WEBVTT

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In<00:00:00.560><c> August</c><00:00:01.040><c> 2024,</c><00:00:02.240><c> the</c><00:00:02.480><c> newly</c><00:00:02.960><c> launched</c><00:00:03.760><c> Prism</c>

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In August 2024, the newly launched Prism
 

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In August 2024, the newly launched Prism
Observatory<00:00:05.359><c> turned</c><00:00:05.759><c> towards</c><00:00:06.319><c> a</c><00:00:06.640><c> tiny</c><00:00:07.040><c> point</c>

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Observatory turned towards a tiny point
 

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Observatory turned towards a tiny point
of<00:00:07.520><c> light</c><00:00:07.919><c> in</c><00:00:08.160><c> the</c><00:00:08.400><c> Lepus</c><00:00:08.960><c> constellation</c><00:00:10.400><c> and</c>

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of light in the Lepus constellation and
 

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of light in the Lepus constellation and
its<00:00:11.040><c> advanced</c><00:00:11.599><c> X-ray</c><00:00:12.080><c> instruments</c><00:00:12.639><c> detected</c>

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its advanced X-ray instruments detected
 

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its advanced X-ray instruments detected
something<00:00:13.920><c> truly</c><00:00:14.639><c> extraordinary.</c>

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something truly extraordinary.
 

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something truly extraordinary.
There,<00:00:17.199><c> at</c><00:00:17.440><c> the</c><00:00:17.680><c> center</c><00:00:18.080><c> of</c><00:00:18.400><c> two</c><00:00:18.960><c> colliding</c>

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There, at the center of two colliding
 

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There, at the center of two colliding
galaxies,<00:00:20.800><c> a</c><00:00:21.119><c> monstrous</c><00:00:21.840><c> black</c><00:00:22.080><c> hole</c><00:00:22.480><c> had</c>

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galaxies, a monstrous black hole had
 

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galaxies, a monstrous black hole had
awoken<00:00:23.279><c> from</c><00:00:23.600><c> an</c><00:00:23.840><c> eons's</c><00:00:24.560><c> long</c><00:00:24.880><c> slumber</c><00:00:25.680><c> and</c>

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awoken from an eons's long slumber and
 

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awoken from an eons's long slumber and
started<00:00:26.480><c> firing</c><00:00:27.119><c> cosmic</c><00:00:27.760><c> bullets</c><00:00:28.480><c> into</c><00:00:28.880><c> space</c>

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started firing cosmic bullets into space
 

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started firing cosmic bullets into space
at<00:00:29.840><c> blistering</c><00:00:30.560><c> speeds.</c>

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at blistering speeds.
 

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at blistering speeds.
These<00:00:32.559><c> highly</c><00:00:33.040><c> energetic</c><00:00:33.600><c> outflows</c><00:00:34.320><c> had</c><00:00:34.640><c> long</c>

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These highly energetic outflows had long
 

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These highly energetic outflows had long
been<00:00:35.120><c> thought</c><00:00:35.360><c> to</c><00:00:35.520><c> play</c><00:00:35.680><c> a</c><00:00:35.840><c> pivotal</c><00:00:36.239><c> role</c><00:00:36.399><c> in</c>

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been thought to play a pivotal role in
 

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been thought to play a pivotal role in
the<00:00:36.800><c> evolution</c><00:00:37.120><c> of</c><00:00:37.360><c> galaxies,</c><00:00:38.320><c> but</c><00:00:38.559><c> never</c>

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the evolution of galaxies, but never
 

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the evolution of galaxies, but never
before<00:00:39.440><c> have</c><00:00:39.680><c> they</c><00:00:39.920><c> been</c><00:00:40.079><c> observed</c><00:00:40.559><c> in</c><00:00:40.879><c> such</c>

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before have they been observed in such
 

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before have they been observed in such
detail<00:00:41.760><c> in</c><00:00:42.000><c> a</c><00:00:42.160><c> galaxy</c><00:00:42.559><c> system</c><00:00:43.040><c> undergoing</c>

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detail in a galaxy system undergoing
 

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detail in a galaxy system undergoing
intense<00:00:44.079><c> star</c><00:00:44.480><c> formation.</c><00:00:45.840><c> This</c>

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intense star formation. This
 

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intense star formation. This
groundbreaking<00:00:47.120><c> observation</c><00:00:47.680><c> is</c><00:00:48.000><c> giving</c>

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groundbreaking observation is giving
 

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groundbreaking observation is giving
scientists<00:00:48.800><c> a</c><00:00:49.039><c> critical</c><00:00:49.520><c> insight</c><00:00:50.000><c> into</c><00:00:50.320><c> one</c>

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scientists a critical insight into one
 

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scientists a critical insight into one
of<00:00:50.559><c> the</c><00:00:50.800><c> most</c><00:00:51.039><c> turbulent</c><00:00:51.680><c> relationships</c><00:00:52.320><c> that</c>

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of the most turbulent relationships that
 

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of the most turbulent relationships that
exist<00:00:52.960><c> in</c><00:00:53.280><c> all</c><00:00:53.600><c> cosmology.</c>

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exist in all cosmology.
 

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exist in all cosmology.
That<00:00:55.520><c> of</c><00:00:55.760><c> a</c><00:00:56.000><c> galaxy</c><00:00:56.719><c> and</c><00:00:56.960><c> the</c><00:00:57.199><c> super</c><00:00:57.520><c> massive</c>

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That of a galaxy and the super massive
 

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That of a galaxy and the super massive
black<00:00:58.160><c> hole</c><00:00:58.719><c> that</c><00:00:59.039><c> lies</c><00:00:59.359><c> at</c><00:00:59.600><c> its</c><00:00:59.840><c> heart.</c><00:01:00.800><c> The</c>

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black hole that lies at its heart. The
 

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black hole that lies at its heart. The
question<00:01:01.440><c> is,</c><00:01:02.480><c> what</c><00:01:02.800><c> can</c><00:01:03.120><c> it</c><00:01:03.359><c> teach</c><00:01:03.600><c> us</c><00:01:03.920><c> about</c>

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question is, what can it teach us about
 

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question is, what can it teach us about
our<00:01:04.720><c> own</c><00:01:05.119><c> galactic</c><00:01:05.680><c> home?</c>

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our own galactic home?
 

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our own galactic home?
I'm<00:01:07.520><c> Alex</c><00:01:07.840><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:08.560><c> and</c><00:01:08.799><c> you're</c><00:01:09.040><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astra.<00:01:10.240><c> Join</c><00:01:10.560><c> me</c><00:01:10.720><c> today</c><00:01:11.119><c> on</c><00:01:11.520><c> an</c><00:01:11.760><c> odyssey</c><00:01:12.400><c> of</c>

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Astra. Join me today on an odyssey of
 

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Astra. Join me today on an odyssey of
creation<00:01:13.360><c> and</c><00:01:13.680><c> destruction</c><00:01:14.799><c> as</c><00:01:15.119><c> we</c><00:01:15.280><c> witness</c>

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creation and destruction as we witness
 

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creation and destruction as we witness
epic<00:01:16.240><c> intergalactic</c><00:01:17.040><c> collisions</c><00:01:17.840><c> and</c><00:01:18.080><c> the</c>

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epic intergalactic collisions and the
 

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epic intergalactic collisions and the
jets<00:01:18.640><c> their</c><00:01:18.960><c> black</c><00:01:19.200><c> holes</c><00:01:19.600><c> produce.</c><00:01:20.720><c> Events</c>

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jets their black holes produce. Events
 

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jets their black holes produce. Events
that<00:01:21.439><c> are</c><00:01:21.680><c> thought</c><00:01:21.920><c> to</c><00:01:22.159><c> play</c><00:01:22.400><c> a</c><00:01:22.720><c> pivotal</c><00:01:23.360><c> role</c>

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that are thought to play a pivotal role
 

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that are thought to play a pivotal role
in<00:01:24.000><c> the</c><00:01:24.159><c> lives</c><00:01:24.560><c> and</c><00:01:24.880><c> deaths</c><00:01:25.439><c> of</c><00:01:25.759><c> galaxies.</c>

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in the lives and deaths of galaxies.
 

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in the lives and deaths of galaxies.
We'll<00:01:27.280><c> take</c><00:01:27.360><c> a</c><00:01:27.600><c> closer</c><00:01:27.920><c> look</c><00:01:28.000><c> at</c><00:01:28.159><c> the</c><00:01:28.320><c> X-ray</c>

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We'll take a closer look at the X-ray
 

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We'll take a closer look at the X-ray
technology<00:01:29.360><c> scientists</c><00:01:29.920><c> are</c><00:01:30.080><c> using</c><00:01:30.400><c> to</c><00:01:30.560><c> probe</c>

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technology scientists are using to probe
 

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technology scientists are using to probe
the<00:01:31.200><c> sleepwake</c><00:01:31.920><c> cycles</c><00:01:32.320><c> of</c><00:01:32.560><c> super</c><00:01:32.880><c> massive</c>

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the sleepwake cycles of super massive
 

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the sleepwake cycles of super massive
black<00:01:33.520><c> holes</c><00:01:34.240><c> and</c><00:01:34.479><c> discover</c><00:01:34.960><c> just</c><00:01:35.280><c> how</c><00:01:35.520><c> much</c>

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black holes and discover just how much
 

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black holes and discover just how much
their<00:01:36.000><c> fates</c><00:01:36.400><c> are</c><00:01:36.560><c> intertwined</c><00:01:37.520><c> with</c><00:01:37.840><c> that</c><00:01:38.320><c> of</c>

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their fates are intertwined with that of
 

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their fates are intertwined with that of
the<00:01:38.799><c> galaxies</c><00:01:39.520><c> they</c><00:01:39.840><c> call</c><00:01:40.159><c> home.</c>

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the galaxies they call home.
 

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the galaxies they call home.
In<00:01:42.960><c> our</c><00:01:43.360><c> universe,</c><00:01:44.400><c> almost</c><00:01:44.880><c> all</c><00:01:45.280><c> large</c>

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In our universe, almost all large
 

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In our universe, almost all large
galaxies<00:01:46.159><c> are</c><00:01:46.320><c> believed</c><00:01:46.560><c> to</c><00:01:46.720><c> share</c><00:01:47.119><c> one</c><00:01:47.439><c> mind</c>

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galaxies are believed to share one mind
 

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galaxies are believed to share one mind
and<00:01:48.560><c> light</c><00:01:49.040><c> bending</c><00:01:49.520><c> feature,</c><00:01:50.560><c> a</c><00:01:50.960><c> super</c>

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and light bending feature, a super
 

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and light bending feature, a super
massive<00:01:52.079><c> black</c><00:01:52.320><c> hole</c><00:01:52.880><c> at</c><00:01:53.119><c> their</c><00:01:53.439><c> core.</c><00:01:54.560><c> These</c>

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massive black hole at their core. These
 

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massive black hole at their core. These
are<00:01:55.439><c> colossal</c><00:01:56.079><c> objects</c><00:01:56.560><c> with</c><00:01:56.960><c> masses</c>

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are colossal objects with masses
 

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are colossal objects with masses
hundreds<00:01:58.159><c> of</c><00:01:58.399><c> thousands</c><00:01:58.960><c> or</c><00:01:59.360><c> even</c><00:02:00.000><c> billions</c>

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hundreds of thousands or even billions
 

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hundreds of thousands or even billions
of<00:02:00.799><c> times</c><00:02:01.119><c> that</c><00:02:01.439><c> of</c><00:02:01.600><c> our</c><00:02:01.840><c> sun.</c><00:02:02.799><c> Take</c><00:02:03.119><c> for</c>

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of times that of our sun. Take for
 

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of times that of our sun. Take for
example<00:02:03.759><c> Sagittarius</c><00:02:04.479><c> A</c><00:02:04.799><c> star,</c><00:02:05.200><c> the</c><00:02:05.360><c> super</c>

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example Sagittarius A star, the super
 

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example Sagittarius A star, the super
massive<00:02:06.000><c> black</c><00:02:06.159><c> hole</c><00:02:06.399><c> that</c><00:02:06.640><c> lies</c><00:02:06.799><c> at</c><00:02:06.960><c> the</c>

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massive black hole that lies at the
 

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massive black hole that lies at the
heart<00:02:07.360><c> of</c><00:02:07.600><c> our</c><00:02:07.920><c> own</c><00:02:08.239><c> Milky</c><00:02:08.560><c> Way.</c><00:02:09.520><c> The</c><00:02:09.679><c> latest</c>

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heart of our own Milky Way. The latest
 

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heart of our own Milky Way. The latest
observations<00:02:10.800><c> suggest</c><00:02:11.599><c> this</c><00:02:11.920><c> black</c><00:02:12.160><c> hole</c><00:02:12.480><c> is</c>

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observations suggest this black hole is
 

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observations suggest this black hole is
more<00:02:12.959><c> than</c><00:02:13.360><c> 4</c><00:02:13.840><c> million</c><00:02:14.239><c> solar</c><00:02:14.640><c> masses</c>

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more than 4 million solar masses
 

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more than 4 million solar masses
contained<00:02:15.840><c> within</c><00:02:16.160><c> a</c><00:02:16.400><c> radius</c><00:02:16.800><c> smaller</c><00:02:17.200><c> than</c>

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contained within a radius smaller than
 

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contained within a radius smaller than
the<00:02:17.599><c> orbit</c><00:02:18.160><c> of</c><00:02:18.480><c> Mercury</c><00:02:19.120><c> around</c><00:02:19.520><c> our</c><00:02:19.840><c> sun.</c><00:02:20.879><c> The</c>

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the orbit of Mercury around our sun. The
 

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the orbit of Mercury around our sun. The
largest<00:02:21.520><c> galaxies</c><00:02:22.080><c> are</c><00:02:22.239><c> thought</c><00:02:22.400><c> to</c><00:02:22.560><c> be</c><00:02:22.720><c> home</c>

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largest galaxies are thought to be home
 

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largest galaxies are thought to be home
to<00:02:23.280><c> true</c><00:02:23.599><c> Leviathans</c><00:02:24.720><c> with</c><00:02:24.879><c> the</c><00:02:25.040><c> black</c><00:02:25.280><c> hole</c>

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to true Leviathans with the black hole
 

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to true Leviathans with the black hole
at<00:02:25.760><c> the</c><00:02:25.920><c> center</c><00:02:26.080><c> of</c><00:02:26.239><c> the</c><00:02:26.400><c> cosmic</c><00:02:26.879><c> horseshoe</c>

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at the center of the cosmic horseshoe
 

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at the center of the cosmic horseshoe
system<00:02:28.080><c> estimated</c><00:02:28.640><c> to</c><00:02:28.879><c> be</c><00:02:29.040><c> a</c><00:02:29.360><c> staggering</c><00:02:30.319><c> 36</c>

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system estimated to be a staggering 36
 

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system estimated to be a staggering 36
billion<00:02:32.080><c> solar</c><00:02:32.480><c> masses.</c>

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billion solar masses.
 

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billion solar masses.
Yet,<00:02:34.720><c> surprisingly,</c><00:02:36.000><c> most</c><00:02:36.239><c> of</c><00:02:36.319><c> these</c><00:02:36.640><c> black</c>

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Yet, surprisingly, most of these black
 

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Yet, surprisingly, most of these black
holes<00:02:37.360><c> aren't</c><00:02:37.760><c> out</c><00:02:37.920><c> there</c><00:02:38.239><c> hoovering</c><00:02:38.800><c> up</c><00:02:39.200><c> vast</c>

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holes aren't out there hoovering up vast
 

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holes aren't out there hoovering up vast
quantities<00:02:40.319><c> of</c><00:02:40.480><c> matter.</c><00:02:41.599><c> Instead,</c><00:02:42.400><c> they</c><00:02:42.640><c> lie</c>

02:43.030 --> 02:43.040 align:start position:0%
quantities of matter. Instead, they lie
 

02:43.040 --> 02:45.430 align:start position:0%
quantities of matter. Instead, they lie
dormant,<00:02:44.080><c> only</c><00:02:44.400><c> revealing</c><00:02:44.879><c> their</c><00:02:45.120><c> presence</c>

02:45.430 --> 02:45.440 align:start position:0%
dormant, only revealing their presence
 

02:45.440 --> 02:47.350 align:start position:0%
dormant, only revealing their presence
through<00:02:45.680><c> the</c><00:02:45.920><c> gravitational</c><00:02:46.640><c> effects</c><00:02:47.040><c> they</c>

02:47.350 --> 02:47.360 align:start position:0%
through the gravitational effects they
 

02:47.360 --> 02:49.589 align:start position:0%
through the gravitational effects they
exert<00:02:47.680><c> on</c><00:02:47.840><c> the</c><00:02:48.000><c> stars</c><00:02:48.319><c> that</c><00:02:48.480><c> orbit</c><00:02:48.879><c> them</c><00:02:49.360><c> or</c>

02:49.589 --> 02:49.599 align:start position:0%
exert on the stars that orbit them or
 

02:49.599 --> 02:52.790 align:start position:0%
exert on the stars that orbit them or
the<00:02:49.840><c> light</c><00:02:50.160><c> that</c><00:02:50.480><c> passes</c><00:02:50.959><c> nearby.</c><00:02:52.319><c> Indeed,</c>

02:52.790 --> 02:52.800 align:start position:0%
the light that passes nearby. Indeed,
 

02:52.800 --> 02:55.830 align:start position:0%
the light that passes nearby. Indeed,
it's<00:02:53.200><c> thought</c><00:02:53.680><c> around</c><00:02:54.239><c> 8</c><00:02:54.720><c> billion</c><00:02:55.200><c> years</c><00:02:55.599><c> have</c>

02:55.830 --> 02:55.840 align:start position:0%
it's thought around 8 billion years have
 

02:55.840 --> 02:57.990 align:start position:0%
it's thought around 8 billion years have
passed<00:02:56.080><c> since</c><00:02:56.319><c> Sagittarius</c><00:02:57.040><c> A</c><00:02:57.280><c> star</c><00:02:57.760><c> went</c>

