WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.199 --> 00:00:03.510 align:start position:0% Hyperion, 00:00:03.510 --> 00:00:03.520 align:start position:0% Hyperion, 00:00:03.520 --> 00:00:08.070 align:start position:0% Hyperion, the<00:00:03.840> largest<00:00:04.319> of<00:00:04.640> Saturn's<00:00:05.200> irregular<00:00:05.920> moons. 00:00:08.070 --> 00:00:08.080 align:start position:0% the largest of Saturn's irregular moons. 00:00:08.080 --> 00:00:11.030 align:start position:0% the largest of Saturn's irregular moons. It<00:00:08.320> tumbles<00:00:08.960> through<00:00:09.200> the<00:00:09.360> void<00:00:10.160> 1<00:00:10.400> and<00:00:10.559> a<00:00:10.639> half 00:00:11.030 --> 00:00:11.040 align:start position:0% It tumbles through the void 1 and a half 00:00:11.040 --> 00:00:13.430 align:start position:0% It tumbles through the void 1 and a half million<00:00:11.440> km<00:00:11.920> from<00:00:12.160> its<00:00:12.400> parent<00:00:12.639> planet, 00:00:13.430 --> 00:00:13.440 align:start position:0% million km from its parent planet, 00:00:13.440 --> 00:00:15.430 align:start position:0% million km from its parent planet, spinning<00:00:13.920> with<00:00:14.160> a<00:00:14.320> chaotic<00:00:14.799> motion<00:00:15.120> that 00:00:15.430 --> 00:00:15.440 align:start position:0% spinning with a chaotic motion that 00:00:15.440 --> 00:00:17.750 align:start position:0% spinning with a chaotic motion that makes<00:00:15.679> its<00:00:16.000> future<00:00:16.400> orientation<00:00:17.279> almost 00:00:17.750 --> 00:00:17.760 align:start position:0% makes its future orientation almost 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:20.710 align:start position:0% makes its future orientation almost impossible<00:00:18.480> to<00:00:18.720> predict.<00:00:19.840> Unlike<00:00:20.320> many<00:00:20.560> of 00:00:20.710 --> 00:00:20.720 align:start position:0% impossible to predict. Unlike many of 00:00:20.720 --> 00:00:24.710 align:start position:0% impossible to predict. Unlike many of Saturn's<00:00:21.279> other<00:00:21.760> 292<00:00:23.039> confirmed<00:00:23.600> moons,<00:00:24.480> it 00:00:24.710 --> 00:00:24.720 align:start position:0% Saturn's other 292 confirmed moons, it 00:00:24.720 --> 00:00:27.830 align:start position:0% Saturn's other 292 confirmed moons, it isn't<00:00:25.119> smooth<00:00:25.519> and<00:00:25.760> round,<00:00:26.560> but<00:00:26.880> jagged, 00:00:27.830 --> 00:00:27.840 align:start position:0% isn't smooth and round, but jagged, 00:00:27.840 --> 00:00:31.669 align:start position:0% isn't smooth and round, but jagged, porous,<00:00:28.640> and<00:00:29.199> irregular,<00:00:30.320> like<00:00:30.560> a<00:00:30.880> giant 00:00:31.669 --> 00:00:31.679 align:start position:0% porous, and irregular, like a giant 00:00:31.679 --> 00:00:35.350 align:start position:0% porous, and irregular, like a giant frozen<00:00:32.559> cosmic<00:00:33.120> sponge.<00:00:34.320> It's<00:00:34.559> a<00:00:34.800> world<00:00:35.040> that 00:00:35.350 --> 00:00:35.360 align:start position:0% frozen cosmic sponge. It's a world that 00:00:35.360 --> 00:00:38.150 align:start position:0% frozen cosmic sponge. It's a world that defies<00:00:36.000> almost<00:00:36.480> every<00:00:36.960> conventional<00:00:37.600> rule<00:00:37.920> of 00:00:38.150 --> 00:00:38.160 align:start position:0% defies almost every conventional rule of 00:00:38.160 --> 00:00:41.590 align:start position:0% defies almost every conventional rule of planetary<00:00:38.719> science.<00:00:39.760> But<00:00:40.079> why? 00:00:41.590 --> 00:00:41.600 align:start position:0% planetary science. But why? 00:00:41.600 --> 00:00:44.630 align:start position:0% planetary science. But why? Voyager<00:00:42.160> found<00:00:42.399> hints<00:00:42.719> of<00:00:42.879> a<00:00:43.120> violent<00:00:43.520> past,<00:00:44.399> a 00:00:44.630 --> 00:00:44.640 align:start position:0% Voyager found hints of a violent past, a 00:00:44.640 --> 00:00:47.670 align:start position:0% Voyager found hints of a violent past, a great<00:00:45.040> crater<00:00:45.520> visible<00:00:46.000> from<00:00:46.239> afar.<00:00:47.280> But<00:00:47.440> it 00:00:47.670 --> 00:00:47.680 align:start position:0% great crater visible from afar. But it 00:00:47.680 --> 00:00:49.990 align:start position:0% great crater visible from afar. But it wasn't<00:00:47.920> until<00:00:48.239> Cassini<00:00:48.879> explored<00:00:49.360> Hyperion 00:00:49.990 --> 00:00:50.000 align:start position:0% wasn't until Cassini explored Hyperion 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:54.150 align:start position:0% wasn't until Cassini explored Hyperion in<00:00:50.239> 2005<00:00:51.200> that<00:00:51.520> it<00:00:51.760> all<00:00:52.000> became<00:00:52.399> clear. 00:00:54.150 --> 00:00:54.160 align:start position:0% in 2005 that it all became clear. 00:00:54.160 --> 00:00:57.029 align:start position:0% in 2005 that it all became clear. Complex<00:00:54.960> gravitational<00:00:55.760> interactions, 00:00:57.029 --> 00:00:57.039 align:start position:0% Complex gravitational interactions, 00:00:57.039 --> 00:00:59.830 align:start position:0% Complex gravitational interactions, ancient<00:00:57.600> proto<00:00:58.000> moon<00:00:58.320> collisions,<00:00:59.280> and<00:00:59.520> an 00:00:59.830 --> 00:00:59.840 align:start position:0% ancient proto moon collisions, and an 00:00:59.840 --> 00:01:03.029 align:start position:0% ancient proto moon collisions, and an unusual<00:01:00.640> composition<00:01:01.520> make<00:01:01.840> this<00:01:02.239> arguably 00:01:03.029 --> 00:01:03.039 align:start position:0% unusual composition make this arguably 00:01:03.039 --> 00:01:05.509 align:start position:0% unusual composition make this arguably the<00:01:03.440> strangest<00:01:04.159> place<00:01:04.559> in<00:01:04.799> the<00:01:04.960> Saturn 00:01:05.509 --> 00:01:05.519 align:start position:0% the strangest place in the Saturn 00:01:05.519 --> 00:01:09.030 align:start position:0% the strangest place in the Saturn system.<00:01:06.640> Oh,<00:01:07.200> and<00:01:07.439> did<00:01:07.600> I<00:01:07.760> mention<00:01:08.240> it<00:01:08.560> has<00:01:08.720> the 00:01:09.030 --> 00:01:09.040 align:start position:0% system. Oh, and did I mention it has the 00:01:09.040 --> 00:01:11.830 align:start position:0% system. Oh, and did I mention it has the power<00:01:09.360> to<00:01:09.600> zap<00:01:10.080> you<00:01:10.240> with<00:01:10.560> electricity<00:01:11.360> from 00:01:11.830 --> 00:01:11.840 align:start position:0% power to zap you with electricity from 00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:16.390 align:start position:0% power to zap you with electricity from 2,000<00:01:12.799> km<00:01:13.360> away?<00:01:14.479> Yes,<00:01:15.119> you<00:01:15.439> did<00:01:15.840> hear<00:01:16.159> me 00:01:16.390 --> 00:01:16.400 align:start position:0% 2,000 km away? Yes, you did hear me 00:01:16.400 --> 00:01:18.710 align:start position:0% 2,000 km away? Yes, you did hear me right. 00:01:18.710 --> 00:01:18.720 align:start position:0% right. 00:01:18.720 --> 00:01:20.630 align:start position:0% right. I'm<00:01:19.040> Alex<00:01:19.360> Mccoan<00:01:20.000> and<00:01:20.159> you're<00:01:20.400> watching 00:01:20.630 --> 00:01:20.640 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 00:01:20.640 --> 00:01:23.910 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:01:21.600> Join<00:01:21.920> me<00:01:22.159> today<00:01:22.479> as<00:01:22.799> we<00:01:23.040> venture<00:01:23.600> a 00:01:23.910 --> 00:01:23.920 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we venture a 00:01:23.920 --> 00:01:26.469 align:start position:0% Astramm. Join me today as we venture a billion<00:01:24.400> km<00:01:24.960> from<00:01:25.200> Earth<00:01:25.759> to<00:01:26.080> this 00:01:26.469 --> 00:01:26.479 align:start position:0% billion km from Earth to this 00:01:26.479 --> 00:01:28.950 align:start position:0% billion km from Earth to this extraordinary<00:01:27.280> moon,<00:01:28.240> exploring<00:01:28.720> the 00:01:28.950 --> 00:01:28.960 align:start position:0% extraordinary moon, exploring the 00:01:28.960 --> 00:01:31.270 align:start position:0% extraordinary moon, exploring the violent<00:01:29.360> history<00:01:29.600> of<00:01:29.759> its<00:01:30.000> birth,<00:01:30.640> the<00:01:30.880> maths 00:01:31.270 --> 00:01:31.280 align:start position:0% violent history of its birth, the maths 00:01:31.280 --> 00:01:33.590 align:start position:0% violent history of its birth, the maths behind<00:01:31.600> its<00:01:31.840> chaotic<00:01:32.320> motion,<00:01:33.200> and<00:01:33.360> the 00:01:33.590 --> 00:01:33.600 align:start position:0% behind its chaotic motion, and the 00:01:33.600 --> 00:01:35.749 align:start position:0% behind its chaotic motion, and the incredible<00:01:34.000> discovery<00:01:34.400> that<00:01:34.720> Hyperion<00:01:35.520> can 00:01:35.749 --> 00:01:35.759 align:start position:0% incredible discovery that Hyperion can 00:01:35.759 --> 00:01:42.789 align:start position:0% incredible discovery that Hyperion can dish<00:01:36.079> out<00:01:36.560> electric<00:01:37.119> shocks<00:01:37.759> in<00:01:38.079> space. 00:01:42.789 --> 00:01:42.799 align:start position:0% 00:01:42.799 --> 00:01:45.670 align:start position:0% To<00:01:43.119> understand<00:01:43.680> Hyperion,<00:01:44.640> we<00:01:44.960> first<00:01:45.280> must 00:01:45.670 --> 00:01:45.680 align:start position:0% To understand Hyperion, we first must 00:01:45.680 --> 00:01:48.550 align:start position:0% To understand Hyperion, we first must look<00:01:45.920> back<00:01:46.159> to<00:01:46.399> the<00:01:46.560> mid9th<00:01:47.520> century,<00:01:48.320> a 00:01:48.550 --> 00:01:48.560 align:start position:0% look back to the mid9th century, a 00:01:48.560 --> 00:01:51.270 align:start position:0% look back to the mid9th century, a golden<00:01:48.960> age<00:01:49.280> for<00:01:49.600> observational<00:01:50.320> astronomy 00:01:51.270 --> 00:01:51.280 align:start position:0% golden age for observational astronomy 00:01:51.280 --> 00:01:53.270 align:start position:0% golden age for observational astronomy when<00:01:51.520> our<00:01:51.840> understanding<00:01:52.399> of<00:01:52.640> the<00:01:52.799> geography 00:01:53.270 --> 00:01:53.280 align:start position:0% when our understanding of the geography 00:01:53.280 --> 00:01:55.590 align:start position:0% when our understanding of the geography of<00:01:53.360> the<00:01:53.520> solar<00:01:53.840> system<00:01:54.320> skyrocketed<00:01:55.360> thanks 00:01:55.590 --> 00:01:55.600 align:start position:0% of the solar system skyrocketed thanks 00:01:55.600 --> 00:01:57.830 align:start position:0% of the solar system skyrocketed thanks to<00:01:55.759> an<00:01:55.920> explosion<00:01:56.320> of<00:01:56.479> tech<00:01:57.040> and<00:01:57.360> precision 00:01:57.830 --> 00:01:57.840 align:start position:0% to an explosion of tech and precision 00:01:57.840 --> 00:02:00.950 align:start position:0% to an explosion of tech and precision instruments<00:01:58.399> in<00:01:58.640> the<00:01:58.880> 1840s. 00:02:00.950 --> 00:02:00.960 align:start position:0% instruments in the 1840s. 00:02:00.960 --> 00:02:02.950 align:start position:0% instruments in the 1840s. With<00:02:01.200> teams<00:02:01.680> all<00:02:01.920> around<00:02:02.240> the<00:02:02.399> world<00:02:02.719> making 00:02:02.950 --> 00:02:02.960 align:start position:0% With teams all around the world making 00:02:02.960 --> 00:02:05.990 align:start position:0% With teams all around the world making new<00:02:03.200> discoveries,<00:02:04.240> finding<00:02:04.640> Hyperion<00:02:05.600> was 00:02:05.990 --> 00:02:06.000 align:start position:0% new discoveries, finding Hyperion was 00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:08.070 align:start position:0% new discoveries, finding Hyperion was actually<00:02:06.320> not<00:02:06.560> a<00:02:06.719> singular<00:02:07.200> event,<00:02:07.680> but<00:02:07.920> a 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:08.080 align:start position:0% actually not a singular event, but a 00:02:08.080 --> 00:02:11.270 align:start position:0% actually not a singular event, but a two-way<00:02:08.800> transatlantic<00:02:09.679> tie.<00:02:10.879> On<00:02:11.120> the 00:02:11.270 --> 00:02:11.280 align:start position:0% two-way transatlantic tie. On the 00:02:11.280 --> 00:02:14.550 align:start position:0% two-way transatlantic tie. On the evening<00:02:11.599> of<00:02:11.760> the<00:02:12.000> 16th<00:02:12.400> of<00:02:12.560> September,<00:02:13.280> 1848 00:02:14.550 --> 00:02:14.560 align:start position:0% evening of the 16th of September, 1848 00:02:14.560 --> 00:02:17.110 align:start position:0% evening of the 16th of September, 1848 at<00:02:14.720> the<00:02:14.879> Harvard<00:02:15.360> College<00:02:15.760> Observatory,<00:02:16.959> the 00:02:17.110 --> 00:02:17.120 align:start position:0% at the Harvard College Observatory, the 00:02:17.120 --> 00:02:19.510 align:start position:0% at the Harvard College Observatory, the American<00:02:17.680> Father<00:02:17.920> and<00:02:18.160> Son<00:02:18.400> team<00:02:18.800> of<00:02:19.120> William 00:02:19.510 --> 00:02:19.520 align:start position:0% American Father and Son team of William 00:02:19.520 --> 00:02:22.470 align:start position:0% American Father and Son team of William and<00:02:19.840> George<00:02:20.160> Bond<00:02:20.959> spotted<00:02:21.360> a<00:02:21.680> faint<00:02:22.080> object 00:02:22.470 --> 00:02:22.480 align:start position:0% and George Bond spotted a faint object 00:02:22.480 --> 00:02:24.550 align:start position:0% and George Bond spotted a faint object that<00:02:22.720> did<00:02:22.959> not<00:02:23.200> appear<00:02:23.520> on<00:02:23.760> any<00:02:24.080> existing 00:02:24.550 --> 00:02:24.560 align:start position:0% that did not appear on any existing 00:02:24.560 --> 00:02:27.510 align:start position:0% that did not appear on any existing charts<00:02:24.959> of<00:02:25.120> the<00:02:25.280> Saturnian<00:02:26.000> satellites. 