c> billion</c><00:01:57.280><c> km</c><00:01:57.840><c> to</c><00:01:58.000><c> get</c><00:01:58.159><c> there.</c><00:01:58.799><c> That's</c>

01:59.190 --> 01:59.200 align:start position:0%
8.5 billion km to get there. That's
 

01:59.200 --> 02:01.270 align:start position:0%
8.5 billion km to get there. That's
roughly<00:01:59.680><c> twice</c><00:02:00.000><c> the</c><00:02:00.240><c> distance</c><00:02:00.640><c> between</c><00:02:00.960><c> Earth</c>

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roughly twice the distance between Earth
 

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roughly twice the distance between Earth
and<00:02:01.520><c> Pluto</c><00:02:01.920><c> at</c><00:02:02.159><c> their</c><00:02:02.399><c> closest.</c><00:02:03.759><c> But</c><00:02:04.000><c> isn't</c>

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and Pluto at their closest. But isn't
 

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and Pluto at their closest. But isn't
Mercury<00:02:04.880><c> basically</c><00:02:05.280><c> the</c><00:02:05.600><c> same</c><00:02:05.680><c> as</c><00:02:05.840><c> our</c><00:02:06.079><c> moon?</c>

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Mercury basically the same as our moon?
 

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Mercury basically the same as our moon?
Why<00:02:07.040><c> bother</c><00:02:07.360><c> traveling</c><00:02:07.759><c> so</c><00:02:08.000><c> far</c><00:02:08.239><c> to</c><00:02:08.399><c> visit</c><00:02:08.720><c> it</c>

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Why bother traveling so far to visit it
 

02:09.440 --> 02:12.309 align:start position:0%
Why bother traveling so far to visit it
three<00:02:09.759><c> times</c><00:02:10.479><c> if</c><00:02:10.720><c> we</c><00:02:10.959><c> have</c><00:02:11.120><c> an</c><00:02:11.360><c> analog</c><00:02:11.920><c> in</c><00:02:12.160><c> our</c>

02:12.309 --> 02:12.319 align:start position:0%
three times if we have an analog in our
 

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three times if we have an analog in our
backyard?<00:02:13.599><c> Well,</c><00:02:14.239><c> despite</c><00:02:14.720><c> being</c><00:02:15.040><c> a</c><00:02:15.360><c> rocky,</c>

02:16.150 --> 02:16.160 align:start position:0%
backyard? Well, despite being a rocky,
 

02:16.160 --> 02:19.110 align:start position:0%
backyard? Well, despite being a rocky,
heavily<00:02:16.720><c> created</c><00:02:17.200><c> mass,</c><00:02:18.160><c> Mercury</c><00:02:18.720><c> doesn't</c>

02:19.110 --> 02:19.120 align:start position:0%
heavily created mass, Mercury doesn't
 

02:19.120 --> 02:21.030 align:start position:0%
heavily created mass, Mercury doesn't
actually<00:02:19.440><c> share</c><00:02:19.760><c> too</c><00:02:20.080><c> much</c><00:02:20.239><c> at</c><00:02:20.480><c> all</c><00:02:20.560><c> with</c><00:02:20.800><c> our</c>

02:21.030 --> 02:21.040 align:start position:0%
actually share too much at all with our
 

02:21.040 --> 02:23.510 align:start position:0%
actually share too much at all with our
moon,<00:02:21.599><c> meaning</c><00:02:21.920><c> it</c><00:02:22.239><c> warrants</c><00:02:22.879><c> its</c><00:02:23.200><c> own</c>

02:23.510 --> 02:23.520 align:start position:0%
moon, meaning it warrants its own
 

02:23.520 --> 02:26.550 align:start position:0%
moon, meaning it warrants its own
studies.<00:02:24.879><c> For</c><00:02:25.200><c> starters,</c><00:02:25.680><c> it</c><00:02:25.920><c> is</c><00:02:26.080><c> the</c><00:02:26.319><c> only</c>

02:26.550 --> 02:26.560 align:start position:0%
studies. For starters, it is the only
 

02:26.560 --> 02:29.190 align:start position:0%
studies. For starters, it is the only
rocky<00:02:26.959><c> planet</c><00:02:27.360><c> besides</c><00:02:27.840><c> Earth</c><00:02:28.239><c> with</c><00:02:28.480><c> a</c><00:02:28.800><c> global</c>

02:29.190 --> 02:29.200 align:start position:0%
rocky planet besides Earth with a global
 

02:29.200 --> 02:31.910 align:start position:0%
rocky planet besides Earth with a global
magnetic<00:02:29.760><c> field,</c><00:02:30.640><c> and</c><00:02:30.879><c> we</c><00:02:31.200><c> still</c><00:02:31.680><c> don't</c>

02:31.910 --> 02:31.920 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, and we still don't
 

02:31.920 --> 02:34.470 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, and we still don't
really<00:02:32.239><c> know</c><00:02:32.480><c> how</c><00:02:32.720><c> it</c><00:02:32.959><c> works.</c><00:02:33.840><c> Studying</c><00:02:34.319><c> it</c>

02:34.470 --> 02:34.480 align:start position:0%
really know how it works. Studying it
 

02:34.480 --> 02:36.630 align:start position:0%
really know how it works. Studying it
could<00:02:34.720><c> help</c><00:02:34.879><c> us</c><00:02:35.120><c> understand</c><00:02:35.760><c> not</c><00:02:36.080><c> only</c><00:02:36.319><c> our</c>

02:36.630 --> 02:36.640 align:start position:0%
could help us understand not only our
 

02:36.640 --> 02:39.110 align:start position:0%
could help us understand not only our
own<00:02:36.879><c> magnetic</c><00:02:37.360><c> field,</c><00:02:38.000><c> but</c><00:02:38.239><c> also</c><00:02:38.640><c> possible</c>

02:39.110 --> 02:39.120 align:start position:0%
own magnetic field, but also possible
 

02:39.120 --> 02:41.430 align:start position:0%
own magnetic field, but also possible
magnetic<00:02:39.599><c> fields</c><00:02:39.920><c> on</c><00:02:40.160><c> exoplanets</c><00:02:40.959><c> in</c><00:02:41.200><c> other</c>

02:41.430 --> 02:41.440 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields on exoplanets in other
 

02:41.440 --> 02:44.550 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields on exoplanets in other
star<00:02:41.760><c> systems.</c><00:02:43.200><c> One</c><00:02:43.440><c> of</c><00:02:43.680><c> Messengergers's</c><00:02:44.319><c> key</c>

02:44.550 --> 02:44.560 align:start position:0%
star systems. One of Messengergers's key
 

02:44.560 --> 02:46.630 align:start position:0%
star systems. One of Messengergers's key
findings<00:02:45.040><c> was</c><00:02:45.360><c> a</c><00:02:45.680><c> much</c><00:02:46.000><c> higher</c><00:02:46.319><c> thanex</c>

02:46.630 --> 02:46.640 align:start position:0%
findings was a much higher thanex
 

02:46.640 --> 02:48.949 align:start position:0%
findings was a much higher thanex
expected<00:02:47.120><c> abundance</c><00:02:47.599><c> of</c><00:02:47.840><c> volatile</c><00:02:48.400><c> materials</c>

02:48.949 --> 02:48.959 align:start position:0%
expected abundance of volatile materials
 

02:48.959 --> 02:51.830 align:start position:0%
expected abundance of volatile materials
such<00:02:49.120><c> as</c><00:02:49.599><c> chlorine,</c><00:02:50.319><c> sulfur,</c><00:02:50.959><c> and</c><00:02:51.200><c> potassium</c>

02:51.830 --> 02:51.840 align:start position:0%
such as chlorine, sulfur, and potassium
 

02:51.840 --> 02:54.229 align:start position:0%
such as chlorine, sulfur, and potassium
on<00:02:52.080><c> Mercury's</c><00:02:52.640><c> surface.</c><00:02:53.440><c> The</c><00:02:53.680><c> discovery</c><00:02:54.000><c> that</c>

02:54.229 --> 02:54.239 align:start position:0%
on Mercury's surface. The discovery that
 

02:54.239 --> 02:56.150 align:start position:0%
on Mercury's surface. The discovery that
Mercury<00:02:54.720><c> might</c><00:02:54.959><c> be</c><00:02:55.120><c> richer</c><00:02:55.440><c> in</c><00:02:55.599><c> volatiles</c>

02:56.150 --> 02:56.160 align:start position:0%
Mercury might be richer in volatiles
 

02:56.160 --> 02:58.550 align:start position:0%
Mercury might be richer in volatiles
than<00:02:56.319><c> even</c><00:02:56.720><c> Mars</c><00:02:57.440><c> threw</c><00:02:57.599><c> a</c><00:02:57.760><c> spanner</c><00:02:58.160><c> into</c><00:02:58.400><c> our</c>

02:58.550 --> 02:58.560 align:start position:0%
than even Mars threw a spanner into our
 

02:58.560 --> 03:00.790 align:start position:0%
than even Mars threw a spanner into our
theories<00:02:58.879><c> of</c><00:02:59.120><c> solar</c><00:02:59.440><c> system</c><00:02:59.760><c> formation.</c>

03:00.790 --> 03:00.800 align:start position:0%
theories of solar system formation.
 

03:00.800 --> 03:02.869 align:start position:0%
theories of solar system formation.
Since<00:03:01.040><c> solar</c><00:03:01.440><c> winds</c><00:03:01.760><c> are</c><00:03:02.080><c> much</c><00:03:02.400><c> stronger</c>

03:02.869 --> 03:02.879 align:start position:0%
Since solar winds are much stronger
 

03:02.879 --> 03:04.869 align:start position:0%
Since solar winds are much stronger
closer<00:03:03.280><c> to</c><00:03:03.360><c> the</c><00:03:03.519><c> sun,</c><00:03:04.080><c> we</c><00:03:04.319><c> expected</c><00:03:04.640><c> these</c>

03:04.869 --> 03:04.879 align:start position:0%
closer to the sun, we expected these
 

03:04.879 --> 03:07.110 align:start position:0%
closer to the sun, we expected these
volatiles<00:03:05.360><c> to</c><00:03:05.519><c> be</c><00:03:05.680><c> stripped</c><00:03:06.000><c> away</c><00:03:06.159><c> on</c><00:03:06.319><c> Mercury</c>

03:07.110 --> 03:07.120 align:start position:0%
volatiles to be stripped away on Mercury
 

03:07.120 --> 03:10.070 align:start position:0%
volatiles to be stripped away on Mercury
but<00:03:07.360><c> to</c><00:03:07.599><c> have</c><00:03:07.760><c> survived</c><00:03:08.239><c> on</c><00:03:08.560><c> Mars.</c><00:03:09.519><c> So</c><00:03:09.760><c> why</c>

03:10.070 --> 03:10.080 align:start position:0%
but to have survived on Mars. So why
 

03:10.080 --> 03:12.630 align:start position:0%
but to have survived on Mars. So why
does<00:03:10.319><c> the</c><00:03:10.640><c> opposite</c><00:03:11.120><c> appear</c><00:03:11.440><c> to</c><00:03:11.599><c> be</c><00:03:11.760><c> true?</c>

03:12.630 --> 03:12.640 align:start position:0%
does the opposite appear to be true?
 

03:12.640 --> 03:14.790 align:start position:0%
does the opposite appear to be true?
What<00:03:12.879><c> implications</c><00:03:13.519><c> does</c><00:03:13.760><c> that</c><00:03:14.080><c> have</c><00:03:14.400><c> about</c>

03:14.790 --> 03:14.800 align:start position:0%
What implications does that have about
 

03:14.800 --> 03:17.509 align:start position:0%
What implications does that have about
our<00:03:15.120><c> theories</c><00:03:15.519><c> of</c><00:03:15.840><c> solar</c><00:03:16.239><c> system</c><00:03:16.560><c> formation?</c>

03:17.509 --> 03:17.519 align:start position:0%
our theories of solar system formation?
 

03:17.519 --> 03:19.750 align:start position:0%
our theories of solar system formation?
And<00:03:17.680><c> how</c><00:03:17.920><c> can</c><00:03:18.080><c> those</c><00:03:18.400><c> be</c><00:03:18.640><c> cooporated</c><00:03:19.360><c> or</c>

03:19.750 --> 03:19.760 align:start position:0%
And how can those be cooporated or
 

03:19.760 --> 03:22.790 align:start position:0%
And how can those be cooporated or
rejected<00:03:20.319><c> by</c><00:03:20.560><c> exoplanet</c><00:03:21.360><c> findings?</c><00:03:22.480><c> In</c><00:03:22.640><c> order</c>

03:22.790 --> 03:22.800 align:start position:0%
rejected by exoplanet findings? In order
 

03:22.800 --> 03:25.350 align:start position:0%
rejected by exoplanet findings? In order
to<00:03:22.959><c> get</c><00:03:23.120><c> those</c><00:03:23.360><c> answers,</c><00:03:24.080><c> there</c><00:03:24.400><c> was</c><00:03:24.720><c> no</c><00:03:25.120><c> way</c>

03:25.350 --> 03:25.360 align:start position:0%
to get those answers, there was no way
 

03:25.360 --> 03:27.350 align:start position:0%
to get those answers, there was no way
around<00:03:25.599><c> it.</c><00:03:26.239><c> We</c><00:03:26.480><c> had</c><00:03:26.640><c> to</c><00:03:26.800><c> get</c><00:03:26.959><c> back</c><00:03:27.120><c> to</c>

03:27.350 --> 03:27.360 align:start position:0%
around it. We had to get back to
 

03:27.360 --> 03:30.710 align:start position:0%
around it. We had to get back to
Mercury.<00:03:28.480><c> But</c><00:03:28.640><c> as</c><00:03:28.879><c> with</c><00:03:29.200><c> many</c><00:03:29.519><c> things,</c><00:03:30.319><c> that</c>

03:30.710 --> 03:30.720 align:start position:0%
Mercury. But as with many things, that
 

03:30.720 --> 03:33.830 align:start position:0%
Mercury. But as with many things, that
is<00:03:30.959><c> easier</c><00:03:31.360><c> said</c><00:03:31.599><c> than</c><00:03:31.840><c> done.</c><00:03:33.040><c> Mercury</c><00:03:33.519><c> sits</c>

03:33.830 --> 03:33.840 align:start position:0%
is easier said than done. Mercury sits
 

03:33.840 --> 03:35.670 align:start position:0%
is easier said than done. Mercury sits
so<00:03:34.159><c> deep</c><00:03:34.400><c> in</c><00:03:34.640><c> the</c><00:03:34.799><c> sun's</c><00:03:35.120><c> gravitational</c>

03:35.670 --> 03:35.680 align:start position:0%
so deep in the sun's gravitational
 

03:35.680 --> 03:37.910 align:start position:0%
so deep in the sun's gravitational
sphere<00:03:36.000><c> of</c><00:03:36.159><c> influence</c><00:03:36.720><c> that</c><00:03:37.040><c> if</c><00:03:37.280><c> you</c><00:03:37.440><c> fired</c><00:03:37.760><c> a</c>

03:37.910 --> 03:37.920 align:start position:0%
sphere of influence that if you fired a
 

03:37.920 --> 03:40.070 align:start position:0%
sphere of influence that if you fired a
spacecraft<00:03:38.560><c> straight</c><00:03:38.879><c> at</c><00:03:39.120><c> it,</c><00:03:39.519><c> the</c><00:03:39.680><c> pole</c><00:03:39.920><c> of</c>

03:40.070 --> 03:40.080 align:start position:0%
spacecraft straight at it, the pole of
 

03:40.080 --> 03:42.149 align:start position:0%
spacecraft straight at it, the pole of
the<00:03:40.159><c> sun</c><00:03:40.400><c> would</c><00:03:40.640><c> accelerate</c><00:03:41.200><c> it</c><00:03:41.519><c> until</c><00:03:41.840><c> it</c><00:03:42.000><c> was</c>

03:42.149 --> 03:42.159 align:start position:0%
the sun would accelerate it until it was
 

03:42.159 --> 03:44.070 align:start position:0%
the sun would accelerate it until it was
going<00:03:42.480><c> far</c><00:03:42.720><c> too</c><00:03:43.040><c> fast</c><00:03:43.280><c> to</c><00:03:43.440><c> be</c><00:03:43.519><c> captured</c><00:03:43.840><c> by</c>

03:44.070 --> 03:44.080 align:start position:0%
going far too fast to be captured by
 

03:44.080 --> 03:46.630 align:start position:0%
going far too fast to be captured by
Mercury's<00:03:44.799><c> relatively</c><00:03:45.440><c> tiny</c><00:03:46.000><c> gravitational</c>

03:46.630 --> 03:46.640 align:start position:0%
Mercury's relatively tiny gravitational
 

03:46.640 --> 03:49.509 align:start position:0%
Mercury's relatively tiny gravitational
pole.<00:03:47.599><c> So,</c><00:03:48.080><c> in</c><00:03:48.319><c> order</c><00:03:48.480><c> for</c><00:03:48.640><c> a</c><00:03:48.799><c> spacecraft</c><00:03:49.280><c> to</c>

03:49.509 --> 03:49.519 align:start position:0%
pole. So, in order for a spacecraft to
 

03:49.519 --> 03:52.229 align:start position:0%
pole. So, in order for a spacecraft to
successfully<00:03:50.159><c> enter</c><00:03:50.560><c> into</c><00:03:51.120><c> orbit,</c><00:03:51.920><c> you</c><00:03:52.080><c> have</c>

03:52.229 --> 03:52.239 align:start position:0%
successfully enter into orbit, you have
 

03:52.239 --> 03:54.229 align:start position:0%
successfully enter into orbit, you have
to<00:03:52.400><c> slow</c><00:03:52.640><c> it</c><00:03:52.879><c> down</c><00:03:53.120><c> enough</c><00:03:53.680><c> so</c><00:03:53.840><c> that</c><00:03:54.000><c> it</c>

03:54.229 --> 03:54.239 align:start position:0%
to slow it down enough so that it
 

03:54.239 --> 03:58.149 align:start position:0%
to slow it down enough so that it
matches<00:03:54.879><c> Mercury's</c><00:03:55.519><c> 88day</c><00:03:56.560><c> orbital</c><00:03:57.120><c> period.</c>

03:58.149 --> 03:58.159 align:start position:0%
matches Mercury's 88day orbital period.
 

03:58.159 --> 04:00.949 align:start position:0%
matches Mercury's 88day orbital period.
To<00:03:58.400><c> do</c><00:03:58.560><c> that,</c><00:03:58.959><c> Bey</c><00:03:59.360><c> Columbo</c><00:03:59.760><c> has</c><00:04:00.000><c> relied</c><00:04:00.319><c> on</c>

04:00.949 --> 04:00.959 align:start position:0%
To do that, Bey Columbo has relied on
 

04:00.959 --> 04:04.390 align:start position:0%
To do that, Bey Columbo has relied on
nine<00:04:01.519><c> flybys</c><00:04:02.080><c> of</c><00:04:02.319><c> Earth,</c><00:04:02.879><c> Venus,</c><00:04:03.360><c> and</c><00:04:03.599><c> Mercury</c>

04:04.390 --> 04:04.400 align:start position:0%
nine flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury
 

04:04.400 --> 04:06.789 align:start position:0%
nine flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury
to<00:04:04.640><c> steer</c><00:04:05.040><c> its</c><00:04:05.360><c> course</c><00:04:05.840><c> and</c><00:04:06.080><c> slow</c><00:04:06.400><c> it</c><00:04:06.560><c> down</c>

04:06.789 --> 04:06.799 align:start position:0%
to steer its course and slow it down
 

04:06.799 --> 04:08.869 align:start position:0%
to steer its course and slow it down
enough<00:04:07.120><c> to</c><00:04:07.280><c> be</c><00:04:07.439><c> able</c><00:04:07.599><c> to</c><00:04:07.760><c> enter</c><00:04:08.080><c> orbit</c><00:04:08.480><c> around</c>

04:08.869 --> 04:08.879 align:start position:0%
enough to be able to enter orbit around
 

04:08.879 --> 04:11.910 align:start position:0%
enough to be able to enter orbit around
the<00:04:09.120><c> rocky</c><00:04:09.519><c> planet.</c><00:04:10.480><c> These</c><00:04:10.799><c> flybys</c><00:04:11.360><c> have</c><00:04:11.599><c> also</c>

04:11.910 --> 04:11.920 align:start position:0%
the rocky planet. These flybys have also
 

04:11.920 --> 04:14.070 align:start position:0%
the rocky planet. These flybys have also
been<00:04:12.239><c> incredible</c><00:04:12.959><c> photo</c><00:04:13.360><c> and</c><00:04:13.599><c> measurement</c>

04:14.070 --> 04:14.080 align:start position:0%
been incredible photo and measurement
 

04:14.080 --> 04:16.469 align:start position:0%
been incredible photo and measurement
opportunities<00:04:14.799><c> ahead</c><00:04:15.200><c> of</c><00:04:15.439><c> orbital</c><00:04:15.920><c> insertion</c>

04:16.469 --> 04:16.479 align:start position:0%
opportunities ahead of orbital insertion
 

04:16.479 --> 04:20.150 align:start position:0%
opportunities ahead of orbital insertion
in<00:04:16.720><c> November</c><00:04:17.199><c> 2026.</c><00:04:18.479><c> ISA</c><00:04:18.959><c> and</c><00:04:19.199><c> JAXA</c><00:04:19.919><c> have</c>

04:20.150 --> 04:20.160 align:start position:0%
in November 2026. ISA and JAXA have
 

04:20.160 --> 04:21.830 align:start position:0%
in November 2026. ISA and JAXA have
already<00:04:20.479><c> taken</c><00:04:20.799><c> full</c><00:04:21.040><c> advantage</c><00:04:21.440><c> of</c><00:04:21.600><c> these</c>

04:21.830 --> 04:21.840 align:start position:0%
already taken full advantage of these
 

04:21.840 --> 04:24.230 align:start position:0%
already taken full advantage of these
moments<00:04:22.240><c> to</c><00:04:22.400><c> collect</c><00:04:22.880><c> mountains</c><00:04:23.440><c> of</c><00:04:23.680><c> data</c><00:04:24.000><c> and</c>

04:24.230 --> 04:24.240 align:start position:0%
moments to collect mountains of data and
 

04:24.240 --> 04:26.310 align:start position:0%
moments to collect mountains of data and
images<00:04:24.960><c> to</c><00:04:25.199><c> help</c><00:04:25.360><c> answer</c><00:04:25.680><c> some</c><00:04:25.840><c> of</c><00:04:25.919><c> the</c><00:04:26.160><c> most</c>

04:26.310 --> 04:26.320 align:start position:0%
images to help answer some of the most
 

04:26.320 --> 04:28.629 align:start position:0%
images to help answer some of the most
burning<00:04:26.880><c> questions</c><00:04:27.199><c> about</c><00:04:27.520><c> Mercury.</c><00:04:28.479><c> What</c>

04:28.629 --> 04:28.639 align:start position:0%
burning questions about Mercury. What
 

04:28.639 --> 04:31.189 align:start position:0%
burning questions about Mercury. What
does<00:04:28.800><c> its</c><00:04:29.040><c> surface</c><00:04:29.520><c> actually</c><00:04:29.840><c> look</c><00:04:30.080><c> like?</c><00:04:30.880><c> How</c>

04:31.189 --> 04:31.199 align:start position:0%
does its surface actually look like? How
 

04:31.199 --> 04:34.790 align:start position:0%
does its surface actually look like? How
young<00:04:31.520><c> is</c><00:04:31.680><c> it?</c><00:04:32.479><c> What</c><00:04:32.720><c> is</c><00:04:32.960><c> it</c><00:04:33.120><c> made</c><00:04:33.360><c> of?</c><00:04:34.320><c> And</c>

04:34.790 --> 04:34.800 align:start position:0%
young is it? What is it made of? And
 

04:34.800 --> 04:38.390 align:start position:0%
young is it? What is it made of? And
what<00:04:35.120><c> surprises</c><00:04:35.840><c> are</c><00:04:36.160><c> lurking</c><00:04:36.560><c> at</c><00:04:36.800><c> its</c><00:04:37.120><c> poles?</c>

04:38.390 --> 04:38.400 align:start position:0%
what surprises are lurking at its poles?
 

04:38.400 --> 04:40.469 align:start position:0%
what surprises are lurking at its poles?
Let's<00:04:38.720><c> find</c><00:04:38.960><c> out.</c>

04:39.335 --> 04:42.605 align:start position:0%
all of Brilliant's courses. So give it a
try.<00:06:00.720><c> But</c><00:06:00.880><c> how</c><00:06:01.120><c> did</c><00:06:01.440><c> Bey</c><00:06:01.840><c> Columbbo</c><00:06:02.400><c> do</c><00:06:02.720><c> in</c><00:06:02.960><c> its</c>

04:42.605 --> 04:42.615 align:start position:0%
try. But how did Bey Columbbo do in its
 

04:42.615 --> 04:45.246 align:start position:0%
try. But how did Bey Columbbo do in its
own<00:06:03.440><c> search</c><00:06:03.680><c> for</c><00:06:03.840><c> answers</c><00:06:04.240><c> about</c><00:06:04.560><c> Mercury?</c><00:06:05.680><c> On</c>

04:45.246 --> 04:45.256 align:start position:0%
own search for answers about Mercury? On
 

04:45.256 --> 04:48.605 align:start position:0%
own search for answers about Mercury? On
the<00:06:06.000><c> 4th</c><00:06:06.319><c> of</c><00:06:06.479><c> September</c><00:06:07.039><c> 2024,</c><00:06:08.080><c> Bey</c><00:06:08.479><c> Columbo</c>

04:48.605 --> 04:48.615 align:start position:0%
the 4th of September 2024, Bey Columbo
 

04:48.615 --> 04:51.086 align:start position:0%
the 4th of September 2024, Bey Columbo
skimmed<00:06:09.759><c> past</c><00:06:10.160><c> Mercury</c><00:06:10.639><c> at</c><00:06:10.880><c> an</c><00:06:11.039><c> altitude</c><00:06:11.440><c> of</c>

04:51.086 --> 04:51.096 align:start position:0%
skimmed past Mercury at an altitude of
 

04:51.096 --> 04:52.605 align:start position:0%
skimmed past Mercury at an altitude of
just

04:52.605 --> 04:52.615 align:start position:0%
just
 

04:52.615 --> 04:56.206 align:start position:0%
just
165<00:06:13.840><c> km</c><00:06:14.560><c> above</c><00:06:14.880><c> the</c><00:06:15.120><c> surface.</c><00:06:16.160><c> This</c><00:06:16.400><c> was</c><00:06:16.560><c> the</c>

04:56.206 --> 04:56.216 align:start position:0%
165 km above the surface. This was the
 

04:56.216 --> 04:57.885 align:start position:0%
165 km above the surface. This was the
fourth<00:06:17.120><c> time</c><00:06:17.280><c> it</c><00:06:17.520><c> undertook</c><00:06:18.000><c> one</c><00:06:18.160><c> of</c><00:06:18.240><c> these</c>

04:57.885 --> 04:57.895 align:start position:0%
fourth time it undertook one of these
 

04:57.895 --> 05:00.286 align:start position:0%
fourth time it undertook one of these
flybys,<00:06:19.360><c> each</c><00:06:19.759><c> getting</c><00:06:20.080><c> it</c><00:06:20.319><c> closer</c><00:06:20.720><c> than</c>

05:00.286 --> 05:00.296 align:start position:0%
flybys, each getting it closer than
 

05:00.296 --> 05:02.526 align:start position:0%
flybys, each getting it closer than
before.<00:06:21.919><c> You</c><00:06:22.160><c> can</c><00:06:22.400><c> see</c><00:06:22.639><c> some</c><00:06:22.800><c> of</c><00:06:22.960><c> the</c>

05:02.526 --> 05:02.536 align:start position:0%
before. You can see some of the
 

05:02.536 --> 05:04.126 align:start position:0%
before. You can see some of the
discoveries<00:06:23.520><c> from</c><00:06:23.759><c> the</c><00:06:23.919><c> first</c><00:06:24.160><c> few</c><00:06:24.400><c> in</c><00:06:24.560><c> my</c>

05:04.126 --> 05:04.136 align:start position:0%
discoveries from the first few in my
 

05:04.136 --> 05:07.165 align:start position:0%
discoveries from the first few in my
last<00:06:24.880><c> Bey</c><00:06:25.280><c> Columbo</c><00:06:25.759><c> video</c><00:06:26.000><c> here.</c><00:06:27.039><c> As</c><00:06:27.440><c> Beepy</c>

05:07.165 --> 05:07.175 align:start position:0%
last Bey Columbo video here. As Beepy
 

05:07.175 --> 05:09.006 align:start position:0%
last Bey Columbo video here. As Beepy
Columbo<00:06:28.160><c> pulled</c><00:06:28.400><c> away,</c><00:06:28.880><c> its</c><00:06:29.120><c> monitoring</c>

05:09.006 --> 05:09.016 align:start position:0%
Columbo pulled away, its monitoring
 

05:09.016 --> 05:10.846 align:start position:0%
Columbo pulled away, its monitoring
cameras<00:06:30.160><c> captured</c><00:06:30.639><c> something</c><00:06:30.880><c> that</c>

05:10.846 --> 05:10.856 align:start position:0%
cameras captured something that
 

05:10.856 --> 05:13.246 align:start position:0%
cameras captured something that
immediately<00:06:32.000><c> caught</c><00:06:32.319><c> scientists</c><00:06:32.880><c> attention.</c>

05:13.246 --> 05:13.256 align:start position:0%
immediately caught scientists attention.
 