02:57.990 --> 02:58.000 align:start position:0%
passed since Sagittarius A star went
 

02:58.000 --> 02:59.750 align:start position:0%
passed since Sagittarius A star went
through<00:02:58.239><c> its</c><00:02:58.480><c> most</c><00:02:58.720><c> active</c><00:02:59.120><c> period</c><00:02:59.519><c> of</c>

02:59.750 --> 02:59.760 align:start position:0%
through its most active period of
 

02:59.760 --> 03:03.509 align:start position:0%
through its most active period of
feeding<00:03:00.480><c> or</c><00:03:00.959><c> matter</c><00:03:01.440><c> accretion.</c><00:03:02.800><c> So,</c><00:03:02.959><c> why</c><00:03:03.280><c> do</c>

03:03.509 --> 03:03.519 align:start position:0%
feeding or matter accretion. So, why do
 

03:03.519 --> 03:05.350 align:start position:0%
feeding or matter accretion. So, why do
super<00:03:03.840><c> massive</c><00:03:04.159><c> black</c><00:03:04.400><c> holes</c><00:03:04.800><c> go</c><00:03:05.040><c> through</c>

03:05.350 --> 03:05.360 align:start position:0%
super massive black holes go through
 

03:05.360 --> 03:07.509 align:start position:0%
super massive black holes go through
periods<00:03:05.760><c> of</c><00:03:05.920><c> intense</c><00:03:06.400><c> activity</c><00:03:07.120><c> before</c>

03:07.509 --> 03:07.519 align:start position:0%
periods of intense activity before
 

03:07.519 --> 03:09.830 align:start position:0%
periods of intense activity before
returning<00:03:07.920><c> to</c><00:03:08.080><c> dormcancy?</c><00:03:09.120><c> And</c><00:03:09.360><c> what</c><00:03:09.599><c> effect</c>

03:09.830 --> 03:09.840 align:start position:0%
returning to dormcancy? And what effect
 

03:09.840 --> 03:12.229 align:start position:0%
returning to dormcancy? And what effect
do<00:03:10.080><c> they</c><00:03:10.319><c> have</c><00:03:10.560><c> on</c><00:03:10.879><c> the</c><00:03:11.040><c> life</c><00:03:11.280><c> cycles</c><00:03:11.760><c> of</c><00:03:12.000><c> their</c>

03:12.229 --> 03:12.239 align:start position:0%
do they have on the life cycles of their
 

03:12.239 --> 03:14.869 align:start position:0%
do they have on the life cycles of their
host<00:03:12.640><c> galaxies</c><00:03:13.599><c> when</c><00:03:13.840><c> they</c><00:03:14.159><c> are</c><00:03:14.480><c> at</c><00:03:14.640><c> their</c>

03:14.869 --> 03:14.879 align:start position:0%
host galaxies when they are at their
 

03:14.879 --> 03:18.949 align:start position:0%
host galaxies when they are at their
most<00:03:15.200><c> awake?</c><00:03:16.480><c> Our</c><00:03:16.800><c> cosmos</c><00:03:17.680><c> offers</c><00:03:18.080><c> up</c><00:03:18.400><c> one</c>

03:18.949 --> 03:18.959 align:start position:0%
most awake? Our cosmos offers up one
 

03:18.959 --> 03:21.430 align:start position:0%
most awake? Our cosmos offers up one
important<00:03:19.519><c> clue.</c>

03:21.430 --> 03:21.440 align:start position:0%
important clue.
 

03:21.440 --> 03:23.190 align:start position:0%
important clue.
Thanks<00:03:21.680><c> to</c><00:03:21.920><c> telescopes</c><00:03:22.400><c> like</c><00:03:22.560><c> Hubble,</c>

03:23.190 --> 03:23.200 align:start position:0%
Thanks to telescopes like Hubble,
 

03:23.200 --> 03:25.030 align:start position:0%
Thanks to telescopes like Hubble,
astronomers<00:03:23.840><c> have</c><00:03:24.080><c> now</c><00:03:24.480><c> identified</c>

03:25.030 --> 03:25.040 align:start position:0%
astronomers have now identified
 

03:25.040 --> 03:27.110 align:start position:0%
astronomers have now identified
thousands<00:03:25.519><c> of</c><00:03:25.760><c> galaxy</c><00:03:26.159><c> systems</c><00:03:26.640><c> scattered</c>

03:27.110 --> 03:27.120 align:start position:0%
thousands of galaxy systems scattered
 

03:27.120 --> 03:30.630 align:start position:0%
thousands of galaxy systems scattered
across<00:03:27.360><c> the</c><00:03:27.599><c> sky</c><00:03:28.239><c> with</c><00:03:28.720><c> chaotic</c><00:03:29.599><c> and</c><00:03:29.920><c> tortured</c>

03:30.630 --> 03:30.640 align:start position:0%
across the sky with chaotic and tortured
 

03:30.640 --> 03:33.750 align:start position:0%
across the sky with chaotic and tortured
forms.<00:03:31.840><c> We</c><00:03:32.080><c> don't</c><00:03:32.319><c> think</c><00:03:32.560><c> these</c><00:03:32.959><c> are</c><00:03:33.360><c> actually</c>

03:33.750 --> 03:33.760 align:start position:0%
forms. We don't think these are actually
 

03:33.760 --> 03:36.869 align:start position:0%
forms. We don't think these are actually
single<00:03:34.159><c> galaxies</c><00:03:34.640><c> at</c><00:03:34.879><c> all,</c><00:03:35.360><c> but</c><00:03:35.760><c> violent</c><00:03:36.560><c> slow</c>

03:36.869 --> 03:36.879 align:start position:0%
single galaxies at all, but violent slow
 

03:36.879 --> 03:39.750 align:start position:0%
single galaxies at all, but violent slow
motion<00:03:37.440><c> galaxy</c><00:03:38.080><c> collisions</c><00:03:38.959><c> that</c><00:03:39.280><c> over</c>

03:39.750 --> 03:39.760 align:start position:0%
motion galaxy collisions that over
 

03:39.760 --> 03:42.149 align:start position:0%
motion galaxy collisions that over
hundreds<00:03:40.159><c> of</c><00:03:40.319><c> millions</c><00:03:40.720><c> of</c><00:03:40.879><c> years</c><00:03:41.519><c> transform</c>

03:42.149 --> 03:42.159 align:start position:0%
hundreds of millions of years transform
 

03:42.159 --> 03:45.589 align:start position:0%
hundreds of millions of years transform
smaller<00:03:42.640><c> galaxies</c><00:03:43.200><c> into</c><00:03:43.760><c> larger</c><00:03:44.159><c> ones.</c><00:03:45.360><c> This</c>

03:45.589 --> 03:45.599 align:start position:0%
smaller galaxies into larger ones. This
 

03:45.599 --> 03:48.470 align:start position:0%
smaller galaxies into larger ones. This
process<00:03:46.080><c> is</c><00:03:46.400><c> called</c><00:03:46.799><c> galaxy</c><00:03:47.360><c> merging</c><00:03:48.000><c> and</c><00:03:48.239><c> it</c>

03:48.470 --> 03:48.480 align:start position:0%
process is called galaxy merging and it
 

03:48.480 --> 03:50.390 align:start position:0%
process is called galaxy merging and it
is<00:03:48.640><c> now</c><00:03:48.799><c> thought</c><00:03:49.040><c> to</c><00:03:49.200><c> be</c><00:03:49.360><c> one</c><00:03:49.519><c> of</c><00:03:49.599><c> the</c><00:03:49.840><c> dominant</c>

03:50.390 --> 03:50.400 align:start position:0%
is now thought to be one of the dominant
 

03:50.400 --> 03:52.949 align:start position:0%
is now thought to be one of the dominant
ways<00:03:50.799><c> in</c><00:03:51.120><c> which</c><00:03:51.440><c> larger</c><00:03:51.920><c> galaxies</c><00:03:52.480><c> come</c><00:03:52.720><c> into</c>

03:52.949 --> 03:52.959 align:start position:0%
ways in which larger galaxies come into
 

03:52.959 --> 03:57.030 align:start position:0%
ways in which larger galaxies come into
being,<00:03:53.920><c> particularly</c><00:03:55.120><c> elliptical</c><00:03:55.680><c> galaxies.</c>

03:57.030 --> 03:57.040 align:start position:0%
being, particularly elliptical galaxies.
 

03:57.040 --> 03:59.589 align:start position:0%
being, particularly elliptical galaxies.
Unlike<00:03:57.680><c> rotating</c><00:03:58.239><c> spirals</c><00:03:58.879><c> like</c><00:03:59.120><c> our</c><00:03:59.360><c> own</c>

03:59.589 --> 03:59.599 align:start position:0%
Unlike rotating spirals like our own
 

03:59.599 --> 04:02.229 align:start position:0%
Unlike rotating spirals like our own
Milky<00:04:00.000><c> Way,</c><00:04:00.720><c> elliptical</c><00:04:01.200><c> galaxies</c><00:04:01.760><c> appear</c>

04:02.229 --> 04:02.239 align:start position:0%
Milky Way, elliptical galaxies appear
 

04:02.239 --> 04:04.470 align:start position:0%
Milky Way, elliptical galaxies appear
smooth<00:04:02.640><c> and</c><00:04:02.879><c> featureless.</c><00:04:03.760><c> Their</c><00:04:04.000><c> stars</c>

04:04.470 --> 04:04.480 align:start position:0%
smooth and featureless. Their stars
 

04:04.480 --> 04:07.190 align:start position:0%
smooth and featureless. Their stars
orbit<00:04:04.879><c> in</c><00:04:05.200><c> random</c><00:04:05.680><c> directions</c><00:04:06.560><c> and</c><00:04:06.720><c> they</c><00:04:06.959><c> show</c>

04:07.190 --> 04:07.200 align:start position:0%
orbit in random directions and they show
 

04:07.200 --> 04:09.509 align:start position:0%
orbit in random directions and they show
very<00:04:07.519><c> little</c><00:04:07.840><c> star</c><00:04:08.080><c> formation.</c><00:04:09.280><c> And</c>

04:09.509 --> 04:09.519 align:start position:0%
very little star formation. And
 

04:09.519 --> 04:11.589 align:start position:0%
very little star formation. And
astronomers<00:04:10.239><c> believe</c><00:04:10.640><c> this</c><00:04:10.879><c> may</c><00:04:11.120><c> be</c><00:04:11.280><c> related</c>

04:11.589 --> 04:11.599 align:start position:0%
astronomers believe this may be related
 

04:11.599 --> 04:14.070 align:start position:0%
astronomers believe this may be related
to<00:04:11.840><c> how</c><00:04:12.080><c> they</c><00:04:12.480><c> co-evolve</c><00:04:13.360><c> with</c><00:04:13.599><c> the</c><00:04:13.760><c> super</c>

04:14.070 --> 04:14.080 align:start position:0%
to how they co-evolve with the super
 

04:14.080 --> 04:16.150 align:start position:0%
to how they co-evolve with the super
massive<00:04:14.480><c> black</c><00:04:14.640><c> holes</c><00:04:15.040><c> that</c><00:04:15.280><c> lie</c><00:04:15.599><c> at</c><00:04:15.920><c> their</c>

04:16.150 --> 04:16.160 align:start position:0%
massive black holes that lie at their
 

04:16.160 --> 04:19.990 align:start position:0%
massive black holes that lie at their
hearts.<00:04:17.440><c> The</c><00:04:17.600><c> theory</c><00:04:18.000><c> goes</c><00:04:18.239><c> as</c><00:04:18.479><c> follows.</c><00:04:19.519><c> As</c>

04:19.990 --> 04:20.000 align:start position:0%
hearts. The theory goes as follows. As
 

04:20.000 --> 04:22.950 align:start position:0%
hearts. The theory goes as follows. As
two<00:04:20.400><c> smaller</c><00:04:21.120><c> spiral</c><00:04:21.600><c> galaxies</c><00:04:22.160><c> approach,</c>

04:22.950 --> 04:22.960 align:start position:0%
two smaller spiral galaxies approach,
 

04:22.960 --> 04:25.510 align:start position:0%
two smaller spiral galaxies approach,
they<00:04:23.199><c> are</c><00:04:23.440><c> distorted</c><00:04:24.080><c> and</c><00:04:24.400><c> stretched</c><00:04:25.120><c> by</c>

04:25.510 --> 04:25.520 align:start position:0%
they are distorted and stretched by
 

04:25.520 --> 04:28.469 align:start position:0%
they are distorted and stretched by
powerful<00:04:26.000><c> tidal</c><00:04:26.479><c> forces.</c><00:04:27.520><c> Stars</c><00:04:27.840><c> are</c><00:04:28.000><c> ejected</c>

04:28.469 --> 04:28.479 align:start position:0%
powerful tidal forces. Stars are ejected
 

04:28.479 --> 04:30.790 align:start position:0%
powerful tidal forces. Stars are ejected
from<00:04:28.720><c> their</c><00:04:28.960><c> previous</c><00:04:29.280><c> orbits</c><00:04:30.000><c> and</c><00:04:30.320><c> vast</c>

04:30.790 --> 04:30.800 align:start position:0%
from their previous orbits and vast
 

04:30.800 --> 04:33.670 align:start position:0%
from their previous orbits and vast
clouds<00:04:31.199><c> of</c><00:04:31.440><c> dust</c><00:04:31.759><c> and</c><00:04:32.000><c> gas</c><00:04:32.639><c> begin</c><00:04:33.120><c> collapsing</c>

04:33.670 --> 04:33.680 align:start position:0%
clouds of dust and gas begin collapsing
 

04:33.680 --> 04:36.629 align:start position:0%
clouds of dust and gas begin collapsing
under<00:04:34.000><c> gravity.</c><00:04:35.040><c> This</c><00:04:35.440><c> ignites</c><00:04:35.759><c> a</c><00:04:36.000><c> phase</c><00:04:36.320><c> of</c>

04:36.629 --> 04:36.639 align:start position:0%
under gravity. This ignites a phase of
 

04:36.639 --> 04:39.110 align:start position:0%
under gravity. This ignites a phase of
furious<00:04:37.199><c> star</c><00:04:37.520><c> formation</c><00:04:38.240><c> where</c><00:04:38.560><c> new</c><00:04:38.800><c> stars</c>

04:39.110 --> 04:39.120 align:start position:0%
furious star formation where new stars
 

04:39.120 --> 04:42.550 align:start position:0%
furious star formation where new stars
can<00:04:39.360><c> pop</c><00:04:39.680><c> into</c><00:04:39.919><c> being</c><00:04:40.400><c> at</c><00:04:40.639><c> a</c><00:04:40.880><c> rate</c><00:04:41.199><c> up</c><00:04:41.440><c> to</c><00:04:41.919><c> 100</c>

04:42.550 --> 04:42.560 align:start position:0%
can pop into being at a rate up to 100
 

04:42.560 --> 04:44.550 align:start position:0%
can pop into being at a rate up to 100
times<00:04:42.880><c> higher</c><00:04:43.360><c> than</c><00:04:43.600><c> that</c><00:04:43.919><c> found</c><00:04:44.160><c> in</c><00:04:44.320><c> other</c>

04:44.550 --> 04:44.560 align:start position:0%
times higher than that found in other
 

04:44.560 --> 04:47.270 align:start position:0%
times higher than that found in other
galaxies.<00:04:45.919><c> Astronomers</c><00:04:46.639><c> refer</c><00:04:46.880><c> to</c><00:04:47.120><c> this</c>

04:47.270 --> 04:47.280 align:start position:0%
galaxies. Astronomers refer to this
 

04:47.280 --> 04:49.909 align:start position:0%
galaxies. Astronomers refer to this
phase<00:04:47.919><c> as</c><00:04:48.400><c> starburst.</c>

04:49.909 --> 04:49.919 align:start position:0%
phase as starburst.
 

04:49.919 --> 04:51.909 align:start position:0%
phase as starburst.
But<00:04:50.160><c> not</c><00:04:50.479><c> all</c><00:04:50.639><c> of</c><00:04:50.800><c> the</c><00:04:50.960><c> disturbed</c><00:04:51.440><c> gas</c><00:04:51.759><c> and</c>

04:51.909 --> 04:51.919 align:start position:0%
But not all of the disturbed gas and
 

04:51.919 --> 04:54.230 align:start position:0%
But not all of the disturbed gas and
dust<00:04:52.160><c> in</c><00:04:52.400><c> a</c><00:04:52.560><c> galaxy</c><00:04:52.960><c> merger</c><00:04:53.360><c> system</c><00:04:53.840><c> is</c>

04:54.230 --> 04:54.240 align:start position:0%
dust in a galaxy merger system is
 

04:54.240 --> 04:57.430 align:start position:0%
dust in a galaxy merger system is
destined<00:04:54.639><c> to</c><00:04:54.880><c> become</c><00:04:55.199><c> new</c><00:04:55.520><c> stars.</c><00:04:56.479><c> Instead,</c>

04:57.430 --> 04:57.440 align:start position:0%
destined to become new stars. Instead,
 

04:57.440 --> 04:59.830 align:start position:0%
destined to become new stars. Instead,
powerful<00:04:58.000><c> gravitational</c><00:04:58.720><c> forces</c><00:04:59.199><c> begin</c>

04:59.830 --> 04:59.840 align:start position:0%
powerful gravitational forces begin
 

04:59.840 --> 05:03.110 align:start position:0%
powerful gravitational forces begin
drawing<00:05:00.639><c> much</c><00:05:00.960><c> of</c><00:05:01.120><c> it</c><00:05:01.759><c> directly</c><00:05:02.320><c> to</c><00:05:02.880><c> the</c>

05:03.110 --> 05:03.120 align:start position:0%
drawing much of it directly to the
 

05:03.120 --> 05:05.830 align:start position:0%
drawing much of it directly to the
galactic<00:05:03.680><c> core,</c><00:05:04.479><c> awakening</c><00:05:05.120><c> the</c><00:05:05.360><c> dormant</c>

05:05.830 --> 05:05.840 align:start position:0%
galactic core, awakening the dormant
 

05:05.840 --> 05:07.990 align:start position:0%
galactic core, awakening the dormant
monster<00:05:06.160><c> at</c><00:05:06.320><c> the</c><00:05:06.479><c> center,</c><00:05:07.120><c> the</c><00:05:07.280><c> super</c><00:05:07.600><c> massive</c>

05:07.990 --> 05:08.000 align:start position:0%
monster at the center, the super massive
 

05:08.000 --> 05:11.590 align:start position:0%
monster at the center, the super massive
black<00:05:08.160><c> hole.</c><00:05:09.440><c> Space</c><00:05:09.840><c> is</c><00:05:10.240><c> full</c><00:05:10.560><c> of</c><00:05:10.800><c> some</c><00:05:11.120><c> really</c>

05:08.000 --> 05:11.189 align:start position:0%
capturing matter. And for that, super
massive<00:06:25.680><c> black</c><00:06:25.840><c> holes</c><00:06:26.400><c> are</c><00:06:26.639><c> king.</c>

05:09.566 --> 05:09.576 align:start position:0%
massive black holes are king.
 

