WEBVTT

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On<00:00:01.439><c> the</c><00:00:01.760><c> 21st</c><00:00:02.399><c> of</c><00:00:02.560><c> May</c><00:00:03.120><c> 2019,</c><00:00:04.319><c> we</c><00:00:04.640><c> captured</c><00:00:05.120><c> a</c>

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On the 21st of May 2019, we captured a
 

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On the 21st of May 2019, we captured a
strange<00:00:06.240><c> pulse</c><00:00:07.040><c> coming</c><00:00:07.359><c> from</c><00:00:07.600><c> the</c><00:00:07.759><c> other</c><00:00:08.000><c> side</c>

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strange pulse coming from the other side
 

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strange pulse coming from the other side
of<00:00:08.480><c> the</c><00:00:08.639><c> universe.</c><00:00:09.679><c> A</c><00:00:09.920><c> gravitational</c><00:00:10.559><c> wave</c>

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of the universe. A gravitational wave
 

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of the universe. A gravitational wave
the<00:00:11.599><c> fraction</c><00:00:12.000><c> of</c><00:00:12.160><c> a</c><00:00:12.400><c> diameter</c><00:00:12.800><c> of</c><00:00:12.960><c> a</c><00:00:13.200><c> proton</c>

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the fraction of a diameter of a proton
 

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the fraction of a diameter of a proton
that<00:00:14.240><c> had</c><00:00:14.480><c> traveled</c><00:00:14.880><c> more</c><00:00:15.280><c> than</c><00:00:15.759><c> 17</c><00:00:16.400><c> billion</c>

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that had traveled more than 17 billion
 

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that had traveled more than 17 billion
lightyear<00:00:17.680><c> to</c><00:00:17.840><c> reach</c><00:00:18.080><c> us.</c><00:00:19.119><c> Usually</c><00:00:19.680><c> signals</c>

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lightyear to reach us. Usually signals
 

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lightyear to reach us. Usually signals
of<00:00:20.320><c> this</c><00:00:20.560><c> magnitude</c><00:00:21.119><c> are</c><00:00:21.359><c> caused</c><00:00:21.680><c> by</c><00:00:22.000><c> black</c>

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of this magnitude are caused by black
 

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of this magnitude are caused by black
hole<00:00:22.560><c> merges.</c><00:00:23.600><c> But</c><00:00:23.760><c> there</c><00:00:24.000><c> was</c><00:00:24.320><c> something</c><00:00:24.720><c> a</c>

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hole merges. But there was something a
 

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hole merges. But there was something a
little<00:00:25.199><c> off</c><00:00:25.680><c> about</c><00:00:25.920><c> this</c><00:00:26.240><c> wave.</c><00:00:27.039><c> It</c><00:00:27.359><c> didn't</c>

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little off about this wave. It didn't
 

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little off about this wave. It didn't
look<00:00:27.840><c> like</c><00:00:28.080><c> other</c><00:00:28.320><c> black</c><00:00:28.560><c> hole</c><00:00:28.880><c> merges</c><00:00:29.279><c> we</c>

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look like other black hole merges we
 

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look like other black hole merges we
were<00:00:29.599><c> used</c><00:00:29.840><c> to.</c><00:00:30.480><c> It</c><00:00:30.720><c> was</c><00:00:30.880><c> too</c><00:00:31.119><c> short</c><00:00:31.840><c> and</c>

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were used to. It was too short and
 

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were used to. It was too short and
missing<00:00:32.559><c> half</c><00:00:33.040><c> of</c><00:00:33.280><c> the</c><00:00:33.440><c> waveform.</c><00:00:34.800><c> This</c>

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missing half of the waveform. This
 

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missing half of the waveform. This
signal<00:00:35.840><c> bamboozled</c><00:00:36.559><c> the</c><00:00:36.719><c> scientific</c>

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signal bamboozled the scientific
 

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signal bamboozled the scientific
community<00:00:37.600><c> until</c><00:00:38.239><c> in</c><00:00:38.559><c> 2025,</c><00:00:39.680><c> a</c><00:00:39.920><c> team</c><00:00:40.239><c> proposed</c>

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community until in 2025, a team proposed
 

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community until in 2025, a team proposed
an<00:00:41.040><c> explanation</c><00:00:41.920><c> so</c><00:00:42.320><c> wild</c><00:00:42.960><c> it</c><00:00:43.280><c> sent</c>

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an explanation so wild it sent
 

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an explanation so wild it sent
theoretical<00:00:44.399><c> physicists</c><00:00:45.200><c> into</c><00:00:45.520><c> a</c><00:00:45.680><c> frenzy.</c>

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theoretical physicists into a frenzy.
 

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theoretical physicists into a frenzy.
What<00:00:47.039><c> if</c><00:00:47.360><c> this</c><00:00:47.600><c> signal</c><00:00:48.079><c> wasn't</c><00:00:48.559><c> produced</c><00:00:49.120><c> in</c>

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What if this signal wasn't produced in
 

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What if this signal wasn't produced in
our<00:00:50.000><c> universe</c><00:00:50.559><c> at</c><00:00:50.800><c> all?</c><00:00:51.600><c> What</c><00:00:51.840><c> if</c><00:00:52.000><c> it</c><00:00:52.160><c> had</c>

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our universe at all? What if it had
 

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our universe at all? What if it had
traveled<00:00:52.800><c> through</c><00:00:53.199><c> a</c><00:00:53.600><c> wormhole</c><00:00:54.800><c> from</c><00:00:55.120><c> a</c>

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traveled through a wormhole from a
 

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traveled through a wormhole from a
parallel<00:00:56.079><c> universe?</c>

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parallel universe?
 

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parallel universe?
I'm<00:00:57.920><c> Alex</c><00:00:58.239><c> Mccoan</c><00:00:58.960><c> and</c><00:00:59.120><c> you're</c><00:00:59.359><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:00.640><c> Join</c><00:01:00.960><c> me</c><00:01:01.120><c> today</c><00:01:01.440><c> as</c><00:01:01.760><c> we</c><00:01:02.000><c> break</c><00:01:02.320><c> down</c>

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Astramm. Join me today as we break down
 

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Astramm. Join me today as we break down
the<00:01:02.879><c> physics</c><00:01:03.280><c> of</c><00:01:03.600><c> wormholes.</c><00:01:04.799><c> Untangle</c><00:01:05.360><c> the</c>

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the physics of wormholes. Untangle the
 

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the physics of wormholes. Untangle the
mindbending<00:01:06.479><c> relationship</c><00:01:07.040><c> between</c><00:01:07.439><c> quantum</c>

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mindbending relationship between quantum
 

01:08.000 --> 01:10.870 align:start position:0%
mindbending relationship between quantum
entanglement<00:01:08.640><c> and</c><00:01:09.040><c> space-time</c><00:01:09.680><c> geometry</c><00:01:10.720><c> and</c>

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entanglement and space-time geometry and
 

01:10.880 --> 01:13.830 align:start position:0%
entanglement and space-time geometry and
examine<00:01:11.360><c> whether</c><00:01:11.920><c> we</c><00:01:12.479><c> really</c><00:01:12.880><c> eavesdropped</c>

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examine whether we really eavesdropped
 

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examine whether we really eavesdropped
on<00:01:14.080><c> an</c><00:01:14.320><c> echo</c><00:01:14.799><c> from</c><00:01:15.040><c> another</c><00:01:15.439><c> universe.</c>

01:18.630 --> 01:18.640 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:18.640 --> 01:20.710 align:start position:0%
 
When<00:01:19.040><c> the</c><00:01:19.360><c> laser</c><00:01:19.759><c> interferometer</c>

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When the laser interferometer
 

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When the laser interferometer
gravitational<00:01:21.439><c> wave</c><00:01:21.840><c> observatory</c><00:01:22.640><c> or</c><00:01:22.960><c> LIGO</c>

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gravitational wave observatory or LIGO
 

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gravitational wave observatory or LIGO
detected<00:01:24.400><c> the</c><00:01:24.640><c> signal</c><00:01:24.960><c> of</c><00:01:25.280><c> gravitational</c>

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detected the signal of gravitational
 

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detected the signal of gravitational
wave<00:01:26.400><c> GW190521,</c>

01:29.429 --> 01:29.439 align:start position:0%
 
 

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researchers<00:01:30.159><c> realized</c><00:01:30.880><c> something</c>

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researchers realized something
 

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researchers realized something
exhilarating.

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exhilarating.
 

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exhilarating.
If<00:01:33.119><c> their</c><00:01:33.360><c> interpretation</c><00:01:33.840><c> of</c><00:01:34.079><c> the</c><00:01:34.240><c> colliding</c>

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If their interpretation of the colliding
 

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If their interpretation of the colliding
black<00:01:35.040><c> hole</c><00:01:35.439><c> size</c><00:01:35.759><c> and</c><00:01:36.079><c> mass</c><00:01:36.479><c> was</c><00:01:36.720><c> correct,</c>

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black hole size and mass was correct,
 

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black hole size and mass was correct,
they<00:01:38.079><c> just</c><00:01:38.320><c> made</c><00:01:38.720><c> the</c><00:01:39.040><c> first</c><00:01:39.360><c> detection</c><00:01:40.000><c> of</c><00:01:40.240><c> an</c>

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they just made the first detection of an
 

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they just made the first detection of an
intermediate<00:01:41.360><c> mass</c><00:01:41.840><c> black</c><00:01:42.079><c> hole</c><00:01:42.640><c> in</c><00:01:42.960><c> human</c>

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intermediate mass black hole in human
 

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intermediate mass black hole in human
history.<00:01:44.400><c> I've</c><00:01:44.799><c> made</c><00:01:45.040><c> another</c><00:01:45.360><c> video</c><00:01:45.600><c> about</c>

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history. I've made another video about
 

01:45.920 --> 01:47.830 align:start position:0%
history. I've made another video about
these<00:01:46.240><c> types</c><00:01:46.399><c> of</c><00:01:46.560><c> black</c><00:01:46.799><c> holes</c><00:01:47.200><c> before</c><00:01:47.600><c> that</c>

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these types of black holes before that
 

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these types of black holes before that
you<00:01:48.079><c> can</c><00:01:48.320><c> watch</c><00:01:48.640><c> here.</c><00:01:49.759><c> You</c><00:01:50.000><c> see,</c><00:01:50.479><c> until</c><00:01:50.880><c> then,</c>

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you can watch here. You see, until then,
 

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you can watch here. You see, until then,
we<00:01:51.520><c> had</c><00:01:51.759><c> only</c><00:01:52.079><c> observed</c><00:01:52.720><c> stellar</c><00:01:53.119><c> mass</c><00:01:53.439><c> black</c>

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we had only observed stellar mass black
 

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we had only observed stellar mass black
holes.<00:01:54.479><c> Any</c><00:01:54.720><c> black</c><00:01:54.960><c> hole</c><00:01:55.280><c> under</c><00:01:55.680><c> 65</c><00:01:56.240><c> solar</c>

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holes. Any black hole under 65 solar
 

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holes. Any black hole under 65 solar
masses<00:01:57.439><c> and</c><00:01:58.000><c> super</c><00:01:58.240><c> massive</c><00:01:58.640><c> black</c><00:01:58.880><c> holes</c><00:01:59.280><c> or</c>

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masses and super massive black holes or
 

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masses and super massive black holes or
black<00:01:59.759><c> holes</c><00:02:00.079><c> measuring</c><00:02:00.719><c> hundreds</c><00:02:01.119><c> of</c>

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black holes measuring hundreds of
 

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black holes measuring hundreds of
thousands<00:02:02.320><c> to</c><00:02:02.719><c> billions</c><00:02:03.200><c> of</c><00:02:03.439><c> times</c><00:02:03.759><c> the</c><00:02:04.000><c> mass</c>

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thousands to billions of times the mass
 

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thousands to billions of times the mass
of<00:02:04.320><c> our</c><00:02:04.560><c> sun.</c><00:02:05.439><c> The</c><00:02:05.680><c> math</c><00:02:06.000><c> says</c><00:02:06.479><c> there</c><00:02:06.799><c> should</c>

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of our sun. The math says there should
 

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of our sun. The math says there should
be<00:02:07.200><c> a</c><00:02:07.520><c> third</c><00:02:07.840><c> category,</c><00:02:08.800><c> intermediate</c><00:02:09.520><c> mass</c>

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be a third category, intermediate mass
 

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be a third category, intermediate mass
black<00:02:10.160><c> holes,</c><00:02:10.879><c> measuring</c><00:02:11.360><c> about</c><00:02:11.840><c> 100</c><00:02:12.319><c> to</c>

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black holes, measuring about 100 to
 

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black holes, measuring about 100 to
100,000<00:02:13.840><c> times</c><00:02:14.080><c> the</c><00:02:14.239><c> mass</c><00:02:14.400><c> of</c><00:02:14.560><c> our</c><00:02:14.800><c> sun.</c><00:02:15.280><c> And</c>

02:15.510 --> 02:15.520 align:start position:0%
100,000 times the mass of our sun. And
 

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100,000 times the mass of our sun. And
computer<00:02:15.840><c> simulations</c><00:02:16.480><c> agree,</c><00:02:17.280><c> but</c><00:02:17.599><c> we'd</c>

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computer simulations agree, but we'd
 

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computer simulations agree, but we'd
never<00:02:18.319><c> seen</c><00:02:18.560><c> one</c><00:02:18.800><c> directly</c><00:02:20.080><c> until</c><00:02:20.720><c> this</c>

02:21.110 --> 02:21.120 align:start position:0%
never seen one directly until this
 

02:21.120 --> 02:23.270 align:start position:0%
never seen one directly until this
gravitational<00:02:21.760><c> wave</c><00:02:22.160><c> floated</c><00:02:22.640><c> across</c><00:02:22.959><c> our</c>

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gravitational wave floated across our
 

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gravitational wave floated across our
radars,<00:02:24.080><c> hinting</c><00:02:24.560><c> that</c><00:02:24.879><c> one</c><00:02:25.360><c> might</c><00:02:25.680><c> be</c><00:02:25.840><c> out</c>

02:25.990 --> 02:26.000 align:start position:0%
radars, hinting that one might be out
 

02:26.000 --> 02:28.869 align:start position:0%
radars, hinting that one might be out
there.<00:02:26.959><c> This</c><00:02:27.200><c> signal</c><00:02:27.599><c> seemed</c><00:02:27.840><c> to</c><00:02:28.000><c> be</c><00:02:28.160><c> an</c><00:02:28.480><c> echo</c>

02:28.869 --> 02:28.879 align:start position:0%
there. This signal seemed to be an echo
 

02:28.879 --> 02:31.270 align:start position:0%
there. This signal seemed to be an echo
of<00:02:29.200><c> two</c><00:02:29.520><c> black</c><00:02:29.680><c> holes</c><00:02:30.080><c> colliding.</c><00:02:31.040><c> One</c>

02:31.270 --> 02:31.280 align:start position:0%
of two black holes colliding. One
 

02:31.280 --> 02:34.070 align:start position:0%
of two black holes colliding. One
measuring<00:02:31.760><c> 85</c><00:02:32.400><c> solar</c><00:02:32.720><c> masses</c><00:02:33.360><c> and</c><00:02:33.599><c> the</c><00:02:33.760><c> other</c>

02:34.070 --> 02:34.080 align:start position:0%
measuring 85 solar masses and the other
 

02:34.080 --> 02:38.070 align:start position:0%
measuring 85 solar masses and the other
66.<00:02:35.280><c> They</c><00:02:35.519><c> emerged</c><00:02:36.000><c> to</c><00:02:36.160><c> form</c><00:02:36.480><c> a</c><00:02:36.720><c> black</c><00:02:36.959><c> hole</c>

02:38.070 --> 02:38.080 align:start position:0%
66. They emerged to form a black hole
 

02:38.080 --> 02:41.190 align:start position:0%
66. They emerged to form a black hole
142<00:02:38.800><c> times</c><00:02:39.040><c> the</c><00:02:39.280><c> mass</c><00:02:39.440><c> of</c><00:02:39.599><c> our</c><00:02:39.840><c> sun.</c><00:02:40.640><c> And</c><00:02:40.959><c> if</c>

02:41.190 --> 02:41.200 align:start position:0%
142 times the mass of our sun. And if
 

02:41.200 --> 02:43.589 align:start position:0%
142 times the mass of our sun. And if
you're<00:02:41.360><c> doing</c><00:02:41.599><c> the</c><00:02:41.760><c> math</c><00:02:42.080><c> here,</c><00:02:42.720><c> yes,</c><00:02:43.280><c> that</c>

02:43.589 --> 02:43.599 align:start position:0%
you're doing the math here, yes, that
 

02:43.599 --> 02:47.430 align:start position:0%
you're doing the math here, yes, that
means<00:02:44.160><c> nine</c><00:02:44.959><c> full</c><00:02:45.519><c> sun's</c><00:02:46.000><c> worth</c><00:02:46.239><c> of</c><00:02:46.400><c> mass</c><00:02:47.120><c> were</c>

02:47.430 --> 02:47.440 align:start position:0%
means nine full sun's worth of mass were
 

02:47.440 --> 02:49.750 align:start position:0%
means nine full sun's worth of mass were
instantly<00:02:48.080><c> converted</c><00:02:48.640><c> into</c><00:02:49.120><c> pure</c>

02:49.750 --> 02:49.760 align:start position:0%
instantly converted into pure
 

02:49.760 --> 02:52.470 align:start position:0%
instantly converted into pure
gravitational<00:02:50.480><c> energy.</c><00:02:51.360><c> As</c><00:02:51.599><c> if</c><00:02:51.840><c> this</c><00:02:52.080><c> weren't</c>

02:52.470 --> 02:52.480 align:start position:0%
gravitational energy. As if this weren't
 

02:52.480 --> 02:55.350 align:start position:0%
gravitational energy. As if this weren't
exciting<00:02:52.879><c> enough,</c><00:02:53.519><c> in</c><00:02:53.760><c> 2025,</c><00:02:54.720><c> a</c><00:02:54.959><c> research</c>

02:55.350 --> 02:55.360 align:start position:0%
exciting enough, in 2025, a research
 

02:55.360 --> 02:58.470 align:start position:0%
exciting enough, in 2025, a research
team<00:02:55.760><c> led</c><00:02:56.080><c> by</c><00:02:56.480><c> Ki</c><00:02:56.879><c> Li</c><00:02:57.519><c> at</c><00:02:57.680><c> the</c><00:02:57.840><c> Hang</c><00:02:58.160><c> Cha</c>

02:58.470 --> 02:58.480 align:start position:0%
team led by Ki Li at the Hang Cha
 

02:58.480 --> 03:00.710 align:start position:0%
team led by Ki Li at the Hang Cha
Institute<00:02:58.959><c> for</c><00:02:59.200><c> Advanced</c><00:02:59.599><c> Study,</c><00:03:00.319><c> University</c>

03:00.710 --> 03:00.720 align:start position:0%
Institute for Advanced Study, University
 

03:00.720 --> 03:03.589 align:start position:0%
Institute for Advanced Study, University
of<00:03:00.959><c> Chinese</c><00:03:01.280><c> Academy</c><00:03:01.680><c> of</c><00:03:01.840><c> Sciences,</c><00:03:02.879><c> took</c><00:03:03.200><c> a</c>

03:03.589 --> 03:03.599 align:start position:0%
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, took a
 

03:03.599 --> 03:05.430 align:start position:0%
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, took a
closer<00:03:04.000><c> look</c><00:03:04.080><c> at</c><00:03:04.239><c> the</c><00:03:04.400><c> signal</c><00:03:04.720><c> left</c><00:03:04.879><c> behind</c><00:03:05.120><c> by</c>

03:05.430 --> 03:05.440 align:start position:0%
closer look at the signal left behind by
 

03:05.440 --> 03:09.670 align:start position:0%
closer look at the signal left behind by
gravitational<00:03:06.000><c> wave</c><00:03:06.480><c> GW190521.</c>

03:09.670 --> 03:09.680 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:09.680 --> 03:12.309 align:start position:0%
 
And<00:03:09.840><c> they</c><00:03:10.080><c> noticed</c><00:03:10.560><c> something</c><00:03:10.879><c> unusual.</c><00:03:12.239><c> No</c>

03:12.309 --> 03:12.319 align:start position:0%
And they noticed something unusual. No
 

03:12.319 --> 03:15.190 align:start position:0%
And they noticed something unusual. No
matter<00:03:12.800><c> how</c><00:03:13.120><c> they</c><00:03:13.440><c> sliced</c><00:03:13.840><c> it,</c><00:03:14.400><c> this</c><00:03:14.800><c> just</c>

03:15.190 --> 03:15.200 align:start position:0%
matter how they sliced it, this just
 

03:15.200 --> 03:17.030 align:start position:0%
matter how they sliced it, this just
didn't<00:03:15.519><c> look</c><00:03:15.760><c> like</c><00:03:15.920><c> a</c><00:03:16.159><c> typical</c><00:03:16.560><c> black</c><00:03:16.800><c> hole</c>

03:17.030 --> 03:17.040 align:start position:0%
didn't look like a typical black hole
 

03:17.040 --> 03:20.149 align:start position:0%
didn't look like a typical black hole
merger<00:03:17.440><c> signal.</c><00:03:18.480><c> They</c><00:03:18.800><c> started</c><00:03:19.120><c> to</c><00:03:19.280><c> wonder</c>

03:20.149 --> 03:20.159 align:start position:0%
merger signal. They started to wonder
 

03:20.159 --> 03:22.710 align:start position:0%
merger signal. They started to wonder
what<00:03:20.560><c> alternative</c><00:03:21.360><c> explanation</c><00:03:22.159><c> could</c><00:03:22.480><c> there</c>

03:22.710 --> 03:22.720 align:start position:0%
what alternative explanation could there
 

03:22.720 --> 03:26.149 align:start position:0%
what alternative explanation could there
be<00:03:23.200><c> for</c><00:03:23.519><c> what</c><00:03:23.680><c> they</c><00:03:23.840><c> were</c><00:03:24.080><c> seeing.</c>

03:26.149 --> 03:26.159 align:start position:0%
be for what they were seeing.
 

03:26.159 --> 03:28.630 align:start position:0%
be for what they were seeing.
Normally,<00:03:26.640><c> when</c><00:03:27.040><c> two</c><00:03:27.440><c> super</c><00:03:27.760><c> massive</c><00:03:28.159><c> cosmic</c>

03:28.630 --> 03:28.640 align:start position:0%
Normally, when two super massive cosmic
 

03:28.640 --> 03:31.270 align:start position:0%
Normally, when two super massive cosmic
bodies<00:03:28.959><c> collide,</c><00:03:29.680><c> like</c><00:03:30.000><c> neutron</c><00:03:30.480><c> stars</c><00:03:30.799><c> or</c>

03:31.270 --> 03:31.280 align:start position:0%
bodies collide, like neutron stars or
 

03:31.280 --> 03:34.309 align:start position:0%
bodies collide, like neutron stars or
black<00:03:31.519><c> holes,</c><00:03:32.480><c> that</c><00:03:32.879><c> collision</c><00:03:33.360><c> emits</c><00:03:33.920><c> tiny</c>

03:34.309 --> 03:34.319 align:start position:0%
black holes, that collision emits tiny
 

03:34.319 --> 03:36.470 align:start position:0%
black holes, that collision emits tiny
ripples<00:03:34.720><c> in</c><00:03:34.959><c> spaceime</c><00:03:35.440><c> that</c><00:03:35.760><c> travel</c><00:03:36.080><c> outward</c>

03:36.470 --> 03:36.480 align:start position:0%
ripples in spaceime that travel outward
 

03:36.480 --> 03:38.949 align:start position:0%
ripples in spaceime that travel outward
in<00:03:36.720><c> every</c><00:03:37.040><c> direction.</c><00:03:38.080><c> Sometimes</c><00:03:38.640><c> these</c>

03:38.949 --> 03:38.959 align:start position:0%
in every direction. Sometimes these
 

03:38.959 --> 03:40.789 align:start position:0%
in every direction. Sometimes these
gravitational<00:03:39.599><c> waves</c><00:03:40.000><c> eventually</c><00:03:40.480><c> reach</c>

03:40.789 --> 03:40.799 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves eventually reach
 

03:40.799 --> 03:43.190 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves eventually reach
Earth<00:03:41.360><c> where</c><00:03:41.599><c> we</c><00:03:41.840><c> can</c><00:03:42.000><c> detect</c><00:03:42.319><c> them</c><00:03:42.560><c> with</c><00:03:42.799><c> our</c>

03:43.190 --> 03:43.200 align:start position:0%
Earth where we can detect them with our
 

03:43.200 --> 03:45.350 align:start position:0%
Earth where we can detect them with our
groundbased<00:03:44.000><c> laser</c><00:03:44.319><c> interferometers</c><00:03:45.200><c> such</c>

03:45.350 --> 03:45.360 align:start position:0%
groundbased laser interferometers such
 

03:45.360 --> 03:48.229 align:start position:0%
groundbased laser interferometers such
as<00:03:45.599><c> LIGO</c><00:03:46.159><c> and</c><00:03:46.319><c> Virgo</c><00:03:47.040><c> based</c><00:03:47.360><c> in</c><00:03:47.519><c> the</c><00:03:47.680><c> US</c><00:03:47.920><c> and</c>

03:48.229 --> 03:48.239 align:start position:0%
as LIGO and Virgo based in the US and
 

03:48.239 --> 03:51.110 align:start position:0%
as LIGO and Virgo based in the US and
Italy<00:03:48.720><c> respectively.</c><00:03:50.159><c> Depending</c><00:03:50.560><c> on</c><00:03:50.799><c> what</c>

03:51.110 --> 03:51.120 align:start position:0%
Italy respectively. Depending on what
 

03:51.120 --> 03:53.190 align:start position:0%
Italy respectively. Depending on what
the<00:03:51.360><c> signal</c><00:03:51.680><c> we</c><00:03:51.920><c> receive</c><00:03:52.319><c> looks</c><00:03:52.560><c> and</c><00:03:52.879><c> sounds</c>

03:53.190 --> 03:53.200 align:start position:0%
the signal we receive looks and sounds
 

03:53.200 --> 03:55.750 align:start position:0%
the signal we receive looks and sounds
like,<00:03:53.760><c> we</c><00:03:54.000><c> can</c><00:03:54.159><c> deduce</c><00:03:54.799><c> what</c><00:03:55.120><c> type</c><00:03:55.280><c> of</c><00:03:55.440><c> event</c>

03:55.750 --> 03:55.760 align:start position:0%
like, we can deduce what type of event
 

03:55.760 --> 03:58.390 align:start position:0%
like, we can deduce what type of event
occurred,<00:03:56.480><c> how</c><00:03:56.720><c> far</c><00:03:56.959><c> away</c><00:03:57.200><c> it</c><00:03:57.439><c> was,</c><00:03:57.840><c> and</c><00:03:58.080><c> how</c>

03:58.390 --> 03:58.400 align:start position:0%
occurred, how far away it was, and how
 