05:13.256 --> 05:16.605 align:start position:0%
immediately caught scientists attention.
a<00:06:34.160><c> massive</c><00:06:35.120><c> perfectly</c><00:06:35.680><c> round</c><00:06:36.080><c> crater</c><00:06:36.639><c> called</c>

05:16.605 --> 05:16.615 align:start position:0%
a massive perfectly round crater called
 

05:16.615 --> 05:20.286 align:start position:0%
a massive perfectly round crater called
a<00:06:37.520><c> peak</c><00:06:37.919><c> ring</c><00:06:38.319><c> basin.</c><00:06:39.600><c> Peak</c><00:06:39.919><c> ring</c><00:06:40.160><c> basins</c><00:06:40.720><c> are</c>

05:20.286 --> 05:20.296 align:start position:0%
a peak ring basin. Peak ring basins are
 

05:20.296 --> 05:22.605 align:start position:0%
a peak ring basin. Peak ring basins are
some<00:06:41.120><c> of</c><00:06:41.280><c> the</c><00:06:41.520><c> strangest</c><00:06:42.080><c> land</c><00:06:42.400><c> forms</c><00:06:42.720><c> in</c><00:06:43.039><c> the</c>

05:22.605 --> 05:22.615 align:start position:0%
some of the strangest land forms in the
 

05:22.615 --> 05:25.165 align:start position:0%
some of the strangest land forms in the
solar<00:06:43.520><c> system.</c><00:06:44.240><c> They're</c><00:06:44.560><c> enormous.</c><00:06:45.360><c> The</c><00:06:45.520><c> ones</c>

05:25.165 --> 05:25.175 align:start position:0%
solar system. They're enormous. The ones
 

05:25.175 --> 05:28.605 align:start position:0%
solar system. They're enormous. The ones
on<00:06:45.919><c> Mercury</c><00:06:46.400><c> measure</c><00:06:46.720><c> between</c><00:06:47.600><c> 130</c><00:06:47.919><c> and</c><00:06:48.400><c> 330</c>

05:28.605 --> 05:28.615 align:start position:0%
on Mercury measure between 130 and 330
 

05:28.615 --> 05:31.486 align:start position:0%
on Mercury measure between 130 and 330
km<00:06:49.680><c> across</c><00:06:50.240><c> and</c><00:06:50.479><c> are</c><00:06:50.720><c> created</c><00:06:51.039><c> by</c><00:06:51.440><c> powerful</c>

05:31.486 --> 05:31.496 align:start position:0%
km across and are created by powerful
 

05:31.496 --> 05:34.526 align:start position:0%
km across and are created by powerful
asteroid<00:06:52.639><c> or</c><00:06:53.039><c> comet</c><00:06:53.520><c> impacts.</c><00:06:54.560><c> They</c><00:06:54.800><c> strike</c>

05:34.526 --> 05:34.536 align:start position:0%
asteroid or comet impacts. They strike
 

05:34.536 --> 05:36.846 align:start position:0%
asteroid or comet impacts. They strike
the<00:06:55.280><c> planet</c><00:06:55.680><c> with</c><00:06:55.919><c> such</c><00:06:56.240><c> force</c><00:06:56.960><c> that</c><00:06:57.199><c> the</c>

05:36.846 --> 05:36.856 align:start position:0%
the planet with such force that the
 

05:36.856 --> 05:40.286 align:start position:0%
the planet with such force that the
ground<00:06:57.759><c> itself</c><00:06:58.560><c> rebounds,</c><00:06:59.520><c> creating</c><00:07:00.000><c> a</c><00:07:00.319><c> ring</c>

05:40.286 --> 05:40.296 align:start position:0%
ground itself rebounds, creating a ring
 

05:40.296 --> 05:42.846 align:start position:0%
ground itself rebounds, creating a ring
of<00:07:01.199><c> mountain</c><00:07:01.599><c> peaks</c><00:07:02.000><c> on</c><00:07:02.160><c> the</c><00:07:02.240><c> crater</c><00:07:02.720><c> floor.</c>

05:42.846 --> 05:42.856 align:start position:0%
of mountain peaks on the crater floor.
 

05:42.856 --> 05:45.086 align:start position:0%
of mountain peaks on the crater floor.
You<00:07:03.680><c> can</c><00:07:03.759><c> think</c><00:07:03.919><c> of</c><00:07:04.080><c> it</c><00:07:04.240><c> like</c><00:07:04.639><c> a</c><00:07:04.960><c> geological</c>

05:45.086 --> 05:45.096 align:start position:0%
You can think of it like a geological
 

05:45.096 --> 05:48.526 align:start position:0%
You can think of it like a geological
shock<00:07:06.080><c> wave</c><00:07:06.560><c> frozen</c><00:07:07.039><c> in</c><00:07:07.360><c> stone.</c><00:07:08.720><c> Now,</c><00:07:08.960><c> the</c>

05:48.526 --> 05:48.536 align:start position:0%
shock wave frozen in stone. Now, the
 

05:48.536 --> 05:50.445 align:start position:0%
shock wave frozen in stone. Now, the
existence<00:07:09.520><c> of</c><00:07:09.680><c> these</c><00:07:10.000><c> peer</c><00:07:10.240><c> ring</c><00:07:10.560><c> basins</c>

05:50.445 --> 05:50.455 align:start position:0%
existence of these peer ring basins
 

05:50.455 --> 05:53.246 align:start position:0%
existence of these peer ring basins
wasn't<00:07:11.440><c> new</c><00:07:11.759><c> information,</c><00:07:12.880><c> but</c><00:07:13.120><c> these</c><00:07:13.440><c> images</c>

05:53.246 --> 05:53.256 align:start position:0%
wasn't new information, but these images
 

05:53.256 --> 05:55.246 align:start position:0%
wasn't new information, but these images
were<00:07:14.000><c> the</c><00:07:14.240><c> first</c><00:07:14.400><c> to</c><00:07:14.639><c> showcase</c><00:07:15.039><c> them</c><00:07:15.280><c> in</c><00:07:15.520><c> such</c>

05:55.246 --> 05:55.256 align:start position:0%
were the first to showcase them in such
 

05:55.256 --> 05:58.846 align:start position:0%
were the first to showcase them in such
high<00:07:16.319><c> resolution</c><00:07:17.039><c> and</c><00:07:17.360><c> from</c><00:07:17.759><c> so</c><00:07:18.240><c> close</c><00:07:18.560><c> up.</c>

05:58.846 --> 05:58.856 align:start position:0%
high resolution and from so close up.
 

05:58.856 --> 06:01.566 align:start position:0%
high resolution and from so close up.
Take<00:07:19.599><c> a</c><00:07:19.840><c> look</c><00:07:19.919><c> at</c><00:07:20.080><c> this.</c><00:07:20.960><c> This</c><00:07:21.199><c> is</c><00:07:21.280><c> the</c><00:07:21.520><c> Vivaldi</c>

06:01.566 --> 06:01.576 align:start position:0%
Take a look at this. This is the Vivaldi
 

06:01.576 --> 06:05.806 align:start position:0%
Take a look at this. This is the Vivaldi
crater<00:07:22.880><c> measuring</c><00:07:23.680><c> 213</c><00:07:24.560><c> km</c><00:07:25.039><c> across.</c><00:07:26.000><c> Because</c>

06:05.806 --> 06:05.816 align:start position:0%
crater measuring 213 km across. Because
 

06:05.816 --> 06:07.646 align:start position:0%
crater measuring 213 km across. Because
Beepy<00:07:26.720><c> Columbbo</c><00:07:27.199><c> approached</c><00:07:27.599><c> from</c><00:07:27.759><c> the</c><00:07:27.919><c> night</c>

06:07.646 --> 06:07.656 align:start position:0%
Beepy Columbbo approached from the night
 

06:07.656 --> 06:09.806 align:start position:0%
Beepy Columbbo approached from the night
side,<00:07:28.880><c> it</c><00:07:29.120><c> managed</c><00:07:29.360><c> to</c><00:07:29.599><c> capture</c><00:07:30.000><c> this</c>

06:09.806 --> 06:09.816 align:start position:0%
side, it managed to capture this
 

06:09.816 --> 06:12.686 align:start position:0%
side, it managed to capture this
dramatic<00:07:31.120><c> photo</c><00:07:31.680><c> emphasizing</c><00:07:32.400><c> its</c><00:07:32.639><c> terrain</c>

06:12.686 --> 06:12.696 align:start position:0%
dramatic photo emphasizing its terrain
 

06:12.696 --> 06:14.526 align:start position:0%
dramatic photo emphasizing its terrain
thanks<00:07:33.520><c> to</c><00:07:33.680><c> the</c><00:07:33.840><c> shadows</c><00:07:34.240><c> of</c><00:07:34.400><c> the</c><00:07:34.639><c> sunrise</c>

06:14.526 --> 06:14.536 align:start position:0%
thanks to the shadows of the sunrise
 

06:14.536 --> 06:16.766 align:start position:0%
thanks to the shadows of the sunrise
below.<00:07:36.000><c> And</c><00:07:36.240><c> for</c><00:07:36.400><c> the</c><00:07:36.560><c> first</c><00:07:36.880><c> time,</c>

06:16.766 --> 06:16.776 align:start position:0%
below. And for the first time,
 

06:16.776 --> 06:18.846 align:start position:0%
below. And for the first time,
scientists<00:07:37.840><c> got</c><00:07:38.000><c> a</c><00:07:38.240><c> glimpse</c><00:07:38.560><c> at</c><00:07:38.800><c> the</c><00:07:38.960><c> visible</c>

06:18.846 --> 06:18.856 align:start position:0%
scientists got a glimpse at the visible
 

06:18.856 --> 06:21.165 align:start position:0%
scientists got a glimpse at the visible
gap<00:07:39.759><c> in</c><00:07:39.919><c> the</c><00:07:40.160><c> ring</c><00:07:40.400><c> of</c><00:07:40.560><c> the</c><00:07:40.720><c> peaks</c><00:07:41.440><c> where</c>

06:21.165 --> 06:21.175 align:start position:0%
gap in the ring of the peaks where
 

06:21.175 --> 06:23.086 align:start position:0%
gap in the ring of the peaks where
ancient<00:07:42.160><c> lava</c><00:07:42.560><c> flows</c><00:07:42.960><c> would</c><00:07:43.120><c> have</c><00:07:43.360><c> entered</c>

06:23.086 --> 06:23.096 align:start position:0%
ancient lava flows would have entered
 

06:23.096 --> 06:25.885 align:start position:0%
ancient lava flows would have entered
and<00:07:44.000><c> flooded</c><00:07:44.560><c> the</c><00:07:44.800><c> crater.</c><00:07:46.000><c> Just</c><00:07:46.160><c> a</c><00:07:46.400><c> few</c>

06:25.885 --> 06:25.895 align:start position:0%
and flooded the crater. Just a few
 

06:25.895 --> 06:28.126 align:start position:0%
and flooded the crater. Just a few
minutes<00:07:46.800><c> later,</c><00:07:47.360><c> Bey</c><00:07:47.759><c> Columbo</c><00:07:48.160><c> snapped</c><00:07:48.560><c> a</c>

06:28.126 --> 06:28.136 align:start position:0%
minutes later, Bey Columbo snapped a
 

06:28.136 --> 06:30.766 align:start position:0%
minutes later, Bey Columbo snapped a
photo<00:07:49.039><c> of</c><00:07:49.280><c> another</c><00:07:49.759><c> peak</c><00:07:50.160><c> ring</c><00:07:50.400><c> basin,</c><00:07:51.039><c> which</c>

06:30.766 --> 06:30.776 align:start position:0%
photo of another peak ring basin, which
 

06:30.776 --> 06:33.086 align:start position:0%
photo of another peak ring basin, which
had<00:07:51.599><c> not</c><00:07:51.759><c> yet</c><00:07:52.000><c> been</c><00:07:52.240><c> named</c><00:07:53.039><c> since</c><00:07:53.280><c> it</c><00:07:53.520><c> came</c>

06:33.086 --> 06:33.096 align:start position:0%
had not yet been named since it came
 

06:33.096 --> 06:35.885 align:start position:0%
had not yet been named since it came
into<00:07:54.000><c> such</c><00:07:54.319><c> clear</c><00:07:54.720><c> view.</c><00:07:55.280><c> David</c><00:07:55.680><c> Rosery,</c>

06:35.885 --> 06:35.895 align:start position:0%
into such clear view. David Rosery,
 

06:35.895 --> 06:37.966 align:start position:0%
into such clear view. David Rosery,
professor<00:07:56.960><c> of</c><00:07:57.120><c> planetary</c><00:07:57.599><c> geosciences</c><00:07:58.400><c> at</c>

06:37.966 --> 06:37.976 align:start position:0%
professor of planetary geosciences at
 

06:37.976 --> 06:40.605 align:start position:0%
professor of planetary geosciences at
the<00:07:58.720><c> UK's</c><00:07:59.120><c> Open</c><00:07:59.520><c> University</c><00:08:00.400><c> and</c><00:08:00.720><c> part</c><00:08:00.960><c> of</c><00:08:01.039><c> the</c>

06:40.605 --> 06:40.615 align:start position:0%
the UK's Open University and part of the
 

06:40.615 --> 06:43.086 align:start position:0%
the UK's Open University and part of the
Bey<00:08:01.520><c> Columbo</c><00:08:02.000><c> imaging</c><00:08:02.479><c> team,</c><00:08:03.120><c> decided</c><00:08:03.520><c> to</c>

06:43.086 --> 06:43.096 align:start position:0%
Bey Columbo imaging team, decided to
 

06:43.096 --> 06:45.246 align:start position:0%
Bey Columbo imaging team, decided to
name<00:08:03.919><c> it</c><00:08:04.400><c> in</c><00:08:04.639><c> case</c><00:08:04.800><c> it</c><00:08:05.039><c> would</c><00:08:05.199><c> be</c><00:08:05.280><c> of</c><00:08:05.599><c> interest</c>

06:45.246 --> 06:45.256 align:start position:0%
name it in case it would be of interest
 

06:45.256 --> 06:47.646 align:start position:0%
name it in case it would be of interest
to<00:08:06.000><c> Mercury</c><00:08:06.400><c> scientists</c><00:08:06.800><c> in</c><00:08:07.039><c> the</c><00:08:07.120><c> future.</c><00:08:08.080><c> And</c>

06:47.646 --> 06:47.656 align:start position:0%
to Mercury scientists in the future. And
 

06:47.656 --> 06:51.646 align:start position:0%
to Mercury scientists in the future. And
so<00:08:08.720><c> the</c><00:08:09.440><c> 155</c><00:08:10.000><c> km</c><00:08:10.479><c> wide</c><00:08:10.800><c> crater</c><00:08:11.440><c> was</c><00:08:11.680><c> dubbed</c>

06:51.646 --> 06:51.656 align:start position:0%
so the 155 km wide crater was dubbed
 

06:51.656 --> 06:54.285 align:start position:0%
so the 155 km wide crater was dubbed
Stoddard<00:08:13.120><c> after</c><00:08:13.440><c> the</c><00:08:13.599><c> New</c><00:08:13.759><c> Zealand</c><00:08:14.160><c> painter</c>

06:54.285 --> 06:54.295 align:start position:0%
Stoddard after the New Zealand painter
 

06:54.295 --> 06:57.486 align:start position:0%
Stoddard after the New Zealand painter
Margaret<00:08:15.360><c> Stoddard.</c><00:08:16.720><c> Mercury's</c><00:08:17.199><c> surface</c><00:08:17.680><c> was</c>

06:57.486 --> 06:57.496 align:start position:0%
Margaret Stoddard. Mercury's surface was
 

06:57.496 --> 06:59.646 align:start position:0%
Margaret Stoddard. Mercury's surface was
littered<00:08:18.560><c> with</c><00:08:18.800><c> these</c><00:08:19.039><c> formations,</c><00:08:19.919><c> making</c>

06:59.646 --> 06:59.656 align:start position:0%
littered with these formations, making
 

06:59.656 --> 07:01.966 align:start position:0%
littered with these formations, making
them<00:08:20.479><c> one</c><00:08:20.720><c> of</c><00:08:20.800><c> the</c><00:08:21.039><c> highest</c><00:08:21.440><c> priority</c><00:08:22.000><c> targets</c>

07:01.966 --> 07:01.976 align:start position:0%
them one of the highest priority targets
 

07:01.976 --> 07:04.285 align:start position:0%
them one of the highest priority targets
for<00:08:22.800><c> Beep</c><00:08:23.120><c> Columbbo</c><00:08:23.599><c> to</c><00:08:23.759><c> investigate</c><00:08:24.319><c> once</c><00:08:24.639><c> it</c>

07:04.285 --> 07:04.295 align:start position:0%
for Beep Columbbo to investigate once it
 

07:04.295 --> 07:07.005 align:start position:0%
for Beep Columbbo to investigate once it
slots<00:08:25.280><c> into</c><00:08:25.599><c> orbit</c><00:08:26.000><c> around</c><00:08:26.240><c> the</c><00:08:26.479><c> planet.</c><00:08:27.360><c> By</c>

07:07.005 --> 07:07.015 align:start position:0%
slots into orbit around the planet. By
 

07:07.015 --> 07:09.566 align:start position:0%
slots into orbit around the planet. By
analyzing<00:08:28.240><c> the</c><00:08:28.479><c> material</c><00:08:28.960><c> in</c><00:08:29.199><c> the</c><00:08:29.360><c> peak</c><00:08:29.680><c> ring,</c>

07:09.566 --> 07:09.576 align:start position:0%
analyzing the material in the peak ring,
 

07:09.576 --> 07:11.646 align:start position:0%
analyzing the material in the peak ring,
we<00:08:30.400><c> can</c><00:08:30.479><c> get</c><00:08:30.639><c> a</c><00:08:30.879><c> better</c><00:08:31.120><c> idea</c><00:08:31.599><c> of</c><00:08:31.840><c> what</c>

07:11.646 --> 07:11.656 align:start position:0%
we can get a better idea of what
 

07:11.656 --> 07:13.726 align:start position:0%
we can get a better idea of what
Mercury's<00:08:32.719><c> subsurface</c><00:08:33.279><c> is</c><00:08:33.440><c> made</c><00:08:33.599><c> of,</c><00:08:34.080><c> which</c>

07:13.726 --> 07:13.736 align:start position:0%
Mercury's subsurface is made of, which
 

07:13.736 --> 07:16.046 align:start position:0%
Mercury's subsurface is made of, which
could<00:08:34.560><c> inform</c><00:08:35.039><c> our</c><00:08:35.279><c> theories</c><00:08:35.680><c> on</c><00:08:35.919><c> how</c><00:08:36.159><c> rocky</c>

07:16.046 --> 07:16.056 align:start position:0%
could inform our theories on how rocky
 

07:16.056 --> 07:19.005 align:start position:0%
could inform our theories on how rocky
planets<00:08:37.039><c> and</c><00:08:37.440><c> exoplanets</c><00:08:38.240><c> form.</c><00:08:39.200><c> But</c><00:08:39.440><c> this</c>

07:19.005 --> 07:19.015 align:start position:0%
planets and exoplanets form. But this
 

07:19.015 --> 07:21.166 align:start position:0%
planets and exoplanets form. But this
wasn't<00:08:39.919><c> the</c><00:08:40.159><c> only</c><00:08:40.479><c> strange</c><00:08:40.880><c> surface</c><00:08:41.279><c> marking</c>

07:21.166 --> 07:21.176 align:start position:0%
wasn't the only strange surface marking
 

07:21.176 --> 07:24.606 align:start position:0%
wasn't the only strange surface marking
Bey<00:08:42.159><c> Columbo</c><00:08:42.640><c> observed.</c><00:08:43.680><c> 3</c><00:08:44.000><c> months</c><00:08:44.320><c> later</c><00:08:45.040><c> on</c>

07:24.606 --> 07:24.616 align:start position:0%
Bey Columbo observed. 3 months later on
 

07:24.616 --> 07:27.886 align:start position:0%
Bey Columbo observed. 3 months later on
the<00:08:45.360><c> 1st</c><00:08:45.600><c> of</c><00:08:45.760><c> December</c><00:08:46.240><c> 2024,</c><00:08:47.440><c> it</c><00:08:47.680><c> swung</c><00:08:48.160><c> by</c>

07:27.886 --> 07:27.896 align:start position:0%
the 1st of December 2024, it swung by
 

07:27.896 --> 07:30.046 align:start position:0%
the 1st of December 2024, it swung by
the<00:08:48.640><c> planet</c><00:08:49.040><c> again</c><00:08:49.680><c> and</c><00:08:49.920><c> for</c><00:08:50.080><c> the</c><00:08:50.320><c> first</c><00:08:50.480><c> time</c>

07:30.046 --> 07:30.056 align:start position:0%
the planet again and for the first time
 

07:30.056 --> 07:33.006 align:start position:0%
the planet again and for the first time
in<00:08:50.959><c> history</c><00:08:51.760><c> captured</c><00:08:52.240><c> its</c><00:08:52.480><c> surface</c><00:08:52.880><c> in</c><00:08:53.200><c> mid</c>

07:33.006 --> 07:33.016 align:start position:0%
in history captured its surface in mid
 

07:33.016 --> 07:35.566 align:start position:0%
in history captured its surface in mid
infrared<00:08:54.160><c> light.</c><00:08:54.880><c> And</c><00:08:55.040><c> what</c><00:08:55.279><c> it</c><00:08:55.440><c> revealed</c>

07:35.566 --> 07:35.576 align:start position:0%
infrared light. And what it revealed
 

07:35.576 --> 07:37.326 align:start position:0%
infrared light. And what it revealed
completely<00:08:56.640><c> flipped</c><00:08:56.959><c> a</c><00:08:57.200><c> decades</c><00:08:57.680><c> old</c>

07:37.326 --> 07:37.336 align:start position:0%
completely flipped a decades old
 

07:37.336 --> 07:40.846 align:start position:0%
completely flipped a decades old
assumption<00:08:58.399><c> about</c><00:08:58.720><c> Mercury</c><00:08:59.279><c> on</c><00:08:59.440><c> its</c><00:08:59.760><c> head.</c>

07:40.846 --> 07:40.856 align:start position:0%
assumption about Mercury on its head.
 

07:40.856 --> 07:43.166 align:start position:0%
assumption about Mercury on its head.
Researchers<00:09:02.000><c> used</c><00:09:02.240><c> the</c><00:09:02.480><c> Mercury</c><00:09:03.040><c> radiometer</c>

07:43.166 --> 07:43.176 align:start position:0%
Researchers used the Mercury radiometer
 

07:43.176 --> 07:45.886 align:start position:0%
Researchers used the Mercury radiometer
and<00:09:04.160><c> thermal</c><00:09:04.640><c> infrared</c><00:09:05.200><c> spectrometer</c><00:09:06.160><c> or</c>

07:45.886 --> 07:45.896 align:start position:0%
and thermal infrared spectrometer or
 

07:45.896 --> 07:48.046 align:start position:0%
and thermal infrared spectrometer or
METIS<00:09:07.120><c> to</c><00:09:07.360><c> scan</c><00:09:07.600><c> the</c><00:09:07.760><c> surface</c><00:09:08.080><c> of</c><00:09:08.160><c> the</c><00:09:08.320><c> planet</c>

07:48.046 --> 07:48.056 align:start position:0%
METIS to scan the surface of the planet
 

07:48.056 --> 07:50.046 align:start position:0%
METIS to scan the surface of the planet
in<00:09:08.880><c> an</c><00:09:09.040><c> attempt</c><00:09:09.360><c> to</c><00:09:09.519><c> better</c><00:09:09.920><c> understand</c><00:09:10.399><c> what</c>

07:50.046 --> 07:50.056 align:start position:0%
in an attempt to better understand what
 

07:50.056 --> 07:52.606 align:start position:0%
in an attempt to better understand what
it's<00:09:10.880><c> made</c><00:09:11.040><c> of.</c><00:09:11.920><c> See,</c><00:09:12.160><c> when</c><00:09:12.320><c> a</c><00:09:12.560><c> material</c><00:09:12.959><c> is</c>

07:52.606 --> 07:52.616 align:start position:0%
it's made of. See, when a material is
 

07:52.616 --> 07:55.006 align:start position:0%
it's made of. See, when a material is
bombarded<00:09:13.839><c> with</c><00:09:14.080><c> mid-infrared</c><00:09:14.800><c> wavelengths,</c>

07:55.006 --> 07:55.016 align:start position:0%
bombarded with mid-infrared wavelengths,
 

07:55.016 --> 07:57.245 align:start position:0%
bombarded with mid-infrared wavelengths,
the<00:09:15.839><c> chemical</c><00:09:16.240><c> bonds</c><00:09:16.640><c> within</c><00:09:16.880><c> the</c><00:09:17.120><c> molecules</c>

07:57.245 --> 07:57.255 align:start position:0%
the chemical bonds within the molecules
 

07:57.255 --> 07:59.166 align:start position:0%
the chemical bonds within the molecules
absorb<00:09:18.399><c> specific</c><00:09:18.880><c> frequencies</c><00:09:19.360><c> of</c><00:09:19.519><c> this</c>

07:59.166 --> 07:59.176 align:start position:0%
absorb specific frequencies of this
 

07:59.176 --> 08:01.245 align:start position:0%
absorb specific frequencies of this
light,<00:09:20.320><c> causing</c><00:09:20.640><c> them</c><00:09:20.800><c> to</c><00:09:20.959><c> vibrate</c><00:09:21.519><c> in</c>

08:01.245 --> 08:01.255 align:start position:0%
light, causing them to vibrate in
 

08:01.255 --> 08:03.805 align:start position:0%
light, causing them to vibrate in
distinct<00:09:22.240><c> ways.</c><00:09:23.200><c> Because</c><00:09:23.519><c> every</c><00:09:23.839><c> molecule</c>

08:03.805 --> 08:03.815 align:start position:0%
distinct ways. Because every molecule
 

08:03.815 --> 08:06.446 align:start position:0%
distinct ways. Because every molecule
has<00:09:24.720><c> a</c><00:09:24.959><c> unique</c><00:09:25.360><c> set</c><00:09:25.600><c> of</c><00:09:25.760><c> bonds,</c><00:09:26.399><c> the</c><00:09:26.640><c> resulting</c>

08:06.446 --> 08:06.456 align:start position:0%
has a unique set of bonds, the resulting
 

08:06.456 --> 08:08.846 align:start position:0%
has a unique set of bonds, the resulting
absorption<00:09:27.680><c> pattern</c><00:09:28.160><c> acts</c><00:09:28.399><c> as</c><00:09:28.560><c> a</c><00:09:28.800><c> definitive</c>

08:08.846 --> 08:08.856 align:start position:0%
absorption pattern acts as a definitive
 

08:08.856 --> 08:11.006 align:start position:0%
absorption pattern acts as a definitive
chemical<00:09:29.920><c> fingerprint,</c><00:09:30.720><c> which</c><00:09:30.959><c> can</c><00:09:31.120><c> be</c><00:09:31.279><c> cross</c>

08:11.006 --> 08:11.016 align:start position:0%
chemical fingerprint, which can be cross
 

08:11.016 --> 08:13.566 align:start position:0%
chemical fingerprint, which can be cross
referenced<00:09:32.000><c> with</c><00:09:32.160><c> known</c><00:09:32.480><c> substances.</c><00:09:33.680><c> So</c><00:09:34.000><c> for</c>

08:13.566 --> 08:13.576 align:start position:0%
referenced with known substances. So for
 

08:13.576 --> 08:15.805 align:start position:0%
referenced with known substances. So for
example,<00:09:34.880><c> the</c><00:09:35.120><c> chemical</c><00:09:35.519><c> fingerprint</c><00:09:36.080><c> of</c>

08:15.805 --> 08:15.815 align:start position:0%
example, the chemical fingerprint of
 

08:15.815 --> 08:18.046 align:start position:0%
example, the chemical fingerprint of
graphite<00:09:37.040><c> looks</c><00:09:37.279><c> like</c><00:09:37.519><c> this.</c><00:09:38.240><c> While</c><00:09:38.399><c> the</c>

08:18.046 --> 08:18.056 align:start position:0%
graphite looks like this. While the
 

08:18.056 --> 08:19.966 align:start position:0%
graphite looks like this. While the
chemical<00:09:38.959><c> fingerprint</c><00:09:39.440><c> of</c><00:09:39.600><c> sulfur</c><00:09:40.320><c> looks</c>

08:19.966 --> 08:19.976 align:start position:0%
chemical fingerprint of sulfur looks
 

08:19.976 --> 08:22.446 align:start position:0%
chemical fingerprint of sulfur looks
like<00:09:40.800><c> this.</c><00:09:41.920><c> Mertis</c><00:09:42.480><c> operates</c><00:09:42.800><c> at</c>

08:22.446 --> 08:22.456 align:start position:0%
like this. Mertis operates at
 

08:22.456 --> 08:25.805 align:start position:0%
like this. Mertis operates at
wavelengths<00:09:43.600><c> between</c><00:09:44.000><c> 7</c><00:09:44.399><c> to</c><00:09:44.880><c> 14</c><00:09:45.360><c> micrometers.</c>

08:25.805 --> 08:25.815 align:start position:0%
wavelengths between 7 to 14 micrometers.
 