05:09.576 --> 05:12.447 align:start position:0%
massive black holes are king.
As<00:06:28.880><c> matter</c><00:06:29.440><c> spirals</c><00:06:29.919><c> inwards,</c><00:06:30.720><c> it</c><00:06:30.960><c> forms</c><00:06:31.199><c> an</c>

05:12.447 --> 05:12.457 align:start position:0%
As matter spirals inwards, it forms an
 

05:12.457 --> 05:14.527 align:start position:0%
As matter spirals inwards, it forms an
accretion<00:06:31.840><c> disc</c><00:06:32.160><c> that</c><00:06:32.400><c> forces</c><00:06:32.880><c> particles</c>

05:14.527 --> 05:14.537 align:start position:0%
accretion disc that forces particles
 

05:14.537 --> 05:16.767 align:start position:0%
accretion disc that forces particles
closer<00:06:33.759><c> and</c><00:06:34.000><c> closer</c><00:06:34.400><c> together</c><00:06:35.039><c> until</c><00:06:35.360><c> they</c>

05:16.767 --> 05:16.777 align:start position:0%
closer and closer together until they
 

05:16.777 --> 05:19.487 align:start position:0%
closer and closer together until they
collide,<00:06:36.479><c> converting</c><00:06:37.039><c> kinetic</c><00:06:37.520><c> energy</c><00:06:38.000><c> into</c>

05:19.487 --> 05:19.497 align:start position:0%
collide, converting kinetic energy into
 

05:19.497 --> 05:22.286 align:start position:0%
collide, converting kinetic energy into
heat.<00:06:39.360><c> Meaning</c><00:06:39.600><c> that</c><00:06:39.919><c> as</c><00:06:40.319><c> matter</c><00:06:40.720><c> approaches</c>

05:22.286 --> 05:22.296 align:start position:0%
heat. Meaning that as matter approaches
 

05:22.296 --> 05:25.726 align:start position:0%
heat. Meaning that as matter approaches
the<00:06:41.440><c> event</c><00:06:41.759><c> horizon,</c><00:06:42.560><c> it</c><00:06:42.800><c> forms</c><00:06:43.199><c> a</c><00:06:43.520><c> plasma</c><00:06:44.400><c> in</c>

05:25.726 --> 05:25.736 align:start position:0%
the event horizon, it forms a plasma in
 

05:25.736 --> 05:28.527 align:start position:0%
the event horizon, it forms a plasma in
which<00:06:45.120><c> temperatures</c><00:06:45.680><c> climb</c><00:06:46.000><c> towards</c><00:06:46.720><c> 12</c>

05:28.527 --> 05:28.537 align:start position:0%
which temperatures climb towards 12
 

05:28.537 --> 05:30.927 align:start position:0%
which temperatures climb towards 12
million°<00:06:48.400><c> C.</c>

05:30.927 --> 05:30.937 align:start position:0%
million° C.
 

05:30.937 --> 05:33.006 align:start position:0%
million° C.
This<00:06:50.160><c> process</c><00:06:50.800><c> converts</c><00:06:51.199><c> the</c><00:06:51.360><c> center</c><00:06:51.600><c> of</c><00:06:51.759><c> the</c>

05:33.006 --> 05:33.016 align:start position:0%
This process converts the center of the
 

05:33.016 --> 05:35.726 align:start position:0%
This process converts the center of the
galaxy<00:06:52.479><c> into</c><00:06:52.800><c> what's</c><00:06:53.199><c> known</c><00:06:53.440><c> as</c><00:06:53.759><c> an</c><00:06:54.080><c> active</c>

05:35.726 --> 05:35.736 align:start position:0%
galaxy into what's known as an active
 

05:35.736 --> 05:37.887 align:start position:0%
galaxy into what's known as an active
galactic<00:06:55.199><c> nucleus,</c><00:06:56.080><c> a</c><00:06:56.240><c> structure</c><00:06:56.560><c> that</c>

05:37.887 --> 05:37.897 align:start position:0%
galactic nucleus, a structure that
 

05:37.897 --> 05:39.967 align:start position:0%
galactic nucleus, a structure that
generates<00:06:57.280><c> so</c><00:06:57.600><c> much</c><00:06:57.759><c> light</c><00:06:58.080><c> from</c><00:06:58.319><c> frictional</c>

05:39.967 --> 05:39.977 align:start position:0%
generates so much light from frictional
 

05:39.977 --> 05:43.647 align:start position:0%
generates so much light from frictional
forces<00:06:59.599><c> that</c><00:06:59.840><c> it</c><00:07:00.160><c> outshines</c><00:07:01.280><c> all</c><00:07:01.840><c> the</c><00:07:02.160><c> stars</c>

05:43.647 --> 05:43.657 align:start position:0%
forces that it outshines all the stars
 

05:43.657 --> 05:46.686 align:start position:0%
forces that it outshines all the stars
in<00:07:02.800><c> the</c><00:07:02.960><c> galaxy</c><00:07:03.520><c> combined.</c><00:07:04.960><c> As</c><00:07:05.199><c> the</c><00:07:05.360><c> black</c>

05:46.686 --> 05:46.696 align:start position:0%
in the galaxy combined. As the black
 

05:46.696 --> 05:49.406 align:start position:0%
in the galaxy combined. As the black
hole<00:07:05.840><c> at</c><00:07:06.080><c> its</c><00:07:06.319><c> center</c><00:07:06.800><c> gorges</c><00:07:07.520><c> on</c><00:07:07.840><c> inward</c>

05:49.406 --> 05:49.416 align:start position:0%
hole at its center gorges on inward
 

05:49.416 --> 05:51.566 align:start position:0%
hole at its center gorges on inward
flowing<00:07:08.639><c> matter,</c><00:07:09.440><c> the</c><00:07:09.680><c> high</c><00:07:10.000><c> speed</c><00:07:10.240><c> of</c>

05:51.566 --> 05:51.576 align:start position:0%
flowing matter, the high speed of
 

05:51.576 --> 05:53.647 align:start position:0%
flowing matter, the high speed of
charged<00:07:10.880><c> particles</c><00:07:11.280><c> in</c><00:07:11.440><c> the</c><00:07:11.520><c> accretion</c><00:07:12.000><c> disc</c>

05:53.647 --> 05:53.657 align:start position:0%
charged particles in the accretion disc
 

05:53.657 --> 05:55.887 align:start position:0%
charged particles in the accretion disc
leads<00:07:12.880><c> to</c><00:07:13.039><c> the</c><00:07:13.280><c> formation</c><00:07:13.680><c> of</c><00:07:14.160><c> potent</c>

05:55.887 --> 05:55.897 align:start position:0%
leads to the formation of potent
 

05:55.897 --> 05:58.927 align:start position:0%
leads to the formation of potent
magnetic<00:07:15.280><c> fields.</c><00:07:16.400><c> At</c><00:07:16.560><c> the</c><00:07:16.720><c> same</c><00:07:16.960><c> time,</c><00:07:17.520><c> high</c>

05:58.927 --> 05:58.937 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields. At the same time, high
 

05:58.937 --> 06:01.167 align:start position:0%
magnetic fields. At the same time, high
energy<00:07:18.240><c> photons</c><00:07:18.880><c> emitted</c><00:07:19.360><c> from</c><00:07:19.520><c> the</c><00:07:19.759><c> super</c>

06:01.167 --> 06:01.177 align:start position:0%
energy photons emitted from the super
 

06:01.177 --> 06:04.447 align:start position:0%
energy photons emitted from the super
hot<00:07:20.319><c> plasma</c><00:07:21.199><c> exert</c><00:07:21.680><c> a</c><00:07:22.080><c> powerful</c><00:07:22.800><c> outwards</c>

06:04.447 --> 06:04.457 align:start position:0%
hot plasma exert a powerful outwards
 

06:04.457 --> 06:07.406 align:start position:0%
hot plasma exert a powerful outwards
pressure<00:07:24.080><c> called</c><00:07:24.639><c> radiation</c><00:07:25.280><c> pressure.</c>

06:07.406 --> 06:07.416 align:start position:0%
pressure called radiation pressure.
 

06:07.416 --> 06:09.247 align:start position:0%
pressure called radiation pressure.
Together,<00:07:26.880><c> these</c><00:07:27.280><c> effects</c><00:07:27.599><c> are</c><00:07:27.840><c> thought</c><00:07:28.000><c> to</c>

06:09.247 --> 06:09.257 align:start position:0%
Together, these effects are thought to
 

06:09.257 --> 06:11.327 align:start position:0%
Together, these effects are thought to
eject<00:07:28.560><c> some</c><00:07:28.720><c> of</c><00:07:28.800><c> the</c><00:07:29.039><c> material</c><00:07:29.599><c> away</c><00:07:29.919><c> from</c><00:07:30.080><c> the</c>

06:11.327 --> 06:11.337 align:start position:0%
eject some of the material away from the
 

06:11.337 --> 06:13.566 align:start position:0%
eject some of the material away from the
accretion<00:07:30.720><c> disc</c><00:07:31.039><c> as</c><00:07:31.280><c> winds.</c><00:07:32.080><c> The</c><00:07:32.319><c> most</c>

06:13.566 --> 06:13.576 align:start position:0%
accretion disc as winds. The most
 

06:13.576 --> 06:16.126 align:start position:0%
accretion disc as winds. The most
powerful<00:07:32.800><c> of</c><00:07:33.039><c> which</c><00:07:33.280><c> are</c><00:07:33.520><c> known</c><00:07:33.759><c> as</c><00:07:34.240><c> ultraast</c>

06:16.126 --> 06:16.136 align:start position:0%
powerful of which are known as ultraast
 

06:16.136 --> 06:17.726 align:start position:0%
powerful of which are known as ultraast
outflows.

06:17.726 --> 06:17.736 align:start position:0%
outflows.
 

06:17.736 --> 06:19.726 align:start position:0%
outflows.
Streams<00:07:37.039><c> of</c><00:07:37.199><c> particles</c><00:07:37.680><c> whose</c><00:07:38.080><c> speeds</c><00:07:38.479><c> have</c>

06:19.726 --> 06:19.736 align:start position:0%
Streams of particles whose speeds have
 

06:19.736 --> 06:22.846 align:start position:0%
Streams of particles whose speeds have
been<00:07:38.800><c> measured</c><00:07:39.360><c> as</c><00:07:39.680><c> being</c><00:07:39.919><c> as</c><00:07:40.160><c> high</c><00:07:40.560><c> as</c><00:07:40.960><c> 90,000</c>

06:22.846 --> 06:22.856 align:start position:0%
been measured as being as high as 90,000
 

06:22.856 --> 06:27.647 align:start position:0%
been measured as being as high as 90,000
km<00:07:42.479><c> per</c><00:07:42.880><c> second,</c><00:07:44.080><c> a</c><00:07:44.319><c> staggering</c><00:07:45.199><c> 30%</c><00:07:46.240><c> the</c>

06:27.647 --> 06:27.657 align:start position:0%
km per second, a staggering 30% the
 

06:27.657 --> 06:30.607 align:start position:0%
km per second, a staggering 30% the
speed<00:07:46.800><c> of</c><00:07:46.960><c> light.</c><00:07:48.000><c> And</c><00:07:48.240><c> it's</c><00:07:48.479><c> these</c><00:07:48.880><c> ultraast</c>

06:30.607 --> 06:30.617 align:start position:0%
speed of light. And it's these ultraast
 

06:30.617 --> 06:33.887 align:start position:0%
speed of light. And it's these ultraast
outflows,<00:07:50.319><c> nicknamed</c><00:07:51.039><c> cosmic</c><00:07:51.520><c> bullets,</c><00:07:52.560><c> that</c>

06:33.887 --> 06:33.897 align:start position:0%
outflows, nicknamed cosmic bullets, that
 

06:33.897 --> 06:36.207 align:start position:0%
outflows, nicknamed cosmic bullets, that
scientists<00:07:53.360><c> believe</c><00:07:53.840><c> could</c><00:07:54.240><c> play</c><00:07:54.400><c> a</c><00:07:54.639><c> pivotal</c>

06:36.207 --> 06:36.217 align:start position:0%
scientists believe could play a pivotal
 

06:36.217 --> 06:38.367 align:start position:0%
scientists believe could play a pivotal
role<00:07:55.360><c> in</c><00:07:55.680><c> the</c><00:07:55.919><c> life</c><00:07:56.160><c> of</c><00:07:56.319><c> an</c><00:07:56.560><c> emerging</c>

06:38.367 --> 06:38.377 align:start position:0%
role in the life of an emerging
 

06:38.377 --> 06:42.207 align:start position:0%
role in the life of an emerging
elliptical<00:07:57.840><c> galaxy.</c><00:07:59.199><c> The</c><00:07:59.440><c> idea</c><00:07:59.759><c> is</c><00:08:00.400><c> that</c><00:08:00.800><c> as</c>

06:42.207 --> 06:42.217 align:start position:0%
elliptical galaxy. The idea is that as
 

06:42.217 --> 06:44.927 align:start position:0%
elliptical galaxy. The idea is that as
these<00:08:01.440><c> cosmic</c><00:08:01.840><c> bullets</c><00:08:02.319><c> stream</c><00:08:02.800><c> into</c><00:08:03.120><c> space,</c>

06:44.927 --> 06:44.937 align:start position:0%
these cosmic bullets stream into space,
 

06:44.937 --> 06:47.807 align:start position:0%
these cosmic bullets stream into space,
the<00:08:04.160><c> high</c><00:08:04.560><c> energy</c><00:08:04.960><c> particles</c><00:08:05.840><c> interact</c><00:08:06.319><c> with</c>

06:47.807 --> 06:47.817 align:start position:0%
the high energy particles interact with
 

06:47.817 --> 06:50.447 align:start position:0%
the high energy particles interact with
cold,<00:08:07.280><c> dense</c><00:08:07.680><c> clouds</c><00:08:08.000><c> of</c><00:08:08.160><c> gas</c><00:08:08.479><c> that</c><00:08:08.720><c> are</c><00:08:08.960><c> feed</c>

06:50.447 --> 06:50.457 align:start position:0%
cold, dense clouds of gas that are feed
 

06:50.457 --> 06:52.927 align:start position:0%
cold, dense clouds of gas that are feed
stock<00:08:09.680><c> for</c><00:08:09.919><c> star</c><00:08:10.240><c> formation</c><00:08:11.120><c> and</c><00:08:11.360><c> disperse</c>

06:52.927 --> 06:52.937 align:start position:0%
stock for star formation and disperse
 

06:52.937 --> 06:55.406 align:start position:0%
stock for star formation and disperse
them,<00:08:12.319><c> a</c><00:08:12.560><c> process</c><00:08:12.879><c> that</c><00:08:13.440><c> ultimately</c><00:08:14.000><c> kills</c>

06:55.406 --> 06:55.416 align:start position:0%
them, a process that ultimately kills
 

06:55.416 --> 06:57.647 align:start position:0%
them, a process that ultimately kills
the<00:08:14.639><c> galaxy's</c><00:08:15.199><c> ability</c><00:08:15.599><c> to</c><00:08:15.840><c> generate</c><00:08:16.240><c> new</c>

06:57.647 --> 06:57.657 align:start position:0%
the galaxy's ability to generate new
 

06:57.657 --> 07:00.447 align:start position:0%
the galaxy's ability to generate new
stars.<00:08:17.520><c> This</c><00:08:17.840><c> quenches</c><00:08:18.319><c> the</c><00:08:18.479><c> starburst</c><00:08:19.039><c> phase</c>

07:00.447 --> 07:00.457 align:start position:0%
stars. This quenches the starburst phase
 

07:00.457 --> 07:03.167 align:start position:0%
stars. This quenches the starburst phase
and<00:08:19.599><c> the</c><00:08:19.759><c> galactic</c><00:08:20.240><c> nucleus</c><00:08:20.879><c> metamorphosis</c>

07:03.167 --> 07:03.177 align:start position:0%
and the galactic nucleus metamorphosis
 

07:03.177 --> 07:06.447 align:start position:0%
and the galactic nucleus metamorphosis
into<00:08:22.560><c> a</c><00:08:22.879><c> quazar.</c><00:08:23.840><c> A</c><00:08:24.080><c> system</c><00:08:24.319><c> where</c><00:08:24.800><c> black</c><00:08:25.039><c> hole</c>

07:06.447 --> 07:06.457 align:start position:0%
into a quazar. A system where black hole
 

07:06.457 --> 07:09.487 align:start position:0%
into a quazar. A system where black hole
activity<00:08:26.000><c> is</c><00:08:26.400><c> so</c><00:08:26.800><c> powerful</c><00:08:27.520><c> it</c><00:08:27.759><c> outshines</c><00:08:28.240><c> its</c>