03:58.400 --> 04:00.630 align:start position:0%
occurred, how far away it was, and how
big<00:03:58.640><c> the</c><00:03:58.959><c> objects</c><00:03:59.360><c> involved</c><00:03:59.920><c> were</c><00:04:00.159><c> likely</c><00:04:00.400><c> to</c>

04:00.630 --> 04:00.640 align:start position:0%
big the objects involved were likely to
 

04:00.640 --> 04:03.910 align:start position:0%
big the objects involved were likely to
be.<00:04:01.680><c> When</c><00:04:02.000><c> two</c><00:04:02.400><c> black</c><00:04:02.640><c> holes</c><00:04:03.040><c> merge,</c><00:04:03.519><c> they</c><00:04:03.760><c> go</c>

04:03.910 --> 04:03.920 align:start position:0%
be. When two black holes merge, they go
 

04:03.920 --> 04:06.390 align:start position:0%
be. When two black holes merge, they go
through<00:04:04.239><c> a</c><00:04:04.480><c> threepar</c><00:04:05.200><c> process</c><00:04:05.920><c> which</c><00:04:06.159><c> gives</c>

04:06.390 --> 04:06.400 align:start position:0%
through a threepar process which gives
 

04:06.400 --> 04:08.710 align:start position:0%
through a threepar process which gives
its<00:04:06.640><c> signal</c><00:04:07.280><c> key</c><00:04:07.599><c> characteristics</c><00:04:08.239><c> that</c><00:04:08.480><c> are</c>

04:08.710 --> 04:08.720 align:start position:0%
its signal key characteristics that are
 

04:08.720 --> 04:11.190 align:start position:0%
its signal key characteristics that are
easy<00:04:08.959><c> to</c><00:04:09.280><c> identify.</c><00:04:10.239><c> In</c><00:04:10.480><c> other</c><00:04:10.640><c> words,</c>

04:11.190 --> 04:11.200 align:start position:0%
easy to identify. In other words,
 

04:11.200 --> 04:13.589 align:start position:0%
easy to identify. In other words,
scientists<00:04:11.840><c> know</c><00:04:12.319><c> if</c><00:04:12.560><c> a</c><00:04:12.720><c> gravitational</c><00:04:13.280><c> wave</c>

04:13.589 --> 04:13.599 align:start position:0%
scientists know if a gravitational wave
 

04:13.599 --> 04:15.509 align:start position:0%
scientists know if a gravitational wave
was<00:04:13.760><c> created</c><00:04:14.000><c> by</c><00:04:14.239><c> a</c><00:04:14.400><c> black</c><00:04:14.560><c> hole</c><00:04:14.799><c> merger</c>

04:15.509 --> 04:15.519 align:start position:0%
was created by a black hole merger
 

04:15.519 --> 04:18.229 align:start position:0%
was created by a black hole merger
thanks<00:04:15.760><c> to</c><00:04:15.920><c> its</c><00:04:16.239><c> shape.</c><00:04:17.359><c> The</c><00:04:17.600><c> whole</c><00:04:17.840><c> universe</c>

04:18.229 --> 04:18.239 align:start position:0%
thanks to its shape. The whole universe
 

04:18.239 --> 04:20.629 align:start position:0%
thanks to its shape. The whole universe
is<00:04:18.479><c> filled</c><00:04:18.880><c> with</c><00:04:19.120><c> spectacular</c><00:04:19.919><c> patterns,</c>

04:20.629 --> 04:20.639 align:start position:0%
is filled with spectacular patterns,
 

04:20.639 --> 04:22.950 align:start position:0%
is filled with spectacular patterns,
structures,<00:04:21.199><c> and</c><00:04:21.440><c> signals</c><00:04:21.840><c> like</c><00:04:22.079><c> this.</c><00:04:22.720><c> It's</c>

04:22.950 --> 04:22.960 align:start position:0%
structures, and signals like this. It's
 

04:22.960 --> 04:24.469 align:start position:0%
structures, and signals like this. It's
one<00:04:23.040><c> of</c><00:04:23.120><c> the</c><00:04:23.280><c> things</c><00:04:23.440><c> I</c><00:04:23.759><c> find</c><00:04:24.080><c> most</c>

04:24.469 --> 04:24.479 align:start position:0%
one of the things I find most
 

04:24.479 --> 04:26.950 align:start position:0%
one of the things I find most
fascinating<00:04:25.199><c> and</c><00:04:25.440><c> not</c><00:04:25.680><c> to</c><00:04:25.840><c> mention</c><00:04:26.320><c> beautiful</c>

04:26.950 --> 04:26.960 align:start position:0%
fascinating and not to mention beautiful
 

04:26.960 --> 04:29.430 align:start position:0%
fascinating and not to mention beautiful
about<00:04:27.199><c> the</c><00:04:27.440><c> cosmos.</c><00:04:28.400><c> It's</c><00:04:28.639><c> this</c><00:04:28.880><c> mix</c><00:04:29.199><c> of</c>

04:29.430 --> 04:29.440 align:start position:0%
about the cosmos. It's this mix of
 

04:29.440 --> 04:32.070 align:start position:0%
about the cosmos. It's this mix of
beauty<00:04:29.919><c> and</c><00:04:30.320><c> intrigue</c><00:04:30.880><c> that</c><00:04:31.199><c> I</c><00:04:31.440><c> really</c><00:04:31.680><c> try</c><00:04:31.919><c> to</c>

04:32.070 --> 04:32.080 align:start position:0%
beauty and intrigue that I really try to
 

04:32.080 --> 04:34.310 align:start position:0%
beauty and intrigue that I really try to
get<00:04:32.240><c> across</c><00:04:32.479><c> in</c><00:04:32.720><c> astron</c><00:04:33.280><c> videos,</c><00:04:33.919><c> but</c><00:04:34.080><c> it's</c>

04:32.080 --> 04:34.870 align:start position:0%
to the gravitational wave signals that
black<00:05:17.039><c> hole</c><00:05:17.280><c> merges</c><00:05:17.759><c> send</c><00:05:18.080><c> out.</c>

04:33.787 --> 04:33.797 align:start position:0%
black hole merges send out.
 

04:33.797 --> 04:36.507 align:start position:0%
black hole merges send out.
The<00:05:19.840><c> first</c><00:05:20.080><c> phase</c><00:05:20.400><c> is</c><00:05:20.560><c> the</c><00:05:20.720><c> inspiral</c><00:05:21.360><c> phase.</c>

04:36.507 --> 04:36.517 align:start position:0%
The first phase is the inspiral phase.
 

04:36.517 --> 04:38.666 align:start position:0%
The first phase is the inspiral phase.
As<00:05:22.560><c> the</c><00:05:22.720><c> black</c><00:05:22.880><c> holes</c><00:05:23.360><c> circle</c><00:05:23.680><c> each</c><00:05:23.919><c> other,</c>

04:38.666 --> 04:38.676 align:start position:0%
As the black holes circle each other,
 

04:38.676 --> 04:40.747 align:start position:0%
As the black holes circle each other,
they're<00:05:24.800><c> constantly</c><00:05:25.440><c> radiating</c><00:05:25.919><c> energy</c><00:05:26.240><c> away</c>

04:40.747 --> 04:40.757 align:start position:0%
they're constantly radiating energy away
 

04:40.757 --> 04:42.826 align:start position:0%
they're constantly radiating energy away
in<00:05:26.720><c> the</c><00:05:26.880><c> form</c><00:05:27.039><c> of</c><00:05:27.199><c> gravitational</c><00:05:27.840><c> waves.</c>

04:42.826 --> 04:42.836 align:start position:0%
in the form of gravitational waves.
 

04:42.836 --> 04:45.307 align:start position:0%
in the form of gravitational waves.
Since<00:05:29.039><c> they're</c><00:05:29.360><c> losing</c><00:05:29.759><c> energy,</c><00:05:30.400><c> their</c><00:05:30.639><c> orbit</c>

04:45.307 --> 04:45.317 align:start position:0%
Since they're losing energy, their orbit
 

04:45.317 --> 04:47.386 align:start position:0%
Since they're losing energy, their orbit
gradually<00:05:31.600><c> shrinks,</c><00:05:32.240><c> which</c><00:05:32.479><c> makes</c><00:05:32.720><c> them</c><00:05:32.960><c> move</c>

04:47.386 --> 04:47.396 align:start position:0%
gradually shrinks, which makes them move
 

04:47.396 --> 04:49.547 align:start position:0%
gradually shrinks, which makes them move
faster<00:05:33.680><c> as</c><00:05:33.919><c> the</c><00:05:34.080><c> gravity</c><00:05:34.400><c> they</c><00:05:34.639><c> exert</c><00:05:35.039><c> on</c><00:05:35.199><c> each</c>

04:49.547 --> 04:49.557 align:start position:0%
faster as the gravity they exert on each
 

04:49.557 --> 04:52.106 align:start position:0%
faster as the gravity they exert on each
other<00:05:35.600><c> increases.</c><00:05:36.639><c> The</c><00:05:36.880><c> faster</c><00:05:37.199><c> they</c><00:05:37.440><c> move,</c>

04:52.106 --> 04:52.116 align:start position:0%
other increases. The faster they move,
 

04:52.116 --> 04:54.587 align:start position:0%
other increases. The faster they move,
the<00:05:38.160><c> more</c><00:05:38.320><c> energy</c><00:05:38.639><c> they</c><00:05:38.880><c> emit,</c><00:05:39.520><c> creating</c><00:05:40.000><c> a</c>

04:54.587 --> 04:54.597 align:start position:0%
the more energy they emit, creating a
 

04:54.597 --> 04:56.587 align:start position:0%
the more energy they emit, creating a
positive<00:05:40.880><c> feedback</c><00:05:41.280><c> loop.</c><00:05:41.913><c> [music]</c><00:05:41.919><c> They</c><00:05:42.160><c> get</c>

04:56.587 --> 04:56.597 align:start position:0%
positive feedback loop. [music] They get
 

04:56.597 --> 04:59.067 align:start position:0%
positive feedback loop. [music] They get
closer<00:05:42.720><c> and</c><00:05:43.039><c> closer</c><00:05:43.600><c> and</c><00:05:43.919><c> move</c><00:05:44.160><c> faster</c><00:05:44.560><c> and</c>

04:59.067 --> 04:59.077 align:start position:0%
closer and closer and move faster and
 

04:59.077 --> 05:01.547 align:start position:0%
closer and closer and move faster and
faster.<00:05:46.000><c> So,</c><00:05:46.240><c> what</c><00:05:46.479><c> does</c><00:05:46.639><c> this</c><00:05:46.800><c> mean</c><00:05:46.960><c> for</c><00:05:47.199><c> the</c>

05:01.547 --> 05:01.557 align:start position:0%
faster. So, what does this mean for the
 

05:01.557 --> 05:04.427 align:start position:0%
faster. So, what does this mean for the
gravitational<00:05:47.919><c> wave</c><00:05:48.240><c> signal?</c><00:05:49.360><c> Well,</c><00:05:49.919><c> it</c>

05:04.427 --> 05:04.437 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave signal? Well, it
 

05:04.437 --> 05:06.587 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave signal? Well, it
increases<00:05:50.720><c> in</c><00:05:50.880><c> amplitude</c><00:05:51.440><c> and</c><00:05:51.680><c> frequency</c><00:05:52.160><c> as</c>

05:06.587 --> 05:06.597 align:start position:0%
increases in amplitude and frequency as
 

05:06.597 --> 05:09.386 align:start position:0%
increases in amplitude and frequency as
time<00:05:52.639><c> goes</c><00:05:52.880><c> on,</c><00:05:53.280><c> like</c><00:05:53.520><c> an</c><00:05:53.759><c> upward</c><00:05:54.160><c> tick.</c><00:05:55.039><c> If</c>

05:09.386 --> 05:09.396 align:start position:0%
time goes on, like an upward tick. If
 

05:09.396 --> 05:11.867 align:start position:0%
time goes on, like an upward tick. If
you<00:05:55.360><c> convert</c><00:05:55.759><c> that</c><00:05:55.919><c> signal</c><00:05:56.320><c> into</c><00:05:56.639><c> sound,</c><00:05:57.440><c> it</c>

05:11.867 --> 05:11.877 align:start position:0%
you convert that signal into sound, it
 

05:11.877 --> 05:14.666 align:start position:0%
you convert that signal into sound, it
creates<00:05:58.000><c> a</c><00:05:58.320><c> rising</c><00:05:58.880><c> tone,</c><00:05:59.680><c> kind</c><00:05:59.919><c> of</c><00:06:00.080><c> like</c><00:06:00.240><c> a</c>

05:14.666 --> 05:14.676 align:start position:0%
creates a rising tone, kind of like a
 

05:14.676 --> 05:17.067 align:start position:0%
creates a rising tone, kind of like a
bird.<00:06:01.360><c> That's</c><00:06:01.600><c> why</c><00:06:01.840><c> we</c><00:06:02.080><c> say</c><00:06:02.320><c> black</c><00:06:02.639><c> hole</c>

05:17.067 --> 05:17.077 align:start position:0%
bird. That's why we say black hole
 

05:17.077 --> 05:19.467 align:start position:0%
bird. That's why we say black hole
collisions<00:06:03.440><c> produce</c><00:06:03.840><c> a</c><00:06:04.160><c> characteristic</c>

05:19.467 --> 05:19.477 align:start position:0%
collisions produce a characteristic
 

05:19.477 --> 05:23.707 align:start position:0%
collisions produce a characteristic
chirp.

05:23.707 --> 05:23.717 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:23.717 --> 05:25.787 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:06:09.759><c> second</c><00:06:10.000><c> phase</c><00:06:10.400><c> is</c><00:06:10.639><c> the</c><00:06:10.880><c> merger,</c><00:06:11.440><c> the</c>

05:25.787 --> 05:25.797 align:start position:0%
The second phase is the merger, the
 

05:25.797 --> 05:28.587 align:start position:0%
The second phase is the merger, the
moment<00:06:11.919><c> the</c><00:06:12.160><c> black</c><00:06:12.400><c> holes</c><00:06:12.960><c> actually</c><00:06:13.360><c> collide.</c>

05:28.587 --> 05:28.597 align:start position:0%
moment the black holes actually collide.
 

05:28.597 --> 05:30.267 align:start position:0%
moment the black holes actually collide.
At<00:06:14.639><c> this</c><00:06:14.880><c> moment,</c><00:06:15.120><c> the</c><00:06:15.360><c> amplitude</c><00:06:15.759><c> of</c><00:06:15.919><c> the</c>

05:30.267 --> 05:30.277 align:start position:0%
At this moment, the amplitude of the
 

05:30.277 --> 05:32.907 align:start position:0%
At this moment, the amplitude of the
signal<00:06:16.479><c> reaches</c><00:06:16.800><c> its</c><00:06:17.120><c> absolute</c><00:06:17.759><c> maximum,</c>

05:32.907 --> 05:32.917 align:start position:0%
signal reaches its absolute maximum,
 

05:32.917 --> 05:35.226 align:start position:0%
signal reaches its absolute maximum,
marking<00:06:19.199><c> not</c><00:06:19.520><c> only</c><00:06:19.680><c> the</c><00:06:19.919><c> highest</c><00:06:20.319><c> peak,</c><00:06:20.800><c> but</c>

05:35.226 --> 05:35.236 align:start position:0%
marking not only the highest peak, but
 

05:35.236 --> 05:37.707 align:start position:0%
marking not only the highest peak, but
also<00:06:21.280><c> the</c><00:06:21.520><c> most</c><00:06:21.759><c> intense</c><00:06:22.639><c> rapid</c><00:06:23.120><c> compression</c>

05:37.707 --> 05:37.717 align:start position:0%
also the most intense rapid compression
 

05:37.717 --> 05:40.027 align:start position:0%
also the most intense rapid compression
of<00:06:23.680><c> the</c><00:06:23.919><c> wave.</c><00:06:24.720><c> It's</c><00:06:24.960><c> immediately</c><00:06:25.520><c> followed</c>

05:40.027 --> 05:40.037 align:start position:0%
of the wave. It's immediately followed
 

05:40.037 --> 05:42.666 align:start position:0%
of the wave. It's immediately followed
by<00:06:26.080><c> the</c><00:06:26.319><c> third</c><00:06:26.639><c> and</c><00:06:26.960><c> final</c><00:06:27.280><c> phase,</c><00:06:27.840><c> the</c><00:06:28.080><c> ring</c>

05:42.666 --> 05:42.676 align:start position:0%
by the third and final phase, the ring
 

05:42.676 --> 05:44.826 align:start position:0%
by the third and final phase, the ring
down.<00:06:29.199><c> It</c><00:06:29.440><c> takes</c><00:06:29.600><c> a</c><00:06:29.840><c> while</c><00:06:30.000><c> for</c><00:06:30.160><c> the</c><00:06:30.319><c> newly</c>

05:44.826 --> 05:44.836 align:start position:0%
down. It takes a while for the newly
 

05:44.836 --> 05:46.826 align:start position:0%
down. It takes a while for the newly
formed<00:06:30.960><c> black</c><00:06:31.120><c> hole</c><00:06:31.360><c> to</c><00:06:31.600><c> stabilize.</c>

05:46.826 --> 05:46.836 align:start position:0%
formed black hole to stabilize.
 

05:46.836 --> 05:48.427 align:start position:0%
formed black hole to stabilize.
Initially,<00:06:33.004><c> [music]</c><00:06:33.120><c> it's</c><00:06:33.440><c> wobbly</c><00:06:34.000><c> and</c>

05:48.427 --> 05:48.437 align:start position:0%
Initially, [music] it's wobbly and
 

05:48.437 --> 05:50.987 align:start position:0%
Initially, [music] it's wobbly and
distorted<00:06:34.960><c> before</c><00:06:35.360><c> finally</c><00:06:35.840><c> settling</c><00:06:36.319><c> into</c><00:06:36.560><c> a</c>

05:50.987 --> 05:50.997 align:start position:0%
distorted before finally settling into a
 

05:50.997 --> 05:54.027 align:start position:0%
distorted before finally settling into a
spherical<00:06:37.280><c> shape.</c><00:06:38.160><c> And</c><00:06:38.479><c> all</c><00:06:38.720><c> the</c><00:06:38.880><c> while</c><00:06:39.520><c> it</c>

05:54.027 --> 05:54.037 align:start position:0%
spherical shape. And all the while it
 

05:54.037 --> 05:56.347 align:start position:0%
spherical shape. And all the while it
continues<00:06:40.160><c> to</c><00:06:40.400><c> produce</c><00:06:40.880><c> gravitational</c><00:06:41.520><c> waves</c>

05:56.347 --> 05:56.357 align:start position:0%
continues to produce gravitational waves
 

05:56.357 --> 05:58.907 align:start position:0%
continues to produce gravitational waves
but<00:06:42.319><c> in</c><00:06:42.560><c> a</c><00:06:42.800><c> different</c><00:06:43.039><c> capacity</c><00:06:43.520><c> than</c><00:06:43.840><c> before.</c>

05:58.907 --> 05:58.917 align:start position:0%
but in a different capacity than before.
 

05:58.917 --> 06:02.267 align:start position:0%
but in a different capacity than before.
In<00:06:44.880><c> the</c><00:06:45.039><c> case</c><00:06:45.199><c> of</c><00:06:45.440><c> GW190521,</c>

06:02.267 --> 06:02.277 align:start position:0%
In the case of GW190521,
 

06:02.277 --> 06:04.506 align:start position:0%
In the case of GW190521,
the<00:06:48.240><c> ringdown</c><00:06:48.720><c> occurred</c><00:06:49.120><c> simultaneously</c><00:06:50.000><c> in</c>

06:04.506 --> 06:04.516 align:start position:0%
the ringdown occurred simultaneously in
 

06:04.516 --> 06:06.987 align:start position:0%
the ringdown occurred simultaneously in
two<00:06:50.639><c> distinct</c><00:06:51.039><c> frequencies.</c><00:06:52.080><c> A</c><00:06:52.240><c> fundamental</c>

06:06.987 --> 06:06.997 align:start position:0%
two distinct frequencies. A fundamental
 

06:06.997 --> 06:11.467 align:start position:0%
two distinct frequencies. A fundamental
tone<00:06:53.280><c> at</c><00:06:53.680><c> 63</c><00:06:54.240><c> Hz</c><00:06:54.880><c> and</c><00:06:55.120><c> a</c><00:06:55.360><c> second</c><00:06:55.600><c> at</c><00:06:55.919><c> 98</c><00:06:56.400><c> Hz,</c>

06:11.467 --> 06:11.477 align:start position:0%
tone at 63 Hz and a second at 98 Hz,
 

06:11.477 --> 06:14.747 align:start position:0%
tone at 63 Hz and a second at 98 Hz,
both<00:06:57.440><c> of</c><00:06:57.600><c> which</c><00:06:57.840><c> faded</c><00:06:58.319><c> out</c><00:06:58.639><c> within</c><00:06:59.199><c> 26</c><00:06:59.840><c> to</c><00:07:00.240><c> 30</c>

06:14.747 --> 06:14.757 align:start position:0%
both of which faded out within 26 to 30
 

06:14.757 --> 06:16.106 align:start position:0%
both of which faded out within 26 to 30
milliseconds.<00:07:01.169><c> [music]</c>

06:16.106 --> 06:16.116 align:start position:0%
milliseconds. [music]
 

06:16.116 --> 06:18.747 align:start position:0%
milliseconds. [music]
The<00:07:02.080><c> black</c><00:07:02.319><c> hole</c><00:07:02.720><c> is</c><00:07:03.039><c> similar</c><00:07:03.440><c> to</c><00:07:03.759><c> a</c><00:07:04.000><c> bell</c><00:07:04.319><c> that</c>

06:18.747 --> 06:18.757 align:start position:0%
The black hole is similar to a bell that
 

06:18.757 --> 06:21.067 align:start position:0%
The black hole is similar to a bell that
rings,<00:07:05.199><c> producing</c><00:07:05.599><c> a</c><00:07:05.840><c> spectrum</c><00:07:06.240><c> of</c><00:07:06.479><c> multiple</c>

06:21.067 --> 06:21.077 align:start position:0%
rings, producing a spectrum of multiple
 

06:21.077 --> 06:23.307 align:start position:0%
rings, producing a spectrum of multiple
fading<00:07:07.360><c> tones</c><00:07:07.680><c> that</c><00:07:07.919><c> encode</c><00:07:08.479><c> information</c>

06:23.307 --> 06:23.317 align:start position:0%
fading tones that encode information
 

06:23.317 --> 06:26.106 align:start position:0%
fading tones that encode information
about<00:07:09.440><c> the</c><00:07:09.680><c> bell,</c><00:07:10.319><c> explains</c><00:07:10.880><c> Colin</c><00:07:11.280><c> Kapano</c>

06:26.106 --> 06:26.116 align:start position:0%
about the bell, explains Colin Kapano
 

06:26.116 --> 06:28.587 align:start position:0%
about the bell, explains Colin Kapano
from<00:07:12.160><c> the</c><00:07:12.319><c> Albert</c><00:07:12.639><c> Einstein</c><00:07:13.280><c> Institute.</c>

06:28.587 --> 06:28.597 align:start position:0%
from the Albert Einstein Institute.
 

06:28.597 --> 06:30.506 align:start position:0%
from the Albert Einstein Institute.
Analyzing<00:07:14.960><c> the</c><00:07:15.120><c> ring</c><00:07:15.440><c> down</c><00:07:15.599><c> of</c><00:07:15.759><c> a</c><00:07:15.919><c> black</c><00:07:16.080><c> hole</c>

06:30.506 --> 06:30.516 align:start position:0%
Analyzing the ring down of a black hole
 

06:30.516 --> 06:32.347 align:start position:0%
Analyzing the ring down of a black hole
merger<00:07:16.639><c> can</c><00:07:16.880><c> give</c><00:07:16.960><c> us</c><00:07:17.199><c> insights</c><00:07:17.680><c> into</c><00:07:17.919><c> the</c>

06:32.347 --> 06:32.357 align:start position:0%
merger can give us insights into the
 

06:32.357 --> 06:34.907 align:start position:0%
merger can give us insights into the
mass<00:07:18.479><c> and</c><00:07:18.720><c> spin</c><00:07:19.199><c> of</c><00:07:19.440><c> both</c><00:07:19.680><c> the</c><00:07:19.919><c> new</c><00:07:20.160><c> black</c><00:07:20.319><c> hole</c>

06:34.907 --> 06:34.917 align:start position:0%
mass and spin of both the new black hole
 

06:34.917 --> 06:37.867 align:start position:0%
mass and spin of both the new black hole
and<00:07:20.960><c> its</c><00:07:21.199><c> progenitors.</c><00:07:22.560><c> So</c><00:07:22.960><c> that's</c><00:07:23.280><c> exactly</c>

06:37.867 --> 06:37.877 align:start position:0%
and its progenitors. So that's exactly
 

06:37.877 --> 06:40.106 align:start position:0%
and its progenitors. So that's exactly
what<00:07:24.000><c> you</c><00:07:24.319><c> usually</c><00:07:24.800><c> see</c><00:07:25.039><c> with</c><00:07:25.280><c> a</c><00:07:25.440><c> black</c><00:07:25.599><c> hole</c>

06:40.106 --> 06:40.116 align:start position:0%
what you usually see with a black hole
 

06:40.116 --> 06:44.027 align:start position:0%
what you usually see with a black hole
merger.<00:07:26.800><c> But</c><00:07:27.120><c> GW190521</c>

06:44.027 --> 06:44.037 align:start position:0%
merger. But GW190521
 

06:44.037 --> 06:47.226 align:start position:0%
merger. But GW190521
was<00:07:30.319><c> different</c><00:07:30.800><c> somehow.</c><00:07:32.160><c> This</c><00:07:32.479><c> particular</c>

06:47.226 --> 06:47.236 align:start position:0%
was different somehow. This particular
 

06:47.236 --> 06:49.226 align:start position:0%
was different somehow. This particular
gravitational<00:07:33.680><c> wave</c><00:07:34.000><c> signal</c><00:07:34.560><c> completely</c>

06:49.226 --> 06:49.236 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave signal completely
 

06:49.236 --> 06:52.187 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave signal completely
lacked<00:07:35.440><c> a</c><00:07:35.680><c> clearly</c><00:07:36.319><c> identifiable</c><00:07:37.280><c> inspiral</c>

06:52.187 --> 06:52.197 align:start position:0%
lacked a clearly identifiable inspiral
 

06:52.197 --> 06:55.467 align:start position:0%
lacked a clearly identifiable inspiral
phase.<00:07:38.960><c> It</c><00:07:39.360><c> just</c><00:07:39.759><c> showed</c><00:07:40.160><c> the</c><00:07:40.400><c> merger</c><00:07:40.960><c> and</c>

06:55.467 --> 06:55.477 align:start position:0%
phase. It just showed the merger and
 

06:55.477 --> 06:59.226 align:start position:0%
phase. It just showed the merger and
ringdown<00:07:41.840><c> phases.</c><00:07:42.880><c> And</c><00:07:43.120><c> this</c><00:07:43.360><c> led</c><00:07:43.840><c> KI</c><00:07:44.560><c> and</c><00:07:44.800><c> his</c>

06:59.226 --> 06:59.236 align:start position:0%
ringdown phases. And this led KI and his
 

06:59.236 --> 07:02.427 align:start position:0%
ringdown phases. And this led KI and his
team<00:07:45.440><c> to</c><00:07:45.680><c> propose</c><00:07:46.400><c> an</c><00:07:46.720><c> absolutely</c><00:07:47.440><c> outlandish</c>

07:02.427 --> 07:02.437 align:start position:0%
team to propose an absolutely outlandish
 

07:02.437 --> 07:05.867 align:start position:0%
team to propose an absolutely outlandish
idea.<00:07:49.599><c> What</c><00:07:49.919><c> if</c><00:07:50.319><c> this</c><00:07:50.639><c> signal</c><00:07:50.960><c> was</c><00:07:51.120><c> the</c><00:07:51.360><c> echo</c>

07:05.867 --> 07:05.877 align:start position:0%
idea. What if this signal was the echo
 

07:05.877 --> 07:08.106 align:start position:0%
idea. What if this signal was the echo
of<00:07:51.840><c> a</c><00:07:52.000><c> black</c><00:07:52.160><c> hole</c><00:07:52.479><c> collision</c><00:07:53.039><c> not</c><00:07:53.280><c> in</c><00:07:53.599><c> our</c>

07:08.106 --> 07:08.116 align:start position:0%
of a black hole collision not in our
 

07:08.116 --> 07:11.467 align:start position:0%
of a black hole collision not in our
universe<00:07:54.879><c> but</c><00:07:55.199><c> in</c><00:07:55.360><c> a</c><00:07:55.599><c> parallel</c><00:07:56.080><c> one?</c><00:07:56.720><c> A</c><00:07:56.960><c> signal</c>

07:11.467 --> 07:11.477 align:start position:0%
universe but in a parallel one? A signal
 

07:11.477 --> 07:14.267 align:start position:0%
universe but in a parallel one? A signal
that<00:07:57.599><c> traveled</c><00:07:58.160><c> through</c><00:07:58.639><c> a</c><00:07:58.960><c> wormhole</c><00:07:59.759><c> to</c>

07:14.267 --> 07:14.277 align:start position:0%
that traveled through a wormhole to
 

07:14.277 --> 07:16.027 align:start position:0%
that traveled through a wormhole to
reach<00:08:00.319><c> us.</c>

07:16.027 --> 07:16.037 align:start position:0%
reach us.
 