00:02:27.510 --> 00:02:27.520 align:start position:0% charts of the Saturnian satellites. 00:02:27.520 --> 00:02:29.990 align:start position:0% charts of the Saturnian satellites. William<00:02:28.080> Cranchbond<00:02:28.800> was<00:02:29.040> a<00:02:29.280> wellrespected 00:02:29.990 --> 00:02:30.000 align:start position:0% William Cranchbond was a wellrespected 00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:32.710 align:start position:0% William Cranchbond was a wellrespected astronomer.<00:02:31.120> Whilst<00:02:31.440> he<00:02:31.680> had<00:02:31.920> a<00:02:32.160> lack<00:02:32.480> of 00:02:32.710 --> 00:02:32.720 align:start position:0% astronomer. Whilst he had a lack of 00:02:32.720 --> 00:02:35.509 align:start position:0% astronomer. Whilst he had a lack of formal<00:02:33.200> education,<00:02:34.319> he<00:02:34.560> worked<00:02:34.800> his<00:02:35.120> way<00:02:35.280> up 00:02:35.509 --> 00:02:35.519 align:start position:0% formal education, he worked his way up 00:02:35.519 --> 00:02:37.509 align:start position:0% formal education, he worked his way up to<00:02:35.760> become<00:02:36.080> the<00:02:36.319> first<00:02:36.720> director<00:02:37.200> of<00:02:37.360> the 00:02:37.509 --> 00:02:37.519 align:start position:0% to become the first director of the 00:02:37.519 --> 00:02:40.309 align:start position:0% to become the first director of the Harvard<00:02:38.000> Observatory.<00:02:39.280> He<00:02:39.519> was<00:02:39.840> utilizing 00:02:40.309 --> 00:02:40.319 align:start position:0% Harvard Observatory. He was utilizing 00:02:40.319 --> 00:02:44.070 align:start position:0% Harvard Observatory. He was utilizing its<00:02:40.720> new<00:02:41.360> 15-in<00:02:42.160> equatorial<00:02:42.959> refractor,<00:02:43.920> one 00:02:44.070 --> 00:02:44.080 align:start position:0% its new 15-in equatorial refractor, one 00:02:44.080 --> 00:02:46.070 align:start position:0% its new 15-in equatorial refractor, one of<00:02:44.160> the<00:02:44.400> most<00:02:44.640> powerful<00:02:45.200> instruments<00:02:45.680> in<00:02:45.920> the 00:02:46.070 --> 00:02:46.080 align:start position:0% of the most powerful instruments in the 00:02:46.080 --> 00:02:48.790 align:start position:0% of the most powerful instruments in the world<00:02:46.319> at<00:02:46.560> the<00:02:46.720> time<00:02:47.440> when<00:02:47.760> he<00:02:48.000> and<00:02:48.160> his<00:02:48.400> son 00:02:48.790 --> 00:02:48.800 align:start position:0% world at the time when he and his son 00:02:48.800 --> 00:02:51.430 align:start position:0% world at the time when he and his son first<00:02:49.200> spotted<00:02:49.680> Hyperion. 00:02:51.430 --> 00:02:51.440 align:start position:0% first spotted Hyperion. 00:02:51.440 --> 00:02:54.309 align:start position:0% first spotted Hyperion. It<00:02:51.680> was<00:02:51.840> just<00:02:52.239> two<00:02:52.560> nights<00:02:52.879> later,<00:02:53.840> thousands 00:02:54.309 --> 00:02:54.319 align:start position:0% It was just two nights later, thousands 00:02:54.319 --> 00:02:56.630 align:start position:0% It was just two nights later, thousands of<00:02:54.560> kilometers<00:02:55.120> across<00:02:55.440> the<00:02:55.680> Atlantic,<00:02:56.400> that 00:02:56.630 --> 00:02:56.640 align:start position:0% of kilometers across the Atlantic, that 00:02:56.640 --> 00:02:59.270 align:start position:0% of kilometers across the Atlantic, that William<00:02:57.040> Lassel,<00:02:57.760> a<00:02:58.000> wealthy<00:02:58.480> British<00:02:58.879> brewer 00:02:59.270 --> 00:02:59.280 align:start position:0% William Lassel, a wealthy British brewer 00:02:59.280 --> 00:03:01.190 align:start position:0% William Lassel, a wealthy British brewer who<00:02:59.440> had<00:02:59.680> turned<00:02:59.920> his<00:03:00.080> fortunes<00:03:00.640> towards<00:03:01.040> the 00:03:01.190 --> 00:03:01.200 align:start position:0% who had turned his fortunes towards the 00:03:01.200 --> 00:03:03.910 align:start position:0% who had turned his fortunes towards the stars,<00:03:02.159> made<00:03:02.319> the<00:03:02.560> same<00:03:02.800> discovery<00:03:03.360> using<00:03:03.599> a 00:03:03.910 --> 00:03:03.920 align:start position:0% stars, made the same discovery using a 00:03:03.920 --> 00:03:06.790 align:start position:0% stars, made the same discovery using a 24in<00:03:05.040> speculum<00:03:05.599> reflector<00:03:06.159> of<00:03:06.400> his<00:03:06.560> own 00:03:06.790 --> 00:03:06.800 align:start position:0% 24in speculum reflector of his own 00:03:06.800 --> 00:03:09.350 align:start position:0% 24in speculum reflector of his own design.<00:03:08.159> Thankfully,<00:03:08.640> the<00:03:08.879> resulting 00:03:09.350 --> 00:03:09.360 align:start position:0% design. Thankfully, the resulting 00:03:09.360 --> 00:03:11.910 align:start position:0% design. Thankfully, the resulting dispute<00:03:10.080> was<00:03:10.400> less<00:03:10.640> of<00:03:10.800> a<00:03:10.959> conflict<00:03:11.440> and<00:03:11.760> more 00:03:11.910 --> 00:03:11.920 align:start position:0% dispute was less of a conflict and more 00:03:11.920 --> 00:03:15.110 align:start position:0% dispute was less of a conflict and more of<00:03:12.159> a<00:03:12.319> celebration<00:03:13.040> of<00:03:13.360> human<00:03:13.840> ingenuity. 00:03:15.110 --> 00:03:15.120 align:start position:0% of a celebration of human ingenuity. 00:03:15.120 --> 00:03:17.030 align:start position:0% of a celebration of human ingenuity. Because<00:03:15.440> the<00:03:15.599> observations<00:03:16.239> were<00:03:16.480> so<00:03:16.800> close 00:03:17.030 --> 00:03:17.040 align:start position:0% Because the observations were so close 00:03:17.040 --> 00:03:19.430 align:start position:0% Because the observations were so close in<00:03:17.360> time,<00:03:18.000> the<00:03:18.239> astronomical<00:03:18.959> community 00:03:19.430 --> 00:03:19.440 align:start position:0% in time, the astronomical community 00:03:19.440 --> 00:03:22.229 align:start position:0% in time, the astronomical community eventually<00:03:20.000> settled<00:03:20.400> on<00:03:20.640> a<00:03:20.879> rare<00:03:21.599> triple 00:03:22.229 --> 00:03:22.239 align:start position:0% eventually settled on a rare triple 00:03:22.239 --> 00:03:25.509 align:start position:0% eventually settled on a rare triple credit<00:03:22.720> discovery<00:03:23.760> honoring<00:03:24.239> both<00:03:24.560> Bonds<00:03:25.280> and 00:03:25.509 --> 00:03:25.519 align:start position:0% credit discovery honoring both Bonds and 00:03:25.519 --> 00:03:28.229 align:start position:0% credit discovery honoring both Bonds and Lassel<00:03:26.159> together.<00:03:27.280> It<00:03:27.519> was<00:03:27.599> soon<00:03:27.840> named 00:03:28.229 --> 00:03:28.239 align:start position:0% Lassel together. It was soon named 00:03:28.239 --> 00:03:30.869 align:start position:0% Lassel together. It was soon named following<00:03:28.720> a<00:03:28.959> suggestion<00:03:29.440> by<00:03:29.760> John<00:03:30.080> Herschel 00:03:30.869 --> 00:03:30.879 align:start position:0% following a suggestion by John Herschel 00:03:30.879 --> 00:03:32.789 align:start position:0% following a suggestion by John Herschel who<00:03:31.120> argued<00:03:31.519> that<00:03:31.760> Saturn's<00:03:32.239> moon<00:03:32.480> should<00:03:32.640> be 00:03:32.789 --> 00:03:32.799 align:start position:0% who argued that Saturn's moon should be 00:03:32.799 --> 00:03:35.270 align:start position:0% who argued that Saturn's moon should be named<00:03:33.040> after<00:03:33.280> the<00:03:33.519> Titans,<00:03:34.319> the<00:03:34.560> siblings<00:03:34.959> of 00:03:35.270 --> 00:03:35.280 align:start position:0% named after the Titans, the siblings of 00:03:35.280 --> 00:03:38.710 align:start position:0% named after the Titans, the siblings of Kronos<00:03:35.920> in<00:03:36.159> Greek<00:03:36.480> mythology.<00:03:37.680> Hyperion,<00:03:38.560> the 00:03:38.710 --> 00:03:38.720 align:start position:0% Kronos in Greek mythology. Hyperion, the 00:03:38.720 --> 00:03:41.110 align:start position:0% Kronos in Greek mythology. Hyperion, the Titan<00:03:39.120> of<00:03:39.280> watchfulness<00:03:39.920> and<00:03:40.159> observation, 00:03:41.110 --> 00:03:41.120 align:start position:0% Titan of watchfulness and observation, 00:03:41.120 --> 00:03:43.430 align:start position:0% Titan of watchfulness and observation, was<00:03:41.280> a<00:03:41.440> fitting<00:03:41.760> choice<00:03:41.920> for<00:03:42.080> a<00:03:42.239> moon<00:03:42.480> that,<00:03:43.200> as 00:03:43.430 --> 00:03:43.440 align:start position:0% was a fitting choice for a moon that, as 00:03:43.440 --> 00:03:45.990 align:start position:0% was a fitting choice for a moon that, as would<00:03:43.760> be<00:03:44.000> later<00:03:44.319> discovered,<00:03:45.280> never<00:03:45.680> looks 00:03:45.990 --> 00:03:46.000 align:start position:0% would be later discovered, never looks 00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:49.190 align:start position:0% would be later discovered, never looks the<00:03:46.319> same<00:03:46.480> way<00:03:46.720> twice.<00:03:48.000> In<00:03:48.239> fact,<00:03:48.480> this<00:03:48.799> moon 00:03:49.190 --> 00:03:49.200 align:start position:0% the same way twice. In fact, this moon 00:03:49.200 --> 00:03:51.990 align:start position:0% the same way twice. In fact, this moon was<00:03:49.519> unusual<00:03:50.159> from<00:03:50.400> the<00:03:50.640> start.<00:03:51.440> It<00:03:51.599> was<00:03:51.760> the 00:03:51.990 --> 00:03:52.000 align:start position:0% was unusual from the start. It was the 00:03:52.000 --> 00:03:54.949 align:start position:0% was unusual from the start. It was the first<00:03:52.480> nonsperoid<00:03:53.599> moon<00:03:53.840> to<00:03:54.080> be<00:03:54.239> discovered, 00:03:54.949 --> 00:03:54.959 align:start position:0% first nonsperoid moon to be discovered, 00:03:54.959 --> 00:03:57.270 align:start position:0% first nonsperoid moon to be discovered, and<00:03:55.200> as<00:03:55.360> we<00:03:55.599> learned<00:03:55.920> more,<00:03:56.480> things<00:03:56.799> only<00:03:57.040> got 00:03:57.270 --> 00:03:57.280 align:start position:0% and as we learned more, things only got 00:03:57.280 --> 00:04:00.309 align:start position:0% and as we learned more, things only got stranger. 00:04:00.309 --> 00:04:00.319 align:start position:0% 00:04:00.319 --> 00:04:02.630 align:start position:0% Hyperion<00:04:01.040> is<00:04:01.200> a<00:04:01.360> world<00:04:01.599> that<00:04:01.840> refuses<00:04:02.319> to<00:04:02.480> be 00:04:02.630 --> 00:04:02.640 align:start position:0% Hyperion is a world that refuses to be 00:04:02.640 --> 00:04:05.110 align:start position:0% Hyperion is a world that refuses to be categorized.<00:04:03.840> It's<00:04:04.159> one<00:04:04.319> of<00:04:04.480> the<00:04:04.720> largest 00:04:05.110 --> 00:04:05.120 align:start position:0% categorized. It's one of the largest 00:04:05.120 --> 00:04:07.030 align:start position:0% categorized. It's one of the largest bodies<00:04:05.519> in<00:04:05.680> the<00:04:05.840> solar<00:04:06.159> system<00:04:06.400> that's<00:04:06.720> highly 00:04:07.030 --> 00:04:07.040 align:start position:0% bodies in the solar system that's highly 00:04:07.040 --> 00:04:09.589 align:start position:0% bodies in the solar system that's highly irregular<00:04:07.519> in<00:04:07.760> shape.<00:04:08.319> A<00:04:08.560> status<00:04:08.879> it<00:04:09.120> shares 00:04:09.589 --> 00:04:09.599 align:start position:0% irregular in shape. A status it shares 00:04:09.599 --> 00:04:12.470 align:start position:0% irregular in shape. A status it shares only<00:04:10.000> with<00:04:10.319> Neptune's<00:04:10.879> moons<00:04:11.360> Proteius<00:04:12.159> and 00:04:12.470 --> 00:04:12.480 align:start position:0% only with Neptune's moons Proteius and 00:04:12.480 --> 00:04:14.070 align:start position:0% only with Neptune's moons Proteius and Nerid. 00:04:14.070 --> 00:04:14.080 align:start position:0% Nerid. 00:04:14.080 --> 00:04:16.710 align:start position:0% Nerid. In<00:04:14.319> the<00:04:14.560> hierarchy<00:04:15.040> of<00:04:15.280> Saturn's<00:04:15.760> moons<00:04:16.479> is 00:04:16.710 --> 00:04:16.720 align:start position:0% In the hierarchy of Saturn's moons is 00:04:16.720 --> 00:04:19.270 align:start position:0% In the hierarchy of Saturn's moons is the<00:04:16.880> eighth<00:04:17.359> largest<00:04:17.759> by<00:04:18.000> radius,<00:04:19.040> but 00:04:19.270 --> 00:04:19.280 align:start position:0% the eighth largest by radius, but 00:04:19.280 --> 00:04:22.310 align:start position:0% the eighth largest by radius, but curiously<00:04:20.000> only<00:04:20.320> the<00:04:20.560> ninth<00:04:20.959> most<00:04:21.280> massive.<00:04:22.079> A 00:04:22.310 --> 00:04:22.320 align:start position:0% curiously only the ninth most massive. A 00:04:22.320 --> 00:04:24.870 align:start position:0% curiously only the ninth most massive. A discrepancy<00:04:22.880> that<00:04:23.120> hints<00:04:23.440> at<00:04:23.680> its<00:04:24.000> unusual 00:04:24.870 --> 00:04:24.880 align:start position:0% discrepancy that hints at its unusual 00:04:24.880 --> 00:04:27.510 align:start position:0% discrepancy that hints at its unusual internal<00:04:25.440> structure.<00:04:26.479> And<00:04:26.639> as<00:04:26.880> we<00:04:27.040> discovered 00:04:27.510 --> 00:04:27.520 align:start position:0% internal structure. And as we discovered 00:04:27.520 --> 00:04:30.230 align:start position:0% internal structure. And as we discovered thanks<00:04:27.759> to<00:04:28.000> Voyager<00:04:28.479> data<00:04:28.720> in<00:04:28.960> the<00:04:29.120> 80s,<00:04:30.000> it 00:04:30.230 --> 00:04:30.240 align:start position:0% thanks to Voyager data in the 80s, it 00:04:30.240 --> 00:04:33.110 align:start position:0% thanks to Voyager data in the 80s, it also<00:04:30.720> rotates<00:04:31.440> chaotically. 