07:09.487 --> 07:09.497 align:start position:0%
activity is so powerful it outshines its
 

07:09.497 --> 07:13.327 align:start position:0%
activity is so powerful it outshines its
host<00:08:28.800><c> galaxy</c><00:08:29.199><c> by</c><00:08:29.520><c> up</c><00:08:29.759><c> to</c><00:08:30.080><c> 1,000</c><00:08:31.039><c> times</c><00:08:31.759><c> and</c><00:08:32.000><c> of</c>

07:13.327 --> 07:13.337 align:start position:0%
host galaxy by up to 1,000 times and of
 

07:13.337 --> 07:15.806 align:start position:0%
host galaxy by up to 1,000 times and of
course<00:08:32.719><c> suppresses</c><00:08:33.519><c> any</c><00:08:33.919><c> further</c><00:08:34.399><c> star</c>

07:15.806 --> 07:15.816 align:start position:0%
course suppresses any further star
 

07:15.816 --> 07:18.847 align:start position:0%
course suppresses any further star
formation.<00:08:36.000><c> The</c><00:08:36.240><c> quazar</c><00:08:36.719><c> phase</c><00:08:37.039><c> can</c><00:08:37.200><c> last</c><00:08:37.440><c> for</c>

07:18.847 --> 07:18.857 align:start position:0%
formation. The quazar phase can last for
 

07:18.857 --> 07:21.486 align:start position:0%
formation. The quazar phase can last for
tens<00:08:38.399><c> or</c><00:08:38.640><c> even</c><00:08:39.120><c> hundreds</c><00:08:39.680><c> of</c><00:08:39.839><c> millions</c><00:08:40.240><c> of</c>

07:21.486 --> 07:21.496 align:start position:0%
tens or even hundreds of millions of
 

07:21.496 --> 07:24.126 align:start position:0%
tens or even hundreds of millions of
years<00:08:40.959><c> until</c><00:08:41.599><c> the</c><00:08:41.839><c> black</c><00:08:42.080><c> hole</c><00:08:42.479><c> finally</c>

07:24.126 --> 07:24.136 align:start position:0%
years until the black hole finally
 

07:24.136 --> 07:26.447 align:start position:0%
years until the black hole finally
exhausts<00:08:43.519><c> its</c><00:08:43.839><c> food</c><00:08:44.080><c> supply</c><00:08:44.480><c> of</c><00:08:44.800><c> gas</c><00:08:45.120><c> and</c>

07:26.447 --> 07:26.457 align:start position:0%
exhausts its food supply of gas and
 

07:26.457 --> 07:28.847 align:start position:0%
exhausts its food supply of gas and
dust.<00:08:46.320><c> Only</c><00:08:46.560><c> then</c><00:08:46.800><c> will</c><00:08:47.040><c> the</c><00:08:47.200><c> super</c><00:08:47.360><c> massive</c>

07:28.847 --> 07:28.857 align:start position:0%
dust. Only then will the super massive
 

07:28.857 --> 07:31.007 align:start position:0%
dust. Only then will the super massive
black<00:08:47.920><c> hole</c><00:08:48.240><c> return</c><00:08:48.480><c> to</c><00:08:48.640><c> dormcancy,</c><00:08:49.519><c> allowing</c>

07:31.007 --> 07:31.017 align:start position:0%
black hole return to dormcancy, allowing
 

07:31.017 --> 07:33.727 align:start position:0%
black hole return to dormcancy, allowing
the<00:08:50.160><c> new</c><00:08:50.320><c> galaxy</c><00:08:50.800><c> to</c><00:08:51.040><c> settle</c><00:08:51.360><c> into</c><00:08:51.680><c> its</c><00:08:52.000><c> final</c>

07:33.727 --> 07:33.737 align:start position:0%
the new galaxy to settle into its final
 

07:33.737 --> 07:37.167 align:start position:0%
the new galaxy to settle into its final
mature<00:08:53.440><c> elliptical</c><00:08:54.000><c> phase.</c><00:08:55.440><c> It's</c><00:08:55.680><c> a</c><00:08:55.839><c> neat</c>

07:37.167 --> 07:37.177 align:start position:0%
mature elliptical phase. It's a neat
 

07:37.177 --> 07:39.727 align:start position:0%
mature elliptical phase. It's a neat
theory.<00:08:56.880><c> However,</c><00:08:57.360><c> it's</c><00:08:57.680><c> one</c><00:08:57.920><c> for</c><00:08:58.240><c> which</c><00:08:58.399><c> the</c>

07:39.727 --> 07:39.737 align:start position:0%
theory. However, it's one for which the
 

07:39.737 --> 07:42.207 align:start position:0%
theory. However, it's one for which the
critical<00:08:59.120><c> stage</c><00:08:59.760><c> where</c><00:09:00.000><c> both</c><00:09:00.399><c> star</c><00:09:00.720><c> formation</c>

07:42.207 --> 07:42.217 align:start position:0%
critical stage where both star formation
 

07:42.217 --> 07:44.287 align:start position:0%
critical stage where both star formation
is<00:09:01.360><c> still</c><00:09:01.519><c> underway</c><00:09:02.000><c> and</c><00:09:02.320><c> the</c><00:09:02.480><c> black</c><00:09:02.720><c> hole</c><00:09:02.959><c> is</c>

07:44.287 --> 07:44.297 align:start position:0%
is still underway and the black hole is
 

07:44.297 --> 07:47.327 align:start position:0%
is still underway and the black hole is
waking<00:09:03.519><c> up</c><00:09:04.080><c> had</c><00:09:04.320><c> never</c><00:09:04.560><c> been</c><00:09:04.800><c> fully</c><00:09:05.200><c> observed</c>

07:47.327 --> 07:47.337 align:start position:0%
waking up had never been fully observed
 

07:47.337 --> 07:50.207 align:start position:0%
waking up had never been fully observed
until<00:09:06.880><c> the</c><00:09:07.200><c> X-ray</c><00:09:07.600><c> imaging</c><00:09:08.000><c> and</c><00:09:08.240><c> spectroscopy</c>

07:50.207 --> 07:50.217 align:start position:0%
until the X-ray imaging and spectroscopy
 

07:50.217 --> 07:53.807 align:start position:0%
until the X-ray imaging and spectroscopy
mission<00:09:09.519><c> entered</c><00:09:09.839><c> the</c><00:09:10.080><c> stage.</c><00:09:10.480><c> That</c><00:09:10.640><c> is</c>

07:53.807 --> 07:53.817 align:start position:0%
mission entered the stage. That is
 

07:53.817 --> 07:57.167 align:start position:0%
mission entered the stage. That is
led<00:09:13.120><c> by</c><00:09:13.440><c> Japan's</c><00:09:14.080><c> JAXA.</c><00:09:14.959><c> The</c><00:09:15.120><c> X-ray</c><00:09:15.600><c> imaging</c>

07:57.167 --> 07:57.177 align:start position:0%
led by Japan's JAXA. The X-ray imaging
 

07:57.177 --> 07:59.887 align:start position:0%
led by Japan's JAXA. The X-ray imaging
and<00:09:16.399><c> spectroscopy</c><00:09:17.200><c> mission</c><00:09:17.600><c> or</c><00:09:18.080><c> crism</c><00:09:18.560><c> for</c>

07:59.887 --> 07:59.897 align:start position:0%
and spectroscopy mission or crism for
 

07:59.897 --> 08:03.647 align:start position:0%
and spectroscopy mission or crism for
short<00:09:19.600><c> launched</c><00:09:20.000><c> in</c><00:09:20.320><c> September</c><00:09:20.959><c> 2023.</c>

08:03.647 --> 08:03.657 align:start position:0%
short launched in September 2023.
 

08:03.657 --> 08:05.887 align:start position:0%
short launched in September 2023.
It<00:09:22.800><c> carried</c><00:09:23.360><c> two</c><00:09:23.920><c> new</c><00:09:24.240><c> generation</c>

08:05.887 --> 08:05.897 align:start position:0%
It carried two new generation
 

08:05.897 --> 08:08.767 align:start position:0%
It carried two new generation
instruments<00:09:25.360><c> into</c><00:09:25.680><c> orbit.</c><00:09:26.640><c> A</c><00:09:26.880><c> wide</c><00:09:27.200><c> angle</c>

08:08.767 --> 08:08.777 align:start position:0%
instruments into orbit. A wide angle
 

08:08.777 --> 08:11.247 align:start position:0%
instruments into orbit. A wide angle
X-ray<00:09:28.160><c> camera</c><00:09:28.720><c> and</c><00:09:28.880><c> a</c><00:09:29.120><c> spectrometer</c><00:09:29.839><c> called</c>

08:11.247 --> 08:11.257 align:start position:0%
X-ray camera and a spectrometer called
 

08:11.257 --> 08:13.407 align:start position:0%
X-ray camera and a spectrometer called
Resolve<00:09:30.959><c> that</c><00:09:31.120><c> is</c><00:09:31.360><c> capable</c><00:09:31.680><c> of</c><00:09:31.920><c> picking</c><00:09:32.160><c> up</c>

08:13.407 --> 08:13.417 align:start position:0%
Resolve that is capable of picking up
 

08:13.417 --> 08:16.207 align:start position:0%
Resolve that is capable of picking up
the<00:09:32.560><c> most</c><00:09:32.800><c> detailed</c><00:09:33.440><c> X-ray</c><00:09:33.920><c> spectra</c><00:09:34.640><c> ever</c>

08:16.207 --> 08:16.217 align:start position:0%
the most detailed X-ray spectra ever
 

08:16.217 --> 08:19.087 align:start position:0%
the most detailed X-ray spectra ever
collected.<00:09:36.480><c> Because</c><00:09:36.880><c> X-rays</c><00:09:37.360><c> are</c><00:09:37.519><c> generated</c>

08:19.087 --> 08:19.097 align:start position:0%
collected. Because X-rays are generated
 

08:19.097 --> 08:21.327 align:start position:0%
collected. Because X-rays are generated
at<00:09:38.240><c> extremely</c><00:09:38.959><c> high</c><00:09:39.279><c> temperatures.</c>

08:21.327 --> 08:21.337 align:start position:0%
at extremely high temperatures.
 

08:21.337 --> 08:23.967 align:start position:0%
at extremely high temperatures.
Together,<00:09:40.720><c> these</c><00:09:41.040><c> instruments</c><00:09:41.600><c> allow</c><00:09:42.000><c> Krism</c>

08:23.967 --> 08:23.977 align:start position:0%
Together, these instruments allow Krism
 

08:23.977 --> 08:26.127 align:start position:0%
Together, these instruments allow Krism
an<00:09:43.200><c> unprecedented</c><00:09:44.080><c> view</c><00:09:44.320><c> into</c><00:09:44.640><c> some</c><00:09:44.800><c> of</c><00:09:44.880><c> the</c>

08:26.127 --> 08:26.137 align:start position:0%
an unprecedented view into some of the
 

08:26.137 --> 08:29.007 align:start position:0%
an unprecedented view into some of the
most<00:09:45.279><c> violent</c><00:09:45.839><c> and</c><00:09:46.320><c> energetic</c><00:09:47.120><c> objects</c><00:09:47.680><c> in</c>

08:29.007 --> 08:29.017 align:start position:0%
most violent and energetic objects in
 

08:29.017 --> 08:32.287 align:start position:0%
most violent and energetic objects in
our<00:09:48.240><c> cosmos,</c><00:09:49.440><c> such</c><00:09:49.680><c> as</c><00:09:50.240><c> super</c><00:09:50.560><c> massive</c><00:09:50.959><c> black</c>

08:32.287 --> 08:32.297 align:start position:0%
our cosmos, such as super massive black
 

08:32.297 --> 08:36.046 align:start position:0%
our cosmos, such as super massive black
holes<00:09:51.760><c> in</c><00:09:52.080><c> active</c><00:09:52.560><c> galactic</c><00:09:53.200><c> nuclei.</c><00:09:54.560><c> For</c><00:09:54.800><c> the</c>

08:36.046 --> 08:36.056 align:start position:0%
holes in active galactic nuclei. For the
 

08:36.056 --> 08:38.527 align:start position:0%
holes in active galactic nuclei. For the
first<00:09:55.279><c> 6</c><00:09:55.519><c> months</c><00:09:55.760><c> of</c><00:09:55.920><c> operations,</c><00:09:56.880><c> Chrysom</c>

08:38.527 --> 08:38.537 align:start position:0%
first 6 months of operations, Chrysom
 

08:38.537 --> 08:40.687 align:start position:0%
first 6 months of operations, Chrysom
was<00:09:57.680><c> in</c><00:09:57.920><c> its</c><00:09:58.320><c> performance</c><00:09:58.880><c> verification</c>

08:40.687 --> 08:40.697 align:start position:0%
was in its performance verification
 

08:40.697 --> 08:42.687 align:start position:0%
was in its performance verification
phase.<00:10:00.240><c> The</c><00:10:00.399><c> aim</c><00:10:00.560><c> of</c><00:10:00.720><c> which</c><00:10:00.959><c> was</c><00:10:01.120><c> to</c><00:10:01.279><c> provide</c>

08:42.687 --> 08:42.697 align:start position:0%
phase. The aim of which was to provide
 

08:42.697 --> 08:44.527 align:start position:0%
phase. The aim of which was to provide
the<00:10:01.760><c> scientific</c><00:10:02.240><c> community</c><00:10:02.640><c> with</c><00:10:02.959><c> data</c><00:10:03.279><c> to</c>

08:44.527 --> 08:44.537 align:start position:0%
the scientific community with data to
 

08:44.537 --> 08:46.767 align:start position:0%
the scientific community with data to
confirm<00:10:03.760><c> the</c><00:10:04.000><c> telescope</c><00:10:04.720><c> could</c><00:10:05.120><c> achieve</c><00:10:05.440><c> its</c>

08:46.767 --> 08:46.777 align:start position:0%
confirm the telescope could achieve its
 

08:46.777 --> 08:49.247 align:start position:0%
confirm the telescope could achieve its
mission<00:10:06.000><c> goals</c><00:10:06.640><c> and</c><00:10:06.959><c> to</c><00:10:07.120><c> showcase</c><00:10:07.839><c> its</c>

08:49.247 --> 08:49.257 align:start position:0%
mission goals and to showcase its
 

08:49.257 --> 08:51.887 align:start position:0%
mission goals and to showcase its
transformational<00:10:09.200><c> science</c><00:10:09.519><c> abilities.</c><00:10:10.560><c> And</c>

08:51.887 --> 08:51.897 align:start position:0%
transformational science abilities. And
 

08:51.897 --> 08:55.007 align:start position:0%
transformational science abilities. And
it<00:10:10.959><c> was</c><00:10:11.120><c> during</c><00:10:11.360><c> this</c><00:10:11.519><c> phase</c><00:10:11.839><c> in</c><00:10:12.320><c> August</c><00:10:12.800><c> 2024</c>

08:55.007 --> 08:55.017 align:start position:0%
it was during this phase in August 2024
 

08:55.017 --> 08:57.407 align:start position:0%
it was during this phase in August 2024
that<00:10:14.160><c> Prism</c><00:10:14.640><c> observed</c><00:10:15.120><c> an</c><00:10:15.360><c> active</c><00:10:15.760><c> galactic</c>

08:57.407 --> 08:57.417 align:start position:0%
that Prism observed an active galactic
 

08:57.417 --> 09:01.807 align:start position:0%
that Prism observed an active galactic
nucleus<00:10:17.040><c> in</c><00:10:17.279><c> a</c><00:10:17.519><c> galaxy</c><00:10:17.920><c> merger</c><00:10:18.959><c> 63</c><00:10:20.320><c> million</c>

09:01.807 --> 09:01.817 align:start position:0%
nucleus in a galaxy merger 63 million
 

09:01.817 --> 09:05.247 align:start position:0%
nucleus in a galaxy merger 63 million
lighty<00:10:20.959><c> years</c><00:10:21.200><c> from</c><00:10:21.440><c> Earth.</c>

09:05.247 --> 09:05.257 align:start position:0%
lighty years from Earth.
 

09:05.257 --> 09:07.567 align:start position:0%
lighty years from Earth.
Now<00:10:24.720><c> this</c><00:10:25.040><c> may</c><00:10:25.200><c> not</c><00:10:25.440><c> look</c><00:10:25.600><c> like</c><00:10:25.760><c> the</c><00:10:26.000><c> snappiest</c>

09:07.567 --> 09:07.577 align:start position:0%
Now this may not look like the snappiest
 

09:07.577 --> 09:10.687 align:start position:0%
Now this may not look like the snappiest
of<00:10:26.640><c> names,</c><00:10:27.360><c> but</c><00:10:27.600><c> within</c><00:10:28.079><c> it</c><00:10:28.480><c> lies</c><00:10:28.800><c> a</c><00:10:29.040><c> clue</c><00:10:29.360><c> as</c>

09:10.687 --> 09:10.697 align:start position:0%
of names, but within it lies a clue as
 

09:10.697 --> 09:13.486 align:start position:0%
of names, but within it lies a clue as
to<00:10:29.839><c> what</c><00:10:30.160><c> makes</c><00:10:30.480><c> this</c><00:10:30.800><c> particular</c><00:10:31.279><c> system</c><00:10:31.920><c> so</c>

09:13.486 --> 09:13.496 align:start position:0%
to what makes this particular system so
 

09:13.496 --> 09:16.767 align:start position:0%
to what makes this particular system so
attractive<00:10:33.120><c> to</c><00:10:33.440><c> researchers.</c><00:10:34.800><c> Iris</c><00:10:35.360><c> stands</c>

09:16.767 --> 09:16.777 align:start position:0%
attractive to researchers. Iris stands
 

09:16.777 --> 09:18.767 align:start position:0%
attractive to researchers. Iris stands
for<00:10:36.000><c> NASA's</c><00:10:36.480><c> infrared</c><00:10:36.959><c> astronomical</c>

09:18.767 --> 09:18.777 align:start position:0%
for NASA's infrared astronomical
 

09:18.777 --> 09:22.127 align:start position:0%
for NASA's infrared astronomical
satellite<00:10:38.399><c> which</c><00:10:38.640><c> launched</c><00:10:39.040><c> in</c><00:10:39.440><c> 1983</c><00:10:40.640><c> and</c><00:10:40.880><c> was</c>

09:22.127 --> 09:22.137 align:start position:0%
satellite which launched in 1983 and was
 

09:22.137 --> 09:24.207 align:start position:0%
satellite which launched in 1983 and was
the<00:10:41.279><c> first</c><00:10:41.519><c> orbiting</c><00:10:42.079><c> telescope</c><00:10:42.560><c> to</c><00:10:42.800><c> perform</c>

09:24.207 --> 09:24.217 align:start position:0%
the first orbiting telescope to perform
 

09:24.217 --> 09:27.007 align:start position:0%
the first orbiting telescope to perform
an<00:10:43.360><c> infrared</c><00:10:44.000><c> survey</c><00:10:44.320><c> of</c><00:10:44.480><c> the</c><00:10:44.720><c> sky.</c>

09:27.007 --> 09:27.017 align:start position:0%
an infrared survey of the sky.
 