07:16.037 --> 07:18.027 align:start position:0%
reach us.
Wormholes<00:08:02.639><c> might</c><00:08:02.960><c> sound</c><00:08:03.199><c> like</c><00:08:03.520><c> science</c>

07:18.027 --> 07:18.037 align:start position:0%
Wormholes might sound like science
 

07:18.037 --> 07:20.427 align:start position:0%
Wormholes might sound like science
fiction,<00:08:04.400><c> but</c><00:08:04.639><c> they</c><00:08:04.960><c> are</c><00:08:05.280><c> a</c><00:08:05.520><c> mathematical</c>

07:20.427 --> 07:20.437 align:start position:0%
fiction, but they are a mathematical
 

07:20.437 --> 07:23.467 align:start position:0%
fiction, but they are a mathematical
possibility.<00:08:07.360><c> In</c><00:08:07.599><c> fact,</c><00:08:08.080><c> as</c><00:08:08.400><c> Einstein</c><00:08:08.960><c> worked</c>

07:23.467 --> 07:23.477 align:start position:0%
possibility. In fact, as Einstein worked
 

07:23.477 --> 07:25.786 align:start position:0%
possibility. In fact, as Einstein worked
on<00:08:09.440><c> his</c><00:08:09.599><c> theory</c><00:08:09.919><c> of</c><00:08:10.080><c> general</c><00:08:10.479><c> relativity,</c><00:08:11.360><c> the</c>

07:25.786 --> 07:25.796 align:start position:0%
on his theory of general relativity, the
 

07:25.796 --> 07:28.347 align:start position:0%
on his theory of general relativity, the
concept<00:08:11.919><c> of</c><00:08:12.240><c> bridges</c><00:08:12.879><c> arose</c><00:08:13.440><c> naturally</c><00:08:13.919><c> from</c>

07:28.347 --> 07:28.357 align:start position:0%
concept of bridges arose naturally from
 

07:28.357 --> 07:30.666 align:start position:0%
concept of bridges arose naturally from
his<00:08:14.400><c> field</c><00:08:14.720><c> equations</c><00:08:15.520><c> as</c><00:08:15.759><c> hypothetical</c>

07:30.666 --> 07:30.676 align:start position:0%
his field equations as hypothetical
 

07:30.676 --> 07:32.826 align:start position:0%
his field equations as hypothetical
geometric<00:08:17.120><c> and</c><00:08:17.360><c> topological</c><00:08:18.160><c> features</c><00:08:18.479><c> of</c>

07:32.826 --> 07:32.836 align:start position:0%
geometric and topological features of
 

07:32.836 --> 07:35.467 align:start position:0%
geometric and topological features of
the<00:08:18.800><c> universe.</c><00:08:19.919><c> Later,</c><00:08:20.400><c> as</c><00:08:20.639><c> scientists</c><00:08:21.120><c> in</c>

07:35.467 --> 07:35.477 align:start position:0%
the universe. Later, as scientists in
 

07:35.477 --> 07:37.467 align:start position:0%
the universe. Later, as scientists in
the<00:08:21.440><c> 1980s</c><00:08:22.080><c> speculated</c><00:08:22.639><c> about</c><00:08:22.960><c> traveling</c>

07:37.467 --> 07:37.477 align:start position:0%
the 1980s speculated about traveling
 

07:37.477 --> 07:38.987 align:start position:0%
the 1980s speculated about traveling
from<00:08:23.520><c> one</c><00:08:23.700><c> [music]</c><00:08:23.759><c> side</c><00:08:23.919><c> of</c><00:08:24.000><c> the</c><00:08:24.160><c> cosmos</c><00:08:24.639><c> to</c>

07:38.987 --> 07:38.997 align:start position:0%
from one [music] side of the cosmos to
 

07:38.997 --> 07:41.547 align:start position:0%
from one [music] side of the cosmos to
another,<00:08:25.599><c> this</c><00:08:25.919><c> theoretical</c><00:08:26.560><c> bridge</c><00:08:26.960><c> evolved</c>

07:41.547 --> 07:41.557 align:start position:0%
another, this theoretical bridge evolved
 

07:41.557 --> 07:43.707 align:start position:0%
another, this theoretical bridge evolved
into<00:08:27.520><c> the</c><00:08:27.759><c> fan</c><00:08:28.080><c> favorite</c><00:08:28.479><c> we</c><00:08:28.720><c> now</c><00:08:28.960><c> call</c><00:08:29.199><c> a</c>

07:43.707 --> 07:43.717 align:start position:0%
into the fan favorite we now call a
 

07:43.717 --> 07:46.987 align:start position:0%
into the fan favorite we now call a
wormhole.<00:08:30.960><c> So,</c><00:08:31.440><c> what</c><00:08:31.759><c> are</c><00:08:31.919><c> they?</c>

07:46.987 --> 07:46.997 align:start position:0%
wormhole. So, what are they?
 

07:46.997 --> 07:49.387 align:start position:0%
wormhole. So, what are they?
Essentially,<00:08:33.599><c> wormholes</c><00:08:34.240><c> act</c><00:08:34.479><c> as</c><00:08:34.640><c> shortcuts</c>

07:49.387 --> 07:49.397 align:start position:0%
Essentially, wormholes act as shortcuts
 

07:49.397 --> 07:51.547 align:start position:0%
Essentially, wormholes act as shortcuts
through<00:08:35.519><c> spaceime,</c><00:08:36.320><c> a</c><00:08:36.560><c> tunnel</c><00:08:36.800><c> that</c><00:08:37.039><c> connects</c>

07:51.547 --> 07:51.557 align:start position:0%
through spaceime, a tunnel that connects
 

07:51.557 --> 07:53.867 align:start position:0%
through spaceime, a tunnel that connects
two<00:08:37.680><c> very</c><00:08:38.000><c> distant</c><00:08:38.399><c> parts</c><00:08:38.640><c> of</c><00:08:38.800><c> the</c><00:08:38.959><c> universe,</c>

07:53.867 --> 07:53.877 align:start position:0%
two very distant parts of the universe,
 

07:53.877 --> 07:57.146 align:start position:0%
two very distant parts of the universe,
or<00:08:40.159><c> potentially</c><00:08:40.800><c> even</c><00:08:41.200><c> parallel</c><00:08:41.760><c> universes.</c>

07:57.146 --> 07:57.156 align:start position:0%
or potentially even parallel universes.
 

07:57.156 --> 07:59.307 align:start position:0%
or potentially even parallel universes.
But<00:08:43.120><c> we've</c><00:08:43.440><c> never</c><00:08:43.760><c> observed</c><00:08:44.240><c> a</c><00:08:44.480><c> wormhole</c><00:08:44.959><c> in</c>

07:59.307 --> 07:59.317 align:start position:0%
But we've never observed a wormhole in
 

07:59.317 --> 08:01.947 align:start position:0%
But we've never observed a wormhole in
reality.<00:08:46.160><c> But</c><00:08:46.320><c> if</c><00:08:46.480><c> we</c><00:08:46.720><c> did</c><00:08:46.959><c> somehow</c><00:08:47.440><c> stumble</c>

08:01.947 --> 08:01.957 align:start position:0%
reality. But if we did somehow stumble
 

08:01.957 --> 08:04.026 align:start position:0%
reality. But if we did somehow stumble
across<00:08:48.160><c> one,</c><00:08:48.640><c> it</c><00:08:48.880><c> wouldn't</c><00:08:49.120><c> look</c><00:08:49.360><c> like</c><00:08:49.519><c> the</c>

08:04.026 --> 08:04.036 align:start position:0%
across one, it wouldn't look like the
 

08:04.036 --> 08:06.586 align:start position:0%
across one, it wouldn't look like the
tunnels<00:08:50.320><c> you</c><00:08:50.560><c> might</c><00:08:50.800><c> think</c><00:08:50.959><c> of.</c><00:08:51.600><c> Instead</c><00:08:51.920><c> of</c><00:08:52.080><c> a</c>

08:06.586 --> 08:06.596 align:start position:0%
tunnels you might think of. Instead of a
 

08:06.596 --> 08:09.706 align:start position:0%
tunnels you might think of. Instead of a
flat<00:08:52.720><c> hole</c><00:08:53.040><c> that</c><00:08:53.360><c> gets</c><00:08:53.760><c> darker</c><00:08:54.160><c> and</c><00:08:54.399><c> darker,</c><00:08:55.279><c> a</c>

08:09.706 --> 08:09.716 align:start position:0%
flat hole that gets darker and darker, a
 

08:09.716 --> 08:12.907 align:start position:0%
flat hole that gets darker and darker, a
wormhole<00:08:56.160><c> would</c><00:08:56.480><c> act</c><00:08:56.800><c> as</c><00:08:57.040><c> a</c><00:08:57.360><c> spherical</c><00:08:58.160><c> 3D</c>

08:12.907 --> 08:12.917 align:start position:0%
wormhole would act as a spherical 3D
 

08:12.917 --> 08:16.107 align:start position:0%
wormhole would act as a spherical 3D
window,<00:08:59.600><c> showing</c><00:08:59.920><c> you</c><00:09:00.160><c> a</c><00:09:00.480><c> warped</c><00:09:01.040><c> view</c><00:09:01.360><c> of</c><00:09:01.680><c> the</c>

08:16.107 --> 08:16.117 align:start position:0%
window, showing you a warped view of the
 

08:16.117 --> 08:18.586 align:start position:0%
window, showing you a warped view of the
final<00:09:02.240><c> destination</c><00:09:03.200><c> on</c><00:09:03.519><c> the</c><00:09:03.680><c> other</c><00:09:04.000><c> side</c><00:09:04.240><c> of</c>

08:18.586 --> 08:18.596 align:start position:0%
final destination on the other side of
 

08:18.596 --> 08:21.307 align:start position:0%
final destination on the other side of
the<00:09:04.560><c> hole.</c><00:09:05.519><c> Much</c><00:09:05.760><c> like</c><00:09:06.000><c> a</c><00:09:06.160><c> black</c><00:09:06.399><c> hole,</c><00:09:06.959><c> it</c>

08:21.307 --> 08:21.317 align:start position:0%
the hole. Much like a black hole, it
 

08:21.317 --> 08:22.987 align:start position:0%
the hole. Much like a black hole, it
would<00:09:07.279><c> be</c><00:09:07.440><c> surrounded</c><00:09:07.839><c> by</c><00:09:08.160><c> gravitational</c>

08:22.987 --> 08:22.997 align:start position:0%
would be surrounded by gravitational
 

08:22.997 --> 08:24.987 align:start position:0%
would be surrounded by gravitational
lensing<00:09:09.279><c> that</c><00:09:09.519><c> distorts</c><00:09:10.080><c> the</c><00:09:10.320><c> surrounding</c>

08:24.987 --> 08:24.997 align:start position:0%
lensing that distorts the surrounding
 

08:24.997 --> 08:26.507 align:start position:0%
lensing that distorts the surrounding
starfield.

08:26.507 --> 08:26.517 align:start position:0%
starfield.
 

08:26.517 --> 08:28.987 align:start position:0%
starfield.
Now,<00:09:12.800><c> we're</c><00:09:13.120><c> moving</c><00:09:13.440><c> deep</c><00:09:13.680><c> into</c><00:09:14.080><c> hypothetical</c>

08:28.987 --> 08:28.997 align:start position:0%
Now, we're moving deep into hypothetical
 

08:28.997 --> 08:31.067 align:start position:0%
Now, we're moving deep into hypothetical
territory,<00:09:15.360><c> so</c><00:09:15.760><c> bear</c><00:09:16.000><c> in</c><00:09:16.160><c> mind</c><00:09:16.480><c> some</c><00:09:16.720><c> things</c>

08:31.067 --> 08:31.077 align:start position:0%
territory, so bear in mind some things
 

08:31.077 --> 08:34.107 align:start position:0%
territory, so bear in mind some things
we<00:09:17.120><c> cover</c><00:09:17.519><c> will</c><00:09:17.839><c> be</c><00:09:18.000><c> contested,</c><00:09:18.880><c> debatable,</c>

08:34.107 --> 08:34.117 align:start position:0%
we cover will be contested, debatable,
 

08:34.117 --> 08:36.907 align:start position:0%
we cover will be contested, debatable,
and<00:09:20.031><c> [music]</c><00:09:20.320><c> just</c><00:09:20.720><c> downright</c><00:09:21.279><c> strange.</c>

08:36.907 --> 08:36.917 align:start position:0%
and [music] just downright strange.
 

08:36.917 --> 08:38.747 align:start position:0%
and [music] just downright strange.
There<00:09:22.959><c> are</c><00:09:23.279><c> different</c><00:09:23.519><c> kinds</c><00:09:23.760><c> of</c><00:09:23.920><c> wormholes,</c>

08:38.747 --> 08:38.757 align:start position:0%
There are different kinds of wormholes,
 

08:38.757 --> 08:40.586 align:start position:0%
There are different kinds of wormholes,
but<00:09:24.800><c> let's</c><00:09:25.120><c> start</c><00:09:25.279><c> with</c><00:09:25.440><c> the</c><00:09:25.600><c> classic</c><00:09:25.920><c> one,</c>

08:40.586 --> 08:40.596 align:start position:0%
but let's start with the classic one,
 

08:40.596 --> 08:43.227 align:start position:0%
but let's start with the classic one,
the<00:09:26.640><c> Einstein</c><00:09:27.200><c> Rosen</c><00:09:27.760><c> Bridge.</c><00:09:28.480><c> This</c><00:09:28.640><c> is</c><00:09:28.800><c> a</c>

08:43.227 --> 08:43.237 align:start position:0%
the Einstein Rosen Bridge. This is a
 

08:43.237 --> 08:45.547 align:start position:0%
the Einstein Rosen Bridge. This is a
geometric<00:09:29.680><c> structure</c><00:09:30.399><c> where</c><00:09:30.720><c> you</c><00:09:30.959><c> have</c><00:09:31.120><c> a</c>

08:45.547 --> 08:45.557 align:start position:0%
geometric structure where you have a
 

08:45.557 --> 08:47.947 align:start position:0%
geometric structure where you have a
black<00:09:31.600><c> hole</c><00:09:31.920><c> on</c><00:09:32.080><c> one</c><00:09:32.320><c> side</c><00:09:32.800><c> and</c><00:09:33.040><c> a</c><00:09:33.279><c> white</c><00:09:33.519><c> hole</c>

08:47.947 --> 08:47.957 align:start position:0%
black hole on one side and a white hole
 

08:47.957 --> 08:50.026 align:start position:0%
black hole on one side and a white hole
on<00:09:33.920><c> the</c><00:09:34.080><c> other</c><00:09:34.399><c> that</c><00:09:34.640><c> exits</c><00:09:35.120><c> into</c><00:09:35.440><c> another</c>

08:50.026 --> 08:50.036 align:start position:0%
on the other that exits into another
 

08:50.036 --> 08:53.466 align:start position:0%
on the other that exits into another
universe.<00:09:37.040><c> Let</c><00:09:37.279><c> me</c><00:09:37.440><c> break</c><00:09:37.680><c> that</c><00:09:37.920><c> down.</c><00:09:38.880><c> As</c><00:09:39.120><c> you</c>

08:53.466 --> 08:53.476 align:start position:0%
universe. Let me break that down. As you
 

08:53.476 --> 08:56.267 align:start position:0%
universe. Let me break that down. As you
probably<00:09:39.680><c> know,</c><00:09:40.160><c> matter</c><00:09:40.640><c> can</c><00:09:40.880><c> only</c><00:09:41.279><c> enter</c><00:09:41.760><c> but</c>

08:56.267 --> 08:56.277 align:start position:0%
probably know, matter can only enter but
 

08:56.277 --> 08:58.987 align:start position:0%
probably know, matter can only enter but
never<00:09:42.399><c> exit</c><00:09:42.880><c> a</c><00:09:43.120><c> black</c><00:09:43.360><c> hole.</c><00:09:43.920><c> Once</c><00:09:44.160><c> an</c><00:09:44.399><c> object</c>

08:58.987 --> 08:58.997 align:start position:0%
never exit a black hole. Once an object
 

08:58.997 --> 09:01.466 align:start position:0%
never exit a black hole. Once an object
crosses<00:09:45.200><c> the</c><00:09:45.360><c> event</c><00:09:45.680><c> horizon,</c><00:09:46.560><c> it</c><00:09:46.880><c> cannot</c>

09:01.466 --> 09:01.476 align:start position:0%
crosses the event horizon, it cannot
 

09:01.476 --> 09:04.987 align:start position:0%
crosses the event horizon, it cannot
return.<00:09:48.160><c> A</c><00:09:48.480><c> white</c><00:09:48.720><c> hole</c><00:09:49.120><c> is</c><00:09:49.360><c> the</c><00:09:49.600><c> opposite,</c><00:09:50.480><c> a</c>

09:04.987 --> 09:04.997 align:start position:0%
return. A white hole is the opposite, a
 

09:04.997 --> 09:07.146 align:start position:0%
return. A white hole is the opposite, a
hypothetical<00:09:51.600><c> structure</c><00:09:52.000><c> where</c><00:09:52.399><c> information</c>

09:07.146 --> 09:07.156 align:start position:0%
hypothetical structure where information
 

09:07.156 --> 09:09.947 align:start position:0%
hypothetical structure where information
can<00:09:53.200><c> only</c><00:09:53.600><c> exit</c><00:09:54.160><c> into</c><00:09:54.399><c> the</c><00:09:54.640><c> universe</c><00:09:55.440><c> but</c>

09:09.947 --> 09:09.957 align:start position:0%
can only exit into the universe but
 

09:09.957 --> 09:12.827 align:start position:0%
can only exit into the universe but
never<00:09:56.240><c> fall</c><00:09:56.720><c> into</c><00:09:57.200><c> the</c><00:09:57.519><c> white</c><00:09:57.760><c> hole.</c><00:09:58.399><c> The</c>

09:12.827 --> 09:12.837 align:start position:0%
never fall into the white hole. The
 

09:12.837 --> 09:14.667 align:start position:0%
never fall into the white hole. The
Einstein<00:09:59.120><c> field</c><00:09:59.440><c> equations</c><00:09:59.839><c> that</c><00:10:00.080><c> define</c>

09:14.667 --> 09:14.677 align:start position:0%
Einstein field equations that define
 

09:14.677 --> 09:16.667 align:start position:0%
Einstein field equations that define
black<00:10:00.720><c> holes</c><00:10:01.040><c> are</c><00:10:01.360><c> symmetric</c><00:10:01.920><c> with</c><00:10:02.160><c> respect</c>

09:16.667 --> 09:16.677 align:start position:0%
black holes are symmetric with respect
 

09:16.677 --> 09:18.586 align:start position:0%
black holes are symmetric with respect
to<00:10:02.640><c> time.</c><00:10:03.440><c> This</c><00:10:03.760><c> means</c><00:10:03.920><c> that</c><00:10:04.160><c> the</c>

09:18.586 --> 09:18.596 align:start position:0%
to time. This means that the
 

09:18.596 --> 09:20.347 align:start position:0%
to time. This means that the
mathematical<00:10:05.040><c> solution</c><00:10:05.360><c> for</c><00:10:05.519><c> a</c><00:10:05.680><c> black</c><00:10:05.839><c> hole</c>

09:20.347 --> 09:20.357 align:start position:0%
mathematical solution for a black hole
 

09:20.357 --> 09:22.347 align:start position:0%
mathematical solution for a black hole
where<00:10:06.560><c> everything</c><00:10:06.959><c> collapses</c><00:10:07.600><c> into</c><00:10:07.920><c> a</c>

09:22.347 --> 09:22.357 align:start position:0%
where everything collapses into a
 

09:22.357 --> 09:24.907 align:start position:0%
where everything collapses into a
singularity<00:10:08.959><c> at</c><00:10:09.279><c> some</c><00:10:09.440><c> point</c><00:10:09.600><c> in</c><00:10:09.839><c> the</c><00:10:10.000><c> future</c>

09:24.907 --> 09:24.917 align:start position:0%
singularity at some point in the future
 

09:24.917 --> 09:27.867 align:start position:0%
singularity at some point in the future
can<00:10:11.120><c> be</c><00:10:11.360><c> reversed.</c><00:10:12.480><c> In</c><00:10:12.720><c> this</c><00:10:12.880><c> setup,</c><00:10:13.440><c> the</c>

09:27.867 --> 09:27.877 align:start position:0%
can be reversed. In this setup, the
 

09:27.877 --> 09:30.187 align:start position:0%
can be reversed. In this setup, the
singularity<00:10:14.320><c> becomes</c><00:10:14.720><c> the</c><00:10:14.959><c> past</c><00:10:15.519><c> and</c><00:10:15.760><c> the</c>

09:30.187 --> 09:30.197 align:start position:0%
singularity becomes the past and the
 

09:30.197 --> 09:32.667 align:start position:0%
singularity becomes the past and the
matter<00:10:16.399><c> is</c><00:10:16.560><c> ejected</c><00:10:17.120><c> from</c><00:10:17.279><c> the</c><00:10:17.519><c> white</c><00:10:17.760><c> hole.</c>

09:32.667 --> 09:32.677 align:start position:0%
matter is ejected from the white hole.
 

09:32.677 --> 09:34.347 align:start position:0%
matter is ejected from the white hole.
The<00:10:18.720><c> white</c><00:10:18.880><c> hole's</c><00:10:19.200><c> event</c><00:10:19.440><c> horizon</c><00:10:19.920><c> would</c>

09:34.347 --> 09:34.357 align:start position:0%
The white hole's event horizon would
 

09:34.357 --> 09:36.266 align:start position:0%
The white hole's event horizon would
effectively<00:10:20.640><c> act</c><00:10:20.800><c> as</c><00:10:20.959><c> a</c><00:10:21.120><c> line</c><00:10:21.440><c> beyond</c><00:10:21.760><c> which</c>

09:36.266 --> 09:36.276 align:start position:0%
effectively act as a line beyond which
 

09:36.276 --> 09:38.827 align:start position:0%
effectively act as a line beyond which
nothing<00:10:22.480><c> can</c><00:10:22.800><c> enter.</c><00:10:23.839><c> Because</c><00:10:24.079><c> of</c><00:10:24.240><c> this,</c>

09:38.827 --> 09:38.837 align:start position:0%
nothing can enter. Because of this,
 

09:38.837 --> 09:40.667 align:start position:0%
nothing can enter. Because of this,
white<00:10:24.880><c> holes</c><00:10:25.200><c> are</c><00:10:25.440><c> commonly</c><00:10:25.839><c> described</c><00:10:26.240><c> as</c>

09:40.667 --> 09:40.677 align:start position:0%
white holes are commonly described as
 

09:40.677 --> 09:42.827 align:start position:0%
white holes are commonly described as
acting<00:10:26.800><c> like</c><00:10:27.040><c> a</c><00:10:27.279><c> black</c><00:10:27.519><c> hole</c><00:10:28.160><c> running</c>

09:42.827 --> 09:42.837 align:start position:0%
acting like a black hole running
 

09:42.837 --> 09:45.706 align:start position:0%
acting like a black hole running
backward<00:10:29.200><c> in</c><00:10:29.519><c> time.</c><00:10:30.480><c> The</c><00:10:30.640><c> Einstein</c><00:10:31.120><c> Rosen</c>

09:45.706 --> 09:45.716 align:start position:0%
backward in time. The Einstein Rosen
 

09:45.716 --> 09:47.146 align:start position:0%
backward in time. The Einstein Rosen
Bridge<00:10:31.760><c> is</c><00:10:31.920><c> theorized</c><00:10:32.082><c> [music]</c><00:10:32.399><c> to</c><00:10:32.560><c> connect</c><00:10:32.720><c> a</c>

09:47.146 --> 09:47.156 align:start position:0%
Bridge is theorized [music] to connect a
 

09:47.156 --> 09:48.586 align:start position:0%
Bridge is theorized [music] to connect a
black<00:10:33.120><c> hole</c><00:10:33.440><c> with</c><00:10:33.600><c> its</c><00:10:33.839><c> white</c><00:10:34.079><c> hole</c>

09:48.586 --> 09:48.596 align:start position:0%
black hole with its white hole
 

09:48.596 --> 09:51.146 align:start position:0%
black hole with its white hole
counterpart<00:10:35.200><c> via</c><00:10:35.519><c> a</c><00:10:35.839><c> one-way</c><00:10:36.480><c> street</c><00:10:36.800><c> of</c>

09:51.146 --> 09:51.156 align:start position:0%
counterpart via a one-way street of
 

09:51.156 --> 09:53.787 align:start position:0%
counterpart via a one-way street of
sorts.<00:10:37.600><c> But</c><00:10:37.760><c> the</c><00:10:37.920><c> problem</c><00:10:38.160><c> is</c><00:10:38.640><c> the</c><00:10:38.880><c> math</c><00:10:39.200><c> says</c>

09:53.787 --> 09:53.797 align:start position:0%
sorts. But the problem is the math says
 

09:53.797 --> 09:56.187 align:start position:0%
sorts. But the problem is the math says
that<00:10:39.839><c> this</c><00:10:40.160><c> structure</c><00:10:40.640><c> should</c><00:10:40.959><c> be</c><00:10:41.360><c> incredibly</c>

09:56.187 --> 09:56.197 align:start position:0%
that this structure should be incredibly
 

09:56.197 --> 09:58.427 align:start position:0%
that this structure should be incredibly
unstable.<00:10:43.120><c> It</c><00:10:43.360><c> would</c><00:10:43.519><c> collapse</c><00:10:43.920><c> so</c>

09:58.427 --> 09:58.437 align:start position:0%
unstable. It would collapse so
 

09:58.437 --> 10:00.907 align:start position:0%
unstable. It would collapse so
instantaneously<00:10:45.440><c> that</c><00:10:45.760><c> even</c><00:10:46.079><c> light</c><00:10:46.480><c> wouldn't</c>

10:00.907 --> 10:00.917 align:start position:0%
instantaneously that even light wouldn't
 

10:00.917 --> 10:03.706 align:start position:0%
instantaneously that even light wouldn't
be<00:10:46.880><c> able</c><00:10:47.040><c> to</c><00:10:47.120><c> travel</c><00:10:47.440><c> through</c><00:10:47.680><c> it.</c><00:10:48.640><c> So</c><00:10:48.959><c> if</c><00:10:49.279><c> the</c>

10:03.706 --> 10:03.716 align:start position:0%
be able to travel through it. So if the
 

10:03.716 --> 10:05.867 align:start position:0%
be able to travel through it. So if the
GW190521

10:05.867 --> 10:05.877 align:start position:0%
GW190521
 

10:05.877 --> 10:07.787 align:start position:0%
GW190521
signal<00:10:52.240><c> couldn't</c><00:10:52.720><c> have</c><00:10:52.880><c> passed</c><00:10:53.200><c> through</c><00:10:53.440><c> an</c>

10:07.787 --> 10:07.797 align:start position:0%
signal couldn't have passed through an
 

10:07.797 --> 10:10.427 align:start position:0%
signal couldn't have passed through an
Einstein<00:10:54.160><c> Rosen</c><00:10:54.560><c> Bridge,</c><00:10:55.279><c> what</c><00:10:55.680><c> other</c><00:10:56.079><c> kind</c>

10:10.427 --> 10:10.437 align:start position:0%
Einstein Rosen Bridge, what other kind
 

10:10.437 --> 10:12.427 align:start position:0%
Einstein Rosen Bridge, what other kind
of<00:10:56.399><c> wormhole</c><00:10:57.200><c> might</c><00:10:57.440><c> it</c><00:10:57.680><c> have</c><00:10:57.920><c> traveled</c>

10:12.427 --> 10:12.437 align:start position:0%
of wormhole might it have traveled
 

10:12.437 --> 10:14.347 align:start position:0%
of wormhole might it have traveled
through?