00:04:33.110 --> 00:04:33.120 align:start position:0% also rotates chaotically. 00:04:33.120 --> 00:04:35.590 align:start position:0% also rotates chaotically. In<00:04:33.360> fact,<00:04:34.000> while<00:04:34.240> we<00:04:34.560> often<00:04:34.880> think<00:04:35.040> of<00:04:35.199> moons 00:04:35.590 --> 00:04:35.600 align:start position:0% In fact, while we often think of moons 00:04:35.600 --> 00:04:39.350 align:start position:0% In fact, while we often think of moons as<00:04:36.080> spherical<00:04:37.040> mini<00:04:37.360> planets,<00:04:38.160> Hyperion<00:04:38.960> is 00:04:39.350 --> 00:04:39.360 align:start position:0% as spherical mini planets, Hyperion is 00:04:39.360 --> 00:04:42.629 align:start position:0% as spherical mini planets, Hyperion is anything<00:04:39.919> but<00:04:40.320> this.<00:04:41.360> It's<00:04:41.520> a<00:04:41.680> battered 00:04:42.629 --> 00:04:42.639 align:start position:0% anything but this. It's a battered 00:04:42.639 --> 00:04:44.870 align:start position:0% anything but this. It's a battered elongated<00:04:43.360> mass<00:04:43.680> that<00:04:43.919> has<00:04:44.080> been<00:04:44.320> compared<00:04:44.639> to 00:04:44.870 --> 00:04:44.880 align:start position:0% elongated mass that has been compared to 00:04:44.880 --> 00:04:48.070 align:start position:0% elongated mass that has been compared to everything<00:04:45.280> from<00:04:45.520> a<00:04:45.840> potato<00:04:46.560> to<00:04:46.800> a<00:04:47.040> burger<00:04:47.759> to 00:04:48.070 --> 00:04:48.080 align:start position:0% everything from a potato to a burger to 00:04:48.080 --> 00:04:51.909 align:start position:0% everything from a potato to a burger to a<00:04:48.240> deflated<00:04:48.720> football.<00:04:50.080> But<00:04:50.320> why<00:04:50.720> exactly<00:04:51.520> is 00:04:51.909 --> 00:04:51.919 align:start position:0% a deflated football. But why exactly is 00:04:51.919 --> 00:04:53.990 align:start position:0% a deflated football. But why exactly is it<00:04:52.160> so<00:04:52.479> strange? 00:04:53.990 --> 00:04:54.000 align:start position:0% it so strange? 00:04:54.000 --> 00:04:55.510 align:start position:0% it so strange? One<00:04:54.160> of<00:04:54.240> the<00:04:54.400> most<00:04:54.639> curious<00:04:55.040> things<00:04:55.199> about 00:04:55.510 --> 00:04:55.520 align:start position:0% One of the most curious things about 00:04:55.520 --> 00:04:58.070 align:start position:0% One of the most curious things about Hyperion<00:04:56.160> is<00:04:56.400> its<00:04:56.720> density.<00:04:57.759> At 00:04:58.070 --> 00:04:58.080 align:start position:0% Hyperion is its density. At 00:04:58.080 --> 00:05:02.390 align:start position:0% Hyperion is its density. At approximately<00:04:59.120> 0.54<00:05:00.400> gram<00:05:00.800> per<00:05:01.040> cubic<00:05:01.360> cm, 00:05:02.390 --> 00:05:02.400 align:start position:0% approximately 0.54 gram per cubic cm, 00:05:02.400 --> 00:05:05.670 align:start position:0% approximately 0.54 gram per cubic cm, this<00:05:02.560> moon<00:05:03.040> is<00:05:03.440> only<00:05:03.840> about<00:05:04.320> half<00:05:04.720> as<00:05:05.040> dense<00:05:05.360> as 00:05:05.670 --> 00:05:05.680 align:start position:0% this moon is only about half as dense as 00:05:05.680 --> 00:05:08.790 align:start position:0% this moon is only about half as dense as liquid<00:05:06.080> water.<00:05:07.280> Even<00:05:07.600> compared<00:05:08.080> to<00:05:08.320> pure 00:05:08.790 --> 00:05:08.800 align:start position:0% liquid water. Even compared to pure 00:05:08.800 --> 00:05:10.870 align:start position:0% liquid water. Even compared to pure water<00:05:09.120> ice,<00:05:09.520> which<00:05:09.840> has<00:05:10.000> a<00:05:10.240> density<00:05:10.639> of 00:05:10.870 --> 00:05:10.880 align:start position:0% water ice, which has a density of 00:05:10.880 --> 00:05:15.590 align:start position:0% water ice, which has a density of roughly<00:05:11.280> 0.92<00:05:12.479> g<00:05:12.800> per<00:05:12.960> cm,<00:05:14.240> Hyperion<00:05:15.120> is<00:05:15.360> an 00:05:15.590 --> 00:05:15.600 align:start position:0% roughly 0.92 g per cm, Hyperion is an 00:05:15.600 --> 00:05:18.950 align:start position:0% roughly 0.92 g per cm, Hyperion is an outlier.<00:05:16.880> This<00:05:17.120> tells<00:05:17.360> us<00:05:17.600> that<00:05:17.840> it<00:05:18.240> cannot<00:05:18.720> be 00:05:18.950 --> 00:05:18.960 align:start position:0% outlier. This tells us that it cannot be 00:05:18.960 --> 00:05:21.749 align:start position:0% outlier. This tells us that it cannot be a<00:05:19.360> solid<00:05:20.000> monolithic<00:05:20.720> block<00:05:20.960> of<00:05:21.199> ice<00:05:21.440> and 00:05:21.749 --> 00:05:21.759 align:start position:0% a solid monolithic block of ice and 00:05:21.759 --> 00:05:24.710 align:start position:0% a solid monolithic block of ice and rock.<00:05:22.560> Instead,<00:05:22.960> it<00:05:23.199> is<00:05:23.360> likely<00:05:23.840> a<00:05:24.160> pile<00:05:24.479> of 00:05:24.710 --> 00:05:24.720 align:start position:0% rock. Instead, it is likely a pile of 00:05:24.720 --> 00:05:27.430 align:start position:0% rock. Instead, it is likely a pile of rubble.<00:05:25.600> If<00:05:25.840> you<00:05:25.919> were<00:05:26.080> to<00:05:26.240> stand<00:05:26.400> on<00:05:26.639> it,<00:05:27.120> the 00:05:27.430 --> 00:05:27.440 align:start position:0% rubble. If you were to stand on it, the 00:05:27.440 --> 00:05:29.749 align:start position:0% rubble. If you were to stand on it, the ground<00:05:27.759> beneath<00:05:28.240> your<00:05:28.560> feet<00:05:28.960> would<00:05:29.199> be<00:05:29.360> a 00:05:29.749 --> 00:05:29.759 align:start position:0% ground beneath your feet would be a 00:05:29.759 --> 00:05:33.350 align:start position:0% ground beneath your feet would be a fragile<00:05:30.800> honeycomb<00:05:31.600> latis<00:05:32.160> of<00:05:32.560> ancient<00:05:32.960> water 00:05:33.350 --> 00:05:33.360 align:start position:0% fragile honeycomb latis of ancient water 00:05:33.360 --> 00:05:36.790 align:start position:0% fragile honeycomb latis of ancient water ice<00:05:33.840> and<00:05:34.160> organic<00:05:34.639> dust.<00:05:35.680> In<00:05:35.919> fact,<00:05:36.320> data<00:05:36.639> from 00:05:36.790 --> 00:05:36.800 align:start position:0% ice and organic dust. In fact, data from 00:05:36.800 --> 00:05:38.710 align:start position:0% ice and organic dust. In fact, data from the<00:05:36.960> Cassini<00:05:37.440> mission<00:05:37.840> suggests<00:05:38.240> that<00:05:38.479> more 00:05:38.710 --> 00:05:38.720 align:start position:0% the Cassini mission suggests that more 00:05:38.720 --> 00:05:42.950 align:start position:0% the Cassini mission suggests that more than<00:05:39.120> 40%<00:05:39.919> of<00:05:40.240> Hyperion's<00:05:41.039> interior<00:05:42.000> is<00:05:42.320> just 00:05:42.950 --> 00:05:42.960 align:start position:0% than 40% of Hyperion's interior is just 00:05:42.960 --> 00:05:44.950 align:start position:0% than 40% of Hyperion's interior is just empty<00:05:43.440> space. 00:05:44.950 --> 00:05:44.960 align:start position:0% empty space. 00:05:44.960 --> 00:05:47.749 align:start position:0% empty space. This<00:05:45.360> high<00:05:45.759> porousity<00:05:46.560> is<00:05:46.800> likely<00:05:47.039> a<00:05:47.280> relic<00:05:47.600> of 00:05:47.749 --> 00:05:47.759 align:start position:0% This high porousity is likely a relic of 00:05:47.759 --> 00:05:50.469 align:start position:0% This high porousity is likely a relic of its<00:05:48.000> formation.<00:05:49.120> Unlike<00:05:49.600> larger<00:05:49.919> moons<00:05:50.240> that 00:05:50.469 --> 00:05:50.479 align:start position:0% its formation. Unlike larger moons that 00:05:50.479 --> 00:05:52.950 align:start position:0% its formation. Unlike larger moons that underwent<00:05:51.039> differentiation,<00:05:52.320> a<00:05:52.639> process 00:05:52.950 --> 00:05:52.960 align:start position:0% underwent differentiation, a process 00:05:52.960 --> 00:05:55.189 align:start position:0% underwent differentiation, a process where<00:05:53.280> internal<00:05:53.680> heat<00:05:54.000> melts<00:05:54.320> the<00:05:54.560> interior 00:05:55.189 --> 00:05:55.199 align:start position:0% where internal heat melts the interior 00:05:55.199 --> 00:05:57.350 align:start position:0% where internal heat melts the interior and<00:05:55.520> allows<00:05:55.919> heavy<00:05:56.320> materials<00:05:56.720> to<00:05:56.960> sink<00:05:57.199> to 00:05:57.350 --> 00:05:57.360 align:start position:0% and allows heavy materials to sink to 00:05:57.360 --> 00:06:00.150 align:start position:0% and allows heavy materials to sink to the<00:05:57.520> core,<00:05:58.400> Hyperion<00:05:59.199> likely<00:05:59.600> never<00:05:59.919> stayed 00:06:00.150 --> 00:06:00.160 align:start position:0% the core, Hyperion likely never stayed 00:06:00.160 --> 00:06:02.469 align:start position:0% the core, Hyperion likely never stayed warm<00:06:00.400> enough<00:06:00.639> for<00:06:01.039> long<00:06:01.280> enough<00:06:01.680> to<00:06:02.000> compact 00:06:02.469 --> 00:06:02.479 align:start position:0% warm enough for long enough to compact 00:06:02.479 --> 00:06:05.749 align:start position:0% warm enough for long enough to compact its<00:06:02.720> structure.<00:06:03.919> It<00:06:04.160> instead<00:06:04.800> remains<00:06:05.520> a 00:06:05.749 --> 00:06:05.759 align:start position:0% its structure. It instead remains a 00:06:05.759 --> 00:06:08.070 align:start position:0% its structure. It instead remains a primitive<00:06:06.479> collection<00:06:06.960> of<00:06:07.199> debris, 00:06:08.070 --> 00:06:08.080 align:start position:0% primitive collection of debris, 00:06:08.080 --> 00:06:11.430 align:start position:0% primitive collection of debris, potentially<00:06:08.880> even<00:06:09.199> the<00:06:09.759> reaced<00:06:10.639> remains<00:06:11.039> of<00:06:11.280> a 00:06:11.430 --> 00:06:11.440 align:start position:0% potentially even the reaced remains of a 00:06:11.440 --> 00:06:14.629 align:start position:0% potentially even the reaced remains of a much<00:06:11.759> larger<00:06:12.560> proto<00:06:13.120> Hyperion<00:06:14.160> measuring 00:06:14.629 --> 00:06:14.639 align:start position:0% much larger proto Hyperion measuring 00:06:14.639 --> 00:06:18.150 align:start position:0% much larger proto Hyperion measuring perhaps<00:06:15.199> 1,000<00:06:15.840> km<00:06:16.400> across.<00:06:17.440> A<00:06:17.759> massive 00:06:18.150 --> 00:06:18.160 align:start position:0% perhaps 1,000 km across. A massive 00:06:18.160 --> 00:06:20.550 align:start position:0% perhaps 1,000 km across. A massive collision<00:06:18.720> likely<00:06:19.199> shattered<00:06:19.680> this<00:06:19.919> world, 00:06:20.550 --> 00:06:20.560 align:start position:0% collision likely shattered this world, 00:06:20.560 --> 00:06:23.189 align:start position:0% collision likely shattered this world, leaving<00:06:21.039> Hyperion<00:06:22.000> as<00:06:22.319> the<00:06:22.639> largest 00:06:23.189 --> 00:06:23.199 align:start position:0% leaving Hyperion as the largest 00:06:23.199 --> 00:06:25.749 align:start position:0% leaving Hyperion as the largest remaining<00:06:23.759> piece.<00:06:24.800> The<00:06:24.960> rest<00:06:25.120> of<00:06:25.199> the<00:06:25.360> debris 00:06:25.749 --> 00:06:25.759 align:start position:0% remaining piece. The rest of the debris 00:06:25.759 --> 00:06:28.309 align:start position:0% remaining piece. The rest of the debris might<00:06:26.000> have<00:06:26.160> rained<00:06:26.560> down<00:06:26.720> on<00:06:26.960> Titan<00:06:27.520> or<00:06:28.080> been 00:06:28.309 --> 00:06:28.319 align:start position:0% might have rained down on Titan or been 00:06:28.319 --> 00:06:30.309 align:start position:0% might have rained down on Titan or been ground<00:06:28.720> into<00:06:28.960> the<00:06:29.120> dust<00:06:29.360> that<00:06:29.600> now<00:06:29.759> forms<00:06:30.160> the 00:06:30.309 --> 00:06:30.319 align:start position:0% ground into the dust that now forms the 00:06:30.319 --> 00:06:32.870 align:start position:0% ground into the dust that now forms the dunes<00:06:30.720> of<00:06:30.880> that<00:06:31.199> orange<00:06:31.600> world.<00:06:32.479> More<00:06:32.720> on 00:06:32.870 --> 00:06:32.880 align:start position:0% dunes of that orange world. More on 00:06:32.880 --> 00:06:35.749 align:start position:0% dunes of that orange world. More on Titan<00:06:33.360> later.<00:06:34.720> But<00:06:34.880> this<00:06:35.039> internal<00:06:35.520> structure 00:06:35.749 --> 00:06:35.759 align:start position:0% Titan later. But this internal structure 00:06:35.759 --> 00:06:38.309 align:start position:0% Titan later. But this internal structure of<00:06:36.000> Hyperion<00:06:36.720> isn't<00:06:37.120> just<00:06:37.280> a<00:06:37.520> window<00:06:37.840> into<00:06:38.160> the 00:06:38.309 --> 00:06:38.319 align:start position:0% of Hyperion isn't just a window into the 00:06:38.319 --> 00:06:41.990 align:start position:0% of Hyperion isn't just a window into the past.<00:06:39.120> It<00:06:39.360> also<00:06:39.680> impacts<00:06:40.240> on<00:06:40.479> the<00:06:40.639> moon<00:06:40.880> today. 00:06:41.990 --> 00:06:42.000 align:start position:0% past. It also impacts on the moon today. 