09:27.017 --> 09:31.087 align:start position:0%
an infrared survey of the sky.
IRS051892524

09:31.087 --> 09:31.097 align:start position:0%
 
 

09:31.097 --> 09:33.327 align:start position:0%
 
was<00:10:50.320><c> one</c><00:10:50.560><c> of</c><00:10:50.800><c> a</c><00:10:51.040><c> new</c><00:10:51.360><c> type</c><00:10:51.519><c> of</c><00:10:51.760><c> galaxy</c>

09:33.327 --> 09:33.337 align:start position:0%
was one of a new type of galaxy
 

09:33.337 --> 09:35.567 align:start position:0%
was one of a new type of galaxy
discovered<00:10:52.720><c> by</c><00:10:52.880><c> the</c><00:10:53.040><c> satellite.</c><00:10:54.000><c> galaxies</c>

09:35.567 --> 09:35.577 align:start position:0%
discovered by the satellite. galaxies
 

09:35.577 --> 09:38.366 align:start position:0%
discovered by the satellite. galaxies
that<00:10:54.720><c> were</c><00:10:54.959><c> enveloped</c><00:10:55.519><c> in</c><00:10:55.839><c> such</c><00:10:56.480><c> thick</c><00:10:56.880><c> clouds</c>

09:38.366 --> 09:38.376 align:start position:0%
that were enveloped in such thick clouds
 

09:38.376 --> 09:41.247 align:start position:0%
that were enveloped in such thick clouds
of<00:10:57.440><c> dust</c><00:10:57.680><c> and</c><00:10:57.920><c> gas</c><00:10:58.399><c> that</c><00:10:58.720><c> any</c><00:10:58.959><c> UV</c><00:10:59.600><c> and</c><00:10:59.760><c> visible</c>

09:41.247 --> 09:41.257 align:start position:0%
of dust and gas that any UV and visible
 

09:41.257 --> 09:43.727 align:start position:0%
of dust and gas that any UV and visible
light<00:11:00.399><c> they</c><00:11:00.640><c> produced</c><00:11:01.200><c> was</c><00:11:01.600><c> absorbed</c><00:11:02.320><c> and</c>

09:43.727 --> 09:43.737 align:start position:0%
light they produced was absorbed and
 

09:43.737 --> 09:46.847 align:start position:0%
light they produced was absorbed and
remitted<00:11:03.360><c> in</c><00:11:03.600><c> the</c><00:11:03.760><c> infrared.</c><00:11:05.040><c> They</c><00:11:05.360><c> may</c><00:11:05.600><c> be</c>

09:46.847 --> 09:46.857 align:start position:0%
remitted in the infrared. They may be
 

09:46.857 --> 09:49.087 align:start position:0%
remitted in the infrared. They may be
invisible<00:11:06.240><c> to</c><00:11:06.399><c> the</c><00:11:06.560><c> naked</c><00:11:06.880><c> eye,</c><00:11:07.519><c> but</c><00:11:07.760><c> these</c>

09:49.087 --> 09:49.097 align:start position:0%
invisible to the naked eye, but these
 

09:49.097 --> 09:51.887 align:start position:0%
invisible to the naked eye, but these
galaxies,<00:11:08.720><c> named</c><00:11:09.360><c> ultral</c><00:11:09.680><c> luminous</c><00:11:10.240><c> infrared</c>

09:51.887 --> 09:51.897 align:start position:0%
galaxies, named ultral luminous infrared
 

09:51.897 --> 09:55.166 align:start position:0%
galaxies, named ultral luminous infrared
galaxies,<00:11:11.760><c> radiate</c><00:11:12.240><c> more</c><00:11:12.560><c> than</c><00:11:13.120><c> 100</c><00:11:13.600><c> times</c>

09:55.166 --> 09:55.176 align:start position:0%
galaxies, radiate more than 100 times
 

09:55.176 --> 09:57.967 align:start position:0%
galaxies, radiate more than 100 times
the<00:11:14.320><c> energy</c><00:11:14.720><c> emitted</c><00:11:15.200><c> by</c><00:11:15.360><c> the</c><00:11:15.519><c> Milky</c><00:11:15.920><c> Way.</c><00:11:16.640><c> And</c>

09:57.967 --> 09:57.977 align:start position:0%
the energy emitted by the Milky Way. And
 

09:57.977 --> 09:59.967 align:start position:0%
the energy emitted by the Milky Way. And
the<00:11:17.040><c> reason</c><00:11:17.279><c> they</c><00:11:17.519><c> glow</c><00:11:17.760><c> so</c><00:11:18.000><c> intensely</c><00:11:18.640><c> is</c>

09:59.967 --> 09:59.977 align:start position:0%
the reason they glow so intensely is
 

09:59.977 --> 10:02.527 align:start position:0%
the reason they glow so intensely is
that<00:11:19.120><c> those</c><00:11:19.360><c> thick</c><00:11:19.680><c> clouds</c><00:11:20.000><c> of</c><00:11:20.240><c> dust</c><00:11:20.560><c> and</c><00:11:20.800><c> gas</c>

10:02.527 --> 10:02.537 align:start position:0%
that those thick clouds of dust and gas
 

10:02.537 --> 10:05.087 align:start position:0%
that those thick clouds of dust and gas
were<00:11:21.680><c> found</c><00:11:21.839><c> to</c><00:11:22.000><c> be</c><00:11:22.240><c> sights</c><00:11:22.640><c> of</c><00:11:22.880><c> intense</c><00:11:23.680><c> star</c>

10:05.087 --> 10:05.097 align:start position:0%
were found to be sights of intense star
 

10:05.097 --> 10:06.847 align:start position:0%
were found to be sights of intense star
formation.

10:06.847 --> 10:06.857 align:start position:0%
formation.
 

10:06.857 --> 10:10.207 align:start position:0%
formation.
Iris<00:11:26.320><c> 051892524</c>

10:10.207 --> 10:10.217 align:start position:0%
Iris 051892524
 

10:10.217 --> 10:13.327 align:start position:0%
Iris 051892524
is<00:11:29.360><c> a</c><00:11:29.600><c> galaxy</c><00:11:30.079><c> merger</c><00:11:30.720><c> in</c><00:11:31.040><c> the</c><00:11:31.200><c> throws</c><00:11:31.920><c> of</c>

10:13.327 --> 10:13.337 align:start position:0%
is a galaxy merger in the throws of
 

10:13.337 --> 10:16.687 align:start position:0%
is a galaxy merger in the throws of
starburst.<00:11:33.600><c> The</c><00:11:33.760><c> Chrysom</c><00:11:34.320><c> team,</c><00:11:34.880><c> including</c>

10:16.687 --> 10:16.697 align:start position:0%
starburst. The Chrysom team, including
 

10:16.697 --> 10:19.887 align:start position:0%
starburst. The Chrysom team, including
associate<00:11:36.079><c> professor</c><00:11:36.800><c> Norda</c><00:11:37.360><c> Hiroumi</c><00:11:38.399><c> and</c>

10:19.887 --> 10:19.897 align:start position:0%
associate professor Norda Hiroumi and
 

10:19.897 --> 10:22.606 align:start position:0%
associate professor Norda Hiroumi and
assistant<00:11:39.200><c> professor</c><00:11:39.760><c> Yamada</c><00:11:40.480><c> Satoshi</c><00:11:41.360><c> of</c>

10:22.606 --> 10:22.616 align:start position:0%
assistant professor Yamada Satoshi of
 

10:22.616 --> 10:25.807 align:start position:0%
assistant professor Yamada Satoshi of
Tohoku<00:11:42.320><c> University</c><00:11:43.360><c> knew</c><00:11:43.760><c> that</c><00:11:44.160><c> as</c><00:11:44.399><c> well</c><00:11:44.480><c> as</c>

10:25.807 --> 10:25.817 align:start position:0%
Tohoku University knew that as well as
 

10:25.817 --> 10:28.767 align:start position:0%
Tohoku University knew that as well as
being<00:11:45.040><c> surveyed</c><00:11:45.360><c> in</c><00:11:45.600><c> infrared,</c><00:11:46.800><c> it</c><00:11:47.040><c> had</c><00:11:47.360><c> also</c>

10:28.767 --> 10:28.777 align:start position:0%
being surveyed in infrared, it had also
 

10:28.777 --> 10:30.767 align:start position:0%
being surveyed in infrared, it had also
been<00:11:47.920><c> previously</c><00:11:48.399><c> studied</c><00:11:48.720><c> in</c><00:11:48.959><c> the</c><00:11:49.200><c> X-ray</c>

10:30.767 --> 10:30.777 align:start position:0%
been previously studied in the X-ray
 

10:30.777 --> 10:33.727 align:start position:0%
been previously studied in the X-ray
band<00:11:50.399><c> within</c><00:11:50.720><c> that</c><00:11:50.959><c> data</c><00:11:51.680><c> with</c><00:11:51.839><c> tantalizing</c>

10:33.727 --> 10:33.737 align:start position:0%
band within that data with tantalizing
 

10:33.737 --> 10:35.967 align:start position:0%
band within that data with tantalizing
clues<00:11:52.880><c> that</c><00:11:53.120><c> this</c><00:11:53.279><c> super</c><00:11:53.600><c> massive</c><00:11:54.000><c> black</c><00:11:54.160><c> hole</c>

10:35.967 --> 10:35.977 align:start position:0%
clues that this super massive black hole
 

10:35.977 --> 10:39.247 align:start position:0%
clues that this super massive black hole
may<00:11:55.360><c> have</c><00:11:55.760><c> begun</c><00:11:56.240><c> to</c><00:11:56.560><c> activate.</c>

10:39.247 --> 10:39.257 align:start position:0%
may have begun to activate.
 

10:39.257 --> 10:41.727 align:start position:0%
may have begun to activate.
He<00:11:58.480><c> suggested</c><00:11:59.200><c> that</c><00:11:59.519><c> this</c><00:11:59.760><c> galaxy</c><00:12:00.160><c> merger</c>

10:41.727 --> 10:41.737 align:start position:0%
He suggested that this galaxy merger
 

10:41.737 --> 10:43.807 align:start position:0%
He suggested that this galaxy merger
could<00:12:00.959><c> be</c><00:12:01.120><c> at</c><00:12:01.360><c> a</c><00:12:01.519><c> critical</c><00:12:02.000><c> point</c><00:12:02.240><c> in</c><00:12:02.480><c> its</c>

10:43.807 --> 10:43.817 align:start position:0%
could be at a critical point in its
 

10:43.817 --> 10:46.447 align:start position:0%
could be at a critical point in its
evolution<00:12:03.519><c> in</c><00:12:03.760><c> which</c><00:12:04.160><c> it</c><00:12:04.399><c> transforms</c><00:12:04.959><c> from</c><00:12:05.120><c> a</c>

10:46.447 --> 10:46.457 align:start position:0%
evolution in which it transforms from a
 

10:46.457 --> 10:49.967 align:start position:0%
evolution in which it transforms from a
starburst<00:12:05.920><c> galaxy</c><00:12:06.720><c> into</c><00:12:07.040><c> a</c><00:12:07.279><c> quazar.</c>

10:49.967 --> 10:49.977 align:start position:0%
starburst galaxy into a quazar.
 

10:49.977 --> 10:52.767 align:start position:0%
starburst galaxy into a quazar.
This<00:12:09.200><c> is</c><00:12:09.360><c> a</c><00:12:09.839><c> transitional</c><00:12:10.560><c> change</c><00:12:11.279><c> thought</c><00:12:11.519><c> to</c>

10:52.767 --> 10:52.777 align:start position:0%
This is a transitional change thought to
 

10:52.777 --> 10:55.247 align:start position:0%
This is a transitional change thought to
only<00:12:11.920><c> last</c><00:12:12.240><c> tens</c><00:12:12.639><c> of</c><00:12:12.800><c> millions</c><00:12:13.120><c> of</c><00:12:13.360><c> years,</c><00:12:13.920><c> a</c>

10:55.247 --> 10:55.257 align:start position:0%
only last tens of millions of years, a
 

10:55.257 --> 10:57.807 align:start position:0%
only last tens of millions of years, a
blink<00:12:14.480><c> of</c><00:12:14.560><c> an</c><00:12:14.800><c> eye</c><00:12:14.959><c> on</c><00:12:15.200><c> cosmic</c><00:12:15.680><c> time</c><00:12:15.920><c> scales,</c>

10:57.807 --> 10:57.817 align:start position:0%
blink of an eye on cosmic time scales,
 

10:57.817 --> 11:01.166 align:start position:0%
blink of an eye on cosmic time scales,
making<00:12:17.040><c> it</c><00:12:17.279><c> a</c><00:12:17.600><c> rare</c><00:12:18.320><c> and</c><00:12:18.639><c> extremely</c><00:12:19.519><c> valuable</c>

11:01.166 --> 11:01.176 align:start position:0%
making it a rare and extremely valuable
 

11:01.176 --> 11:03.087 align:start position:0%
making it a rare and extremely valuable
natural<00:12:20.480><c> laboratory</c><00:12:21.120><c> for</c><00:12:21.440><c> studying</c><00:12:21.760><c> the</c>

11:03.087 --> 11:03.097 align:start position:0%
natural laboratory for studying the
 

11:03.097 --> 11:05.327 align:start position:0%
natural laboratory for studying the
feedback<00:12:22.399><c> mechanisms</c><00:12:23.120><c> between</c><00:12:23.440><c> a</c><00:12:23.600><c> black</c><00:12:23.839><c> hole</c>

11:05.327 --> 11:05.337 align:start position:0%
feedback mechanisms between a black hole
 

11:05.337 --> 11:08.447 align:start position:0%
feedback mechanisms between a black hole
and<00:12:24.480><c> its</c><00:12:24.720><c> home</c><00:12:25.040><c> galaxy.</c><00:12:26.079><c> and</c><00:12:26.320><c> it</c><00:12:26.480><c> had</c><00:12:26.800><c> never</c>

11:08.447 --> 11:08.457 align:start position:0%
and its home galaxy. and it had never
 

11:08.457 --> 11:10.287 align:start position:0%
and its home galaxy. and it had never
before<00:12:27.839><c> been</c><00:12:28.079><c> observed</c><00:12:28.480><c> by</c><00:12:28.639><c> an</c><00:12:28.800><c> X-ray</c>

11:10.287 --> 11:10.297 align:start position:0%
before been observed by an X-ray
 

11:10.297 --> 11:12.366 align:start position:0%
before been observed by an X-ray
observatory<00:12:29.839><c> with</c><00:12:30.000><c> the</c><00:12:30.240><c> pure</c><00:12:30.639><c> resolving</c>

11:12.366 --> 11:12.376 align:start position:0%
observatory with the pure resolving
 

11:12.376 --> 11:15.647 align:start position:0%
observatory with the pure resolving
power<00:12:31.600><c> of</c><00:12:32.000><c> Chrysom.</c><00:12:33.360><c> Like</c><00:12:33.680><c> other</c><00:12:34.079><c> X-ray</c>

11:15.647 --> 11:15.657 align:start position:0%
power of Chrysom. Like other X-ray
 

11:15.657 --> 11:17.647 align:start position:0%
power of Chrysom. Like other X-ray
observatories,<00:12:35.360><c> Chrysom</c><00:12:35.760><c> can</c><00:12:35.920><c> study</c><00:12:36.160><c> the</c>

11:17.647 --> 11:17.657 align:start position:0%
observatories, Chrysom can study the
 

11:17.657 --> 11:19.967 align:start position:0%
observatories, Chrysom can study the
ultraast<00:12:37.120><c> outflows</c><00:12:37.680><c> from</c><00:12:37.920><c> active</c><00:12:38.399><c> galactic</c>

11:19.967 --> 11:19.977 align:start position:0%
ultraast outflows from active galactic
 

11:19.977 --> 11:21.887 align:start position:0%
ultraast outflows from active galactic
nuclei<00:12:39.519><c> by</c><00:12:39.760><c> looking</c><00:12:40.000><c> at</c><00:12:40.160><c> the</c><00:12:40.320><c> spectra</c>

11:21.887 --> 11:21.897 align:start position:0%
nuclei by looking at the spectra
 

11:21.897 --> 11:23.967 align:start position:0%
nuclei by looking at the spectra
produced<00:12:41.279><c> from</c><00:12:41.519><c> what</c><00:12:41.839><c> are</c><00:12:42.000><c> referred</c><00:12:42.320><c> to</c><00:12:42.560><c> as</c>

11:23.967 --> 11:23.977 align:start position:0%
produced from what are referred to as
 