10:14.347 --> 10:14.357 align:start position:0%
through?
 

10:14.357 --> 10:17.307 align:start position:0%
through?
In<00:11:00.480><c> 1988,</c><00:11:01.279><c> astrophysicists</c><00:11:02.320><c> Michael</c><00:11:02.720><c> Morris</c>

10:17.307 --> 10:17.317 align:start position:0%
In 1988, astrophysicists Michael Morris
 

10:17.317 --> 10:19.867 align:start position:0%
In 1988, astrophysicists Michael Morris
and<00:11:03.279><c> Kip</c><00:11:03.600><c> Thorne</c><00:11:04.240><c> proposed</c><00:11:04.720><c> a</c><00:11:04.959><c> way</c><00:11:05.200><c> to</c><00:11:05.440><c> make</c>

10:19.867 --> 10:19.877 align:start position:0%
and Kip Thorne proposed a way to make
 

10:19.877 --> 10:22.827 align:start position:0%
and Kip Thorne proposed a way to make
wormholes<00:11:06.399><c> traversible.</c><00:11:07.600><c> Thorne</c><00:11:08.000><c> went</c><00:11:08.240><c> on</c><00:11:08.399><c> to</c>

10:22.827 --> 10:22.837 align:start position:0%
wormholes traversible. Thorne went on to
 

10:22.837 --> 10:24.907 align:start position:0%
wormholes traversible. Thorne went on to
consult<00:11:09.040><c> on</c><00:11:09.200><c> the</c><00:11:09.360><c> film</c><00:11:09.600><c> Interstellar</c><00:11:10.480><c> and</c>

10:24.907 --> 10:24.917 align:start position:0%
consult on the film Interstellar and
 

10:24.917 --> 10:26.987 align:start position:0%
consult on the film Interstellar and
later<00:11:10.959><c> won</c><00:11:11.200><c> a</c><00:11:11.360><c> Nobel</c><00:11:11.839><c> Prize</c><00:11:12.079><c> in</c><00:11:12.320><c> physics</c><00:11:12.640><c> for</c>

10:26.987 --> 10:26.997 align:start position:0%
later won a Nobel Prize in physics for
 

10:26.997 --> 10:29.307 align:start position:0%
later won a Nobel Prize in physics for
his<00:11:13.040><c> contributions</c><00:11:13.600><c> to</c><00:11:13.760><c> the</c><00:11:13.920><c> LIGO</c><00:11:14.399><c> detector</c>

10:29.307 --> 10:29.317 align:start position:0%
his contributions to the LIGO detector
 

10:29.317 --> 10:31.146 align:start position:0%
his contributions to the LIGO detector
and<00:11:15.360><c> the</c><00:11:15.600><c> first</c><00:11:15.839><c> direct</c><00:11:16.240><c> observation</c><00:11:16.800><c> of</c>

10:31.146 --> 10:31.156 align:start position:0%
and the first direct observation of
 

10:31.156 --> 10:33.627 align:start position:0%
and the first direct observation of
gravitational<00:11:17.600><c> waves.</c><00:11:18.480><c> So,</c><00:11:18.959><c> let</c><00:11:19.200><c> these</c>

10:33.627 --> 10:33.637 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves. So, let these
 

10:33.637 --> 10:35.307 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves. So, let these
credentials<00:11:19.920><c> lend</c><00:11:20.240><c> weight</c><00:11:20.480><c> to</c><00:11:20.560><c> the</c><00:11:20.720><c> bizarre</c>

10:35.307 --> 10:35.317 align:start position:0%
credentials lend weight to the bizarre
 

10:35.317 --> 10:37.947 align:start position:0%
credentials lend weight to the bizarre
theory<00:11:21.440><c> I'm</c><00:11:21.760><c> about</c><00:11:21.920><c> to</c><00:11:22.160><c> share.</c><00:11:23.200><c> Morris</c><00:11:23.600><c> and</c>

10:37.947 --> 10:37.957 align:start position:0%
theory I'm about to share. Morris and
 

10:37.957 --> 10:40.507 align:start position:0%
theory I'm about to share. Morris and
Thorne<00:11:24.160><c> suggest</c><00:11:24.560><c> the</c><00:11:24.800><c> choke</c><00:11:25.120><c> point</c><00:11:25.440><c> or</c><00:11:25.920><c> throat</c>

10:40.507 --> 10:40.517 align:start position:0%
Thorne suggest the choke point or throat
 

10:40.517 --> 10:42.907 align:start position:0%
Thorne suggest the choke point or throat
of<00:11:26.399><c> the</c><00:11:26.560><c> wormhole</c><00:11:27.519><c> could</c><00:11:27.839><c> be</c><00:11:28.079><c> held</c><00:11:28.320><c> open</c>

10:42.907 --> 10:42.917 align:start position:0%
of the wormhole could be held open
 

10:42.917 --> 10:46.187 align:start position:0%
of the wormhole could be held open
against<00:11:29.040><c> gravity</c><00:11:29.519><c> by</c><00:11:29.760><c> a</c><00:11:30.000><c> kind</c><00:11:30.320><c> of</c><00:11:30.800><c> scaffolding</c>

10:46.187 --> 10:46.197 align:start position:0%
against gravity by a kind of scaffolding
 

10:46.197 --> 10:48.187 align:start position:0%
against gravity by a kind of scaffolding
which<00:11:32.240><c> would</c><00:11:32.480><c> make</c><00:11:32.640><c> it</c><00:11:32.800><c> traversible.</c>

10:48.187 --> 10:48.197 align:start position:0%
which would make it traversible.
 

10:48.197 --> 10:49.867 align:start position:0%
which would make it traversible.
However,<00:11:34.560><c> this</c><00:11:34.800><c> would</c><00:11:35.040><c> require</c><00:11:35.440><c> a</c>

10:49.867 --> 10:49.877 align:start position:0%
However, this would require a
 

10:49.877 --> 10:52.187 align:start position:0%
However, this would require a
theoretical<00:11:36.320><c> type</c><00:11:36.480><c> of</c><00:11:36.720><c> material</c><00:11:37.519><c> known</c><00:11:37.760><c> as</c>

10:52.187 --> 10:52.197 align:start position:0%
theoretical type of material known as
 

10:52.197 --> 10:55.627 align:start position:0%
theoretical type of material known as
exotic<00:11:38.560><c> matter</c><00:11:39.279><c> to</c><00:11:39.519><c> act</c><00:11:39.839><c> as</c><00:11:40.079><c> said</c><00:11:40.480><c> scaffolding</c>

10:55.627 --> 10:55.637 align:start position:0%
exotic matter to act as said scaffolding
 

10:55.637 --> 10:58.586 align:start position:0%
exotic matter to act as said scaffolding
holding<00:11:41.839><c> the</c><00:11:42.079><c> tunnel</c><00:11:42.480><c> open.</c><00:11:43.519><c> Exotic</c><00:11:44.079><c> matter</c>

10:58.586 --> 10:58.596 align:start position:0%
holding the tunnel open. Exotic matter
 

10:58.596 --> 11:00.667 align:start position:0%
holding the tunnel open. Exotic matter
is<00:11:44.640><c> not</c><00:11:44.800><c> the</c><00:11:45.040><c> same</c><00:11:45.200><c> thing</c><00:11:45.360><c> as</c><00:11:45.600><c> antimatter,</c>

11:00.667 --> 11:00.677 align:start position:0%
is not the same thing as antimatter,
 

11:00.677 --> 11:03.466 align:start position:0%
is not the same thing as antimatter,
which<00:11:46.800><c> does</c><00:11:47.040><c> have</c><00:11:47.440><c> positive</c><00:11:47.920><c> mass</c><00:11:48.480><c> and</c><00:11:48.800><c> is</c><00:11:49.040><c> a</c>

11:03.466 --> 11:03.476 align:start position:0%
which does have positive mass and is a
 

11:03.476 --> 11:06.907 align:start position:0%
which does have positive mass and is a
real<00:11:49.760><c> observable</c><00:11:50.399><c> material.</c><00:11:51.519><c> Instead,</c><00:11:52.399><c> it</c>

11:06.907 --> 11:06.917 align:start position:0%
real observable material. Instead, it
 

11:06.917 --> 11:09.466 align:start position:0%
real observable material. Instead, it
refers<00:11:53.120><c> to</c><00:11:53.279><c> materials</c><00:11:53.760><c> that</c><00:11:54.000><c> possess</c><00:11:54.560><c> unusual</c>

11:09.466 --> 11:09.476 align:start position:0%
refers to materials that possess unusual
 

11:09.476 --> 11:12.907 align:start position:0%
refers to materials that possess unusual
properties<00:11:56.320><c> such</c><00:11:56.560><c> as</c><00:11:57.200><c> negative</c><00:11:57.760><c> mass,</c>

11:12.907 --> 11:12.917 align:start position:0%
properties such as negative mass,
 

11:12.917 --> 11:15.627 align:start position:0%
properties such as negative mass,
negative<00:11:59.279><c> energy</c><00:11:59.680><c> density,</c><00:12:00.320><c> or</c><00:12:00.800><c> negative</c>

11:15.627 --> 11:15.637 align:start position:0%
negative energy density, or negative
 

11:15.637 --> 11:17.947 align:start position:0%
negative energy density, or negative
pressure.<00:12:02.320><c> Meaning,</c><00:12:02.640><c> it</c><00:12:02.880><c> often</c><00:12:03.200><c> acts</c><00:12:03.519><c> in</c>

11:17.947 --> 11:17.957 align:start position:0%
pressure. Meaning, it often acts in
 

11:17.957 --> 11:21.466 align:start position:0%
pressure. Meaning, it often acts in
bizarre<00:12:04.560><c> and</c><00:12:04.880><c> counterintuitive</c><00:12:06.000><c> ways.</c><00:12:07.200><c> For</c>

11:21.466 --> 11:21.476 align:start position:0%
bizarre and counterintuitive ways. For
 

11:21.476 --> 11:23.787 align:start position:0%
bizarre and counterintuitive ways. For
example,<00:12:07.920><c> in</c><00:12:08.160><c> the</c><00:12:08.320><c> normal</c><00:12:08.720><c> world,</c><00:12:09.200><c> when</c><00:12:09.440><c> you</c>

11:23.787 --> 11:23.797 align:start position:0%
example, in the normal world, when you
 

11:23.797 --> 11:26.266 align:start position:0%
example, in the normal world, when you
push<00:12:09.920><c> a</c><00:12:10.079><c> glass</c><00:12:10.399><c> to</c><00:12:10.560><c> the</c><00:12:10.800><c> left,</c><00:12:11.360><c> it</c><00:12:11.600><c> will</c><00:12:11.680><c> topple</c>

11:26.266 --> 11:26.276 align:start position:0%
push a glass to the left, it will topple
 

11:26.276 --> 11:28.826 align:start position:0%
push a glass to the left, it will topple
over<00:12:12.240><c> to</c><00:12:12.480><c> the</c><00:12:12.639><c> left.</c><00:12:13.279><c> But</c><00:12:13.440><c> if</c><00:12:13.600><c> the</c><00:12:13.839><c> glass</c><00:12:14.160><c> has</c>

11:28.826 --> 11:28.836 align:start position:0%
over to the left. But if the glass has
 

11:28.836 --> 11:31.307 align:start position:0%
over to the left. But if the glass has
negative<00:12:15.120><c> mass,</c><00:12:15.839><c> pushing</c><00:12:16.160><c> it</c><00:12:16.320><c> to</c><00:12:16.480><c> the</c><00:12:16.639><c> left</c>

11:31.307 --> 11:31.317 align:start position:0%
negative mass, pushing it to the left
 

11:31.317 --> 11:33.627 align:start position:0%
negative mass, pushing it to the left
would<00:12:17.440><c> make</c><00:12:17.519><c> it</c><00:12:17.760><c> fall</c><00:12:18.000><c> to</c><00:12:18.160><c> the</c><00:12:18.320><c> right.</c><00:12:19.040><c> it</c><00:12:19.279><c> will</c>

11:33.627 --> 11:33.637 align:start position:0%
would make it fall to the right. it will
 

11:33.637 --> 11:35.466 align:start position:0%
would make it fall to the right. it will
accelerate<00:12:20.079><c> in</c><00:12:20.240><c> the</c><00:12:20.399><c> opposite</c><00:12:20.800><c> direction</c><00:12:21.120><c> of</c>

11:35.466 --> 11:35.476 align:start position:0%
accelerate in the opposite direction of
 

11:35.476 --> 11:37.547 align:start position:0%
accelerate in the opposite direction of
the<00:12:21.440><c> force</c><00:12:21.760><c> applied.</c>

11:37.547 --> 11:37.557 align:start position:0%
the force applied.
 

11:37.557 --> 11:39.627 align:start position:0%
the force applied.
Normal<00:12:23.760><c> matter</c><00:12:24.160><c> attracts</c><00:12:24.639><c> other</c><00:12:25.040><c> matter</c>

11:39.627 --> 11:39.637 align:start position:0%
Normal matter attracts other matter
 

11:39.637 --> 11:42.347 align:start position:0%
Normal matter attracts other matter
through<00:12:25.760><c> gravity.</c><00:12:26.720><c> Drop</c><00:12:27.040><c> a</c><00:12:27.279><c> shoe</c><00:12:27.680><c> and</c><00:12:27.920><c> it</c>

11:42.347 --> 11:42.357 align:start position:0%
through gravity. Drop a shoe and it
 

11:42.357 --> 11:45.067 align:start position:0%
through gravity. Drop a shoe and it
falls<00:12:28.480><c> to</c><00:12:28.639><c> the</c><00:12:28.800><c> ground.</c><00:12:29.680><c> But</c><00:12:30.000><c> exotic</c><00:12:30.560><c> matter</c>

11:45.067 --> 11:45.077 align:start position:0%
falls to the ground. But exotic matter
 

11:45.077 --> 11:48.026 align:start position:0%
falls to the ground. But exotic matter
with<00:12:31.200><c> negative</c><00:12:31.760><c> energy</c><00:12:32.480><c> does</c><00:12:32.720><c> the</c><00:12:32.959><c> opposite.</c>

11:48.026 --> 11:48.036 align:start position:0%
with negative energy does the opposite.
 

11:48.036 --> 11:50.026 align:start position:0%
with negative energy does the opposite.
Instead<00:12:34.160><c> of</c><00:12:34.320><c> being</c><00:12:34.560><c> pulled</c><00:12:35.040><c> towards</c><00:12:35.519><c> other</c>

11:50.026 --> 11:50.036 align:start position:0%
Instead of being pulled towards other
 

11:50.036 --> 11:52.507 align:start position:0%
Instead of being pulled towards other
matter,<00:12:36.560><c> it's</c><00:12:36.880><c> pushed</c><00:12:37.200><c> away</c><00:12:37.440><c> from</c><00:12:37.680><c> it.</c><00:12:38.079><c> And</c>

11:52.507 --> 11:52.517 align:start position:0%
matter, it's pushed away from it. And
 

11:52.517 --> 11:55.067 align:start position:0%
matter, it's pushed away from it. And
crucially,<00:12:39.040><c> it</c><00:12:39.360><c> pushes</c><00:12:39.839><c> back.</c><00:12:40.560><c> That</c>

11:55.067 --> 11:55.077 align:start position:0%
crucially, it pushes back. That
 

11:55.077 --> 11:57.067 align:start position:0%
crucially, it pushes back. That
repulsive<00:12:41.440><c> force</c><00:12:42.000><c> is</c><00:12:42.240><c> what</c><00:12:42.480><c> could</c>

11:57.067 --> 11:57.077 align:start position:0%
repulsive force is what could
 

11:57.077 --> 11:59.466 align:start position:0%
repulsive force is what could
theoretically<00:12:43.839><c> prop</c><00:12:44.160><c> a</c><00:12:44.320><c> wormhole</c><00:12:44.880><c> throat</c>

11:59.466 --> 11:59.476 align:start position:0%
theoretically prop a wormhole throat
 

11:59.476 --> 12:01.466 align:start position:0%
theoretically prop a wormhole throat
open<00:12:45.839><c> against</c><00:12:46.160><c> the</c><00:12:46.399><c> crushing</c><00:12:46.880><c> pole</c><00:12:47.120><c> of</c>

12:01.466 --> 12:01.476 align:start position:0%
open against the crushing pole of
 

12:01.476 --> 12:04.427 align:start position:0%
open against the crushing pole of
gravity.<00:12:48.639><c> Even</c><00:12:48.880><c> if</c><00:12:49.120><c> this</c><00:12:49.440><c> breaks</c><00:12:49.760><c> your</c><00:12:50.000><c> brain</c>

12:04.427 --> 12:04.437 align:start position:0%
gravity. Even if this breaks your brain
 

12:04.437 --> 12:06.187 align:start position:0%
gravity. Even if this breaks your brain
a<00:12:50.480><c> little,</c><00:12:50.880><c> these</c><00:12:51.200><c> kinds</c><00:12:51.440><c> of</c><00:12:51.600><c> properties</c>

12:06.187 --> 12:06.197 align:start position:0%
a little, these kinds of properties
 

12:06.197 --> 12:08.107 align:start position:0%
a little, these kinds of properties
aren't<00:12:52.480><c> technically</c><00:12:53.120><c> forbidden</c><00:12:53.600><c> by</c><00:12:53.760><c> the</c>

12:08.107 --> 12:08.117 align:start position:0%
aren't technically forbidden by the
 

12:08.117 --> 12:10.427 align:start position:0%
aren't technically forbidden by the
maths,<00:12:54.639><c> and</c><00:12:54.880><c> they</c><00:12:55.120><c> don't</c><00:12:55.360><c> violate</c><00:12:55.760><c> the</c><00:12:55.920><c> laws</c>

12:10.427 --> 12:10.437 align:start position:0%
maths, and they don't violate the laws
 

12:10.437 --> 12:13.067 align:start position:0%
maths, and they don't violate the laws
of<00:12:56.480><c> conservation</c><00:12:56.959><c> of</c><00:12:57.200><c> momentum</c><00:12:57.680><c> or</c><00:12:58.000><c> energy.</c>

12:13.067 --> 12:13.077 align:start position:0%
of conservation of momentum or energy.
 

12:13.077 --> 12:15.466 align:start position:0%
of conservation of momentum or energy.
In<00:12:59.040><c> other</c><00:12:59.279><c> words,</c><00:12:59.600><c> they</c><00:12:59.920><c> can't</c><00:13:00.399><c> officially</c><00:13:01.040><c> be</c>

12:15.466 --> 12:15.476 align:start position:0%
In other words, they can't officially be
 

12:15.476 --> 12:17.787 align:start position:0%
In other words, they can't officially be
discarded<00:13:01.839><c> as</c><00:13:02.079><c> impossible,</c><00:13:03.120><c> even</c><00:13:03.440><c> though</c>

12:17.787 --> 12:17.797 align:start position:0%
discarded as impossible, even though
 

12:17.797 --> 12:20.907 align:start position:0%
discarded as impossible, even though
we've<00:13:04.000><c> never</c><00:13:04.160><c> seen</c><00:13:04.480><c> them.</c><00:13:05.440><c> Thus</c><00:13:06.000><c> follows</c><00:13:06.480><c> the</c>

12:20.907 --> 12:20.917 align:start position:0%
we've never seen them. Thus follows the
 

12:20.917 --> 12:23.947 align:start position:0%
we've never seen them. Thus follows the
question,<00:13:07.760><c> if</c><00:13:08.000><c> a</c><00:13:08.240><c> traversible</c><00:13:08.800><c> wormhole</c><00:13:09.440><c> like</c>

12:23.947 --> 12:23.957 align:start position:0%
question, if a traversible wormhole like
 

12:23.957 --> 12:26.907 align:start position:0%
question, if a traversible wormhole like
this<00:13:10.160><c> could</c><00:13:10.560><c> exist,</c><00:13:11.360><c> could</c><00:13:11.600><c> we</c><00:13:11.839><c> really</c><00:13:12.160><c> hear</c><00:13:12.399><c> a</c>

12:26.907 --> 12:26.917 align:start position:0%
this could exist, could we really hear a
 

12:26.917 --> 12:29.067 align:start position:0%
this could exist, could we really hear a
signal<00:13:13.120><c> ring</c><00:13:13.519><c> down</c><00:13:13.839><c> through</c><00:13:14.160><c> it</c><00:13:14.399><c> from</c><00:13:14.639><c> the</c>

12:29.067 --> 12:29.077 align:start position:0%
signal ring down through it from the
 

12:29.077 --> 12:31.547 align:start position:0%
signal ring down through it from the
universe<00:13:15.360><c> on</c><00:13:15.519><c> the</c><00:13:15.680><c> other</c><00:13:15.839><c> side?</c><00:13:16.800><c> Wouldn't</c><00:13:17.120><c> the</c>

12:31.547 --> 12:31.557 align:start position:0%
universe on the other side? Wouldn't the
 

12:31.557 --> 12:33.706 align:start position:0%
universe on the other side? Wouldn't the
information<00:13:17.839><c> get</c><00:13:18.079><c> lost</c><00:13:18.480><c> or</c><00:13:18.880><c> distorted</c>

12:33.706 --> 12:33.716 align:start position:0%
information get lost or distorted
 

12:33.716 --> 12:37.227 align:start position:0%
information get lost or distorted
somehow?<00:13:20.880><c> Well,</c><00:13:21.440><c> turns</c><00:13:21.760><c> out</c><00:13:22.000><c> wormholes</c><00:13:22.800><c> might</c>

12:37.227 --> 12:37.237 align:start position:0%
somehow? Well, turns out wormholes might
 

12:37.237 --> 12:39.387 align:start position:0%
somehow? Well, turns out wormholes might
connect<00:13:23.440><c> more</c><00:13:23.760><c> than</c><00:13:24.000><c> just</c><00:13:24.560><c> black</c><00:13:24.800><c> and</c><00:13:24.959><c> white</c>

12:39.387 --> 12:39.397 align:start position:0%
connect more than just black and white
 

12:39.397 --> 12:42.107 align:start position:0%
connect more than just black and white
holes.<00:13:26.240><c> They</c><00:13:26.560><c> could</c><00:13:26.880><c> be</c><00:13:27.040><c> the</c><00:13:27.279><c> missing</c><00:13:27.600><c> link</c>

12:42.107 --> 12:42.117 align:start position:0%
holes. They could be the missing link
 

12:42.117 --> 12:44.507 align:start position:0%
holes. They could be the missing link
between<00:13:28.240><c> general</c><00:13:28.720><c> relativity</c><00:13:29.519><c> and</c><00:13:29.839><c> quantum</c>

12:44.507 --> 12:44.517 align:start position:0%
between general relativity and quantum
 

12:44.517 --> 12:46.907 align:start position:0%
between general relativity and quantum
mechanics.

12:46.907 --> 12:46.917 align:start position:0%
mechanics.
 