08:25.815 --> 08:28.126 align:start position:0%
wavelengths between 7 to 14 micrometers.
The<00:09:46.640><c> ideal</c><00:09:47.040><c> range</c><00:09:47.279><c> for</c><00:09:47.600><c> fingerprinting</c><00:09:48.320><c> rock</c>

08:28.126 --> 08:28.136 align:start position:0%
The ideal range for fingerprinting rock
 

08:28.136 --> 08:31.166 align:start position:0%
The ideal range for fingerprinting rock
forming<00:09:49.120><c> minerals.</c><00:09:50.160><c> Harold</c><00:09:50.720><c> Heissinger,</c><00:09:51.519><c> the</c>

08:31.166 --> 08:31.176 align:start position:0%
forming minerals. Harold Heissinger, the
 

08:31.176 --> 08:33.406 align:start position:0%
forming minerals. Harold Heissinger, the
Mertis's<00:09:52.480><c> principal</c><00:09:52.959><c> investigator</c><00:09:53.519><c> from</c><00:09:53.760><c> the</c>

08:33.406 --> 08:33.416 align:start position:0%
Mertis's principal investigator from the
 

08:33.416 --> 08:36.126 align:start position:0%
Mertis's principal investigator from the
University<00:09:54.320><c> of</c><00:09:54.560><c> Müster,</c><00:09:55.200><c> is</c><00:09:55.440><c> optimistic.</c>

08:36.126 --> 08:36.136 align:start position:0%
University of Müster, is optimistic.
 

08:36.136 --> 08:38.925 align:start position:0%
University of Müster, is optimistic.
With<00:09:57.040><c> Mertis,</c><00:09:57.680><c> we</c><00:09:58.000><c> are</c><00:09:58.240><c> breaking</c><00:09:58.640><c> new</c><00:09:58.880><c> ground,</c>

08:38.925 --> 08:38.935 align:start position:0%
With Mertis, we are breaking new ground,
 

08:38.935 --> 08:40.526 align:start position:0%
With Mertis, we are breaking new ground,
and<00:09:59.760><c> we'll</c><00:09:59.920><c> be</c><00:10:00.000><c> able</c><00:10:00.240><c> to</c><00:10:00.399><c> understand</c><00:10:00.800><c> the</c>

08:40.526 --> 08:40.536 align:start position:0%
and we'll be able to understand the
 

08:40.536 --> 08:42.846 align:start position:0%
and we'll be able to understand the
composition,<00:10:01.920><c> minology,</c><00:10:02.640><c> and</c><00:10:03.040><c> temperatures</c>

08:42.846 --> 08:42.856 align:start position:0%
composition, minology, and temperatures
 

08:42.856 --> 08:45.966 align:start position:0%
composition, minology, and temperatures
on<00:10:03.680><c> Mercury</c><00:10:04.240><c> much</c><00:10:04.560><c> better,</c><00:10:05.040><c> he</c><00:10:05.279><c> says.</c><00:10:06.160><c> And</c><00:10:06.320><c> the</c>

08:45.966 --> 08:45.976 align:start position:0%
on Mercury much better, he says. And the
 

08:45.976 --> 08:48.365 align:start position:0%
on Mercury much better, he says. And the
image<00:10:06.720><c> the</c><00:10:06.959><c> team</c><00:10:07.200><c> got</c><00:10:07.440><c> back</c><00:10:07.680><c> after</c><00:10:08.000><c> analysis</c>

08:48.365 --> 08:48.375 align:start position:0%
image the team got back after analysis
 

08:48.375 --> 08:50.766 align:start position:0%
image the team got back after analysis
did<00:10:09.200><c> not</c><00:10:09.440><c> disappoint.</c><00:10:10.560><c> The</c><00:10:10.800><c> first</c><00:10:10.959><c> thing</c><00:10:11.120><c> the</c>

08:50.766 --> 08:50.776 align:start position:0%
did not disappoint. The first thing the
 

08:50.776 --> 08:52.925 align:start position:0%
did not disappoint. The first thing the
team<00:10:11.519><c> noticed</c><00:10:11.920><c> was</c><00:10:12.080><c> the</c><00:10:12.320><c> striking</c><00:10:12.880><c> variation</c>

08:52.925 --> 08:52.935 align:start position:0%
team noticed was the striking variation
 

08:52.935 --> 08:55.326 align:start position:0%
team noticed was the striking variation
in<00:10:13.760><c> the</c><00:10:13.920><c> surface</c><00:10:14.320><c> brightness.</c><00:10:15.360><c> Some</c><00:10:15.600><c> patches</c>

08:55.326 --> 08:55.336 align:start position:0%
in the surface brightness. Some patches
 

08:55.336 --> 08:57.086 align:start position:0%
in the surface brightness. Some patches
of<00:10:16.079><c> Mercury's</c><00:10:16.480><c> surface</c><00:10:16.880><c> shine</c><00:10:17.360><c> more</c>

08:57.086 --> 08:57.096 align:start position:0%
of Mercury's surface shine more
 

08:57.096 --> 08:59.086 align:start position:0%
of Mercury's surface shine more
intensely<00:10:18.240><c> than</c><00:10:18.480><c> others,</c><00:10:19.120><c> shaped</c><00:10:19.440><c> by</c>

08:59.086 --> 08:59.096 align:start position:0%
intensely than others, shaped by
 

08:59.096 --> 09:01.805 align:start position:0%
intensely than others, shaped by
differences<00:10:20.160><c> in</c><00:10:20.480><c> temperature</c><00:10:20.959><c> or</c><00:10:21.360><c> roughness.</c>

09:01.805 --> 09:01.815 align:start position:0%
differences in temperature or roughness.
 

09:01.815 --> 09:04.286 align:start position:0%
differences in temperature or roughness.
These<00:10:22.720><c> variations</c><00:10:23.279><c> could</c><00:10:23.519><c> give</c><00:10:23.680><c> us</c><00:10:23.920><c> clues</c><00:10:24.560><c> to</c>

09:04.286 --> 09:04.296 align:start position:0%
These variations could give us clues to
 

09:04.296 --> 09:06.046 align:start position:0%
These variations could give us clues to
how<00:10:25.360><c> different</c><00:10:25.680><c> parts</c><00:10:26.000><c> of</c><00:10:26.160><c> the</c><00:10:26.320><c> planet</c>

09:06.046 --> 09:06.056 align:start position:0%
how different parts of the planet
 

09:06.056 --> 09:08.446 align:start position:0%
how different parts of the planet
evolved<00:10:27.200><c> or</c><00:10:27.440><c> how</c><00:10:27.680><c> their</c><00:10:27.920><c> geological</c><00:10:28.560><c> activity</c>

09:08.446 --> 09:08.456 align:start position:0%
evolved or how their geological activity
 

09:08.456 --> 09:10.685 align:start position:0%
evolved or how their geological activity
might<00:10:29.279><c> have</c><00:10:29.519><c> differed</c><00:10:29.839><c> in</c><00:10:30.000><c> the</c><00:10:30.160><c> past.</c><00:10:31.040><c> Some</c>

09:10.685 --> 09:10.695 align:start position:0%
might have differed in the past. Some
 

09:10.695 --> 09:13.086 align:start position:0%
might have differed in the past. Some
variations<00:10:31.920><c> are,</c><00:10:32.320><c> of</c><00:10:32.560><c> course,</c><00:10:33.040><c> caused</c><00:10:33.440><c> by</c>

09:13.086 --> 09:13.096 align:start position:0%
variations are, of course, caused by
 

09:13.096 --> 09:15.406 align:start position:0%
variations are, of course, caused by
differences<00:10:34.079><c> in</c><00:10:34.320><c> mineral</c><00:10:34.800><c> composition,</c><00:10:35.760><c> many</c>

09:15.406 --> 09:15.416 align:start position:0%
differences in mineral composition, many
 

09:15.416 --> 09:17.245 align:start position:0%
differences in mineral composition, many
of<00:10:36.160><c> which</c><00:10:36.399><c> differ</c><00:10:36.800><c> greatly</c><00:10:37.200><c> from</c><00:10:37.519><c> anything</c>

09:17.245 --> 09:17.255 align:start position:0%
of which differ greatly from anything
 

09:17.255 --> 09:19.805 align:start position:0%
of which differ greatly from anything
we've<00:10:38.160><c> seen</c><00:10:38.399><c> on</c><00:10:38.560><c> our</c><00:10:38.800><c> home</c><00:10:39.040><c> planet.</c><00:10:40.079><c> Since</c>

09:19.805 --> 09:19.815 align:start position:0%
we've seen on our home planet. Since
 

09:19.815 --> 09:21.805 align:start position:0%
we've seen on our home planet. Since
mercury<00:10:40.880><c> exists</c><00:10:41.200><c> in</c><00:10:41.360><c> an</c><00:10:41.519><c> oxygen</c><00:10:42.079><c> poor</c>

09:21.805 --> 09:21.815 align:start position:0%
mercury exists in an oxygen poor
 

09:21.815 --> 09:24.286 align:start position:0%
mercury exists in an oxygen poor
environment,<00:10:43.360><c> it</c><00:10:43.600><c> has</c><00:10:43.920><c> what</c><00:10:44.240><c> researchers</c>

09:24.286 --> 09:24.296 align:start position:0%
environment, it has what researchers
 

09:24.296 --> 09:27.245 align:start position:0%
environment, it has what researchers
call<00:10:45.360><c> a</c><00:10:45.600><c> reduced</c><00:10:46.240><c> geocchemistry.</c>

09:27.245 --> 09:27.255 align:start position:0%
call a reduced geocchemistry.
 

09:27.255 --> 09:29.485 align:start position:0%
call a reduced geocchemistry.
In<00:10:48.079><c> such</c><00:10:48.320><c> environments,</c><00:10:49.040><c> elements</c><00:10:49.519><c> behave</c><00:10:49.839><c> in</c>

09:29.485 --> 09:29.495 align:start position:0%
In such environments, elements behave in
 

09:29.495 --> 09:31.886 align:start position:0%
In such environments, elements behave in
ways<00:10:50.399><c> that</c><00:10:50.720><c> have</c><00:10:50.959><c> almost</c><00:10:51.360><c> no</c><00:10:51.680><c> parallel</c><00:10:52.240><c> on</c>

09:31.886 --> 09:31.896 align:start position:0%
ways that have almost no parallel on
 

09:31.896 --> 09:34.446 align:start position:0%
ways that have almost no parallel on
Earth.<00:10:53.360><c> Mercury's</c><00:10:53.920><c> rocks</c><00:10:54.320><c> are</c><00:10:54.560><c> rich</c><00:10:54.800><c> in</c>

09:34.446 --> 09:34.456 align:start position:0%
Earth. Mercury's rocks are rich in
 

09:34.456 --> 09:36.846 align:start position:0%
Earth. Mercury's rocks are rich in
sulfur<00:10:55.600><c> and</c><00:10:55.920><c> other</c><00:10:56.240><c> elements</c><00:10:56.640><c> that</c><00:10:56.880><c> flourish</c>

09:36.846 --> 09:36.856 align:start position:0%
sulfur and other elements that flourish
 

09:36.856 --> 09:39.966 align:start position:0%
sulfur and other elements that flourish
without<00:10:57.920><c> oxygen,</c><00:10:58.800><c> forming</c><00:10:59.360><c> unusual</c><00:11:00.000><c> minerals</c>

09:39.966 --> 09:39.976 align:start position:0%
without oxygen, forming unusual minerals
 

09:39.976 --> 09:43.245 align:start position:0%
without oxygen, forming unusual minerals
like<00:11:01.040><c> iron</c><00:11:01.440><c> and</c><00:11:01.760><c> calcium</c><00:11:02.240><c> sulfides.</c><00:11:03.519><c> What</c>

09:43.245 --> 09:43.255 align:start position:0%
like iron and calcium sulfides. What
 

09:43.255 --> 09:45.406 align:start position:0%
like iron and calcium sulfides. What
Mercury's<00:11:04.320><c> surface</c><00:11:04.720><c> is</c><00:11:04.959><c> made</c><00:11:05.120><c> of</c><00:11:05.519><c> and</c><00:11:05.760><c> why</c>

09:45.406 --> 09:45.416 align:start position:0%
Mercury's surface is made of and why
 

09:45.416 --> 09:47.886 align:start position:0%
Mercury's surface is made of and why
it's<00:11:06.240><c> so</c><00:11:06.480><c> dark</c><00:11:07.120><c> are</c><00:11:07.360><c> two</c><00:11:07.600><c> of</c><00:11:07.760><c> the</c><00:11:07.920><c> remaining</c>

09:47.886 --> 09:47.896 align:start position:0%
it's so dark are two of the remaining
 

09:47.896 --> 09:50.206 align:start position:0%
it's so dark are two of the remaining
mysteries<00:11:09.040><c> Beep</c><00:11:09.440><c> Columbo</c><00:11:09.920><c> hopes</c><00:11:10.240><c> to</c><00:11:10.399><c> solve</c>

09:50.206 --> 09:50.216 align:start position:0%
mysteries Beep Columbo hopes to solve
 

09:50.216 --> 09:53.006 align:start position:0%
mysteries Beep Columbo hopes to solve
over<00:11:11.120><c> the</c><00:11:11.279><c> next</c><00:11:11.519><c> few</c><00:11:11.760><c> years.</c><00:11:12.720><c> In</c><00:11:12.959><c> fact,</c><00:11:13.279><c> this</c>

09:53.006 --> 09:53.016 align:start position:0%
over the next few years. In fact, this
 

09:53.016 --> 09:55.166 align:start position:0%
over the next few years. In fact, this
unexpected<00:11:14.320><c> chemistry</c><00:11:14.800><c> has</c><00:11:15.040><c> farreaching</c>

09:55.166 --> 09:55.176 align:start position:0%
unexpected chemistry has farreaching
 

09:55.176 --> 09:57.006 align:start position:0%
unexpected chemistry has farreaching
consequences<00:11:16.399><c> that</c><00:11:16.720><c> might</c><00:11:16.959><c> have</c><00:11:17.120><c> been</c><00:11:17.360><c> easy</c>

09:57.006 --> 09:57.016 align:start position:0%
consequences that might have been easy
 

09:57.016 --> 09:59.566 align:start position:0%
consequences that might have been easy
to<00:11:17.760><c> overlook</c><00:11:18.240><c> initially.</c><00:11:19.279><c> On</c><00:11:19.519><c> Mercury,</c><00:11:20.000><c> we</c>

09:59.566 --> 09:59.576 align:start position:0%
to overlook initially. On Mercury, we
 

09:59.576 --> 10:01.166 align:start position:0%
to overlook initially. On Mercury, we
see<00:11:20.480><c> polished</c><00:11:20.880><c> looking</c><00:11:21.120><c> lava</c><00:11:21.440><c> planes</c>

10:01.166 --> 10:01.176 align:start position:0%
see polished looking lava planes
 

10:01.176 --> 10:03.485 align:start position:0%
see polished looking lava planes
spattered<00:11:22.240><c> across</c><00:11:22.480><c> the</c><00:11:22.720><c> surface.</c><00:11:23.519><c> And</c><00:11:23.680><c> now</c><00:11:23.920><c> we</c>

10:03.485 --> 10:03.495 align:start position:0%
spattered across the surface. And now we
 

10:03.495 --> 10:05.326 align:start position:0%
spattered across the surface. And now we
think<00:11:24.240><c> this</c><00:11:24.480><c> unusual</c><00:11:24.959><c> characteristic</c><00:11:25.680><c> could</c>

10:05.326 --> 10:05.336 align:start position:0%
think this unusual characteristic could
 

10:05.336 --> 10:07.406 align:start position:0%
think this unusual characteristic could
be<00:11:26.240><c> actually</c><00:11:26.560><c> the</c><00:11:26.880><c> result</c><00:11:27.120><c> of</c><00:11:27.440><c> the</c><00:11:27.680><c> unique</c>

10:07.406 --> 10:07.416 align:start position:0%
be actually the result of the unique
 

10:07.416 --> 10:09.566 align:start position:0%
be actually the result of the unique
chemistry<00:11:28.399><c> of</c><00:11:28.560><c> the</c><00:11:28.720><c> planet</c><00:11:29.040><c> itself.</c><00:11:30.000><c> For</c>

10:09.566 --> 10:09.576 align:start position:0%
chemistry of the planet itself. For
 

10:09.576 --> 10:11.966 align:start position:0%
chemistry of the planet itself. For
example,<00:11:30.720><c> on</c><00:11:30.959><c> Earth,</c><00:11:31.519><c> lava</c><00:11:31.920><c> is</c><00:11:32.079><c> built</c><00:11:32.320><c> from</c>

10:11.966 --> 10:11.976 align:start position:0%
example, on Earth, lava is built from
 

10:11.976 --> 10:14.365 align:start position:0%
example, on Earth, lava is built from
silicon<00:11:33.040><c> oxygen</c><00:11:33.519><c> bonds</c><00:11:33.920><c> that</c><00:11:34.160><c> form</c><00:11:34.480><c> long</c>

10:14.365 --> 10:14.375 align:start position:0%
silicon oxygen bonds that form long
 

10:14.375 --> 10:16.925 align:start position:0%
silicon oxygen bonds that form long
sticky<00:11:35.440><c> polymer-like</c><00:11:36.160><c> chains,</c><00:11:36.800><c> which</c><00:11:37.040><c> is</c><00:11:37.200><c> why</c>

10:16.925 --> 10:16.935 align:start position:0%
sticky polymer-like chains, which is why
 

10:16.935 --> 10:19.485 align:start position:0%
sticky polymer-like chains, which is why
generally<00:11:38.240><c> our</c><00:11:38.560><c> lava</c><00:11:38.959><c> is</c><00:11:39.120><c> so</c><00:11:39.279><c> viscous</c><00:11:39.760><c> and</c>

10:19.485 --> 10:19.495 align:start position:0%
generally our lava is so viscous and
 

10:19.495 --> 10:22.286 align:start position:0%
generally our lava is so viscous and
flows<00:11:40.399><c> so</c><00:11:40.720><c> slowly.</c><00:11:41.680><c> Longer</c><00:11:42.160><c> molecules</c><00:11:42.640><c> mean</c>

10:22.286 --> 10:22.296 align:start position:0%
flows so slowly. Longer molecules mean
 

10:22.296 --> 10:24.526 align:start position:0%
flows so slowly. Longer molecules mean
more<00:11:43.200><c> opportunities</c><00:11:43.760><c> for</c><00:11:44.160><c> intermolecular</c>

10:24.526 --> 10:24.536 align:start position:0%
more opportunities for intermolecular
 

10:24.536 --> 10:26.446 align:start position:0%
more opportunities for intermolecular
forces<00:11:45.600><c> that</c><00:11:45.920><c> can</c><00:11:46.079><c> tangle</c><00:11:46.480><c> polymers</c>

10:26.446 --> 10:26.456 align:start position:0%
forces that can tangle polymers
 

10:26.456 --> 10:29.485 align:start position:0%
forces that can tangle polymers
together,<00:11:47.760><c> reducing</c><00:11:48.320><c> flow.</c><00:11:49.120><c> On</c><00:11:49.440><c> mercury,</c>

10:29.485 --> 10:29.495 align:start position:0%
together, reducing flow. On mercury,
 

10:29.495 --> 10:31.326 align:start position:0%
together, reducing flow. On mercury,
however,<00:11:50.800><c> since</c><00:11:51.040><c> there</c><00:11:51.200><c> is</c><00:11:51.360><c> a</c><00:11:51.519><c> lack</c><00:11:51.760><c> of</c>

10:31.326 --> 10:31.336 align:start position:0%
however, since there is a lack of
 

10:31.336 --> 10:33.886 align:start position:0%
however, since there is a lack of
oxygen,<00:11:52.720><c> sulfur</c><00:11:53.200><c> bonds</c><00:11:53.680><c> with</c><00:11:54.000><c> silicon</c>

10:33.886 --> 10:33.896 align:start position:0%
oxygen, sulfur bonds with silicon
 

10:33.896 --> 10:36.365 align:start position:0%
oxygen, sulfur bonds with silicon
instead,<00:11:55.200><c> creating</c><00:11:55.680><c> much</c><00:11:55.920><c> shorter,</c><00:11:56.560><c> less</c>

10:36.365 --> 10:36.375 align:start position:0%
instead, creating much shorter, less
 

10:36.375 --> 10:38.766 align:start position:0%
instead, creating much shorter, less
connected<00:11:57.519><c> structures</c><00:11:58.000><c> that</c><00:11:58.320><c> flow</c><00:11:58.880><c> more</c><00:11:59.200><c> like</c>

10:38.766 --> 10:38.776 align:start position:0%
connected structures that flow more like
 

10:38.776 --> 10:41.966 align:start position:0%
connected structures that flow more like
maple<00:11:59.839><c> syrup</c><00:12:00.320><c> than</c><00:12:00.640><c> earthly</c><00:12:01.120><c> lava.</c><00:12:02.240><c> This</c>

10:41.966 --> 10:41.976 align:start position:0%
maple syrup than earthly lava. This
 

10:41.976 --> 10:44.606 align:start position:0%
maple syrup than earthly lava. This
chemically<00:12:03.120><c> modified,</c><00:12:03.920><c> faster</c><00:12:04.399><c> flowing</c><00:12:04.720><c> lava</c>

10:44.606 --> 10:44.616 align:start position:0%
chemically modified, faster flowing lava
 

10:44.616 --> 10:46.685 align:start position:0%
chemically modified, faster flowing lava
may<00:12:05.519><c> explain</c><00:12:06.000><c> why</c><00:12:06.240><c> Mercury's</c><00:12:06.800><c> volcanic</c>

10:46.685 --> 10:46.695 align:start position:0%
may explain why Mercury's volcanic
 

10:46.695 --> 10:49.966 align:start position:0%
may explain why Mercury's volcanic
planes<00:12:07.680><c> are</c><00:12:08.000><c> so</c><00:12:08.480><c> remarkably</c><00:12:09.279><c> smooth.</c><00:12:10.320><c> But</c>

10:49.966 --> 10:49.976 align:start position:0%
planes are so remarkably smooth. But
 

10:49.976 --> 10:51.646 align:start position:0%
planes are so remarkably smooth. But
there's<00:12:10.800><c> an</c><00:12:10.959><c> even</c><00:12:11.200><c> bigger</c><00:12:11.600><c> story</c><00:12:11.839><c> hidden</c>

10:51.646 --> 10:51.656 align:start position:0%
there's an even bigger story hidden
 

10:51.656 --> 10:54.286 align:start position:0%
there's an even bigger story hidden
here.<00:12:13.040><c> If</c><00:12:13.279><c> Mercury's</c><00:12:13.839><c> ancient</c><00:12:14.160><c> volcanism</c>

10:54.286 --> 10:54.296 align:start position:0%
here. If Mercury's ancient volcanism
 

10:54.296 --> 10:55.886 align:start position:0%
here. If Mercury's ancient volcanism
looks<00:12:15.200><c> fundamentally</c><00:12:15.920><c> different</c><00:12:16.160><c> at</c><00:12:16.399><c> the</c>

10:55.886 --> 10:55.896 align:start position:0%
looks fundamentally different at the
 

10:55.896 --> 10:57.485 align:start position:0%
looks fundamentally different at the
atomic<00:12:16.880><c> level,</c><00:12:17.279><c> then</c><00:12:17.440><c> when</c><00:12:17.600><c> we</c><00:12:17.760><c> search</c><00:12:17.920><c> for</c>

10:57.485 --> 10:57.495 align:start position:0%
atomic level, then when we search for
 

10:57.495 --> 10:59.326 align:start position:0%
atomic level, then when we search for
signs<00:12:18.320><c> of</c><00:12:18.480><c> volcanic</c><00:12:18.959><c> activity</c><00:12:19.360><c> on</c><00:12:19.680><c> other</c>

10:59.326 --> 10:59.336 align:start position:0%
signs of volcanic activity on other
 

10:59.336 --> 11:01.326 align:start position:0%
signs of volcanic activity on other
worlds,<00:12:20.560><c> including</c><00:12:21.040><c> worlds</c><00:12:21.360><c> in</c><00:12:21.600><c> other</c>

11:01.326 --> 11:01.336 align:start position:0%
worlds, including worlds in other
 

11:01.336 --> 11:03.566 align:start position:0%
worlds, including worlds in other
planetary<00:12:22.480><c> systems,</c><00:12:23.279><c> we</c><00:12:23.519><c> might</c><00:12:23.680><c> be</c><00:12:23.839><c> scanning</c>