11:23.977 --> 11:27.247 align:start position:0%
produced from what are referred to as
helium<00:12:43.360><c> and</c><00:12:43.839><c> hydrogen-like</c><00:12:44.880><c> ion</c><00:12:45.120><c> atoms</c><00:12:45.839><c> found</c>

11:27.247 --> 11:27.257 align:start position:0%
helium and hydrogen-like ion atoms found
 

11:27.257 --> 11:29.967 align:start position:0%
helium and hydrogen-like ion atoms found
within<00:12:46.560><c> the</c><00:12:46.720><c> outflow</c><00:12:47.200><c> winds.</c><00:12:48.320><c> You</c><00:12:48.480><c> may</c><00:12:48.720><c> be</c>

11:29.967 --> 11:29.977 align:start position:0%
within the outflow winds. You may be
 

11:29.977 --> 11:32.847 align:start position:0%
within the outflow winds. You may be
forgiven<00:12:49.360><c> for</c><00:12:49.600><c> thinking,</c><00:12:50.399><c> how</c><00:12:50.720><c> can</c><00:12:51.040><c> iron</c><00:12:51.519><c> be</c>

11:32.847 --> 11:32.857 align:start position:0%
forgiven for thinking, how can iron be
 

11:32.857 --> 11:36.127 align:start position:0%
forgiven for thinking, how can iron be
like<00:12:52.000><c> hydrogen</c><00:12:52.480><c> or</c><00:12:52.720><c> helium?</c><00:12:53.839><c> Well,</c><00:12:54.480><c> these</c><00:12:54.880><c> are</c>

11:36.127 --> 11:36.137 align:start position:0%
like hydrogen or helium? Well, these are
 

11:36.137 --> 11:38.606 align:start position:0%
like hydrogen or helium? Well, these are
iron<00:12:55.440><c> atoms</c><00:12:55.839><c> that</c><00:12:56.079><c> are</c><00:12:56.240><c> stripped</c><00:12:56.639><c> of</c><00:12:56.959><c> all</c><00:12:57.200><c> but</c>

11:38.606 --> 11:38.616 align:start position:0%
iron atoms that are stripped of all but
 

11:38.616 --> 11:41.327 align:start position:0%
iron atoms that are stripped of all but
two<00:12:58.000><c> of</c><00:12:58.240><c> their</c><00:12:58.560><c> electrons.</c><00:12:59.600><c> So,</c><00:12:59.920><c> each</c>

11:41.327 --> 11:41.337 align:start position:0%
two of their electrons. So, each
 

11:41.337 --> 11:45.407 align:start position:0%
two of their electrons. So, each
resulting<00:13:00.959><c> iron</c><00:13:01.680><c> ion</c><00:13:02.399><c> has</c><00:13:02.720><c> an</c><00:13:02.959><c> incredible</c><00:13:03.839><c> 24</c>

11:45.407 --> 11:45.417 align:start position:0%
resulting iron ion has an incredible 24
 

11:45.417 --> 11:49.407 align:start position:0%
resulting iron ion has an incredible 24
or<00:13:04.880><c> 25</c><00:13:05.519><c> positive</c><00:13:06.079><c> charge.</c><00:13:07.440><c> When</c><00:13:07.760><c> X-rays</c>

11:49.407 --> 11:49.417 align:start position:0%
or 25 positive charge. When X-rays
 

11:49.417 --> 11:51.166 align:start position:0%
or 25 positive charge. When X-rays
emanating<00:13:08.880><c> from</c><00:13:09.040><c> the</c><00:13:09.200><c> vicinity</c><00:13:09.600><c> of</c><00:13:09.680><c> the</c><00:13:09.839><c> black</c>

11:51.166 --> 11:51.176 align:start position:0%
emanating from the vicinity of the black
 

11:51.176 --> 11:54.207 align:start position:0%
emanating from the vicinity of the black
hole<00:13:10.399><c> are</c><00:13:10.720><c> absorbed</c><00:13:11.440><c> and</c><00:13:11.839><c> remitted</c><00:13:12.480><c> by</c><00:13:12.720><c> one</c><00:13:12.959><c> of</c>

11:54.207 --> 11:54.217 align:start position:0%
hole are absorbed and remitted by one of
 

11:54.217 --> 11:57.407 align:start position:0%
hole are absorbed and remitted by one of
those<00:13:13.680><c> ion</c><00:13:14.160><c> ions,</c><00:13:14.959><c> a</c><00:13:15.279><c> characteristic</c><00:13:15.920><c> signal</c>

11:57.407 --> 11:57.417 align:start position:0%
those ion ions, a characteristic signal
 

11:57.417 --> 12:02.207 align:start position:0%
those ion ions, a characteristic signal
emerges<00:13:16.880><c> at</c><00:13:17.360><c> 6.7</c><00:13:18.639><c> kilo</c><00:13:19.120><c> electron</c><00:13:19.600><c> volts</c><00:13:20.320><c> and</c><00:13:20.720><c> 7</c>

12:02.207 --> 12:02.217 align:start position:0%
emerges at 6.7 kilo electron volts and 7
 

12:02.217 --> 12:05.407 align:start position:0%
emerges at 6.7 kilo electron volts and 7
kilo<00:13:21.600><c> electron</c><00:13:22.000><c> volts</c><00:13:22.560><c> respectively.</c><00:13:24.000><c> Using</c>

12:05.407 --> 12:05.417 align:start position:0%
kilo electron volts respectively. Using
 

12:05.417 --> 12:07.486 align:start position:0%
kilo electron volts respectively. Using
these,<00:13:24.720><c> scientists</c><00:13:25.200><c> can</c><00:13:25.360><c> work</c><00:13:25.600><c> out</c><00:13:25.839><c> just</c><00:13:26.160><c> how</c>

12:07.486 --> 12:07.496 align:start position:0%
these, scientists can work out just how
 

12:07.496 --> 12:10.447 align:start position:0%
these, scientists can work out just how
fast<00:13:26.720><c> the</c><00:13:27.040><c> iron</c><00:13:27.680><c> ions</c><00:13:28.160><c> within</c><00:13:28.560><c> the</c><00:13:28.800><c> ultraast</c>

12:10.447 --> 12:10.457 align:start position:0%
fast the iron ions within the ultraast
 

12:10.457 --> 12:13.007 align:start position:0%
fast the iron ions within the ultraast
outflows<00:13:30.000><c> are</c><00:13:30.240><c> traveling</c><00:13:30.880><c> by</c><00:13:31.200><c> looking</c><00:13:31.440><c> at</c><00:13:31.680><c> how</c>

12:13.007 --> 12:13.017 align:start position:0%
outflows are traveling by looking at how
 

12:13.017 --> 12:14.767 align:start position:0%
outflows are traveling by looking at how
much<00:13:32.079><c> the</c><00:13:32.320><c> signals</c><00:13:32.720><c> undergo</c><00:13:33.279><c> something</c>

12:14.767 --> 12:14.777 align:start position:0%
much the signals undergo something
 

12:14.777 --> 12:17.407 align:start position:0%
much the signals undergo something
called<00:13:34.079><c> blue</c><00:13:34.320><c> shift.</c><00:13:35.360><c> Of</c><00:13:35.760><c> course,</c><00:13:36.000><c> you've</c>

12:17.407 --> 12:17.417 align:start position:0%
called blue shift. Of course, you've
 

12:17.417 --> 12:19.647 align:start position:0%
called blue shift. Of course, you've
almost<00:13:36.639><c> certainly</c><00:13:36.959><c> heard</c><00:13:37.200><c> of</c><00:13:37.360><c> red</c><00:13:37.600><c> shift,</c><00:13:38.320><c> the</c>

12:19.647 --> 12:19.657 align:start position:0%
almost certainly heard of red shift, the
 

12:19.657 --> 12:21.407 align:start position:0%
almost certainly heard of red shift, the
process<00:13:38.880><c> by</c><00:13:39.200><c> which</c><00:13:39.519><c> light</c><00:13:39.760><c> is</c><00:13:39.920><c> stretched</c>

12:21.407 --> 12:21.417 align:start position:0%
process by which light is stretched
 

12:21.417 --> 12:22.767 align:start position:0%
process by which light is stretched
towards<00:13:40.639><c> the</c><00:13:40.880><c> red</c><00:13:41.200><c> end</c><00:13:41.360><c> of</c><00:13:41.519><c> the</c>

12:22.767 --> 12:22.777 align:start position:0%
towards the red end of the
 

12:22.777 --> 12:24.847 align:start position:0%
towards the red end of the
electromagnetic<00:13:42.560><c> spectrum</c><00:13:43.200><c> when</c><00:13:43.440><c> it</c><00:13:43.600><c> is</c>

12:24.847 --> 12:24.857 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic spectrum when it is
 

12:24.857 --> 12:26.847 align:start position:0%
electromagnetic spectrum when it is
emitted<00:13:44.160><c> by</c><00:13:44.399><c> stars</c><00:13:44.639><c> and</c><00:13:44.880><c> galaxies</c><00:13:45.279><c> as</c><00:13:45.519><c> they</c>

12:26.847 --> 12:26.857 align:start position:0%
emitted by stars and galaxies as they
 

12:26.857 --> 12:28.847 align:start position:0%
emitted by stars and galaxies as they
move<00:13:46.000><c> away</c><00:13:46.240><c> from</c><00:13:46.480><c> Earth,</c><00:13:47.120><c> the</c><00:13:47.360><c> famous</c>

12:28.847 --> 12:28.857 align:start position:0%
move away from Earth, the famous
 

12:28.857 --> 12:30.847 align:start position:0%
move away from Earth, the famous
evidence<00:13:48.079><c> that</c><00:13:48.399><c> proved</c><00:13:48.800><c> that</c><00:13:49.120><c> universe</c><00:13:49.519><c> is</c>

12:30.847 --> 12:30.857 align:start position:0%
evidence that proved that universe is
 

12:30.857 --> 12:33.887 align:start position:0%
evidence that proved that universe is
indeed<00:13:50.160><c> expanding.</c><00:13:51.440><c> However,</c><00:13:51.920><c> in</c><00:13:52.240><c> our</c><00:13:52.480><c> little</c>

12:33.887 --> 12:33.897 align:start position:0%
indeed expanding. However, in our little
 

12:33.897 --> 12:35.647 align:start position:0%
indeed expanding. However, in our little
corner<00:13:53.040><c> of</c><00:13:53.200><c> the</c><00:13:53.360><c> universe</c><00:13:53.920><c> where</c><00:13:54.079><c> the</c><00:13:54.320><c> force</c>

12:35.647 --> 12:35.657 align:start position:0%
corner of the universe where the force
 

12:35.657 --> 12:37.486 align:start position:0%
corner of the universe where the force
of<00:13:54.720><c> gravity</c><00:13:55.120><c> can</c><00:13:55.360><c> overcome</c><00:13:55.760><c> the</c><00:13:56.079><c> local</c>

12:37.486 --> 12:37.496 align:start position:0%
of gravity can overcome the local
 

12:37.496 --> 12:39.726 align:start position:0%
of gravity can overcome the local
expansion<00:13:56.800><c> of</c><00:13:56.959><c> the</c><00:13:57.199><c> universe,</c><00:13:57.920><c> there</c><00:13:58.160><c> are</c><00:13:58.399><c> a</c>

12:39.726 --> 12:39.736 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe, there are a
 

12:39.736 --> 12:41.887 align:start position:0%
expansion of the universe, there are a
few<00:13:58.880><c> bodies</c><00:13:59.199><c> whose</c><00:13:59.600><c> motion</c><00:14:00.000><c> produces</c><00:14:00.480><c> the</c>

12:41.887 --> 12:41.897 align:start position:0%
few bodies whose motion produces the
 

12:41.897 --> 12:44.127 align:start position:0%
few bodies whose motion produces the
opposite<00:14:01.279><c> effect.</c><00:14:02.160><c> light</c><00:14:02.399><c> waves</c><00:14:02.800><c> are</c>

12:44.127 --> 12:44.137 align:start position:0%
opposite effect. light waves are
 

12:44.137 --> 12:45.967 align:start position:0%
opposite effect. light waves are
squeezed<00:14:03.760><c> to</c><00:14:03.920><c> the</c><00:14:04.160><c> blue</c><00:14:04.399><c> end</c><00:14:04.560><c> of</c><00:14:04.720><c> the</c>

12:45.967 --> 12:45.977 align:start position:0%
squeezed to the blue end of the
 

12:45.977 --> 12:48.207 align:start position:0%
squeezed to the blue end of the
spectrum.<00:14:05.760><c> The</c><00:14:05.920><c> most</c><00:14:06.160><c> famous</c><00:14:06.480><c> example</c><00:14:06.880><c> of</c>

12:48.207 --> 12:48.217 align:start position:0%
spectrum. The most famous example of
 

12:48.217 --> 12:50.926 align:start position:0%
spectrum. The most famous example of
this<00:14:07.680><c> is</c><00:14:07.920><c> the</c><00:14:08.079><c> Andromeda</c><00:14:08.720><c> galaxy</c><00:14:09.519><c> whose</c>

12:50.926 --> 12:50.936 align:start position:0%
this is the Andromeda galaxy whose
 

12:50.936 --> 12:53.486 align:start position:0%
this is the Andromeda galaxy whose
slightly<00:14:10.399><c> blue</c><00:14:10.720><c> shifted</c><00:14:11.199><c> light</c><00:14:11.600><c> indicates</c><00:14:12.160><c> it</c>

12:53.486 --> 12:53.496 align:start position:0%
slightly blue shifted light indicates it
 

12:53.496 --> 12:55.967 align:start position:0%
slightly blue shifted light indicates it
is<00:14:12.639><c> actually</c><00:14:12.959><c> moving</c><00:14:13.440><c> towards</c><00:14:14.000><c> the</c><00:14:14.160><c> Milky</c><00:14:14.560><c> Way</c>

12:55.967 --> 12:55.977 align:start position:0%
is actually moving towards the Milky Way
 

12:55.977 --> 12:59.567 align:start position:0%
is actually moving towards the Milky Way
at<00:14:15.199><c> around</c><00:14:15.680><c> 110</c><00:14:16.320><c> km/s.</c>

12:59.567 --> 12:59.577 align:start position:0%
at around 110 km/s.
 

12:59.577 --> 13:01.807 align:start position:0%
at around 110 km/s.
But<00:14:18.720><c> a</c><00:14:18.959><c> more</c><00:14:19.120><c> distant</c><00:14:19.519><c> galaxy</c><00:14:20.160><c> like</c>

13:01.807 --> 13:01.817 align:start position:0%
But a more distant galaxy like
 

13:01.817 --> 13:06.046 align:start position:0%
But a more distant galaxy like
I051892524

13:06.046 --> 13:06.056 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:06.056 --> 13:08.767 align:start position:0%
 
can<00:14:25.279><c> also</c><00:14:25.680><c> lead</c><00:14:26.000><c> to</c><00:14:26.320><c> blue</c><00:14:26.560><c> shifted</c><00:14:26.959><c> light</c><00:14:27.360><c> when</c>

13:08.767 --> 13:08.777 align:start position:0%
can also lead to blue shifted light when
 

13:08.777 --> 13:12.046 align:start position:0%
can also lead to blue shifted light when
it<00:14:27.839><c> is</c><00:14:28.079><c> ejecting</c><00:14:28.720><c> material</c><00:14:29.360><c> at</c><00:14:29.760><c> high</c><00:14:30.240><c> speed</c><00:14:30.639><c> in</c>

13:12.046 --> 13:12.056 align:start position:0%
it is ejecting material at high speed in
 

13:12.056 --> 13:14.767 align:start position:0%
it is ejecting material at high speed in
our<00:14:31.199><c> direction.</c><00:14:32.240><c> Material</c><00:14:32.880><c> like</c><00:14:33.279><c> those</c>

13:14.767 --> 13:14.777 align:start position:0%
our direction. Material like those
 

13:14.777 --> 13:17.486 align:start position:0%
our direction. Material like those
ultraast<00:14:34.320><c> outflows</c><00:14:34.959><c> fired</c><00:14:35.440><c> by</c><00:14:35.760><c> super</c><00:14:36.000><c> massive</c>

13:17.486 --> 13:17.496 align:start position:0%
ultraast outflows fired by super massive
 

13:17.496 --> 13:20.366 align:start position:0%
ultraast outflows fired by super massive
black<00:14:36.639><c> holes.</c><00:14:37.839><c> It's</c><00:14:38.079><c> by</c><00:14:38.399><c> looking</c><00:14:38.800><c> at</c><00:14:39.040><c> the</c>

13:20.366 --> 13:20.376 align:start position:0%
black holes. It's by looking at the
 

13:20.376 --> 13:21.807 align:start position:0%
black holes. It's by looking at the
degree<00:14:39.519><c> to</c><00:14:39.760><c> which</c><00:14:39.839><c> the</c><00:14:40.079><c> helium</c><00:14:40.480><c> and</c>

13:21.807 --> 13:21.817 align:start position:0%
degree to which the helium and
 

13:21.817 --> 13:24.127 align:start position:0%
degree to which the helium and
hydrogen-like<00:14:41.760><c> ion</c><00:14:42.000><c> spectra</c><00:14:42.800><c> are</c>

13:24.127 --> 13:24.137 align:start position:0%
hydrogen-like ion spectra are
 

13:24.137 --> 13:26.366 align:start position:0%
hydrogen-like ion spectra are
blueshifted<00:14:43.760><c> that</c><00:14:44.079><c> allows</c><00:14:44.480><c> researchers</c><00:14:45.040><c> to</c>

13:26.366 --> 13:26.376 align:start position:0%
blueshifted that allows researchers to
 

13:26.376 --> 13:28.207 align:start position:0%
blueshifted that allows researchers to
calculate<00:14:45.760><c> the</c><00:14:46.079><c> speed</c><00:14:46.320><c> at</c><00:14:46.560><c> which</c><00:14:46.880><c> the</c>

13:28.207 --> 13:28.217 align:start position:0%
calculate the speed at which the
 

13:28.217 --> 13:31.486 align:start position:0%
calculate the speed at which the
outflows<00:14:47.760><c> are</c><00:14:47.920><c> traveling.</c><00:14:49.279><c> This</c><00:14:49.519><c> is</c><00:14:49.920><c> exactly</c>

13:31.486 --> 13:31.496 align:start position:0%
outflows are traveling. This is exactly
 

13:31.496 --> 13:33.486 align:start position:0%
outflows are traveling. This is exactly
the<00:14:50.720><c> approach</c><00:14:51.040><c> that</c><00:14:51.360><c> members</c><00:14:51.600><c> of</c><00:14:51.760><c> the</c><00:14:51.920><c> Chrism</c>

13:33.486 --> 13:33.496 align:start position:0%
the approach that members of the Chrism
 

13:33.496 --> 13:35.726 align:start position:0%
the approach that members of the Chrism
team<00:14:52.639><c> were</c><00:14:52.880><c> using</c><00:14:53.199><c> to</c><00:14:53.519><c> interpret</c><00:14:53.920><c> the</c><00:14:54.160><c> spectra</c>

13:35.726 --> 13:35.736 align:start position:0%
team were using to interpret the spectra
 

13:35.736 --> 13:38.046 align:start position:0%
team were using to interpret the spectra
from<00:14:54.959><c> this</c><00:14:55.199><c> galaxy</c><00:14:56.000><c> when</c><00:14:56.240><c> they</c><00:14:56.480><c> found</c>

13:38.046 --> 13:38.056 align:start position:0%
from this galaxy when they found
 

13:38.056 --> 13:40.207 align:start position:0%
from this galaxy when they found
something<00:14:57.519><c> astonishing.</c>

13:40.207 --> 13:40.217 align:start position:0%
something astonishing.
 

