WEBVTT 00:00.560 --> 00:04.470 align:start position:0% This<00:00:01.040> is<00:00:01.680> the<00:00:02.000> corona,<00:00:02.960> our<00:00:03.360> sun's<00:00:04.080> outer 00:04.470 --> 00:04.480 align:start position:0% This is the corona, our sun's outer 00:04.480 --> 00:07.990 align:start position:0% This is the corona, our sun's outer atmosphere.<00:00:05.680> This<00:00:06.160> fiery<00:00:06.720> hell<00:00:07.359> can<00:00:07.600> reach 00:07.990 --> 00:08.000 align:start position:0% atmosphere. This fiery hell can reach 00:08.000 --> 00:11.669 align:start position:0% atmosphere. This fiery hell can reach temperatures<00:00:08.559> of<00:00:08.960> 10<00:00:09.679> million°, 00:11.669 --> 00:11.679 align:start position:0% temperatures of 10 million°, 00:11.679 --> 00:16.150 align:start position:0% temperatures of 10 million°, but<00:00:12.000> just<00:00:12.480> 1,500<00:00:13.599> km<00:00:14.320> beneath<00:00:14.880> this<00:00:15.200> inferno. 00:16.150 --> 00:16.160 align:start position:0% but just 1,500 km beneath this inferno. 00:16.160 --> 00:19.109 align:start position:0% but just 1,500 km beneath this inferno. The<00:00:16.400> surface<00:00:16.800> is<00:00:17.199> significantly<00:00:18.080> cooler. 00:19.109 --> 00:19.119 align:start position:0% The surface is significantly cooler. 00:19.119 --> 00:22.390 align:start position:0% The surface is significantly cooler. This<00:00:19.520> arguably<00:00:20.320> makes<00:00:20.640> no<00:00:20.880> sense.<00:00:21.760> How<00:00:22.080> can 00:22.390 --> 00:22.400 align:start position:0% This arguably makes no sense. How can 00:22.400 --> 00:24.710 align:start position:0% This arguably makes no sense. How can the<00:00:22.640> temperature<00:00:23.439> increase<00:00:23.840> as<00:00:24.160> it<00:00:24.320> moves 00:24.710 --> 00:24.720 align:start position:0% the temperature increase as it moves 00:24.720 --> 00:27.029 align:start position:0% the temperature increase as it moves away<00:00:24.960> from<00:00:25.119> the<00:00:25.359> source?<00:00:26.160> Surely<00:00:26.560> that's<00:00:26.800> the 00:27.029 --> 00:27.039 align:start position:0% away from the source? Surely that's the 00:27.039 --> 00:30.150 align:start position:0% away from the source? Surely that's the wrong<00:00:27.199> way<00:00:27.439> round.<00:00:28.720> Known<00:00:29.119> as<00:00:29.439> the<00:00:29.679> coronal 00:30.150 --> 00:30.160 align:start position:0% wrong way round. Known as the coronal 00:30.160 --> 00:32.310 align:start position:0% wrong way round. Known as the coronal heating<00:00:30.560> problem,<00:00:31.359> this<00:00:31.599> is<00:00:31.760> one<00:00:31.920> of<00:00:32.000> the 00:32.310 --> 00:32.320 align:start position:0% heating problem, this is one of the 00:32.320 --> 00:34.630 align:start position:0% heating problem, this is one of the greatest<00:00:32.880> unanswered<00:00:33.600> questions<00:00:34.160> in 00:34.630 --> 00:34.640 align:start position:0% greatest unanswered questions in 00:34.640 --> 00:37.110 align:start position:0% greatest unanswered questions in astrophysics,<00:00:35.760> and<00:00:36.000> it's<00:00:36.239> been<00:00:36.480> baffling 00:37.110 --> 00:37.120 align:start position:0% astrophysics, and it's been baffling 00:37.120 --> 00:40.630 align:start position:0% astrophysics, and it's been baffling scientists<00:00:37.840> for<00:00:38.320> decades.<00:00:39.760> Over<00:00:40.000> the<00:00:40.239> years, 00:40.630 --> 00:40.640 align:start position:0% scientists for decades. Over the years, 00:40.640 --> 00:42.709 align:start position:0% scientists for decades. Over the years, there's<00:00:40.960> been<00:00:41.200> theories<00:00:41.760> and<00:00:42.000> clues<00:00:42.399> about 00:42.709 --> 00:42.719 align:start position:0% there's been theories and clues about 00:42.719 --> 00:45.030 align:start position:0% there's been theories and clues about its<00:00:43.040> cause,<00:00:43.680> but<00:00:43.920> it's<00:00:44.079> hard<00:00:44.239> to<00:00:44.399> get<00:00:44.640> answers 00:45.030 --> 00:45.040 align:start position:0% its cause, but it's hard to get answers 00:45.040 --> 00:47.670 align:start position:0% its cause, but it's hard to get answers about<00:00:45.280> something<00:00:45.680> you<00:00:46.000> can't<00:00:46.399> easily<00:00:46.879> see 00:47.670 --> 00:47.680 align:start position:0% about something you can't easily see 00:47.680 --> 00:49.430 align:start position:0% about something you can't easily see other<00:00:48.000> than<00:00:48.239> the<00:00:48.480> occasional<00:00:49.039> fleeting 00:49.430 --> 00:49.440 align:start position:0% other than the occasional fleeting 00:49.440 --> 00:51.910 align:start position:0% other than the occasional fleeting glimpse<00:00:49.760> during<00:00:50.000> solar<00:00:50.399> eclipses.<00:00:51.520> So,<00:00:51.760> the 00:51.910 --> 00:51.920 align:start position:0% glimpse during solar eclipses. So, the 00:51.920 --> 00:54.470 align:start position:0% glimpse during solar eclipses. So, the inner<00:00:52.239> corona<00:00:52.960> has<00:00:53.199> remained<00:00:53.920> largely 00:54.470 --> 00:54.480 align:start position:0% inner corona has remained largely 00:54.480 --> 00:55.990 align:start position:0% inner corona has remained largely unobserved. 00:55.990 --> 00:56.000 align:start position:0% unobserved. 00:56.000 --> 01:00.389 align:start position:0% unobserved. But<00:00:56.320> in<00:00:56.640> December<00:00:57.280> 2024,<00:00:58.640> all<00:00:58.960> that<00:00:59.359> changed. 01:00.389 --> 01:00.399 align:start position:0% But in December 2024, all that changed. 01:00.399 --> 01:03.029 align:start position:0% But in December 2024, all that changed. The<00:01:00.559> European<00:01:01.039> Space<00:01:01.359> Agency<00:01:01.920> launched<00:01:02.480> two 01:03.029 --> 01:03.039 align:start position:0% The European Space Agency launched two 01:03.039 --> 01:05.670 align:start position:0% The European Space Agency launched two tiny<00:01:03.520> satellites<00:01:04.239> that<00:01:04.559> together<00:01:05.360> are 01:05.670 --> 01:05.680 align:start position:0% tiny satellites that together are 01:05.680 --> 01:08.070 align:start position:0% tiny satellites that together are revolutionizing<00:01:06.720> our<00:01:07.119> understanding<00:01:07.680> of<00:01:07.840> the 01:08.070 --> 01:08.080 align:start position:0% revolutionizing our understanding of the 01:08.080 --> 01:11.190 align:start position:0% revolutionizing our understanding of the sun,<00:01:08.799> working<00:01:09.280> in<00:01:09.600> perfect<00:01:10.080> synchrony<00:01:10.960> to 01:11.190 --> 01:11.200 align:start position:0% sun, working in perfect synchrony to 01:11.200 --> 01:16.870 align:start position:0% sun, working in perfect synchrony to make<00:01:11.439> the<00:01:11.680> once<00:01:12.240> invisible<00:01:13.520> visible. 01:16.870 --> 01:16.880 align:start position:0% 01:16.880 --> 01:18.870 align:start position:0% I'm<00:01:17.119> Alex<00:01:17.439> Mccoan<00:01:18.159> and<00:01:18.320> you're<00:01:18.560> watching 01:18.870 --> 01:18.880 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching 01:18.880 --> 01:21.590 align:start position:0% I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm.<00:01:19.759> Today<00:01:20.159> we're<00:01:20.560> heading<00:01:20.880> into<00:01:21.200> orbit 01:21.590 --> 01:21.600 align:start position:0% Astramm. Today we're heading into orbit 01:21.600 --> 01:24.469 align:start position:0% Astramm. Today we're heading into orbit with<00:01:21.840> the<00:01:22.080> Prober<00:01:22.640> 3<00:01:23.040> mission<00:01:23.680> as<00:01:23.920> its<00:01:24.240> first 01:24.469 --> 01:24.479 align:start position:0% with the Prober 3 mission as its first 01:24.479 --> 01:27.030 align:start position:0% with the Prober 3 mission as its first findings<00:01:24.960> are<00:01:25.119> released.<00:01:25.920> We'll<00:01:26.240> explore<00:01:26.799> how 01:27.030 --> 01:27.040 align:start position:0% findings are released. We'll explore how 01:27.040 --> 01:29.590 align:start position:0% findings are released. We'll explore how these<00:01:27.439> two<00:01:27.840> minissats<00:01:28.560> have<00:01:28.799> opened<00:01:29.040> up<00:01:29.280> a 01:29.590 --> 01:29.600 align:start position:0% these two minissats have opened up a 01:29.600 --> 01:32.069 align:start position:0% these two minissats have opened up a window<00:01:30.080> into<00:01:30.320> the<00:01:30.560> sun's<00:01:30.880> most<00:01:31.200> inaccessible 01:32.069 --> 01:32.079 align:start position:0% window into the sun's most inaccessible 01:32.079 --> 01:34.550 align:start position:0% window into the sun's most inaccessible region<00:01:32.880> and<00:01:33.119> get<00:01:33.360> to<00:01:33.600> grips<00:01:34.000> with<00:01:34.240> the 01:34.550 --> 01:34.560 align:start position:0% region and get to grips with the 01:34.560 --> 01:36.870 align:start position:0% region and get to grips with the extraordinary<00:01:35.439> engineering<00:01:36.240> that<00:01:36.560> makes 01:36.870 --> 01:36.880 align:start position:0% extraordinary engineering that makes 01:36.880 --> 01:39.510 align:start position:0% extraordinary engineering that makes flying<00:01:37.360> in<00:01:37.600> millimeter<00:01:38.159> precision<00:01:38.720> formation 01:39.510 --> 01:39.520 align:start position:0% flying in millimeter precision formation 01:39.520 --> 01:43.590 align:start position:0% flying in millimeter precision formation possible. 01:43.590 --> 01:43.600 align:start position:0% 01:43.600 --> 01:46.870 align:start position:0% On<00:01:43.840> the<00:01:44.000> 5th<00:01:44.240> of<00:01:44.400> December<00:01:44.960> 2024,<00:01:46.240> ISA's 01:46.870 --> 01:46.880 align:start position:0% On the 5th of December 2024, ISA's 01:46.880 --> 01:50.469 align:start position:0% On the 5th of December 2024, ISA's Proverb<00:01:47.360> 3<00:01:47.600> lifted<00:01:48.000> off<00:01:48.240> on<00:01:48.399> a<00:01:48.560> PSLV<00:01:49.600> XL<00:01:50.079> rocket 01:50.469 --> 01:50.479 align:start position:0% Proverb 3 lifted off on a PSLV XL rocket 01:50.479 --> 01:52.630 align:start position:0% Proverb 3 lifted off on a PSLV XL rocket from<00:01:50.640> the<00:01:50.880> Satish<00:01:51.360> Dawan<00:01:51.920> Space<00:01:52.159> Center, 01:52.630 --> 01:52.640 align:start position:0% from the Satish Dawan Space Center, 01:52.640 --> 01:55.510 align:start position:0% from the Satish Dawan Space Center, Shrih<00:01:52.960> Harikotta,<00:01:53.840> India.<00:01:54.799> This<00:01:55.040> mission 01:55.510 --> 01:55.520 align:start position:0% Shrih Harikotta, India. This mission 01:55.520 --> 01:58.069 align:start position:0% Shrih Harikotta, India. This mission didn't<00:01:55.920> necessarily<00:01:56.640> garner<00:01:56.960> headlines,<00:01:57.840> but 01:58.069 --> 01:58.079 align:start position:0% didn't necessarily garner headlines, but 01:58.079 --> 02:01.030 align:start position:0% didn't necessarily garner headlines, but it<00:01:58.399> was<00:01:58.799> quietly<00:01:59.360> set<00:01:59.600> to<00:01:59.840> change<00:02:00.079> the<00:02:00.320> face<00:02:00.719> of 02:01.030 --> 02:01.040 align:start position:0% it was quietly set to change the face of 02:01.040 --> 02:03.670 align:start position:0% it was quietly set to change the face of solar<00:02:01.439> exploration<00:02:02.320> and<00:02:02.719> break<00:02:03.040> a<00:02:03.360> few 02:03.670 --> 02:03.680 align:start position:0% solar exploration and break a few 02:03.680 --> 02:05.910 align:start position:0% solar exploration and break a few engineering<00:02:04.240> records<00:02:04.560> in<00:02:04.799> the<00:02:04.960> process. 02:05.910 --> 02:05.920 align:start position:0% engineering records in the process. 02:05.920 --> 02:08.710 align:start position:0% engineering records in the process. Because<00:02:06.719> Proverb<00:02:07.200> 3<00:02:07.759> isn't<00:02:08.160> just<00:02:08.399> one 02:08.710 --> 02:08.720 align:start position:0% Because Proverb 3 isn't just one 02:08.720 --> 02:12.630 align:start position:0% Because Proverb 3 isn't just one satellite,<00:02:09.679> but<00:02:10.000> two.