12:46.917 --> 12:48.507 align:start position:0%
mechanics.
General<00:13:33.200><c> relativity</c><00:13:33.760><c> describes</c><00:13:34.160><c> the</c>

12:48.507 --> 12:48.517 align:start position:0%
General relativity describes the
 

12:48.517 --> 12:51.387 align:start position:0%
General relativity describes the
universe<00:13:34.720><c> at</c><00:13:34.959><c> its</c><00:13:35.200><c> largest</c><00:13:35.600><c> scales.</c><00:13:36.399><c> Gravity,</c>

12:51.387 --> 12:51.397 align:start position:0%
universe at its largest scales. Gravity,
 

12:51.397 --> 12:53.627 align:start position:0%
universe at its largest scales. Gravity,
black<00:13:37.440><c> holes,</c><00:13:38.160><c> the</c><00:13:38.399><c> fabric</c><00:13:38.800><c> of</c><00:13:38.959><c> spaceime</c>

12:53.627 --> 12:53.637 align:start position:0%
black holes, the fabric of spaceime
 

12:53.637 --> 12:56.427 align:start position:0%
black holes, the fabric of spaceime
itself.<00:13:40.560><c> Quantum</c><00:13:41.040><c> mechanics</c><00:13:41.600><c> describes</c><00:13:42.079><c> it</c>

12:56.427 --> 12:56.437 align:start position:0%
itself. Quantum mechanics describes it
 

12:56.437 --> 12:59.466 align:start position:0%
itself. Quantum mechanics describes it
at<00:13:42.480><c> its</c><00:13:42.720><c> smallest.</c><00:13:43.760><c> Particles,</c><00:13:44.639><c> energy,</c><00:13:45.120><c> the</c>

12:59.466 --> 12:59.476 align:start position:0%
at its smallest. Particles, energy, the
 

12:59.476 --> 13:02.427 align:start position:0%
at its smallest. Particles, energy, the
subatomic<00:13:46.000><c> world.</c><00:13:46.959><c> But</c><00:13:47.120><c> when</c><00:13:47.360><c> you</c><00:13:47.519><c> try</c><00:13:47.680><c> to</c><00:13:47.920><c> use</c>

13:02.427 --> 13:02.437 align:start position:0%
subatomic world. But when you try to use
 

13:02.437 --> 13:04.667 align:start position:0%
subatomic world. But when you try to use
both<00:13:48.480><c> at</c><00:13:48.720><c> the</c><00:13:48.880><c> same</c><00:13:49.040><c> time,</c><00:13:49.440><c> say</c><00:13:49.920><c> at</c><00:13:50.079><c> the</c><00:13:50.240><c> center</c>

13:04.667 --> 13:04.677 align:start position:0%
both at the same time, say at the center
 

13:04.677 --> 13:07.466 align:start position:0%
both at the same time, say at the center
of<00:13:50.639><c> a</c><00:13:50.800><c> black</c><00:13:51.040><c> hole,</c><00:13:51.839><c> the</c><00:13:52.079><c> maths</c><00:13:52.560><c> breaks</c><00:13:52.880><c> down</c>

13:07.466 --> 13:07.476 align:start position:0%
of a black hole, the maths breaks down
 

13:07.476 --> 13:10.987 align:start position:0%
of a black hole, the maths breaks down
completely.<00:13:54.639><c> However,</c><00:13:55.440><c> in</c><00:13:55.680><c> 2013,</c>

13:10.987 --> 13:10.997 align:start position:0%
completely. However, in 2013,
 

13:10.997 --> 13:13.386 align:start position:0%
completely. However, in 2013,
theoretical<00:13:57.360><c> physicists</c><00:13:57.920><c> Leonard</c><00:13:58.320><c> Suskin</c>

13:13.386 --> 13:13.396 align:start position:0%
theoretical physicists Leonard Suskin
 

13:13.396 --> 13:16.667 align:start position:0%
theoretical physicists Leonard Suskin
and<00:13:59.519><c> Juan</c><00:14:00.079><c> Malda</c><00:14:01.199><c> put</c><00:14:01.440><c> forth</c><00:14:01.760><c> a</c><00:14:02.000><c> conjecture</c>

13:16.667 --> 13:16.677 align:start position:0%
and Juan Malda put forth a conjecture
 

13:16.677 --> 13:20.586 align:start position:0%
and Juan Malda put forth a conjecture
that<00:14:03.040><c> if</c><00:14:03.360><c> true</c><00:14:04.160><c> could</c><00:14:04.639><c> unify</c><00:14:05.279><c> these</c><00:14:05.680><c> two</c><00:14:06.000><c> rival</c>

13:20.586 --> 13:20.596 align:start position:0%
that if true could unify these two rival
 

13:20.596 --> 13:23.627 align:start position:0%
that if true could unify these two rival
fields.<00:14:07.360><c> And</c><00:14:07.519><c> you</c><00:14:07.760><c> guessed</c><00:14:08.000><c> it,</c><00:14:08.560><c> the</c><00:14:08.880><c> answer</c>

13:23.627 --> 13:23.637 align:start position:0%
fields. And you guessed it, the answer
 

13:23.637 --> 13:27.787 align:start position:0%
fields. And you guessed it, the answer
has<00:14:09.760><c> to</c><00:14:09.920><c> do</c><00:14:10.320><c> with</c><00:14:10.639><c> wormholes.</c><00:14:12.079><c> How</c><00:14:12.320><c> exactly?</c>

13:27.787 --> 13:27.797 align:start position:0%
has to do with wormholes. How exactly?
 

13:27.797 --> 13:30.187 align:start position:0%
has to do with wormholes. How exactly?
Well,<00:14:14.160><c> they</c><00:14:14.480><c> propose</c><00:14:14.880><c> that</c><00:14:15.120><c> wormholes</c><00:14:15.680><c> and</c>

13:30.187 --> 13:30.197 align:start position:0%
Well, they propose that wormholes and
 

13:30.197 --> 13:32.747 align:start position:0%
Well, they propose that wormholes and
quantum<00:14:16.399><c> entanglement</c><00:14:17.360><c> might</c><00:14:17.760><c> actually</c><00:14:18.240><c> be</c>

13:32.747 --> 13:32.757 align:start position:0%
quantum entanglement might actually be
 

13:32.757 --> 13:35.547 align:start position:0%
quantum entanglement might actually be
the<00:14:18.800><c> same</c><00:14:19.040><c> thing.</c><00:14:19.920><c> that</c><00:14:20.160><c> when</c><00:14:20.480><c> two</c><00:14:20.800><c> particles</c>

13:35.547 --> 13:35.557 align:start position:0%
the same thing. that when two particles
 

13:35.557 --> 13:38.187 align:start position:0%
the same thing. that when two particles
become<00:14:21.760><c> entangled,</c><00:14:22.880><c> they're</c><00:14:23.199><c> linked</c><00:14:23.519><c> in</c><00:14:23.760><c> such</c>

13:38.187 --> 13:38.197 align:start position:0%
become entangled, they're linked in such
 

13:38.197 --> 13:40.667 align:start position:0%
become entangled, they're linked in such
a<00:14:24.160><c> way</c><00:14:24.560><c> that</c><00:14:24.800><c> whatever</c><00:14:25.279><c> happens</c><00:14:25.600><c> to</c><00:14:25.839><c> one</c>

13:40.667 --> 13:40.677 align:start position:0%
a way that whatever happens to one
 

13:40.677 --> 13:43.227 align:start position:0%
a way that whatever happens to one
instantly<00:14:27.040><c> affects</c><00:14:27.519><c> the</c><00:14:27.760><c> other,</c><00:14:28.399><c> even</c><00:14:28.800><c> if</c>

13:43.227 --> 13:43.237 align:start position:0%
instantly affects the other, even if
 

13:43.237 --> 13:45.706 align:start position:0%
instantly affects the other, even if
they're<00:14:29.279><c> galaxies</c><00:14:29.760><c> apart.</c><00:14:30.720><c> For</c><00:14:30.800><c> example,</c><00:14:31.279><c> if</c>

13:45.706 --> 13:45.716 align:start position:0%
they're galaxies apart. For example, if
 

13:45.716 --> 13:47.466 align:start position:0%
they're galaxies apart. For example, if
you<00:14:31.680><c> measure</c><00:14:31.920><c> the</c><00:14:32.160><c> spin</c><00:14:32.399><c> of</c><00:14:32.560><c> one,</c><00:14:33.040><c> its</c>

13:47.466 --> 13:47.476 align:start position:0%
you measure the spin of one, its
 

13:47.476 --> 13:50.266 align:start position:0%
you measure the spin of one, its
entangled<00:14:33.839><c> partner</c><00:14:34.560><c> will</c><00:14:34.959><c> instantly</c><00:14:35.600><c> snap</c>

13:50.266 --> 13:50.276 align:start position:0%
entangled partner will instantly snap
 

13:50.276 --> 13:53.227 align:start position:0%
entangled partner will instantly snap
into<00:14:36.399><c> the</c><00:14:36.639><c> opposite</c><00:14:37.120><c> spin.</c><00:14:38.000><c> At</c><00:14:38.320><c> first</c><00:14:38.560><c> glance,</c>

13:53.227 --> 13:53.237 align:start position:0%
into the opposite spin. At first glance,
 

13:53.237 --> 13:55.307 align:start position:0%
into the opposite spin. At first glance,
it<00:14:39.279><c> might</c><00:14:39.519><c> seem</c><00:14:39.760><c> like</c><00:14:40.000><c> this</c><00:14:40.320><c> would</c><00:14:40.639><c> violate</c>

13:55.307 --> 13:55.317 align:start position:0%
it might seem like this would violate
 

13:55.317 --> 13:57.547 align:start position:0%
it might seem like this would violate
the<00:14:41.279><c> law</c><00:14:41.600><c> that</c><00:14:42.000><c> nothing</c><00:14:42.399><c> can</c><00:14:42.639><c> travel</c><00:14:42.880><c> faster</c>

13:57.547 --> 13:57.557 align:start position:0%
the law that nothing can travel faster
 

13:57.557 --> 13:59.787 align:start position:0%
the law that nothing can travel faster
than<00:14:43.600><c> light.</c><00:14:44.320><c> Surely,</c><00:14:44.639><c> these</c><00:14:44.959><c> particles</c><00:14:45.440><c> are</c>

13:59.787 --> 13:59.797 align:start position:0%
than light. Surely, these particles are
 

13:59.797 --> 14:02.427 align:start position:0%
than light. Surely, these particles are
somehow<00:14:46.079><c> communicating.</c><00:14:47.519><c> But</c><00:14:47.680><c> there</c><00:14:47.920><c> isn't</c>

14:02.427 --> 14:02.437 align:start position:0%
somehow communicating. But there isn't
 

14:02.437 --> 14:04.507 align:start position:0%
somehow communicating. But there isn't
actually<00:14:48.639><c> any</c><00:14:48.959><c> information</c><00:14:49.600><c> passing</c><00:14:50.079><c> from</c>

14:04.507 --> 14:04.517 align:start position:0%
actually any information passing from
 

14:04.517 --> 14:06.826 align:start position:0%
actually any information passing from
one<00:14:50.560><c> to</c><00:14:50.720><c> the</c><00:14:50.959><c> other.</c><00:14:51.519><c> The</c><00:14:51.760><c> outcome</c><00:14:52.160><c> of</c><00:14:52.399><c> both</c>

14:06.826 --> 14:06.836 align:start position:0%
one to the other. The outcome of both
 

14:06.836 --> 14:10.107 align:start position:0%
one to the other. The outcome of both
particles<00:14:53.279><c> are</c><00:14:53.519><c> random.</c><00:14:54.880><c> Suskind</c><00:14:55.600><c> and</c>

14:10.107 --> 14:10.117 align:start position:0%
particles are random. Suskind and
 

14:10.117 --> 14:12.586 align:start position:0%
particles are random. Suskind and
Maldisena<00:14:57.040><c> suggested</c><00:14:57.600><c> these</c><00:14:57.839><c> entangled</c>

14:12.586 --> 14:12.596 align:start position:0%
Maldisena suggested these entangled
 

14:12.596 --> 14:15.146 align:start position:0%
Maldisena suggested these entangled
particles<00:14:59.040><c> might</c><00:14:59.600><c> literally</c><00:15:00.160><c> be</c><00:15:00.399><c> connected</c>

14:15.146 --> 14:15.156 align:start position:0%
particles might literally be connected
 

14:15.156 --> 14:17.787 align:start position:0%
particles might literally be connected
by<00:15:01.199><c> a</c><00:15:01.440><c> geometric</c><00:15:02.079><c> structure,</c><00:15:02.959><c> a</c><00:15:03.199><c> tiny</c>

14:17.787 --> 14:17.797 align:start position:0%
by a geometric structure, a tiny
 

14:17.797 --> 14:19.787 align:start position:0%
by a geometric structure, a tiny
wormhole<00:15:04.160><c> that</c><00:15:04.399><c> links</c><00:15:04.720><c> them</c><00:15:05.120><c> through</c>

14:19.787 --> 14:19.797 align:start position:0%
wormhole that links them through
 

14:19.797 --> 14:23.307 align:start position:0%
wormhole that links them through
spaceime.<00:15:06.720><c> Sound</c><00:15:07.040><c> familiar?</c><00:15:08.160><c> This</c><00:15:08.399><c> is</c><00:15:08.560><c> known</c>

14:23.307 --> 14:23.317 align:start position:0%
spaceime. Sound familiar? This is known
 

14:23.317 --> 14:27.466 align:start position:0%
spaceime. Sound familiar? This is known
as<00:15:09.360><c> the</c><00:15:09.680><c> ER</c><00:15:10.160><c> equals</c><00:15:10.720><c> EPR</c><00:15:11.600><c> conjecture.</c><00:15:12.880><c> named</c>

14:27.466 --> 14:27.476 align:start position:0%
as the ER equals EPR conjecture. named
 

14:27.476 --> 14:30.507 align:start position:0%
as the ER equals EPR conjecture. named
after<00:15:13.600><c> two</c><00:15:13.920><c> famous</c><00:15:14.240><c> papers</c><00:15:14.639><c> from</c><00:15:14.959><c> 1935.</c>

14:30.507 --> 14:30.517 align:start position:0%
after two famous papers from 1935.
 

14:30.517 --> 14:33.627 align:start position:0%
after two famous papers from 1935.
Einstein<00:15:16.880><c> Rosenbridge</c><00:15:17.920><c> equals</c><00:15:18.639><c> Einstein</c>

14:33.627 --> 14:33.637 align:start position:0%
Einstein Rosenbridge equals Einstein
 

14:33.637 --> 14:36.507 align:start position:0%
Einstein Rosenbridge equals Einstein
Bodolski<00:15:20.240><c> Rosen</c><00:15:20.720><c> entanglement.</c>

14:36.507 --> 14:36.517 align:start position:0%
Bodolski Rosen entanglement.
 

14:36.517 --> 14:39.947 align:start position:0%
Bodolski Rosen entanglement.
If<00:15:22.560><c> this</c><00:15:22.800><c> idea</c><00:15:23.279><c> proves</c><00:15:23.680><c> true,</c><00:15:24.560><c> it</c><00:15:24.800><c> blows</c><00:15:25.440><c> black</c>

14:39.947 --> 14:39.957 align:start position:0%
If this idea proves true, it blows black
 

14:39.957 --> 14:42.747 align:start position:0%
If this idea proves true, it blows black
hole<00:15:26.160><c> science</c><00:15:26.800><c> wide</c><00:15:27.199><c> open.</c><00:15:28.160><c> Quantum</c>

14:42.747 --> 14:42.757 align:start position:0%
hole science wide open. Quantum
 

14:42.757 --> 14:44.747 align:start position:0%
hole science wide open. Quantum
mechanics<00:15:29.040><c> states</c><00:15:29.360><c> that</c><00:15:29.680><c> information</c><00:15:30.160><c> cannot</c>

14:44.747 --> 14:44.757 align:start position:0%
mechanics states that information cannot
 

14:44.757 --> 14:47.706 align:start position:0%
mechanics states that information cannot
be<00:15:30.720><c> destroyed</c><00:15:31.600><c> ever.</c><00:15:32.399><c> Yet</c><00:15:32.880><c> everything</c><00:15:33.279><c> that</c>

14:47.706 --> 14:47.716 align:start position:0%
be destroyed ever. Yet everything that
 

14:47.716 --> 14:50.107 align:start position:0%
be destroyed ever. Yet everything that
falls<00:15:33.839><c> into</c><00:15:34.000><c> a</c><00:15:34.240><c> black</c><00:15:34.399><c> hole</c><00:15:35.120><c> eventually</c><00:15:35.600><c> seems</c>

14:50.107 --> 14:50.117 align:start position:0%
falls into a black hole eventually seems
 

14:50.117 --> 14:52.826 align:start position:0%
falls into a black hole eventually seems
to<00:15:36.079><c> evaporate</c><00:15:36.639><c> and</c><00:15:36.880><c> vanish</c><00:15:37.199><c> forever.</c><00:15:38.240><c> This</c><00:15:38.480><c> is</c>

14:52.826 --> 14:52.836 align:start position:0%
to evaporate and vanish forever. This is
 

14:52.836 --> 14:55.307 align:start position:0%
to evaporate and vanish forever. This is
the<00:15:38.959><c> information</c><00:15:39.600><c> paradox.</c>

14:55.307 --> 14:55.317 align:start position:0%
the information paradox.
 

14:55.317 --> 14:57.466 align:start position:0%
the information paradox.
In<00:15:41.440><c> 2012,</c><00:15:42.000><c> a</c><00:15:42.160><c> group</c><00:15:42.320><c> of</c><00:15:42.399><c> physicists</c><00:15:42.880><c> tried</c><00:15:43.120><c> to</c>

14:57.466 --> 14:57.476 align:start position:0%
In 2012, a group of physicists tried to
 

14:57.476 --> 14:59.547 align:start position:0%
In 2012, a group of physicists tried to
resolve<00:15:43.600><c> it,</c><00:15:43.920><c> but</c><00:15:44.240><c> ended</c><00:15:44.480><c> up</c><00:15:44.720><c> creating</c><00:15:45.040><c> an</c>

14:59.547 --> 14:59.557 align:start position:0%
resolve it, but ended up creating an
 

14:59.557 --> 15:02.747 align:start position:0%
resolve it, but ended up creating an
even<00:15:45.600><c> bigger</c><00:15:46.000><c> problem.</c><00:15:46.959><c> The</c><00:15:47.120><c> Amps</c><00:15:47.680><c> team</c><00:15:48.160><c> from</c>

15:02.747 --> 15:02.757 align:start position:0%
even bigger problem. The Amps team from
 

15:02.757 --> 15:05.386 align:start position:0%
even bigger problem. The Amps team from
UC<00:15:49.120><c> Santa</c><00:15:49.600><c> Barbara,</c><00:15:50.399><c> named</c><00:15:50.720><c> after</c><00:15:51.040><c> the</c>

15:05.386 --> 15:05.396 align:start position:0%
UC Santa Barbara, named after the
 

15:05.396 --> 15:07.946 align:start position:0%
UC Santa Barbara, named after the
initials<00:15:51.600><c> of</c><00:15:51.680><c> his</c><00:15:51.920><c> authors,</c><00:15:52.880><c> showed</c><00:15:53.199><c> that</c><00:15:53.519><c> if</c>

15:07.946 --> 15:07.956 align:start position:0%
initials of his authors, showed that if
 

15:07.956 --> 15:10.187 align:start position:0%
initials of his authors, showed that if
you<00:15:54.000><c> insist</c><00:15:54.480><c> on</c><00:15:54.800><c> both</c><00:15:55.120><c> quantum</c><00:15:55.519><c> mechanics</c>

15:10.187 --> 15:10.197 align:start position:0%
you insist on both quantum mechanics
 

15:10.197 --> 15:12.987 align:start position:0%
you insist on both quantum mechanics
being<00:15:56.240><c> correct</c><00:15:57.040><c> and</c><00:15:57.519><c> that</c><00:15:57.920><c> information</c><00:15:58.480><c> can</c>

15:12.987 --> 15:12.997 align:start position:0%
being correct and that information can
 

15:12.997 --> 15:15.146 align:start position:0%
being correct and that information can
escape<00:15:59.120><c> the</c><00:15:59.360><c> black</c><00:15:59.519><c> hole,</c><00:16:00.240><c> then</c><00:16:00.480><c> the</c><00:16:00.639><c> event</c>

15:15.146 --> 15:15.156 align:start position:0%
escape the black hole, then the event
 

15:15.156 --> 15:17.627 align:start position:0%
escape the black hole, then the event
horizon<00:16:01.759><c> would</c><00:16:02.000><c> look</c><00:16:02.240><c> like</c><00:16:02.399><c> a</c><00:16:02.720><c> wall</c><00:16:03.040><c> of</c>

15:17.627 --> 15:17.637 align:start position:0%
horizon would look like a wall of
 

15:17.637 --> 15:20.907 align:start position:0%
horizon would look like a wall of
incredibly<00:16:04.240><c> high</c><00:16:04.639><c> energy</c><00:16:05.120><c> radiation,</c><00:16:06.320><c> not</c>

15:20.907 --> 15:20.917 align:start position:0%
incredibly high energy radiation, not
 

15:20.917 --> 15:23.067 align:start position:0%
incredibly high energy radiation, not
the<00:16:07.040><c> smooth,</c><00:16:07.600><c> unremarkable</c><00:16:08.399><c> boundary</c>

15:23.067 --> 15:23.077 align:start position:0%
the smooth, unremarkable boundary
 

15:23.077 --> 15:25.547 align:start position:0%
the smooth, unremarkable boundary
predicted<00:16:09.279><c> by</c><00:16:09.519><c> general</c><00:16:09.920><c> relativity.</c>

15:25.547 --> 15:25.557 align:start position:0%
predicted by general relativity.
 

15:25.557 --> 15:27.867 align:start position:0%
predicted by general relativity.
Therefore,<00:16:12.320><c> these</c><00:16:12.639><c> two</c><00:16:12.800><c> theories</c><00:16:13.199><c> seem</c><00:16:13.440><c> to</c>

15:27.867 --> 15:27.877 align:start position:0%
Therefore, these two theories seem to
 

15:27.877 --> 15:29.946 align:start position:0%
Therefore, these two theories seem to
directly<00:16:14.240><c> contradict</c><00:16:14.720><c> each</c><00:16:14.880><c> other,</c><00:16:15.360><c> creating</c>

15:29.946 --> 15:29.956 align:start position:0%
directly contradict each other, creating
 

15:29.956 --> 15:32.987 align:start position:0%
directly contradict each other, creating
what<00:16:16.079><c> is</c><00:16:16.240><c> known</c><00:16:16.560><c> as</c><00:16:16.800><c> the</c><00:16:17.120><c> firewall</c><00:16:17.759><c> paradox.</c>

15:32.987 --> 15:32.997 align:start position:0%
what is known as the firewall paradox.
 

15:32.997 --> 15:35.307 align:start position:0%
what is known as the firewall paradox.
But<00:16:18.959><c> this</c><00:16:19.199><c> is</c><00:16:19.279><c> where</c><00:16:19.519><c> things</c><00:16:19.920><c> for</c><00:16:20.160><c> once</c><00:16:20.800><c> slot</c>

15:35.307 --> 15:35.317 align:start position:0%
But this is where things for once slot
 

15:35.317 --> 15:38.107 align:start position:0%
But this is where things for once slot
together<00:16:21.440><c> nicely.</c><00:16:22.320><c> The</c><00:16:22.560><c> ER</c><00:16:22.959><c> equals</c><00:16:23.360><c> EPR</c>

15:38.107 --> 15:38.117 align:start position:0%
together nicely. The ER equals EPR
 

15:38.117 --> 15:40.907 align:start position:0%
together nicely. The ER equals EPR
conjecture<00:16:24.880><c> offers</c><00:16:25.360><c> a</c><00:16:25.600><c> way</c><00:16:25.920><c> out</c><00:16:26.320><c> of</c><00:16:26.480><c> this</c>

15:40.907 --> 15:40.917 align:start position:0%
conjecture offers a way out of this
 

15:40.917 --> 15:44.667 align:start position:0%
conjecture offers a way out of this
tangle.<00:16:28.079><c> See,</c><00:16:28.480><c> back</c><00:16:28.720><c> in</c><00:16:28.959><c> 1974,</c><00:16:30.079><c> Steven</c>

15:44.667 --> 15:44.677 align:start position:0%
tangle. See, back in 1974, Steven
 

15:44.677 --> 15:47.227 align:start position:0%
tangle. See, back in 1974, Steven
Hawking<00:16:30.959><c> postulated</c><00:16:31.759><c> that</c><00:16:32.079><c> black</c><00:16:32.320><c> holes</c><00:16:32.800><c> have</c>

15:47.227 --> 15:47.237 align:start position:0%
Hawking postulated that black holes have
 

15:47.237 --> 15:49.466 align:start position:0%
Hawking postulated that black holes have
quantum<00:16:33.519><c> effects</c><00:16:33.839><c> near</c><00:16:34.160><c> the</c><00:16:34.320><c> event</c><00:16:34.639><c> horizon</c>

15:49.466 --> 15:49.476 align:start position:0%
quantum effects near the event horizon
 

15:49.476 --> 15:52.107 align:start position:0%
quantum effects near the event horizon
that<00:16:35.519><c> cause</c><00:16:35.839><c> them</c><00:16:36.000><c> to</c><00:16:36.240><c> slowly</c><00:16:36.800><c> emit</c><00:16:37.360><c> what</c><00:16:37.680><c> has</c>

15:52.107 --> 15:52.117 align:start position:0%
that cause them to slowly emit what has
 

15:52.117 --> 15:54.747 align:start position:0%
that cause them to slowly emit what has
become<00:16:38.240><c> known</c><00:16:38.800><c> as</c><00:16:39.120><c> Hawking</c><00:16:39.600><c> radiation,</c>

15:54.747 --> 15:54.757 align:start position:0%
become known as Hawking radiation,
 

15:54.757 --> 15:57.787 align:start position:0%
become known as Hawking radiation,
evaporating<00:16:41.440><c> over</c><00:16:42.000><c> incomprehensibly</c><00:16:43.360><c> long</c>

15:57.787 --> 15:57.797 align:start position:0%
evaporating over incomprehensibly long
 

15:57.797 --> 16:00.347 align:start position:0%
evaporating over incomprehensibly long
time<00:16:43.920><c> scales.</c><00:16:44.959><c> The</c><00:16:45.199><c> question</c><00:16:45.436><c> [music]</c><00:16:45.519><c> is</c>

16:00.347 --> 16:00.357 align:start position:0%
time scales. The question [music] is
 

16:00.357 --> 16:02.427 align:start position:0%
time scales. The question [music] is
whether<00:16:46.480><c> that</c><00:16:46.800><c> radiation</c><00:16:47.360><c> carries</c><00:16:47.839><c> any</c>

16:02.427 --> 16:02.437 align:start position:0%
whether that radiation carries any
 

16:02.437 --> 16:05.386 align:start position:0%
whether that radiation carries any
imprint<00:16:48.959><c> of</c><00:16:49.199><c> what</c><00:16:49.519><c> originally</c><00:16:50.000><c> fell</c><00:16:50.240><c> in</c><00:16:50.800><c> or</c>

16:05.386 --> 16:05.396 align:start position:0%
imprint of what originally fell in or
 

16:05.396 --> 16:08.507 align:start position:0%
imprint of what originally fell in or
whether<00:16:51.600><c> it's</c><00:16:52.000><c> just</c><00:16:52.240><c> random</c><00:16:52.639><c> noise.</c><00:16:53.680><c> If</c><00:16:53.920><c> these</c>

16:08.507 --> 16:08.517 align:start position:0%
whether it's just random noise. If these
 

16:08.517 --> 16:10.907 align:start position:0%
whether it's just random noise. If these
hawking<00:16:54.880><c> radiation</c><00:16:55.440><c> particles</c><00:16:56.000><c> escaping</c><00:16:56.480><c> the</c>

16:10.907 --> 16:10.917 align:start position:0%
hawking radiation particles escaping the
 