13:40.217 --> 13:42.046 align:start position:0%
something astonishing.
Where<00:14:59.440><c> previous</c><00:14:59.839><c> X-ray</c><00:15:00.320><c> studies</c><00:15:00.560><c> of</c><00:15:00.720><c> the</c>

13:42.046 --> 13:42.056 align:start position:0%
Where previous X-ray studies of the
 

13:42.056 --> 13:44.286 align:start position:0%
Where previous X-ray studies of the
system<00:15:01.279><c> had</c><00:15:01.600><c> found</c><00:15:01.920><c> one</c><00:15:02.320><c> blue</c><00:15:02.560><c> shifted</c><00:15:02.959><c> peak</c>

13:44.286 --> 13:44.296 align:start position:0%
system had found one blue shifted peak
 

13:44.296 --> 13:47.247 align:start position:0%
system had found one blue shifted peak
at<00:15:03.440><c> around</c><00:15:03.839><c> 7.5</c><00:15:04.639><c> kilo</c><00:15:05.040><c> electron</c><00:15:05.440><c> volts,</c>

13:47.247 --> 13:47.257 align:start position:0%
at around 7.5 kilo electron volts,
 

13:47.257 --> 13:49.726 align:start position:0%
at around 7.5 kilo electron volts,
Grisom's<00:15:06.800><c> more</c><00:15:07.120><c> powerful</c><00:15:07.600><c> resolving</c><00:15:08.160><c> power</c>

13:49.726 --> 13:49.736 align:start position:0%
Grisom's more powerful resolving power
 

13:49.736 --> 13:53.647 align:start position:0%
Grisom's more powerful resolving power
found<00:15:09.360><c> three</c><00:15:09.760><c> peaks</c><00:15:10.639><c> corresponding</c><00:15:11.279><c> to</c><00:15:11.839><c> three</c>

13:53.647 --> 13:53.657 align:start position:0%
found three peaks corresponding to three
 

13:53.657 --> 13:56.447 align:start position:0%
found three peaks corresponding to three
discrete<00:15:13.360><c> speeds.</c><00:15:14.560><c> This</c><00:15:14.800><c> means</c><00:15:15.040><c> that</c><00:15:15.199><c> the</c>

13:56.447 --> 13:56.457 align:start position:0%
discrete speeds. This means that the
 

13:56.457 --> 13:58.127 align:start position:0%
discrete speeds. This means that the
super<00:15:15.600><c> massive</c><00:15:16.000><c> black</c><00:15:16.240><c> hole</c><00:15:16.480><c> at</c><00:15:16.720><c> the</c><00:15:16.880><c> center</c>

13:58.127 --> 13:58.137 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole at the center
 

13:58.137 --> 14:01.087 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole at the center
of<00:15:17.199><c> the</c><00:15:17.360><c> galaxy</c><00:15:18.079><c> was</c><00:15:18.320><c> spitting</c><00:15:18.800><c> out</c><00:15:19.360><c> multiple</c>

14:01.087 --> 14:01.097 align:start position:0%
of the galaxy was spitting out multiple
 

14:01.097 --> 14:03.007 align:start position:0%
of the galaxy was spitting out multiple
bullet-like<00:15:20.639><c> outflows</c><00:15:21.199><c> of</c><00:15:21.360><c> material</c><00:15:21.680><c> that</c>

14:03.007 --> 14:03.017 align:start position:0%
bullet-like outflows of material that
 

14:03.017 --> 14:08.366 align:start position:0%
bullet-like outflows of material that
were<00:15:22.160><c> traveling</c><00:15:22.560><c> at</c><00:15:23.040><c> 7.5%,</c><00:15:24.480><c> 10%,</c><00:15:25.600><c> and</c><00:15:26.240><c> 14%</c><00:15:27.120><c> of</c>

14:08.366 --> 14:08.376 align:start position:0%
were traveling at 7.5%, 10%, and 14% of
 

14:08.376 --> 14:10.606 align:start position:0%
were traveling at 7.5%, 10%, and 14% of
the<00:15:27.440><c> speed</c><00:15:27.680><c> of</c><00:15:27.839><c> light.</c><00:15:28.639><c> The</c><00:15:28.880><c> team</c><00:15:29.040><c> were</c><00:15:29.279><c> also</c>

14:10.606 --> 14:10.616 align:start position:0%
the speed of light. The team were also
 

14:10.616 --> 14:12.606 align:start position:0%
the speed of light. The team were also
able<00:15:29.760><c> to</c><00:15:29.920><c> calculate</c><00:15:30.399><c> the</c><00:15:30.639><c> energy</c><00:15:31.040><c> carried</c><00:15:31.360><c> by</c>

14:12.606 --> 14:12.616 align:start position:0%
able to calculate the energy carried by
 

14:12.616 --> 14:14.767 align:start position:0%
able to calculate the energy carried by
these<00:15:31.760><c> winds</c><00:15:32.399><c> and</c><00:15:32.639><c> found</c><00:15:32.880><c> it</c><00:15:33.120><c> was</c><00:15:33.199><c> more</c><00:15:33.440><c> than</c>

14:14.767 --> 14:14.777 align:start position:0%
these winds and found it was more than
 

14:14.777 --> 14:16.687 align:start position:0%
these winds and found it was more than
100<00:15:34.079><c> times</c><00:15:34.399><c> faster</c><00:15:34.800><c> than</c><00:15:34.880><c> the</c><00:15:35.120><c> slower</c>

14:16.687 --> 14:16.697 align:start position:0%
100 times faster than the slower
 

14:16.697 --> 14:18.366 align:start position:0%
100 times faster than the slower
molecular<00:15:36.079><c> winds</c><00:15:36.480><c> spreading</c><00:15:36.880><c> through</c><00:15:37.120><c> the</c>

14:18.366 --> 14:18.376 align:start position:0%
molecular winds spreading through the
 

14:18.376 --> 14:20.847 align:start position:0%
molecular winds spreading through the
galaxy.<00:15:38.240><c> Certainly</c><00:15:38.720><c> sufficient</c><00:15:39.120><c> to</c><00:15:39.360><c> suppress</c>

14:20.847 --> 14:20.857 align:start position:0%
galaxy. Certainly sufficient to suppress
 

14:20.857 --> 14:23.247 align:start position:0%
galaxy. Certainly sufficient to suppress
the<00:15:40.000><c> explosive</c><00:15:40.639><c> star</c><00:15:40.880><c> formation</c><00:15:41.600><c> that</c><00:15:41.839><c> had</c>

14:23.247 --> 14:23.257 align:start position:0%
the explosive star formation that had
 

14:23.257 --> 14:24.606 align:start position:0%
the explosive star formation that had
been<00:15:42.320><c> observed</c><00:15:42.720><c> in</c><00:15:42.880><c> the</c><00:15:43.040><c> infrared</c>

14:24.606 --> 14:24.616 align:start position:0%
been observed in the infrared
 

14:24.616 --> 14:26.127 align:start position:0%
been observed in the infrared
observations.

14:26.127 --> 14:26.137 align:start position:0%
observations.
 

14:26.137 --> 14:28.767 align:start position:0%
observations.
The<00:15:45.279><c> team</c><00:15:45.600><c> also</c><00:15:45.920><c> used</c><00:15:46.320><c> Chrysom's</c><00:15:47.040><c> X-ray</c>

14:28.767 --> 14:28.777 align:start position:0%
The team also used Chrysom's X-ray
 

14:28.777 --> 14:30.687 align:start position:0%
The team also used Chrysom's X-ray
camera<00:15:48.160><c> to</c><00:15:48.399><c> image</c><00:15:48.639><c> the</c><00:15:48.880><c> rest</c><00:15:48.959><c> of</c><00:15:49.040><c> the</c><00:15:49.199><c> galaxy</c>

14:30.687 --> 14:30.697 align:start position:0%
camera to image the rest of the galaxy
 

14:30.697 --> 14:32.527 align:start position:0%
camera to image the rest of the galaxy
merger<00:15:50.079><c> and</c><00:15:50.320><c> revealed</c><00:15:50.720><c> that</c><00:15:50.880><c> the</c><00:15:51.040><c> central</c>

14:32.527 --> 14:32.537 align:start position:0%
merger and revealed that the central
 

14:32.537 --> 14:34.687 align:start position:0%
merger and revealed that the central
super<00:15:51.680><c> massive</c><00:15:52.000><c> black</c><00:15:52.160><c> hole</c><00:15:52.480><c> was</c><00:15:52.880><c> already</c>

14:34.687 --> 14:34.697 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole was already
 

14:34.697 --> 14:37.327 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole was already
absorbing<00:15:54.320><c> vast</c><00:15:54.720><c> amounts</c><00:15:55.040><c> of</c><00:15:55.199><c> matter.</c><00:15:56.000><c> in</c>

14:37.327 --> 14:37.337 align:start position:0%
absorbing vast amounts of matter. in
 

14:37.337 --> 14:39.486 align:start position:0%
absorbing vast amounts of matter. in
fact<00:15:56.560><c> close</c><00:15:56.880><c> to</c><00:15:57.040><c> the</c><00:15:57.279><c> limit</c><00:15:57.680><c> of</c><00:15:58.000><c> what</c><00:15:58.240><c> is</c>

14:39.486 --> 14:39.496 align:start position:0%
fact close to the limit of what is
 

14:39.496 --> 14:41.967 align:start position:0%
fact close to the limit of what is
possible<00:15:58.720><c> for</c><00:15:58.959><c> a</c><00:15:59.120><c> black</c><00:15:59.279><c> hole</c><00:15:59.519><c> to</c><00:15:59.759><c> consume.</c>

14:41.967 --> 14:41.977 align:start position:0%
possible for a black hole to consume.
 

14:41.977 --> 14:43.967 align:start position:0%
possible for a black hole to consume.
That's<00:16:01.120><c> known</c><00:16:01.360><c> as</c><00:16:01.519><c> the</c><00:16:01.759><c> Edington</c><00:16:02.320><c> limit,</c><00:16:02.720><c> and</c>

14:43.967 --> 14:43.977 align:start position:0%
That's known as the Edington limit, and
 

14:43.977 --> 14:45.807 align:start position:0%
That's known as the Edington limit, and
I've<00:16:03.120><c> got</c><00:16:03.279><c> another</c><00:16:03.600><c> video</c><00:16:03.839><c> about</c><00:16:04.079><c> that</c><00:16:04.480><c> you</c>

14:45.807 --> 14:45.817 align:start position:0%
I've got another video about that you
 

14:45.817 --> 14:48.366 align:start position:0%
I've got another video about that you
can<00:16:04.880><c> watch</c><00:16:05.120><c> here.</c><00:16:06.160><c> They</c><00:16:06.399><c> are</c><00:16:06.560><c> confident</c><00:16:06.959><c> that</c>

14:48.366 --> 14:48.376 align:start position:0%
can watch here. They are confident that
 

14:48.376 --> 14:50.127 align:start position:0%
can watch here. They are confident that
it's<00:16:07.519><c> this</c><00:16:07.759><c> violent</c><00:16:08.160><c> accretion</c><00:16:08.639><c> of</c><00:16:08.800><c> matter</c>

14:50.127 --> 14:50.137 align:start position:0%
it's this violent accretion of matter
 

14:50.137 --> 14:51.887 align:start position:0%
it's this violent accretion of matter
that<00:16:09.279><c> is</c><00:16:09.440><c> generating</c><00:16:09.920><c> the</c><00:16:10.160><c> bullet-like</c>

14:51.887 --> 14:51.897 align:start position:0%
that is generating the bullet-like
 

14:51.897 --> 14:54.207 align:start position:0%
that is generating the bullet-like
outflows<00:16:11.440><c> observed</c><00:16:11.920><c> by</c><00:16:12.079><c> the</c><00:16:12.240><c> spectrometer.</c>

14:54.207 --> 14:54.217 align:start position:0%
outflows observed by the spectrometer.
 

14:54.217 --> 14:56.046 align:start position:0%
outflows observed by the spectrometer.
And<00:16:13.360><c> at</c><00:16:13.519><c> the</c><00:16:13.680><c> heart</c><00:16:13.839><c> of</c><00:16:14.000><c> the</c><00:16:14.160><c> galaxy,</c><00:16:14.800><c> the</c>

14:56.046 --> 14:56.056 align:start position:0%
And at the heart of the galaxy, the
 

14:56.056 --> 14:58.767 align:start position:0%
And at the heart of the galaxy, the
Crescent<00:16:15.360><c> team</c><00:16:15.680><c> have</c><00:16:16.000><c> explained,</c><00:16:16.959><c> is</c><00:16:17.199><c> a</c><00:16:17.440><c> black</c>

14:58.767 --> 14:58.777 align:start position:0%
Crescent team have explained, is a black
 

14:58.777 --> 15:01.486 align:start position:0%
Crescent team have explained, is a black
hole<00:16:18.160><c> coming</c><00:16:18.480><c> out</c><00:16:18.720><c> of</c><00:16:18.880><c> an</c><00:16:19.199><c> eons's</c><00:16:20.000><c> long</c>

15:01.486 --> 15:01.496 align:start position:0%
hole coming out of an eons's long
 

15:01.496 --> 15:03.967 align:start position:0%
hole coming out of an eons's long
hibernation.<00:16:21.759><c> And</c><00:16:21.920><c> it's</c><00:16:22.160><c> announcing</c><00:16:22.639><c> its</c>

15:03.967 --> 15:03.977 align:start position:0%
hibernation. And it's announcing its
 

15:03.977 --> 15:07.567 align:start position:0%
hibernation. And it's announcing its
presence<00:16:23.199><c> to</c><00:16:23.360><c> the</c><00:16:23.519><c> host</c><00:16:23.839><c> galaxy</c><00:16:24.560><c> with</c><00:16:24.800><c> a</c><00:16:25.040><c> roar.</c>

15:07.567 --> 15:07.577 align:start position:0%
presence to the host galaxy with a roar.
 

15:07.577 --> 15:09.567 align:start position:0%
presence to the host galaxy with a roar.
Put<00:16:26.800><c> together,</c><00:16:27.199><c> these</c><00:16:27.519><c> findings</c><00:16:28.000><c> are</c><00:16:28.160><c> some</c><00:16:28.399><c> of</c>

15:09.567 --> 15:09.577 align:start position:0%
Put together, these findings are some of
 

15:09.577 --> 15:12.046 align:start position:0%
Put together, these findings are some of
the<00:16:28.720><c> strongest</c><00:16:29.279><c> evidence</c><00:16:29.759><c> to</c><00:16:30.000><c> date</c><00:16:30.480><c> that</c><00:16:30.720><c> it</c>

15:12.046 --> 15:12.056 align:start position:0%
the strongest evidence to date that it
 

15:12.056 --> 15:14.447 align:start position:0%
the strongest evidence to date that it
is<00:16:31.120><c> indeed</c><00:16:31.600><c> the</c><00:16:31.839><c> gargantuan</c><00:16:32.560><c> consumption</c><00:16:33.040><c> of</c>

15:14.447 --> 15:14.457 align:start position:0%
is indeed the gargantuan consumption of
 

15:14.457 --> 15:16.767 align:start position:0%
is indeed the gargantuan consumption of
material<00:16:33.839><c> by</c><00:16:34.160><c> super</c><00:16:34.399><c> massive</c><00:16:34.800><c> black</c><00:16:35.040><c> holes</c>

15:16.767 --> 15:16.777 align:start position:0%
material by super massive black holes
 

15:16.777 --> 15:19.087 align:start position:0%
material by super massive black holes
that<00:16:36.000><c> kills</c><00:16:36.480><c> rapid</c><00:16:36.880><c> star</c><00:16:37.199><c> formation</c><00:16:37.759><c> in</c>

15:19.087 --> 15:19.097 align:start position:0%
that kills rapid star formation in
 

15:19.097 --> 15:21.887 align:start position:0%
that kills rapid star formation in
merging<00:16:38.480><c> galaxies,</c><00:16:39.600><c> ultimately</c><00:16:40.240><c> leading</c><00:16:40.639><c> to</c>

15:21.887 --> 15:21.897 align:start position:0%
merging galaxies, ultimately leading to
 

15:21.897 --> 15:24.127 align:start position:0%
merging galaxies, ultimately leading to
the<00:16:41.040><c> emergence</c><00:16:41.600><c> of</c><00:16:41.920><c> giant</c><00:16:42.560><c> elliptical</c>

15:24.127 --> 15:24.137 align:start position:0%
the emergence of giant elliptical
 

15:24.137 --> 15:26.527 align:start position:0%
the emergence of giant elliptical
galaxies<00:16:43.759><c> with</c><00:16:44.000><c> their</c><00:16:44.240><c> low</c><00:16:44.560><c> rates</c><00:16:44.959><c> of</c><00:16:45.120><c> star</c>

15:26.527 --> 15:26.537 align:start position:0%
galaxies with their low rates of star
 

15:26.537 --> 15:28.527 align:start position:0%
galaxies with their low rates of star
formation.