11:03.566 --> 11:03.576 align:start position:0%
planetary systems, we might be scanning
 

11:03.576 --> 11:05.886 align:start position:0%
planetary systems, we might be scanning
for<00:12:24.399><c> Earthlike</c><00:12:25.040><c> signatures</c><00:12:25.760><c> and</c><00:12:26.000><c> walking</c>

11:05.886 --> 11:05.896 align:start position:0%
for Earthlike signatures and walking
 

11:05.896 --> 11:09.086 align:start position:0%
for Earthlike signatures and walking
right<00:12:26.880><c> past</c><00:12:27.360><c> alien</c><00:12:27.760><c> geology</c><00:12:28.560><c> just</c><00:12:28.800><c> because</c><00:12:29.360><c> it</c>

11:09.086 --> 11:09.096 align:start position:0%
right past alien geology just because it
 

11:09.096 --> 11:10.685 align:start position:0%
right past alien geology just because it
doesn't<00:12:29.920><c> match</c><00:12:30.160><c> our</c><00:12:30.560><c> templates</c><00:12:31.040><c> or</c>

11:10.685 --> 11:10.695 align:start position:0%
doesn't match our templates or
 

11:10.695 --> 11:13.326 align:start position:0%
doesn't match our templates or
assumptions.<00:12:32.720><c> Once</c><00:12:33.120><c> epic</c><00:12:33.440><c> Columbombo</c>

11:13.326 --> 11:13.336 align:start position:0%
assumptions. Once epic Columbombo
 

11:13.336 --> 11:15.646 align:start position:0%
assumptions. Once epic Columbombo
reaches<00:12:34.320><c> orbit,</c><00:12:34.959><c> Mertis</c><00:12:35.440><c> will</c><00:12:35.600><c> produce</c><00:12:35.920><c> a</c>

11:15.646 --> 11:15.656 align:start position:0%
reaches orbit, Mertis will produce a
 

11:15.656 --> 11:18.045 align:start position:0%
reaches orbit, Mertis will produce a
global<00:12:36.720><c> mineral</c><00:12:37.200><c> map</c><00:12:37.440><c> of</c><00:12:37.680><c> Mercury's</c><00:12:38.240><c> surface</c>

11:18.045 --> 11:18.055 align:start position:0%
global mineral map of Mercury's surface
 

11:18.055 --> 11:21.245 align:start position:0%
global mineral map of Mercury's surface
at<00:12:38.959><c> 500</c><00:12:39.519><c> meter</c><00:12:39.839><c> resolution.</c><00:12:40.959><c> That</c><00:12:41.200><c> map</c><00:12:41.519><c> will</c>

11:21.245 --> 11:21.255 align:start position:0%
at 500 meter resolution. That map will
 

11:21.255 --> 11:23.966 align:start position:0%
at 500 meter resolution. That map will
be<00:12:42.000><c> unlike</c><00:12:42.560><c> anything</c><00:12:42.959><c> we've</c><00:12:43.360><c> created</c><00:12:43.680><c> for</c><00:12:44.240><c> any</c>

11:23.966 --> 11:23.976 align:start position:0%
be unlike anything we've created for any
 

11:23.976 --> 11:26.446 align:start position:0%
be unlike anything we've created for any
other<00:12:44.880><c> planet</c><00:12:45.600><c> and</c><00:12:45.839><c> may</c><00:12:46.000><c> force</c><00:12:46.320><c> us</c><00:12:46.480><c> to</c><00:12:46.639><c> rethink</c>

11:26.446 --> 11:26.456 align:start position:0%
other planet and may force us to rethink
 

11:26.456 --> 11:29.086 align:start position:0%
other planet and may force us to rethink
our<00:12:47.440><c> entire</c><00:12:48.000><c> concept</c><00:12:48.399><c> of</c><00:12:48.639><c> planetary</c><00:12:49.120><c> geology</c>

11:29.086 --> 11:29.096 align:start position:0%
our entire concept of planetary geology
 

11:29.096 --> 11:32.045 align:start position:0%
our entire concept of planetary geology
entirely.<00:12:50.959><c> But</c><00:12:51.120><c> these</c><00:12:51.519><c> smooth</c><00:12:51.920><c> planes</c><00:12:52.399><c> aren't</c>

11:32.045 --> 11:32.055 align:start position:0%
entirely. But these smooth planes aren't
 

11:32.055 --> 11:34.045 align:start position:0%
entirely. But these smooth planes aren't
the<00:12:52.880><c> only</c><00:12:53.120><c> mystery</c><00:12:53.519><c> left</c><00:12:53.760><c> on</c><00:12:54.079><c> Mercury's</c>

11:34.045 --> 11:34.055 align:start position:0%
the only mystery left on Mercury's
 

11:34.055 --> 11:35.966 align:start position:0%
the only mystery left on Mercury's
surface.

11:35.966 --> 11:35.976 align:start position:0%
surface.
 

11:35.976 --> 11:37.485 align:start position:0%
surface.
Just<00:12:56.880><c> over</c><00:12:57.120><c> a</c><00:12:57.360><c> month</c><00:12:57.600><c> after</c><00:12:57.920><c> the</c>

11:37.485 --> 11:37.495 align:start position:0%
Just over a month after the
 

11:37.495 --> 11:39.566 align:start position:0%
Just over a month after the
breakthrough,<00:12:58.560><c> mid</c><00:12:58.880><c> infrared</c><00:12:59.440><c> images</c><00:12:59.839><c> of</c>

11:39.566 --> 11:39.576 align:start position:0%
breakthrough, mid infrared images of
 

11:39.576 --> 11:41.886 align:start position:0%
breakthrough, mid infrared images of
Mercury's<00:13:00.639><c> surface,</c><00:13:01.440><c> Bey</c><00:13:01.839><c> Columbo</c>

11:41.886 --> 11:41.896 align:start position:0%
Mercury's surface, Bey Columbo
 

11:41.896 --> 11:44.846 align:start position:0%
Mercury's surface, Bey Columbo
approached<00:13:03.040><c> for</c><00:13:03.440><c> one</c><00:13:03.760><c> final</c><00:13:04.160><c> flyby.</c><00:13:05.120><c> On</c><00:13:05.360><c> the</c>

11:44.846 --> 11:44.856 align:start position:0%
approached for one final flyby. On the
 

11:44.856 --> 11:47.726 align:start position:0%
approached for one final flyby. On the
8th<00:13:05.760><c> of</c><00:13:05.920><c> January</c><00:13:06.399><c> 2025,</c><00:13:07.279><c> the</c><00:13:07.519><c> spacecraft</c><00:13:08.079><c> came</c>

11:47.726 --> 11:47.736 align:start position:0%
8th of January 2025, the spacecraft came
 

11:47.736 --> 11:51.006 align:start position:0%
8th of January 2025, the spacecraft came
within<00:13:08.800><c> 295</c><00:13:09.839><c> km</c><00:13:10.320><c> of</c><00:13:10.480><c> the</c><00:13:10.639><c> planet</c><00:13:10.959><c> surface,</c>

11:51.006 --> 11:51.016 align:start position:0%
within 295 km of the planet surface,
 

11:51.016 --> 11:53.566 align:start position:0%
within 295 km of the planet surface,
flying<00:13:12.000><c> directly</c><00:13:12.560><c> over</c><00:13:12.800><c> its</c><00:13:13.120><c> north</c><00:13:13.440><c> pole,</c>

11:53.566 --> 11:53.576 align:start position:0%
flying directly over its north pole,
 

11:53.576 --> 11:55.646 align:start position:0%
flying directly over its north pole,
giving<00:13:14.399><c> us</c><00:13:14.639><c> a</c><00:13:14.880><c> completely</c><00:13:15.440><c> new</c><00:13:15.760><c> perspective</c>

11:55.646 --> 11:55.656 align:start position:0%
giving us a completely new perspective
 

11:55.656 --> 11:58.126 align:start position:0%
giving us a completely new perspective
of<00:13:16.399><c> the</c><00:13:16.560><c> rocky</c><00:13:16.959><c> world.</c><00:13:17.760><c> It</c><00:13:17.920><c> looked</c><00:13:18.320><c> almost</c>

11:58.126 --> 11:58.136 align:start position:0%
of the rocky world. It looked almost
 

11:58.136 --> 12:00.766 align:start position:0%
of the rocky world. It looked almost
straight<00:13:19.120><c> down</c><00:13:19.600><c> into</c><00:13:19.920><c> craters</c><00:13:20.320><c> that</c><00:13:20.880><c> despite</c>

12:00.766 --> 12:00.776 align:start position:0%
straight down into craters that despite
 

12:00.776 --> 12:02.685 align:start position:0%
straight down into craters that despite
being<00:13:21.600><c> closer</c><00:13:21.920><c> to</c><00:13:22.079><c> the</c><00:13:22.240><c> sun</c><00:13:22.480><c> than</c><00:13:22.720><c> any</c><00:13:22.959><c> other</c>

12:02.685 --> 12:02.695 align:start position:0%
being closer to the sun than any other
 

12:02.695 --> 12:06.365 align:start position:0%
being closer to the sun than any other
planet<00:13:24.160><c> have</c><00:13:24.480><c> never</c><00:13:24.959><c> seen</c><00:13:25.440><c> sunlight.</c><00:13:26.800><c> The</c>

12:06.365 --> 12:06.375 align:start position:0%
planet have never seen sunlight. The
 

12:06.375 --> 12:10.526 align:start position:0%
planet have never seen sunlight. The
rims<00:13:27.360><c> of</c><00:13:27.519><c> craters</c><00:13:28.000><c> like</c><00:13:28.480><c> Proov,</c><00:13:29.839><c> Kandinski,</c>

12:10.526 --> 12:10.536 align:start position:0%
rims of craters like Proov, Kandinski,
 

12:10.536 --> 12:14.286 align:start position:0%
rims of craters like Proov, Kandinski,
Tolken,<00:13:31.839><c> and</c><00:13:32.160><c> Gordime</c><00:13:33.040><c> are</c><00:13:33.360><c> nearly</c><00:13:33.839><c> 5</c><00:13:34.240><c> km</c>

12:14.286 --> 12:14.296 align:start position:0%
Tolken, and Gordime are nearly 5 km
 

12:14.296 --> 12:16.846 align:start position:0%
Tolken, and Gordime are nearly 5 km
tall,<00:13:35.600><c> high</c><00:13:35.920><c> enough</c><00:13:36.160><c> to</c><00:13:36.480><c> permanently</c><00:13:37.120><c> block</c>

12:16.846 --> 12:16.856 align:start position:0%
tall, high enough to permanently block
 

12:16.856 --> 12:19.086 align:start position:0%
tall, high enough to permanently block
the<00:13:37.680><c> sun's</c><00:13:38.000><c> rays</c><00:13:38.399><c> from</c><00:13:38.639><c> ever</c><00:13:39.040><c> reaching</c><00:13:39.360><c> their</c>

12:19.086 --> 12:19.096 align:start position:0%
the sun's rays from ever reaching their
 

12:19.096 --> 12:21.886 align:start position:0%
the sun's rays from ever reaching their
floors.<00:13:40.800><c> And</c><00:13:41.040><c> because</c><00:13:41.360><c> Mercury</c><00:13:41.920><c> has</c><00:13:42.160><c> almost</c>

12:21.886 --> 12:21.896 align:start position:0%
floors. And because Mercury has almost
 

12:21.896 --> 12:24.286 align:start position:0%
floors. And because Mercury has almost
no<00:13:42.720><c> axle</c><00:13:43.120><c> tilt</c><00:13:43.440><c> and</c><00:13:43.760><c> no</c><00:13:44.079><c> atmosphere</c><00:13:44.639><c> to</c>

12:24.286 --> 12:24.296 align:start position:0%
no axle tilt and no atmosphere to
 

12:24.296 --> 12:26.846 align:start position:0%
no axle tilt and no atmosphere to
redistribute<00:13:45.440><c> the</c><00:13:45.600><c> heat,</c><00:13:46.320><c> those</c><00:13:46.639><c> floors</c><00:13:47.200><c> turn</c>

12:26.846 --> 12:26.856 align:start position:0%
redistribute the heat, those floors turn
 

12:26.856 --> 12:28.766 align:start position:0%
redistribute the heat, those floors turn
into<00:13:47.760><c> cold</c><00:13:48.079><c> traps</c><00:13:48.480><c> that</c><00:13:48.639><c> are</c><00:13:48.800><c> among</c><00:13:49.120><c> the</c>

12:28.766 --> 12:28.776 align:start position:0%
into cold traps that are among the
 

12:28.776 --> 12:31.166 align:start position:0%
into cold traps that are among the
coldest<00:13:50.000><c> places</c><00:13:50.399><c> in</c><00:13:50.639><c> the</c><00:13:50.880><c> entire</c><00:13:51.360><c> solar</c>

12:31.166 --> 12:31.176 align:start position:0%
coldest places in the entire solar
 

12:31.176 --> 12:33.646 align:start position:0%
coldest places in the entire solar
system.<00:13:52.880><c> Even</c><00:13:53.200><c> though</c><00:13:53.440><c> surrounding</c><00:13:53.920><c> polar</c>

12:33.646 --> 12:33.656 align:start position:0%
system. Even though surrounding polar
 

12:33.656 --> 12:36.925 align:start position:0%
system. Even though surrounding polar
regions<00:13:54.720><c> can</c><00:13:54.880><c> reach</c><00:13:55.200><c> up</c><00:13:55.440><c> to</c><00:13:55.760><c> 226°</c>

12:36.925 --> 12:36.935 align:start position:0%
regions can reach up to 226°
 

12:36.935 --> 12:40.526 align:start position:0%
regions can reach up to 226°
C,<00:13:58.399><c> marked</c><00:13:58.720><c> here</c><00:13:58.959><c> in</c><00:13:59.199><c> red,</c><00:14:00.000><c> the</c><00:14:00.240><c> cold</c><00:14:00.560><c> traps</c>

12:40.526 --> 12:40.536 align:start position:0%
C, marked here in red, the cold traps
 

12:40.536 --> 12:46.766 align:start position:0%
C, marked here in red, the cold traps
marked<00:14:01.440><c> in</c><00:14:01.680><c> blue</c><00:14:02.399><c> stay</c><00:14:02.639><c> at</c><00:14:02.800><c> a</c><00:14:02.959><c> glacial</c><00:14:03.760><c> -28°.</c>

12:46.766 --> 12:46.776 align:start position:0%
 
 

12:46.776 --> 12:49.006 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:14:07.680><c> even</c><00:14:08.000><c> more</c><00:14:08.240><c> shockingly,</c><00:14:09.199><c> there's</c>

12:49.006 --> 12:49.016 align:start position:0%
And even more shockingly, there's
 

12:49.016 --> 12:51.566 align:start position:0%
And even more shockingly, there's
tentative<00:14:10.320><c> but</c><00:14:10.639><c> tantalizing</c><00:14:11.519><c> evidence</c><00:14:11.839><c> that</c>

12:51.566 --> 12:51.576 align:start position:0%
tentative but tantalizing evidence that
 

12:51.576 --> 12:54.365 align:start position:0%
tentative but tantalizing evidence that
some<00:14:12.399><c> of</c><00:14:12.480><c> these</c><00:14:12.800><c> very</c><00:14:13.199><c> craters</c><00:14:14.079><c> might</c><00:14:14.399><c> contain</c>

12:54.365 --> 12:54.375 align:start position:0%
some of these very craters might contain
 

12:54.375 --> 12:57.485 align:start position:0%
some of these very craters might contain
frozen<00:14:15.600><c> water.</c><00:14:16.560><c> How</c><00:14:16.800><c> it</c><00:14:16.959><c> got</c><00:14:17.199><c> there</c><00:14:17.440><c> is</c><00:14:17.760><c> one</c><00:14:18.000><c> of</c>

12:57.485 --> 12:57.495 align:start position:0%
frozen water. How it got there is one of
 

12:57.495 --> 12:59.726 align:start position:0%
frozen water. How it got there is one of
Mercury's<00:14:18.639><c> most</c><00:14:18.800><c> compelling</c><00:14:19.279><c> mysteries</c><00:14:20.000><c> and</c>

12:59.726 --> 12:59.736 align:start position:0%
Mercury's most compelling mysteries and
 

12:59.736 --> 13:02.126 align:start position:0%
Mercury's most compelling mysteries and
one<00:14:20.560><c> we'll</c><00:14:20.800><c> come</c><00:14:20.880><c> back</c><00:14:21.040><c> to</c><00:14:21.279><c> a</c><00:14:21.519><c> little</c><00:14:21.680><c> later.</c>

13:02.126 --> 13:02.136 align:start position:0%
one we'll come back to a little later.
 

13:02.136 --> 13:03.966 align:start position:0%
one we'll come back to a little later.
But<00:14:22.880><c> first,</c><00:14:23.440><c> here's</c><00:14:23.760><c> something</c><00:14:24.000><c> else</c><00:14:24.240><c> hiding</c>

13:03.966 --> 13:03.976 align:start position:0%
But first, here's something else hiding
 

13:03.976 --> 13:06.126 align:start position:0%
But first, here's something else hiding
in<00:14:24.720><c> plain</c><00:14:25.040><c> sight</c><00:14:25.279><c> on</c><00:14:25.440><c> Mercury's</c><00:14:25.920><c> surface.</c>

13:06.126 --> 13:06.136 align:start position:0%
in plain sight on Mercury's surface.
 

13:06.136 --> 13:08.605 align:start position:0%
in plain sight on Mercury's surface.
Something<00:14:27.040><c> that</c><00:14:27.279><c> suggests</c><00:14:27.839><c> this</c><00:14:28.160><c> dead</c><00:14:28.560><c> planet</c>

13:08.605 --> 13:08.615 align:start position:0%
Something that suggests this dead planet
 

13:08.615 --> 13:13.726 align:start position:0%
Something that suggests this dead planet
might<00:14:29.519><c> not</c><00:14:29.680><c> be</c><00:14:29.839><c> so</c><00:14:30.079><c> dead</c><00:14:30.639><c> after</c><00:14:30.959><c> all.</c>

13:13.726 --> 13:13.736 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:13.736 --> 13:16.045 align:start position:0%
 
For<00:14:34.560><c> decades,</c><00:14:35.279><c> everyone</c><00:14:35.680><c> assumed</c><00:14:36.160><c> Mercury</c>

13:16.045 --> 13:16.055 align:start position:0%
For decades, everyone assumed Mercury
 

13:16.055 --> 13:18.925 align:start position:0%
For decades, everyone assumed Mercury
was<00:14:36.800><c> an</c><00:14:36.959><c> ancient</c><00:14:37.519><c> scarred</c><00:14:38.079><c> rock</c><00:14:38.800><c> baking</c><00:14:39.279><c> in</c>

13:18.925 --> 13:18.935 align:start position:0%
was an ancient scarred rock baking in
 

13:18.935 --> 13:21.326 align:start position:0%
was an ancient scarred rock baking in
the<00:14:39.680><c> sun.</c><00:14:40.480><c> Whatever</c><00:14:40.880><c> violence</c><00:14:41.360><c> had</c><00:14:41.600><c> marked</c>

13:21.326 --> 13:21.336 align:start position:0%
the sun. Whatever violence had marked
 

13:21.336 --> 13:23.966 align:start position:0%
the sun. Whatever violence had marked
its<00:14:42.160><c> surface</c><00:14:42.639><c> was</c><00:14:42.959><c> surely</c><00:14:43.600><c> billions</c><00:14:44.079><c> of</c><00:14:44.240><c> years</c>

13:23.966 --> 13:23.976 align:start position:0%
its surface was surely billions of years
 

13:23.976 --> 13:27.166 align:start position:0%
its surface was surely billions of years
old.<00:14:45.519><c> But</c><00:14:45.760><c> a</c><00:14:45.920><c> new</c><00:14:46.160><c> 2026</c><00:14:46.959><c> study</c><00:14:47.199><c> led</c><00:14:47.519><c> by</c>

13:27.166 --> 13:27.176 align:start position:0%
old. But a new 2026 study led by
 

13:27.176 --> 13:29.166 align:start position:0%
old. But a new 2026 study led by
Valentine<00:14:48.399><c> Bickl</c><00:14:48.880><c> from</c><00:14:49.040><c> the</c><00:14:49.199><c> University</c><00:14:49.600><c> of</c>

13:29.166 --> 13:29.176 align:start position:0%
Valentine Bickl from the University of
 

13:29.176 --> 13:31.326 align:start position:0%
Valentine Bickl from the University of
Ben<00:14:50.320><c> found</c><00:14:50.720><c> something</c><00:14:51.040><c> in</c><00:14:51.279><c> the</c><00:14:51.519><c> planet's</c>

13:31.326 --> 13:31.336 align:start position:0%
Ben found something in the planet's
 

13:31.336 --> 13:33.646 align:start position:0%
Ben found something in the planet's
crust<00:14:52.160><c> that</c><00:14:52.480><c> flipped</c><00:14:52.959><c> this</c><00:14:53.279><c> assumption</c>

13:33.646 --> 13:33.656 align:start position:0%
crust that flipped this assumption
 

13:33.656 --> 13:36.685 align:start position:0%
crust that flipped this assumption
completely<00:14:54.880><c> on</c><00:14:55.040><c> its</c><00:14:55.279><c> head.</c><00:14:56.480><c> Even</c><00:14:56.880><c> though</c>

13:36.685 --> 13:36.695 align:start position:0%
completely on its head. Even though
 

13:36.695 --> 13:39.166 align:start position:0%
completely on its head. Even though
Messenger<00:14:57.760><c> was</c><00:14:57.920><c> decommissioned</c><00:14:58.480><c> in</c><00:14:58.720><c> 2015,</c>

13:39.166 --> 13:39.176 align:start position:0%
Messenger was decommissioned in 2015,
 

13:39.176 --> 13:41.006 align:start position:0%
Messenger was decommissioned in 2015,
researchers<00:15:00.320><c> are</c><00:15:00.639><c> still</c><00:15:01.040><c> sifting</c><00:15:01.440><c> through</c>

13:41.006 --> 13:41.016 align:start position:0%
researchers are still sifting through
 

13:41.016 --> 13:43.406 align:start position:0%
researchers are still sifting through
its<00:15:01.839><c> data</c><00:15:02.160><c> more</c><00:15:02.320><c> than</c><00:15:02.480><c> a</c><00:15:02.639><c> decade</c><00:15:02.959><c> later.</c><00:15:03.760><c> And</c>

13:43.406 --> 13:43.416 align:start position:0%
its data more than a decade later. And
 

13:43.416 --> 13:45.326 align:start position:0%
its data more than a decade later. And
thanks<00:15:04.240><c> to</c><00:15:04.480><c> new</c><00:15:04.720><c> data</c><00:15:05.040><c> analysis</c><00:15:05.519><c> techniques</c>

13:45.326 --> 13:45.336 align:start position:0%
thanks to new data analysis techniques
 

13:45.336 --> 13:48.126 align:start position:0%
thanks to new data analysis techniques
and<00:15:06.240><c> better</c><00:15:06.560><c> technology,</c><00:15:07.519><c> new</c><00:15:07.760><c> findings</c><00:15:08.399><c> are</c>

13:48.126 --> 13:48.136 align:start position:0%
and better technology, new findings are
 

13:48.136 --> 13:50.526 align:start position:0%
and better technology, new findings are
still<00:15:09.120><c> emerging.</c><00:15:10.160><c> For</c><00:15:10.320><c> example,</c><00:15:10.720><c> we</c><00:15:10.959><c> now</c>

13:50.526 --> 13:50.536 align:start position:0%
still emerging. For example, we now
 

13:50.536 --> 13:52.605 align:start position:0%
still emerging. For example, we now
think<00:15:11.360><c> that</c><00:15:11.519><c> Mercury's</c><00:15:12.000><c> surface</c><00:15:12.639><c> might</c>

13:52.605 --> 13:52.615 align:start position:0%
think that Mercury's surface might
 

13:52.615 --> 13:55.326 align:start position:0%
think that Mercury's surface might
actually<00:15:13.600><c> be</c><00:15:14.000><c> geologically</c><00:15:14.720><c> active</c><00:15:15.440><c> and</c><00:15:15.680><c> as</c>

13:55.326 --> 13:55.336 align:start position:0%
actually be geologically active and as
 

13:55.336 --> 13:57.886 align:start position:0%
actually be geologically active and as
young<00:15:16.240><c> as</c><00:15:16.480><c> a</c><00:15:16.720><c> few</c><00:15:16.959><c> hundred,000</c><00:15:17.760><c> years</c><00:15:18.000><c> old</c><00:15:18.240><c> in</c>

13:57.886 --> 13:57.896 align:start position:0%
young as a few hundred,000 years old in
 

13:57.896 --> 14:00.605 align:start position:0%
young as a few hundred,000 years old in
some<00:15:18.720><c> places.</c><00:15:19.680><c> You</c><00:15:19.920><c> see,</c><00:15:20.399><c> scattered</c><00:15:20.880><c> across</c>

14:00.605 --> 14:00.615 align:start position:0%
some places. You see, scattered across
 

14:00.615 --> 14:03.006 align:start position:0%
some places. You see, scattered across
Mercury's<00:15:21.760><c> surface</c><00:15:22.160><c> are</c><00:15:22.639><c> hundreds</c><00:15:23.040><c> of</c><00:15:23.279><c> bright</c>

14:03.006 --> 14:03.016 align:start position:0%
Mercury's surface are hundreds of bright
 

14:03.016 --> 14:05.966 align:start position:0%
Mercury's surface are hundreds of bright
streaks<00:15:24.079><c> called</c><00:15:24.480><c> lineier</c><00:15:25.440><c> running</c><00:15:25.839><c> down</c><00:15:26.240><c> into</c>

14:05.966 --> 14:05.976 align:start position:0%
streaks called lineier running down into
 

14:05.976 --> 14:08.526 align:start position:0%
streaks called lineier running down into
the<00:15:26.800><c> steep</c><00:15:27.279><c> inner</c><00:15:27.680><c> slopes</c><00:15:28.000><c> of</c><00:15:28.160><c> craters.</c>

14:08.526 --> 14:08.536 align:start position:0%
the steep inner slopes of craters.
 