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:43.749 align:start position:0% past. It also impacts on the moon today. Not<00:06:42.319> only<00:06:42.479> does<00:06:42.639> it<00:06:42.800> give<00:06:42.960> the<00:06:43.120> moon<00:06:43.360> an 00:06:43.749 --> 00:06:43.759 align:start position:0% Not only does it give the moon an 00:06:43.759 --> 00:06:46.629 align:start position:0% Not only does it give the moon an extremely<00:06:44.479> low<00:06:44.880> escape<00:06:45.280> velocity,<00:06:46.240> in<00:06:46.400> fact, 00:06:46.629 --> 00:06:46.639 align:start position:0% extremely low escape velocity, in fact, 00:06:46.639 --> 00:06:48.870 align:start position:0% extremely low escape velocity, in fact, a<00:06:47.120> professional<00:06:47.680> baseball<00:06:48.160> player<00:06:48.479> could 00:06:48.870 --> 00:06:48.880 align:start position:0% a professional baseball player could 00:06:48.880 --> 00:06:51.350 align:start position:0% a professional baseball player could nearly<00:06:49.360> throw<00:06:49.759> a<00:06:50.080> ball<00:06:50.400> into<00:06:50.720> orbit<00:06:51.120> from 00:06:51.350 --> 00:06:51.360 align:start position:0% nearly throw a ball into orbit from 00:06:51.360 --> 00:06:54.230 align:start position:0% nearly throw a ball into orbit from Hyperion's<00:06:52.080> surface.<00:06:52.960> But<00:06:53.120> the<00:06:53.280> moon<00:06:53.520> acts<00:06:54.000> as 00:06:54.230 --> 00:06:54.240 align:start position:0% Hyperion's surface. But the moon acts as 00:06:54.240 --> 00:06:56.790 align:start position:0% Hyperion's surface. But the moon acts as a<00:06:54.560> shock<00:06:54.880> absorber,<00:06:55.840> and<00:06:56.000> this<00:06:56.240> explains 00:06:56.790 --> 00:06:56.800 align:start position:0% a shock absorber, and this explains 00:06:56.800 --> 00:07:03.110 align:start position:0% a shock absorber, and this explains Hyperion's<00:06:57.600> rather<00:06:58.160> unusual<00:06:58.960> appearance. 00:07:03.110 --> 00:07:03.120 align:start position:0% 00:07:03.120 --> 00:07:04.870 align:start position:0% When<00:07:03.280> the<00:07:03.520> Cassini<00:07:04.000> spacecraft<00:07:04.560> performed 00:07:04.870 --> 00:07:04.880 align:start position:0% When the Cassini spacecraft performed 00:07:04.880 --> 00:07:08.070 align:start position:0% When the Cassini spacecraft performed its<00:07:05.199> close<00:07:05.440> flybys<00:07:06.000> of<00:07:06.160> Hyperion<00:07:06.720> in<00:07:06.960> 2005, 00:07:08.070 --> 00:07:08.080 align:start position:0% its close flybys of Hyperion in 2005, 00:07:08.080 --> 00:07:10.150 align:start position:0% its close flybys of Hyperion in 2005, the<00:07:08.319> images<00:07:08.720> it<00:07:08.960> returned<00:07:09.440> were<00:07:09.599> unlike 00:07:10.150 --> 00:07:10.160 align:start position:0% the images it returned were unlike 00:07:10.160 --> 00:07:13.029 align:start position:0% the images it returned were unlike anything<00:07:10.720> seen<00:07:11.120> before.<00:07:12.240> The<00:07:12.479> surface<00:07:12.800> was 00:07:13.029 --> 00:07:13.039 align:start position:0% anything seen before. The surface was 00:07:13.039 --> 00:07:15.430 align:start position:0% anything seen before. The surface was covered<00:07:13.360> in<00:07:13.520> deep,<00:07:14.000> sharp<00:07:14.479> edge<00:07:14.800> pits,<00:07:15.199> making 00:07:15.430 --> 00:07:15.440 align:start position:0% covered in deep, sharp edge pits, making 00:07:15.440 --> 00:07:18.469 align:start position:0% covered in deep, sharp edge pits, making it<00:07:15.680> resemble<00:07:16.160> a<00:07:16.400> wasp's<00:07:16.880> nest<00:07:17.520> or<00:07:17.840> a<00:07:18.160> sea 00:07:18.469 --> 00:07:18.479 align:start position:0% it resemble a wasp's nest or a sea 00:07:18.479 --> 00:07:21.670 align:start position:0% it resemble a wasp's nest or a sea sponge.<00:07:19.759> On<00:07:20.000> a<00:07:20.160> typical<00:07:20.560> solid<00:07:20.960> moon<00:07:21.360> such<00:07:21.520> as 00:07:21.670 --> 00:07:21.680 align:start position:0% sponge. On a typical solid moon such as 00:07:21.680 --> 00:07:24.070 align:start position:0% sponge. On a typical solid moon such as our<00:07:22.000> own,<00:07:22.479> an<00:07:22.639> impacting<00:07:23.120> asteroid<00:07:23.680> strikes 00:07:24.070 --> 00:07:24.080 align:start position:0% our own, an impacting asteroid strikes 00:07:24.080 --> 00:07:26.950 align:start position:0% our own, an impacting asteroid strikes the<00:07:24.319> surface<00:07:24.639> at<00:07:24.880> several<00:07:25.360> kilome/s. 00:07:26.950 --> 00:07:26.960 align:start position:0% the surface at several kilome/s. 00:07:26.960 --> 00:07:29.110 align:start position:0% the surface at several kilome/s. The<00:07:27.120> kinetic<00:07:27.599> energy<00:07:27.919> is<00:07:28.240> released<00:07:28.639> in<00:07:28.880> an 00:07:29.110 --> 00:07:29.120 align:start position:0% The kinetic energy is released in an 00:07:29.120 --> 00:07:31.270 align:start position:0% The kinetic energy is released in an explosion<00:07:29.680> that<00:07:29.919> creates<00:07:30.240> a<00:07:30.400> crater, 00:07:31.270 --> 00:07:31.280 align:start position:0% explosion that creates a crater, 00:07:31.280 --> 00:07:33.350 align:start position:0% explosion that creates a crater, blasting<00:07:31.759> material.<00:07:32.560> otherwise<00:07:32.960> known<00:07:33.199> as 00:07:33.350 --> 00:07:33.360 align:start position:0% blasting material. otherwise known as 00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:36.469 align:start position:0% blasting material. otherwise known as ejector<00:07:34.160> outward<00:07:34.720> to<00:07:34.960> form<00:07:35.280> a<00:07:35.440> rim<00:07:36.080> and<00:07:36.240> a 00:07:36.469 --> 00:07:36.479 align:start position:0% ejector outward to form a rim and a 00:07:36.479 --> 00:07:39.670 align:start position:0% ejector outward to form a rim and a surrounding<00:07:37.120> debris<00:07:37.599> blanket.<00:07:38.720> On<00:07:38.960> Hyperion, 00:07:39.670 --> 00:07:39.680 align:start position:0% surrounding debris blanket. On Hyperion, 00:07:39.680 --> 00:07:42.469 align:start position:0% surrounding debris blanket. On Hyperion, the<00:07:39.919> process<00:07:40.400> is<00:07:40.800> fundamentally<00:07:41.520> different. 00:07:42.469 --> 00:07:42.479 align:start position:0% the process is fundamentally different. 00:07:42.479 --> 00:07:44.870 align:start position:0% the process is fundamentally different. Because<00:07:42.800> the<00:07:43.039> moon<00:07:43.280> is<00:07:43.520> so<00:07:43.840> porous,<00:07:44.639> the 00:07:44.870 --> 00:07:44.880 align:start position:0% Because the moon is so porous, the 00:07:44.880 --> 00:07:47.589 align:start position:0% Because the moon is so porous, the impact<00:07:45.280> it<00:07:45.520> doesn't<00:07:45.840> blast<00:07:46.240> as<00:07:46.479> much<00:07:46.880> as<00:07:47.199> it 00:07:47.589 --> 00:07:47.599 align:start position:0% impact it doesn't blast as much as it 00:07:47.599 --> 00:07:49.189 align:start position:0% impact it doesn't blast as much as it compresses. 00:07:49.189 --> 00:07:49.199 align:start position:0% compresses. 00:07:49.199 --> 00:07:52.230 align:start position:0% compresses. It's<00:07:49.440> like<00:07:49.840> firing<00:07:50.319> a<00:07:50.639> pebble<00:07:51.280> into<00:07:51.680> a<00:07:51.919> block 00:07:52.230 --> 00:07:52.240 align:start position:0% It's like firing a pebble into a block 00:07:52.240 --> 00:07:54.950 align:start position:0% It's like firing a pebble into a block of<00:07:52.479> styrofoam.<00:07:53.680> The<00:07:53.919> material<00:07:54.319> is<00:07:54.560> pushed 00:07:54.950 --> 00:07:54.960 align:start position:0% of styrofoam. The material is pushed 00:07:54.960 --> 00:07:57.749 align:start position:0% of styrofoam. The material is pushed downward<00:07:55.360> and<00:07:55.599> is<00:07:55.840> compacted,<00:07:56.879> creating<00:07:57.360> a 00:07:57.749 --> 00:07:57.759 align:start position:0% downward and is compacted, creating a 00:07:57.759 --> 00:08:00.869 align:start position:0% downward and is compacted, creating a deep<00:07:58.160> pit<00:07:58.800> without<00:07:59.280> the<00:07:59.520> typical<00:08:00.000> rim<00:08:00.560> or 00:08:00.869 --> 00:08:00.879 align:start position:0% deep pit without the typical rim or 00:08:00.879 --> 00:08:04.309 align:start position:0% deep pit without the typical rim or ejector<00:08:01.520> rays.<00:08:02.879> Because<00:08:03.199> Hyperion's<00:08:04.000> gravity 00:08:04.309 --> 00:08:04.319 align:start position:0% ejector rays. Because Hyperion's gravity 00:08:04.319 --> 00:08:07.430 align:start position:0% ejector rays. Because Hyperion's gravity is<00:08:04.639> so<00:08:04.879> weak,<00:08:05.599> any<00:08:05.919> material<00:08:06.319> that<00:08:06.720> is<00:08:07.120> kicked 00:08:07.430 --> 00:08:07.440 align:start position:0% is so weak, any material that is kicked 00:08:07.440 --> 00:08:10.550 align:start position:0% is so weak, any material that is kicked up<00:08:07.599> during<00:08:07.840> an<00:08:08.000> impact<00:08:08.879> also<00:08:09.280> has<00:08:09.599> a<00:08:09.919> very<00:08:10.240> high 00:08:10.550 --> 00:08:10.560 align:start position:0% up during an impact also has a very high 00:08:10.560 --> 00:08:14.230 align:start position:0% up during an impact also has a very high probability<00:08:11.520> of<00:08:11.840> reaching<00:08:12.319> escape<00:08:12.879> velocity. 00:08:14.230 --> 00:08:14.240 align:start position:0% probability of reaching escape velocity. 00:08:14.240 --> 00:08:15.990 align:start position:0% probability of reaching escape velocity. Instead<00:08:14.560> of<00:08:14.800> falling<00:08:15.120> back<00:08:15.360> to<00:08:15.520> the<00:08:15.680> surface 00:08:15.990 --> 00:08:16.000 align:start position:0% Instead of falling back to the surface 00:08:16.000 --> 00:08:18.550 align:start position:0% Instead of falling back to the surface to<00:08:16.240> fill<00:08:16.560> in<00:08:16.879> old<00:08:17.199> craters<00:08:17.680> or<00:08:18.080> coat<00:08:18.400> the 00:08:18.550 --> 00:08:18.560 align:start position:0% to fill in old craters or coat the 00:08:18.560 --> 00:08:21.430 align:start position:0% to fill in old craters or coat the landscape<00:08:19.039> in<00:08:19.199> a<00:08:19.520> layer<00:08:19.680> of<00:08:19.840> dust,<00:08:20.720> it<00:08:20.960> simply 00:08:21.430 --> 00:08:21.440 align:start position:0% landscape in a layer of dust, it simply 00:08:21.440 --> 00:08:24.790 align:start position:0% landscape in a layer of dust, it simply flies<00:08:21.919> off<00:08:22.240> into<00:08:22.560> orbit<00:08:23.039> around<00:08:23.440> Saturn.<00:08:24.560> This 00:08:24.790 --> 00:08:24.800 align:start position:0% flies off into orbit around Saturn. This 00:08:24.800 --> 00:08:27.990 align:start position:0% flies off into orbit around Saturn. This leaves<00:08:25.120> the<00:08:25.440> surface<00:08:26.000> clean,<00:08:26.960> preserving<00:08:27.599> the 00:08:27.990 --> 00:08:28.000 align:start position:0% leaves the surface clean, preserving the 00:08:28.000 --> 00:08:31.270 align:start position:0% leaves the surface clean, preserving the original<00:08:28.800> crisp<00:08:29.360> and<00:08:29.759> deeply<00:08:30.400> etched<00:08:30.800> shapes 00:08:31.270 --> 00:08:31.280 align:start position:0% original crisp and deeply etched shapes 00:08:31.280 --> 00:08:34.230 align:start position:0% original crisp and deeply etched shapes of<00:08:31.440> the<00:08:31.680> craters<00:08:32.240> for<00:08:32.640> billions<00:08:33.039> of<00:08:33.279> years. 00:08:34.230 --> 00:08:34.240 align:start position:0% of the craters for billions of years. 00:08:34.240 --> 00:08:37.029 align:start position:0% of the craters for billions of years. The<00:08:34.479> result<00:08:35.200> is<00:08:35.440> one<00:08:35.680> of<00:08:35.760> the<00:08:36.000> most<00:08:36.399> crater 00:08:37.029 --> 00:08:37.039 align:start position:0% The result is one of the most crater 00:08:37.039 --> 00:08:39.909 align:start position:0% The result is one of the most crater saturated<00:08:37.760> surfaces<00:08:38.479> in<00:08:38.880> the<00:08:39.120> Saturnian 00:08:39.909 --> 00:08:39.919 align:start position:0% saturated surfaces in the Saturnian 00:08:39.919 --> 00:08:43.269 align:start position:0% saturated surfaces in the Saturnian system.<00:08:41.039> They<00:08:41.279> are<00:08:41.440> spectacular<00:08:42.240> to<00:08:42.479> look<00:08:42.560> at. 00:08:43.269 --> 00:08:43.279 align:start position:0% system. They are spectacular to look at. 00:08:43.279 --> 00:08:45.910 align:start position:0% system. They are spectacular to look at. Hyperion<00:08:44.159> really<00:08:44.640> does<00:08:45.040> look<00:08:45.279> like<00:08:45.360> a<00:08:45.600> sponge 00:08:45.910 --> 00:08:45.920 align:start position:0% Hyperion really does look like a sponge 00:08:45.920 --> 00:08:48.710 align:start position:0% Hyperion really does look like a sponge to<00:08:46.080> me,<00:08:46.640> but<00:08:47.360> they're<00:08:47.680> certainly<00:08:48.080> not<00:08:48.399> the 00:08:48.710 --> 00:08:48.720 align:start position:0% to me, but they're certainly not the 00:08:48.720 --> 00:08:50.310 align:start position:0% to me, but they're certainly not the only<00:08:48.959> strange<00:08:49.360> thing<00:08:49.440> this<00:08:49.680> moon<00:08:50.000> has<00:08:50.160> to 00:08:50.310 --> 00:08:50.320 align:start position:0% only strange thing this moon has to 00:08:50.320 --> 00:08:54.710 align:start position:0% only strange thing this moon has to offer.<00:08:51.279> Hyperion<00:08:52.480> moves<00:08:53.040> like<00:08:53.440> no<00:08:53.920> other<00:08:54.240> body 00:08:54.710 --> 00:08:54.720 align:start position:0% offer. Hyperion moves like no other body 00:08:54.720 --> 00:08:58.470 align:start position:0% offer. Hyperion moves like no other body in<00:08:54.959> the<00:08:55.200> solar<00:08:55.519> system. 00:08:58.470 --> 00:08:58.480 align:start position:0% in the solar system. 00:08:58.480 --> 00:09:01.509 align:start position:0% in the solar system. Hyperion<00:08:59.200> does<00:08:59.440> not<00:08:59.680> exist<00:09:00.000> in<00:09:00.160> a<00:09:00.320> vacuum.<00:09:01.200> Its 00:09:01.509 --> 00:09:01.519 align:start position:0% Hyperion does not exist in a vacuum. Its 00:09:01.519 --> 00:09:03.829 align:start position:0% Hyperion does not exist in a vacuum. Its existence<00:09:01.920> is<00:09:02.160> sculpted<00:09:02.640> by<00:09:02.800> its<00:09:03.040> much<00:09:03.360> larger 00:09:03.829 --> 00:09:03.839 align:start position:0% existence is sculpted by its much larger 00:09:03.839 --> 00:09:06.870 align:start position:0% existence is sculpted by its much larger neighbor,<00:09:04.480> Titan.