16:10.917 --> 16:12.907 align:start position:0%
hawking radiation particles escaping the
black<00:16:56.880><c> hole</c><00:16:57.279><c> are</c><00:16:57.519><c> entangled</c><00:16:58.079><c> with</c><00:16:58.320><c> particles</c>

16:12.907 --> 16:12.917 align:start position:0%
black hole are entangled with particles
 

16:12.917 --> 16:14.987 align:start position:0%
black hole are entangled with particles
inside<00:16:59.040><c> it</c><00:16:59.279><c> via</c><00:16:59.519><c> a</c><00:16:59.680><c> wormhole,</c><00:17:00.560><c> then</c>

16:14.987 --> 16:14.997 align:start position:0%
inside it via a wormhole, then
 

16:14.997 --> 16:17.067 align:start position:0%
inside it via a wormhole, then
information<00:17:01.279><c> was</c><00:17:01.680><c> never</c><00:17:02.000><c> truly</c><00:17:02.399><c> trapped</c><00:17:02.720><c> in</c>

16:17.067 --> 16:17.077 align:start position:0%
information was never truly trapped in
 

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information was never truly trapped in
the<00:17:03.040><c> way</c><00:17:03.199><c> we</c><00:17:03.440><c> always</c><00:17:03.759><c> assumed.</c><00:17:05.039><c> If</c><00:17:05.280><c> the</c><00:17:05.520><c> inside</c>

16:20.106 --> 16:20.116 align:start position:0%
the way we always assumed. If the inside
 

16:20.116 --> 16:22.106 align:start position:0%
the way we always assumed. If the inside
and<00:17:06.160><c> outside</c><00:17:06.559><c> of</c><00:17:06.640><c> the</c><00:17:06.799><c> black</c><00:17:06.959><c> hole</c><00:17:07.360><c> share</c><00:17:07.679><c> a</c>

16:22.106 --> 16:22.116 align:start position:0%
and outside of the black hole share a
 

16:22.116 --> 16:24.266 align:start position:0%
and outside of the black hole share a
quantum<00:17:08.400><c> connection,</c><00:17:09.199><c> the</c><00:17:09.439><c> information</c><00:17:09.839><c> is</c>

16:24.266 --> 16:24.276 align:start position:0%
quantum connection, the information is
 

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quantum connection, the information is
recoverable<00:17:10.640><c> in</c><00:17:10.880><c> principle</c><00:17:11.280><c> from</c><00:17:11.439><c> the</c>

16:25.866 --> 16:25.876 align:start position:0%
recoverable in principle from the
 

16:25.876 --> 16:28.506 align:start position:0%
recoverable in principle from the
Hawking<00:17:12.160><c> radiation</c><00:17:12.559><c> itself.</c><00:17:13.839><c> But</c><00:17:14.000><c> the</c>

16:28.506 --> 16:28.516 align:start position:0%
Hawking radiation itself. But the
 

16:28.516 --> 16:31.547 align:start position:0%
Hawking radiation itself. But the
problem<00:17:14.559><c> with</c><00:17:14.959><c> ER</c><00:17:15.360><c> equals</c><00:17:15.839><c> EPR</c><00:17:16.640><c> is</c><00:17:16.880><c> that</c><00:17:17.120><c> it</c>

16:31.547 --> 16:31.557 align:start position:0%
problem with ER equals EPR is that it
 

16:31.557 --> 16:33.307 align:start position:0%
problem with ER equals EPR is that it
had<00:17:17.600><c> only</c><00:17:17.839><c> been</c><00:17:18.079><c> demonstrated</c><00:17:18.720><c> for</c><00:17:18.841><c> [music]</c>

16:33.307 --> 16:33.317 align:start position:0%
had only been demonstrated for [music]
 

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had only been demonstrated for [music]
an<00:17:19.439><c> extremely</c><00:17:20.240><c> idealized</c><00:17:21.039><c> scenario.</c><00:17:22.079><c> two</c>

16:36.667 --> 16:36.677 align:start position:0%
an extremely idealized scenario. two
 

16:36.677 --> 16:39.067 align:start position:0%
an extremely idealized scenario. two
black<00:17:22.640><c> holes</c><00:17:23.520><c> in</c><00:17:23.760><c> perfect</c><00:17:24.319><c> thermal</c>

16:39.067 --> 16:39.077 align:start position:0%
black holes in perfect thermal
 

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black holes in perfect thermal
equilibrium.

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equilibrium.
 

16:40.597 --> 16:43.307 align:start position:0%
equilibrium.
Real<00:17:26.720><c> black</c><00:17:26.959><c> holes</c><00:17:27.360><c> are</c><00:17:27.679><c> certainly</c><00:17:28.160><c> not</c><00:17:28.480><c> that.</c>

16:43.307 --> 16:43.317 align:start position:0%
Real black holes are certainly not that.
 

16:43.317 --> 16:46.267 align:start position:0%
Real black holes are certainly not that.
They<00:17:29.360><c> are</c><00:17:29.679><c> chaotic</c><00:17:30.320><c> and</c><00:17:30.640><c> messy.</c><00:17:31.679><c> They're</c>

16:46.267 --> 16:46.277 align:start position:0%
They are chaotic and messy. They're
 

16:46.277 --> 16:48.667 align:start position:0%
They are chaotic and messy. They're
constantly<00:17:32.720><c> being</c><00:17:33.039><c> bombarded</c><00:17:33.600><c> by</c><00:17:33.840><c> infalling</c>

16:48.667 --> 16:48.677 align:start position:0%
constantly being bombarded by infalling
 

16:48.677 --> 16:50.827 align:start position:0%
constantly being bombarded by infalling
matter,<00:17:35.120><c> radiation,</c><00:17:35.840><c> and</c><00:17:36.160><c> quantum</c>

16:50.827 --> 16:50.837 align:start position:0%
matter, radiation, and quantum
 

16:50.837 --> 16:54.667 align:start position:0%
matter, radiation, and quantum
fluctuations.<00:17:37.919><c> If</c><00:17:38.320><c> ER</c><00:17:38.799><c> equals</c><00:17:39.280><c> EPR</c><00:17:40.160><c> only</c>

16:54.667 --> 16:54.677 align:start position:0%
fluctuations. If ER equals EPR only
 

16:54.677 --> 16:57.147 align:start position:0%
fluctuations. If ER equals EPR only
works<00:17:40.799><c> for</c><00:17:41.120><c> perfectly</c><00:17:41.679><c> neat</c><00:17:42.240><c> black</c><00:17:42.480><c> holes</c>

16:57.147 --> 16:57.157 align:start position:0%
works for perfectly neat black holes
 

16:57.157 --> 16:59.787 align:start position:0%
works for perfectly neat black holes
that<00:17:43.280><c> don't</c><00:17:43.520><c> really</c><00:17:43.760><c> exist,</c><00:17:44.640><c> it's</c><00:17:45.120><c> not</c><00:17:45.360><c> much</c>

16:59.787 --> 16:59.797 align:start position:0%
that don't really exist, it's not much
 

16:59.797 --> 17:03.226 align:start position:0%
that don't really exist, it's not much
of<00:17:45.760><c> a</c><00:17:46.000><c> solution.</c><00:17:46.960><c> So</c><00:17:47.200><c> in</c><00:17:47.520><c> 2025,</c><00:17:48.480><c> a</c><00:17:48.720><c> team</c><00:17:48.880><c> of</c>

17:03.226 --> 17:03.236 align:start position:0%
of a solution. So in 2025, a team of
 

17:03.236 --> 17:05.067 align:start position:0%
of a solution. So in 2025, a team of
researchers<00:17:49.600><c> set</c><00:17:49.840><c> out</c><00:17:50.080><c> to</c><00:17:50.240><c> test</c><00:17:50.480><c> if</c><00:17:50.720><c> the</c>

17:05.067 --> 17:05.077 align:start position:0%
researchers set out to test if the
 

17:05.077 --> 17:07.307 align:start position:0%
researchers set out to test if the
conjecture<00:17:51.760><c> would</c><00:17:52.080><c> hold</c><00:17:52.320><c> up</c><00:17:52.559><c> in</c><00:17:52.799><c> more</c>

17:07.307 --> 17:07.317 align:start position:0%
conjecture would hold up in more
 

17:07.317 --> 17:09.866 align:start position:0%
conjecture would hold up in more
realistic<00:17:53.760><c> conditions.</c><00:17:54.799><c> They</c><00:17:55.120><c> created</c><00:17:55.440><c> a</c>

17:09.866 --> 17:09.876 align:start position:0%
realistic conditions. They created a
 

17:09.876 --> 17:12.187 align:start position:0%
realistic conditions. They created a
model<00:17:55.919><c> of</c><00:17:56.160><c> a</c><00:17:56.400><c> theoretical</c><00:17:57.039><c> pair</c><00:17:57.360><c> of</c><00:17:57.520><c> deeply</c>

17:12.187 --> 17:12.197 align:start position:0%
model of a theoretical pair of deeply
 

17:12.197 --> 17:14.187 align:start position:0%
model of a theoretical pair of deeply
entangled<00:17:58.559><c> black</c><00:17:58.799><c> holes</c><00:17:59.200><c> connected</c><00:17:59.600><c> by</c><00:17:59.760><c> an</c>

17:14.187 --> 17:14.197 align:start position:0%
entangled black holes connected by an
 

17:14.197 --> 17:16.827 align:start position:0%
entangled black holes connected by an
Einstein<00:18:00.640><c> rose</c><00:18:00.960><c> and</c><00:18:01.200><c> bridge</c><00:18:01.840><c> known</c><00:18:02.240><c> as</c><00:18:02.400><c> a</c>

17:16.827 --> 17:16.837 align:start position:0%
Einstein rose and bridge known as a
 

17:16.837 --> 17:19.947 align:start position:0%
Einstein rose and bridge known as a
complex<00:18:03.200><c> EPR</c><00:18:03.840><c> pair.</c><00:18:04.640><c> They</c><00:18:04.960><c> started</c><00:18:05.280><c> with</c><00:18:05.520><c> an</c>

17:19.947 --> 17:19.957 align:start position:0%
complex EPR pair. They started with an
 

17:19.957 --> 17:22.507 align:start position:0%
complex EPR pair. They started with an
idealized<00:18:06.320><c> wormhole,</c><00:18:07.200><c> one</c><00:18:07.440><c> which</c><00:18:07.679><c> is</c><00:18:07.919><c> smooth</c>

17:22.507 --> 17:22.517 align:start position:0%
idealized wormhole, one which is smooth
 

17:22.517 --> 17:24.507 align:start position:0%
idealized wormhole, one which is smooth
and<00:18:08.559><c> symmetrical</c><00:18:09.200><c> inside,</c><00:18:10.000><c> and</c>

17:24.507 --> 17:24.517 align:start position:0%
and symmetrical inside, and
 

17:24.517 --> 17:26.427 align:start position:0%
and symmetrical inside, and
progressively<00:18:11.200><c> scrambled</c><00:18:11.679><c> the</c><00:18:11.919><c> quantum</c>

17:26.427 --> 17:26.437 align:start position:0%
progressively scrambled the quantum
 

17:26.437 --> 17:28.587 align:start position:0%
progressively scrambled the quantum
entanglement<00:18:12.960><c> between</c><00:18:13.360><c> the</c><00:18:13.600><c> black</c><00:18:13.760><c> holes,</c>

17:28.587 --> 17:28.597 align:start position:0%
entanglement between the black holes,
 

17:28.597 --> 17:31.226 align:start position:0%
entanglement between the black holes,
making<00:18:14.720><c> them</c><00:18:15.039><c> increasingly</c><00:18:15.679><c> chaotic.</c><00:18:16.880><c> And</c>

17:31.226 --> 17:31.236 align:start position:0%
making them increasingly chaotic. And
 

17:31.236 --> 17:34.667 align:start position:0%
making them increasingly chaotic. And
they<00:18:17.360><c> found</c><00:18:17.600><c> something</c><00:18:18.400><c> no</c><00:18:18.640><c> one</c><00:18:18.960><c> expected.</c>

17:34.667 --> 17:34.677 align:start position:0%
they found something no one expected.
 

17:34.677 --> 17:37.627 align:start position:0%
they found something no one expected.
Even<00:18:20.960><c> when</c><00:18:21.440><c> quantum</c><00:18:21.919><c> entanglement</c><00:18:22.640><c> is</c><00:18:22.960><c> messy</c>

17:37.627 --> 17:37.637 align:start position:0%
Even when quantum entanglement is messy
 

17:37.637 --> 17:40.187 align:start position:0%
Even when quantum entanglement is messy
and<00:18:23.679><c> random,</c><00:18:24.559><c> the</c><00:18:24.720><c> wormhole</c><00:18:25.360><c> remains</c><00:18:25.760><c> a</c>

17:40.187 --> 17:40.197 align:start position:0%
and random, the wormhole remains a
 

17:40.197 --> 17:43.067 align:start position:0%
and random, the wormhole remains a
predictable,<00:18:27.039><c> stable</c><00:18:27.600><c> tunnel.</c><00:18:28.480><c> It</c><00:18:28.640><c> gets</c>

17:43.067 --> 17:43.077 align:start position:0%
predictable, stable tunnel. It gets
 

17:43.077 --> 17:46.187 align:start position:0%
predictable, stable tunnel. It gets
longer,<00:18:29.679><c> bumpier,</c><00:18:30.640><c> more</c><00:18:30.880><c> deformed,</c><00:18:31.760><c> and</c>

17:46.187 --> 17:46.197 align:start position:0%
longer, bumpier, more deformed, and
 

17:46.197 --> 17:48.907 align:start position:0%
longer, bumpier, more deformed, and
develops<00:18:32.640><c> lumpy</c><00:18:33.200><c> segments,</c><00:18:33.919><c> earning</c><00:18:34.320><c> it</c><00:18:34.480><c> the</c>

17:48.907 --> 17:48.917 align:start position:0%
develops lumpy segments, earning it the
 

17:48.917 --> 17:52.347 align:start position:0%
develops lumpy segments, earning it the
title<00:18:35.440><c> the</c><00:18:35.760><c> Einstein</c><00:18:36.400><c> rose</c><00:18:36.640><c> and</c><00:18:36.880><c> caterpillar.</c>

17:52.347 --> 17:52.357 align:start position:0%
title the Einstein rose and caterpillar.
 

17:52.357 --> 17:54.907 align:start position:0%
title the Einstein rose and caterpillar.
And<00:18:38.559><c> crucially,</c><00:18:39.600><c> it</c><00:18:39.840><c> remains</c><00:18:40.400><c> a</c>

17:54.907 --> 17:54.917 align:start position:0%
And crucially, it remains a
 

17:54.917 --> 17:57.467 align:start position:0%
And crucially, it remains a
geometrically<00:18:41.600><c> stable,</c><00:18:42.480><c> traversible</c>

17:57.467 --> 17:57.477 align:start position:0%
geometrically stable, traversible
 

17:57.477 --> 17:59.707 align:start position:0%
geometrically stable, traversible
structure<00:18:44.080><c> where</c><00:18:44.320><c> the</c><00:18:44.559><c> classical</c><00:18:45.039><c> laws</c><00:18:45.360><c> of</c>

17:59.707 --> 17:59.717 align:start position:0%
structure where the classical laws of
 

17:59.717 --> 18:03.226 align:start position:0%
structure where the classical laws of
gravity<00:18:46.240><c> still</c><00:18:46.640><c> hold.</c><00:18:47.760><c> And</c><00:18:48.080><c> perhaps</c><00:18:48.640><c> most</c>

18:03.226 --> 18:03.236 align:start position:0%
gravity still hold. And perhaps most
 

18:03.236 --> 18:05.947 align:start position:0%
gravity still hold. And perhaps most
intriguingly,<00:18:50.400><c> nowhere</c><00:18:50.880><c> in</c><00:18:51.120><c> their</c><00:18:51.360><c> typical</c>

18:05.947 --> 18:05.957 align:start position:0%
intriguingly, nowhere in their typical
 

18:05.957 --> 18:08.587 align:start position:0%
intriguingly, nowhere in their typical
models,<00:18:52.400><c> those</c><00:18:52.720><c> that</c><00:18:53.039><c> started</c><00:18:53.440><c> from</c><00:18:53.760><c> rest,</c>

18:08.587 --> 18:08.597 align:start position:0%
models, those that started from rest,
 

18:08.597 --> 18:10.986 align:start position:0%
models, those that started from rest,
did<00:18:54.640><c> they</c><00:18:54.880><c> encounter</c><00:18:55.440><c> a</c><00:18:55.679><c> firewall</c><00:18:56.320><c> at</c><00:18:56.640><c> the</c>

18:10.986 --> 18:10.996 align:start position:0%
did they encounter a firewall at the
 

18:10.996 --> 18:14.027 align:start position:0%
did they encounter a firewall at the
event<00:18:57.200><c> horizon.</c><00:18:58.480><c> So</c><00:18:58.880><c> coming</c><00:18:59.200><c> back</c><00:18:59.360><c> to</c><00:18:59.520><c> our</c>

18:14.027 --> 18:14.037 align:start position:0%
event horizon. So coming back to our
 

18:14.037 --> 18:16.267 align:start position:0%
event horizon. So coming back to our
gravitational<00:19:00.480><c> wave,</c><00:19:01.280><c> for</c><00:19:01.520><c> it</c><00:19:01.679><c> to</c><00:19:01.840><c> have</c>

18:16.267 --> 18:16.277 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave, for it to have
 

18:16.277 --> 18:18.347 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave, for it to have
actually<00:19:02.559><c> traveled</c><00:19:02.960><c> through</c><00:19:03.200><c> a</c><00:19:03.440><c> wormhole</c><00:19:03.919><c> to</c>

18:18.347 --> 18:18.357 align:start position:0%
actually traveled through a wormhole to
 

18:18.357 --> 18:21.627 align:start position:0%
actually traveled through a wormhole to
us,<00:19:04.960><c> two</c><00:19:05.200><c> things</c><00:19:05.520><c> need</c><00:19:05.679><c> to</c><00:19:05.840><c> be</c><00:19:05.919><c> true.</c><00:19:06.880><c> Firstly,</c>

18:21.627 --> 18:21.637 align:start position:0%
us, two things need to be true. Firstly,
 

18:21.637 --> 18:23.627 align:start position:0%
us, two things need to be true. Firstly,
wormholes<00:19:08.160><c> connecting</c><00:19:08.640><c> entangle</c><00:19:09.280><c> black</c>

18:23.627 --> 18:23.637 align:start position:0%
wormholes connecting entangle black
 

18:23.637 --> 18:26.106 align:start position:0%
wormholes connecting entangle black
holes<00:19:10.160><c> need</c><00:19:10.320><c> to</c><00:19:10.480><c> be</c><00:19:10.640><c> real</c><00:19:10.960><c> and</c><00:19:11.280><c> stable</c><00:19:11.679><c> enough</c>

18:26.106 --> 18:26.116 align:start position:0%
holes need to be real and stable enough
 

18:26.116 --> 18:28.746 align:start position:0%
holes need to be real and stable enough
to<00:19:12.160><c> transmit</c><00:19:12.480><c> a</c><00:19:12.720><c> signal,</c><00:19:13.360><c> which</c><00:19:13.840><c> the</c><00:19:14.000><c> Einstein</c>

18:28.746 --> 18:28.756 align:start position:0%
to transmit a signal, which the Einstein
 

18:28.756 --> 18:30.986 align:start position:0%
to transmit a signal, which the Einstein
Rosen<00:19:14.960><c> Caterpillar</c><00:19:15.600><c> seems</c><00:19:16.000><c> to</c><00:19:16.160><c> demonstrate</c>

18:30.986 --> 18:30.996 align:start position:0%
Rosen Caterpillar seems to demonstrate
 

18:30.996 --> 18:33.787 align:start position:0%
Rosen Caterpillar seems to demonstrate
as<00:19:17.440><c> at</c><00:19:17.679><c> the</c><00:19:17.840><c> very</c><00:19:18.080><c> least</c><00:19:18.559><c> a</c><00:19:18.880><c> theoretical</c>

18:33.787 --> 18:33.797 align:start position:0%
as at the very least a theoretical
 

18:33.797 --> 18:36.667 align:start position:0%
as at the very least a theoretical
possibility.<00:19:20.880><c> Secondly,</c><00:19:21.760><c> information</c><00:19:22.240><c> needs</c>

18:36.667 --> 18:36.677 align:start position:0%
possibility. Secondly, information needs
 

18:36.677 --> 18:39.467 align:start position:0%
possibility. Secondly, information needs
to<00:19:22.640><c> be</c><00:19:22.720><c> able</c><00:19:22.880><c> to</c><00:19:23.039><c> travel</c><00:19:23.440><c> through</c><00:19:23.679><c> it.</c><00:19:24.480><c> And</c><00:19:24.799><c> in</c>

18:39.467 --> 18:39.477 align:start position:0%
to be able to travel through it. And in
 

18:39.477 --> 18:42.587 align:start position:0%
to be able to travel through it. And in
2022,<00:19:26.320><c> a</c><00:19:26.559><c> Harvard</c><00:19:26.960><c> le</c><00:19:27.200><c> team</c><00:19:27.520><c> managed</c><00:19:27.919><c> to</c><00:19:28.160><c> do</c>

18:42.587 --> 18:42.597 align:start position:0%
2022, a Harvard le team managed to do
 

18:42.597 --> 18:44.986 align:start position:0%
2022, a Harvard le team managed to do
just<00:19:28.720><c> that</c><00:19:29.360><c> in</c><00:19:29.600><c> an</c><00:19:29.840><c> experiment</c><00:19:30.240><c> that</c><00:19:30.480><c> sounds</c>

18:44.986 --> 18:44.996 align:start position:0%
just that in an experiment that sounds
 

18:44.996 --> 18:47.226 align:start position:0%
just that in an experiment that sounds
stranger<00:19:31.200><c> than</c><00:19:31.360><c> fiction.</c><00:19:32.240><c> They</c><00:19:32.480><c> built</c><00:19:32.720><c> a</c>

18:47.226 --> 18:47.236 align:start position:0%
stranger than fiction. They built a
 

18:47.236 --> 18:49.627 align:start position:0%
stranger than fiction. They built a
holographic<00:19:33.919><c> wormhole</c><00:19:34.640><c> on</c><00:19:34.880><c> a</c><00:19:35.039><c> quantum</c>

18:49.627 --> 18:49.637 align:start position:0%
holographic wormhole on a quantum
 

18:49.637 --> 18:51.947 align:start position:0%
holographic wormhole on a quantum
computer<00:19:36.240><c> and</c><00:19:36.640><c> successfully</c><00:19:37.360><c> sent</c>

18:51.947 --> 18:51.957 align:start position:0%
computer and successfully sent
 

18:51.957 --> 18:55.226 align:start position:0%
computer and successfully sent
information<00:19:38.320><c> through</c><00:19:38.640><c> it.</c>

18:55.226 --> 18:55.236 align:start position:0%
information through it.
 

18:55.236 --> 18:57.387 align:start position:0%
information through it.
While<00:19:41.360><c> we</c><00:19:41.600><c> all</c><00:19:42.000><c> pick</c><00:19:42.240><c> our</c><00:19:42.400><c> jaws</c><00:19:42.720><c> up</c><00:19:42.880><c> off</c><00:19:43.039><c> the</c>

18:57.387 --> 18:57.397 align:start position:0%
While we all pick our jaws up off the
 

18:57.397 --> 19:00.347 align:start position:0%
While we all pick our jaws up off the
floor,<00:19:43.840><c> let's</c><00:19:44.320><c> break</c><00:19:44.640><c> down</c><00:19:45.120><c> what</c><00:19:45.520><c> that</c><00:19:45.760><c> insane</c>

19:00.347 --> 19:00.357 align:start position:0%
floor, let's break down what that insane
 

19:00.357 --> 19:03.025 align:start position:0%
floor, let's break down what that insane
sentence<00:19:46.640><c> actually</c><00:19:47.120><c> means.</c><00:19:48.400><c> The</c><00:19:48.640><c> experiment</c>

19:03.025 --> 19:03.035 align:start position:0%
sentence actually means. The experiment
 

19:03.035 --> 19:05.307 align:start position:0%
sentence actually means. The experiment
[music]<00:19:49.039><c> traces</c><00:19:49.520><c> back</c><00:19:49.760><c> to</c><00:19:50.000><c> Daniel</c><00:19:50.480><c> Jafferis</c>

19:05.307 --> 19:05.317 align:start position:0%
[music] traces back to Daniel Jafferis
 

19:05.317 --> 19:08.746 align:start position:0%
[music] traces back to Daniel Jafferis
at<00:19:51.360><c> Harvard</c><00:19:52.000><c> who</c><00:19:52.240><c> in</c><00:19:52.799><c> 2016</c><00:19:53.760><c> calculated</c><00:19:54.320><c> that</c>

19:08.746 --> 19:08.756 align:start position:0%
at Harvard who in 2016 calculated that
 

19:08.756 --> 19:10.986 align:start position:0%
at Harvard who in 2016 calculated that
if<00:19:54.799><c> you</c><00:19:54.960><c> can</c><00:19:55.120><c> take</c><00:19:55.360><c> two</c><00:19:55.760><c> entangled</c><00:19:56.400><c> quantum</c>

19:10.986 --> 19:10.996 align:start position:0%
if you can take two entangled quantum
 

19:10.996 --> 19:13.067 align:start position:0%
if you can take two entangled quantum
systems<00:19:57.200><c> and</c><00:19:57.600><c> couple</c><00:19:57.919><c> them</c><00:19:58.160><c> together</c><00:19:58.480><c> in</c><00:19:58.720><c> the</c>

19:13.067 --> 19:13.077 align:start position:0%
systems and couple them together in the
 

19:13.077 --> 19:15.226 align:start position:0%
systems and couple them together in the
right<00:19:59.120><c> way,</c><00:19:59.760><c> you</c><00:19:59.919><c> can</c><00:20:00.080><c> perform</c><00:20:00.400><c> an</c><00:20:00.640><c> operation</c>

19:15.226 --> 19:15.236 align:start position:0%
right way, you can perform an operation
 

19:15.236 --> 19:17.947 align:start position:0%
right way, you can perform an operation
on<00:20:01.280><c> one</c><00:20:01.520><c> side</c><00:20:01.760><c> that</c><00:20:02.320><c> according</c><00:20:02.720><c> to</c><00:20:02.960><c> ER</c><00:20:03.360><c> equals</c>

19:17.947 --> 19:17.957 align:start position:0%
on one side that according to ER equals
 

19:17.957 --> 19:20.907 align:start position:0%
on one side that according to ER equals
EPR<00:20:04.880><c> should</c><00:20:05.360><c> physically</c><00:20:05.840><c> hold</c><00:20:06.000><c> a</c><00:20:06.160><c> wormhole</c>

19:20.907 --> 19:20.917 align:start position:0%
EPR should physically hold a wormhole
 

19:20.917 --> 19:23.387 align:start position:0%
EPR should physically hold a wormhole
open<00:20:07.039><c> and</c><00:20:07.360><c> push</c><00:20:07.760><c> information</c><00:20:08.160><c> through</c><00:20:08.480><c> it.</c>

19:23.387 --> 19:23.397 align:start position:0%
open and push information through it.
 