15:28.527 --> 15:28.537 align:start position:0%
formation.
 

15:28.537 --> 15:31.247 align:start position:0%
formation.
Of<00:16:47.680><c> course,</c><00:16:48.240><c> there</c><00:16:48.480><c> is</c><00:16:48.800><c> still</c><00:16:49.120><c> much</c><00:16:49.360><c> to</c><00:16:49.600><c> learn.</c>

15:31.247 --> 15:31.257 align:start position:0%
Of course, there is still much to learn.
 

15:31.257 --> 15:33.407 align:start position:0%
Of course, there is still much to learn.
The<00:16:50.399><c> Cryen</c><00:16:50.800><c> team</c><00:16:51.040><c> are</c><00:16:51.279><c> keen</c><00:16:51.600><c> to</c><00:16:51.759><c> revisit</c><00:16:52.160><c> the</c>

15:33.407 --> 15:33.417 align:start position:0%
The Cryen team are keen to revisit the
 

15:33.417 --> 15:35.887 align:start position:0%
The Cryen team are keen to revisit the
galaxy<00:16:52.800><c> to</c><00:16:53.040><c> see</c><00:16:53.199><c> if</c><00:16:53.440><c> the</c><00:16:53.680><c> bulletlike</c><00:16:54.399><c> activity</c>

15:35.887 --> 15:35.897 align:start position:0%
galaxy to see if the bulletlike activity
 

15:35.897 --> 15:38.207 align:start position:0%
galaxy to see if the bulletlike activity
of<00:16:55.040><c> the</c><00:16:55.199><c> super</c><00:16:55.440><c> massive</c><00:16:55.839><c> black</c><00:16:56.000><c> hole</c><00:16:56.720><c> varies</c>

15:38.207 --> 15:38.217 align:start position:0%
of the super massive black hole varies
 

15:38.217 --> 15:40.926 align:start position:0%
of the super massive black hole varies
at<00:16:57.360><c> all</c><00:16:57.600><c> over</c><00:16:57.839><c> time</c><00:16:58.399><c> and</c><00:16:58.639><c> to</c><00:16:58.880><c> work</c><00:16:59.040><c> out</c><00:16:59.199><c> if</c><00:16:59.519><c> any</c>

15:40.926 --> 15:40.936 align:start position:0%
at all over time and to work out if any
 

15:40.936 --> 15:43.007 align:start position:0%
at all over time and to work out if any
further<00:17:00.399><c> ultraast</c><00:17:00.959><c> outflows</c><00:17:01.519><c> can</c><00:17:01.680><c> be</c>

15:43.007 --> 15:43.017 align:start position:0%
further ultraast outflows can be
 

15:43.017 --> 15:45.567 align:start position:0%
further ultraast outflows can be
identified.<00:17:02.959><c> And</c><00:17:03.120><c> looking</c><00:17:03.440><c> to</c><00:17:03.600><c> the</c><00:17:03.839><c> future,</c>

15:45.567 --> 15:45.577 align:start position:0%
identified. And looking to the future,
 

15:45.577 --> 15:49.166 align:start position:0%
identified. And looking to the future,
in<00:17:04.720><c> the</c><00:17:04.880><c> late</c><00:17:05.120><c> 2030s,</c><00:17:06.319><c> the</c><00:17:06.640><c> issa</c><00:17:07.360><c> new</c><00:17:07.520><c> Athena</c>

15:49.166 --> 15:49.176 align:start position:0%
in the late 2030s, the issa new Athena
 

15:49.176 --> 15:52.046 align:start position:0%
in the late 2030s, the issa new Athena
mission<00:17:08.400><c> will</c><00:17:08.559><c> launch.</c><00:17:09.600><c> This</c><00:17:09.919><c> large-scale</c>

15:52.046 --> 15:52.056 align:start position:0%
mission will launch. This large-scale
 

15:52.056 --> 15:54.207 align:start position:0%
mission will launch. This large-scale
international<00:17:11.679><c> X-ray</c><00:17:12.160><c> observatory</c><00:17:12.720><c> will</c><00:17:12.959><c> be</c>

15:54.207 --> 15:54.217 align:start position:0%
international X-ray observatory will be
 

15:54.217 --> 15:56.367 align:start position:0%
international X-ray observatory will be
equipped<00:17:13.439><c> with</c><00:17:13.679><c> an</c><00:17:14.000><c> even</c><00:17:14.400><c> more</c><00:17:14.799><c> advanced</c>

15:56.367 --> 15:56.377 align:start position:0%
equipped with an even more advanced
 

15:56.377 --> 15:58.447 align:start position:0%
equipped with an even more advanced
spectrometer<00:17:15.839><c> than</c><00:17:16.079><c> Chrysom.</c><00:17:16.959><c> This</c><00:17:17.199><c> will</c>

15:58.447 --> 15:58.457 align:start position:0%
spectrometer than Chrysom. This will
 

15:58.457 --> 16:01.006 align:start position:0%
spectrometer than Chrysom. This will
allow<00:17:17.760><c> scientists</c><00:17:18.240><c> to</c><00:17:18.640><c> investigate</c><00:17:19.360><c> each</c><00:17:19.760><c> of</c>

16:01.006 --> 16:01.016 align:start position:0%
allow scientists to investigate each of
 

16:01.016 --> 16:03.087 align:start position:0%
allow scientists to investigate each of
the<00:17:20.079><c> evolutionary</c><00:17:20.799><c> stages</c><00:17:21.199><c> of</c><00:17:21.520><c> galactic</c>

16:03.087 --> 16:03.097 align:start position:0%
the evolutionary stages of galactic
 

16:03.097 --> 16:05.567 align:start position:0%
the evolutionary stages of galactic
growth<00:17:22.720><c> from</c><00:17:22.959><c> the</c><00:17:23.120><c> initial</c><00:17:23.520><c> collisions</c><00:17:24.240><c> to</c>

16:05.567 --> 16:05.577 align:start position:0%
growth from the initial collisions to
 

16:05.577 --> 16:08.207 align:start position:0%
growth from the initial collisions to
the<00:17:24.640><c> peak</c><00:17:24.959><c> of</c><00:17:25.199><c> quazar</c><00:17:25.760><c> activity</c><00:17:26.559><c> in</c><00:17:26.880><c> more</c>

16:08.207 --> 16:08.217 align:start position:0%
the peak of quazar activity in more
 

16:08.217 --> 16:11.247 align:start position:0%
the peak of quazar activity in more
detail.<00:17:28.400><c> But</c><00:17:28.640><c> for</c><00:17:28.799><c> now,</c><00:17:29.280><c> this</c><00:17:29.520><c> work</c><00:17:29.760><c> provides</c>

16:11.247 --> 16:11.257 align:start position:0%
detail. But for now, this work provides
 

16:11.257 --> 16:13.567 align:start position:0%
detail. But for now, this work provides
an<00:17:30.400><c> unprecedented</c><00:17:31.200><c> window</c><00:17:31.520><c> into</c><00:17:31.840><c> the</c><00:17:32.000><c> forces</c>

16:13.567 --> 16:13.577 align:start position:0%
an unprecedented window into the forces
 

16:13.577 --> 16:15.807 align:start position:0%
an unprecedented window into the forces
that<00:17:32.799><c> govern</c><00:17:33.120><c> the</c><00:17:33.360><c> lives</c><00:17:33.760><c> and</c><00:17:34.080><c> deaths</c><00:17:34.480><c> of</c>

16:15.807 --> 16:15.817 align:start position:0%
that govern the lives and deaths of
 

16:15.817 --> 16:18.847 align:start position:0%
that govern the lives and deaths of
galaxies,<00:17:35.679><c> including</c><00:17:36.080><c> our</c><00:17:36.400><c> own.</c><00:17:37.440><c> Remember</c>

16:18.847 --> 16:18.857 align:start position:0%
galaxies, including our own. Remember
 

16:18.857 --> 16:20.847 align:start position:0%
galaxies, including our own. Remember
the<00:17:37.919><c> Andromeda</c><00:17:38.480><c> galaxy</c><00:17:38.799><c> that</c><00:17:39.039><c> is</c><00:17:39.280><c> hurtling</c>

16:20.847 --> 16:20.857 align:start position:0%
the Andromeda galaxy that is hurtling
 

16:20.857 --> 16:24.527 align:start position:0%
the Andromeda galaxy that is hurtling
towards<00:17:40.160><c> us</c><00:17:40.320><c> at</c><00:17:40.799><c> 110</c><00:17:41.600><c> km/s.</c>

16:24.527 --> 16:24.537 align:start position:0%
towards us at 110 km/s.
 

16:24.537 --> 16:27.567 align:start position:0%
towards us at 110 km/s.
It<00:17:43.840><c> has</c><00:17:44.160><c> long</c><00:17:44.559><c> been</c><00:17:44.799><c> thought</c><00:17:45.360><c> that</c><00:17:45.600><c> in</c><00:17:45.840><c> about</c><00:17:46.160><c> 5</c>

16:27.567 --> 16:27.577 align:start position:0%
It has long been thought that in about 5
 

16:27.577 --> 16:29.727 align:start position:0%
It has long been thought that in about 5
billion<00:17:46.880><c> years</c><00:17:47.440><c> it</c><00:17:47.679><c> will</c><00:17:47.840><c> collide</c><00:17:48.240><c> with</c><00:17:48.400><c> the</c>

16:29.727 --> 16:29.737 align:start position:0%
billion years it will collide with the
 

16:29.737 --> 16:32.847 align:start position:0%
billion years it will collide with the
Milky<00:17:48.960><c> Way,</c><00:17:49.600><c> initiating</c><00:17:50.240><c> a</c><00:17:50.480><c> galaxy</c><00:17:50.880><c> merger</c><00:17:51.440><c> on</c>

16:32.847 --> 16:32.857 align:start position:0%
Milky Way, initiating a galaxy merger on
 

16:32.857 --> 16:35.327 align:start position:0%
Milky Way, initiating a galaxy merger on
our<00:17:52.000><c> own</c><00:17:52.240><c> doorstep.</c><00:17:53.440><c> And</c><00:17:53.600><c> even</c><00:17:53.840><c> though</c><00:17:54.000><c> the</c>

16:35.327 --> 16:35.337 align:start position:0%
our own doorstep. And even though the
 

16:35.337 --> 16:37.407 align:start position:0%
our own doorstep. And even though the
latest<00:17:54.559><c> calculations</c><00:17:55.120><c> have</c><00:17:55.520><c> downplayed</c><00:17:56.080><c> the</c>

16:37.407 --> 16:37.417 align:start position:0%
latest calculations have downplayed the
 

16:37.417 --> 16:39.247 align:start position:0%
latest calculations have downplayed the
chance<00:17:56.480><c> of</c><00:17:56.640><c> this</c><00:17:56.799><c> event</c><00:17:57.200><c> coming</c><00:17:57.440><c> to</c><00:17:57.679><c> pass</c><00:17:57.919><c> to</c>

16:39.247 --> 16:39.257 align:start position:0%
chance of this event coming to pass to
 

16:39.257 --> 16:42.847 align:start position:0%
chance of this event coming to pass to
around<00:17:58.640><c> 50%.</c><00:18:00.000><c> If</c><00:18:00.240><c> it</c><00:18:00.480><c> does,</c><00:18:00.960><c> both</c><00:18:01.200><c> the</c><00:18:01.440><c> Milky</c>

16:42.847 --> 16:42.857 align:start position:0%
around 50%. If it does, both the Milky
 

16:42.857 --> 16:45.327 align:start position:0%
around 50%. If it does, both the Milky
Way<00:18:01.919><c> and</c><00:18:02.160><c> Andromeda</c><00:18:02.799><c> galaxies</c><00:18:03.600><c> will</c><00:18:03.840><c> cease</c><00:18:04.080><c> to</c>

16:45.327 --> 16:45.337 align:start position:0%
Way and Andromeda galaxies will cease to
 

16:45.337 --> 16:49.407 align:start position:0%
Way and Andromeda galaxies will cease to
exist<00:18:04.880><c> in</c><00:18:05.120><c> a</c><00:18:05.360><c> fury</c><00:18:05.919><c> of</c><00:18:06.160><c> starburst</c><00:18:07.200><c> and</c><00:18:07.440><c> a</c><00:18:07.679><c> new,</c>

16:49.407 --> 16:49.417 align:start position:0%
exist in a fury of starburst and a new,
 

16:49.417 --> 16:52.047 align:start position:0%
exist in a fury of starburst and a new,
more<00:18:08.720><c> massive</c><00:18:09.360><c> elliptical</c><00:18:09.840><c> galaxy</c><00:18:10.480><c> will</c><00:18:10.799><c> take</c>

16:52.047 --> 16:52.057 align:start position:0%
more massive elliptical galaxy will take
 

16:52.057 --> 16:55.247 align:start position:0%
more massive elliptical galaxy will take
their<00:18:11.200><c> place.</c><00:18:12.320><c> And</c><00:18:12.559><c> then</c><00:18:13.200><c> as</c><00:18:13.440><c> the</c><00:18:13.679><c> colossal</c>

16:55.247 --> 16:55.257 align:start position:0%
their place. And then as the colossal
 

16:55.257 --> 16:57.727 align:start position:0%
their place. And then as the colossal
clouds<00:18:14.559><c> of</c><00:18:14.880><c> dust</c><00:18:15.200><c> and</c><00:18:15.440><c> gas</c><00:18:15.760><c> are</c><00:18:15.919><c> stirred</c><00:18:16.320><c> up</c><00:18:16.480><c> by</c>

16:57.727 --> 16:57.737 align:start position:0%
clouds of dust and gas are stirred up by
 

16:57.737 --> 17:00.847 align:start position:0%
clouds of dust and gas are stirred up by
tidal<00:18:17.120><c> forces,</c><00:18:18.000><c> Sagittarius</c><00:18:18.799><c> A</c><00:18:19.039><c> star,</c><00:18:19.600><c> the</c>

17:00.847 --> 17:00.857 align:start position:0%
tidal forces, Sagittarius A star, the
 

17:00.857 --> 17:02.687 align:start position:0%
tidal forces, Sagittarius A star, the
super<00:18:20.000><c> massive</c><00:18:20.400><c> black</c><00:18:20.640><c> hole</c><00:18:20.880><c> at</c><00:18:21.120><c> the</c><00:18:21.280><c> heart</c><00:18:21.440><c> of</c>

17:02.687 --> 17:02.697 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole at the heart of
 

17:02.697 --> 17:05.646 align:start position:0%
super massive black hole at the heart of
the<00:18:21.760><c> former</c><00:18:22.160><c> Milky</c><00:18:22.480><c> Way</c><00:18:23.039><c> will</c><00:18:23.360><c> awake</c><00:18:23.840><c> from</c><00:18:24.160><c> its</c>

17:05.646 --> 17:05.656 align:start position:0%
the former Milky Way will awake from its
 

17:05.656 --> 17:08.287 align:start position:0%
the former Milky Way will awake from its
billion-year<00:18:25.280><c> slumber</c><00:18:26.000><c> and</c><00:18:26.320><c> begin</c><00:18:26.640><c> feasting</c>

17:08.287 --> 17:08.297 align:start position:0%
billion-year slumber and begin feasting
 

17:08.297 --> 17:11.087 align:start position:0%
billion-year slumber and begin feasting
again,<00:18:28.000><c> firing</c><00:18:28.400><c> out</c><00:18:28.640><c> its</c><00:18:28.880><c> own</c><00:18:29.200><c> cosmic</c><00:18:29.679><c> bullets</c>

17:11.087 --> 17:11.097 align:start position:0%
again, firing out its own cosmic bullets
 

17:11.097 --> 17:13.407 align:start position:0%
again, firing out its own cosmic bullets
that<00:18:30.240><c> will</c><00:18:30.559><c> ultimately</c><00:18:31.200><c> dictate</c><00:18:31.679><c> the</c><00:18:31.919><c> star</c>

17:13.407 --> 17:13.417 align:start position:0%
that will ultimately dictate the star
 

17:13.417 --> 17:16.287 align:start position:0%
that will ultimately dictate the star
forming<00:18:32.720><c> power</c><00:18:33.039><c> of</c><00:18:33.360><c> its</c><00:18:33.679><c> new</c><00:18:34.000><c> galactic</c><00:18:34.559><c> home.</c>

17:16.287 --> 17:16.297 align:start position:0%
forming power of its new galactic home.
 

17:16.297 --> 17:18.287 align:start position:0%
forming power of its new galactic home.
A<00:18:35.360><c> place</c><00:18:35.520><c> that</c><00:18:35.760><c> will</c><00:18:35.919><c> contain</c><00:18:36.559><c> the</c><00:18:36.799><c> broken</c>

17:18.287 --> 17:18.297 align:start position:0%
A place that will contain the broken
 

17:18.297 --> 17:26.287 align:start position:0%
A place that will contain the broken
remnants<00:18:37.919><c> of</c><00:18:38.160><c> our</c><00:18:38.480><c> own</c><00:18:39.120><c> cosmic</c><00:18:39.600><c> haven.</c>