<00:02:11.120> This<00:02:11.440> pair<00:02:11.840> of<00:02:12.239> fully 02:12.630 --> 02:12.640 align:start position:0% satellite, but two. This pair of fully 02:12.640 --> 02:15.270 align:start position:0% satellite, but two. This pair of fully autonomous<00:02:13.200> mini<00:02:13.520> sets<00:02:14.080> have<00:02:14.239> to<00:02:14.480> fly<00:02:14.800> in 02:15.270 --> 02:15.280 align:start position:0% autonomous mini sets have to fly in 02:15.280 --> 02:17.990 align:start position:0% autonomous mini sets have to fly in millimeter<00:02:16.080> perfect<00:02:16.560> formation<00:02:17.520> through<00:02:17.840> a 02:17.990 --> 02:18.000 align:start position:0% millimeter perfect formation through a 02:18.000 --> 02:20.309 align:start position:0% millimeter perfect formation through a highly<00:02:18.480> elliptic<00:02:18.959> orbit<00:02:19.280> of<00:02:19.440> Earth<00:02:20.080> all 02:20.309 --> 02:20.319 align:start position:0% highly elliptic orbit of Earth all 02:20.319 --> 02:22.710 align:start position:0% highly elliptic orbit of Earth all whilst<00:02:20.879> positioned<00:02:21.520> 1<00:02:21.840> and<00:02:22.000> a<00:02:22.080> half<00:02:22.400> football 02:22.710 --> 02:22.720 align:start position:0% whilst positioned 1 and a half football 02:22.720 --> 02:25.430 align:start position:0% whilst positioned 1 and a half football pitches<00:02:23.120> apart.<00:02:23.920> And<00:02:24.480> that's<00:02:24.800> easier<00:02:25.200> said 02:25.430 --> 02:25.440 align:start position:0% pitches apart. And that's easier said 02:25.440 --> 02:28.390 align:start position:0% pitches apart. And that's easier said than<00:02:25.680> done.<00:02:26.640> Why<00:02:27.040> would<00:02:27.360> we<00:02:27.599> want<00:02:27.760> to<00:02:28.000> do<00:02:28.080> this, 02:28.390 --> 02:28.400 align:start position:0% than done. Why would we want to do this, 02:28.400 --> 02:30.869 align:start position:0% than done. Why would we want to do this, you<00:02:28.640> might<00:02:28.879> ask?<00:02:29.680> Well,<00:02:30.239> they<00:02:30.480> were<00:02:30.640> being 02:30.869 --> 02:30.879 align:start position:0% you might ask? Well, they were being 02:30.879 --> 02:34.070 align:start position:0% you might ask? Well, they were being sent<00:02:31.200> to<00:02:31.360> study<00:02:31.680> the<00:02:31.840> sun<00:02:32.239> and<00:02:32.720> one<00:02:33.280> area<00:02:33.760> in 02:34.070 --> 02:34.080 align:start position:0% sent to study the sun and one area in 02:34.080 --> 02:37.990 align:start position:0% sent to study the sun and one area in particular,<00:02:34.959> the<00:02:35.280> corona.<00:02:36.640> Why<00:02:37.040> is<00:02:37.440> the<00:02:37.680> sun's 02:37.990 --> 02:38.000 align:start position:0% particular, the corona. Why is the sun's 02:38.000 --> 02:40.790 align:start position:0% particular, the corona. Why is the sun's atmosphere<00:02:38.480> hotter<00:02:38.879> than<00:02:39.040> its<00:02:39.280> surface?<00:02:40.239> What 02:40.790 --> 02:40.800 align:start position:0% atmosphere hotter than its surface? What 02:40.800 --> 02:42.790 align:start position:0% atmosphere hotter than its surface? What drives<00:02:41.360> the<00:02:41.680> charged<00:02:42.000> particles<00:02:42.480> in<00:02:42.640> the 02:42.790 --> 02:42.800 align:start position:0% drives the charged particles in the 02:42.800 --> 02:45.990 align:start position:0% drives the charged particles in the solar<00:02:43.120> wind?<00:02:43.920> And<00:02:44.160> how<00:02:44.480> do<00:02:45.040> billions<00:02:45.519> of<00:02:45.680> tons 02:45.990 --> 02:46.000 align:start position:0% solar wind? And how do billions of tons 02:46.000 --> 02:49.190 align:start position:0% solar wind? And how do billions of tons of<00:02:46.160> magnetized<00:02:46.800> plasma<00:02:47.680> erupt<00:02:47.920> from<00:02:48.239> our<00:02:48.640> star 02:49.190 --> 02:49.200 align:start position:0% of magnetized plasma erupt from our star 02:49.200 --> 02:51.910 align:start position:0% of magnetized plasma erupt from our star in<00:02:49.440> one<00:02:49.680> go?<00:02:50.640> These<00:02:51.040> questions<00:02:51.360> have<00:02:51.519> haunted 02:51.910 --> 02:51.920 align:start position:0% in one go? These questions have haunted 02:51.920 --> 02:54.070 align:start position:0% in one go? These questions have haunted solar<00:02:52.239> physicists<00:02:52.720> for<00:02:52.959> decades.<00:02:53.680> And<00:02:53.840> the 02:54.070 --> 02:54.080 align:start position:0% solar physicists for decades. And the 02:54.080 --> 02:55.670 align:start position:0% solar physicists for decades. And the answers<00:02:54.400> to<00:02:54.640> all<00:02:54.800> of<00:02:54.879> them<00:02:55.040> are<00:02:55.280> believed<00:02:55.519> to 02:55.670 --> 02:55.680 align:start position:0% answers to all of them are believed to 02:55.680 --> 02:57.589 align:start position:0% answers to all of them are believed to be<00:02:55.760> hiding<00:02:56.080> in<00:02:56.319> the<00:02:56.480> same<00:02:56.640> uncharted<00:02:57.280> region 02:57.589 --> 02:57.599 align:start position:0% be hiding in the same uncharted region 02:57.599 --> 03:00.630 align:start position:0% be hiding in the same uncharted region of<00:02:57.680> the<00:02:57.920> sun.<00:02:58.640> Yes,<00:02:59.200> the<00:02:59.440> corona.<00:03:00.400> But 03:00.630 --> 03:00.640 align:start position:0% of the sun. Yes, the corona. But 03:00.640 --> 03:02.630 align:start position:0% of the sun. Yes, the corona. But observing<00:03:01.200> this<00:03:01.519> outermost<00:03:02.159> part<00:03:02.400> of<00:03:02.480> the 03:02.630 --> 03:02.640 align:start position:0% observing this outermost part of the 03:02.640 --> 03:04.710 align:start position:0% observing this outermost part of the sun's<00:03:02.959> atmosphere<00:03:03.599> has<00:03:03.920> always<00:03:04.319> been<00:03:04.480> a 03:04.710 --> 03:04.720 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere has always been a 03:04.720 --> 03:07.030 align:start position:0% sun's atmosphere has always been a challenge.<00:03:05.599> It's<00:03:05.840> a<00:03:06.080> million<00:03:06.400> times<00:03:06.720> dimmer 03:07.030 --> 03:07.040 align:start position:0% challenge. It's a million times dimmer 03:07.040 --> 03:08.949 align:start position:0% challenge. It's a million times dimmer than<00:03:07.200> our<00:03:07.440> stars<00:03:07.840> visible<00:03:08.239> surface,<00:03:08.720> the 03:08.949 --> 03:08.959 align:start position:0% than our stars visible surface, the 03:08.959 --> 03:11.190 align:start position:0% than our stars visible surface, the photosphere,<00:03:09.920> meaning<00:03:10.239> this<00:03:10.560> region<00:03:10.879> gets 03:11.190 --> 03:11.200 align:start position:0% photosphere, meaning this region gets 03:11.200 --> 03:13.509 align:start position:0% photosphere, meaning this region gets somewhat<00:03:11.680> lost<00:03:12.000> in<00:03:12.159> the<00:03:12.319> sun's<00:03:12.640> light. 03:13.509 --> 03:13.519 align:start position:0% somewhat lost in the sun's light. 03:13.519 --> 03:16.390 align:start position:0% somewhat lost in the sun's light. Observations<00:03:14.159> aren't<00:03:14.640> impossible,<00:03:15.440> per<00:03:15.599> se. 03:16.390 --> 03:16.400 align:start position:0% Observations aren't impossible, per se. 03:16.400 --> 03:18.229 align:start position:0% Observations aren't impossible, per se. We<00:03:16.560> do<00:03:16.800> get<00:03:16.959> a<00:03:17.200> fleeting<00:03:17.680> glimpse<00:03:17.920> during 03:18.229 --> 03:18.239 align:start position:0% We do get a fleeting glimpse during 03:18.239 --> 03:21.110 align:start position:0% We do get a fleeting glimpse during eclipses.<00:03:19.440> These<00:03:19.760> spectacular<00:03:20.480> events<00:03:20.800> offer 03:21.110 --> 03:21.120 align:start position:0% eclipses. These spectacular events offer 03:21.120 --> 03:23.589 align:start position:0% eclipses. These spectacular events offer an<00:03:21.440> excellent<00:03:21.920> snapshot<00:03:22.319> of<00:03:22.400> the<00:03:22.560> corona,<00:03:23.440> and 03:23.589 --> 03:23.599 align:start position:0% an excellent snapshot of the corona, and 03:23.599 --> 03:25.589 align:start position:0% an excellent snapshot of the corona, and over<00:03:23.840> the<00:03:24.080> centuries<00:03:24.480> have<00:03:24.800> not<00:03:25.040> only<00:03:25.200> led<00:03:25.440> to 03:25.589 --> 03:25.599 align:start position:0% over the centuries have not only led to 03:25.599 --> 03:28.149 align:start position:0% over the centuries have not only led to the<00:03:25.840> discovery<00:03:26.319> of<00:03:26.480> the<00:03:26.720> corona<00:03:27.200> itself,<00:03:27.920> but 03:28.149 --> 03:28.159 align:start position:0% the discovery of the corona itself, but 03:28.159 --> 03:31.430 align:start position:0% the discovery of the corona itself, but also<00:03:28.560> that<00:03:28.879> of<00:03:29.440> ionized<00:03:29.920> iron<00:03:30.400> within.<00:03:31.200> The 03:31.430 --> 03:31.440 align:start position:0% also that of ionized iron within. The 03:31.440 --> 03:33.589 align:start position:0% also that of ionized iron within. The first<00:03:31.680> evidence<00:03:32.000> of<00:03:32.159> the<00:03:32.319> coroner's<00:03:32.879> extreme 03:33.589 --> 03:33.599 align:start position:0% first evidence of the coroner's extreme 03:33.599 --> 03:36.070 align:start position:0% first evidence of the coroner's extreme temperatures.<00:03:34.720> The<00:03:35.120> problem<00:03:35.360> with<00:03:35.680> total 03:36.070 --> 03:36.080 align:start position:0% temperatures. The problem with total 03:36.080 --> 03:38.309 align:start position:0% temperatures. The problem with total eclipses,<00:03:36.640> though,<00:03:37.040> is<00:03:37.280> that<00:03:37.519> they<00:03:37.760> only<00:03:38.000> last 03:38.309 --> 03:38.319 align:start position:0% eclipses, though, is that they only last 03:38.319 --> 03:40.789 align:start position:0% eclipses, though, is that they only last for<00:03:38.560> a<00:03:38.879> few<00:03:39.200> brief<00:03:39.680> minutes,<00:03:40.319> and<00:03:40.560> they're 03:40.789 --> 03:40.799 align:start position:0% for a few brief minutes, and they're 03:40.799 --> 03:43.670 align:start position:0% for a few brief minutes, and they're rare,<00:03:41.519> only<00:03:41.840> occurring<00:03:42.400> every<00:03:42.799> 18<00:03:43.200> months<00:03:43.440> or 03:43.670 --> 03:43.680 align:start position:0% rare, only occurring every 18 months or 03:43.680 --> 03:46.229 align:start position:0% rare, only occurring every 18 months or so.<00:03:44.319> Add<00:03:44.560> to<00:03:44.720> that<00:03:45.040> the<00:03:45.360> fact<00:03:45.519> that<00:03:45.760> the<00:03:45.920> paths 03:46.229 --> 03:46.239 align:start position:0% so. Add to that the fact that the paths 03:46.239 --> 03:48.949 align:start position:0% so. Add to that the fact that the paths of<00:03:46.480> total<00:03:46.879> eclipses<00:03:47.440> are<00:03:47.760> often<00:03:48.239> in<00:03:48.560> remote 03:48.949 --> 03:48.959 align:start position:0% of total eclipses are often in remote 03:48.959 --> 03:51.910 align:start position:0% of total eclipses are often in remote areas<00:03:49.360> or<00:03:49.760> over<00:03:50.000> the<00:03:50.239> ocean,<00:03:51.120> which<00:03:51.360> is<00:03:51.599> pretty 03:51.910 --> 03:51.920 align:start position:0% areas or over the ocean, which is pretty 03:51.920 --> 03:53.830 align:start position:0% areas or over the ocean, which is pretty impractical<00:03:52.640> when<00:03:52.879> it<00:03:52.959> comes<00:03:53.120> to<00:03:53.280> using<00:03:53.599> high 03:53.830 --> 03:53.840 align:start position:0% impractical when it comes to using high 03:53.840 --> 03:56.229 align:start position:0% impractical when it comes to using high power<00:03:54.159> telescopes,<00:03:54.959> as<00:03:55.200> they<00:03:55.440> aren't<00:03:55.760> exactly 03:56.229 --> 03:56.239 align:start position:0% power telescopes, as they aren't exactly 03:56.239 --> 03:58.789 align:start position:0% power telescopes, as they aren't exactly what<00:03:56.480> you'd<00:03:56.879> call<00:03:57.280> portable.<00:03:58.319> Thankfully, 03:58.789 --> 03:58.799 align:start position:0% what you'd call portable. Thankfully, 03:58.799 --> 04:01.509 align:start position:0% what you'd call portable. Thankfully, though,<00:03:59.120> we<00:03:59.439> do<00:03:59.680> have<00:04:00.159> another<00:04:00.480> alternative. 04:01.509 --> 04:01.519 align:start position:0% though, we do have another alternative. 