<00:09:05.760> Now,<00:09:06.160> Titan<00:09:06.560> is<00:09:06.720> a 00:09:06.870 --> 00:09:06.880 align:start position:0% neighbor, Titan. Now, Titan is a 00:09:06.880 --> 00:09:09.430 align:start position:0% neighbor, Titan. Now, Titan is a bermoth,<00:09:07.839> the<00:09:08.080> second<00:09:08.399> largest<00:09:08.800> moon<00:09:09.040> in<00:09:09.279> the 00:09:09.430 --> 00:09:09.440 align:start position:0% bermoth, the second largest moon in the 00:09:09.440 --> 00:09:11.350 align:start position:0% bermoth, the second largest moon in the solar<00:09:09.760> system,<00:09:10.320> and<00:09:10.480> its<00:09:10.720> gravitational 00:09:11.350 --> 00:09:11.360 align:start position:0% solar system, and its gravitational 00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:13.829 align:start position:0% solar system, and its gravitational shadow<00:09:11.839> looms<00:09:12.399> large<00:09:12.880> over<00:09:13.200> everything<00:09:13.600> in 00:09:13.829 --> 00:09:13.839 align:start position:0% shadow looms large over everything in 00:09:13.839 --> 00:09:17.110 align:start position:0% shadow looms large over everything in its<00:09:14.000> vicinity.<00:09:15.200> Hyperion<00:09:15.920> and<00:09:16.160> Titan<00:09:17.040> are 00:09:17.110 --> 00:09:17.120 align:start position:0% its vicinity. Hyperion and Titan are 00:09:17.120 --> 00:09:20.230 align:start position:0% its vicinity. Hyperion and Titan are locked<00:09:17.440> in<00:09:17.600> a<00:09:17.839> 43<00:09:18.560> orbital<00:09:19.040> resonance,<00:09:20.000> which 00:09:20.230 --> 00:09:20.240 align:start position:0% locked in a 43 orbital resonance, which 00:09:20.240 --> 00:09:22.870 align:start position:0% locked in a 43 orbital resonance, which means<00:09:20.480> that<00:09:20.880> for<00:09:21.120> every<00:09:21.519> four<00:09:21.839> orbits<00:09:22.399> Titan 00:09:22.870 --> 00:09:22.880 align:start position:0% means that for every four orbits Titan 00:09:22.880 --> 00:09:25.509 align:start position:0% means that for every four orbits Titan completes<00:09:23.360> around<00:09:23.680> Saturn,<00:09:24.480> Hyperion<00:09:25.120> makes 00:09:25.509 --> 00:09:25.519 align:start position:0% completes around Saturn, Hyperion makes 00:09:25.519 --> 00:09:28.550 align:start position:0% completes around Saturn, Hyperion makes exactly<00:09:26.080> three.<00:09:27.200> This<00:09:27.440> resonance<00:09:28.000> is<00:09:28.240> a 00:09:28.550 --> 00:09:28.560 align:start position:0% exactly three. This resonance is a 00:09:28.560 --> 00:09:31.509 align:start position:0% exactly three. This resonance is a delicate<00:09:29.120> gravitational<00:09:29.839> tugofwar.<00:09:31.120> As<00:09:31.360> the 00:09:31.509 --> 00:09:31.519 align:start position:0% delicate gravitational tugofwar. As the 00:09:31.519 --> 00:09:33.670 align:start position:0% delicate gravitational tugofwar. As the moons<00:09:31.920> pass<00:09:32.160> each<00:09:32.399> other,<00:09:32.880> Titan's<00:09:33.360> immense 00:09:33.670 --> 00:09:33.680 align:start position:0% moons pass each other, Titan's immense 00:09:33.680 --> 00:09:37.350 align:start position:0% moons pass each other, Titan's immense gravity<00:09:34.080> gives<00:09:34.399> Hyperion<00:09:35.279> a<00:09:35.519> periodic<00:09:36.160> kick. 00:09:37.350 --> 00:09:37.360 align:start position:0% gravity gives Hyperion a periodic kick. 00:09:37.360 --> 00:09:40.949 align:start position:0% gravity gives Hyperion a periodic kick. This<00:09:37.600> interaction<00:09:38.240> has<00:09:38.800> two<00:09:39.360> major<00:09:39.839> effects. 00:09:40.949 --> 00:09:40.959 align:start position:0% This interaction has two major effects. 00:09:40.959 --> 00:09:43.190 align:start position:0% This interaction has two major effects. First<00:09:41.200> up,<00:09:41.839> Titan's<00:09:42.320> gravity<00:09:42.720> prevents 00:09:43.190 --> 00:09:43.200 align:start position:0% First up, Titan's gravity prevents 00:09:43.200 --> 00:09:44.870 align:start position:0% First up, Titan's gravity prevents Hyperion's<00:09:43.839> orbit<00:09:44.160> from<00:09:44.399> becoming 00:09:44.870 --> 00:09:44.880 align:start position:0% Hyperion's orbit from becoming 00:09:44.880 --> 00:09:47.829 align:start position:0% Hyperion's orbit from becoming completely<00:09:45.519> circular.<00:09:46.720> Instead,<00:09:47.200> it<00:09:47.440> follows 00:09:47.829 --> 00:09:47.839 align:start position:0% completely circular. Instead, it follows 00:09:47.839 --> 00:09:50.470 align:start position:0% completely circular. Instead, it follows an<00:09:48.080> eccentric<00:09:49.040> eggshaped<00:09:49.760> path<00:09:50.080> that<00:09:50.320> brings 00:09:50.470 --> 00:09:50.480 align:start position:0% an eccentric eggshaped path that brings 00:09:50.480 --> 00:09:53.670 align:start position:0% an eccentric eggshaped path that brings it<00:09:50.720> closer<00:09:51.120> to<00:09:51.760> and<00:09:52.080> further<00:09:52.480> from<00:09:52.800> Saturn<00:09:53.360> at 00:09:53.670 --> 00:09:53.680 align:start position:0% it closer to and further from Saturn at 00:09:53.680 --> 00:09:56.949 align:start position:0% it closer to and further from Saturn at various<00:09:54.160> points<00:09:54.399> in<00:09:54.640> the<00:09:54.800> orbit.<00:09:56.080> Secondly, 00:09:56.949 --> 00:09:56.959 align:start position:0% various points in the orbit. Secondly, 00:09:56.959 --> 00:09:58.870 align:start position:0% various points in the orbit. Secondly, the<00:09:57.120> combined<00:09:57.519> influence<00:09:57.920> of<00:09:58.080> Hyperion's 00:09:58.870 --> 00:09:58.880 align:start position:0% the combined influence of Hyperion's 00:09:58.880 --> 00:10:01.269 align:start position:0% the combined influence of Hyperion's irregular<00:09:59.680> elongated<00:10:00.320> shape<00:10:00.880> and<00:10:01.120> the 00:10:01.269 --> 00:10:01.279 align:start position:0% irregular elongated shape and the 00:10:01.279 --> 00:10:03.430 align:start position:0% irregular elongated shape and the varying<00:10:01.839> gravitational<00:10:02.480> poles<00:10:02.880> from<00:10:03.120> Saturn 00:10:03.430 --> 00:10:03.440 align:start position:0% varying gravitational poles from Saturn 00:10:03.440 --> 00:10:07.030 align:start position:0% varying gravitational poles from Saturn and<00:10:03.680> Titan<00:10:04.560> create<00:10:04.959> a<00:10:05.360> state<00:10:05.760> of<00:10:06.160> dynamical 00:10:07.030 --> 00:10:07.040 align:start position:0% and Titan create a state of dynamical 00:10:07.040 --> 00:10:08.630 align:start position:0% and Titan create a state of dynamical chaos. 00:10:08.630 --> 00:10:08.640 align:start position:0% chaos. 00:10:08.640 --> 00:10:10.630 align:start position:0% chaos. In<00:10:08.959> most<00:10:09.120> of<00:10:09.279> the<00:10:09.440> solar<00:10:09.680> system,<00:10:10.240> gravity 00:10:10.630 --> 00:10:10.640 align:start position:0% In most of the solar system, gravity 00:10:10.640 --> 00:10:12.790 align:start position:0% In most of the solar system, gravity acts<00:10:10.959> like<00:10:11.120> a<00:10:11.360> clock,<00:10:12.080> allowing<00:10:12.480> us<00:10:12.640> to 00:10:12.790 --> 00:10:12.800 align:start position:0% acts like a clock, allowing us to 00:10:12.800 --> 00:10:14.790 align:start position:0% acts like a clock, allowing us to predict<00:10:13.120> the<00:10:13.360> positions<00:10:13.760> and<00:10:14.160> orientations 00:10:14.790 --> 00:10:14.800 align:start position:0% predict the positions and orientations 00:10:14.800 --> 00:10:17.030 align:start position:0% predict the positions and orientations of<00:10:15.040> planets<00:10:15.440> centuries<00:10:15.920> into<00:10:16.160> the<00:10:16.399> future, 00:10:17.030 --> 00:10:17.040 align:start position:0% of planets centuries into the future, 00:10:17.040 --> 00:10:19.350 align:start position:0% of planets centuries into the future, but<00:10:17.360> not<00:10:17.519> on<00:10:17.680> Hyperion. 00:10:19.350 --> 00:10:19.360 align:start position:0% but not on Hyperion. 00:10:19.360 --> 00:10:22.389 align:start position:0% but not on Hyperion. In<00:10:19.680> 1984,<00:10:20.800> planetary<00:10:21.279> scientist<00:10:21.680> Jack<00:10:21.920> Wisdom 00:10:22.389 --> 00:10:22.399 align:start position:0% In 1984, planetary scientist Jack Wisdom 00:10:22.399 --> 00:10:25.430 align:start position:0% In 1984, planetary scientist Jack Wisdom and<00:10:22.560> his<00:10:22.720> colleagues<00:10:23.040> at<00:10:23.360> MIT<00:10:24.399> created<00:10:25.040> new 00:10:25.430 --> 00:10:25.440 align:start position:0% and his colleagues at MIT created new 00:10:25.440 --> 00:10:27.190 align:start position:0% and his colleagues at MIT created new mathematical<00:10:26.160> models<00:10:26.480> to<00:10:26.720> predict<00:10:26.959> the 00:10:27.190 --> 00:10:27.200 align:start position:0% mathematical models to predict the 00:10:27.200 --> 00:10:29.110 align:start position:0% mathematical models to predict the motion<00:10:27.440> of<00:10:27.600> Hyperion. 00:10:29.110 --> 00:10:29.120 align:start position:0% motion of Hyperion. 00:10:29.120 --> 00:10:31.829 align:start position:0% motion of Hyperion. Trying<00:10:29.440> to<00:10:29.600> explain<00:10:30.000> why<00:10:30.240> it<00:10:30.800> tumbles<00:10:31.519> rather 00:10:31.829 --> 00:10:31.839 align:start position:0% Trying to explain why it tumbles rather 00:10:31.839 --> 00:10:34.710 align:start position:0% Trying to explain why it tumbles rather than<00:10:32.079> spinning<00:10:32.560> smoothly.<00:10:33.760> They<00:10:34.000> found<00:10:34.480> that 00:10:34.710 --> 00:10:34.720 align:start position:0% than spinning smoothly. They found that 00:10:34.720 --> 00:10:37.110 align:start position:0% than spinning smoothly. They found that the<00:10:34.880> moon's<00:10:35.279> rotation<00:10:35.839> is<00:10:36.160> so<00:10:36.480> sensitive<00:10:36.959> to 00:10:37.110 --> 00:10:37.120 align:start position:0% the moon's rotation is so sensitive to 00:10:37.120 --> 00:10:40.150 align:start position:0% the moon's rotation is so sensitive to its<00:10:37.360> environment<00:10:38.240> that<00:10:38.560> its<00:10:38.880> orientation<00:10:39.680> is 00:10:40.150 --> 00:10:40.160 align:start position:0% its environment that its orientation is 00:10:40.160 --> 00:10:42.790 align:start position:0% its environment that its orientation is unpredictable<00:10:41.200> over<00:10:41.519> time<00:10:41.760> scales<00:10:42.160> as<00:10:42.480> short 00:10:42.790 --> 00:10:42.800 align:start position:0% unpredictable over time scales as short 00:10:42.800 --> 00:10:46.710 align:start position:0% unpredictable over time scales as short as<00:10:43.120> a<00:10:43.519> month,<00:10:44.320> a<00:10:44.560> period<00:10:44.959> known<00:10:45.360> as<00:10:45.920> Laapunov 00:10:46.710 --> 00:10:46.720 align:start position:0% as a month, a period known as Laapunov 00:10:46.720 --> 00:10:49.829 align:start position:0% as a month, a period known as Laapunov time.<00:10:47.680> In<00:10:47.920> other<00:10:48.079> words,<00:10:48.640> we<00:10:48.959> literally<00:10:49.519> don't 00:10:49.829 --> 00:10:49.839 align:start position:0% time. In other words, we literally don't 00:10:49.839 --> 00:10:51.590 align:start position:0% time. In other words, we literally don't know<00:10:50.079> how<00:10:50.320> it's<00:10:50.560> going<00:10:50.640> to<00:10:50.800> spin<00:10:51.120> for<00:10:51.360> more 00:10:51.590 --> 00:10:51.600 align:start position:0% know how it's going to spin for more 00:10:51.600 --> 00:10:54.470 align:start position:0% know how it's going to spin for more than<00:10:51.760> a<00:10:52.000> few<00:10:52.160> weeks<00:10:52.560> into<00:10:52.880> the<00:10:53.040> future.<00:10:54.160> It<00:10:54.320> is 00:10:54.470 --> 00:10:54.480 align:start position:0% than a few weeks into the future. It is 00:10:54.480 --> 00:10:56.790 align:start position:0% than a few weeks into the future. It is the<00:10:54.800> only<00:10:55.200> large<00:10:55.519> moon<00:10:55.839> in<00:10:56.000> the<00:10:56.160> solar<00:10:56.399> system 00:10:56.790 --> 00:10:56.800 align:start position:0% the only large moon in the solar system 00:10:56.800 --> 00:10:59.190 align:start position:0% the only large moon in the solar system known<00:10:57.279> to<00:10:57.519> lack<00:10:57.760> a<00:10:57.920> stable<00:10:58.240> spin<00:10:58.560> axis<00:10:58.959> like 00:10:59.190 --> 00:10:59.200 align:start position:0% known to lack a stable spin axis like 00:10:59.200 --> 00:11:01.509 align:start position:0% known to lack a stable spin axis like this<00:10:59.760> and<00:11:00.000> is<00:11:00.160> one<00:11:00.399> of<00:11:00.480> the<00:11:00.640> first<00:11:00.959> confirmed 00:11:01.509 --> 00:11:01.519 align:start position:0% this and is one of the first confirmed 00:11:01.519 --> 00:11:03.590 align:start position:0% this and is one of the first confirmed examples<00:11:02.000> of<00:11:02.320> chaotic<00:11:02.880> motion<00:11:03.200> in<00:11:03.440> the 00:11:03.590 --> 00:11:03.600 align:start position:0% examples of chaotic motion in the 00:11:03.600 --> 00:11:06.069 align:start position:0% examples of chaotic motion in the cosmos.<00:11:04.720> If<00:11:04.880> you<00:11:05.040> were<00:11:05.200> to<00:11:05.440> stand<00:11:05.760> on 00:11:06.069 --> 00:11:06.079 align:start position:0% cosmos. If you were to stand on 00:11:06.079 --> 00:11:08.310 align:start position:0% cosmos. If you were to stand on Hyperion,<00:11:07.040> the<00:11:07.200> sun<00:11:07.440> wouldn't<00:11:07.760> rise<00:11:08.000> in<00:11:08.240> the 00:11:08.310 --> 00:11:08.320 align:start position:0% Hyperion, the sun wouldn't rise in the 00:11:08.320 --> 00:11:09.829 align:start position:0% Hyperion, the sun wouldn't rise in the east<00:11:08.560> and<00:11:08.800> set<00:11:08.959> in<00:11:09.120> the<00:11:09.279> west<00:11:09.519> in<00:11:09.680> a 00:11:09.829 --> 00:11:09.839 align:start position:0% east and set in the west in a 00:11:09.839 --> 00:11:12.790 align:start position:0% east and set in the west in a predictable<00:11:10.320> pattern.