14:08.536 --> 14:10.766 align:start position:0%
the steep inner slopes of craters.
They're<00:15:29.440><c> hundreds</c><00:15:30.000><c> to</c><00:15:30.320><c> thousands</c><00:15:30.800><c> of</c><00:15:30.959><c> meters</c>

14:10.766 --> 14:10.776 align:start position:0%
They're hundreds to thousands of meters
 

14:10.776 --> 14:13.805 align:start position:0%
They're hundreds to thousands of meters
long,<00:15:32.000><c> less</c><00:15:32.240><c> than</c><00:15:32.560><c> 20</c><00:15:32.880><c> m</c><00:15:33.199><c> tall,</c><00:15:33.920><c> and</c><00:15:34.160><c> they</c>

14:13.805 --> 14:13.815 align:start position:0%
long, less than 20 m tall, and they
 

14:13.815 --> 14:16.526 align:start position:0%
long, less than 20 m tall, and they
appear<00:15:34.880><c> geologically</c><00:15:35.600><c> young.</c><00:15:36.560><c> Their</c><00:15:36.800><c> edges</c>

14:16.526 --> 14:16.536 align:start position:0%
appear geologically young. Their edges
 

14:16.536 --> 14:18.925 align:start position:0%
appear geologically young. Their edges
are<00:15:37.360><c> crisp</c><00:15:37.920><c> and</c><00:15:38.240><c> no</c><00:15:38.560><c> small</c><00:15:38.880><c> craters</c><00:15:39.279><c> have</c>

14:18.925 --> 14:18.935 align:start position:0%
are crisp and no small craters have
 

14:18.935 --> 14:21.166 align:start position:0%
are crisp and no small craters have
formed<00:15:39.839><c> on</c><00:15:40.000><c> top</c><00:15:40.160><c> of</c><00:15:40.320><c> them.</c><00:15:41.040><c> Whatever</c><00:15:41.519><c> made</c>

14:21.166 --> 14:21.176 align:start position:0%
formed on top of them. Whatever made
 

14:21.176 --> 14:23.245 align:start position:0%
formed on top of them. Whatever made
them,<00:15:42.399><c> it</c><00:15:42.639><c> didn't</c><00:15:42.880><c> happen</c><00:15:43.120><c> in</c><00:15:43.279><c> the</c><00:15:43.440><c> distant</c>

14:23.245 --> 14:23.255 align:start position:0%
them, it didn't happen in the distant
 

14:23.255 --> 14:27.326 align:start position:0%
them, it didn't happen in the distant
past.<00:15:44.800><c> These</c><00:15:45.199><c> are</c><00:15:45.760><c> recent</c><00:15:46.240><c> scars.</c><00:15:47.440><c> Scientists</c>

14:27.326 --> 14:27.336 align:start position:0%
past. These are recent scars. Scientists
 

14:27.336 --> 14:28.925 align:start position:0%
past. These are recent scars. Scientists
had<00:15:48.160><c> noticed</c><00:15:48.399><c> them</c><00:15:48.560><c> in</c><00:15:48.720><c> messenger</c><00:15:49.199><c> data</c>

14:28.925 --> 14:28.935 align:start position:0%
had noticed them in messenger data
 

14:28.935 --> 14:31.566 align:start position:0%
had noticed them in messenger data
before,<00:15:50.160><c> but</c><00:15:50.399><c> had</c><00:15:50.720><c> so</c><00:15:50.959><c> far</c><00:15:51.360><c> not</c><00:15:51.600><c> been</c><00:15:51.759><c> able</c><00:15:52.000><c> to</c>

14:31.566 --> 14:31.576 align:start position:0%
before, but had so far not been able to
 

14:31.576 --> 14:34.526 align:start position:0%
before, but had so far not been able to
explain<00:15:52.480><c> them.</c><00:15:53.279><c> So,</c><00:15:53.759><c> BL</c><00:15:54.320><c> and</c><00:15:54.480><c> his</c><00:15:54.720><c> team</c>

14:34.526 --> 14:34.536 align:start position:0%
explain them. So, BL and his team
 

14:34.536 --> 14:37.006 align:start position:0%
explain them. So, BL and his team
decided<00:15:55.519><c> to</c><00:15:55.759><c> apply</c><00:15:56.160><c> machine</c><00:15:56.800><c> learning</c><00:15:57.360><c> to</c>

14:37.006 --> 14:37.016 align:start position:0%
decided to apply machine learning to
 

14:37.016 --> 14:39.485 align:start position:0%
decided to apply machine learning to
analyze<00:15:58.560><c> 112,000</c>

14:39.485 --> 14:39.495 align:start position:0%
analyze 112,000
 

14:39.495 --> 14:41.805 align:start position:0%
analyze 112,000
highresolution<00:16:01.040><c> messenger</c><00:16:01.600><c> images,</c>

14:41.805 --> 14:41.815 align:start position:0%
highresolution messenger images,
 

14:41.815 --> 14:45.726 align:start position:0%
highresolution messenger images,
systematically<00:16:03.440><c> analyzing</c><00:16:04.320><c> 402</c><00:16:05.199><c> lineier</c><00:16:06.000><c> for</c>

14:45.726 --> 14:45.736 align:start position:0%
systematically analyzing 402 lineier for
 

14:45.736 --> 14:48.925 align:start position:0%
systematically analyzing 402 lineier for
any<00:16:06.720><c> patterns</c><00:16:07.199><c> that</c><00:16:07.440><c> might</c><00:16:07.680><c> emerge.</c><00:16:08.959><c> We</c><00:16:09.279><c> have</c>

14:48.925 --> 14:48.935 align:start position:0%
any patterns that might emerge. We have
 

14:48.935 --> 14:50.685 align:start position:0%
any patterns that might emerge. We have
these<00:16:09.839><c> modern</c><00:16:10.240><c> data</c><00:16:10.560><c> science</c><00:16:10.800><c> approaches</c>

14:50.685 --> 14:50.695 align:start position:0%
these modern data science approaches
 

14:50.695 --> 14:53.165 align:start position:0%
these modern data science approaches
now,<00:16:11.839><c> machine</c><00:16:12.240><c> learning,</c><00:16:12.800><c> deep</c><00:16:13.120><c> learning</c>

14:53.165 --> 14:53.175 align:start position:0%
now, machine learning, deep learning
 

14:53.175 --> 14:55.326 align:start position:0%
now, machine learning, deep learning
that<00:16:14.000><c> help</c><00:16:14.160><c> us</c><00:16:14.480><c> look</c><00:16:14.720><c> into</c><00:16:15.040><c> all</c><00:16:15.360><c> those</c><00:16:15.600><c> old</c>

14:55.326 --> 14:55.336 align:start position:0%
that help us look into all those old
 

14:55.336 --> 14:57.566 align:start position:0%
that help us look into all those old
data<00:16:16.160><c> sets</c><00:16:16.639><c> and</c><00:16:16.880><c> find</c><00:16:17.279><c> completely</c><00:16:17.839><c> new</c>

14:57.566 --> 14:57.576 align:start position:0%
data sets and find completely new
 

14:57.576 --> 15:00.685 align:start position:0%
data sets and find completely new
science<00:16:18.560><c> discoveries</c><00:16:19.120><c> in</c><00:16:19.360><c> them.</c><00:16:19.680><c> Bik</c><00:16:20.240><c> said</c>

15:00.685 --> 15:00.695 align:start position:0%
science discoveries in them. Bik said
 

15:00.695 --> 15:04.846 align:start position:0%
science discoveries in them. Bik said
and<00:16:21.600><c> what</c><00:16:21.759><c> they</c><00:16:22.000><c> found</c><00:16:22.560><c> was</c><00:16:22.880><c> striking.</c><00:16:24.320><c> 90%</c><00:16:25.120><c> of</c>

15:04.846 --> 15:04.856 align:start position:0%
and what they found was striking. 90% of
 

15:04.856 --> 15:07.886 align:start position:0%
and what they found was striking. 90% of
lineier<00:16:26.079><c> are</c><00:16:26.320><c> located</c><00:16:26.800><c> within</c><00:16:27.440><c> craters</c><00:16:28.240><c> and</c>

15:07.886 --> 15:07.896 align:start position:0%
lineier are located within craters and
 

15:07.896 --> 15:09.966 align:start position:0%
lineier are located within craters and
they<00:16:28.639><c> show</c><00:16:28.880><c> a</c><00:16:29.199><c> strong</c><00:16:29.680><c> preference</c><00:16:30.160><c> for</c><00:16:30.399><c> the</c>

15:09.966 --> 15:09.976 align:start position:0%
they show a strong preference for the
 

15:09.976 --> 15:13.566 align:start position:0%
they show a strong preference for the
equatorfacing<00:16:31.839><c> side</c><00:16:32.240><c> of</c><00:16:32.639><c> crater</c><00:16:33.120><c> slopes,</c><00:16:34.000><c> the</c>

15:13.566 --> 15:13.576 align:start position:0%
equatorfacing side of crater slopes, the
 

15:13.576 --> 15:15.646 align:start position:0%
equatorfacing side of crater slopes, the
side<00:16:34.399><c> that</c><00:16:34.639><c> receives</c><00:16:35.040><c> the</c><00:16:35.360><c> most</c><00:16:35.839><c> direct</c>

15:15.646 --> 15:15.656 align:start position:0%
side that receives the most direct
 

15:15.656 --> 15:18.446 align:start position:0%
side that receives the most direct
sunlight.<00:16:37.199><c> that</c><00:16:37.519><c> asymmetry</c><00:16:38.240><c> was</c><00:16:38.560><c> key</c><00:16:38.800><c> to</c>

15:18.446 --> 15:18.456 align:start position:0%
sunlight. that asymmetry was key to
 

15:18.456 --> 15:20.446 align:start position:0%
sunlight. that asymmetry was key to
developing<00:16:39.519><c> a</c><00:16:39.759><c> new</c><00:16:39.920><c> theory</c><00:16:40.240><c> to</c><00:16:40.480><c> explain</c><00:16:40.800><c> their</c>

15:20.446 --> 15:20.456 align:start position:0%
developing a new theory to explain their
 

15:20.456 --> 15:23.326 align:start position:0%
developing a new theory to explain their
formation.<00:16:42.000><c> Bickl</c><00:16:42.480><c> proposed</c><00:16:42.959><c> that</c><00:16:43.360><c> volatile</c>

15:23.326 --> 15:23.336 align:start position:0%
formation. Bickl proposed that volatile
 

15:23.336 --> 15:25.646 align:start position:0%
formation. Bickl proposed that volatile
substances,<00:16:44.800><c> sulfur</c><00:16:45.360><c> and</c><00:16:45.600><c> other</c><00:16:45.920><c> light</c>

15:25.646 --> 15:25.656 align:start position:0%
substances, sulfur and other light
 

15:25.656 --> 15:28.286 align:start position:0%
substances, sulfur and other light
elements<00:16:47.120><c> are</c><00:16:47.279><c> trapped</c><00:16:47.759><c> beneath</c><00:16:48.320><c> Mercury's</c>

15:28.286 --> 15:28.296 align:start position:0%
elements are trapped beneath Mercury's
 

15:28.296 --> 15:31.086 align:start position:0%
elements are trapped beneath Mercury's
thin<00:16:49.279><c> volcanic</c><00:16:49.839><c> crust.</c><00:16:50.639><c> When</c><00:16:50.880><c> a</c><00:16:51.040><c> meteorite</c>

15:31.086 --> 15:31.096 align:start position:0%
thin volcanic crust. When a meteorite
 

15:31.096 --> 15:33.086 align:start position:0%
thin volcanic crust. When a meteorite
punches<00:16:52.079><c> through</c><00:16:52.320><c> that</c><00:16:52.560><c> crust</c><00:16:52.880><c> and</c><00:16:53.120><c> creates</c><00:16:53.440><c> a</c>

15:33.086 --> 15:33.096 align:start position:0%
punches through that crust and creates a
 

15:33.096 --> 15:35.646 align:start position:0%
punches through that crust and creates a
crater,<00:16:54.480><c> it</c><00:16:54.720><c> exposes</c><00:16:55.199><c> the</c><00:16:55.360><c> volatile</c><00:16:55.920><c> rich</c>

15:35.646 --> 15:35.656 align:start position:0%
crater, it exposes the volatile rich
 

15:35.656 --> 15:38.365 align:start position:0%
crater, it exposes the volatile rich
layer<00:16:56.480><c> underneath.</c><00:16:57.519><c> Solar</c><00:16:57.920><c> radiation</c><00:16:58.480><c> then</c>

15:38.365 --> 15:38.375 align:start position:0%
layer underneath. Solar radiation then
 

15:38.375 --> 15:40.365 align:start position:0%
layer underneath. Solar radiation then
warms<00:16:59.279><c> the</c><00:16:59.440><c> exposed</c><00:16:59.920><c> material,</c><00:17:00.639><c> driving</c>

15:40.365 --> 15:40.375 align:start position:0%
warms the exposed material, driving
 

15:40.375 --> 15:42.365 align:start position:0%
warms the exposed material, driving
those<00:17:01.199><c> volatiles</c><00:17:01.839><c> to</c><00:17:02.000><c> the</c><00:17:02.079><c> surface</c><00:17:02.720><c> where</c>

15:42.365 --> 15:42.375 align:start position:0%
those volatiles to the surface where
 

15:42.375 --> 15:44.926 align:start position:0%
those volatiles to the surface where
they<00:17:03.360><c> drip</c><00:17:03.759><c> down</c><00:17:04.000><c> the</c><00:17:04.240><c> crater</c><00:17:04.640><c> walls</c><00:17:05.280><c> and</c>

15:44.926 --> 15:44.936 align:start position:0%
they drip down the crater walls and
 

15:44.936 --> 15:47.166 align:start position:0%
they drip down the crater walls and
leave<00:17:05.839><c> behind</c><00:17:06.400><c> the</c><00:17:06.640><c> characteristic</c><00:17:07.439><c> bright</c>

15:47.166 --> 15:47.176 align:start position:0%
leave behind the characteristic bright
 

15:47.176 --> 15:49.245 align:start position:0%
leave behind the characteristic bright
streaks.<00:17:08.799><c> It</c><00:17:08.959><c> would</c><00:17:09.199><c> explain</c><00:17:09.439><c> why</c><00:17:09.679><c> the</c>

15:49.245 --> 15:49.255 align:start position:0%
streaks. It would explain why the
 

15:49.255 --> 15:51.725 align:start position:0%
streaks. It would explain why the
streaks<00:17:10.240><c> are</c><00:17:10.480><c> mainly</c><00:17:10.799><c> seen</c><00:17:11.120><c> on</c><00:17:11.360><c> the</c><00:17:11.520><c> sunfacing</c>

15:51.725 --> 15:51.735 align:start position:0%
streaks are mainly seen on the sunfacing
 

15:51.735 --> 15:54.686 align:start position:0%
streaks are mainly seen on the sunfacing
side<00:17:12.640><c> of</c><00:17:12.799><c> the</c><00:17:12.959><c> craters</c><00:17:13.839><c> and</c><00:17:14.160><c> why</c><00:17:14.480><c> they</c><00:17:14.799><c> appear</c>

15:54.686 --> 15:54.696 align:start position:0%
side of the craters and why they appear
 

15:54.696 --> 15:58.046 align:start position:0%
side of the craters and why they appear
as<00:17:15.600><c> newer</c><00:17:16.000><c> features.</c><00:17:17.280><c> If</c><00:17:17.520><c> this</c><00:17:17.760><c> is</c><00:17:17.919><c> true,</c><00:17:18.319><c> a</c>

15:58.046 --> 15:58.056 align:start position:0%
as newer features. If this is true, a
 

15:58.056 --> 16:00.046 align:start position:0%
as newer features. If this is true, a
planet<00:17:18.880><c> we'd</c><00:17:19.199><c> assume</c><00:17:19.520><c> to</c><00:17:19.679><c> be</c><00:17:19.839><c> geologically</c>

16:00.046 --> 16:00.056 align:start position:0%
planet we'd assume to be geologically
 

16:00.056 --> 16:03.485 align:start position:0%
planet we'd assume to be geologically
dead<00:17:21.280><c> is</c><00:17:21.679><c> actually</c><00:17:22.160><c> alive</c><00:17:22.559><c> and</c><00:17:22.880><c> kicking</c><00:17:23.679><c> and</c>

16:03.485 --> 16:03.495 align:start position:0%
dead is actually alive and kicking and
 

16:03.495 --> 16:05.886 align:start position:0%
dead is actually alive and kicking and
continuously<00:17:25.039><c> losing</c><00:17:25.520><c> material</c><00:17:26.000><c> from</c><00:17:26.240><c> its</c>

16:05.886 --> 16:05.896 align:start position:0%
continuously losing material from its
 

16:05.896 --> 16:09.965 align:start position:0%
continuously losing material from its
interior<00:17:27.199><c> in</c><00:17:27.520><c> an</c><00:17:27.760><c> active</c><00:17:28.480><c> ongoing</c><00:17:29.120><c> process.</c>

16:09.965 --> 16:09.975 align:start position:0%
interior in an active ongoing process.
 

16:09.975 --> 16:13.166 align:start position:0%
interior in an active ongoing process.
So,<00:17:31.200><c> what</c><00:17:31.440><c> exactly</c><00:17:31.919><c> is</c><00:17:32.559><c> going</c><00:17:32.799><c> on</c><00:17:33.120><c> inside</c>

16:13.166 --> 16:13.176 align:start position:0%
So, what exactly is going on inside
 

16:13.176 --> 16:15.325 align:start position:0%
So, what exactly is going on inside
Mercury?<00:17:34.799><c> To</c><00:17:35.039><c> really</c><00:17:35.280><c> understand</c><00:17:35.600><c> what's</c>

16:15.325 --> 16:15.335 align:start position:0%
Mercury? To really understand what's
 

16:15.335 --> 16:17.406 align:start position:0%
Mercury? To really understand what's
driving<00:17:36.160><c> this</c><00:17:36.400><c> planet,</c><00:17:36.960><c> we</c><00:17:37.280><c> need</c><00:17:37.520><c> to</c><00:17:37.679><c> look</c>

16:17.406 --> 16:17.416 align:start position:0%
driving this planet, we need to look
 

16:17.416 --> 16:20.606 align:start position:0%
driving this planet, we need to look
deeper<00:17:38.880><c> all</c><00:17:39.120><c> the</c><00:17:39.280><c> way</c><00:17:39.440><c> down</c><00:17:39.760><c> to</c><00:17:40.000><c> its</c><00:17:40.320><c> core.</c><00:17:40.960><c> And</c>

16:20.606 --> 16:20.616 align:start position:0%
deeper all the way down to its core. And
 

16:20.616 --> 16:22.606 align:start position:0%
deeper all the way down to its core. And
what<00:17:41.440><c> better</c><00:17:41.679><c> way</c><00:17:41.840><c> to</c><00:17:42.000><c> do</c><00:17:42.160><c> that</c><00:17:42.400><c> than</c><00:17:42.880><c> by</c>

16:22.606 --> 16:22.616 align:start position:0%
what better way to do that than by
 

16:22.616 --> 16:25.406 align:start position:0%
what better way to do that than by
measuring<00:17:43.600><c> the</c><00:17:43.840><c> planet's</c><00:17:44.320><c> magnetic</c><00:17:44.880><c> field.</c>

16:25.406 --> 16:25.416 align:start position:0%
measuring the planet's magnetic field.
 

16:25.416 --> 16:27.646 align:start position:0%
measuring the planet's magnetic field.
Luckily,<00:17:46.640><c> Pepe</c><00:17:47.039><c> Columbombo</c><00:17:47.600><c> has</c><00:17:47.919><c> already</c>

16:27.646 --> 16:27.656 align:start position:0%
Luckily, Pepe Columbombo has already
 

16:27.656 --> 16:30.606 align:start position:0%
Luckily, Pepe Columbombo has already
done<00:17:48.480><c> so.</c><00:17:49.120><c> But</c><00:17:49.600><c> alongside</c><00:17:50.240><c> the</c><00:17:50.640><c> conventional</c>

16:30.606 --> 16:30.616 align:start position:0%
done so. But alongside the conventional
 

16:30.616 --> 16:33.085 align:start position:0%
done so. But alongside the conventional
magneettosphere<00:17:52.000><c> map</c><00:17:52.640><c> arose</c><00:17:53.120><c> a</c><00:17:53.440><c> few</c>

16:33.085 --> 16:33.095 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere map arose a few
 

16:33.095 --> 16:37.646 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere map arose a few
surprises,<00:17:54.400><c> too.</c>

16:37.646 --> 16:37.656 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:37.656 --> 16:40.846 align:start position:0%
 
Mercury's<00:17:58.880><c> core</c><00:17:59.200><c> is</c><00:17:59.440><c> a</c><00:17:59.679><c> bit</c><00:17:59.840><c> of</c><00:18:00.000><c> an</c><00:18:00.160><c> enigma.</c><00:18:01.200><c> It</c>

16:40.846 --> 16:40.856 align:start position:0%
Mercury's core is a bit of an enigma. It
 

16:40.856 --> 16:43.726 align:start position:0%
Mercury's core is a bit of an enigma. It
takes<00:18:01.679><c> up</c><00:18:01.919><c> about</c><00:18:02.400><c> 85%</c><00:18:03.520><c> of</c><00:18:03.760><c> the</c><00:18:03.919><c> planet's</c>

16:43.726 --> 16:43.736 align:start position:0%
takes up about 85% of the planet's
 

16:43.736 --> 16:46.606 align:start position:0%
takes up about 85% of the planet's
radius<00:18:05.039><c> and</c><00:18:05.200><c> yet</c><00:18:05.760><c> only</c><00:18:06.160><c> generates</c><00:18:06.559><c> a</c><00:18:06.799><c> magnetic</c>

16:46.606 --> 16:46.616 align:start position:0%
radius and yet only generates a magnetic
 

16:46.616 --> 16:49.566 align:start position:0%
radius and yet only generates a magnetic
field<00:18:07.760><c> 1%</c><00:18:08.320><c> the</c><00:18:08.559><c> strength</c><00:18:08.799><c> of</c><00:18:08.960><c> Earth's.</c><00:18:09.840><c> It's</c>

16:49.566 --> 16:49.576 align:start position:0%
field 1% the strength of Earth's. It's
 

16:49.576 --> 16:51.726 align:start position:0%
field 1% the strength of Earth's. It's
also<00:18:10.480><c> slightly</c><00:18:10.880><c> offc</c><00:18:11.200><c> center,</c><00:18:11.679><c> tilted</c><00:18:12.160><c> away</c>

16:51.726 --> 16:51.736 align:start position:0%
also slightly offc center, tilted away
 

16:51.736 --> 16:53.886 align:start position:0%
also slightly offc center, tilted away
from<00:18:12.480><c> the</c><00:18:12.640><c> planet's</c><00:18:13.039><c> geographic</c><00:18:13.600><c> equator</c><00:18:14.240><c> in</c>

16:53.886 --> 16:53.896 align:start position:0%
from the planet's geographic equator in
 

16:53.896 --> 16:56.126 align:start position:0%
from the planet's geographic equator in
a<00:18:14.640><c> way</c><00:18:14.799><c> that</c><00:18:15.120><c> no</c><00:18:15.520><c> existing</c><00:18:16.000><c> model</c><00:18:16.400><c> fully</c>

16:56.126 --> 16:56.136 align:start position:0%
a way that no existing model fully
 

16:56.136 --> 16:58.686 align:start position:0%
a way that no existing model fully
explains.<00:18:17.760><c> Plus,</c><00:18:18.080><c> the</c><00:18:18.240><c> magneettosphere</c><00:18:19.039><c> is</c>

16:58.686 --> 16:58.696 align:start position:0%
explains. Plus, the magneettosphere is
 

16:58.696 --> 17:01.726 align:start position:0%
explains. Plus, the magneettosphere is
so<00:18:19.600><c> tiny,</c><00:18:20.240><c> it</c><00:18:20.480><c> only</c><00:18:20.720><c> took</c><00:18:20.960><c> the</c><00:18:21.120><c> spacecraft</c><00:18:21.840><c> 30</c>

17:01.726 --> 17:01.736 align:start position:0%
so tiny, it only took the spacecraft 30
 

17:01.736 --> 17:04.686 align:start position:0%
so tiny, it only took the spacecraft 30
minutes<00:18:22.640><c> to</c><00:18:22.880><c> fly</c><00:18:23.120><c> through</c><00:18:23.360><c> it.</c><00:18:24.400><c> So,</c><00:18:24.799><c> why</c><00:18:25.120><c> does</c>

17:04.686 --> 17:04.696 align:start position:0%
minutes to fly through it. So, why does
 

17:04.696 --> 17:07.646 align:start position:0%
minutes to fly through it. So, why does
the<00:18:25.520><c> magnetic</c><00:18:26.000><c> field</c><00:18:26.320><c> even</c><00:18:26.559><c> matter?</c><00:18:27.840><c> Well,</c>

17:07.646 --> 17:07.656 align:start position:0%
the magnetic field even matter? Well,
 

17:07.656 --> 17:09.886 align:start position:0%
the magnetic field even matter? Well,
for<00:18:28.480><c> starters,</c><00:18:29.200><c> it's</c><00:18:29.440><c> a</c><00:18:29.600><c> way</c><00:18:29.679><c> to</c><00:18:29.919><c> probe</c><00:18:30.240><c> what</c>

17:09.886 --> 17:09.896 align:start position:0%
for starters, it's a way to probe what
 

17:09.896 --> 17:11.886 align:start position:0%
for starters, it's a way to probe what
might<00:18:30.720><c> be</c><00:18:30.880><c> concealed</c><00:18:31.520><c> within</c><00:18:31.840><c> the</c><00:18:32.000><c> depths</c><00:18:32.320><c> of</c>

17:11.886 --> 17:11.896 align:start position:0%
might be concealed within the depths of
 

17:11.896 --> 17:14.766 align:start position:0%
might be concealed within the depths of
Mercury's<00:18:32.960><c> core</c><00:18:33.520><c> directly.</c><00:18:34.559><c> A</c><00:18:34.799><c> planet</c><00:18:35.120><c> only</c>

17:14.766 --> 17:14.776 align:start position:0%
Mercury's core directly. A planet only
 

17:14.776 --> 17:17.006 align:start position:0%
Mercury's core directly. A planet only
generates<00:18:35.679><c> a</c><00:18:35.840><c> magnetic</c><00:18:36.320><c> field</c><00:18:36.640><c> if</c><00:18:36.960><c> it</c><00:18:37.200><c> has</c><00:18:37.360><c> a</c>

17:17.006 --> 17:17.016 align:start position:0%
generates a magnetic field if it has a
 

17:17.016 --> 17:19.646 align:start position:0%
generates a magnetic field if it has a
partially<00:18:38.080><c> molten</c><00:18:38.960><c> electrically</c><00:18:39.679><c> conducting</c>

17:19.646 --> 17:19.656 align:start position:0%
partially molten electrically conducting
 

17:19.656 --> 17:21.806 align:start position:0%
partially molten electrically conducting
core<00:18:40.640><c> that's</c><00:18:40.960><c> actively</c><00:18:41.520><c> churning,</c><00:18:42.080><c> which</c>

17:21.806 --> 17:21.816 align:start position:0%
core that's actively churning, which
 

17:21.816 --> 17:25.406 align:start position:0%
core that's actively churning, which
Mercury<00:18:42.960><c> does.</c><00:18:43.760><c> In</c><00:18:43.919><c> fact,</c><00:18:44.160><c> in</c><00:18:44.400><c> 2024,</c><00:18:45.520><c> a</c><00:18:45.760><c> team</c>

17:25.406 --> 17:25.416 align:start position:0%
Mercury does. In fact, in 2024, a team
 

17:25.416 --> 17:28.606 align:start position:0%
Mercury does. In fact, in 2024, a team
of<00:18:46.240><c> researchers</c><00:18:46.720><c> led</c><00:18:47.039><c> by</c><00:18:47.440><c> Yong</c><00:18:47.760><c> Xian</c><00:18:48.160><c> Tu</c><00:18:48.880><c> found</c>

17:28.606 --> 17:28.616 align:start position:0%
of researchers led by Yong Xian Tu found
 

17:28.616 --> 17:30.846 align:start position:0%
of researchers led by Yong Xian Tu found
that<00:18:49.520><c> Mercury</c><00:18:50.080><c> might</c><00:18:50.400><c> have</c><00:18:50.640><c> a</c><00:18:51.039><c> layer</c><00:18:51.200><c> of</c>

17:30.846 --> 17:30.856 align:start position:0%
that Mercury might have a layer of
 

17:30.856 --> 17:32.766 align:start position:0%
that Mercury might have a layer of
diamonds<00:18:52.000><c> between</c><00:18:52.320><c> its</c><00:18:52.640><c> core</c><00:18:52.960><c> and</c><00:18:53.120><c> its</c>

17:32.766 --> 17:32.776 align:start position:0%
diamonds between its core and its
 

17:32.776 --> 17:35.406 align:start position:0%
diamonds between its core and its
mantle.<00:18:54.320><c> They</c><00:18:54.720><c> recreated</c><00:18:55.280><c> the</c><00:18:55.520><c> crushing</c>

17:35.406 --> 17:35.416 align:start position:0%
mantle. They recreated the crushing
 

17:35.416 --> 17:37.406 align:start position:0%
mantle. They recreated the crushing
pressures<00:18:56.400><c> and</c><00:18:56.640><c> temperatures</c><00:18:57.200><c> of</c><00:18:57.440><c> Mercury's</c>

17:37.406 --> 17:37.416 align:start position:0%
pressures and temperatures of Mercury's
 

17:37.416 --> 17:39.566 align:start position:0%
pressures and temperatures of Mercury's
deep<00:18:58.240><c> mantle</c><00:18:58.640><c> in</c><00:18:58.799><c> the</c><00:18:58.880><c> lab</c><00:18:59.360><c> and</c><00:18:59.679><c> found</c><00:18:59.840><c> that</c>

17:39.566 --> 17:39.576 align:start position:0%
deep mantle in the lab and found that
 

17:39.576 --> 17:41.085 align:start position:0%
deep mantle in the lab and found that
conditions<00:19:00.559><c> at</c><00:19:00.880><c> the</c><00:19:01.039><c> boundary</c><00:19:01.360><c> with</c>

17:41.085 --> 17:41.095 align:start position:0%
conditions at the boundary with
 

17:41.095 --> 17:43.886 align:start position:0%
conditions at the boundary with
Mercury's<00:19:02.160><c> core</c><00:19:02.720><c> are</c><00:19:03.039><c> just</c><00:19:03.360><c> right</c><00:19:03.679><c> for</c><00:19:04.000><c> carbon</c>

17:43.886 --> 17:43.896 align:start position:0%
Mercury's core are just right for carbon
 

17:43.896 --> 17:46.286 align:start position:0%
Mercury's core are just right for carbon
to<00:19:04.720><c> crystallize</c><00:19:05.360><c> into</c><00:19:05.679><c> a</c><00:19:05.919><c> solid</c><00:19:06.400><c> layer</c><00:19:06.559><c> of</c>

17:46.286 --> 17:46.296 align:start position:0%
to crystallize into a solid layer of
 

17:46.296 --> 17:49.726 align:start position:0%
to crystallize into a solid layer of
diamond.<00:19:08.000><c> Anywhere</c><00:19:08.480><c> from</c><00:19:08.720><c> a</c><00:19:08.880><c> few</c><00:19:09.039><c> hundred</c><00:19:09.440><c> m</c>

17:49.726 --> 17:49.736 align:start position:0%
diamond. Anywhere from a few hundred m
 

17:49.736 --> 17:54.686 align:start position:0%
diamond. Anywhere from a few hundred m
to<00:19:10.880><c> 15</c><00:19:11.520><c> km</c><00:19:12.160><c> thick.</c><00:19:13.039><c> That's</c><00:19:13.360><c> right,</c><00:19:14.240><c> diamonds.</c>

17:54.686 --> 17:54.696 align:start position:0%
to 15 km thick. That's right, diamonds.
 