04:01.519 --> 04:04.229 align:start position:0% though, we do have another alternative. In<00:04:01.760> the<00:04:01.920> 1930s,<00:04:02.720> a<00:04:02.959> French<00:04:03.200> astronomer<00:04:03.840> called 04:04.229 --> 04:04.239 align:start position:0% In the 1930s, a French astronomer called 04:04.239 --> 04:07.429 align:start position:0% In the 1930s, a French astronomer called Bernard<00:04:04.640> Leot<00:04:05.360> started<00:04:05.840> using<00:04:06.400> an<00:04:06.799> occultting 04:07.429 --> 04:07.439 align:start position:0% Bernard Leot started using an occultting 04:07.439 --> 04:09.990 align:start position:0% Bernard Leot started using an occultting disc<00:04:07.920> to<00:04:08.159> act<00:04:08.400> like<00:04:08.560> an<00:04:08.799> artificial<00:04:09.360> moon, 04:09.990 --> 04:10.000 align:start position:0% disc to act like an artificial moon, 04:10.000 --> 04:12.070 align:start position:0% disc to act like an artificial moon, blocking<00:04:10.480> out<00:04:10.640> the<00:04:10.879> sun's<00:04:11.200> surface<00:04:11.519> to<00:04:11.760> create 04:12.070 --> 04:12.080 align:start position:0% blocking out the sun's surface to create 04:12.080 --> 04:15.110 align:start position:0% blocking out the sun's surface to create a<00:04:12.400> mini<00:04:12.799> eclipse.<00:04:13.840> Instantly,<00:04:14.560> observing 04:15.110 --> 04:15.120 align:start position:0% a mini eclipse. Instantly, observing 04:15.120 --> 04:17.990 align:start position:0% a mini eclipse. Instantly, observing time<00:04:15.439> went<00:04:15.680> from<00:04:16.000> minutes<00:04:16.639> to<00:04:16.959> hours.<00:04:17.840> And 04:17.990 --> 04:18.000 align:start position:0% time went from minutes to hours. And 04:18.000 --> 04:19.749 align:start position:0% time went from minutes to hours. And using<00:04:18.320> these<00:04:18.639> new<00:04:18.799> instruments<00:04:19.359> called 04:19.749 --> 04:19.759 align:start position:0% using these new instruments called 04:19.759 --> 04:22.069 align:start position:0% using these new instruments called coronagraphs,<00:04:20.880> we've<00:04:21.199> been<00:04:21.359> able<00:04:21.600> to<00:04:21.759> keep 04:22.069 --> 04:22.079 align:start position:0% coronagraphs, we've been able to keep 04:22.079 --> 04:24.550 align:start position:0% coronagraphs, we've been able to keep almost<00:04:22.479> constant<00:04:22.880> tabs<00:04:23.199> on<00:04:23.360> the<00:04:23.520> corona.<00:04:24.320> We 04:24.550 --> 04:24.560 align:start position:0% almost constant tabs on the corona. We 04:24.560 --> 04:26.070 align:start position:0% almost constant tabs on the corona. We can<00:04:24.639> track<00:04:24.880> its<00:04:25.199> temperature<00:04:25.600> and 04:26.070 --> 04:26.080 align:start position:0% can track its temperature and 04:26.080 --> 04:28.230 align:start position:0% can track its temperature and composition<00:04:26.800> and<00:04:27.199> look<00:04:27.360> for<00:04:27.600> changes<00:04:27.919> in<00:04:28.080> the 04:28.230 --> 04:28.240 align:start position:0% composition and look for changes in the 04:28.240 --> 04:31.270 align:start position:0% composition and look for changes in the flow<00:04:28.479> of<00:04:28.560> the<00:04:28.720> solar<00:04:29.040> wind.<00:04:29.919> But<00:04:30.720> yes,<00:04:31.040> there's 04:31.270 --> 04:31.280 align:start position:0% flow of the solar wind. But yes, there's 04:31.280 --> 04:33.749 align:start position:0% flow of the solar wind. But yes, there's a<00:04:31.440> butt.<00:04:32.160> There<00:04:32.400> are<00:04:32.800> once<00:04:33.120> again 04:33.749 --> 04:33.759 align:start position:0% a butt. There are once again 04:33.759 --> 04:36.390 align:start position:0% a butt. There are once again limitations.<00:04:34.960> Groundbased<00:04:35.520> chronographs 04:36.390 --> 04:36.400 align:start position:0% limitations. Groundbased chronographs 04:36.400 --> 04:38.629 align:start position:0% limitations. Groundbased chronographs have<00:04:36.639> to<00:04:36.880> compete<00:04:37.199> with<00:04:37.600> daytime<00:04:38.240> brightness 04:38.629 --> 04:38.639 align:start position:0% have to compete with daytime brightness 04:38.639 --> 04:41.189 align:start position:0% have to compete with daytime brightness and<00:04:38.960> atmospheric<00:04:39.680> light<00:04:40.000> scattering,<00:04:40.960> making 04:41.189 --> 04:41.199 align:start position:0% and atmospheric light scattering, making 04:41.199 --> 04:43.670 align:start position:0% and atmospheric light scattering, making the<00:04:41.520> dimmest<00:04:42.080> parts<00:04:42.320> of<00:04:42.479> the<00:04:42.639> corona,<00:04:43.360> or<00:04:43.520> the 04:43.670 --> 04:43.680 align:start position:0% the dimmest parts of the corona, or the 04:43.680 --> 04:46.150 align:start position:0% the dimmest parts of the corona, or the bit<00:04:44.160> closest<00:04:44.639> to<00:04:44.800> the<00:04:44.960> sun,<00:04:45.680> almost 04:46.150 --> 04:46.160 align:start position:0% bit closest to the sun, almost 04:46.160 --> 04:49.510 align:start position:0% bit closest to the sun, almost impossible<00:04:46.800> to<00:04:47.040> see.<00:04:47.840> It<00:04:48.080> therefore<00:04:48.720> remains 04:49.510 --> 04:49.520 align:start position:0% impossible to see. It therefore remains 04:49.520 --> 04:53.110 align:start position:0% impossible to see. It therefore remains mostly<00:04:50.240> unseen<00:04:51.120> and<00:04:51.520> unstudied. 04:53.110 --> 04:53.120 align:start position:0% mostly unseen and unstudied. 04:53.120 --> 04:54.469 align:start position:0% mostly unseen and unstudied. To<00:04:53.360> solve<00:04:53.520> the<00:04:53.680> mystery<00:04:54.000> of<00:04:54.080> the<00:04:54.240> sun's 04:54.469 --> 04:54.479 align:start position:0% To solve the mystery of the sun's 04:54.479 --> 04:57.110 align:start position:0% To solve the mystery of the sun's corona,<00:04:55.040> we<00:04:55.280> needed<00:04:55.600> a<00:04:55.919> better<00:04:56.240> view.<00:04:56.639> And<00:04:56.880> for 04:57.110 --> 04:57.120 align:start position:0% corona, we needed a better view. And for 04:57.120 --> 04:58.870 align:start position:0% corona, we needed a better view. And for that<00:04:57.360> we<00:04:57.600> needed<00:04:57.840> to<00:04:58.000> get<00:04:58.160> rid<00:04:58.320> of<00:04:58.479> at<00:04:58.479> least 04:58.870 --> 04:58.880 align:start position:0% that we needed to get rid of at least 04:58.880 --> 05:01.270 align:start position:0% that we needed to get rid of at least some<00:04:59.199> of<00:04:59.360> the<00:04:59.520> background<00:05:00.000> light.<00:05:00.800> We<00:05:01.040> can't 05:01.270 --> 05:01.280 align:start position:0% some of the background light. We can't 05:01.280 --> 05:03.510 align:start position:0% some of the background light. We can't make<00:05:01.520> the<00:05:01.759> sun<00:05:02.000> dimmer.<00:05:02.720> So<00:05:02.880> the<00:05:03.120> easiest 05:03.510 --> 05:03.520 align:start position:0% make the sun dimmer. So the easiest 05:03.520 --> 05:05.590 align:start position:0% make the sun dimmer. So the easiest thing<00:05:03.680> to<00:05:03.919> do<00:05:04.320> is<00:05:04.639> get<00:05:04.880> rid<00:05:05.120> of<00:05:05.360> the 05:05.590 --> 05:05.600 align:start position:0% thing to do is get rid of the 05:05.600 --> 05:08.469 align:start position:0% thing to do is get rid of the atmospheric<00:05:06.479> scattering.<00:05:07.520> In<00:05:07.680> other<00:05:07.919> words, 05:08.469 --> 05:08.479 align:start position:0% atmospheric scattering. In other words, 05:08.479 --> 05:11.270 align:start position:0% atmospheric scattering. In other words, we<00:05:08.800> needed<00:05:09.360> to<00:05:09.600> get<00:05:10.000> coronagraphs<00:05:10.880> into 05:11.270 --> 05:11.280 align:start position:0% we needed to get coronagraphs into 05:11.280 --> 05:14.550 align:start position:0% we needed to get coronagraphs into space. 05:14.550 --> 05:14.560 align:start position:0% 05:14.560 --> 05:16.150 align:start position:0% Space-based<00:05:15.120> coronagraphs<00:05:15.840> have 05:16.150 --> 05:16.160 align:start position:0% Space-based coronagraphs have 05:16.160 --> 05:17.909 align:start position:0% Space-based coronagraphs have revolutionized<00:05:17.120> our<00:05:17.440> coronal 05:17.909 --> 05:17.919 align:start position:0% revolutionized our coronal 05:17.919 --> 05:20.310 align:start position:0% revolutionized our coronal understanding.<00:05:18.880> On<00:05:19.120> the<00:05:19.280> 14th<00:05:19.680> of<00:05:19.840> December 05:20.310 --> 05:20.320 align:start position:0% understanding. On the 14th of December 05:20.320 --> 05:23.350 align:start position:0% understanding. On the 14th of December 1971,<00:05:21.520> an<00:05:21.840> early<00:05:22.240> space-based<00:05:22.800> mission<00:05:23.120> of 05:23.350 --> 05:23.360 align:start position:0% 1971, an early space-based mission of 05:23.360 --> 05:25.830 align:start position:0% 1971, an early space-based mission of this<00:05:23.680> kind<00:05:24.240> called<00:05:24.720> the<00:05:24.960> Orbiting<00:05:25.440> Solar 05:25.830 --> 05:25.840 align:start position:0% this kind called the Orbiting Solar 05:25.840 --> 05:28.550 align:start position:0% this kind called the Orbiting Solar Observatory<00:05:26.560> 7<00:05:27.280> saw<00:05:27.600> a<00:05:27.840> coronal<00:05:28.320> mass 05:28.550 --> 05:28.560 align:start position:0% Observatory 7 saw a coronal mass 05:28.560 --> 05:31.990 align:start position:0% Observatory 7 saw a coronal mass ejection<00:05:29.120> for<00:05:29.440> the<00:05:29.600> first<00:05:30.000> time.<00:05:31.039> Since<00:05:31.360> then, 05:31.990 --> 05:32.000 align:start position:0% ejection for the first time. Since then, 05:32.000 --> 05:34.950 align:start position:0% ejection for the first time. Since then, we've<00:05:32.320> seen<00:05:32.720> tens<00:05:33.199> of<00:05:33.520> thousands<00:05:34.080> of<00:05:34.240> them. 05:34.950 --> 05:34.960 align:start position:0% we've seen tens of thousands of them. 05:34.960 --> 05:36.230 align:start position:0% we've seen tens of thousands of them. I'm<00:05:35.199> sure<00:05:35.360> you've<00:05:35.600> seen<00:05:35.759> some<00:05:36.000> of<00:05:36.080> the 05:36.230 --> 05:36.240 align:start position:0% I'm sure you've seen some of the 05:36.240 --> 05:38.070 align:start position:0% I'm sure you've seen some of the spectacular<00:05:36.960> images<00:05:37.360> sent<00:05:37.600> back<00:05:37.759> by<00:05:37.919> the 05:38.070 --> 05:38.080 align:start position:0% spectacular images sent back by the 05:38.080 --> 05:40.390 align:start position:0% spectacular images sent back by the Solar<00:05:38.560> and<00:05:38.720> Heliospheric<00:05:39.520> Observatory<00:05:40.080> or 05:40.390 --> 05:40.400 align:start position:0% Solar and Heliospheric Observatory or 05:40.400 --> 05:43.990 align:start position:0% Solar and Heliospheric Observatory or SOHO<00:05:40.960> that<00:05:41.199> launched<00:05:41.440> in<00:05:41.600> 1995<00:05:42.800> and<00:05:43.039> the<00:05:43.520> Solar 05:43.990 --> 05:44.000 align:start position:0% SOHO that launched in 1995 and the Solar 05:44.000 --> 05:46.070 align:start position:0% SOHO that launched in 1995 and the Solar Terrestrial<00:05:44.560> Relations<00:05:45.039> Observatory<00:05:45.759> or 05:46.070 --> 05:46.080 align:start position:0% Terrestrial Relations Observatory or 05:46.080 --> 05:48.710 align:start position:0% Terrestrial Relations Observatory or STEREO<00:05:46.560> that<00:05:46.800> launched<00:05:47.120> in<00:05:47.360> 2006.<00:05:48.400> I 05:48.710 --> 05:48.720 align:start position:0% STEREO that launched in 2006. I 05:48.720 --> 05:50.390 align:start position:0% STEREO that launched in 2006. I personally<00:05:49.120> love<00:05:49.440> how<00:05:49.680> you<00:05:49.840> can<00:05:50.000> see<00:05:50.160> the 05:50.390 --> 05:50.400 align:start position:0% personally love how you can see the 05:50.400 --> 05:52.550 align:start position:0% personally love how you can see the solar<00:05:50.720> weather<00:05:51.039> events<00:05:51.759> erupting<00:05:52.160> from<00:05:52.400> the 05:52.550 --> 05:52.560 align:start position:0% solar weather events erupting from the 05:52.560 --> 05:54.790 align:start position:0% solar weather events erupting from the surface<00:05:52.880> when<00:05:53.120> the<00:05:53.280> star<00:05:53.600> itself<00:05:54.160> is<00:05:54.479> blocked 05:54.790 --> 05:54.800 align:start position:0% surface when the star itself is blocked 05:54.800 --> 05:57.590 align:start position:0% surface when the star itself is blocked out<00:05:55.360> and<00:05:55.600> how<00:05:55.840> each<00:05:56.160> craft<00:05:56.639> specializes<00:05:57.280> in 05:57.590 --> 05:57.600 align:start position:0% out and how each craft specializes in 05:57.600 --> 05:59.749 align:start position:0% out and how each craft specializes in different<00:05:57.919> regions<00:05:58.400> above<00:05:58.720> the<00:05:58.880> sun,<00:05:59.440> giving 05:59.749 --> 05:59.759 align:start position:0% different regions above the sun, giving 05:59.759 --> 06:02.469 align:start position:0% different regions above the sun, giving us<00:06:00.160> one<00:06:00.639> large<00:06:00.960> image<00:06:01.280> when<00:06:01.600> put<00:06:01.759> together. 