<00:11:11.279> It<00:11:11.519> might<00:11:12.079> zigzag 00:11:12.790 --> 00:11:12.800 align:start position:0% predictable pattern. It might zigzag 00:11:12.800 --> 00:11:15.509 align:start position:0% predictable pattern. It might zigzag across<00:11:13.120> the<00:11:13.360> sky,<00:11:14.000> move<00:11:14.320> backward,<00:11:15.200> stay 00:11:15.509 --> 00:11:15.519 align:start position:0% across the sky, move backward, stay 00:11:15.519 --> 00:11:18.310 align:start position:0% across the sky, move backward, stay stationary<00:11:16.079> for<00:11:16.399> days<00:11:17.279> before<00:11:17.760> suddenly 00:11:18.310 --> 00:11:18.320 align:start position:0% stationary for days before suddenly 00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:21.509 align:start position:0% stationary for days before suddenly plunging<00:11:18.880> below<00:11:19.200> the<00:11:19.519> horizon.<00:11:20.880> But<00:11:21.120> beyond 00:11:21.509 --> 00:11:21.519 align:start position:0% plunging below the horizon. But beyond 00:11:21.519 --> 00:11:23.829 align:start position:0% plunging below the horizon. But beyond its<00:11:21.920> physical<00:11:22.320> structure<00:11:22.720> and<00:11:22.959> its<00:11:23.360> erratic 00:11:23.829 --> 00:11:23.839 align:start position:0% its physical structure and its erratic 00:11:23.839 --> 00:11:26.630 align:start position:0% its physical structure and its erratic movement,<00:11:24.880> Hyperion<00:11:25.519> holds<00:11:25.760> an<00:11:26.000> even<00:11:26.240> deeper 00:11:26.630 --> 00:11:26.640 align:start position:0% movement, Hyperion holds an even deeper 00:11:26.640 --> 00:11:29.509 align:start position:0% movement, Hyperion holds an even deeper secret. 00:11:29.509 --> 00:11:29.519 align:start position:0% secret. 00:11:29.519 --> 00:11:31.350 align:start position:0% secret. One<00:11:29.760> of<00:11:29.839> the<00:11:30.000> most<00:11:30.320> important<00:11:30.880> instruments 00:11:31.350 --> 00:11:31.360 align:start position:0% One of the most important instruments 00:11:31.360 --> 00:11:33.430 align:start position:0% One of the most important instruments the<00:11:31.519> Cassini<00:11:32.000> spacecraft<00:11:32.480> was<00:11:32.720> fitted<00:11:33.040> with 00:11:33.430 --> 00:11:33.440 align:start position:0% the Cassini spacecraft was fitted with 00:11:33.440 --> 00:11:35.829 align:start position:0% the Cassini spacecraft was fitted with was<00:11:33.680> the<00:11:33.920> visual<00:11:34.399> and<00:11:34.720> infrared<00:11:35.360> mapping 00:11:35.829 --> 00:11:35.839 align:start position:0% was the visual and infrared mapping 00:11:35.839 --> 00:11:39.030 align:start position:0% was the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer.<00:11:37.279> Its<00:11:37.600> job<00:11:37.920> was<00:11:38.160> to<00:11:38.480> map<00:11:38.800> the 00:11:39.030 --> 00:11:39.040 align:start position:0% spectrometer. Its job was to map the 00:11:39.040 --> 00:11:41.269 align:start position:0% spectrometer. Its job was to map the composition,<00:11:40.000> temperature,<00:11:40.560> and<00:11:40.880> structure 00:11:41.269 --> 00:11:41.279 align:start position:0% composition, temperature, and structure 00:11:41.279 --> 00:11:44.870 align:start position:0% composition, temperature, and structure of<00:11:41.519> Saturn<00:11:41.920> and<00:11:42.160> in<00:11:42.399> this<00:11:42.560> case<00:11:43.120> its<00:11:43.360> moons. 00:11:44.870 --> 00:11:44.880 align:start position:0% of Saturn and in this case its moons. 00:11:44.880 --> 00:11:47.750 align:start position:0% of Saturn and in this case its moons. When<00:11:45.200> it<00:11:45.519> turned<00:11:45.760> its<00:11:45.920> gaze<00:11:46.240> to<00:11:46.399> Hyperion,<00:11:47.440> it 00:11:47.750 --> 00:11:47.760 align:start position:0% When it turned its gaze to Hyperion, it 00:11:47.760 --> 00:11:51.509 align:start position:0% When it turned its gaze to Hyperion, it revealed<00:11:48.399> a<00:11:48.800> complex<00:11:49.360> mix<00:11:49.760> of<00:11:50.160> water<00:11:50.560> ice<00:11:51.200> and 00:11:51.509 --> 00:11:51.519 align:start position:0% revealed a complex mix of water ice and 00:11:51.519 --> 00:11:54.310 align:start position:0% revealed a complex mix of water ice and organic<00:11:52.079> compounds.<00:11:53.360> The<00:11:53.600> bright<00:11:53.920> crater 00:11:54.310 --> 00:11:54.320 align:start position:0% organic compounds. The bright crater 00:11:54.320 --> 00:11:56.150 align:start position:0% organic compounds. The bright crater walls<00:11:54.640> are<00:11:54.880> primarily<00:11:55.440> composed<00:11:55.839> of 00:11:56.150 --> 00:11:56.160 align:start position:0% walls are primarily composed of 00:11:56.160 --> 00:11:58.389 align:start position:0% walls are primarily composed of crystalline<00:11:56.880> water<00:11:57.200> ice,<00:11:57.760> similar<00:11:58.079> to<00:11:58.240> what 00:11:58.389 --> 00:11:58.399 align:start position:0% crystalline water ice, similar to what 00:11:58.399 --> 00:12:00.949 align:start position:0% crystalline water ice, similar to what we<00:11:58.560> might<00:11:58.720> find<00:11:58.959> on<00:11:59.200> Earth.<00:12:00.320> However,<00:12:00.720> the 00:12:00.949 --> 00:12:00.959 align:start position:0% we might find on Earth. However, the 00:12:00.959 --> 00:12:02.790 align:start position:0% we might find on Earth. However, the dark<00:12:01.440> material<00:12:01.839> at<00:12:02.079> the<00:12:02.240> bottom<00:12:02.399> of<00:12:02.560> the 00:12:02.790 --> 00:12:02.800 align:start position:0% dark material at the bottom of the 00:12:02.800 --> 00:12:06.069 align:start position:0% dark material at the bottom of the craters<00:12:03.360> is<00:12:03.680> something<00:12:04.000> else<00:12:04.399> entirely.<00:12:05.760> a 00:12:06.069 --> 00:12:06.079 align:start position:0% craters is something else entirely. a 00:12:06.079 --> 00:12:10.710 align:start position:0% craters is something else entirely. a slurry<00:12:06.639> of<00:12:06.959> hydrocarbons<00:12:08.160> and<00:12:08.480> organic<00:12:09.200> dust. 00:12:10.710 --> 00:12:10.720 align:start position:0% slurry of hydrocarbons and organic dust. 00:12:10.720 --> 00:12:13.030 align:start position:0% slurry of hydrocarbons and organic dust. Dale<00:12:11.120> Krookshank,<00:12:12.000> a<00:12:12.240> planetary<00:12:12.639> scientist 00:12:13.030 --> 00:12:13.040 align:start position:0% Dale Krookshank, a planetary scientist 00:12:13.040 --> 00:12:15.350 align:start position:0% Dale Krookshank, a planetary scientist at<00:12:13.279> NASA,<00:12:13.920> has<00:12:14.160> pointed<00:12:14.480> out<00:12:14.720> that<00:12:14.959> these 00:12:15.350 --> 00:12:15.360 align:start position:0% at NASA, has pointed out that these 00:12:15.360 --> 00:12:17.910 align:start position:0% at NASA, has pointed out that these hydrocarbons<00:12:16.320> are<00:12:16.480> the<00:12:16.800> same<00:12:17.120> basic<00:12:17.519> chemical 00:12:17.910 --> 00:12:17.920 align:start position:0% hydrocarbons are the same basic chemical 00:12:17.920 --> 00:12:20.230 align:start position:0% hydrocarbons are the same basic chemical building<00:12:18.240> blocks<00:12:18.639> found<00:12:19.040> in<00:12:19.360> comets<00:12:19.920> and 00:12:20.230 --> 00:12:20.240 align:start position:0% building blocks found in comets and 00:12:20.240 --> 00:12:22.790 align:start position:0% building blocks found in comets and meteorites.<00:12:21.600> But<00:12:21.760> where<00:12:22.079> does<00:12:22.240> this<00:12:22.399> dark 00:12:22.790 --> 00:12:22.800 align:start position:0% meteorites. But where does this dark 00:12:22.800 --> 00:12:25.829 align:start position:0% meteorites. But where does this dark material<00:12:23.279> come<00:12:23.519> from?<00:12:24.959> To<00:12:25.200> solve<00:12:25.600> this 00:12:25.829 --> 00:12:25.839 align:start position:0% material come from? To solve this 00:12:25.839 --> 00:12:28.550 align:start position:0% material come from? To solve this mystery,<00:12:26.560> we<00:12:26.880> must<00:12:27.120> look<00:12:27.360> further<00:12:27.760> out<00:12:28.160> to<00:12:28.399> the 00:12:28.550 --> 00:12:28.560 align:start position:0% mystery, we must look further out to the 00:12:28.560 --> 00:12:30.550 align:start position:0% mystery, we must look further out to the moon<00:12:29.040> Phoebe. 00:12:30.550 --> 00:12:30.560 align:start position:0% moon Phoebe. 00:12:30.560 --> 00:12:33.350 align:start position:0% moon Phoebe. Phoebe<00:12:31.040> is<00:12:31.279> a<00:12:31.519> dark<00:12:32.079> retrograde<00:12:32.720> moon<00:12:32.959> that<00:12:33.200> is 00:12:33.350 --> 00:12:33.360 align:start position:0% Phoebe is a dark retrograde moon that is 00:12:33.360 --> 00:12:35.430 align:start position:0% Phoebe is a dark retrograde moon that is believed<00:12:33.600> to<00:12:33.839> be<00:12:34.079> a<00:12:34.320> captured<00:12:34.880> object<00:12:35.279> from 00:12:35.430 --> 00:12:35.440 align:start position:0% believed to be a captured object from 00:12:35.440 --> 00:12:37.750 align:start position:0% believed to be a captured object from the<00:12:35.600> Kyper<00:12:36.079> belt,<00:12:36.800> the<00:12:37.040> same<00:12:37.200> region<00:12:37.600> that 00:12:37.750 --> 00:12:37.760 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, the same region that 00:12:37.760 --> 00:12:40.310 align:start position:0% the Kyper belt, the same region that gave<00:12:38.000> us<00:12:38.240> Pluto.<00:12:39.279> I've<00:12:39.519> made<00:12:39.680> a<00:12:39.920> video<00:12:40.079> about 00:12:40.310 --> 00:12:40.320 align:start position:0% gave us Pluto. I've made a video about 00:12:40.320 --> 00:12:41.750 align:start position:0% gave us Pluto. I've made a video about it<00:12:40.560> you<00:12:40.720> can<00:12:40.880> watch<00:12:41.040> here<00:12:41.200> if<00:12:41.440> you<00:12:41.519> want<00:12:41.680> to 00:12:41.750 --> 00:12:41.760 align:start position:0% it you can watch here if you want to 00:12:41.760 --> 00:12:44.870 align:start position:0% it you can watch here if you want to know<00:12:41.920> more.<00:12:43.040> It<00:12:43.279> is<00:12:43.440> also<00:12:43.839> the<00:12:44.160> source<00:12:44.399> of<00:12:44.639> a 00:12:44.870 --> 00:12:44.880 align:start position:0% know more. It is also the source of a 00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:47.269 align:start position:0% know more. It is also the source of a massive<00:12:45.680> nearly<00:12:46.160> invisible<00:12:46.720> ring<00:12:46.959> of<00:12:47.040> dust 00:12:47.269 --> 00:12:47.279 align:start position:0% massive nearly invisible ring of dust 00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:50.629 align:start position:0% massive nearly invisible ring of dust that<00:12:47.600> orbits<00:12:48.079> Saturn.<00:12:49.279> As<00:12:49.519> this<00:12:49.760> dust<00:12:50.160> spirals 00:12:50.629 --> 00:12:50.639 align:start position:0% that orbits Saturn. As this dust spirals 00:12:50.639 --> 00:12:52.629 align:start position:0% that orbits Saturn. As this dust spirals inward<00:12:51.040> towards<00:12:51.360> the<00:12:51.600> planet,<00:12:52.320> it<00:12:52.480> is 00:12:52.629 --> 00:12:52.639 align:start position:0% inward towards the planet, it is 00:12:52.639 --> 00:12:55.590 align:start position:0% inward towards the planet, it is intercepted<00:12:53.279> by<00:12:53.440> the<00:12:53.680> other<00:12:53.839> moons. 00:12:55.590 --> 00:12:55.600 align:start position:0% intercepted by the other moons. 00:12:55.600 --> 00:12:59.030 align:start position:0% intercepted by the other moons. Iapotus,<00:12:56.639> Saturn's<00:12:57.279> yin-yang<00:12:58.000> moon,<00:12:58.560> catches 00:12:59.030 --> 00:12:59.040 align:start position:0% Iapotus, Saturn's yin-yang moon, catches 00:12:59.040 --> 00:13:00.710 align:start position:0% Iapotus, Saturn's yin-yang moon, catches most<00:12:59.279> of<00:12:59.440> this<00:12:59.600> dust<00:12:59.920> on<00:13:00.160> its<00:13:00.320> leading 00:13:00.710 --> 00:13:00.720 align:start position:0% most of this dust on its leading 00:13:00.720 --> 00:13:03.750 align:start position:0% most of this dust on its leading hemisphere.<00:13:01.920> But<00:13:02.079> some<00:13:02.240> of<00:13:02.320> it<00:13:02.480> gets<00:13:02.800> pastus 00:13:03.750 --> 00:13:03.760 align:start position:0% hemisphere. But some of it gets pastus 00:13:03.760 --> 00:13:06.150 align:start position:0% hemisphere. But some of it gets pastus and<00:13:04.000> lands<00:13:04.320> on<00:13:04.639> Hyperion. 00:13:06.150 --> 00:13:06.160 align:start position:0% and lands on Hyperion. 00:13:06.160 --> 00:13:08.069 align:start position:0% and lands on Hyperion. Because<00:13:06.480> Hyperion<00:13:07.279> is<00:13:07.519> tumbling 00:13:08.069 --> 00:13:08.079 align:start position:0% Because Hyperion is tumbling 00:13:08.079 --> 00:13:10.470 align:start position:0% Because Hyperion is tumbling chaotically,<00:13:09.120> it<00:13:09.360> doesn't<00:13:09.600> have<00:13:09.760> a<00:13:10.079> single 00:13:10.470 --> 00:13:10.480 align:start position:0% chaotically, it doesn't have a single 00:13:10.480 --> 00:13:12.710 align:start position:0% chaotically, it doesn't have a single leading<00:13:10.959> side,<00:13:11.680> which<00:13:11.920> means<00:13:12.160> the<00:13:12.399> dark 00:13:12.710 --> 00:13:12.720 align:start position:0% leading side, which means the dark 00:13:12.720 --> 00:13:15.110 align:start position:0% leading side, which means the dark material<00:13:13.200> is<00:13:13.440> instead<00:13:13.920> spread<00:13:14.320> more<00:13:14.639> evenly 00:13:15.110 --> 00:13:15.120 align:start position:0% material is instead spread more evenly 00:13:15.120 --> 00:13:17.910 align:start position:0% material is instead spread more evenly across<00:13:15.440> its<00:13:15.680> surface,<00:13:16.720> though<00:13:17.040> it<00:13:17.440> naturally 00:13:17.910 --> 00:13:17.920 align:start position:0% across its surface, though it naturally 00:13:17.920 --> 00:13:19.590 align:start position:0% across its surface, though it naturally settles<00:13:18.320> into<00:13:18.639> the<00:13:18.800> low<00:13:19.040> points<00:13:19.360> of<00:13:19.440> the 00:13:19.590 --> 00:13:19.600 align:start position:0% settles into the low points of the 00:13:19.600 --> 00:13:22.069 align:start position:0% settles into the low points of the craters.