17:54.696 --> 17:57.085 align:start position:0%
to 15 km thick. That's right, diamonds.
It<00:19:15.520><c> might</c><00:19:15.679><c> sound</c><00:19:16.000><c> outlandish,</c><00:19:16.880><c> but</c><00:19:17.120><c> the</c><00:19:17.360><c> model</c>

17:57.085 --> 17:57.095 align:start position:0%
It might sound outlandish, but the model
 

17:57.095 --> 18:00.046 align:start position:0%
It might sound outlandish, but the model
fits<00:19:18.000><c> the</c><00:19:18.240><c> data.</c><00:19:19.280><c> Mercury's</c><00:19:19.840><c> surface</c><00:19:20.240><c> is</c>

18:00.046 --> 18:00.056 align:start position:0%
fits the data. Mercury's surface is
 

18:00.056 --> 18:02.205 align:start position:0%
fits the data. Mercury's surface is
unusually<00:19:21.200><c> rich</c><00:19:21.440><c> in</c><00:19:21.679><c> carbon,</c><00:19:22.240><c> mostly</c><00:19:22.640><c> as</c>

18:02.205 --> 18:02.215 align:start position:0%
unusually rich in carbon, mostly as
 

18:02.215 --> 18:04.606 align:start position:0%
unusually rich in carbon, mostly as
graphite.<00:19:23.600><c> And</c><00:19:23.760><c> we</c><00:19:23.919><c> think</c><00:19:24.240><c> much</c><00:19:24.559><c> more</c><00:19:24.960><c> is</c>

18:04.606 --> 18:04.616 align:start position:0%
graphite. And we think much more is
 

18:04.616 --> 18:07.006 align:start position:0%
graphite. And we think much more is
locked<00:19:25.520><c> away</c><00:19:25.679><c> inside.</c><00:19:26.640><c> Under</c><00:19:26.880><c> the</c><00:19:27.120><c> right</c><00:19:27.360><c> mix</c>

18:07.006 --> 18:07.016 align:start position:0%
locked away inside. Under the right mix
 

18:07.016 --> 18:09.486 align:start position:0%
locked away inside. Under the right mix
of<00:19:27.840><c> pressure,</c><00:19:28.480><c> temperature,</c><00:19:29.200><c> and</c><00:19:29.440><c> mercury's</c>

18:09.486 --> 18:09.496 align:start position:0%
of pressure, temperature, and mercury's
 

18:09.496 --> 18:11.886 align:start position:0%
of pressure, temperature, and mercury's
unusually<00:19:30.640><c> high</c><00:19:30.960><c> sulfur</c><00:19:31.440><c> content,</c><00:19:32.160><c> that</c>

18:11.886 --> 18:11.896 align:start position:0%
unusually high sulfur content, that
 

18:11.896 --> 18:14.445 align:start position:0%
unusually high sulfur content, that
carbon<00:19:33.039><c> could</c><00:19:33.520><c> take</c><00:19:33.760><c> the</c><00:19:33.919><c> form</c><00:19:34.240><c> of</c><00:19:34.480><c> diamond</c>

18:14.445 --> 18:14.455 align:start position:0%
carbon could take the form of diamond
 

18:14.455 --> 18:16.846 align:start position:0%
carbon could take the form of diamond
rather<00:19:35.360><c> than</c><00:19:35.600><c> graphite.</c><00:19:36.880><c> Remember,</c>

18:16.846 --> 18:16.856 align:start position:0%
rather than graphite. Remember,
 

18:16.856 --> 18:18.926 align:start position:0%
rather than graphite. Remember,
Mercury's<00:19:38.000><c> magnetic</c><00:19:38.400><c> field</c><00:19:38.640><c> is</c><00:19:38.880><c> generated</c><00:19:39.360><c> by</c>

18:18.926 --> 18:18.936 align:start position:0%
Mercury's magnetic field is generated by
 

18:18.936 --> 18:21.085 align:start position:0%
Mercury's magnetic field is generated by
the<00:19:39.760><c> churning</c><00:19:40.080><c> of</c><00:19:40.240><c> its</c><00:19:40.400><c> molten</c><00:19:40.799><c> core.</c><00:19:41.520><c> The</c>

18:21.085 --> 18:21.095 align:start position:0%
the churning of its molten core. The
 

18:21.095 --> 18:24.046 align:start position:0%
the churning of its molten core. The
convection<00:19:42.160><c> current</c><00:19:42.640><c> driven</c><00:19:43.039><c> by</c><00:19:43.600><c> hot</c><00:19:44.080><c> liquid</c>

18:24.046 --> 18:24.056 align:start position:0%
convection current driven by hot liquid
 

18:24.056 --> 18:26.686 align:start position:0%
convection current driven by hot liquid
rising,<00:19:45.520><c> cooling</c><00:19:45.840><c> at</c><00:19:46.080><c> the</c><00:19:46.240><c> top,</c><00:19:46.640><c> and</c><00:19:46.960><c> falling</c>

18:26.686 --> 18:26.696 align:start position:0%
rising, cooling at the top, and falling
 

18:26.696 --> 18:29.325 align:start position:0%
rising, cooling at the top, and falling
back<00:19:47.520><c> down</c><00:19:47.760><c> again.</c><00:19:48.640><c> Diamond</c><00:19:49.280><c> happens</c><00:19:49.679><c> to</c>

18:29.325 --> 18:29.335 align:start position:0%
back down again. Diamond happens to
 

18:29.335 --> 18:31.246 align:start position:0%
back down again. Diamond happens to
conduct<00:19:50.320><c> heat</c><00:19:50.640><c> better</c><00:19:50.880><c> than</c><00:19:51.120><c> almost</c><00:19:51.520><c> any</c>

18:31.246 --> 18:31.256 align:start position:0%
conduct heat better than almost any
 

18:31.256 --> 18:33.726 align:start position:0%
conduct heat better than almost any
other<00:19:52.160><c> material</c><00:19:52.559><c> we</c><00:19:52.799><c> know</c><00:19:52.960><c> of.</c><00:19:53.520><c> So,</c><00:19:53.760><c> a</c><00:19:53.919><c> diamond</c>

18:33.726 --> 18:33.736 align:start position:0%
other material we know of. So, a diamond
 

18:33.736 --> 18:35.886 align:start position:0%
other material we know of. So, a diamond
shell<00:19:54.720><c> wrapped</c><00:19:55.039><c> around</c><00:19:55.360><c> the</c><00:19:55.600><c> core</c><00:19:56.160><c> could</c>

18:35.886 --> 18:35.896 align:start position:0%
shell wrapped around the core could
 

18:35.896 --> 18:38.046 align:start position:0%
shell wrapped around the core could
influence<00:19:56.880><c> how</c><00:19:57.120><c> the</c><00:19:57.280><c> planet</c><00:19:57.600><c> cools</c><00:19:58.160><c> and</c>

18:38.046 --> 18:38.056 align:start position:0%
influence how the planet cools and
 

18:38.056 --> 18:41.085 align:start position:0%
influence how the planet cools and
ultimately<00:19:59.200><c> the</c><00:19:59.440><c> magnetic</c><00:19:59.919><c> field</c><00:20:00.240><c> itself.</c>

18:41.085 --> 18:41.095 align:start position:0%
ultimately the magnetic field itself.
 

18:41.095 --> 18:43.166 align:start position:0%
ultimately the magnetic field itself.
While<00:20:02.000><c> we</c><00:20:02.240><c> can't</c><00:20:02.480><c> slice</c><00:20:02.880><c> the</c><00:20:03.039><c> planet</c><00:20:03.360><c> open</c><00:20:03.600><c> to</c>

18:43.166 --> 18:43.176 align:start position:0%
While we can't slice the planet open to
 

18:43.176 --> 18:45.806 align:start position:0%
While we can't slice the planet open to
reveal<00:20:04.080><c> the</c><00:20:04.240><c> diamonds</c><00:20:04.720><c> inside,</c><00:20:05.679><c> we</c><00:20:05.919><c> can</c><00:20:06.160><c> do</c>

18:45.806 --> 18:45.816 align:start position:0%
reveal the diamonds inside, we can do
 

18:45.816 --> 18:48.766 align:start position:0%
reveal the diamonds inside, we can do
the<00:20:06.559><c> next</c><00:20:06.799><c> best</c><00:20:07.039><c> thing.</c><00:20:07.840><c> Send</c><00:20:08.160><c> Bey</c><00:20:08.640><c> Columbo</c><00:20:09.120><c> to</c>

18:48.766 --> 18:48.776 align:start position:0%
the next best thing. Send Bey Columbo to
 

18:48.776 --> 18:51.325 align:start position:0%
the next best thing. Send Bey Columbo to
sweep<00:20:09.600><c> the</c><00:20:09.840><c> magnetosphere</c><00:20:10.640><c> for</c><00:20:10.880><c> clues.</c>

18:51.325 --> 18:51.335 align:start position:0%
sweep the magnetosphere for clues.
 

18:51.335 --> 18:53.646 align:start position:0%
sweep the magnetosphere for clues.
During<00:20:12.240><c> its</c><00:20:12.480><c> flybys,</c><00:20:13.200><c> it</c><00:20:13.440><c> activated</c><00:20:13.919><c> its</c>

18:53.646 --> 18:53.656 align:start position:0%
During its flybys, it activated its
 

18:53.656 --> 18:56.046 align:start position:0%
During its flybys, it activated its
Mercury<00:20:14.720><c> plasma</c><00:20:15.200><c> particle</c><00:20:15.760><c> experiment,</c><00:20:16.400><c> an</c>

18:56.046 --> 18:56.056 align:start position:0%
Mercury plasma particle experiment, an
 

18:56.056 --> 18:57.646 align:start position:0%
Mercury plasma particle experiment, an
instrument<00:20:17.039><c> designed</c><00:20:17.440><c> to</c><00:20:17.600><c> examine</c><00:20:18.000><c> the</c>

18:57.646 --> 18:57.656 align:start position:0%
instrument designed to examine the
 

18:57.656 --> 18:59.726 align:start position:0%
instrument designed to examine the
particles<00:20:18.880><c> moving</c><00:20:19.280><c> through</c><00:20:19.679><c> Mercury's</c>

18:59.726 --> 18:59.736 align:start position:0%
particles moving through Mercury's
 

18:59.736 --> 19:02.366 align:start position:0%
particles moving through Mercury's
magneettosphere.<00:20:21.520><c> "We</c><00:20:21.919><c> sampled</c><00:20:22.320><c> the</c><00:20:22.559><c> type</c><00:20:22.799><c> of</c>

19:02.366 --> 19:02.376 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere. "We sampled the type of
 

19:02.376 --> 19:04.526 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere. "We sampled the type of
particles,<00:20:23.679><c> how</c><00:20:23.919><c> hot</c><00:20:24.160><c> they</c><00:20:24.400><c> are,</c><00:20:24.720><c> and</c><00:20:24.960><c> how</c>

19:04.526 --> 19:04.536 align:start position:0%
particles, how hot they are, and how
 

19:04.536 --> 19:07.325 align:start position:0%
particles, how hot they are, and how
they<00:20:25.360><c> move,</c><00:20:26.000><c> enabling</c><00:20:26.640><c> us</c><00:20:26.880><c> to</c><00:20:27.120><c> clearly</c><00:20:27.600><c> plot</c>

19:07.325 --> 19:07.335 align:start position:0%
they move, enabling us to clearly plot
 

19:07.335 --> 19:09.726 align:start position:0%
they move, enabling us to clearly plot
the<00:20:28.159><c> magnetic</c><00:20:28.640><c> landscape</c><00:20:29.360><c> during</c><00:20:29.760><c> this</c><00:20:30.000><c> brief</c>

19:09.726 --> 19:09.736 align:start position:0%
the magnetic landscape during this brief
 

19:09.736 --> 19:12.926 align:start position:0%
the magnetic landscape during this brief
period,"<00:20:31.200><c> said</c><00:20:31.440><c> Lena</c><00:20:31.919><c> Hadid,</c><00:20:32.799><c> formerly</c><00:20:33.200><c> of</c>

19:12.926 --> 19:12.936 align:start position:0%
period," said Lena Hadid, formerly of
 

19:12.936 --> 19:15.965 align:start position:0%
period," said Lena Hadid, formerly of
issa,<00:20:33.919><c> and</c><00:20:34.159><c> now</c><00:20:34.480><c> at</c><00:20:34.720><c> the</c><00:20:34.880><c> lab,</c><00:20:35.679><c> the</c><00:20:35.840><c> physique</c>

19:15.965 --> 19:15.975 align:start position:0%
issa, and now at the lab, the physique
 

19:15.975 --> 19:19.965 align:start position:0%
issa, and now at the lab, the physique
plasmas<00:20:37.200><c> at</c><00:20:37.520><c> Paris</c><00:20:38.000><c> University.</c>

19:19.965 --> 19:19.975 align:start position:0%
plasmas at Paris University.
 

19:19.975 --> 19:22.046 align:start position:0%
plasmas at Paris University.
The<00:20:40.720><c> Mercury</c><00:20:41.200><c> plasma</c><00:20:41.679><c> particle</c><00:20:42.080><c> experiment</c>

19:22.046 --> 19:22.056 align:start position:0%
The Mercury plasma particle experiment
 

19:22.056 --> 19:24.606 align:start position:0%
The Mercury plasma particle experiment
confirmed<00:20:43.280><c> some</c><00:20:43.679><c> expected</c><00:20:44.400><c> magneettosphere</c>

19:24.606 --> 19:24.616 align:start position:0%
confirmed some expected magneettosphere
 

19:24.616 --> 19:26.766 align:start position:0%
confirmed some expected magneettosphere
structures<00:20:45.919><c> like</c><00:20:46.080><c> the</c><00:20:46.320><c> bowshock,</c><00:20:47.039><c> where</c><00:20:47.200><c> the</c>

19:26.766 --> 19:26.776 align:start position:0%
structures like the bowshock, where the
 

19:26.776 --> 19:28.526 align:start position:0%
structures like the bowshock, where the
solar<00:20:47.679><c> wind</c><00:20:47.919><c> slams</c><00:20:48.320><c> into</c><00:20:48.559><c> the</c><00:20:48.720><c> planet's</c>

19:28.526 --> 19:28.536 align:start position:0%
solar wind slams into the planet's
 

19:28.536 --> 19:31.006 align:start position:0%
solar wind slams into the planet's
magnetic<00:20:49.520><c> bubble,</c><00:20:50.240><c> and</c><00:20:50.480><c> the</c><00:20:50.640><c> plasma</c><00:20:51.039><c> sheet,</c>

19:31.006 --> 19:31.016 align:start position:0%
magnetic bubble, and the plasma sheet,
 

19:31.016 --> 19:33.806 align:start position:0%
magnetic bubble, and the plasma sheet,
that<00:20:51.919><c> hot</c><00:20:52.320><c> ribbon</c><00:20:52.799><c> of</c><00:20:53.039><c> charged</c><00:20:53.520><c> gas</c><00:20:53.919><c> streaming</c>

19:33.806 --> 19:33.816 align:start position:0%
that hot ribbon of charged gas streaming
 

19:33.816 --> 19:36.286 align:start position:0%
that hot ribbon of charged gas streaming
out<00:20:54.559><c> behind</c><00:20:54.960><c> Mercury</c><00:20:55.280><c> like</c><00:20:55.520><c> a</c><00:20:55.679><c> tail.</c><00:20:56.480><c> But</c><00:20:56.640><c> it</c>

19:36.286 --> 19:36.296 align:start position:0%
out behind Mercury like a tail. But it
 

19:36.296 --> 19:38.926 align:start position:0%
out behind Mercury like a tail. But it
also<00:20:57.120><c> found</c><00:20:57.440><c> something</c><00:20:58.000><c> unexpected.</c>

19:38.926 --> 19:38.936 align:start position:0%
also found something unexpected.
 

19:38.936 --> 19:41.565 align:start position:0%
also found something unexpected.
The<00:20:59.760><c> spacecraft</c><00:21:00.320><c> detected</c><00:21:01.120><c> a</c><00:21:01.520><c> turbulent</c>

19:41.565 --> 19:41.575 align:start position:0%
The spacecraft detected a turbulent
 

19:41.575 --> 19:43.166 align:start position:0%
The spacecraft detected a turbulent
boundary<00:21:02.720><c> layer</c><00:21:02.880><c> at</c><00:21:03.120><c> the</c><00:21:03.280><c> edge</c><00:21:03.520><c> of</c><00:21:03.600><c> the</c>

19:43.166 --> 19:43.176 align:start position:0%
boundary layer at the edge of the
 

19:43.176 --> 19:45.565 align:start position:0%
boundary layer at the edge of the
magnetosphere,<00:21:04.960><c> packed</c><00:21:05.280><c> with</c><00:21:05.600><c> particles</c>

19:45.565 --> 19:45.575 align:start position:0%
magnetosphere, packed with particles
 

19:45.575 --> 19:47.726 align:start position:0%
magnetosphere, packed with particles
spanning<00:21:06.559><c> a</c><00:21:06.880><c> wider</c><00:21:07.360><c> energy</c><00:21:07.679><c> range</c><00:21:08.080><c> than</c>

19:47.726 --> 19:47.736 align:start position:0%
spanning a wider energy range than
 

19:47.736 --> 19:49.726 align:start position:0%
spanning a wider energy range than
anything<00:21:08.880><c> ever</c><00:21:09.200><c> previously</c><00:21:09.760><c> recorded</c><00:21:10.159><c> at</c>

19:49.726 --> 19:49.736 align:start position:0%
anything ever previously recorded at
 

19:49.736 --> 19:52.686 align:start position:0%
anything ever previously recorded at
Mercury.<00:21:11.280><c> And</c><00:21:11.440><c> more</c><00:21:11.679><c> intriguingly,</c><00:21:12.640><c> it</c><00:21:12.960><c> found</c>

19:52.686 --> 19:52.696 align:start position:0%
Mercury. And more intriguingly, it found
 

19:52.696 --> 19:55.565 align:start position:0%
Mercury. And more intriguingly, it found
energetic<00:21:14.240><c> hot</c><00:21:14.880><c> ions</c><00:21:15.440><c> trapped</c><00:21:15.840><c> near</c>

19:55.565 --> 19:55.575 align:start position:0%
energetic hot ions trapped near
 

19:55.575 --> 19:58.366 align:start position:0%
energetic hot ions trapped near
Mercury's<00:21:16.799><c> equator,</c><00:21:17.679><c> forming</c><00:21:18.159><c> a</c><00:21:18.480><c> ring</c>

19:58.366 --> 19:58.376 align:start position:0%
Mercury's equator, forming a ring
 

19:58.376 --> 20:00.926 align:start position:0%
Mercury's equator, forming a ring
current.<00:21:19.840><c> But</c><00:21:20.080><c> there's</c><00:21:20.240><c> a</c><00:21:20.480><c> problem.</c><00:21:21.200><c> Given</c>

20:00.926 --> 20:00.936 align:start position:0%
current. But there's a problem. Given
 

20:00.936 --> 20:02.286 align:start position:0%
current. But there's a problem. Given
how<00:21:21.760><c> small</c><00:21:22.080><c> and</c><00:21:22.320><c> compressed</c><00:21:22.720><c> the</c>

20:02.286 --> 20:02.296 align:start position:0%
how small and compressed the
 

20:02.296 --> 20:04.686 align:start position:0%
how small and compressed the
magneettosphere<00:21:23.600><c> is,</c><00:21:24.240><c> a</c><00:21:24.480><c> ring</c><00:21:24.720><c> current</c><00:21:25.039><c> like</c>

20:04.686 --> 20:04.696 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere is, a ring current like
 

20:04.696 --> 20:07.486 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere is, a ring current like
this<00:21:25.760><c> shouldn't</c><00:21:26.159><c> be</c><00:21:26.400><c> possible</c><00:21:26.799><c> here</c><00:21:27.840><c> on</c>

20:07.486 --> 20:07.496 align:start position:0%
this shouldn't be possible here on
 

20:07.496 --> 20:09.726 align:start position:0%
this shouldn't be possible here on
Earth.<00:21:28.320><c> The</c><00:21:28.480><c> ring</c><00:21:28.720><c> currents</c><00:21:29.120><c> exist</c><00:21:29.600><c> tens</c><00:21:30.080><c> of</c>

20:09.726 --> 20:09.736 align:start position:0%
Earth. The ring currents exist tens of
 

20:09.736 --> 20:11.486 align:start position:0%
Earth. The ring currents exist tens of
thousands<00:21:30.720><c> of</c><00:21:30.880><c> kilometers</c><00:21:31.440><c> above</c><00:21:31.840><c> the</c>

20:11.486 --> 20:11.496 align:start position:0%
thousands of kilometers above the
 

20:11.496 --> 20:13.646 align:start position:0%
thousands of kilometers above the
surface<00:21:32.799><c> where</c><00:21:33.039><c> there's</c><00:21:33.360><c> enough</c><00:21:33.679><c> space</c><00:21:34.000><c> for</c>

20:13.646 --> 20:13.656 align:start position:0%
surface where there's enough space for
 

20:13.656 --> 20:16.686 align:start position:0%
surface where there's enough space for
particles<00:21:34.799><c> to</c><00:21:34.960><c> drift</c><00:21:35.360><c> in</c><00:21:35.760><c> stable</c><00:21:36.159><c> loops.</c><00:21:36.960><c> At</c>

20:16.686 --> 20:16.696 align:start position:0%
particles to drift in stable loops. At
 

20:16.696 --> 20:18.846 align:start position:0%
particles to drift in stable loops. At
Mercury,<00:21:38.000><c> since</c><00:21:38.159><c> the</c><00:21:38.320><c> magneettosphere</c><00:21:39.039><c> is</c><00:21:39.200><c> so</c>

20:18.846 --> 20:18.856 align:start position:0%
Mercury, since the magneettosphere is so
 

20:18.856 --> 20:20.445 align:start position:0%
Mercury, since the magneettosphere is so
small<00:21:39.679><c> and</c><00:21:39.919><c> compressed</c><00:21:40.320><c> against</c><00:21:40.559><c> the</c><00:21:40.799><c> planet</c>

20:20.445 --> 20:20.455 align:start position:0%
small and compressed against the planet
 

20:20.455 --> 20:22.766 align:start position:0%
small and compressed against the planet
on<00:21:41.200><c> the</c><00:21:41.280><c> sun-facing</c><00:21:41.919><c> side,</c><00:21:42.559><c> the</c><00:21:42.720><c> ring</c><00:21:43.039><c> current</c>

20:22.766 --> 20:22.776 align:start position:0%
on the sun-facing side, the ring current
 

20:22.776 --> 20:24.846 align:start position:0%
on the sun-facing side, the ring current
would<00:21:43.600><c> have</c><00:21:43.760><c> to</c><00:21:43.840><c> sit</c><00:21:44.080><c> just</c><00:21:44.320><c> a</c><00:21:44.480><c> few</c><00:21:44.640><c> hundred</c><00:21:44.960><c> km</c>

20:24.846 --> 20:24.856 align:start position:0%
would have to sit just a few hundred km
 

20:24.856 --> 20:27.806 align:start position:0%
would have to sit just a few hundred km
above<00:21:45.760><c> the</c><00:21:45.919><c> surface.</c><00:21:47.039><c> But</c><00:21:47.200><c> in</c><00:21:47.520><c> this</c><00:21:47.679><c> position,</c>

20:27.806 --> 20:27.816 align:start position:0%
above the surface. But in this position,
 

20:27.816 --> 20:29.565 align:start position:0%
above the surface. But in this position,
the<00:21:48.559><c> particles</c><00:21:49.039><c> don't</c><00:21:49.280><c> have</c><00:21:49.440><c> enough</c><00:21:49.679><c> room</c><00:21:49.919><c> to</c>

20:29.565 --> 20:29.575 align:start position:0%
the particles don't have enough room to
 

20:29.575 --> 20:31.246 align:start position:0%
the particles don't have enough room to
complete<00:21:50.480><c> a</c><00:21:50.640><c> stable</c><00:21:51.039><c> orbit</c><00:21:51.440><c> around</c><00:21:51.679><c> the</c>

20:31.246 --> 20:31.256 align:start position:0%
complete a stable orbit around the
 

20:31.256 --> 20:33.646 align:start position:0%
complete a stable orbit around the
planet<00:21:52.240><c> before</c><00:21:52.640><c> crashing</c><00:21:53.120><c> into</c><00:21:53.360><c> it</c><00:21:53.840><c> or</c>

20:33.646 --> 20:33.656 align:start position:0%
planet before crashing into it or
 

20:33.656 --> 20:36.606 align:start position:0%
planet before crashing into it or
getting<00:21:54.480><c> swept</c><00:21:54.880><c> away</c><00:21:55.120><c> by</c><00:21:55.280><c> the</c><00:21:55.440><c> solar</c><00:21:55.760><c> wind.</c>

20:36.606 --> 20:36.616 align:start position:0%
getting swept away by the solar wind.
 