06:02.469 --> 06:02.479 align:start position:0% us one large image when put together. 06:02.479 --> 06:04.230 align:start position:0% us one large image when put together. each<00:06:02.720> of<00:06:02.880> them<00:06:03.120> their<00:06:03.440> own<00:06:03.680> part<00:06:03.919> of<00:06:04.080> the 06:04.230 --> 06:04.240 align:start position:0% each of them their own part of the 06:04.240 --> 06:06.469 align:start position:0% each of them their own part of the puzzle.<00:06:05.280> But<00:06:05.440> once<00:06:05.680> again,<00:06:06.080> even 06:06.469 --> 06:06.479 align:start position:0% puzzle. But once again, even 06:06.479 --> 06:09.189 align:start position:0% puzzle. But once again, even coronagraphs<00:06:07.199> in<00:06:07.520> space<00:06:07.759> have<00:06:08.080> issues.<00:06:08.960> Just 06:09.189 --> 06:09.199 align:start position:0% coronagraphs in space have issues. Just 06:09.199 --> 06:11.749 align:start position:0% coronagraphs in space have issues. Just like<00:06:09.360> on<00:06:09.600> Earth,<00:06:10.000> the<00:06:10.240> glare<00:06:10.639> of<00:06:10.800> the<00:06:10.960> sun<00:06:11.440> can 06:11.749 --> 06:11.759 align:start position:0% like on Earth, the glare of the sun can 06:11.759 --> 06:14.230 align:start position:0% like on Earth, the glare of the sun can be<00:06:11.919> too<00:06:12.240> strong.<00:06:13.039> Soho,<00:06:13.520> in<00:06:13.680> particular, 06:14.230 --> 06:14.240 align:start position:0% be too strong. Soho, in particular, 06:14.240 --> 06:17.670 align:start position:0% be too strong. Soho, in particular, cannot<00:06:14.560> see<00:06:14.800> closer<00:06:15.199> than<00:06:15.520> 1.7<00:06:16.400> solar<00:06:16.800> radi. 06:17.670 --> 06:17.680 align:start position:0% cannot see closer than 1.7 solar radi. 06:17.680 --> 06:19.670 align:start position:0% cannot see closer than 1.7 solar radi. And<00:06:17.919> most<00:06:18.240> of<00:06:18.319> the<00:06:18.560> interesting<00:06:18.960> phenomena 06:19.670 --> 06:19.680 align:start position:0% And most of the interesting phenomena 06:19.680 --> 06:22.309 align:start position:0% And most of the interesting phenomena start<00:06:20.080> much<00:06:20.400> closer<00:06:20.800> than<00:06:20.960> that.<00:06:21.840> Parker 06:22.309 --> 06:22.319 align:start position:0% start much closer than that. Parker 06:22.319 --> 06:25.029 align:start position:0% start much closer than that. Parker Solar<00:06:22.639> Probe<00:06:22.960> and<00:06:23.199> Solar<00:06:23.520> Orbiter,<00:06:24.319> both<00:06:24.720> much 06:25.029 --> 06:25.039 align:start position:0% Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter, both much 06:25.039 --> 06:27.270 align:start position:0% Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter, both much closer<00:06:25.360> to<00:06:25.520> the<00:06:25.680> sun,<00:06:26.240> also<00:06:26.479> have<00:06:26.720> chronograph 06:27.270 --> 06:27.280 align:start position:0% closer to the sun, also have chronograph 06:27.280 --> 06:28.950 align:start position:0% closer to the sun, also have chronograph instruments,<00:06:27.919> but<00:06:28.160> they<00:06:28.319> suffer<00:06:28.639> with<00:06:28.800> the 06:28.950 --> 06:28.960 align:start position:0% instruments, but they suffer with the 06:28.960 --> 06:31.430 align:start position:0% instruments, but they suffer with the same<00:06:29.120> issue,<00:06:29.919> as<00:06:30.160> well<00:06:30.319> as<00:06:30.720> internal<00:06:31.199> light 06:31.430 --> 06:31.440 align:start position:0% same issue, as well as internal light 06:31.440 --> 06:33.510 align:start position:0% same issue, as well as internal light scattering<00:06:31.919> and<00:06:32.160> defraction<00:06:32.800> that<00:06:33.039> degrade 06:33.510 --> 06:33.520 align:start position:0% scattering and defraction that degrade 06:33.520 --> 06:35.670 align:start position:0% scattering and defraction that degrade images<00:06:34.000> when<00:06:34.160> the<00:06:34.319> occultter,<00:06:35.120> the<00:06:35.360> bit 06:35.670 --> 06:35.680 align:start position:0% images when the occultter, the bit 06:35.680 --> 06:37.909 align:start position:0% images when the occultter, the bit blocking<00:06:36.000> the<00:06:36.160> sun,<00:06:36.720> is<00:06:36.960> too<00:06:37.280> close<00:06:37.520> to<00:06:37.680> the 06:37.909 --> 06:37.919 align:start position:0% blocking the sun, is too close to the 06:37.919 --> 06:40.390 align:start position:0% blocking the sun, is too close to the camera<00:06:38.160> lens.<00:06:39.039> And<00:06:39.360> that's<00:06:39.680> something<00:06:40.080> that 06:40.390 --> 06:40.400 align:start position:0% camera lens. And that's something that 06:40.400 --> 06:43.189 align:start position:0% camera lens. And that's something that you<00:06:40.720> can't<00:06:41.039> really<00:06:41.360> get<00:06:41.600> around<00:06:41.919> on<00:06:42.160> a<00:06:42.639> 3<00:06:42.960> m 06:43.189 --> 06:43.199 align:start position:0% you can't really get around on a 3 m 06:43.199 --> 06:45.670 align:start position:0% you can't really get around on a 3 m tall<00:06:43.520> probe.<00:06:44.400> Scientists<00:06:44.880> needed<00:06:45.360> yet 06:45.670 --> 06:45.680 align:start position:0% tall probe. Scientists needed yet 06:45.680 --> 06:47.430 align:start position:0% tall probe. Scientists needed yet another<00:06:46.080> way<00:06:46.160> to<00:06:46.400> look<00:06:46.479> at<00:06:46.639> the<00:06:46.800> sun<00:06:47.039> if<00:06:47.199> they 06:47.430 --> 06:47.440 align:start position:0% another way to look at the sun if they 06:47.440 --> 06:49.510 align:start position:0% another way to look at the sun if they ever<00:06:47.759> hope<00:06:48.000> to<00:06:48.160> unlock<00:06:48.560> the<00:06:48.800> secrets<00:06:49.199> of<00:06:49.360> the 06:49.510 --> 06:49.520 align:start position:0% ever hope to unlock the secrets of the 06:49.520 --> 06:52.230 align:start position:0% ever hope to unlock the secrets of the corona.<00:06:50.639> You<00:06:50.880> may<00:06:50.960> have<00:06:51.120> heard<00:06:51.360> that<00:06:51.520> a<00:06:51.759> total 06:49.520 --> 06:52.551 align:start position:0% code astron 5 when purchasing from the dwarf<00:08:14.879> lab<00:08:15.280> store.<00:08:16.080> Now<00:08:16.319> that<00:08:16.479> you're<00:08:16.800> sorted, 06:52.165 --> 06:52.175 align:start position:0% dwarf lab store. Now that you're sorted, 06:52.175 --> 06:53.844 align:start position:0% dwarf lab store. Now that you're sorted, how<00:08:17.759> are<00:08:18.000> scientists<00:08:18.560> tackling<00:08:18.960> the 06:53.844 --> 06:53.854 align:start position:0% how are scientists tackling the 06:53.854 --> 06:56.645 align:start position:0% how are scientists tackling the challenges<00:08:19.599> of<00:08:19.840> seeing<00:08:20.080> the<00:08:20.240> corona<00:08:20.879> when<00:08:21.280> 3<00:08:21.680> m 06:56.645 --> 06:56.655 align:start position:0% challenges of seeing the corona when 3 m 06:56.655 --> 06:58.805 align:start position:0% challenges of seeing the corona when 3 m space<00:08:22.319> telescopes<00:08:23.039> aren't<00:08:23.440> getting<00:08:23.759> the<00:08:24.000> job 06:58.805 --> 06:58.815 align:start position:0% space telescopes aren't getting the job 06:58.815 --> 07:02.645 align:start position:0% space telescopes aren't getting the job done?<00:08:25.360> The<00:08:25.680> solution<00:08:26.479> to<00:08:26.720> put<00:08:27.039> the<00:08:27.280> occulta 07:02.645 --> 07:02.655 align:start position:0% done? The solution to put the occulta 07:02.655 --> 07:05.925 align:start position:0% done? The solution to put the occulta further<00:08:28.479> away,<00:08:29.520> specifically<00:08:30.639> on<00:08:30.960> another 07:05.925 --> 07:05.935 align:start position:0% further away, specifically on another 07:05.935 --> 07:09.044 align:start position:0% further away, specifically on another spacecraft.<00:08:32.399> And<00:08:32.640> to<00:08:32.880> do<00:08:33.039> that,<00:08:33.839> engineers 07:09.044 --> 07:09.054 align:start position:0% spacecraft. And to do that, engineers 07:09.054 --> 07:11.924 align:start position:0% spacecraft. And to do that, engineers had<00:08:34.560> to<00:08:34.800> create<00:08:35.039> the<00:08:35.360> world's<00:08:35.839> first<00:08:36.320> pair<00:08:36.800> of 07:11.924 --> 07:11.934 align:start position:0% had to create the world's first pair of 07:11.934 --> 07:14.405 align:start position:0% had to create the world's first pair of fully<00:08:37.839> autonomous<00:08:38.479> satellites<00:08:39.279> that<00:08:39.519> can 07:14.405 --> 07:14.415 align:start position:0% fully autonomous satellites that can 07:14.415 --> 07:16.885 align:start position:0% fully autonomous satellites that can simulate<00:08:40.399> artificial<00:08:41.039> solar<00:08:41.360> eclipses<00:08:42.000> on 07:16.885 --> 07:16.895 align:start position:0% simulate artificial solar eclipses on 07:16.895 --> 07:19.924 align:start position:0% simulate artificial solar eclipses on demand.<00:08:43.279> And<00:08:43.519> most<00:08:43.760> crucially,<00:08:44.640> without 07:19.924 --> 07:19.934 align:start position:0% demand. And most crucially, without 07:19.934 --> 07:21.765 align:start position:0% demand. And most crucially, without having<00:08:45.519> to<00:08:45.680> worry<00:08:45.920> about<00:08:46.320> other<00:08:46.640> solar 07:21.765 --> 07:21.775 align:start position:0% having to worry about other solar 07:21.775 --> 07:24.645 align:start position:0% having to worry about other solar radiation,<00:08:48.000> so-called<00:08:48.800> parasitic<00:08:49.440> light, 07:24.645 --> 07:24.655 align:start position:0% radiation, so-called parasitic light, 07:24.655 --> 07:28.085 align:start position:0% radiation, so-called parasitic light, leaking<00:08:50.480> into<00:08:50.800> the<00:08:50.959> image.<00:08:52.080> Proverb<00:08:52.560> 3<00:08:52.880> is<00:08:53.200> the 07:28.085 --> 07:28.095 align:start position:0% leaking into the image. Proverb 3 is the 07:28.095 --> 07:30.805 align:start position:0% leaking into the image. Proverb 3 is the fourth<00:08:53.760> in<00:08:54.160> issa's<00:08:54.800> project<00:08:55.360> for<00:08:55.680> onboard 07:30.805 --> 07:30.815 align:start position:0% fourth in issa's project for onboard 07:30.815 --> 07:33.205 align:start position:0% fourth in issa's project for onboard autonomy,<00:08:57.120> a<00:08:57.360> line<00:08:57.600> of<00:08:57.839> experimental 07:33.205 --> 07:33.215 align:start position:0% autonomy, a line of experimental 07:33.215 --> 07:34.965 align:start position:0% autonomy, a line of experimental missions<00:08:58.959> designed<00:08:59.279> to<00:08:59.519> work<00:08:59.839> without 07:34.965 --> 07:34.975 align:start position:0% missions designed to work without 07:34.975 --> 07:37.285 align:start position:0% missions designed to work without constant<00:09:00.720> human<00:09:01.120> monitoring<00:09:01.600> on<00:09:01.839> the<00:09:02.000> ground. 07:37.285 --> 07:37.295 align:start position:0% constant human monitoring on the ground. 07:37.295 --> 07:39.685 align:start position:0% constant human monitoring on the ground. And<00:09:02.880> this<00:09:03.040> is<00:09:03.360> the<00:09:03.680> most<00:09:03.920> ambitious<00:09:04.720> mission 07:39.685 --> 07:39.695 align:start position:0% And this is the most ambitious mission 07:39.695 --> 07:42.645 align:start position:0% And this is the most ambitious mission yet.<00:09:06.240> Two<00:09:06.640> small<00:09:06.959> satellites,<00:09:07.760> one 07:42.645 --> 07:42.655 align:start position:0% yet. Two small satellites, one 07:42.655 --> 07:44.325 align:start position:0% yet. Two small satellites, one containing<00:09:08.320> the<00:09:08.560> coronagraph<00:09:09.200> and<00:09:09.360> the<00:09:09.519> other 07:44.325 --> 07:44.335 align:start position:0% containing the coronagraph and the other 07:44.335 --> 07:49.044 align:start position:0% containing the coronagraph and the other the<00:09:10.000> occulta<00:09:10.880> fly<00:09:12.160> 144<00:09:12.880> m<00:09:13.200> apart,<00:09:14.080> holding 07:49.044 --> 07:49.054 align:start position:0% the occulta fly 144 m apart, holding 07:49.054 --> 07:50.725 align:start position:0% the occulta fly 144 m apart, holding their<00:09:14.640> relative<00:09:15.040> positions<00:09:15.519> with 07:50.725 --> 07:50.735 align:start position:0% their relative positions with 07:50.735 --> 07:53.445 align:start position:0% their relative positions with millimetric<00:09:16.959> precision<00:09:17.680> to<00:09:17.920> simulate<00:09:18.480> a 07:53.445 --> 07:53.455 align:start position:0% millimetric precision to simulate a 07:53.455 --> 07:56.085 align:start position:0% millimetric precision to simulate a single<00:09:19.360> giant<00:09:19.920> spacecraft.