<00:13:21.040> One<00:13:21.279> of<00:13:21.360> the<00:13:21.519> other<00:13:21.760> most 00:13:22.069 --> 00:13:22.079 align:start position:0% craters. One of the other most 00:13:22.079 --> 00:13:24.150 align:start position:0% craters. One of the other most intriguing<00:13:22.560> findings<00:13:23.040> was<00:13:23.279> that<00:13:23.760> carbon 00:13:24.150 --> 00:13:24.160 align:start position:0% intriguing findings was that carbon 00:13:24.160 --> 00:13:28.150 align:start position:0% intriguing findings was that carbon dioxide<00:13:24.720> on<00:13:24.959> Hyperion<00:13:25.680> is<00:13:26.000> not<00:13:26.480> pure<00:13:26.959> dry<00:13:27.279> ice. 00:13:28.150 --> 00:13:28.160 align:start position:0% dioxide on Hyperion is not pure dry ice. 00:13:28.160 --> 00:13:31.430 align:start position:0% dioxide on Hyperion is not pure dry ice. Instead,<00:13:28.560> it<00:13:28.800> is<00:13:29.279> chemically<00:13:30.079> complexed<00:13:31.120> or 00:13:31.430 --> 00:13:31.440 align:start position:0% Instead, it is chemically complexed or 00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:34.710 align:start position:0% Instead, it is chemically complexed or attached<00:13:31.920> to<00:13:32.399> other<00:13:32.880> surface<00:13:33.440> materials. 00:13:34.710 --> 00:13:34.720 align:start position:0% attached to other surface materials. 00:13:34.720 --> 00:13:36.949 align:start position:0% attached to other surface materials. This<00:13:34.959> makes<00:13:35.120> the<00:13:35.279> CO2<00:13:35.920> more<00:13:36.160> stable, 00:13:36.949 --> 00:13:36.959 align:start position:0% This makes the CO2 more stable, 00:13:36.959 --> 00:13:38.710 align:start position:0% This makes the CO2 more stable, preventing<00:13:37.360> it<00:13:37.600> from<00:13:37.760> evaporating<00:13:38.399> into 00:13:38.710 --> 00:13:38.720 align:start position:0% preventing it from evaporating into 00:13:38.720 --> 00:13:41.670 align:start position:0% preventing it from evaporating into space<00:13:39.360> even<00:13:39.760> over<00:13:40.000> the<00:13:40.320> 4.5<00:13:41.040> billionyear 00:13:41.670 --> 00:13:41.680 align:start position:0% space even over the 4.5 billionyear 00:13:41.680 --> 00:13:43.910 align:start position:0% space even over the 4.5 billionyear history<00:13:42.000> of<00:13:42.160> the<00:13:42.320> solar<00:13:42.639> system. 00:13:43.910 --> 00:13:43.920 align:start position:0% history of the solar system. 00:13:43.920 --> 00:13:45.910 align:start position:0% history of the solar system. The<00:13:44.160> presence<00:13:44.399> of<00:13:44.560> these<00:13:44.800> molecules, 00:13:45.910 --> 00:13:45.920 align:start position:0% The presence of these molecules, 00:13:45.920 --> 00:13:47.990 align:start position:0% The presence of these molecules, especially<00:13:46.399> when<00:13:46.639> exposed<00:13:47.040> to<00:13:47.360> ultraviolet 00:13:47.990 --> 00:13:48.000 align:start position:0% especially when exposed to ultraviolet 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:50.629 align:start position:0% especially when exposed to ultraviolet light,<00:13:48.720> can<00:13:48.880> lead<00:13:49.120> to<00:13:49.200> the<00:13:49.440> formation<00:13:49.839> of<00:13:50.160> even 00:13:50.629 --> 00:13:50.639 align:start position:0% light, can lead to the formation of even 00:13:50.639 --> 00:13:53.190 align:start position:0% light, can lead to the formation of even more<00:13:51.040> complex<00:13:51.519> molecules<00:13:52.079> of<00:13:52.399> biological 00:13:53.190 --> 00:13:53.200 align:start position:0% more complex molecules of biological 00:13:53.200 --> 00:13:55.430 align:start position:0% more complex molecules of biological significance.<00:13:54.399> While<00:13:54.639> this<00:13:54.880> doesn't<00:13:55.120> mean 00:13:55.430 --> 00:13:55.440 align:start position:0% significance. While this doesn't mean 00:13:55.440 --> 00:13:58.230 align:start position:0% significance. While this doesn't mean Hyperion<00:13:56.160> harbors<00:13:56.639> life,<00:13:57.519> it<00:13:57.839> proves<00:13:58.079> that 00:13:58.230 --> 00:13:58.240 align:start position:0% Hyperion harbors life, it proves that 00:13:58.240 --> 00:14:00.790 align:start position:0% Hyperion harbors life, it proves that the<00:13:58.560> essential<00:13:59.040> chemistry<00:13:59.600> needed<00:14:00.000> for<00:14:00.240> life 00:14:00.790 --> 00:14:00.800 align:start position:0% the essential chemistry needed for life 00:14:00.800 --> 00:14:03.269 align:start position:0% the essential chemistry needed for life is<00:14:01.120> far<00:14:01.519> more<00:14:01.760> widespread<00:14:02.399> in<00:14:02.639> the<00:14:02.800> universe 00:14:03.269 --> 00:14:03.279 align:start position:0% is far more widespread in the universe 00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:07.269 align:start position:0% is far more widespread in the universe than<00:14:03.519> we<00:14:03.760> once<00:14:04.160> imagined. 00:14:07.269 --> 00:14:07.279 align:start position:0% 00:14:07.279 --> 00:14:09.670 align:start position:0% Now,<00:14:07.680> this<00:14:08.000> is<00:14:08.320> all<00:14:08.639> really<00:14:08.959> interesting<00:14:09.279> and 00:14:09.670 --> 00:14:09.680 align:start position:0% Now, this is all really interesting and 00:14:09.680 --> 00:14:11.670 align:start position:0% Now, this is all really interesting and certainly<00:14:10.160> paints<00:14:10.399> a<00:14:10.639> picture<00:14:10.800> of<00:14:10.959> Hyperion 00:14:11.670 --> 00:14:11.680 align:start position:0% certainly paints a picture of Hyperion 00:14:11.680 --> 00:14:14.870 align:start position:0% certainly paints a picture of Hyperion being<00:14:12.000> a<00:14:12.240> rather<00:14:12.639> odd<00:14:13.040> place.<00:14:14.079> But<00:14:14.240> there<00:14:14.480> is 00:14:14.870 --> 00:14:14.880 align:start position:0% being a rather odd place. But there is 00:14:14.880 --> 00:14:17.189 align:start position:0% being a rather odd place. But there is one<00:14:15.199> discovery<00:14:15.680> that<00:14:15.920> Cassini<00:14:16.399> made<00:14:16.639> that<00:14:16.880> I 00:14:17.189 --> 00:14:17.199 align:start position:0% one discovery that Cassini made that I 00:14:17.199 --> 00:14:20.389 align:start position:0% one discovery that Cassini made that I personally<00:14:17.600> find<00:14:18.000> quite<00:14:18.880> shocking,<00:14:20.079> and<00:14:20.240> it 00:14:20.389 --> 00:14:20.399 align:start position:0% personally find quite shocking, and it 00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:22.550 align:start position:0% personally find quite shocking, and it came<00:14:20.639> not<00:14:20.800> from<00:14:21.040> its<00:14:21.279> cameras,<00:14:21.920> but<00:14:22.160> its 00:14:22.550 --> 00:14:22.560 align:start position:0% came not from its cameras, but its 00:14:22.560 --> 00:14:25.990 align:start position:0% came not from its cameras, but its plasma<00:14:23.120> instruments.<00:14:24.560> Hyperion<00:14:25.279> has<00:14:25.760> no 00:14:25.990 --> 00:14:26.000 align:start position:0% plasma instruments. Hyperion has no 00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:28.470 align:start position:0% plasma instruments. Hyperion has no atmosphere,<00:14:26.800> and<00:14:27.040> so<00:14:27.279> it<00:14:27.440> is<00:14:27.680> bombarded<00:14:28.240> by 00:14:28.470 --> 00:14:28.480 align:start position:0% atmosphere, and so it is bombarded by 00:14:28.480 --> 00:14:30.870 align:start position:0% atmosphere, and so it is bombarded by solar<00:14:28.800> radiation<00:14:29.519> and<00:14:29.760> exposed<00:14:30.160> to<00:14:30.320> the<00:14:30.480> harsh 00:14:30.870 --> 00:14:30.880 align:start position:0% solar radiation and exposed to the harsh 00:14:30.880 --> 00:14:33.430 align:start position:0% solar radiation and exposed to the harsh environment<00:14:31.279> of<00:14:31.519> Saturn's<00:14:32.000> magneettosphere. 00:14:33.430 --> 00:14:33.440 align:start position:0% environment of Saturn's magneettosphere. 00:14:33.440 --> 00:14:36.470 align:start position:0% environment of Saturn's magneettosphere. It's<00:14:33.920> constantly<00:14:34.639> pelted<00:14:35.120> by<00:14:35.279> a<00:14:35.839> rain<00:14:36.240> of 00:14:36.470 --> 00:14:36.480 align:start position:0% It's constantly pelted by a rain of 00:14:36.480 --> 00:14:38.069 align:start position:0% It's constantly pelted by a rain of charged<00:14:36.880> particles<00:14:37.360> from<00:14:37.519> the<00:14:37.680> planet's 00:14:38.069 --> 00:14:38.079 align:start position:0% charged particles from the planet's 00:14:38.079 --> 00:14:41.189 align:start position:0% charged particles from the planet's magnetic<00:14:38.480> field.<00:14:39.279> Combined,<00:14:40.000> these<00:14:40.560> cause 00:14:41.189 --> 00:14:41.199 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Combined, these cause 00:14:41.199 --> 00:14:43.829 align:start position:0% magnetic field. Combined, these cause massive<00:14:41.920> electrostatic<00:14:42.720> charges<00:14:43.199> to<00:14:43.519> build 00:14:43.829 --> 00:14:43.839 align:start position:0% massive electrostatic charges to build 00:14:43.839 --> 00:14:47.030 align:start position:0% massive electrostatic charges to build up<00:14:44.160> on<00:14:44.320> the<00:14:44.560> surface,<00:14:45.600> particularly<00:14:46.480> near<00:14:46.800> the 00:14:47.030 --> 00:14:47.040 align:start position:0% up on the surface, particularly near the 00:14:47.040 --> 00:14:49.750 align:start position:0% up on the surface, particularly near the moon's<00:14:47.519> terminator,<00:14:48.639> the<00:14:48.880> boundary<00:14:49.279> between 00:14:49.750 --> 00:14:49.760 align:start position:0% moon's terminator, the boundary between 00:14:49.760 --> 00:14:52.550 align:start position:0% moon's terminator, the boundary between day<00:14:50.000> and<00:14:50.160> night.<00:14:51.199> This<00:14:51.440> is<00:14:51.680> similar<00:14:52.160> to<00:14:52.399> the 00:14:52.550 --> 00:14:52.560 align:start position:0% day and night. This is similar to the 00:14:52.560 --> 00:14:54.470 align:start position:0% day and night. This is similar to the static<00:14:52.959> electricity<00:14:53.519> you<00:14:53.839> experience<00:14:54.160> when 00:14:54.470 --> 00:14:54.480 align:start position:0% static electricity you experience when 00:14:54.480 --> 00:14:56.710 align:start position:0% static electricity you experience when rubbing<00:14:54.800> a<00:14:54.959> balloon<00:14:55.360> against<00:14:55.680> your<00:14:55.920> hair,<00:14:56.480> but 00:14:56.710 --> 00:14:56.720 align:start position:0% rubbing a balloon against your hair, but 00:14:56.720 --> 00:15:00.069 align:start position:0% rubbing a balloon against your hair, but on<00:14:57.040> a<00:14:57.360> planetary<00:14:58.000> scale.<00:14:59.120> And<00:14:59.360> this<00:14:59.680> spelt 00:15:00.069 --> 00:15:00.079 align:start position:0% on a planetary scale. And this spelt 00:15:00.079 --> 00:15:03.670 align:start position:0% on a planetary scale. And this spelt trouble<00:15:00.320> for<00:15:00.560> Cassini.<00:15:02.000> In<00:15:02.320> 2014,<00:15:03.199> a<00:15:03.519> new 00:15:03.670 --> 00:15:03.680 align:start position:0% trouble for Cassini. In 2014, a new 00:15:03.680 --> 00:15:07.110 align:start position:0% trouble for Cassini. In 2014, a new analysis<00:15:04.240> of<00:15:04.399> data<00:15:04.720> from<00:15:04.959> a<00:15:05.279> 2005<00:15:06.160> flyby 00:15:07.110 --> 00:15:07.120 align:start position:0% analysis of data from a 2005 flyby 00:15:07.120 --> 00:15:09.910 align:start position:0% analysis of data from a 2005 flyby revealed<00:15:07.519> that<00:15:07.839> Hyperion<00:15:08.880> had<00:15:09.199> actually 00:15:09.910 --> 00:15:09.920 align:start position:0% revealed that Hyperion had actually 00:15:09.920 --> 00:15:12.310 align:start position:0% revealed that Hyperion had actually zapped<00:15:10.399> the<00:15:10.560> Cassini<00:15:11.120> spacecraft<00:15:11.760> with<00:15:12.000> a 00:15:12.310 --> 00:15:12.320 align:start position:0% zapped the Cassini spacecraft with a 00:15:12.320 --> 00:15:15.430 align:start position:0% zapped the Cassini spacecraft with a beam<00:15:12.800> of<00:15:13.040> electrons.<00:15:14.399> At<00:15:14.639> a<00:15:14.880> distance<00:15:15.199> of 00:15:15.430 --> 00:15:15.440 align:start position:0% beam of electrons. At a distance of 00:15:15.440 --> 00:15:18.710 align:start position:0% beam of electrons. At a distance of about<00:15:16.160> 2,000<00:15:16.800> km<00:15:17.360> above<00:15:17.600> the<00:15:17.839> moon's<00:15:18.079> surface, 00:15:18.710 --> 00:15:18.720 align:start position:0% about 2,000 km above the moon's surface, 00:15:18.720 --> 00:15:20.389 align:start position:0% about 2,000 km above the moon's surface, Cassini<00:15:19.279> passed<00:15:19.600> through<00:15:19.839> the<00:15:20.000> magnetic 00:15:20.389 --> 00:15:20.399 align:start position:0% Cassini passed through the magnetic 00:15:20.399 --> 00:15:22.949 align:start position:0% Cassini passed through the magnetic field<00:15:20.720> lines<00:15:21.120> connected<00:15:21.600> to<00:15:21.839> Hyperion. 00:15:22.949 --> 00:15:22.959 align:start position:0% field lines connected to Hyperion. 