19:23.397 --> 19:26.027 align:start position:0%
open and push information through it.
But<00:20:09.440><c> the</c><00:20:09.600><c> question</c><00:20:09.919><c> was,</c><00:20:10.720><c> could</c><00:20:11.039><c> you</c><00:20:11.360><c> actually</c>

19:26.027 --> 19:26.037 align:start position:0%
But the question was, could you actually
 

19:26.037 --> 19:29.307 align:start position:0%
But the question was, could you actually
build<00:20:12.320><c> that</c><00:20:12.720><c> system</c><00:20:13.120><c> and</c><00:20:13.440><c> test</c><00:20:13.679><c> it?</c><00:20:14.640><c> 6</c><00:20:14.960><c> years</c>

19:29.307 --> 19:29.317 align:start position:0%
build that system and test it? 6 years
 

19:29.317 --> 19:32.507 align:start position:0%
build that system and test it? 6 years
later,<00:20:15.679><c> a</c><00:20:15.919><c> team</c><00:20:16.160><c> led</c><00:20:16.400><c> by</c><00:20:16.640><c> Maria</c><00:20:17.280><c> Spyropulu</c><00:20:18.160><c> at</c>

19:32.507 --> 19:32.517 align:start position:0%
later, a team led by Maria Spyropulu at
 

19:32.517 --> 19:35.787 align:start position:0%
later, a team led by Maria Spyropulu at
Caltech<00:20:19.200><c> did</c><00:20:19.520><c> exactly</c><00:20:20.000><c> that.</c><00:20:20.880><c> They</c><00:20:21.200><c> used</c>

19:35.787 --> 19:35.797 align:start position:0%
Caltech did exactly that. They used
 

19:35.797 --> 19:38.427 align:start position:0%
Caltech did exactly that. They used
Google's<00:20:22.240><c> Sycamore,</c><00:20:23.120><c> a</c><00:20:23.360><c> superconducting</c>

19:38.427 --> 19:38.437 align:start position:0%
Google's Sycamore, a superconducting
 

19:38.437 --> 19:41.067 align:start position:0%
Google's Sycamore, a superconducting
quantum<00:20:24.720><c> processor</c><00:20:25.520><c> to</c><00:20:25.760><c> simulate</c><00:20:26.480><c> two</c>

19:41.067 --> 19:41.077 align:start position:0%
quantum processor to simulate two
 

19:41.077 --> 19:43.467 align:start position:0%
quantum processor to simulate two
entangle<00:20:27.520><c> quantum</c><00:20:28.000><c> systems</c><00:20:28.320><c> that</c><00:20:28.799><c> by</c><00:20:29.120><c> the</c>

19:43.467 --> 19:43.477 align:start position:0%
entangle quantum systems that by the
 

19:43.477 --> 19:46.667 align:start position:0%
entangle quantum systems that by the
rules<00:20:29.520><c> of</c><00:20:29.840><c> ER</c><00:20:30.320><c> equals</c><00:20:30.799><c> EPR</c><00:20:31.840><c> should</c><00:20:32.240><c> be</c>

19:46.667 --> 19:46.677 align:start position:0%
rules of ER equals EPR should be
 

19:46.677 --> 19:49.307 align:start position:0%
rules of ER equals EPR should be
connected<00:20:32.799><c> by</c><00:20:32.960><c> a</c><00:20:33.120><c> wormhole.</c><00:20:34.240><c> And</c><00:20:34.480><c> here's</c><00:20:34.799><c> what</c>

19:49.307 --> 19:49.317 align:start position:0%
connected by a wormhole. And here's what
 

19:49.317 --> 19:52.267 align:start position:0%
connected by a wormhole. And here's what
happened.<00:20:36.240><c> A</c><00:20:36.559><c> unit</c><00:20:36.880><c> of</c><00:20:37.120><c> information,</c><00:20:37.840><c> a</c>

19:52.267 --> 19:52.277 align:start position:0%
happened. A unit of information, a
 

19:52.277 --> 19:56.106 align:start position:0%
happened. A unit of information, a
quantum<00:20:38.480><c> bit</c><00:20:38.880><c> or</c><00:20:39.440><c> cubit,</c><00:20:40.400><c> was</c><00:20:40.640><c> injected</c><00:20:41.200><c> via</c><00:20:41.600><c> a</c>

19:56.106 --> 19:56.116 align:start position:0%
quantum bit or cubit, was injected via a
 

19:56.116 --> 19:58.827 align:start position:0%
quantum bit or cubit, was injected via a
single<00:20:42.400><c> particle</c><00:20:43.200><c> into</c><00:20:43.600><c> one</c><00:20:43.919><c> side</c><00:20:44.240><c> of</c><00:20:44.480><c> a</c>

19:58.827 --> 19:58.837 align:start position:0%
single particle into one side of a
 

19:58.837 --> 20:01.467 align:start position:0%
single particle into one side of a
two-sided<00:20:45.360><c> system.</c><00:20:46.320><c> That</c><00:20:46.640><c> encoded</c>

20:01.467 --> 20:01.477 align:start position:0%
two-sided system. That encoded
 

20:01.477 --> 20:03.467 align:start position:0%
two-sided system. That encoded
information<00:20:47.840><c> diffused</c><00:20:48.320><c> from</c><00:20:48.640><c> just</c><00:20:48.880><c> the</c><00:20:49.039><c> one</c>

20:03.467 --> 20:03.477 align:start position:0%
information diffused from just the one
 

20:03.477 --> 20:06.106 align:start position:0%
information diffused from just the one
particle<00:20:50.000><c> across</c><00:20:50.640><c> all</c><00:20:50.960><c> the</c><00:20:51.200><c> particles</c><00:20:51.679><c> on</c>

20:06.106 --> 20:06.116 align:start position:0%
particle across all the particles on
 

20:06.116 --> 20:08.427 align:start position:0%
particle across all the particles on
that<00:20:52.159><c> side</c><00:20:52.400><c> of</c><00:20:52.559><c> the</c><00:20:52.720><c> system</c><00:20:53.360><c> like</c><00:20:53.600><c> a</c><00:20:53.840><c> drop</c><00:20:54.080><c> of</c>

20:08.427 --> 20:08.437 align:start position:0%
that side of the system like a drop of
 

20:08.437 --> 20:11.467 align:start position:0%
that side of the system like a drop of
ink<00:20:54.559><c> dissolving</c><00:20:55.120><c> into</c><00:20:55.440><c> water.</c><00:20:56.400><c> Then</c><00:20:56.799><c> the</c><00:20:56.960><c> team</c>

20:11.467 --> 20:11.477 align:start position:0%
ink dissolving into water. Then the team
 

20:11.477 --> 20:14.027 align:start position:0%
ink dissolving into water. Then the team
performed<00:20:57.760><c> a</c><00:20:58.000><c> specific</c><00:20:58.480><c> rotation</c><00:20:59.200><c> across</c><00:20:59.600><c> all</c>

20:14.027 --> 20:14.037 align:start position:0%
performed a specific rotation across all
 

20:14.037 --> 20:16.267 align:start position:0%
performed a specific rotation across all
the<00:21:00.000><c> cubits,</c><00:21:00.880><c> equivalent</c><00:21:01.679><c> in</c><00:21:01.919><c> the</c>

20:16.267 --> 20:16.277 align:start position:0%
the cubits, equivalent in the
 

20:16.277 --> 20:18.507 align:start position:0%
the cubits, equivalent in the
gravitational<00:21:02.720><c> picture</c><00:21:03.280><c> to</c><00:21:03.520><c> sending</c><00:21:03.760><c> a</c><00:21:04.000><c> pulse</c>

20:18.507 --> 20:18.517 align:start position:0%
gravitational picture to sending a pulse
 

20:18.517 --> 20:20.986 align:start position:0%
gravitational picture to sending a pulse
of<00:21:04.559><c> negative</c><00:21:04.960><c> energy</c><00:21:05.360><c> through</c><00:21:05.600><c> the</c><00:21:05.840><c> wormhole</c>

20:20.986 --> 20:20.996 align:start position:0%
of negative energy through the wormhole
 

20:20.996 --> 20:23.947 align:start position:0%
of negative energy through the wormhole
or<00:21:07.120><c> propping</c><00:21:07.520><c> it</c><00:21:07.679><c> open</c><00:21:08.000><c> with</c><00:21:08.240><c> exotic</c><00:21:08.799><c> matter.</c>

20:23.947 --> 20:23.957 align:start position:0%
or propping it open with exotic matter.
 

20:23.957 --> 20:26.346 align:start position:0%
or propping it open with exotic matter.
Eventually,<00:21:10.320><c> the</c><00:21:10.480><c> encoded</c><00:21:11.120><c> information</c>

20:26.346 --> 20:26.356 align:start position:0%
Eventually, the encoded information
 

20:26.356 --> 20:28.267 align:start position:0%
Eventually, the encoded information
reemerged<00:21:12.960><c> on</c><00:21:13.120><c> the</c><00:21:13.360><c> other</c><00:21:13.520><c> side</c><00:21:13.679><c> of</c><00:21:13.840><c> the</c>

20:28.267 --> 20:28.277 align:start position:0%
reemerged on the other side of the
 

20:28.277 --> 20:31.226 align:start position:0%
reemerged on the other side of the
system.<00:21:15.039><c> Not</c><00:21:15.360><c> only</c><00:21:15.600><c> that,</c><00:21:16.240><c> but</c><00:21:16.559><c> it</c><00:21:16.720><c> had</c>

20:31.226 --> 20:31.236 align:start position:0%
system. Not only that, but it had
 

20:31.236 --> 20:34.187 align:start position:0%
system. Not only that, but it had
converged<00:21:17.600><c> or</c><00:21:18.320><c> refocused</c><00:21:19.039><c> itself</c><00:21:19.440><c> from</c><00:21:19.760><c> its</c>

20:34.187 --> 20:34.197 align:start position:0%
converged or refocused itself from its
 

20:34.197 --> 20:37.067 align:start position:0%
converged or refocused itself from its
diffused<00:21:20.480><c> state</c><00:21:21.120><c> back</c><00:21:21.440><c> onto</c><00:21:22.080><c> a</c><00:21:22.400><c> single</c>

20:37.067 --> 20:37.077 align:start position:0%
diffused state back onto a single
 

20:37.077 --> 20:39.947 align:start position:0%
diffused state back onto a single
particle,<00:21:23.760><c> the</c><00:21:24.000><c> entangled</c><00:21:24.640><c> partner</c><00:21:25.280><c> of</c><00:21:25.520><c> the</c>

20:39.947 --> 20:39.957 align:start position:0%
particle, the entangled partner of the
 

20:39.957 --> 20:42.427 align:start position:0%
particle, the entangled partner of the
original<00:21:26.159><c> particle</c><00:21:26.799><c> that</c><00:21:27.120><c> carried</c><00:21:27.440><c> the</c><00:21:27.600><c> cubit</c>

20:42.427 --> 20:42.437 align:start position:0%
original particle that carried the cubit
 

20:42.437 --> 20:43.866 align:start position:0%
original particle that carried the cubit
into<00:21:28.559><c> the</c><00:21:28.799><c> system</c><00:21:29.054><c> [music]</c><00:21:29.120><c> in</c><00:21:29.360><c> the</c><00:21:29.520><c> first</c>

20:43.866 --> 20:43.876 align:start position:0%
into the system [music] in the first
 

20:43.876 --> 20:46.746 align:start position:0%
into the system [music] in the first
place.<00:21:30.480><c> In</c><00:21:30.720><c> other</c><00:21:30.880><c> words,</c><00:21:31.679><c> researchers</c><00:21:32.320><c> had</c>

20:46.746 --> 20:46.756 align:start position:0%
place. In other words, researchers had
 

20:46.756 --> 20:49.467 align:start position:0%
place. In other words, researchers had
sent<00:21:33.120><c> information</c><00:21:33.679><c> into</c><00:21:34.000><c> a</c><00:21:34.240><c> quantum</c><00:21:34.640><c> tunnel</c>

20:49.467 --> 20:49.477 align:start position:0%
sent information into a quantum tunnel
 

20:49.477 --> 20:51.787 align:start position:0%
sent information into a quantum tunnel
and<00:21:35.600><c> successfully</c><00:21:36.480><c> retrieved</c><00:21:36.960><c> it</c><00:21:37.200><c> on</c><00:21:37.440><c> the</c>

20:51.787 --> 20:51.797 align:start position:0%
and successfully retrieved it on the
 

20:51.797 --> 20:54.746 align:start position:0%
and successfully retrieved it on the
other<00:21:37.760><c> side.</c><00:21:38.720><c> Spyro</c><00:21:39.200><c> Pulu</c><00:21:39.919><c> couldn't</c><00:21:40.320><c> believe</c>

20:54.746 --> 20:54.756 align:start position:0%
other side. Spyro Pulu couldn't believe
 

20:54.756 --> 20:56.986 align:start position:0%
other side. Spyro Pulu couldn't believe
her<00:21:40.799><c> eyes,</c><00:21:41.440><c> saying</c><00:21:41.760><c> the</c><00:21:42.000><c> moment</c><00:21:42.240><c> felt</c><00:21:42.559><c> like</c>

20:56.986 --> 20:56.996 align:start position:0%
her eyes, saying the moment felt like
 

20:56.996 --> 20:59.787 align:start position:0%
her eyes, saying the moment felt like
seeing<00:21:43.120><c> the</c><00:21:43.440><c> first</c><00:21:43.840><c> data</c><00:21:44.240><c> from</c><00:21:44.400><c> the</c><00:21:44.559><c> Higs</c><00:21:45.039><c> Bzon</c>

20:59.787 --> 20:59.797 align:start position:0%
seeing the first data from the Higs Bzon
 

20:59.797 --> 21:02.427 align:start position:0%
seeing the first data from the Higs Bzon
discovery.<00:21:46.880><c> However,</c><00:21:47.600><c> the</c><00:21:47.840><c> physics</c>

21:02.427 --> 21:02.437 align:start position:0%
discovery. However, the physics
 

21:02.437 --> 21:05.307 align:start position:0%
discovery. However, the physics
community<00:21:49.039><c> quickly</c><00:21:49.679><c> urged</c><00:21:50.000><c> caution.</c><00:21:50.670><c> [music]</c>

21:05.307 --> 21:05.317 align:start position:0%
community quickly urged caution. [music]
 

21:05.317 --> 21:07.627 align:start position:0%
community quickly urged caution. [music]
Some<00:21:51.360><c> analyses</c><00:21:52.320><c> argued</c><00:21:52.720><c> that</c><00:21:52.880><c> the</c><00:21:53.039><c> quantum</c>

21:07.627 --> 21:07.637 align:start position:0%
Some analyses argued that the quantum
 

21:07.637 --> 21:09.947 align:start position:0%
Some analyses argued that the quantum
model<00:21:53.760><c> was</c><00:21:54.080><c> far</c><00:21:54.400><c> too</c><00:21:54.640><c> simple</c><00:21:54.960><c> to</c><00:21:55.200><c> capture</c><00:21:55.520><c> the</c>

21:09.947 --> 21:09.957 align:start position:0%
model was far too simple to capture the
 

21:09.957 --> 21:12.667 align:start position:0%
model was far too simple to capture the
true<00:21:56.400><c> complex</c><00:21:56.960><c> properties</c><00:21:57.280><c> of</c><00:21:57.520><c> black</c><00:21:57.760><c> holes,</c>

21:12.667 --> 21:12.677 align:start position:0%
true complex properties of black holes,
 

21:12.677 --> 21:14.346 align:start position:0%
true complex properties of black holes,
meaning<00:21:58.799><c> the</c><00:21:59.039><c> demonstration</c><00:21:59.679><c> shouldn't</c><00:22:00.000><c> be</c>

21:14.346 --> 21:14.356 align:start position:0%
meaning the demonstration shouldn't be
 

21:14.356 --> 21:16.427 align:start position:0%
meaning the demonstration shouldn't be
thought<00:22:00.400><c> of</c><00:22:00.559><c> as</c><00:22:00.880><c> a</c><00:22:01.120><c> literal</c><00:22:01.600><c> holographic</c>

21:16.427 --> 21:16.437 align:start position:0%
thought of as a literal holographic
 

21:16.437 --> 21:19.707 align:start position:0%
thought of as a literal holographic
wormhole.<00:22:03.520><c> Yet,</c><00:22:04.159><c> even</c><00:22:04.400><c> if</c><00:22:04.640><c> it</c><00:22:04.880><c> wasn't</c><00:22:05.200><c> a</c>

21:19.707 --> 21:19.717 align:start position:0%
wormhole. Yet, even if it wasn't a
 

21:19.717 --> 21:22.187 align:start position:0%
wormhole. Yet, even if it wasn't a
perfect<00:22:05.919><c> cosmic</c><00:22:06.320><c> replica,</c><00:22:07.120><c> her</c><00:22:07.440><c> team</c><00:22:07.679><c> had</c>

21:22.187 --> 21:22.197 align:start position:0%
perfect cosmic replica, her team had
 

21:22.197 --> 21:24.267 align:start position:0%
perfect cosmic replica, her team had
just<00:22:08.240><c> shown</c><00:22:08.640><c> that</c><00:22:08.880><c> a</c><00:22:09.039><c> quantum</c><00:22:09.520><c> system</c>

21:24.267 --> 21:24.277 align:start position:0%
just shown that a quantum system
 

21:24.277 --> 21:26.427 align:start position:0%
just shown that a quantum system
governed<00:22:10.559><c> purely</c><00:22:11.039><c> by</c><00:22:11.200><c> the</c><00:22:11.360><c> rules</c><00:22:11.679><c> of</c><00:22:11.840><c> quantum</c>

21:26.427 --> 21:26.437 align:start position:0%
governed purely by the rules of quantum
 

21:26.437 --> 21:28.746 align:start position:0%
governed purely by the rules of quantum
mechanics<00:22:12.940><c> [music]</c><00:22:13.039><c> could</c><00:22:13.440><c> in</c><00:22:13.679><c> principle</c>

21:28.746 --> 21:28.756 align:start position:0%
mechanics [music] could in principle
 

21:28.756 --> 21:30.667 align:start position:0%
mechanics [music] could in principle
behave<00:22:14.880><c> in</c><00:22:15.039><c> a</c><00:22:15.200><c> way</c><00:22:15.280><c> that</c><00:22:15.440><c> is</c><00:22:15.679><c> mathematically</c>

21:30.667 --> 21:30.677 align:start position:0%
behave in a way that is mathematically
 

21:30.677 --> 21:32.507 align:start position:0%
behave in a way that is mathematically
identical<00:22:16.880><c> to</c><00:22:17.039><c> a</c><00:22:17.280><c> wormhole</c><00:22:17.840><c> in</c><00:22:18.080><c> a</c>

21:32.507 --> 21:32.517 align:start position:0%
identical to a wormhole in a
 

21:32.517 --> 21:34.986 align:start position:0%
identical to a wormhole in a
gravitational<00:22:19.039><c> theory.</c><00:22:20.000><c> The</c><00:22:20.240><c> physics</c><00:22:20.559><c> of</c>

21:34.986 --> 21:34.996 align:start position:0%
gravitational theory. The physics of
 

21:34.996 --> 21:36.587 align:start position:0%
gravitational theory. The physics of
both<00:22:20.960><c> the</c><00:22:21.120><c> quantum</c><00:22:21.440><c> and</c><00:22:21.600><c> the</c><00:22:21.760><c> gravitational</c>

21:36.587 --> 21:36.597 align:start position:0%
both the quantum and the gravitational
 

21:36.597 --> 21:39.147 align:start position:0%
both the quantum and the gravitational
scales<00:22:22.799><c> are</c><00:22:23.039><c> similar</c><00:22:23.919><c> even</c><00:22:24.159><c> if</c><00:22:24.400><c> the</c><00:22:24.640><c> physical</c>

21:39.147 --> 21:39.157 align:start position:0%
scales are similar even if the physical
 

21:39.157 --> 21:42.187 align:start position:0%
scales are similar even if the physical
reality<00:22:25.440><c> looks</c><00:22:25.760><c> completely</c><00:22:26.240><c> different.</c><00:22:27.120><c> So</c>

21:42.187 --> 21:42.197 align:start position:0%
reality looks completely different. So
 

21:42.197 --> 21:44.267 align:start position:0%
reality looks completely different. So
coming<00:22:28.320><c> back</c><00:22:28.559><c> to</c><00:22:28.720><c> the</c><00:22:28.960><c> strange</c><00:22:29.360><c> gravitational</c>

21:44.267 --> 21:44.277 align:start position:0%
coming back to the strange gravitational
 

21:44.277 --> 21:48.187 align:start position:0%
coming back to the strange gravitational
wave<00:22:30.320><c> that</c><00:22:30.640><c> started</c><00:22:31.039><c> it</c><00:22:31.360><c> all</c><00:22:31.600><c> in</c><00:22:31.840><c> May</c><00:22:32.240><c> 2019.</c><00:22:33.679><c> If</c>

21:48.187 --> 21:48.197 align:start position:0%
wave that started it all in May 2019. If
 

21:48.197 --> 21:51.067 align:start position:0%
wave that started it all in May 2019. If
it<00:22:34.480><c> really</c><00:22:34.960><c> did</c><00:22:35.280><c> travel</c><00:22:35.600><c> through</c><00:22:35.919><c> a</c><00:22:36.240><c> wormhole</c>

21:51.067 --> 21:51.077 align:start position:0%
it really did travel through a wormhole
 

21:51.077 --> 21:53.307 align:start position:0%
it really did travel through a wormhole
to<00:22:37.039><c> reach</c><00:22:37.280><c> us,</c><00:22:38.000><c> this</c><00:22:38.240><c> experiment</c><00:22:38.720><c> is</c><00:22:38.960><c> the</c>

21:53.307 --> 21:53.317 align:start position:0%
to reach us, this experiment is the
 

21:53.317 --> 21:55.627 align:start position:0%
to reach us, this experiment is the
closest<00:22:39.520><c> thing</c><00:22:39.760><c> we</c><00:22:40.000><c> have</c><00:22:40.240><c> to</c><00:22:40.559><c> a</c><00:22:40.880><c> proof</c><00:22:41.200><c> of</c>

21:55.627 --> 21:55.637 align:start position:0%
closest thing we have to a proof of
 

21:55.637 --> 21:57.947 align:start position:0%
closest thing we have to a proof of
concept<00:22:42.080><c> that</c><00:22:42.400><c> such</c><00:22:42.640><c> a</c><00:22:42.880><c> journey</c><00:22:43.200><c> is</c><00:22:43.440><c> both</c>

21:57.947 --> 21:57.957 align:start position:0%
concept that such a journey is both
 

21:57.957 --> 22:00.346 align:start position:0%
concept that such a journey is both
mathematically<00:22:44.960><c> and</c><00:22:45.360><c> experimentally</c>

22:00.346 --> 22:00.356 align:start position:0%
mathematically and experimentally
 

22:00.356 --> 22:03.226 align:start position:0%
mathematically and experimentally
demonstrable.<00:22:47.600><c> But</c><00:22:47.840><c> can</c><00:22:48.000><c> we</c><00:22:48.320><c> conclusively</c>

22:03.226 --> 22:03.236 align:start position:0%
demonstrable. But can we conclusively
 

22:03.236 --> 22:08.427 align:start position:0%
demonstrable. But can we conclusively
say<00:22:49.520><c> one</c><00:22:49.760><c> way</c><00:22:50.159><c> or</c><00:22:50.480><c> the</c><00:22:50.720><c> other</c><00:22:51.360><c> whether</c><00:22:51.760><c> it</c><00:22:52.080><c> did?</c>

22:08.427 --> 22:08.437 align:start position:0%
say one way or the other whether it did?
 