<00:09:20.959> This<00:09:21.200> gets 07:56.085 --> 07:56.095 align:start position:0% single giant spacecraft. This gets 07:56.095 --> 07:57.604 align:start position:0% single giant spacecraft. This gets around<00:09:21.760> the<00:09:21.920> issue<00:09:22.320> other<00:09:22.560> space 07:57.604 --> 07:57.614 align:start position:0% around the issue other space 07:57.614 --> 07:59.604 align:start position:0% around the issue other space chronographs<00:09:23.680> have<00:09:23.839> with<00:09:24.080> the<00:09:24.320> two<00:09:24.560> parts 07:59.604 --> 07:59.614 align:start position:0% chronographs have with the two parts 07:59.614 --> 08:01.924 align:start position:0% chronographs have with the two parts being<00:09:25.200> too<00:09:25.519> close<00:09:25.760> together.<00:09:26.640> And<00:09:26.880> perhaps 08:01.924 --> 08:01.934 align:start position:0% being too close together. And perhaps 08:01.934 --> 08:04.725 align:start position:0% being too close together. And perhaps most<00:09:27.600> impressively<00:09:28.160> of<00:09:28.320> all,<00:09:28.959> the<00:09:29.200> idea<00:09:29.519> is 08:04.725 --> 08:04.735 align:start position:0% most impressively of all, the idea is 08:04.735 --> 08:06.245 align:start position:0% most impressively of all, the idea is that<00:09:30.320> they're<00:09:30.640> able<00:09:30.880> to<00:09:31.040> do<00:09:31.200> this 08:06.245 --> 08:06.255 align:start position:0% that they're able to do this 08:06.255 --> 08:08.085 align:start position:0% that they're able to do this autonomously. 08:08.085 --> 08:08.095 align:start position:0% autonomously. 08:08.095 --> 08:10.164 align:start position:0% autonomously. That<00:09:33.680> might<00:09:33.920> not<00:09:34.160> necessarily<00:09:34.800> sound<00:09:35.120> overly 08:10.164 --> 08:10.174 align:start position:0% That might not necessarily sound overly 08:10.174 --> 08:12.965 align:start position:0% That might not necessarily sound overly impressive,<00:09:36.240> but<00:09:36.480> trust<00:09:36.720> me,<00:09:37.040> it<00:09:37.360> is.<00:09:38.080> In 08:12.965 --> 08:12.975 align:start position:0% impressive, but trust me, it is. In 08:12.975 --> 08:15.604 align:start position:0% impressive, but trust me, it is. In fact,<00:09:38.800> it's<00:09:39.200> never<00:09:39.440> been<00:09:39.600> done<00:09:39.839> before.<00:09:40.720> Just 08:15.604 --> 08:15.614 align:start position:0% fact, it's never been done before. Just 08:15.614 --> 08:17.604 align:start position:0% fact, it's never been done before. Just to<00:09:41.120> prove<00:09:41.360> my<00:09:41.600> point,<00:09:42.160> let's<00:09:42.399> get<00:09:42.560> into<00:09:42.800> the 08:17.604 --> 08:17.614 align:start position:0% to prove my point, let's get into the 08:17.614 --> 08:22.164 align:start position:0% to prove my point, let's get into the nitty-gritty<00:09:43.680> of<00:09:43.920> how<00:09:44.080> the<00:09:44.320> mission<00:09:44.640> works. 08:22.164 --> 08:22.174 align:start position:0% nitty-gritty of how the mission works. 08:22.174 --> 08:24.885 align:start position:0% nitty-gritty of how the mission works. First<00:09:47.839> up,<00:09:48.320> the<00:09:48.560> satellites<00:09:49.120> take<00:09:49.360> a<00:09:49.680> highly 08:24.885 --> 08:24.895 align:start position:0% First up, the satellites take a highly 08:24.895 --> 08:27.285 align:start position:0% First up, the satellites take a highly elliptical<00:09:50.800> path<00:09:51.200> around<00:09:51.680> Earth.<00:09:52.320> If<00:09:52.560> they 08:27.285 --> 08:27.295 align:start position:0% elliptical path around Earth. If they 08:27.295 --> 08:28.965 align:start position:0% elliptical path around Earth. If they had<00:09:52.880> been<00:09:52.959> launched<00:09:53.279> into<00:09:53.519> a<00:09:53.760> standard<00:09:54.080> low 08:28.965 --> 08:28.975 align:start position:0% had been launched into a standard low 08:28.975 --> 08:30.965 align:start position:0% had been launched into a standard low Earth<00:09:54.720> orbit,<00:09:55.360> the<00:09:55.519> constant<00:09:55.920> need<00:09:56.160> for 08:30.965 --> 08:30.975 align:start position:0% Earth orbit, the constant need for 08:30.975 --> 08:32.484 align:start position:0% Earth orbit, the constant need for corrective<00:09:56.800> thruster<00:09:57.279> use<00:09:57.440> would<00:09:57.680> have 08:32.484 --> 08:32.494 align:start position:0% corrective thruster use would have 08:32.494 --> 08:34.725 align:start position:0% corrective thruster use would have burned<00:09:58.160> up<00:09:58.320> the<00:09:58.480> propellant<00:09:59.040> in<00:09:59.279> as<00:09:59.519> little<00:09:59.760> as 08:34.725 --> 08:34.735 align:start position:0% burned up the propellant in as little as 08:34.735 --> 08:37.205 align:start position:0% burned up the propellant in as little as half<00:10:00.320> an<00:10:00.560> hour,<00:10:01.279> making<00:10:01.600> for<00:10:01.839> a<00:10:02.080> very<00:10:02.240> short 08:37.205 --> 08:37.215 align:start position:0% half an hour, making for a very short 08:37.215 --> 08:40.005 align:start position:0% half an hour, making for a very short mission.<00:10:03.440> Instead,<00:10:04.160> an<00:10:04.480> elongated 08:40.005 --> 08:40.015 align:start position:0% mission. Instead, an elongated 08:40.015 --> 08:42.405 align:start position:0% mission. Instead, an elongated elliptical<00:10:05.920> orbit<00:10:06.320> was<00:10:06.480> chosen,<00:10:07.200> starting<00:10:07.519> at 08:42.405 --> 08:42.415 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit was chosen, starting at 08:42.415 --> 08:45.365 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit was chosen, starting at an<00:10:07.920> altitude<00:10:08.399> of<00:10:08.720> 600<00:10:09.200> km<00:10:09.760> above<00:10:10.000> Earth<00:10:10.320> at<00:10:10.480> its 08:45.365 --> 08:45.375 align:start position:0% an altitude of 600 km above Earth at its 08:45.375 --> 08:47.525 align:start position:0% an altitude of 600 km above Earth at its nearest<00:10:11.360> and<00:10:11.600> reaching<00:10:11.920> the<00:10:12.160> farthest<00:10:12.640> point 08:47.525 --> 08:47.535 align:start position:0% nearest and reaching the farthest point 08:47.535 --> 08:52.245 align:start position:0% nearest and reaching the farthest point of<00:10:13.360> 60,500<00:10:14.800> km<00:10:15.519> once<00:10:15.839> every<00:10:16.160> 19<00:10:16.480> hours<00:10:16.800> and<00:10:17.040> 36 08:52.245 --> 08:52.255 align:start position:0% of 60,500 km once every 19 hours and 36 08:52.255 --> 08:54.405 align:start position:0% of 60,500 km once every 19 hours and 36 minute<00:10:17.920> long<00:10:18.240> orbit. 08:54.405 --> 08:54.415 align:start position:0% minute long orbit. 08:54.415 --> 08:56.885 align:start position:0% minute long orbit. Imagine<00:10:20.079> it<00:10:20.320> like<00:10:20.640> a<00:10:21.120> roller<00:10:21.440> coaster<00:10:21.760> loop. 08:56.885 --> 08:56.895 align:start position:0% Imagine it like a roller coaster loop. 08:56.895 --> 08:58.645 align:start position:0% Imagine it like a roller coaster loop. At<00:10:22.480> the<00:10:22.640> bottom<00:10:22.800> of<00:10:22.959> the<00:10:23.120> loop<00:10:23.519> near<00:10:23.760> the 08:58.645 --> 08:58.655 align:start position:0% At the bottom of the loop near the 08:58.655 --> 09:00.965 align:start position:0% At the bottom of the loop near the Earth,<00:10:24.560> the<00:10:24.800> satellites<00:10:25.360> are<00:10:25.680> moving<00:10:26.000> the 09:00.965 --> 09:00.975 align:start position:0% Earth, the satellites are moving the 09:00.975 --> 09:03.365 align:start position:0% Earth, the satellites are moving the fastest.<00:10:27.279> As<00:10:27.519> they<00:10:27.680> begin<00:10:27.920> to<00:10:28.160> go<00:10:28.320> around<00:10:28.480> the 09:03.365 --> 09:03.375 align:start position:0% fastest. As they begin to go around the 09:03.375 --> 09:06.724 align:start position:0% fastest. As they begin to go around the loop,<00:10:29.040> they<00:10:29.279> slow<00:10:29.600> down<00:10:29.839> from<00:10:30.240> 10<00:10:30.480> km/s<00:10:31.440> to<00:10:31.839> 1 09:06.724 --> 09:06.734 align:start position:0% loop, they slow down from 10 km/s to 1 09:06.734 --> 09:08.245 align:start position:0% loop, they slow down from 10 km/s to 1 km/s. 09:08.245 --> 09:08.255 align:start position:0% km/s. 09:08.255 --> 09:10.245 align:start position:0% km/s. Because<00:10:33.839> of<00:10:34.000> the<00:10:34.160> slower<00:10:34.560> speed,<00:10:35.040> they<00:10:35.279> spend 09:10.245 --> 09:10.255 align:start position:0% Because of the slower speed, they spend 09:10.255 --> 09:12.405 align:start position:0% Because of the slower speed, they spend more<00:10:35.839> time<00:10:36.079> at<00:10:36.320> the<00:10:36.480> top<00:10:36.640> of<00:10:36.800> the<00:10:36.959> loop,<00:10:37.360> or<00:10:37.600> in 09:12.405 --> 09:12.415 align:start position:0% more time at the top of the loop, or in 09:12.415 --> 09:14.565 align:start position:0% more time at the top of the loop, or in this<00:10:37.920> case,<00:10:38.320> they<00:10:38.560> spend<00:10:39.040> more<00:10:39.360> time<00:10:39.519> at<00:10:39.760> the 09:14.565 --> 09:14.575 align:start position:0% this case, they spend more time at the 09:14.575 --> 09:16.724 align:start position:0% this case, they spend more time at the furthest<00:10:40.399> point<00:10:40.720> of<00:10:40.959> their<00:10:41.120> orbit<00:10:41.600> away<00:10:41.839> from 09:16.724 --> 09:16.734 align:start position:0% furthest point of their orbit away from 09:16.734 --> 09:19.044 align:start position:0% furthest point of their orbit away from Earth,<00:10:42.480> called<00:10:42.720> the<00:10:42.880> apogee.<00:10:43.839> This<00:10:44.079> gives 09:19.044 --> 09:19.054 align:start position:0% Earth, called the apogee. This gives 09:19.054 --> 09:22.325 align:start position:0% Earth, called the apogee. This gives them<00:10:44.880> maximum<00:10:45.519> solar<00:10:46.000> observation<00:10:46.560> time.<00:10:47.519> And 09:22.325 --> 09:22.335 align:start position:0% them maximum solar observation time. And 09:22.335 --> 09:24.245 align:start position:0% them maximum solar observation time. And when<00:10:47.839> they're<00:10:48.079> closer<00:10:48.399> to<00:10:48.560> Earth,<00:10:49.120> the<00:10:49.279> pair 09:24.245 --> 09:24.255 align:start position:0% when they're closer to Earth, the pair 09:24.255 --> 09:27.365 align:start position:0% when they're closer to Earth, the pair are<00:10:49.839> set<00:10:50.160> for<00:10:50.399> a<00:10:50.640> safe<00:10:50.880> flyby.<00:10:51.920> Then<00:10:52.240> as<00:10:52.480> they 09:27.365 --> 09:27.375 align:start position:0% are set for a safe flyby. Then as they 09:27.375 --> 09:29.604 align:start position:0% are set for a safe flyby. Then as they approach<00:10:53.120> Apogee,<00:10:53.839> they<00:10:54.079> are<00:10:54.240> given<00:10:54.399> a<00:10:54.640> signal 09:29.604 --> 09:29.614 align:start position:0% approach Apogee, they are given a signal 09:29.614 --> 09:32.164 align:start position:0% approach Apogee, they are given a signal to<00:10:55.200> move<00:10:55.440> into<00:10:55.920> active<00:10:56.320> formation,<00:10:57.200> taking 09:32.164 --> 09:32.174 align:start position:0% to move into active formation, taking 09:32.174 --> 09:34.484 align:start position:0% to move into active formation, taking about<00:10:57.839> two<00:10:58.079> hours<00:10:58.399> to<00:10:58.640> prepare<00:10:59.120> to<00:10:59.440> observe 09:34.484 --> 09:34.494 align:start position:0% about two hours to prepare to observe 09:34.494 --> 09:38.005 align:start position:0% about two hours to prepare to observe the<00:11:00.000> corona.