20:36.616 --> 20:39.166 align:start position:0%
getting swept away by the solar wind.
So<00:21:57.440><c> whether</c><00:21:57.760><c> this</c><00:21:58.080><c> ring</c><00:21:58.400><c> is</c><00:21:58.720><c> complete</c><00:21:59.360><c> or</c>

20:39.166 --> 20:39.176 align:start position:0%
So whether this ring is complete or
 

20:39.176 --> 20:41.646 align:start position:0%
So whether this ring is complete or
partial<00:22:00.480><c> is</c><00:22:00.799><c> still</c><00:22:01.039><c> being</c><00:22:01.280><c> debated,</c><00:22:02.000><c> but</c>

20:41.646 --> 20:41.656 align:start position:0%
partial is still being debated, but
 

20:41.656 --> 20:44.126 align:start position:0%
partial is still being debated, but
Beyombo's<00:22:03.120><c> findings</c><00:22:03.600><c> could</c><00:22:03.919><c> rewrite</c><00:22:04.400><c> our</c>

20:44.126 --> 20:44.136 align:start position:0%
Beyombo's findings could rewrite our
 

20:44.136 --> 20:46.366 align:start position:0%
Beyombo's findings could rewrite our
understanding<00:22:05.200><c> of</c><00:22:05.520><c> how</c><00:22:05.840><c> magnetospheres</c><00:22:06.720><c> can</c>

20:46.366 --> 20:46.376 align:start position:0%
understanding of how magnetospheres can
 

20:46.376 --> 20:48.445 align:start position:0%
understanding of how magnetospheres can
look<00:22:07.200><c> on</c><00:22:07.440><c> rocky</c><00:22:07.840><c> worlds</c><00:22:08.320><c> close</c><00:22:08.640><c> to</c><00:22:08.799><c> their</c>

20:48.445 --> 20:48.455 align:start position:0%
look on rocky worlds close to their
 

20:48.455 --> 20:50.926 align:start position:0%
look on rocky worlds close to their
stars.<00:22:10.159><c> It's</c><00:22:10.400><c> also</c><00:22:10.640><c> turned</c><00:22:10.880><c> out</c><00:22:11.120><c> that</c><00:22:11.280><c> this</c>

20:50.926 --> 20:50.936 align:start position:0%
stars. It's also turned out that this
 

20:50.936 --> 20:52.445 align:start position:0%
stars. It's also turned out that this
finding<00:22:11.840><c> could</c><00:22:12.080><c> be</c><00:22:12.159><c> key</c><00:22:12.400><c> to</c><00:22:12.559><c> understanding</c>

20:52.445 --> 20:52.455 align:start position:0%
finding could be key to understanding
 

20:52.455 --> 20:54.766 align:start position:0%
finding could be key to understanding
planets<00:22:13.679><c> beyond</c><00:22:14.080><c> our</c><00:22:14.400><c> own</c><00:22:14.640><c> solar</c><00:22:14.960><c> system,</c>

20:54.766 --> 20:54.776 align:start position:0%
planets beyond our own solar system,
 

20:54.776 --> 20:58.126 align:start position:0%
planets beyond our own solar system,
too.<00:22:16.400><c> As</c><00:22:16.720><c> our</c><00:22:16.960><c> exoplanet</c><00:22:17.679><c> cataloges</c><00:22:18.400><c> have</c>

20:58.126 --> 20:58.136 align:start position:0%
too. As our exoplanet cataloges have
 

20:58.136 --> 21:00.526 align:start position:0%
too. As our exoplanet cataloges have
grown<00:22:19.120><c> over</c><00:22:19.360><c> the</c><00:22:19.600><c> last</c><00:22:19.760><c> decades,</c><00:22:20.559><c> astronomers</c>

21:00.526 --> 21:00.536 align:start position:0%
grown over the last decades, astronomers
 

21:00.536 --> 21:02.046 align:start position:0%
grown over the last decades, astronomers
have<00:22:21.360><c> started</c><00:22:21.760><c> noticing</c><00:22:22.240><c> something</c>

21:02.046 --> 21:02.056 align:start position:0%
have started noticing something
 

21:02.056 --> 21:04.366 align:start position:0%
have started noticing something
striking.<00:22:23.600><c> There</c><00:22:23.840><c> seems</c><00:22:24.080><c> to</c><00:22:24.159><c> be</c><00:22:24.320><c> a</c><00:22:24.640><c> whole</c>

21:04.366 --> 21:04.376 align:start position:0%
striking. There seems to be a whole
 

21:04.376 --> 21:06.046 align:start position:0%
striking. There seems to be a whole
class<00:22:25.200><c> of</c><00:22:25.440><c> rocky</c><00:22:25.760><c> worlds</c><00:22:26.080><c> that</c><00:22:26.320><c> share</c>

21:06.046 --> 21:06.056 align:start position:0%
class of rocky worlds that share
 

21:06.056 --> 21:08.686 align:start position:0%
class of rocky worlds that share
Mercury's<00:22:27.200><c> enormous</c><00:22:27.840><c> iron</c><00:22:28.320><c> rich</c><00:22:28.559><c> core,</c>

21:08.686 --> 21:08.696 align:start position:0%
Mercury's enormous iron rich core,
 

21:08.696 --> 21:10.766 align:start position:0%
Mercury's enormous iron rich core,
making<00:22:29.520><c> up</c><00:22:29.760><c> a</c><00:22:30.000><c> disproportionate</c><00:22:30.960><c> fraction</c><00:22:31.280><c> of</c>

21:10.766 --> 21:10.776 align:start position:0%
making up a disproportionate fraction of
 

21:10.776 --> 21:13.406 align:start position:0%
making up a disproportionate fraction of
the<00:22:31.520><c> planet's</c><00:22:31.919><c> total</c><00:22:32.240><c> mass.</c><00:22:33.039><c> They're</c><00:22:33.360><c> called</c>

21:13.406 --> 21:13.416 align:start position:0%
the planet's total mass. They're called
 

21:13.416 --> 21:15.886 align:start position:0%
the planet's total mass. They're called
super<00:22:34.559><c> Mercuries,</c><00:22:35.520><c> and</c><00:22:35.760><c> we</c><00:22:36.000><c> think</c><00:22:36.159><c> they're</c>

21:15.886 --> 21:15.896 align:start position:0%
super Mercuries, and we think they're
 

21:15.896 --> 21:18.205 align:start position:0%
super Mercuries, and we think they're
quite<00:22:36.720><c> rare,</c><00:22:37.360><c> but</c><00:22:37.600><c> we've</c><00:22:38.080><c> identified</c><00:22:38.400><c> a</c><00:22:38.640><c> few</c>

21:18.205 --> 21:18.215 align:start position:0%
quite rare, but we've identified a few
 

21:18.215 --> 21:20.526 align:start position:0%
quite rare, but we've identified a few
already,<00:22:39.360><c> like</c><00:22:39.600><c> the</c><00:22:39.919><c> two</c><00:22:40.240><c> orbiting</c><00:22:40.720><c> the</c><00:22:40.880><c> same</c>

21:20.526 --> 21:20.536 align:start position:0%
already, like the two orbiting the same
 

21:20.536 --> 21:24.126 align:start position:0%
already, like the two orbiting the same
star,<00:22:41.679><c> HD23472,</c>

21:24.126 --> 21:24.136 align:start position:0%
 
 

21:24.136 --> 21:27.166 align:start position:0%
 
127<00:22:45.200><c> light</c><00:22:45.440><c> years</c><00:22:45.679><c> away.</c><00:22:46.799><c> Because</c><00:22:47.200><c> Mercury's</c>

21:27.166 --> 21:27.176 align:start position:0%
127 light years away. Because Mercury's
 

21:27.176 --> 21:29.806 align:start position:0%
127 light years away. Because Mercury's
magneettosphere<00:22:48.480><c> is</c><00:22:48.799><c> so</c><00:22:49.200><c> compressed,</c><00:22:50.159><c> it</c>

21:29.806 --> 21:29.816 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere is so compressed, it
 

21:29.816 --> 21:31.965 align:start position:0%
magneettosphere is so compressed, it
sits<00:22:50.720><c> at</c><00:22:50.880><c> the</c><00:22:51.039><c> extreme</c><00:22:51.440><c> end</c><00:22:51.679><c> of</c><00:22:52.000><c> what</c><00:22:52.240><c> a</c>

21:31.965 --> 21:31.975 align:start position:0%
sits at the extreme end of what a
 

21:31.975 --> 21:34.926 align:start position:0%
sits at the extreme end of what a
planetary<00:22:53.120><c> magnetic</c><00:22:53.679><c> field</c><00:22:54.000><c> can</c><00:22:54.240><c> look</c><00:22:54.480><c> like.</c>

21:34.926 --> 21:34.936 align:start position:0%
planetary magnetic field can look like.
 

21:34.936 --> 21:37.006 align:start position:0%
planetary magnetic field can look like.
That<00:22:55.840><c> makes</c><00:22:56.000><c> it</c><00:22:56.240><c> ideal</c><00:22:56.640><c> for</c><00:22:56.960><c> stress</c><00:22:57.280><c> testing</c>

21:37.006 --> 21:37.016 align:start position:0%
That makes it ideal for stress testing
 

21:37.016 --> 21:39.166 align:start position:0%
That makes it ideal for stress testing
our<00:22:57.840><c> models</c><00:22:58.400><c> and</c><00:22:58.640><c> understanding</c><00:22:59.200><c> how</c><00:22:59.520><c> much</c>

21:39.166 --> 21:39.176 align:start position:0%
our models and understanding how much
 

21:39.176 --> 21:41.486 align:start position:0%
our models and understanding how much
protection<00:23:00.159><c> a</c><00:23:00.400><c> magneettosphere</c><00:23:01.120><c> can</c><00:23:01.280><c> afford</c>

21:41.486 --> 21:41.496 align:start position:0%
protection a magneettosphere can afford
 

21:41.496 --> 21:44.686 align:start position:0%
protection a magneettosphere can afford
or<00:23:02.400><c> how</c><00:23:02.720><c> it</c><00:23:02.960><c> gets</c><00:23:03.200><c> stripped</c><00:23:03.520><c> away</c><00:23:03.840><c> over</c><00:23:04.080><c> time.</c>

21:44.686 --> 21:44.696 align:start position:0%
or how it gets stripped away over time.
 

21:44.696 --> 21:46.526 align:start position:0%
or how it gets stripped away over time.
Changing<00:23:05.600><c> our</c><00:23:05.840><c> understanding</c><00:23:06.240><c> of</c><00:23:06.480><c> this</c><00:23:06.720><c> would</c>

21:46.526 --> 21:46.536 align:start position:0%
Changing our understanding of this would
 

21:46.536 --> 21:48.846 align:start position:0%
Changing our understanding of this would
redefine<00:23:07.760><c> how</c><00:23:08.240><c> close</c><00:23:08.559><c> to</c><00:23:08.720><c> a</c><00:23:08.960><c> star</c><00:23:09.280><c> the</c>

21:48.846 --> 21:48.856 align:start position:0%
redefine how close to a star the
 

21:48.856 --> 21:50.686 align:start position:0%
redefine how close to a star the
habitable<00:23:09.840><c> zone</c><00:23:10.080><c> of</c><00:23:10.240><c> exoplanet</c><00:23:10.880><c> systems</c>

21:50.686 --> 21:50.696 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of exoplanet systems
 

21:50.696 --> 21:53.166 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of exoplanet systems
could<00:23:11.600><c> be</c><00:23:12.240><c> and</c><00:23:12.480><c> might</c><00:23:12.799><c> open</c><00:23:13.039><c> up</c><00:23:13.280><c> far</c><00:23:13.520><c> more</c>

21:53.166 --> 21:53.176 align:start position:0%
could be and might open up far more
 

21:53.176 --> 21:54.766 align:start position:0%
could be and might open up far more
candidate<00:23:14.240><c> planets</c><00:23:14.559><c> than</c><00:23:14.720><c> we</c><00:23:14.960><c> currently</c>

21:54.766 --> 21:54.776 align:start position:0%
candidate planets than we currently
 

21:54.776 --> 21:57.565 align:start position:0%
candidate planets than we currently
consider.<00:23:16.320><c> some</c><00:23:16.559><c> of</c><00:23:16.720><c> which</c><00:23:17.120><c> might</c><00:23:17.440><c> even</c><00:23:17.840><c> have</c>

21:57.565 --> 21:57.575 align:start position:0%
consider. some of which might even have
 

21:57.575 --> 22:00.046 align:start position:0%
consider. some of which might even have
water<00:23:18.480><c> on</c><00:23:18.720><c> their</c><00:23:18.960><c> surface.</c><00:23:20.159><c> Speaking</c><00:23:20.480><c> of</c>

22:00.046 --> 22:00.056 align:start position:0%
water on their surface. Speaking of
 

22:00.056 --> 22:02.606 align:start position:0%
water on their surface. Speaking of
which,<00:23:21.360><c> remember</c><00:23:21.760><c> those</c><00:23:22.240><c> freezing</c><00:23:22.799><c> cold</c>

22:02.606 --> 22:02.616 align:start position:0%
which, remember those freezing cold
 

22:02.616 --> 22:05.565 align:start position:0%
which, remember those freezing cold
craters<00:23:23.679><c> on</c><00:23:23.919><c> Mercury's</c><00:23:24.400><c> north</c><00:23:24.640><c> pole?</c><00:23:25.679><c> Well,</c>

22:05.565 --> 22:05.575 align:start position:0%
craters on Mercury's north pole? Well,
 

22:05.575 --> 22:07.726 align:start position:0%
craters on Mercury's north pole? Well,
we've<00:23:26.480><c> suspected</c><00:23:26.960><c> for</c><00:23:27.200><c> a</c><00:23:27.360><c> while</c><00:23:27.520><c> now</c><00:23:28.000><c> they</c>

22:07.726 --> 22:07.736 align:start position:0%
we've suspected for a while now they
 

22:07.736 --> 22:10.286 align:start position:0%
we've suspected for a while now they
might<00:23:28.559><c> contain</c><00:23:29.039><c> frozen</c><00:23:29.520><c> water</c><00:23:29.840><c> ice,</c><00:23:30.640><c> which</c>

22:10.286 --> 22:10.296 align:start position:0%
might contain frozen water ice, which
 

22:10.296 --> 22:12.846 align:start position:0%
might contain frozen water ice, which
seems<00:23:31.520><c> incredibly</c><00:23:32.159><c> counterintuitive</c><00:23:33.039><c> for</c><00:23:33.200><c> a</c>

22:12.846 --> 22:12.856 align:start position:0%
seems incredibly counterintuitive for a
 

22:12.856 --> 22:15.486 align:start position:0%
seems incredibly counterintuitive for a
planet<00:23:33.919><c> scorching</c><00:23:34.400><c> in</c><00:23:34.559><c> the</c><00:23:34.720><c> sun.</c><00:23:35.520><c> But</c><00:23:35.679><c> perhaps</c>

22:15.486 --> 22:15.496 align:start position:0%
planet scorching in the sun. But perhaps
 

22:15.496 --> 22:17.166 align:start position:0%
planet scorching in the sun. But perhaps
the<00:23:36.240><c> most</c><00:23:36.480><c> surprising</c><00:23:36.880><c> theory</c><00:23:37.200><c> to</c><00:23:37.440><c> come</c><00:23:37.600><c> out</c>

22:17.166 --> 22:17.176 align:start position:0%
the most surprising theory to come out
 

22:17.176 --> 22:19.886 align:start position:0%
the most surprising theory to come out
of<00:23:37.919><c> the</c><00:23:38.080><c> last</c><00:23:38.240><c> 2</c><00:23:38.480><c> years</c><00:23:39.039><c> is</c><00:23:39.360><c> how</c><00:23:39.679><c> that</c><00:23:40.000><c> water</c>

22:19.886 --> 22:19.896 align:start position:0%
of the last 2 years is how that water
 

22:19.896 --> 22:22.926 align:start position:0%
of the last 2 years is how that water
came<00:23:40.720><c> to</c><00:23:41.039><c> be</c><00:23:41.280><c> there.</c>

22:22.926 --> 22:22.936 align:start position:0%
came to be there.
 

22:22.936 --> 22:25.325 align:start position:0%
came to be there.
In<00:23:43.760><c> the</c><00:23:43.919><c> 1990s,</c><00:23:44.720><c> Earth-based</c><00:23:45.280><c> observations</c>

22:25.325 --> 22:25.335 align:start position:0%
In the 1990s, Earth-based observations
 

22:25.335 --> 22:27.565 align:start position:0%
In the 1990s, Earth-based observations
picked<00:23:46.159><c> up</c><00:23:46.559><c> anomalous</c><00:23:47.280><c> bright</c><00:23:47.760><c> radar</c>

22:27.565 --> 22:27.575 align:start position:0%
picked up anomalous bright radar
 

22:27.575 --> 22:29.246 align:start position:0%
picked up anomalous bright radar
reflections<00:23:48.640><c> from</c><00:23:48.960><c> Mercury's</c><00:23:49.440><c> polar</c>

22:29.246 --> 22:29.256 align:start position:0%
reflections from Mercury's polar
 

22:29.256 --> 22:32.046 align:start position:0%
reflections from Mercury's polar
regions,<00:23:50.640><c> the</c><00:23:50.880><c> kind</c><00:23:51.200><c> associated</c><00:23:51.919><c> with</c><00:23:52.320><c> water</c>

22:32.046 --> 22:32.056 align:start position:0%
regions, the kind associated with water
 

22:32.056 --> 22:34.686 align:start position:0%
regions, the kind associated with water
ice.<00:23:53.679><c> Mercury's</c><00:23:54.240><c> messenger</c><00:23:54.640><c> mission</c><00:23:54.960><c> later</c>

22:34.686 --> 22:34.696 align:start position:0%
ice. Mercury's messenger mission later
 

22:34.696 --> 22:37.406 align:start position:0%
ice. Mercury's messenger mission later
confirmed<00:23:55.919><c> vast</c><00:23:56.320><c> deposits</c><00:23:56.799><c> of</c><00:23:57.039><c> frozen</c><00:23:57.440><c> water</c>

22:37.406 --> 22:37.416 align:start position:0%
confirmed vast deposits of frozen water
 

22:37.416 --> 22:39.486 align:start position:0%
confirmed vast deposits of frozen water
are<00:23:58.240><c> indeed</c><00:23:58.720><c> preserved</c><00:23:59.200><c> inside</c><00:23:59.520><c> the</c><00:23:59.760><c> cold</c>

22:39.486 --> 22:39.496 align:start position:0%
are indeed preserved inside the cold
 

22:39.496 --> 22:43.006 align:start position:0%
are indeed preserved inside the cold
traps<00:24:00.400><c> of</c><00:24:00.559><c> polar</c><00:24:00.880><c> craters.</c><00:24:02.000><c> But</c><00:24:02.159><c> now</c><00:24:02.400><c> in</c><00:24:02.640><c> 2026,</c>

22:43.006 --> 22:43.016 align:start position:0%
traps of polar craters. But now in 2026,
 

22:43.016 --> 22:45.006 align:start position:0%
traps of polar craters. But now in 2026,
a<00:24:03.840><c> team</c><00:24:04.000><c> of</c><00:24:04.159><c> researchers</c><00:24:04.640><c> led</c><00:24:04.880><c> by</c><00:24:05.120><c> planetary</c>

22:45.006 --> 22:45.016 align:start position:0%
a team of researchers led by planetary
 

22:45.016 --> 22:47.806 align:start position:0%
a team of researchers led by planetary
scientist<00:24:06.240><c> Parvathy</c><00:24:06.960><c> Prim</c><00:24:07.679><c> think</c><00:24:07.919><c> it</c><00:24:08.240><c> might</c>

22:47.806 --> 22:47.816 align:start position:0%
scientist Parvathy Prim think it might
 

22:47.816 --> 22:50.445 align:start position:0%
scientist Parvathy Prim think it might
have<00:24:08.559><c> been</c><00:24:08.799><c> delivered</c><00:24:09.200><c> on</c><00:24:09.600><c> a</c><00:24:09.919><c> waterrich</c><00:24:10.640><c> comet</c>

22:50.445 --> 22:50.455 align:start position:0%
have been delivered on a waterrich comet
 

22:50.455 --> 22:53.085 align:start position:0%
have been delivered on a waterrich comet
or<00:24:11.279><c> asteroid.</c><00:24:12.559><c> The</c><00:24:12.880><c> researchers</c><00:24:13.360><c> ran</c>

22:53.085 --> 22:53.095 align:start position:0%
or asteroid. The researchers ran
 

22:53.095 --> 22:55.166 align:start position:0%
or asteroid. The researchers ran
computer<00:24:14.000><c> simulations</c><00:24:14.640><c> to</c><00:24:14.880><c> understand</c><00:24:15.360><c> what</c>

22:55.166 --> 22:55.176 align:start position:0%
computer simulations to understand what
 

22:55.176 --> 22:57.486 align:start position:0%
computer simulations to understand what
kind<00:24:16.000><c> of</c><00:24:16.159><c> event</c><00:24:16.640><c> might</c><00:24:16.880><c> have</c><00:24:17.120><c> deposited</c><00:24:17.760><c> such</c>

22:57.486 --> 22:57.496 align:start position:0%
kind of event might have deposited such
 

22:57.496 --> 22:59.886 align:start position:0%
kind of event might have deposited such
stores<00:24:18.559><c> onto</c><00:24:18.880><c> the</c><00:24:19.120><c> planet.</c><00:24:19.679><c> And</c><00:24:19.840><c> of</c><00:24:20.080><c> all</c><00:24:20.240><c> the</c>

22:59.886 --> 22:59.896 align:start position:0%
stores onto the planet. And of all the
 

22:59.896 --> 23:02.205 align:start position:0%
stores onto the planet. And of all the
possibilities,<00:24:21.520><c> only</c><00:24:21.760><c> a</c><00:24:22.080><c> very</c><00:24:22.320><c> slim</c>

23:02.205 --> 23:02.215 align:start position:0%
possibilities, only a very slim
 

23:02.215 --> 23:04.286 align:start position:0%
possibilities, only a very slim
configuration<00:24:23.279><c> of</c><00:24:23.520><c> variables</c><00:24:24.159><c> yielded</c><00:24:24.640><c> the</c>

23:04.286 --> 23:04.296 align:start position:0%
configuration of variables yielded the
 

23:04.296 --> 23:06.286 align:start position:0%
configuration of variables yielded the
result<00:24:25.200><c> we</c><00:24:25.600><c> actually</c><00:24:26.000><c> see</c><00:24:26.159><c> on</c><00:24:26.400><c> the</c><00:24:26.559><c> planet</c>

23:06.286 --> 23:06.296 align:start position:0%
result we actually see on the planet
 

23:06.296 --> 23:09.406 align:start position:0%
result we actually see on the planet
today.<00:24:28.000><c> The</c><00:24:28.240><c> simulation</c><00:24:28.799><c> predicted</c><00:24:29.360><c> a</c><00:24:29.600><c> single</c>

23:09.406 --> 23:09.416 align:start position:0%
today. The simulation predicted a single
 

23:09.416 --> 23:12.526 align:start position:0%
today. The simulation predicted a single
impact<00:24:30.480><c> of</c><00:24:30.640><c> more</c><00:24:30.880><c> than</c><00:24:31.200><c> 17</c><00:24:31.600><c> km</c><00:24:32.159><c> wide</c><00:24:32.640><c> traveling</c>

23:12.526 --> 23:12.536 align:start position:0%
impact of more than 17 km wide traveling
 

23:12.536 --> 23:15.886 align:start position:0%
impact of more than 17 km wide traveling
under<00:24:33.600><c> 30</c><00:24:33.919><c> km/s</c><00:24:35.200><c> would</c><00:24:35.520><c> have</c><00:24:35.679><c> been</c><00:24:35.919><c> capable</c><00:24:36.240><c> of</c>

23:15.886 --> 23:15.896 align:start position:0%
under 30 km/s would have been capable of
 

23:15.896 --> 23:18.445 align:start position:0%
under 30 km/s would have been capable of
such<00:24:36.720><c> a</c><00:24:36.880><c> feat.</c><00:24:37.679><c> slamming</c><00:24:38.080><c> into</c><00:24:38.320><c> the</c><00:24:38.480><c> planet,</c>

23:18.445 --> 23:18.455 align:start position:0%
such a feat. slamming into the planet,
 

23:18.455 --> 23:19.486 align:start position:0%
such a feat. slamming into the planet,
it<00:24:39.200><c> would</c><00:24:39.360><c> have</c><00:24:39.520><c> released</c><00:24:39.840><c> an</c>

23:19.486 --> 23:19.496 align:start position:0%
it would have released an
 

23:19.496 --> 23:21.965 align:start position:0%
it would have released an
incomprehensible<00:24:41.200><c> amount</c><00:24:41.520><c> of</c><00:24:41.679><c> energy,</c>

23:21.965 --> 23:21.975 align:start position:0%
incomprehensible amount of energy,
 

23:21.975 --> 23:24.126 align:start position:0%
incomprehensible amount of energy,
instantly<00:24:43.120><c> vaporizing</c><00:24:43.760><c> the</c><00:24:44.000><c> water</c><00:24:44.240><c> it</c><00:24:44.559><c> was</c>

23:24.126 --> 23:24.136 align:start position:0%
instantly vaporizing the water it was
 

23:24.136 --> 23:26.366 align:start position:0%
instantly vaporizing the water it was
carrying,<00:24:45.440><c> temporarily</c><00:24:46.159><c> coating</c><00:24:46.559><c> the</c><00:24:46.720><c> planet</c>

23:26.366 --> 23:26.376 align:start position:0%
carrying, temporarily coating the planet
 

23:26.376 --> 23:29.246 align:start position:0%
carrying, temporarily coating the planet
in<00:24:47.120><c> a</c><00:24:47.279><c> vapor-based</c><00:24:48.080><c> atmosphere</c><00:24:48.880><c> in</c><00:24:49.200><c> just</c><00:24:49.520><c> over</c>

23:29.246 --> 23:29.256 align:start position:0%
in a vapor-based atmosphere in just over
 

23:29.256 --> 23:32.445 align:start position:0%
in a vapor-based atmosphere in just over
an<00:24:50.159><c> hour.</c><00:24:51.120><c> That</c><00:24:51.440><c> dense</c><00:24:51.840><c> cloud</c><00:24:52.159><c> of</c><00:24:52.400><c> water</c><00:24:52.640><c> vapor</c>

23:32.445 --> 23:32.455 align:start position:0%
an hour. That dense cloud of water vapor
 

23:32.455 --> 23:34.205 align:start position:0%
an hour. That dense cloud of water vapor
was<00:24:53.200><c> thick</c><00:24:53.520><c> enough</c><00:24:53.679><c> to</c><00:24:53.919><c> partially</c><00:24:54.400><c> shield</c>

23:34.205 --> 23:34.215 align:start position:0%
was thick enough to partially shield
 

23:34.215 --> 23:35.886 align:start position:0%
was thick enough to partially shield
itself<00:24:55.120><c> from</c><00:24:55.279><c> the</c><00:24:55.440><c> sun's</c><00:24:55.840><c> ultraviolet</c>

23:35.886 --> 23:35.896 align:start position:0%
itself from the sun's ultraviolet
 

23:35.896 --> 23:38.526 align:start position:0%
itself from the sun's ultraviolet
radiation,<00:24:57.440><c> slowing</c><00:24:57.840><c> the</c><00:24:58.080><c> breakdown</c><00:24:58.640><c> of</c>

23:38.526 --> 23:38.536 align:start position:0%
radiation, slowing the breakdown of
 

23:38.536 --> 23:40.685 align:start position:0%
radiation, slowing the breakdown of
water<00:24:59.440><c> molecules</c><00:25:00.000><c> and</c><00:25:00.320><c> buying</c><00:25:00.799><c> precious</c>

23:40.685 --> 23:40.695 align:start position:0%
water molecules and buying precious
 