22:08.437 --> 22:10.587 align:start position:0%
say one way or the other whether it did?
Well,<00:22:54.960><c> knowing</c><00:22:55.360><c> everything</c><00:22:55.679><c> we</c><00:22:56.000><c> know</c><00:22:56.159><c> about</c>

22:10.587 --> 22:10.597 align:start position:0%
Well, knowing everything we know about
 

22:10.597 --> 22:13.067 align:start position:0%
Well, knowing everything we know about
wormholes,<00:22:57.200><c> quantum</c><00:22:57.600><c> entanglement,</c><00:22:58.320><c> and</c>

22:13.067 --> 22:13.077 align:start position:0%
wormholes, quantum entanglement, and
 

22:13.077 --> 22:15.467 align:start position:0%
wormholes, quantum entanglement, and
information,<00:22:59.919><c> let's</c><00:23:00.320><c> reassess</c><00:23:00.799><c> the</c><00:23:01.039><c> paper</c>

22:15.467 --> 22:15.477 align:start position:0%
information, let's reassess the paper
 

22:15.477 --> 22:17.707 align:start position:0%
information, let's reassess the paper
that<00:23:01.520><c> launched</c><00:23:01.840><c> us</c><00:23:02.000><c> on</c><00:23:02.159><c> this</c><00:23:02.480><c> topsyturvy</c>

22:17.707 --> 22:17.717 align:start position:0%
that launched us on this topsyturvy
 

22:17.717 --> 22:20.507 align:start position:0%
that launched us on this topsyturvy
journey.<00:23:04.720><c> Key</c><00:23:05.120><c> lie</c><00:23:05.520><c> and</c><00:23:05.679><c> his</c><00:23:05.919><c> team</c><00:23:06.159><c> put</c>

22:20.507 --> 22:20.517 align:start position:0%
journey. Key lie and his team put
 

22:20.517 --> 22:22.427 align:start position:0%
journey. Key lie and his team put
forward<00:23:06.559><c> the</c><00:23:06.799><c> idea</c><00:23:06.960><c> that</c><00:23:07.280><c> gravitational</c><00:23:07.919><c> wave</c>

22:22.427 --> 22:22.437 align:start position:0%
forward the idea that gravitational wave
 

22:22.437 --> 22:25.707 align:start position:0%
forward the idea that gravitational wave
signal<00:23:08.880><c> GW190521</c>

22:25.707 --> 22:25.717 align:start position:0%
signal GW190521
 

22:25.717 --> 22:28.106 align:start position:0%
signal GW190521
is<00:23:11.760><c> the</c><00:23:12.080><c> echo</c><00:23:12.480><c> of</c><00:23:12.640><c> a</c><00:23:12.799><c> black</c><00:23:12.960><c> hole</c><00:23:13.280><c> merger</c><00:23:13.679><c> in</c>

22:28.106 --> 22:28.116 align:start position:0%
is the echo of a black hole merger in
 

22:28.116 --> 22:31.307 align:start position:0%
is the echo of a black hole merger in
another<00:23:14.320><c> universe.</c><00:23:15.520><c> In</c><00:23:15.760><c> that</c><00:23:16.080><c> reality,</c><00:23:16.880><c> two</c>

22:31.307 --> 22:31.317 align:start position:0%
another universe. In that reality, two
 

22:31.317 --> 22:33.627 align:start position:0%
another universe. In that reality, two
black<00:23:17.360><c> holes</c><00:23:17.760><c> spiraled</c><00:23:18.480><c> and</c><00:23:18.720><c> merged</c><00:23:19.120><c> together</c>

22:33.627 --> 22:33.637 align:start position:0%
black holes spiraled and merged together
 

22:33.637 --> 22:36.106 align:start position:0%
black holes spiraled and merged together
normally.<00:23:20.480><c> But</c><00:23:20.640><c> instead</c><00:23:20.960><c> of</c><00:23:21.200><c> creating</c><00:23:21.600><c> a</c>

22:36.106 --> 22:36.116 align:start position:0%
normally. But instead of creating a
 

22:36.116 --> 22:38.027 align:start position:0%
normally. But instead of creating a
larger<00:23:22.320><c> black</c><00:23:22.480><c> hole,</c><00:23:22.960><c> they</c><00:23:23.280><c> created</c><00:23:23.600><c> a</c>

22:38.027 --> 22:38.037 align:start position:0%
larger black hole, they created a
 

22:38.037 --> 22:41.067 align:start position:0%
larger black hole, they created a
wormhole<00:23:24.720><c> with</c><00:23:25.039><c> one</c><00:23:25.280><c> end</c><00:23:25.679><c> in</c><00:23:25.919><c> that</c><00:23:26.159><c> universe</c>

22:41.067 --> 22:41.077 align:start position:0%
wormhole with one end in that universe
 

22:41.077 --> 22:44.027 align:start position:0%
wormhole with one end in that universe
and<00:23:27.200><c> the</c><00:23:27.360><c> other</c><00:23:27.679><c> in</c><00:23:28.000><c> ours.</c><00:23:29.039><c> We</c><00:23:29.360><c> didn't</c><00:23:29.600><c> hear</c>

22:44.027 --> 22:44.037 align:start position:0%
and the other in ours. We didn't hear
 

22:44.037 --> 22:46.267 align:start position:0%
and the other in ours. We didn't hear
the<00:23:30.080><c> inspiral</c><00:23:30.720><c> part</c><00:23:30.880><c> of</c><00:23:31.039><c> the</c><00:23:31.200><c> signal</c><00:23:31.840><c> because</c>

22:46.267 --> 22:46.277 align:start position:0%
the inspiral part of the signal because
 

22:46.277 --> 22:49.067 align:start position:0%
the inspiral part of the signal because
it<00:23:32.400><c> stayed</c><00:23:32.799><c> in</c><00:23:32.960><c> the</c><00:23:33.120><c> parallel</c><00:23:33.679><c> universe.</c><00:23:34.720><c> But</c>

22:49.067 --> 22:49.077 align:start position:0%
it stayed in the parallel universe. But
 

22:49.077 --> 22:52.027 align:start position:0%
it stayed in the parallel universe. But
as<00:23:35.120><c> the</c><00:23:35.280><c> ringown</c><00:23:36.000><c> phase</c><00:23:36.400><c> radiated</c><00:23:37.039><c> outward,</c>

22:52.027 --> 22:52.037 align:start position:0%
as the ringown phase radiated outward,
 

22:52.037 --> 22:54.106 align:start position:0%
as the ringown phase radiated outward,
some<00:23:38.000><c> of</c><00:23:38.159><c> those</c><00:23:38.400><c> waves</c><00:23:38.960><c> traveled</c><00:23:39.440><c> down</c><00:23:39.679><c> the</c>

22:54.106 --> 22:54.116 align:start position:0%
some of those waves traveled down the
 

22:54.116 --> 22:57.387 align:start position:0%
some of those waves traveled down the
wormhole<00:23:40.640><c> and</c><00:23:40.880><c> emerged</c><00:23:41.440><c> on</c><00:23:41.679><c> our</c><00:23:42.000><c> side.</c><00:23:42.960><c> We</c>

22:57.387 --> 22:57.397 align:start position:0%
wormhole and emerged on our side. We
 

22:57.397 --> 22:59.147 align:start position:0%
wormhole and emerged on our side. We
know<00:23:43.360><c> it's</c><00:23:43.679><c> theoretically</c><00:23:44.320><c> possible</c><00:23:44.640><c> for</c><00:23:44.799><c> the</c>

22:59.147 --> 22:59.157 align:start position:0%
know it's theoretically possible for the
 

22:59.157 --> 23:00.986 align:start position:0%
know it's theoretically possible for the
wormhole<00:23:45.360><c> to</c><00:23:45.520><c> be</c><00:23:45.600><c> held</c><00:23:45.840><c> open</c><00:23:46.080><c> by</c><00:23:46.400><c> negative</c>

23:00.986 --> 23:00.996 align:start position:0%
wormhole to be held open by negative
 

23:00.996 --> 23:02.907 align:start position:0%
wormhole to be held open by negative
energy<00:23:47.200><c> and</c><00:23:47.440><c> for</c><00:23:47.840><c> information</c><00:23:48.240><c> to</c><00:23:48.480><c> pass</c>

23:02.907 --> 23:02.917 align:start position:0%
energy and for information to pass
 

23:02.917 --> 23:05.947 align:start position:0%
energy and for information to pass
through<00:23:48.960><c> it.</c><00:23:49.679><c> So,</c><00:23:50.080><c> this</c><00:23:50.400><c> isn't</c><00:23:50.799><c> as</c><00:23:51.120><c> outlandish</c>

23:05.947 --> 23:05.957 align:start position:0%
through it. So, this isn't as outlandish
 

23:05.957 --> 23:08.507 align:start position:0%
through it. So, this isn't as outlandish
as<00:23:52.000><c> it</c><00:23:52.240><c> might</c><00:23:52.480><c> have</c><00:23:52.640><c> initially</c><00:23:53.120><c> seemed.</c><00:23:54.159><c> The</c>

23:08.507 --> 23:08.517 align:start position:0%
as it might have initially seemed. The
 

23:08.517 --> 23:10.746 align:start position:0%
as it might have initially seemed. The
authors<00:23:54.799><c> go</c><00:23:54.960><c> a</c><00:23:55.200><c> step</c><00:23:55.360><c> further</c><00:23:55.679><c> to</c><00:23:55.919><c> explain</c><00:23:56.320><c> why</c>

23:10.746 --> 23:10.756 align:start position:0%
authors go a step further to explain why
 

23:10.756 --> 23:13.307 align:start position:0%
authors go a step further to explain why
the<00:23:56.799><c> signal</c><00:23:57.120><c> was</c><00:23:57.280><c> so</c><00:23:57.520><c> short,</c><00:23:58.000><c> just</c><00:23:58.400><c> 0.1</c>

23:13.307 --> 23:13.317 align:start position:0%
the signal was so short, just 0.1
 

23:13.317 --> 23:16.106 align:start position:0%
the signal was so short, just 0.1
seconds<00:23:59.520><c> long.</c><00:24:00.320><c> They</c><00:24:00.559><c> postulate</c><00:24:01.440><c> we</c><00:24:01.679><c> only</c>

23:16.106 --> 23:16.116 align:start position:0%
seconds long. They postulate we only
 

23:16.116 --> 23:18.667 align:start position:0%
seconds long. They postulate we only
detected<00:24:02.400><c> one</c><00:24:02.720><c> pulse</c><00:24:03.360><c> rather</c><00:24:03.760><c> than</c><00:24:04.000><c> a</c><00:24:04.240><c> series</c>

23:18.667 --> 23:18.677 align:start position:0%
detected one pulse rather than a series
 

23:18.677 --> 23:20.746 align:start position:0%
detected one pulse rather than a series
of<00:24:04.720><c> progressively</c><00:24:05.280><c> weaker</c><00:24:05.679><c> echoes</c><00:24:06.159><c> as</c><00:24:06.320><c> you'd</c>

23:20.746 --> 23:20.756 align:start position:0%
of progressively weaker echoes as you'd
 

23:20.756 --> 23:22.587 align:start position:0%
of progressively weaker echoes as you'd
expect<00:24:06.799><c> with</c><00:24:06.960><c> a</c><00:24:07.120><c> ring</c><00:24:07.360><c> down</c><00:24:07.919><c> because</c><00:24:08.159><c> the</c>

23:22.587 --> 23:22.597 align:start position:0%
expect with a ring down because the
 

23:22.597 --> 23:24.986 align:start position:0%
expect with a ring down because the
wormhole<00:24:09.120><c> rapidly</c><00:24:09.600><c> collapsed</c><00:24:10.080><c> into</c><00:24:10.400><c> a</c><00:24:10.640><c> black</c>

23:24.986 --> 23:24.996 align:start position:0%
wormhole rapidly collapsed into a black
 

23:24.996 --> 23:28.027 align:start position:0%
wormhole rapidly collapsed into a black
hole<00:24:11.600><c> or</c><00:24:12.000><c> the</c><00:24:12.240><c> later</c><00:24:12.559><c> echoes</c><00:24:12.960><c> were</c><00:24:13.279><c> simply</c><00:24:13.600><c> too</c>

23:28.027 --> 23:28.037 align:start position:0%
hole or the later echoes were simply too
 

23:28.037 --> 23:30.587 align:start position:0%
hole or the later echoes were simply too
weak<00:24:14.080><c> for</c><00:24:14.320><c> our</c><00:24:14.559><c> detectors</c><00:24:15.039><c> to</c><00:24:15.200><c> pick</c><00:24:15.360><c> up.</c>

23:30.587 --> 23:30.597 align:start position:0%
weak for our detectors to pick up.
 

23:30.597 --> 23:32.587 align:start position:0%
weak for our detectors to pick up.
Technically,<00:24:17.039><c> this</c><00:24:17.360><c> can't</c><00:24:17.679><c> be</c><00:24:17.760><c> ruled</c><00:24:18.080><c> out</c><00:24:18.240><c> as</c>

23:32.587 --> 23:32.597 align:start position:0%
Technically, this can't be ruled out as
 

23:32.597 --> 23:34.907 align:start position:0%
Technically, this can't be ruled out as
a<00:24:18.559><c> theory</c><00:24:19.120><c> since</c><00:24:19.360><c> there</c><00:24:19.600><c> is</c><00:24:19.760><c> a</c><00:24:20.000><c> nonzero</c>

23:34.907 --> 23:34.917 align:start position:0%
a theory since there is a nonzero
 

23:34.917 --> 23:37.147 align:start position:0%
a theory since there is a nonzero
possibility<00:24:21.200><c> that</c><00:24:21.520><c> this</c><00:24:22.000><c> could</c><00:24:22.400><c> accurately</c>

23:37.147 --> 23:37.157 align:start position:0%
possibility that this could accurately
 

23:37.157 --> 23:39.226 align:start position:0%
possibility that this could accurately
describe<00:24:23.360><c> what</c><00:24:23.600><c> we</c><00:24:23.760><c> saw.</c><00:24:24.400><c> But</c><00:24:24.559><c> the</c><00:24:24.720><c> authors</c>

23:39.226 --> 23:39.236 align:start position:0%
describe what we saw. But the authors
 

23:39.236 --> 23:41.147 align:start position:0%
describe what we saw. But the authors
admit<00:24:25.360><c> that</c><00:24:25.760><c> even</c><00:24:26.000><c> with</c><00:24:26.240><c> the</c><00:24:26.400><c> missing</c><00:24:26.720><c> in</c>

23:41.147 --> 23:41.157 align:start position:0%
admit that even with the missing in
 

23:41.157 --> 23:43.627 align:start position:0%
admit that even with the missing in
spiral<00:24:27.360><c> phase,</c><00:24:28.000><c> a</c><00:24:28.240><c> binary</c><00:24:28.640><c> black</c><00:24:28.880><c> hole</c><00:24:29.120><c> merger</c>

23:43.627 --> 23:43.637 align:start position:0%
spiral phase, a binary black hole merger
 

23:43.637 --> 23:45.707 align:start position:0%
spiral phase, a binary black hole merger
in<00:24:29.679><c> our</c><00:24:30.000><c> own</c><00:24:30.240><c> universe</c><00:24:31.039><c> fits</c><00:24:31.360><c> the</c>

23:45.707 --> 23:45.717 align:start position:0%
in our own universe fits the
 

23:45.717 --> 23:48.267 align:start position:0%
in our own universe fits the
gravitational<00:24:32.159><c> wave</c><00:24:32.559><c> data</c><00:24:33.039><c> better</c><00:24:33.520><c> than</c><00:24:33.840><c> this</c>

23:48.267 --> 23:48.277 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave data better than this
 

23:48.277 --> 23:51.226 align:start position:0%
gravitational wave data better than this
explanation.<00:24:35.360><c> Still,</c><00:24:36.000><c> this</c><00:24:36.240><c> study</c><00:24:36.640><c> brings</c>

23:51.226 --> 23:51.236 align:start position:0%
explanation. Still, this study brings
 

23:51.236 --> 23:53.226 align:start position:0%
explanation. Still, this study brings
more<00:24:37.360><c> value</c><00:24:37.679><c> than</c><00:24:37.919><c> a</c><00:24:38.080><c> fun</c><00:24:38.400><c> theoretical</c>

23:53.226 --> 23:53.236 align:start position:0%
more value than a fun theoretical
 

23:53.236 --> 23:55.387 align:start position:0%
more value than a fun theoretical
thought<00:24:39.360><c> experiment.</c><00:24:40.320><c> It's</c><00:24:40.720><c> important</c>

23:55.387 --> 23:55.397 align:start position:0%
thought experiment. It's important
 

23:55.397 --> 23:57.307 align:start position:0%
thought experiment. It's important
because<00:24:41.440><c> it</c><00:24:41.679><c> gives</c><00:24:41.840><c> astronomers</c><00:24:42.400><c> a</c><00:24:42.640><c> concrete</c>

23:57.307 --> 23:57.317 align:start position:0%
because it gives astronomers a concrete
 

23:57.317 --> 23:59.947 align:start position:0%
because it gives astronomers a concrete
way<00:24:43.360><c> to</c><00:24:43.520><c> test</c><00:24:43.760><c> an</c><00:24:44.000><c> exotic</c><00:24:44.480><c> idea</c><00:24:44.960><c> against</c><00:24:45.440><c> real</c>

23:59.947 --> 23:59.957 align:start position:0%
way to test an exotic idea against real
 

23:59.957 --> 24:02.507 align:start position:0%
way to test an exotic idea against real
detector<00:24:46.320><c> data.</c><00:24:47.279><c> The</c><00:24:47.440><c> Harvard</c><00:24:47.919><c> quantum</c>

24:02.507 --> 24:02.517 align:start position:0%
detector data. The Harvard quantum
 

24:02.517 --> 24:03.866 align:start position:0%
detector data. The Harvard quantum
computer<00:24:48.720><c> experiment</c><00:24:49.279><c> showed</c><00:24:49.520><c> that</c>

24:03.866 --> 24:03.876 align:start position:0%
computer experiment showed that
 

24:03.876 --> 24:06.507 align:start position:0%
computer experiment showed that
wormhole-like<00:24:50.559><c> dynamics</c><00:24:51.440><c> could</c><00:24:51.760><c> potentially</c>

24:06.507 --> 24:06.517 align:start position:0%
wormhole-like dynamics could potentially
 

24:06.517 --> 24:09.226 align:start position:0%
wormhole-like dynamics could potentially
be<00:24:52.559><c> mathematically</c><00:24:53.360><c> real</c><00:24:53.679><c> and</c><00:24:53.919><c> testable.</c><00:24:54.880><c> The</c>

24:09.226 --> 24:09.236 align:start position:0%
be mathematically real and testable. The
 

24:09.236 --> 24:11.147 align:start position:0%
be mathematically real and testable. The
Einstein<00:24:55.520><c> Rosen</c><00:24:56.000><c> Caterpillar</c><00:24:56.480><c> shows</c><00:24:56.799><c> that</c>

24:11.147 --> 24:11.157 align:start position:0%
Einstein Rosen Caterpillar shows that
 

24:11.157 --> 24:13.147 align:start position:0%
Einstein Rosen Caterpillar shows that
wormholes<00:24:57.679><c> connecting</c><00:24:58.159><c> entangled</c><00:24:58.799><c> black</c>

24:13.147 --> 24:13.157 align:start position:0%
wormholes connecting entangled black
 

24:13.157 --> 24:15.387 align:start position:0%
wormholes connecting entangled black
holes<00:24:59.520><c> aren't</c><00:24:59.840><c> just</c><00:25:00.000><c> science</c><00:25:00.320><c> fiction.</c><00:25:00.960><c> They</c>

24:15.387 --> 24:15.397 align:start position:0%
holes aren't just science fiction. They
 

24:15.397 --> 24:17.387 align:start position:0%
holes aren't just science fiction. They
can<00:25:01.360><c> emerge</c><00:25:01.679><c> naturally</c><00:25:02.159><c> from</c><00:25:02.320><c> the</c><00:25:02.480><c> maths</c><00:25:02.880><c> of</c>

24:17.387 --> 24:17.397 align:start position:0%
can emerge naturally from the maths of
 

24:17.397 --> 24:19.947 align:start position:0%
can emerge naturally from the maths of
quantum<00:25:03.600><c> chaos.</c><00:25:04.480><c> And</c><00:25:04.640><c> these</c><00:25:05.039><c> two</c><00:25:05.279><c> findings</c>

24:19.947 --> 24:19.957 align:start position:0%
quantum chaos. And these two findings
 

24:19.957 --> 24:22.907 align:start position:0%
quantum chaos. And these two findings
together<00:25:06.480><c> along</c><00:25:06.799><c> with</c><00:25:06.960><c> the</c><00:25:07.200><c> ER</c><00:25:07.679><c> equals</c><00:25:08.159><c> EPR</c>

24:22.907 --> 24:22.917 align:start position:0%
together along with the ER equals EPR
 

24:22.917 --> 24:25.147 align:start position:0%
together along with the ER equals EPR
conjecture<00:25:09.600><c> build</c><00:25:09.840><c> an</c><00:25:10.080><c> ever</c><00:25:10.400><c> stronger</c><00:25:10.720><c> case</c>

24:25.147 --> 24:25.157 align:start position:0%
conjecture build an ever stronger case
 

24:25.157 --> 24:26.986 align:start position:0%
conjecture build an ever stronger case
for<00:25:11.120><c> a</c><00:25:11.279><c> mathematical</c><00:25:11.919><c> connection</c><00:25:12.400><c> between</c>

24:26.986 --> 24:26.996 align:start position:0%
for a mathematical connection between
 

24:26.996 --> 24:28.587 align:start position:0%
for a mathematical connection between
quantum<00:25:13.200><c> mechanics</c><00:25:13.679><c> and</c><00:25:14.000><c> general</c>

24:28.587 --> 24:28.597 align:start position:0%
quantum mechanics and general
 

24:28.597 --> 24:31.627 align:start position:0%
quantum mechanics and general
relativity.<00:25:15.600><c> By</c><00:25:15.840><c> studying</c><00:25:16.400><c> real</c><00:25:16.960><c> merging</c>

24:31.627 --> 24:31.637 align:start position:0%
relativity. By studying real merging
 

24:31.637 --> 24:33.547 align:start position:0%
relativity. By studying real merging
black<00:25:17.679><c> holes</c><00:25:18.080><c> like</c><00:25:18.240><c> the</c><00:25:18.480><c> ones</c><00:25:18.720><c> behind</c>

24:33.547 --> 24:33.557 align:start position:0%
black holes like the ones behind
 

24:33.557 --> 24:36.267 align:start position:0%
black holes like the ones behind
GW190521,

24:36.267 --> 24:36.277 align:start position:0%
GW190521,
 

24:36.277 --> 24:38.427 align:start position:0%
GW190521,
we<00:25:22.320><c> get</c><00:25:22.559><c> to</c><00:25:22.720><c> play</c><00:25:22.960><c> with</c><00:25:23.200><c> the</c><00:25:23.440><c> systems</c><00:25:23.919><c> where</c>

24:38.427 --> 24:38.437 align:start position:0%
we get to play with the systems where
 

24:38.437 --> 24:40.746 align:start position:0%
we get to play with the systems where
this<00:25:24.559><c> frontier</c><00:25:25.279><c> pushing</c><00:25:25.760><c> physics</c><00:25:26.320><c> might</c>

24:40.746 --> 24:40.756 align:start position:0%
this frontier pushing physics might
 

24:40.756 --> 24:43.627 align:start position:0%
this frontier pushing physics might
apply.<00:25:27.760><c> In</c><00:25:28.000><c> the</c><00:25:28.159><c> future,</c><00:25:28.559><c> our</c><00:25:28.880><c> detection</c><00:25:29.279><c> of</c>

24:43.627 --> 24:43.637 align:start position:0%
apply. In the future, our detection of
 

24:43.637 --> 24:45.866 align:start position:0%
apply. In the future, our detection of
these<00:25:29.679><c> events</c><00:25:29.919><c> will</c><00:25:30.159><c> only</c><00:25:30.400><c> get</c><00:25:30.559><c> more</c><00:25:30.799><c> precise.</c>

24:45.866 --> 24:45.876 align:start position:0%
these events will only get more precise.
 

24:45.876 --> 24:48.587 align:start position:0%
these events will only get more precise.
Since<00:25:32.000><c> 2023,</c><00:25:33.039><c> LIGO</c><00:25:33.520><c> and</c><00:25:33.679><c> Virgo</c><00:25:34.080><c> have</c><00:25:34.240><c> been</c>

24:48.587 --> 24:48.597 align:start position:0%
Since 2023, LIGO and Virgo have been
 

24:48.597 --> 24:50.907 align:start position:0%
Since 2023, LIGO and Virgo have been
operating<00:25:34.799><c> with</c><00:25:35.039><c> a</c><00:25:35.360><c> 30%</c><00:25:36.159><c> increased</c>

24:50.907 --> 24:50.917 align:start position:0%
operating with a 30% increased
 

24:50.917 --> 24:53.387 align:start position:0%
operating with a 30% increased
sensitivity,<00:25:37.840><c> allowing</c><00:25:38.320><c> detection</c><00:25:38.799><c> of</c><00:25:38.960><c> a</c>

24:53.387 --> 24:53.397 align:start position:0%
sensitivity, allowing detection of a
 

24:53.397 --> 24:56.346 align:start position:0%
sensitivity, allowing detection of a
merger<00:25:39.760><c> every</c><00:25:40.080><c> 2</c><00:25:40.320><c> to</c><00:25:40.559><c> 3</c><00:25:40.799><c> days.</c><00:25:41.600><c> Given</c><00:25:41.919><c> that</c>

24:56.346 --> 24:56.356 align:start position:0%
merger every 2 to 3 days. Given that
 

24:56.356 --> 24:57.947 align:start position:0%
merger every 2 to 3 days. Given that
we've<00:25:42.559><c> only</c><00:25:42.799><c> been</c><00:25:42.960><c> able</c><00:25:43.120><c> to</c><00:25:43.279><c> detect</c>

24:57.947 --> 24:57.957 align:start position:0%
we've only been able to detect
 

24:57.957 --> 25:00.187 align:start position:0%
we've only been able to detect
gravitational<00:25:44.320><c> waves</c><00:25:44.640><c> for</c><00:25:44.799><c> a</c><00:25:45.039><c> decade,</c><00:25:45.760><c> this</c>

25:00.187 --> 25:00.197 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves for a decade, this
 

25:00.197 --> 25:02.187 align:start position:0%
gravitational waves for a decade, this
field<00:25:46.240><c> is</c><00:25:46.400><c> in</c><00:25:46.559><c> its</c><00:25:46.799><c> infancy.</c><00:25:47.760><c> With</c>

25:02.187 --> 25:02.197 align:start position:0%
field is in its infancy. With
 

25:02.197 --> 25:03.707 align:start position:0%
field is in its infancy. With
improvements<00:25:48.480><c> to</c><00:25:48.720><c> our</c><00:25:48.960><c> models</c><00:25:49.279><c> and</c>

25:03.707 --> 25:03.717 align:start position:0%
improvements to our models and
 

25:03.717 --> 25:06.427 align:start position:0%
improvements to our models and
technology,<00:25:50.480><c> who</c><00:25:50.720><c> knows,</c><00:25:51.360><c> maybe</c><00:25:51.679><c> one</c><00:25:51.919><c> day</c>

25:06.427 --> 25:06.437 align:start position:0%
technology, who knows, maybe one day
 

25:06.437 --> 25:08.267 align:start position:0%
technology, who knows, maybe one day
we'll<00:25:52.480><c> not</c><00:25:52.720><c> only</c><00:25:52.960><c> be</c><00:25:53.120><c> able</c><00:25:53.200><c> to</c><00:25:53.360><c> conclusively</c>

25:08.267 --> 25:08.277 align:start position:0%
we'll not only be able to conclusively
 

25:08.277 --> 25:10.907 align:start position:0%
we'll not only be able to conclusively
find<00:25:54.400><c> wormholes,</c><00:25:55.360><c> but</c><00:25:55.600><c> even</c><00:25:55.919><c> be</c><00:25:56.080><c> able</c><00:25:56.240><c> to</c><00:25:56.400><c> send</c>

25:10.907 --> 25:10.917 align:start position:0%
find wormholes, but even be able to send
 

25:10.917 --> 25:13.147 align:start position:0%
find wormholes, but even be able to send
stuff<00:25:57.039><c> through</c><00:25:57.360><c> them.</c><00:25:58.080><c> I,</c><00:25:58.320><c> for</c><00:25:58.480><c> one,</c><00:25:58.799><c> am</c>

25:13.147 --> 25:13.157 align:start position:0%
stuff through them. I, for one, am
 

25:13.157 --> 25:15.466 align:start position:0%
stuff through them. I, for one, am
hopeful<00:25:59.440><c> that</c><00:25:59.760><c> they</c><00:26:00.080><c> won't</c><00:26:00.400><c> always</c><00:26:00.880><c> remain</c>

25:15.466 --> 25:15.476 align:start position:0%
hopeful that they won't always remain
 

25:15.476 --> 25:17.787 align:start position:0%
hopeful that they won't always remain
elusive<00:26:01.840><c> and</c><00:26:02.159><c> confined</c><00:26:02.559><c> to</c><00:26:02.799><c> equations</c><00:26:03.360><c> and</c>

25:17.787 --> 25:17.797 align:start position:0%
elusive and confined to equations and
 

25:17.797 --> 25:20.587 align:start position:0%
elusive and confined to equations and
sci-fi<00:26:04.159><c> stories.</c><00:26:05.120><c> But</c><00:26:05.200><c> for</c><00:26:05.440><c> now,</c><00:26:06.000><c> we'll</c><00:26:06.320><c> have</c>

25:20.587 --> 25:20.597 align:start position:0%
sci-fi stories. But for now, we'll have
 

25:20.597 --> 25:25.547 align:start position:0%
sci-fi stories. But for now, we'll have
to<00:26:06.559><c> wait</c><00:26:06.720><c> and</c><00:26:06.960><c> see.</c>

25:22.737 --> 25:22.747 align:start position:0%
Patreon through the link below. We would
 

25:22.747 --> 25:25.707 align:start position:0%
Patreon through the link below. We would
love<00:26:45.919><c> to</c><00:26:46.080><c> have</c><00:26:46.320><c> you.</c>