<00:11:01.120> Then<00:11:01.600> like<00:11:02.000> self-driving<00:11:02.720> cars, 09:38.005 --> 09:38.015 align:start position:0% the corona. Then like self-driving cars, 09:38.015 --> 09:40.645 align:start position:0% the corona. Then like self-driving cars, only<00:11:03.760> way<00:11:04.079> more<00:11:04.320> precise,<00:11:05.120> the<00:11:05.360> satellites 09:40.645 --> 09:40.655 align:start position:0% only way more precise, the satellites 09:40.655 --> 09:43.125 align:start position:0% only way more precise, the satellites align<00:11:06.399> themselves<00:11:07.040> using<00:11:07.440> a<00:11:07.680> suite<00:11:08.000> of 09:43.125 --> 09:43.135 align:start position:0% align themselves using a suite of 09:43.135 --> 09:45.205 align:start position:0% align themselves using a suite of absolute<00:11:09.120> and<00:11:09.519> relative<00:11:10.000> positioning 09:45.205 --> 09:45.215 align:start position:0% absolute and relative positioning 09:45.215 --> 09:47.924 align:start position:0% absolute and relative positioning technologies<00:11:11.600> from<00:11:12.000> GPS<00:11:12.560> receivers<00:11:13.040> and 09:47.924 --> 09:47.934 align:start position:0% technologies from GPS receivers and 09:47.934 --> 09:51.365 align:start position:0% technologies from GPS receivers and radio<00:11:13.680> links<00:11:14.240> to<00:11:14.640> optical<00:11:15.120> cameras<00:11:15.519> and<00:11:15.760> LEDs, 09:51.365 --> 09:51.375 align:start position:0% radio links to optical cameras and LEDs, 09:51.375 --> 09:54.245 align:start position:0% radio links to optical cameras and LEDs, a<00:11:16.959> laser<00:11:17.360> link,<00:11:17.839> and<00:11:18.079> even<00:11:18.560> shadow<00:11:19.120> position 09:54.245 --> 09:54.255 align:start position:0% a laser link, and even shadow position 09:54.255 --> 09:57.125 align:start position:0% a laser link, and even shadow position sensors.<00:11:20.880> Each<00:11:21.120> of<00:11:21.279> these<00:11:21.519> hands<00:11:21.920> off<00:11:22.079> to<00:11:22.320> the 09:57.125 --> 09:57.135 align:start position:0% sensors. Each of these hands off to the 09:57.135 --> 09:59.525 align:start position:0% sensors. Each of these hands off to the next<00:11:22.800> with<00:11:23.200> increasing<00:11:23.760> precision.<00:11:24.640> It 09:59.525 --> 09:59.535 align:start position:0% next with increasing precision. It 09:59.535 --> 10:01.285 align:start position:0% next with increasing precision. It starts<00:11:25.200> with<00:11:25.440> cameras<00:11:25.839> that<00:11:26.079> recognize<00:11:26.480> the 10:01.285 --> 10:01.295 align:start position:0% starts with cameras that recognize the 10:01.295 --> 10:03.125 align:start position:0% starts with cameras that recognize the constellations<00:11:27.279> around<00:11:27.519> them<00:11:27.839> called<00:11:28.160> star 10:03.125 --> 10:03.135 align:start position:0% constellations around them called star 10:03.135 --> 10:05.525 align:start position:0% constellations around them called star trackers.<00:11:29.279> These<00:11:29.600> allow<00:11:29.920> each<00:11:30.160> spacecraft<00:11:30.640> to 10:05.525 --> 10:05.535 align:start position:0% trackers. These allow each spacecraft to 10:05.535 --> 10:07.845 align:start position:0% trackers. These allow each spacecraft to know<00:11:31.120> exactly<00:11:31.600> which<00:11:31.920> direction<00:11:32.320> is<00:11:32.640> pointing 10:07.845 --> 10:07.855 align:start position:0% know exactly which direction is pointing 10:07.855 --> 10:10.405 align:start position:0% know exactly which direction is pointing at<00:11:33.519> any<00:11:33.680> given<00:11:34.000> moment<00:11:34.959> during<00:11:35.279> their<00:11:35.519> low 10:10.405 --> 10:10.415 align:start position:0% at any given moment during their low 10:10.415 --> 10:14.484 align:start position:0% at any given moment during their low orbit<00:11:36.240> or<00:11:36.560> below<00:11:37.200> 20,200<00:11:38.320> km.<00:11:39.040> The<00:11:39.279> spacecraft 10:14.484 --> 10:14.494 align:start position:0% orbit or below 20,200 km. The spacecraft 10:14.494 --> 10:16.885 align:start position:0% orbit or below 20,200 km. The spacecraft uses<00:11:40.240> GPS<00:11:40.720> signals<00:11:41.120> and<00:11:41.519> continuously 10:16.885 --> 10:16.895 align:start position:0% uses GPS signals and continuously 10:16.895 --> 10:18.965 align:start position:0% uses GPS signals and continuously exchanges<00:11:42.880> ranging<00:11:43.360> information<00:11:43.760> and<00:11:44.000> data 10:18.965 --> 10:18.975 align:start position:0% exchanges ranging information and data 10:18.975 --> 10:21.845 align:start position:0% exchanges ranging information and data through<00:11:44.720> interatellite<00:11:45.680> radio<00:11:46.000> links.<00:11:46.800> Then 10:21.845 --> 10:21.855 align:start position:0% through interatellite radio links. Then 10:21.855 --> 10:23.765 align:start position:0% through interatellite radio links. Then comes<00:11:47.519> the<00:11:47.760> vision<00:11:48.160> based<00:11:48.399> system<00:11:48.640> to<00:11:48.880> help 10:23.765 --> 10:23.775 align:start position:0% comes the vision based system to help 10:23.775 --> 10:25.845 align:start position:0% comes the vision based system to help two<00:11:49.440> spacecraft<00:11:50.000> determine<00:11:50.480> their<00:11:50.720> position 10:25.845 --> 10:25.855 align:start position:0% two spacecraft determine their position 10:25.855 --> 10:28.245 align:start position:0% two spacecraft determine their position relative<00:11:51.600> to<00:11:51.839> each<00:11:52.000> other.<00:11:52.640> A<00:11:52.880> wide<00:11:53.200> angle 10:28.245 --> 10:28.255 align:start position:0% relative to each other. A wide angle 10:28.255 --> 10:30.484 align:start position:0% relative to each other. A wide angle camera<00:11:53.920> on<00:11:54.160> each<00:11:54.320> spacecraft<00:11:55.200> tracks<00:11:55.600> a 10:30.484 --> 10:30.494 align:start position:0% camera on each spacecraft tracks a 10:30.494 --> 10:32.805 align:start position:0% camera on each spacecraft tracks a pattern<00:11:56.160> of<00:11:56.399> flashing<00:11:56.800> LEDs<00:11:57.279> on<00:11:57.440> the<00:11:57.600> other, 10:32.805 --> 10:32.815 align:start position:0% pattern of flashing LEDs on the other, 10:32.815 --> 10:35.525 align:start position:0% pattern of flashing LEDs on the other, giving<00:11:58.480> a<00:11:58.800> rough<00:11:59.360> first<00:11:59.760> read<00:12:00.160> on<00:12:00.480> distance 10:35.525 --> 10:35.535 align:start position:0% giving a rough first read on distance 10:35.535 --> 10:38.484 align:start position:0% giving a rough first read on distance and<00:12:01.120> orientation.<00:12:02.320> A<00:12:02.560> narrower<00:12:03.120> camera<00:12:03.519> then 10:38.484 --> 10:38.494 align:start position:0% and orientation. A narrower camera then 10:38.494 --> 10:41.205 align:start position:0% and orientation. A narrower camera then locks<00:12:04.160> onto<00:12:04.480> a<00:12:04.720> smaller<00:12:05.279> LED<00:12:05.760> target, 10:41.205 --> 10:41.215 align:start position:0% locks onto a smaller LED target, 10:41.215 --> 10:43.845 align:start position:0% locks onto a smaller LED target, refining<00:12:07.120> that<00:12:07.519> to<00:12:07.760> around<00:12:08.240> 1<00:12:08.560> cm<00:12:09.040> of 10:43.845 --> 10:43.855 align:start position:0% refining that to around 1 cm of 10:43.855 --> 10:46.724 align:start position:0% refining that to around 1 cm of accuracy.<00:12:10.399> But<00:12:10.560> even<00:12:10.959> a<00:12:11.200> centimeter<00:12:11.760> isn't 10:46.724 --> 10:46.734 align:start position:0% accuracy. But even a centimeter isn't 10:46.734 --> 10:49.044 align:start position:0% accuracy. But even a centimeter isn't precise<00:12:12.480> enough.<00:12:13.200> The<00:12:13.440> occulta<00:12:13.920> spacecraft 10:49.044 --> 10:49.054 align:start position:0% precise enough. The occulta spacecraft 10:49.054 --> 10:51.445 align:start position:0% precise enough. The occulta spacecraft fires<00:12:14.800> a<00:12:15.040> laser<00:12:15.600> at<00:12:15.839> the<00:12:16.000> reflector<00:12:16.480> on<00:12:16.720> the 10:51.445 --> 10:51.455 align:start position:0% fires a laser at the reflector on the 10:51.455 --> 10:53.924 align:start position:0% fires a laser at the reflector on the chronograph<00:12:17.839> which<00:12:18.240> bounces<00:12:18.720> it<00:12:18.959> straight 10:53.924 --> 10:53.934 align:start position:0% chronograph which bounces it straight 10:53.934 --> 10:56.645 align:start position:0% chronograph which bounces it straight back.<00:12:20.160> That<00:12:20.480> system<00:12:21.040> called<00:12:21.360> the<00:12:21.519> fine 10:56.645 --> 10:56.655 align:start position:0% back. That system called the fine 10:56.655 --> 10:59.525 align:start position:0% back. That system called the fine lateral<00:12:22.399> and<00:12:22.720> longitudinal<00:12:23.600> sensor<00:12:24.320> narrows 10:59.525 --> 10:59.535 align:start position:0% lateral and longitudinal sensor narrows 10:59.535 --> 11:02.805 align:start position:0% lateral and longitudinal sensor narrows positioning<00:12:25.440> down<00:12:25.839> to<00:12:26.160> a<00:12:26.480> single<00:12:27.120> millimeter. 11:02.805 --> 11:02.815 align:start position:0% positioning down to a single millimeter. 11:02.815 --> 11:05.284 align:start position:0% positioning down to a single millimeter. And<00:12:28.399> finally,<00:12:28.959> to<00:12:29.200> make<00:12:29.440> sure<00:12:29.680> the<00:12:30.000> shadow<00:12:30.399> is 11:05.284 --> 11:05.294 align:start position:0% And finally, to make sure the shadow is 11:05.294 --> 11:08.085 align:start position:0% And finally, to make sure the shadow is falling<00:12:31.279> exactly<00:12:31.839> where<00:12:32.079> it<00:12:32.240> needs<00:12:32.399> to,<00:12:33.040> photo 11:08.085 --> 11:08.095 align:start position:0% falling exactly where it needs to, photo 11:08.095 --> 11:10.245 align:start position:0% falling exactly where it needs to, photo detectors<00:12:34.079> monitor<00:12:34.480> its<00:12:34.720> edges<00:12:35.120> in<00:12:35.360> real 11:10.245 --> 11:10.255 align:start position:0% detectors monitor its edges in real 11:10.255 --> 11:13.284 align:start position:0% detectors monitor its edges in real time.<00:12:36.240> If<00:12:36.480> it<00:12:36.639> drifts<00:12:37.120> even<00:12:37.519> slightly,<00:12:38.399> a 11:13.284 --> 11:13.294 align:start position:0% time. If it drifts even slightly, a 11:13.294 --> 11:16.405 align:start position:0% time. If it drifts even slightly, a correction<00:12:39.120> fires<00:12:39.839> instantly.<00:12:41.200> To<00:12:41.440> keep<00:12:41.600> the 11:16.405 --> 11:16.415 align:start position:0% correction fires instantly. To keep the 11:16.415 --> 11:18.085 align:start position:0% correction fires instantly. To keep the whole<00:12:41.920> system<00:12:42.160> as<00:12:42.399> stable<00:12:42.639> as<00:12:42.880> possible, 11:18.085 --> 11:18.095 align:start position:0% whole system as stable as possible, 11:18.095 --> 11:20.805 align:start position:0% whole system as stable as possible, neither<00:12:43.839> spacecraft<00:12:44.480> has<00:12:44.720> any<00:12:45.040> moving<00:12:45.440> parts. 11:20.805 --> 11:20.815 align:start position:0% neither spacecraft has any moving parts. 11:20.815 --> 11:23.125 align:start position:0% neither spacecraft has any moving parts. Apart<00:12:46.480> from<00:12:46.800> a<00:12:47.120> single<00:12:47.600> rotating<00:12:48.160> filter 11:23.125 --> 11:23.135 align:start position:0% Apart from a single rotating filter 11:23.135 --> 11:25.284 align:start position:0% Apart from a single rotating filter wheel<00:12:48.720> on<00:12:48.880> the<00:12:48.959> chronograph,<00:12:50.160> everything 11:25.284 --> 11:25.294 align:start position:0% wheel on the chronograph, everything 11:25.294 --> 11:28.085 align:start position:0% wheel on the chronograph, everything else<00:12:51.040> is<00:12:51.279> locked<00:12:51.680> in<00:12:51.920> place. 11:28.085 --> 11:28.095 align:start position:0% else is locked in place. 11:28.095 --> 11:29.845 align:start position:0% else is locked in place. With<00:12:53.680> the<00:12:53.839> two<00:12:54.160> spacecraft<00:12:54.720> aligned 11:29.845 --> 11:29.855 align:start position:0% With the two spacecraft aligned 11:29.855 --> 11:32.805 align:start position:0% With the two spacecraft aligned perfectly,<00:12:56.079> a<00:12:56.320> precisely<00:12:57.040> controlled<00:12:57.519> shadow 11:32.805 --> 11:32.815 align:start position:0% perfectly, a precisely controlled shadow 11:32.815 --> 11:35.604 align:start position:0% perfectly, a precisely controlled shadow is<00:12:58.480> cast<00:12:58.800> from<00:12:58.959> one<00:12:59.200> satellite<00:12:59.760> to<00:13:00.079> the<00:13:00.240> other, 11:35.604 --> 11:35.614 align:start position:0% is cast from one satellite to the other, 11:35.614 --> 11:38.245 align:start position:0% is cast from one satellite to the other, blocking<00:13:01.360> our<00:13:01.600> stars<00:13:02.000> fiery<00:13:02.480> disc<00:13:03.040> and<00:13:03.279> thus 11:38.245 --> 11:38.255 align:start position:0% blocking our stars fiery disc and thus 11:38.255 --> 11:41.125 align:start position:0% blocking our stars fiery disc and thus creating<00:13:04.399> artificial<00:13:05.120> eclipses<00:13:05.920> that<00:13:06.240> allow 11:41.125 --> 11:41.135 align:start position:0% creating artificial eclipses that allow 11:41.135 --> 11:43.445 align:start position:0% creating artificial eclipses that allow us<00:13:06.639> to<00:13:06.800> collect<00:13:07.200> sustained<00:13:07.839> observations<00:13:08.560> of 11:43.445 --> 11:43.455 align:start position:0% us to collect sustained observations of 11:43.455 --> 11:46.565 align:start position:0% us to collect sustained observations of the<00:13:08.959> sun's<00:13:09.360> corona. 