00:15:22.959 --> 00:15:25.910 align:start position:0% field lines connected to Hyperion. Briefly,<00:15:23.760> the<00:15:24.079> probe<00:15:24.560> and<00:15:24.800> the<00:15:24.959> moon<00:15:25.600> were 00:15:25.910 --> 00:15:25.920 align:start position:0% Briefly, the probe and the moon were 00:15:25.920 --> 00:15:28.550 align:start position:0% Briefly, the probe and the moon were magnetically<00:15:26.720> connected,<00:15:27.600> and<00:15:27.839> Cassini 00:15:28.550 --> 00:15:28.560 align:start position:0% magnetically connected, and Cassini 00:15:28.560 --> 00:15:31.509 align:start position:0% magnetically connected, and Cassini received<00:15:28.880> the<00:15:29.120> equivalent<00:15:29.600> of<00:15:29.839> a<00:15:30.320> 200V 00:15:31.509 --> 00:15:31.519 align:start position:0% received the equivalent of a 200V 00:15:31.519 --> 00:15:33.910 align:start position:0% received the equivalent of a 200V electric<00:15:32.000> shock,<00:15:32.880> roughly<00:15:33.199> the<00:15:33.440> same<00:15:33.600> as 00:15:33.910 --> 00:15:33.920 align:start position:0% electric shock, roughly the same as 00:15:33.920 --> 00:15:35.670 align:start position:0% electric shock, roughly the same as sticking<00:15:34.240> your<00:15:34.480> fingers<00:15:34.959> into<00:15:35.199> a<00:15:35.360> plug 00:15:35.670 --> 00:15:35.680 align:start position:0% sticking your fingers into a plug 00:15:35.680 --> 00:15:38.389 align:start position:0% sticking your fingers into a plug socket,<00:15:36.079> which<00:15:36.560> you<00:15:36.800> should<00:15:36.959> not<00:15:37.199> do.<00:15:38.160> This 00:15:38.389 --> 00:15:38.399 align:start position:0% socket, which you should not do. This 00:15:38.399 --> 00:15:41.430 align:start position:0% socket, which you should not do. This was<00:15:38.639> the<00:15:39.040> first<00:15:39.519> time<00:15:39.920> a<00:15:40.240> charged<00:15:40.639> surface<00:15:41.120> has 00:15:41.430 --> 00:15:41.440 align:start position:0% was the first time a charged surface has 00:15:41.440 --> 00:15:44.310 align:start position:0% was the first time a charged surface has ever<00:15:41.760> been<00:15:42.000> detected<00:15:42.560> on<00:15:43.040> any<00:15:43.440> moon<00:15:44.000> other 00:15:44.310 --> 00:15:44.320 align:start position:0% ever been detected on any moon other 00:15:44.320 --> 00:15:47.509 align:start position:0% ever been detected on any moon other than<00:15:44.480> our<00:15:44.880> own.<00:15:46.160> Thankfully,<00:15:46.880> the<00:15:47.199> shock 00:15:47.509 --> 00:15:47.519 align:start position:0% than our own. Thankfully, the shock 00:15:47.519 --> 00:15:50.069 align:start position:0% than our own. Thankfully, the shock didn't<00:15:47.839> damage<00:15:48.160> Cassini,<00:15:49.040> but<00:15:49.199> the<00:15:49.440> discovery 00:15:50.069 --> 00:15:50.079 align:start position:0% didn't damage Cassini, but the discovery 00:15:50.079 --> 00:15:52.310 align:start position:0% didn't damage Cassini, but the discovery has<00:15:50.399> serious<00:15:50.959> implications<00:15:51.600> for<00:15:51.920> future 00:15:52.310 --> 00:15:52.320 align:start position:0% has serious implications for future 00:15:52.320 --> 00:15:54.069 align:start position:0% has serious implications for future exploration. 00:15:54.069 --> 00:15:54.079 align:start position:0% exploration. 00:15:54.079 --> 00:15:56.069 align:start position:0% exploration. Static<00:15:54.560> charging<00:15:54.959> can<00:15:55.199> cause<00:15:55.519> dust<00:15:55.839> to 00:15:56.069 --> 00:15:56.079 align:start position:0% Static charging can cause dust to 00:15:56.079 --> 00:15:58.550 align:start position:0% Static charging can cause dust to levitate<00:15:56.959> and<00:15:57.279> move<00:15:57.600> across<00:15:58.000> a<00:15:58.240> moon's 00:15:58.550 --> 00:15:58.560 align:start position:0% levitate and move across a moon's 00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:01.269 align:start position:0% levitate and move across a moon's surface,<00:15:59.360> potentially<00:16:00.000> coating<00:16:00.480> instruments 00:16:01.269 --> 00:16:01.279 align:start position:0% surface, potentially coating instruments 00:16:01.279 --> 00:16:04.949 align:start position:0% surface, potentially coating instruments and<00:16:01.519> even<00:16:01.920> escaping<00:16:02.560> into<00:16:02.959> space.<00:16:04.160> For<00:16:04.560> future 00:16:04.949 --> 00:16:04.959 align:start position:0% and even escaping into space. For future 00:16:04.959 --> 00:16:07.670 align:start position:0% and even escaping into space. For future robotic<00:16:05.519> or<00:16:06.000> human<00:16:06.480> explorers,<00:16:07.360> these 00:16:07.670 --> 00:16:07.680 align:start position:0% robotic or human explorers, these 00:16:07.680 --> 00:16:10.310 align:start position:0% robotic or human explorers, these electrostatic<00:16:08.480> discharges<00:16:09.279> could<00:16:09.600> pose<00:16:10.000> a 00:16:10.310 --> 00:16:10.320 align:start position:0% electrostatic discharges could pose a 00:16:10.320 --> 00:16:12.470 align:start position:0% electrostatic discharges could pose a hazard<00:16:10.720> to<00:16:11.040> sensitive<00:16:11.519> electronics, 00:16:12.470 --> 00:16:12.480 align:start position:0% hazard to sensitive electronics, 00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:14.710 align:start position:0% hazard to sensitive electronics, requiring<00:16:12.959> us<00:16:13.199> to<00:16:13.440> design<00:16:13.839> spacecraft<00:16:14.399> that 00:16:14.710 --> 00:16:14.720 align:start position:0% requiring us to design spacecraft that 00:16:14.720 --> 00:16:17.189 align:start position:0% requiring us to design spacecraft that are<00:16:15.040> immune<00:16:15.600> to<00:16:15.839> the<00:16:16.079> electrical<00:16:16.560> charges<00:16:17.040> of 00:16:17.189 --> 00:16:17.199 align:start position:0% are immune to the electrical charges of 00:16:17.199 --> 00:16:21.509 align:start position:0% are immune to the electrical charges of the<00:16:17.440> worlds<00:16:17.680> they<00:16:17.920> visit. 00:16:21.509 --> 00:16:21.519 align:start position:0% 00:16:21.519 --> 00:16:24.790 align:start position:0% So<00:16:22.240> there<00:16:22.480> we<00:16:22.639> have<00:16:22.800> it.<00:16:23.600> Hyperion<00:16:24.320> shows<00:16:24.560> us 00:16:24.790 --> 00:16:24.800 align:start position:0% So there we have it. Hyperion shows us 00:16:24.800 --> 00:16:27.670 align:start position:0% So there we have it. Hyperion shows us that<00:16:24.959> the<00:16:25.199> solar<00:16:25.600> system<00:16:26.000> is<00:16:26.639> far<00:16:26.959> more<00:16:27.279> than<00:16:27.519> a 00:16:27.670 --> 00:16:27.680 align:start position:0% that the solar system is far more than a 00:16:27.680 --> 00:16:31.110 align:start position:0% that the solar system is far more than a collection<00:16:28.079> of<00:16:28.720> orderly<00:16:29.279> spheres.<00:16:30.480> It<00:16:30.720> is<00:16:30.880> a 00:16:31.110 --> 00:16:31.120 align:start position:0% collection of orderly spheres. It is a 00:16:31.120 --> 00:16:33.990 align:start position:0% collection of orderly spheres. It is a place<00:16:31.279> of<00:16:31.680> ancient<00:16:32.079> violence.<00:16:33.199> mathematical 00:16:33.990 --> 00:16:34.000 align:start position:0% place of ancient violence. mathematical 00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:38.150 align:start position:0% place of ancient violence. mathematical chaos<00:16:34.880> and<00:16:35.440> unexpected<00:16:36.240> chemistry.<00:16:37.519> From<00:16:37.839> its 00:16:38.150 --> 00:16:38.160 align:start position:0% chaos and unexpected chemistry. From its 00:16:38.160 --> 00:16:40.629 align:start position:0% chaos and unexpected chemistry. From its bizarre<00:16:38.880> sponge-like<00:16:39.600> surface<00:16:40.000> that<00:16:40.240> absorbs 00:16:40.629 --> 00:16:40.639 align:start position:0% bizarre sponge-like surface that absorbs 00:16:40.639 --> 00:16:42.629 align:start position:0% bizarre sponge-like surface that absorbs the<00:16:40.880> impact<00:16:41.120> of<00:16:41.360> the<00:16:41.519> cosmos<00:16:42.079> to<00:16:42.320> its 00:16:42.629 --> 00:16:42.639 align:start position:0% the impact of the cosmos to its 00:16:42.639 --> 00:16:45.030 align:start position:0% the impact of the cosmos to its unpredictable<00:16:43.680> tumbling<00:16:44.240> rotation<00:16:44.720> that 00:16:45.030 --> 00:16:45.040 align:start position:0% unpredictable tumbling rotation that 00:16:45.040 --> 00:16:48.230 align:start position:0% unpredictable tumbling rotation that defies<00:16:45.519> our<00:16:45.839> best<00:16:46.160> equations,<00:16:47.279> Hyperion<00:16:47.920> is<00:16:48.079> a 00:16:48.230 --> 00:16:48.240 align:start position:0% defies our best equations, Hyperion is a 00:16:48.240 --> 00:16:50.310 align:start position:0% defies our best equations, Hyperion is a world<00:16:48.480> that<00:16:48.800> keeps<00:16:49.040> us<00:16:49.279> humble.<00:16:50.079> The 00:16:50.310 --> 00:16:50.320 align:start position:0% world that keeps us humble. The 00:16:50.320 --> 00:16:52.550 align:start position:0% world that keeps us humble. The discovery<00:16:50.720> that<00:16:50.959> a<00:16:51.199> small<00:16:51.680> icy<00:16:52.000> moon<00:16:52.320> can 00:16:52.550 --> 00:16:52.560 align:start position:0% discovery that a small icy moon can 00:16:52.560 --> 00:16:56.069 align:start position:0% discovery that a small icy moon can reach<00:16:52.880> out<00:16:53.120> across<00:16:53.680> 2,000<00:16:54.399> km<00:16:54.959> to<00:16:55.360> zap<00:16:55.839> a 00:16:56.069 --> 00:16:56.079 align:start position:0% reach out across 2,000 km to zap a 00:16:56.079 --> 00:16:59.110 align:start position:0% reach out across 2,000 km to zap a visitor<00:16:56.480> from<00:16:56.720> Earth<00:16:57.680> shows<00:16:58.240> just<00:16:58.639> how<00:16:58.880> much 00:16:59.110 --> 00:16:59.120 align:start position:0% visitor from Earth shows just how much 00:16:59.120 --> 00:17:00.710 align:start position:0% visitor from Earth shows just how much we<00:16:59.360> still<00:16:59.600> have<00:16:59.759> to<00:17:00.000> learn<00:17:00.240> about<00:17:00.480> the 00:17:00.710 --> 00:17:00.720 align:start position:0% we still have to learn about the 00:17:00.720 --> 00:17:03.110 align:start position:0% we still have to learn about the interaction<00:17:01.360> between<00:17:01.759> celestial<00:17:02.320> bodies<00:17:02.800> and 00:17:03.110 --> 00:17:03.120 align:start position:0% interaction between celestial bodies and 00:17:03.120 --> 00:17:06.069 align:start position:0% interaction between celestial bodies and the<00:17:03.279> environments<00:17:03.839> they<00:17:04.079> inhabit.<00:17:05.520> As<00:17:05.760> we 00:17:06.069 --> 00:17:06.079 align:start position:0% the environments they inhabit. As we 00:17:06.079 --> 00:17:08.630 align:start position:0% the environments they inhabit. As we continue<00:17:06.559> to<00:17:06.799> gaze<00:17:07.199> out<00:17:07.439> at<00:17:07.600> the<00:17:07.760> ring<00:17:08.079> planet 00:17:08.630 --> 00:17:08.640 align:start position:0% continue to gaze out at the ring planet 00:17:08.640 --> 00:17:11.750 align:start position:0% continue to gaze out at the ring planet and<00:17:08.880> its<00:17:09.199> diverse<00:17:09.679> family<00:17:10.000> of<00:17:10.160> moons,<00:17:11.120> Ian 00:17:11.750 --> 00:17:11.760 align:start position:0% and its diverse family of moons, Ian 00:17:11.760 --> 00:17:13.909 align:start position:0% and its diverse family of moons, Ian remains<00:17:12.240> one<00:17:12.480> of<00:17:12.640> our<00:17:12.880> most<00:17:13.199> fascinating 00:17:13.909 --> 00:17:13.919 align:start position:0% remains one of our most fascinating 00:17:13.919 --> 00:17:16.710 align:start position:0% remains one of our most fascinating targets.<00:17:14.959> A<00:17:15.280> world<00:17:15.439> that<00:17:15.679> refuses<00:17:16.160> to<00:17:16.400> sit 00:17:16.710 --> 00:17:16.720 align:start position:0% targets. A world that refuses to sit 00:17:16.720 --> 00:17:19.829 align:start position:0% targets. A world that refuses to sit still,<00:17:17.520> refuses<00:17:18.160> to<00:17:18.319> be<00:17:18.559> predicted,<00:17:19.600> and 00:17:19.829 --> 00:17:19.839 align:start position:0% still, refuses to be predicted, and 00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:22.150 align:start position:0% still, refuses to be predicted, and refuses<00:17:20.319> to<00:17:20.480> be<00:17:20.640> anything<00:17:21.039> other<00:17:21.360> than<00:17:21.760> its 00:17:22.150 --> 00:17:22.160 align:start position:0% refuses to be anything other than its 00:17:22.160 --> 00:17:25.909 align:start position:0% refuses to be anything other than its own<00:17:22.959> strange,<00:17:23.839> beautiful<00:17:24.400> self.<00:17:25.520> If<00:17:25.760> you 00:17:25.909 --> 00:17:25.919 align:start position:0% own strange, beautiful self. If you 00:17:25.919 --> 00:17:28.390 align:start position:0% own strange, beautiful self. If you enjoyed<00:17:26.240> this<00:17:26.400> deep<00:17:26.640> dive<00:17:26.959> into<00:17:27.280> Hyperion,<00:17:28.240> be 00:17:28.390 --> 00:17:28.400 align:start position:0% enjoyed this deep dive into Hyperion, be 00:17:28.400 --> 00:17:30.549 align:start position:0% enjoyed this deep dive into Hyperion, be sure<00:17:28.640> to<00:17:28.799> subscribe<00:17:29.200> to<00:17:29.360> Astramm<00:17:29.919> for<00:17:30.160> more 00:17:30.549 --> 00:17:30.559 align:start position:0% sure to subscribe to Astramm for more 00:17:30.559 --> 00:17:33.669 align:start position:0% sure to subscribe to Astramm for more explorations<00:17:31.360> of<00:17:31.679> our<00:17:32.080> amazing<00:17:32.640> solar<00:17:33.039> system 00:17:33.669 --> 00:17:33.679 align:start position:0% explorations of our amazing solar system 00:17:33.679 --> 00:17:37.000 align:start position:0% explorations of our amazing solar system and<00:17:34.000> beyond.