23:40.695 --> 23:43.886 align:start position:0%
water molecules and buying precious
time.<00:25:02.159><c> Over</c><00:25:02.640><c> the</c><00:25:02.880><c> following</c><00:25:03.279><c> Mercurian</c><00:25:03.919><c> day,</c>

23:43.886 --> 23:43.896 align:start position:0%
time. Over the following Mercurian day,
 

23:43.896 --> 23:46.526 align:start position:0%
time. Over the following Mercurian day,
which<00:25:04.720><c> lasts</c><00:25:05.039><c> nearly</c><00:25:05.520><c> six</c><00:25:05.840><c> Earth</c><00:25:06.159><c> months,</c><00:25:06.880><c> the</c>

23:46.526 --> 23:46.536 align:start position:0%
which lasts nearly six Earth months, the
 

23:46.536 --> 23:49.085 align:start position:0%
which lasts nearly six Earth months, the
water<00:25:07.360><c> vapor</c><00:25:08.000><c> gradually</c><00:25:08.640><c> migrated</c><00:25:09.279><c> towards</c>

23:49.085 --> 23:49.095 align:start position:0%
water vapor gradually migrated towards
 

23:49.095 --> 23:51.965 align:start position:0%
water vapor gradually migrated towards
the<00:25:09.840><c> poles,</c><00:25:10.559><c> where</c><00:25:10.799><c> it</c><00:25:11.039><c> condensed</c><00:25:11.760><c> and</c><00:25:12.080><c> froze</c>

23:51.965 --> 23:51.975 align:start position:0%
the poles, where it condensed and froze
 

23:51.975 --> 23:54.445 align:start position:0%
the poles, where it condensed and froze
inside<00:25:12.960><c> the</c><00:25:13.200><c> permanently</c><00:25:13.840><c> shadow</c><00:25:14.159><c> craters</c>

23:54.445 --> 23:54.455 align:start position:0%
inside the permanently shadow craters
 

23:54.455 --> 23:56.926 align:start position:0%
inside the permanently shadow craters
layer<00:25:15.200><c> by</c><00:25:15.520><c> layer,</c><00:25:16.080><c> creating</c><00:25:16.480><c> the</c><00:25:16.799><c> deposits</c><00:25:17.279><c> we</c>

23:56.926 --> 23:56.936 align:start position:0%
layer by layer, creating the deposits we
 

23:56.936 --> 23:59.806 align:start position:0%
layer by layer, creating the deposits we
see<00:25:17.760><c> today.</c><00:25:18.960><c> This</c><00:25:19.120><c> theory</c><00:25:19.760><c> also</c><00:25:20.080><c> helps</c>

23:59.806 --> 23:59.816 align:start position:0%
see today. This theory also helps
 

23:59.816 --> 24:01.246 align:start position:0%
see today. This theory also helps
explain<00:25:20.799><c> something</c><00:25:21.039><c> that</c><00:25:21.279><c> has</c><00:25:21.440><c> puzzled</c>

24:01.246 --> 24:01.256 align:start position:0%
explain something that has puzzled
 

24:01.256 --> 24:03.565 align:start position:0%
explain something that has puzzled
scientists<00:25:22.240><c> for</c><00:25:22.480><c> years.</c><00:25:23.120><c> Why</c><00:25:23.440><c> Mercury's</c><00:25:23.919><c> ice</c>

24:03.565 --> 24:03.575 align:start position:0%
scientists for years. Why Mercury's ice
 

24:03.575 --> 24:06.526 align:start position:0%
scientists for years. Why Mercury's ice
is<00:25:24.400><c> so</c><00:25:24.640><c> pure.</c><00:25:25.679><c> If</c><00:25:25.919><c> the</c><00:25:26.159><c> deposits</c><00:25:26.640><c> had</c><00:25:26.960><c> been</c>

24:06.526 --> 24:06.536 align:start position:0%
is so pure. If the deposits had been
 

24:06.536 --> 24:08.205 align:start position:0%
is so pure. If the deposits had been
built<00:25:27.360><c> up</c><00:25:27.520><c> gradually</c><00:25:28.000><c> over</c><00:25:28.240><c> billions</c><00:25:28.640><c> of</c>

24:08.205 --> 24:08.215 align:start position:0%
built up gradually over billions of
 

24:08.215 --> 24:10.606 align:start position:0%
built up gradually over billions of
years<00:25:29.120><c> and</c><00:25:29.520><c> from</c><00:25:29.840><c> cometary</c><00:25:30.400><c> dust</c><00:25:30.640><c> and</c><00:25:30.880><c> solar</c>

24:10.606 --> 24:10.616 align:start position:0%
years and from cometary dust and solar
 

24:10.616 --> 24:12.766 align:start position:0%
years and from cometary dust and solar
wind<00:25:31.440><c> interactions,</c><00:25:32.400><c> you'd</c><00:25:32.720><c> expect</c><00:25:32.960><c> them</c><00:25:33.200><c> to</c>

24:12.766 --> 24:12.776 align:start position:0%
wind interactions, you'd expect them to
 

24:12.776 --> 24:15.325 align:start position:0%
wind interactions, you'd expect them to
be<00:25:33.520><c> dirty,</c><00:25:34.320><c> contaminated,</c><00:25:35.200><c> and</c><00:25:35.440><c> mixed</c><00:25:35.760><c> with</c>

24:15.325 --> 24:15.335 align:start position:0%
be dirty, contaminated, and mixed with
 

24:15.335 --> 24:17.565 align:start position:0%
be dirty, contaminated, and mixed with
other<00:25:36.240><c> material.</c><00:25:37.200><c> Instead,</c><00:25:37.840><c> they're</c>

24:17.565 --> 24:17.575 align:start position:0%
other material. Instead, they're
 

24:17.575 --> 24:19.806 align:start position:0%
other material. Instead, they're
remarkably<00:25:38.799><c> clean,</c><00:25:39.360><c> which</c><00:25:39.679><c> is</c><00:25:39.840><c> consistent</c>

24:19.806 --> 24:19.816 align:start position:0%
remarkably clean, which is consistent
 

24:19.816 --> 24:22.445 align:start position:0%
remarkably clean, which is consistent
with<00:25:40.720><c> a</c><00:25:40.960><c> single</c><00:25:41.520><c> rapid</c><00:25:41.919><c> delivery</c><00:25:42.320><c> event</c>

24:22.445 --> 24:22.455 align:start position:0%
with a single rapid delivery event
 

24:22.455 --> 24:26.046 align:start position:0%
with a single rapid delivery event
rather<00:25:43.360><c> than</c><00:25:43.520><c> a</c><00:25:43.760><c> slow</c><00:25:44.159><c> accumulation.</c>

24:26.046 --> 24:26.056 align:start position:0%
rather than a slow accumulation.
 

24:26.056 --> 24:28.526 align:start position:0%
rather than a slow accumulation.
In<00:25:46.960><c> just</c><00:25:47.120><c> 2</c><00:25:47.360><c> years,</c><00:25:47.600><c> Bey</c><00:25:48.000><c> Columbo</c><00:25:48.480><c> has</c><00:25:48.720><c> already</c>

24:28.526 --> 24:28.536 align:start position:0%
In just 2 years, Bey Columbo has already
 

24:28.536 --> 24:30.046 align:start position:0%
In just 2 years, Bey Columbo has already
rewritten<00:25:49.600><c> what</c><00:25:49.760><c> we</c><00:25:50.000><c> thought</c><00:25:50.080><c> we</c><00:25:50.320><c> knew</c><00:25:50.480><c> about</c>

24:30.046 --> 24:30.056 align:start position:0%
rewritten what we thought we knew about
 

24:30.056 --> 24:32.126 align:start position:0%
rewritten what we thought we knew about
one<00:25:50.880><c> of</c><00:25:50.880><c> the</c><00:25:51.039><c> solar</c><00:25:51.360><c> systems</c><00:25:51.840><c> most</c><00:25:52.159><c> overlooked</c>

24:32.126 --> 24:32.136 align:start position:0%
one of the solar systems most overlooked
 

24:32.136 --> 24:34.445 align:start position:0%
one of the solar systems most overlooked
planets,<00:25:53.520><c> and</c><00:25:53.760><c> it</c><00:25:54.000><c> has</c><00:25:54.240><c> really</c><00:25:54.559><c> only</c><00:25:54.799><c> just</c>

24:34.445 --> 24:34.455 align:start position:0%
planets, and it has really only just
 

24:34.455 --> 24:37.006 align:start position:0%
planets, and it has really only just
arrived<00:25:55.440><c> there.</c><00:25:56.159><c> A</c><00:25:56.480><c> world</c><00:25:56.720><c> we</c><00:25:56.960><c> assumed</c><00:25:57.360><c> was</c>

24:37.006 --> 24:37.016 align:start position:0%
arrived there. A world we assumed was
 

24:37.016 --> 24:39.006 align:start position:0%
arrived there. A world we assumed was
dead<00:25:58.159><c> is</c><00:25:58.400><c> spewing</c><00:25:58.799><c> volatiles</c><00:25:59.360><c> from</c><00:25:59.520><c> the</c>

24:39.006 --> 24:39.016 align:start position:0%
dead is spewing volatiles from the
 

24:39.016 --> 24:41.486 align:start position:0%
dead is spewing volatiles from the
inside<00:26:00.000><c> out.</c><00:26:00.640><c> Its</c><00:26:00.960><c> alien</c><00:26:01.360><c> chemistry</c><00:26:01.840><c> is</c>

24:41.486 --> 24:41.496 align:start position:0%
inside out. Its alien chemistry is
 

24:41.496 --> 24:43.325 align:start position:0%
inside out. Its alien chemistry is
forcing<00:26:02.400><c> us</c><00:26:02.559><c> to</c><00:26:02.720><c> rethink</c><00:26:03.200><c> how</c><00:26:03.440><c> we</c><00:26:03.679><c> read</c>

24:43.325 --> 24:43.335 align:start position:0%
forcing us to rethink how we read
 

24:43.335 --> 24:45.406 align:start position:0%
forcing us to rethink how we read
volcanic<00:26:04.480><c> activity</c><00:26:05.200><c> anywhere</c><00:26:05.600><c> in</c><00:26:05.840><c> the</c>

24:45.406 --> 24:45.416 align:start position:0%
volcanic activity anywhere in the
 

24:45.416 --> 24:48.126 align:start position:0%
volcanic activity anywhere in the
universe.<00:26:06.880><c> Its</c><00:26:07.120><c> magnetosphere</c><00:26:08.000><c> is</c><00:26:08.240><c> defying</c>

24:48.126 --> 24:48.136 align:start position:0%
universe. Its magnetosphere is defying
 

24:48.136 --> 24:50.445 align:start position:0%
universe. Its magnetosphere is defying
our<00:26:09.039><c> models.</c><00:26:09.840><c> And</c><00:26:10.080><c> even</c><00:26:10.400><c> though</c><00:26:10.559><c> it's</c><00:26:10.799><c> the</c>

24:50.445 --> 24:50.455 align:start position:0%
our models. And even though it's the
 

24:50.455 --> 24:53.166 align:start position:0%
our models. And even though it's the
closest<00:26:11.440><c> to</c><00:26:11.600><c> the</c><00:26:11.760><c> sun,</c><00:26:12.400><c> it</c><00:26:12.720><c> stores</c><00:26:13.200><c> frozen</c>

24:53.166 --> 24:53.176 align:start position:0%
closest to the sun, it stores frozen
 

24:53.176 --> 24:55.806 align:start position:0%
closest to the sun, it stores frozen
water<00:26:14.159><c> in</c><00:26:14.400><c> its</c><00:26:14.640><c> poles,</c><00:26:15.440><c> which</c><00:26:15.679><c> are</c><00:26:15.919><c> colder</c>

24:55.806 --> 24:55.816 align:start position:0%
water in its poles, which are colder
 

24:55.816 --> 24:57.886 align:start position:0%
water in its poles, which are colder
than<00:26:16.799><c> almost</c><00:26:17.200><c> every</c><00:26:17.520><c> other</c><00:26:17.840><c> part</c><00:26:18.080><c> of</c><00:26:18.240><c> the</c>

24:57.886 --> 24:57.896 align:start position:0%
than almost every other part of the
 

24:57.896 --> 25:01.246 align:start position:0%
than almost every other part of the
solar<00:26:18.799><c> system.</c><00:26:19.760><c> Come</c><00:26:20.000><c> November</c><00:26:20.559><c> 2026,</c><00:26:21.679><c> the</c>

25:01.246 --> 25:01.256 align:start position:0%
solar system. Come November 2026, the
 

25:01.256 --> 25:03.486 align:start position:0%
solar system. Come November 2026, the
real<00:26:22.159><c> science</c><00:26:22.559><c> begins,</c><00:26:22.880><c> and</c><00:26:23.200><c> Bey</c><00:26:23.600><c> Columbo's</c>

25:03.486 --> 25:03.496 align:start position:0%
real science begins, and Bey Columbo's
 

25:03.496 --> 25:05.806 align:start position:0%
real science begins, and Bey Columbo's
probes<00:26:24.480><c> will</c><00:26:24.720><c> build</c><00:26:24.960><c> up</c><00:26:25.360><c> something</c><00:26:25.760><c> we</c><00:26:26.159><c> have</c>

25:05.806 --> 25:05.816 align:start position:0%
probes will build up something we have
 

25:05.816 --> 25:09.166 align:start position:0%
probes will build up something we have
never<00:26:26.799><c> had,</c><00:26:27.520><c> a</c><00:26:27.840><c> continuous</c><00:26:28.720><c> evolving</c><00:26:29.440><c> picture</c>

25:09.166 --> 25:09.176 align:start position:0%
never had, a continuous evolving picture
 

25:09.176 --> 25:11.726 align:start position:0%
never had, a continuous evolving picture
of<00:26:30.000><c> Mercury.</c><00:26:30.720><c> what</c><00:26:30.960><c> it's</c><00:26:31.200><c> made</c><00:26:31.360><c> of</c><00:26:31.840><c> both</c><00:26:32.080><c> on</c>

25:11.726 --> 25:11.736 align:start position:0%
of Mercury. what it's made of both on
 

25:11.736 --> 25:14.286 align:start position:0%
of Mercury. what it's made of both on
the<00:26:32.480><c> surface</c><00:26:32.880><c> and</c><00:26:33.279><c> deeper</c><00:26:33.600><c> inside,</c><00:26:34.559><c> whether</c>

25:14.286 --> 25:14.296 align:start position:0%
the surface and deeper inside, whether
 

25:14.296 --> 25:17.166 align:start position:0%
the surface and deeper inside, whether
it<00:26:35.039><c> is</c><00:26:35.200><c> truly</c><00:26:35.679><c> geologically</c><00:26:36.400><c> alive</c><00:26:36.799><c> or</c><00:26:37.120><c> not,</c>

25:17.166 --> 25:17.176 align:start position:0%
it is truly geologically alive or not,
 

25:17.176 --> 25:19.486 align:start position:0%
it is truly geologically alive or not,
and<00:26:38.080><c> where</c><00:26:38.400><c> the</c><00:26:38.640><c> polar</c><00:26:39.039><c> ice</c><00:26:39.440><c> might</c><00:26:39.760><c> have</c><00:26:39.919><c> come</c>

25:19.486 --> 25:19.496 align:start position:0%
and where the polar ice might have come
 

25:19.496 --> 25:22.766 align:start position:0%
and where the polar ice might have come
from.<00:26:41.200><c> As</c><00:26:41.440><c> Anne</c><00:26:41.840><c> Pomeierre,</c><00:26:42.720><c> experimental</c>

25:22.766 --> 25:22.776 align:start position:0%
from. As Anne Pomeierre, experimental
 

25:22.776 --> 25:25.166 align:start position:0%
from. As Anne Pomeierre, experimental
geoysicist<00:26:44.080><c> at</c><00:26:44.320><c> Carnegie</c><00:26:44.880><c> Earth</c><00:26:45.120><c> Science</c><00:26:45.520><c> and</c>

25:25.166 --> 25:25.176 align:start position:0%
geoysicist at Carnegie Earth Science and
 

25:25.176 --> 25:27.886 align:start position:0%
geoysicist at Carnegie Earth Science and
Planets<00:26:46.159><c> Laboratory</c><00:26:46.720><c> put</c><00:26:46.960><c> it,</c><00:26:47.520><c> in</c><00:26:47.679><c> a</c><00:26:47.919><c> universe</c>

25:27.886 --> 25:27.896 align:start position:0%
Planets Laboratory put it, in a universe
 

25:27.896 --> 25:30.126 align:start position:0%
Planets Laboratory put it, in a universe
full<00:26:48.720><c> of</c><00:26:48.960><c> rocky</c><00:26:49.360><c> planets,</c><00:26:50.000><c> the</c><00:26:50.240><c> one</c><00:26:50.480><c> that</c>

25:30.126 --> 25:30.136 align:start position:0%
full of rocky planets, the one that
 

25:30.136 --> 25:32.286 align:start position:0%
full of rocky planets, the one that
breaks<00:26:51.120><c> all</c><00:26:51.360><c> the</c><00:26:51.520><c> rules</c><00:26:51.919><c> might</c><00:26:52.080><c> be</c><00:26:52.240><c> the</c><00:26:52.400><c> key</c><00:26:52.640><c> to</c>

25:32.286 --> 25:32.296 align:start position:0%
breaks all the rules might be the key to
 

25:32.296 --> 25:35.006 align:start position:0%
breaks all the rules might be the key to
understanding<00:26:53.600><c> them</c><00:26:53.919><c> all.</c><00:26:54.640><c> As</c><00:26:54.880><c> astronomers</c>

25:35.006 --> 25:35.016 align:start position:0%
understanding them all. As astronomers
 

25:35.016 --> 25:36.766 align:start position:0%
understanding them all. As astronomers
discover<00:26:56.000><c> more</c><00:26:56.240><c> rocky</c><00:26:56.720><c> worlds</c><00:26:57.039><c> around</c>

25:36.766 --> 25:36.776 align:start position:0%
discover more rocky worlds around
 

25:36.776 --> 25:39.646 align:start position:0%
discover more rocky worlds around
distant<00:26:57.760><c> stars,</c><00:26:58.720><c> Mercury</c><00:26:59.279><c> serves</c><00:26:59.679><c> as</c><00:26:59.919><c> a</c>

25:39.646 --> 25:39.656 align:start position:0%
distant stars, Mercury serves as a
 

25:39.656 --> 25:41.646 align:start position:0%
distant stars, Mercury serves as a
crucial<00:27:00.720><c> benchmark.</c><00:27:01.520><c> Close</c><00:27:01.840><c> enough</c><00:27:02.080><c> to</c>

25:41.646 --> 25:41.656 align:start position:0%
crucial benchmark. Close enough to
 

25:41.656 --> 25:44.205 align:start position:0%
crucial benchmark. Close enough to
study,<00:27:02.880><c> yet</c><00:27:03.200><c> alien</c><00:27:03.679><c> enough</c><00:27:04.000><c> to</c><00:27:04.240><c> challenge</c><00:27:04.559><c> our</c>

25:44.205 --> 25:44.215 align:start position:0%
study, yet alien enough to challenge our
 

25:44.215 --> 25:47.646 align:start position:0%
study, yet alien enough to challenge our
ideas<00:27:05.200><c> about</c><00:27:05.520><c> how</c><00:27:05.919><c> planets</c><00:27:06.400><c> form</c><00:27:06.799><c> and</c><00:27:07.039><c> evolve.</c>

25:47.646 --> 25:47.656 align:start position:0%
ideas about how planets form and evolve.
 

25:47.656 --> 25:51.085 align:start position:0%
ideas about how planets form and evolve.
Mercury<00:27:08.720><c> is</c><00:27:09.360><c> so</c><00:27:09.760><c> off.</c><00:27:10.480><c> It</c><00:27:10.720><c> has</c><00:27:10.880><c> this</c><00:27:11.200><c> huge</c>

25:51.085 --> 25:51.095 align:start position:0%
Mercury is so off. It has this huge
 

25:51.095 --> 25:53.886 align:start position:0%
Mercury is so off. It has this huge
core,<00:27:12.400><c> weird</c><00:27:12.799><c> chemistry,</c><00:27:13.440><c> and</c><00:27:13.760><c> a</c><00:27:14.000><c> magnetic</c>

25:53.886 --> 25:53.896 align:start position:0%
core, weird chemistry, and a magnetic
 

25:53.896 --> 25:56.286 align:start position:0%
core, weird chemistry, and a magnetic
field<00:27:14.720><c> that</c><00:27:14.960><c> doesn't</c><00:27:15.200><c> quite</c><00:27:15.440><c> add</c><00:27:15.760><c> up.</c><00:27:16.480><c> In</c><00:27:16.720><c> a</c>

25:56.286 --> 25:56.296 align:start position:0%
field that doesn't quite add up. In a
 

25:56.296 --> 25:59.486 align:start position:0%
field that doesn't quite add up. In a
way,<00:27:17.440><c> it's</c><00:27:17.760><c> like</c><00:27:18.000><c> an</c><00:27:18.240><c> exoplanet</c><00:27:19.120><c> in</c><00:27:19.440><c> our</c><00:27:19.679><c> own</c>

25:59.486 --> 25:59.496 align:start position:0%
way, it's like an exoplanet in our own
 

25:59.496 --> 26:01.006 align:start position:0%
way, it's like an exoplanet in our own
backyard.

26:01.006 --> 26:01.016 align:start position:0%
backyard.
 

26:01.016 --> 26:03.325 align:start position:0%
backyard.
I<00:27:21.919><c> have</c><00:27:22.000><c> a</c><00:27:22.240><c> feeling</c><00:27:22.480><c> the</c><00:27:22.720><c> next</c><00:27:22.880><c> decade</c><00:27:23.360><c> is</c><00:27:23.600><c> the</c>

26:03.325 --> 26:03.335 align:start position:0%
I have a feeling the next decade is the
 

26:03.335 --> 26:06.685 align:start position:0%
I have a feeling the next decade is the
decade<00:27:24.320><c> of</c><00:27:24.640><c> Mercury.</c><00:27:25.600><c> So</c><00:27:25.840><c> sit</c><00:27:26.080><c> tight.</c><00:27:26.799><c> We</c><00:27:27.039><c> are</c>

26:06.685 --> 26:06.695 align:start position:0%
decade of Mercury. So sit tight. We are
 

26:06.695 --> 26:10.766 align:start position:0%
decade of Mercury. So sit tight. We are
just<00:27:27.679><c> getting</c><00:27:28.080><c> started.</c>

26:10.766 --> 26:10.776 align:start position:0%
 
 

26:10.776 --> 26:13.166 align:start position:0%
 
Thanks<00:27:31.679><c> for</c><00:27:31.840><c> watching.</c><00:27:33.039><c> If</c><00:27:33.279><c> you've</c><00:27:33.600><c> been</c>

26:13.166 --> 26:13.176 align:start position:0%
Thanks for watching. If you've been
 

26:13.176 --> 26:15.246 align:start position:0%
Thanks for watching. If you've been
enjoying<00:27:34.159><c> Astramm's</c><00:27:34.799><c> videos</c><00:27:35.120><c> and</c><00:27:35.440><c> want</c><00:27:35.679><c> to</c>

26:15.246 --> 26:15.256 align:start position:0%
enjoying Astramm's videos and want to
 

26:15.256 --> 26:17.486 align:start position:0%
enjoying Astramm's videos and want to
help<00:27:36.080><c> keep</c><00:27:36.320><c> this</c><00:27:36.559><c> channel</c><00:27:36.799><c> thriving,</c><00:27:37.760><c> I</c><00:27:37.919><c> want</c>

26:17.486 --> 26:17.496 align:start position:0%
help keep this channel thriving, I want
 

26:17.496 --> 26:19.486 align:start position:0%
help keep this channel thriving, I want
to<00:27:38.240><c> ask</c><00:27:38.400><c> you</c><00:27:38.559><c> to</c><00:27:38.720><c> take</c><00:27:39.039><c> less</c><00:27:39.279><c> than</c><00:27:39.440><c> a</c><00:27:39.679><c> minute</c><00:27:39.840><c> to</c>

26:19.486 --> 26:19.496 align:start position:0%
to ask you to take less than a minute to
 

26:19.496 --> 26:22.366 align:start position:0%
to ask you to take less than a minute to
check<00:27:40.320><c> out</c><00:27:40.640><c> the</c><00:27:40.880><c> Astramm</c><00:27:41.440><c> Patreon.</c><00:27:42.480><c> It's</c><00:27:42.720><c> not</c>

26:22.366 --> 26:22.376 align:start position:0%
check out the Astramm Patreon. It's not
 

26:22.376 --> 26:24.685 align:start position:0%
check out the Astramm Patreon. It's not
just<00:27:43.279><c> ad</c><00:27:43.600><c> free</c><00:27:43.919><c> videos,</c><00:27:44.559><c> but</c><00:27:44.720><c> it's</c><00:27:44.880><c> a</c><00:27:45.039><c> way</c><00:27:45.120><c> to</c>

26:24.685 --> 26:24.695 align:start position:0%
just ad free videos, but it's a way to
 

26:24.695 --> 26:27.006 align:start position:0%
just ad free videos, but it's a way to
make<00:27:45.440><c> Astramm's</c><00:27:46.080><c> videos</c><00:27:46.480><c> less</c><00:27:46.799><c> reliant</c><00:27:47.279><c> on</c>

26:27.006 --> 26:27.016 align:start position:0%
make Astramm's videos less reliant on
 

26:27.016 --> 26:29.886 align:start position:0%
make Astramm's videos less reliant on
sponsors<00:27:48.159><c> and</c><00:27:48.480><c> algorithms.</c><00:27:49.679><c> The</c><00:27:50.000><c> link</c><00:27:50.240><c> is</c>

26:29.886 --> 26:29.896 align:start position:0%
sponsors and algorithms. The link is
 

26:29.896 --> 26:32.606 align:start position:0%
sponsors and algorithms. The link is
below.<00:27:51.360><c> Your</c><00:27:51.679><c> membership</c><00:27:52.240><c> directly</c><00:27:52.799><c> helps</c>

26:32.606 --> 26:32.616 align:start position:0%
below. Your membership directly helps
 

26:32.616 --> 26:34.606 align:start position:0%
below. Your membership directly helps
ensure<00:27:53.600><c> that</c><00:27:53.840><c> future</c><00:27:54.240><c> videos</c><00:27:54.720><c> can</c><00:27:54.960><c> stay</c>

26:34.606 --> 26:34.616 align:start position:0%
ensure that future videos can stay
 

26:34.616 --> 26:37.166 align:start position:0%
ensure that future videos can stay
independent,<00:27:56.240><c> highquality,</c><00:27:57.360><c> and</c>

26:37.166 --> 26:37.176 align:start position:0%
independent, highquality, and
 

26:37.176 --> 26:40.205 align:start position:0%
independent, highquality, and
consistent.<00:27:58.799><c> Created</c><00:27:59.200><c> for</c><00:27:59.520><c> curiosity,</c><00:28:00.559><c> not</c>

26:40.205 --> 26:40.215 align:start position:0%
consistent. Created for curiosity, not
 

26:40.215 --> 26:42.926 align:start position:0%
consistent. Created for curiosity, not
clicks.<00:28:02.000><c> Thanks</c><00:28:02.240><c> so</c><00:28:02.480><c> much</c><00:28:02.720><c> for</c><00:28:03.039><c> considering</c>

26:42.926 --> 26:42.936 align:start position:0%
clicks. Thanks so much for considering
 

26:42.936 --> 26:47.296 align:start position:0%
clicks. Thanks so much for considering
it.<00:28:04.159><c> I'll</c><00:28:04.399><c> see</c><00:28:04.480><c> you</c><00:28:04.640><c> next</c><00:28:04.880><c> time.</c>