11:46.565 --> 11:46.575 align:start position:0% the sun's corona. 11:46.575 --> 11:49.044 align:start position:0% the sun's corona. Usually<00:13:12.560> from<00:13:12.880> Earth,<00:13:13.440> the<00:13:13.600> corona<00:13:14.079> can<00:13:14.240> only 11:49.044 --> 11:49.054 align:start position:0% Usually from Earth, the corona can only 11:49.054 --> 11:50.724 align:start position:0% Usually from Earth, the corona can only be<00:13:14.560> glimpsed<00:13:14.959> naturally<00:13:15.360> for<00:13:15.519> a<00:13:15.680> matter<00:13:15.920> of 11:50.724 --> 11:50.734 align:start position:0% be glimpsed naturally for a matter of 11:50.734 --> 11:53.044 align:start position:0% be glimpsed naturally for a matter of minutes<00:13:16.480> during<00:13:16.720> a<00:13:16.959> total<00:13:17.279> solar<00:13:17.600> eclipse. 11:53.044 --> 11:53.054 align:start position:0% minutes during a total solar eclipse. 11:53.054 --> 11:56.005 align:start position:0% minutes during a total solar eclipse. But<00:13:18.560> the<00:13:18.800> idea<00:13:19.040> with<00:13:19.440> prob<00:13:20.000> 3<00:13:20.639> was<00:13:20.880> for<00:13:21.040> it<00:13:21.200> to 11:56.005 --> 11:56.015 align:start position:0% But the idea with prob 3 was for it to 11:56.015 --> 11:57.924 align:start position:0% But the idea with prob 3 was for it to reproduce<00:13:21.839> the<00:13:22.160> same<00:13:22.320> effect<00:13:22.560> as<00:13:22.800> a<00:13:22.959> solar 11:57.924 --> 11:57.934 align:start position:0% reproduce the same effect as a solar 11:57.934 --> 12:01.365 align:start position:0% reproduce the same effect as a solar eclipse<00:13:23.920> for<00:13:24.320> hours<00:13:24.880> at<00:13:25.120> a<00:13:25.360> time,<00:13:25.920> as<00:13:26.160> much<00:13:26.320> as 12:01.365 --> 12:01.375 align:start position:0% eclipse for hours at a time, as much as 12:01.375 --> 12:04.565 align:start position:0% eclipse for hours at a time, as much as 5<00:13:27.120> and<00:13:27.360> 1/2<00:13:27.760> hours<00:13:28.320> of<00:13:28.560> its<00:13:28.800> nearly<00:13:29.279> 20our 12:04.565 --> 12:04.575 align:start position:0% 5 and 1/2 hours of its nearly 20our 12:04.575 --> 12:07.685 align:start position:0% 5 and 1/2 hours of its nearly 20our orbit.<00:13:31.040> For<00:13:31.279> the<00:13:31.519> first<00:13:31.760> time<00:13:32.000> ever,<00:13:32.720> these 12:07.685 --> 12:07.695 align:start position:0% orbit. For the first time ever, these 12:07.695 --> 12:09.604 align:start position:0% orbit. For the first time ever, these tiny<00:13:33.440> satellites<00:13:34.000> have<00:13:34.240> opened<00:13:34.560> up<00:13:34.720> the 12:09.604 --> 12:09.614 align:start position:0% tiny satellites have opened up the 12:09.614 --> 12:11.845 align:start position:0% tiny satellites have opened up the chance<00:13:35.200> for<00:13:35.360> us<00:13:35.519> to<00:13:35.680> observe<00:13:36.000> the<00:13:36.240> corona<00:13:36.720> on<00:13:36.959> a 12:11.845 --> 12:11.855 align:start position:0% chance for us to observe the corona on a 12:11.855 --> 12:14.885 align:start position:0% chance for us to observe the corona on a consistent<00:13:37.760> basis.<00:13:38.959> But<00:13:39.360> it<00:13:39.680> was<00:13:39.839> all 12:14.885 --> 12:14.895 align:start position:0% consistent basis. But it was all 12:14.895 --> 12:17.604 align:start position:0% consistent basis. But it was all uncharted<00:13:40.959> territory.<00:13:41.920> Even<00:13:42.240> the<00:13:42.480> slightest 12:17.604 --> 12:17.614 align:start position:0% uncharted territory. Even the slightest 12:17.614 --> 12:19.445 align:start position:0% uncharted territory. Even the slightest slip<00:13:43.279> in<00:13:43.360> the<00:13:43.519> satellite's<00:13:44.000> formation<00:13:44.639> and 12:19.445 --> 12:19.455 align:start position:0% slip in the satellite's formation and 12:19.455 --> 12:21.845 align:start position:0% slip in the satellite's formation and the<00:13:45.040> eclipse<00:13:45.360> is<00:13:45.600> gone.<00:13:46.240> taking<00:13:46.560> with<00:13:46.720> it<00:13:46.880> the 12:21.845 --> 12:21.855 align:start position:0% the eclipse is gone. taking with it the 12:21.855 --> 12:24.325 align:start position:0% the eclipse is gone. taking with it the opportunity<00:13:47.600> to<00:13:47.839> study<00:13:48.160> the<00:13:48.320> corona.<00:13:49.200> As<00:13:49.440> the 12:24.325 --> 12:24.335 align:start position:0% opportunity to study the corona. As the 12:24.335 --> 12:26.164 align:start position:0% opportunity to study the corona. As the team<00:13:50.000> turned<00:13:50.240> the<00:13:50.480> spacecraft<00:13:51.040> on<00:13:51.279> for 12:26.164 --> 12:26.174 align:start position:0% team turned the spacecraft on for 12:26.174 --> 12:29.044 align:start position:0% team turned the spacecraft on for calibration,<00:13:52.639> no<00:13:52.880> one<00:13:53.120> really<00:13:53.440> knew<00:13:53.839> if<00:13:54.160> it 12:29.044 --> 12:29.054 align:start position:0% calibration, no one really knew if it 12:29.054 --> 12:31.445 align:start position:0% calibration, no one really knew if it would<00:13:54.639> all<00:13:55.040> work. 12:31.445 --> 12:31.455 align:start position:0% would all work. 12:31.455 --> 12:34.085 align:start position:0% would all work. Just<00:13:57.120> as<00:13:57.440> stray<00:13:57.839> light<00:13:58.160> can<00:13:58.399> ruin<00:13:58.880> images<00:13:59.199> on 12:34.085 --> 12:34.095 align:start position:0% Just as stray light can ruin images on 12:34.095 --> 12:37.284 align:start position:0% Just as stray light can ruin images on Earth,<00:14:00.240> it<00:14:00.480> could<00:14:00.800> hear,<00:14:01.279> too.<00:14:02.160> The<00:14:02.399> team 12:37.284 --> 12:37.294 align:start position:0% Earth, it could hear, too. The team 12:37.294 --> 12:39.604 align:start position:0% Earth, it could hear, too. The team really<00:14:03.040> weren't<00:14:03.360> sure<00:14:03.680> whether<00:14:04.000> or<00:14:04.240> not<00:14:04.639> light 12:39.604 --> 12:39.614 align:start position:0% really weren't sure whether or not light 12:39.614 --> 12:41.765 align:start position:0% really weren't sure whether or not light would<00:14:05.199> defract<00:14:05.680> and<00:14:06.000> leak<00:14:06.320> around<00:14:06.560> the<00:14:06.800> edges 12:41.765 --> 12:41.775 align:start position:0% would defract and leak around the edges 12:41.775 --> 12:44.645 align:start position:0% would defract and leak around the edges of<00:14:07.199> the<00:14:07.360> occulta.<00:14:08.560> Thankfully,<00:14:09.120> though,<00:14:09.760> they 12:44.645 --> 12:44.655 align:start position:0% of the occulta. Thankfully, though, they 12:44.655 --> 12:47.044 align:start position:0% of the occulta. Thankfully, though, they had<00:14:10.240> nothing<00:14:10.480> to<00:14:10.639> worry<00:14:10.880> about.<00:14:11.760> As<00:14:12.000> the<00:14:12.160> first 12:47.044 --> 12:47.054 align:start position:0% had nothing to worry about. As the first 12:47.054 --> 12:48.965 align:start position:0% had nothing to worry about. As the first data<00:14:12.720> came<00:14:12.880> through<00:14:13.120> on<00:14:13.279> the<00:14:13.440> 25th<00:14:13.839> of<00:14:13.920> March 12:48.965 --> 12:48.975 align:start position:0% data came through on the 25th of March 12:48.975 --> 12:52.005 align:start position:0% data came through on the 25th of March 2025,<00:14:15.360> it<00:14:15.600> was<00:14:15.760> clear<00:14:15.920> that<00:14:16.160> the<00:14:16.399> prob<00:14:16.880> 3<00:14:17.040> team 12:52.005 --> 12:52.015 align:start position:0% 2025, it was clear that the prob 3 team 12:52.015 --> 12:53.924 align:start position:0% 2025, it was clear that the prob 3 team had<00:14:17.600> achieved<00:14:17.920> the<00:14:18.160> millimeter<00:14:18.720> precision 12:53.924 --> 12:53.934 align:start position:0% had achieved the millimeter precision 12:53.934 --> 12:57.525 align:start position:0% had achieved the millimeter precision needed.<00:14:20.399> Andre<00:14:20.880> Zurkov,<00:14:21.920> the<00:14:22.000> chronograph's 12:57.525 --> 12:57.535 align:start position:0% needed. Andre Zurkov, the chronograph's 12:57.535 --> 13:00.325 align:start position:0% needed. Andre Zurkov, the chronograph's principal<00:14:23.360> investigator,<00:14:24.320> said<00:14:24.959> it<00:14:25.199> was<00:14:25.360> so 13:00.325 --> 13:00.335 align:start position:0% principal investigator, said it was so 13:00.335 --> 13:02.645 align:start position:0% principal investigator, said it was so unbelievable<00:14:26.560> that<00:14:26.880> it<00:14:27.120> just<00:14:27.440> worked<00:14:27.760> from 13:02.645 --> 13:02.655 align:start position:0% unbelievable that it just worked from 13:02.655 --> 13:05.445 align:start position:0% unbelievable that it just worked from the<00:14:28.240> first<00:14:28.480> time.<00:14:29.360> Before<00:14:29.680> Proverb<00:14:30.160> 3,<00:14:30.639> we 13:05.445 --> 13:05.455 align:start position:0% the first time. Before Proverb 3, we 13:05.455 --> 13:08.565 align:start position:0% the first time. Before Proverb 3, we could<00:14:30.959> see<00:14:31.120> as<00:14:31.360> close<00:14:31.600> as<00:14:32.079> 0.7<00:14:33.120> solar<00:14:33.440> radi 13:08.565 --> 13:08.575 align:start position:0% could see as close as 0.7 solar radi 13:08.575 --> 13:11.205 align:start position:0% could see as close as 0.7 solar radi from<00:14:34.079> the<00:14:34.160> sun's<00:14:34.399> surface.<00:14:35.600> Now,<00:14:36.160> we<00:14:36.399> could 13:11.205 --> 13:11.215 align:start position:0% from the sun's surface. Now, we could 13:11.215 --> 13:14.484 align:start position:0% from the sun's surface. Now, we could see<00:14:36.800> down<00:14:37.120> to<00:14:37.600> 70,000<00:14:38.560> km<00:14:39.120> above<00:14:39.360> the<00:14:39.519> sun's 13:14.484 --> 13:14.494 align:start position:0% see down to 70,000 km above the sun's 13:14.494 --> 13:18.724 align:start position:0% see down to 70,000 km above the sun's surface,<00:14:40.480> which<00:14:40.720> is<00:14:40.959> just<00:14:41.440> 0.1<00:14:42.639> solar<00:14:43.040> radi. 13:18.724 --> 13:18.734 align:start position:0% surface, which is just 0.1 solar radi. 13:18.734 --> 13:21.284 align:start position:0% surface, which is just 0.1 solar radi. Put<00:14:44.399> simply,<00:14:45.279> no<00:14:45.680> other<00:14:46.000> space-based 13:21.284 --> 13:21.294 align:start position:0% Put simply, no other space-based 13:21.294 --> 13:23.284 align:start position:0% Put simply, no other space-based chronograph<00:14:47.440> can<00:14:47.680> observe<00:14:48.079> the<00:14:48.320> light 13:23.284 --> 13:23.294 align:start position:0% chronograph can observe the light 13:23.294 --> 13:25.445 align:start position:0% chronograph can observe the light scattering<00:14:49.120> of<00:14:49.360> particles<00:14:50.079> in<00:14:50.320> the<00:14:50.480> sun's 13:25.445 --> 13:25.455 align:start position:0% scattering of particles in the sun's 13:25.455 --> 13:29.044 align:start position:0% scattering of particles in the sun's corona<00:14:51.519> this<00:14:51.920> close<00:14:52.160> to<00:14:52.399> the<00:14:52.560> sun.<00:14:53.839> Proof<00:14:54.160> of 13:29.044 --> 13:29.054 align:start position:0% corona this close to the sun. Proof of 13:29.054 --> 13:31.525 align:start position:0% corona this close to the sun. Proof of concept<00:14:54.959> complete.<00:14:55.760> It<00:14:55.920> was<00:14:56.079> time<00:14:56.320> to<00:14:56.480> move<00:14:56.639> on 13:31.525 --> 13:31.535 align:start position:0% concept complete. It was time to move on 13:31.535 --> 13:34.484 align:start position:0% concept complete. It was time to move on to<00:14:57.279> the<00:14:57.519> science.<00:14:58.560> The<00:14:58.800> mission<00:14:59.120> carries<00:14:59.519> two 13:34.484 --> 13:34.494 align:start position:0% to the science. The mission carries two 13:34.494 --> 13:36.164 align:start position:0% to the science. The mission carries two scientific<00:15:00.320> instruments.<00:15:00.959> The<00:15:01.120> first<00:15:01.279> of 13:36.164 --> 13:36.174 align:start position:0% scientific instruments. The first of 13:36.174 --> 13:38.325 align:start position:0% scientific instruments. The first of which<00:15:01.760> is<00:15:02.000> the<00:15:02.240> chronograph.<00:15:03.199> is<00:15:03.440> called<00:15:03.519> the 13:38.325 --> 13:38.335 align:start position:0% which is the chronograph. is called the 13:38.335 --> 13:41.125 align:start position:0% which is the chronograph. is called the ASPIX<00:15:04.399> or<00:15:04.639> the<00:15:04.959> association<00:15:05.600> of<00:15:05.920> spacecraft 13:41.125 --> 13:41.135 align:start position:0% ASPIX or the association of spacecraft 13:41.135 --> 13:43.525 align:start position:0% ASPIX or the association of spacecraft for<00:15:06.800> polytric<00:15:07.600> and<00:15:07.839> imaging<00:15:08.320> investigation 13:43.525 --> 13:43.535 align:start position:0% for polytric and imaging investigation 13:43.535 --> 13:45.844 align:start position:0% for polytric and imaging investigation of<00:15:09.040> the<00:15:09.199> corona<00:15:09.600> of<00:15:09.760> the<00:15:09.920> sun<00:15:10.320> and<00:15:10.560> it<00:15:10.800> images 13:45.844 --> 13:45.854 align:start position:0% of the corona of the sun and it images 13:45.854 --> 13:49.205 align:start position:0% of the corona of the sun and it images both<00:15:11.600> the<00:15:12.079> quiescent<00:15:12.800> and<00:15:13.279> eruptive<00:15:13.760> corona 13:49.205 --> 13:49.215 align:start position:0% both the quiescent and eruptive corona 13:49.215 --> 13:52.085 align:start position:0% both the quiescent and eruptive corona in<00:15:14.800> other<00:15:14.959> words<00:15:15.519> both<00:15:15.839> when<00:15:16.160> it's<00:15:16.399> calm<00:15:17.040> and 13:52.085 --> 13:52.095 align:start position:0% in other words both when it's calm and 13:52.095 --> 13:54.085 align:start position:0% in other words both when it's calm and during<00:15:18.000> more<00:15:18.320> specific<00:15:18.800> solar<00:15:19.120> weather 13:54.085 --> 13:54.095 align:start position:0% during more specific solar weather 13:54.095 --> 13:57.365 align:start position:0% during more specific solar weather events.<00:15:20.160> The<00:15:20.399> second<00:15:20.639> instrument<00:15:21.199> is<00:15:21.519> DRA<00:15:22.480> the 13:57.365 --> 13:57.375 align:start position:0% events. The second instrument is DRA the 13:57.375 --> 14:00.405 align:start position:0% events. The second instrument is DRA the digital<00:15:23.279> absolute<00:15:23.920> radiometer<00:15:25.120> designed<00:15:25.519> to 14:00.405 --> 14:00.415 align:start position:0% digital absolute radiometer designed to 14:00.415 --> 14:02.565 align:start position:0% digital absolute radiometer designed to measure<00:15:26.079> the<00:15:26.320> total<00:15:26.800> solar<00:15:27.120> irradiance<00:15:27.680> or 14:02.565 --> 14:02.575 align:start position:0% measure the total solar irradiance or 14:02.575 --> 14:05.765 align:start position:0% measure the total solar irradiance or TSI.<00:15:29.040> Whilst<00:15:29.440> calibration<00:15:30.000> was<00:15:30.240> ongoing,<00:15:30.880> the 14:05.765 --> 14:05.775 align:start position:0% TSI. Whilst calibration was ongoing, the 14:05.775 --> 14:07.924 align:start position:0% TSI. Whilst calibration was ongoing, the team<00:15:31.440> kept<00:15:31.680> the<00:15:31.839> results<00:15:32.160> under<00:15:32.399> wraps.<00:15:33.120> But 14:07.924 --> 14:07.934 align:start position:0% team kept the results under wraps. But 14:07.934 --> 14:11.044 align:start position:0% team kept the results under wraps. But on<00:15:33.440> the<00:15:33.680> 16th<00:15:34.000> of<00:15:34.240> June<00:15:34.639> 2025,<00:15:35.760> images<00:15:36.160> from 14:11.044 --> 14:11.054 align:start position:0% on the 16th of June 2025, images from 14:11.054 --> 14:13.365 align:start position:0% on the 16th of June 2025, images from the<00:15:36.639> first<00:15:36.959> artificial<00:15:37.519> solar<00:15:37.920> eclipse<00:15:38.399> were 14:13.365 --> 14:13.375 align:start position:0% the first artificial solar eclipse were 14:13.375 --> 14:15.445 align:start position:0% the first artificial solar eclipse were released.<00:15:39.519> And<00:15:39.760> not<00:15:40.000> only<00:15:40.240> were<00:15:40.480> they 14:15.445 --> 14:15.455 align:start position:0% released. And not only were they 14:15.455 --> 14:18.085 align:start position:0% released. And not only were they spectacular<00:15:41.600> to<00:15:41.839> look<00:15:42.000> at,<00:15:42.560> they<00:15:42.880> gave<00:15:43.120> a 14:18.085 --> 14:18.095 align:start position:0% spectacular to look at, they gave a 14:18.095 --> 14:20.565 align:start position:0% spectacular to look at, they gave a glimpse<00:15:44.000> into<00:15:44.320> the<00:15:44.560> valuable<00:15:45.040> data<00:15:45.440> yet<00:15:45.760> to 14:20.565 --> 14:20.575 align:start position:0% glimpse into the valuable data yet to 14:20.575 --> 14:23.844 align:start position:0% glimpse into the valuable data yet to come.<00:15:46.480> And<00:15:46.720> by<00:15:46.959> December<00:15:47.279> of<00:15:47.519> 2025,<00:15:48.639> a<00:15:48.959> year 14:23.844 --> 14:23.854 align:start position:0% come. And by December of 2025, a year 14:23.854 --> 14:26.005 align:start position:0% come. And by December of 2025, a year into<00:15:49.519> the<00:15:49.680> mission,<00:15:50.399> the<00:15:50.639> satellites<00:15:51.120> have 14:26.005 --> 14:26.015 align:start position:0% into the mission, the satellites have 14:26.015 --> 14:28.724 align:start position:0% into the mission, the satellites have created<00:15:51.680> more<00:15:51.920> than<00:15:52.240> 50<00:15:52.639> artificial<00:15:53.199> eclipses 14:28.724 --> 14:28.734 align:start position:0% created more than 50 artificial eclipses 14:28.734 --> 14:30.965 align:start position:0% created more than 50 artificial eclipses and<00:15:54.399> provided<00:15:55.040> hundreds<00:15:55.519> of<00:15:55.759> hours<00:15:56.079> of 14:30.965 --> 14:30.975 align:start position:0% and provided hundreds of hours of 14:30.975 --> 14:33.205 align:start position:0% and provided hundreds of hours of invaluable<00:15:56.959> observational<00:15:57.600> data<00:15:57.920> about<00:15:58.240> our 14:33.205 --> 14:33.215 align:start position:0% invaluable observational data about our 14:33.215 --> 14:39.685 align:start position:0% invaluable observational data about our sun's<00:15:58.880> corona.<00:16:00.160> So,<00:16:00.639> what<00:16:01.040> has<00:16:01.360> it<00:16:01.680> found? 14:39.685 --> 14:39.695 align:start position:0% 14:39.695 --> 14:42.005 align:start position:0% The<00:16:05.279> corona<00:16:05.839> is<00:16:06.079> where<00:16:06.320> the<00:16:06.480> solar<00:16:06.800> wind<00:16:07.120> picks 14:42.005 --> 14:42.015 align:start position:0% The corona is where the solar wind picks 14:42.015 --> 14:44.565 align:start position:0% The corona is where the solar wind picks up<00:16:07.600> speed<00:16:08.160> before<00:16:08.639> streaming<00:16:09.120> outward<00:16:09.600> across 14:44.565 --> 14:44.575 align:start position:0% up speed before streaming outward across 14:44.575 --> 14:46.965 align:start position:0% up speed before streaming outward across the<00:16:10.160> entire<00:16:10.560> solar<00:16:10.880> system,<00:16:11.600> eventually 14:46.965 --> 14:46.975 align:start position:0% the entire solar system, eventually 14:46.975 --> 14:49.284 align:start position:0% the entire solar system, eventually washing<00:16:12.800> over<00:16:12.959> the<00:16:13.199> Proverb<00:16:13.600> 3<00:16:13.839> spacecraft 14:49.284 --> 14:49.294 align:start position:0% washing over the Proverb 3 spacecraft 14:49.294 --> 14:51.685 align:start position:0% washing over the Proverb 3 spacecraft and<00:16:14.880> reaching<00:16:15.279> Earth<00:16:15.600> itself.<00:16:16.480> It's<00:16:16.800> a 14:51.685 --> 14:51.695 align:start position:0% and reaching Earth itself. It's a 14:51.695 --> 14:53.604 align:start position:0% and reaching Earth itself. It's a continuous<00:16:17.519> stream<00:16:17.839> of<00:16:18.160> charged<00:16:18.560> particles 14:53.604 --> 14:53.614 align:start position:0% continuous stream of charged particles 14:53.614 --> 14:55.525 align:start position:0% continuous stream of charged particles that<00:16:19.199> are<00:16:19.440> constantly<00:16:19.920> flowing<00:16:20.320> outward<00:16:20.720> from 14:55.525 --> 14:55.535 align:start position:0% that are constantly flowing outward from 14:55.535 --> 14:58.245 align:start position:0% that are constantly flowing outward from the<00:16:21.040> sun<00:16:21.199> in<00:16:21.440> all<00:16:21.759> directions,<00:16:22.800> filling<00:16:23.279> the 14:58.245 --> 14:58.255 align:start position:0% the sun in all directions, filling the 14:58.255 --> 15:01.445 align:start position:0% the sun in all directions, filling the entire<00:16:24.000> solar<00:16:24.399> system.<00:16:25.360> The<00:16:25.600> corona<00:16:26.240> is<00:16:26.480> where 15:01.445 --> 15:01.455 align:start position:0% entire solar system. The corona is where 15:01.455 --> 15:04.085 align:start position:0% entire solar system. The corona is where most<00:16:27.279> coronal<00:16:27.680> mass<00:16:27.920> ejections<00:16:28.399> are<00:16:28.560> born. 15:04.085 --> 15:04.095 align:start position:0% most coronal mass ejections are born. 15:04.095 --> 15:06.404 align:start position:0% most coronal mass ejections are born. massive<00:16:30.079> eruptions<00:16:30.480> of<00:16:30.720> magnetized<00:16:31.360> plasma 15:06.404 --> 15:06.414 align:start position:0% massive eruptions of magnetized plasma 15:06.414 --> 15:09.445 align:start position:0% massive eruptions of magnetized plasma that<00:16:32.320> when<00:16:32.639> aimed<00:16:32.959> at<00:16:33.120> Earth<00:16:33.839> can<00:16:34.320> knock<00:16:34.560> out 15:09.445 --> 15:09.455 align:start position:0% that when aimed at Earth can knock out 15:09.455 --> 15:13.044 align:start position:0% that when aimed at Earth can knock out satellites,<00:16:35.839> disrupt<00:16:36.480> GPS,<00:16:37.440> and<00:16:37.759> overwhelm 15:13.044 --> 15:13.054 align:start position:0% satellites, disrupt GPS, and overwhelm 15:13.054 --> 15:15.284 align:start position:0% satellites, disrupt GPS, and overwhelm power<00:16:38.720> grids.<00:16:39.680> Take<00:16:39.920> a<00:16:40.079> look<00:16:40.160> at<00:16:40.399> this 15:15.284 --> 15:15.294 align:start position:0% power grids. Take a look at this 15:15.294 --> 15:17.924 align:start position:0% power grids. Take a look at this composite<00:16:41.199> image<00:16:41.600> made<00:16:41.839> up<00:16:42.000> of<00:16:42.240> three<00:16:42.720> sets<00:16:43.040> of 15:17.924 --> 15:17.934 align:start position:0% composite image made up of three sets of 15:17.934 --> 15:19.924 align:start position:0% composite image made up of three sets of images<00:16:43.680> taken<00:16:44.000> over<00:16:44.160> an<00:16:44.399> hour<00:16:44.560> and<00:16:44.639> a<00:16:44.800> half<00:16:45.040> by 15:19.924 --> 15:19.934 align:start position:0% images taken over an hour and a half by 15:19.934 --> 15:22.325 align:start position:0% images taken over an hour and a half by instruments<00:16:45.839> on<00:16:46.079> different<00:16:46.399> missions.<00:16:47.360> All 15:22.325 --> 15:22.335 align:start position:0% instruments on different missions. All 15:22.335 --> 15:24.484 align:start position:0% instruments on different missions. All observing<00:16:48.240> the<00:16:48.480> same<00:16:48.720> coronal<00:16:49.120> mass<00:16:49.360> ejection 15:24.484 --> 15:24.494 align:start position:0% observing the same coronal mass ejection 15:24.494 --> 15:28.085 align:start position:0% observing the same coronal mass ejection or<00:16:50.079> CME<00:16:50.560> event<00:16:50.880> on<00:16:51.040> the<00:16:51.199> 16th<00:16:51.519> of<00:16:51.680> July,<00:16:52.160> 2025. 15:28.085 --> 15:28.095 align:start position:0% or CME event on the 16th of July, 2025. 15:28.095 --> 15:30.164 align:start position:0% or CME event on the 16th of July, 2025. The<00:16:53.680> yellow<00:16:53.920> at<00:16:54.160> the<00:16:54.320> center<00:16:54.720> shows<00:16:55.040> the<00:16:55.199> sun's 15:30.164 --> 15:30.174 align:start position:0% The yellow at the center shows the sun's 15:30.174 --> 15:32.404 align:start position:0% The yellow at the center shows the sun's disc<00:16:55.759> and<00:16:55.920> lower<00:16:56.160> atmosphere<00:16:57.040> captured<00:16:57.440> in 15:32.404 --> 15:32.414 align:start position:0% disc and lower atmosphere captured in 15:32.414 --> 15:35.044 align:start position:0% disc and lower atmosphere captured in ultraviolet<00:16:58.639> by<00:16:58.959> an<00:16:59.199> extreme<00:16:59.839> ultraviolet 15:35.044 --> 15:35.054 align:start position:0% ultraviolet by an extreme ultraviolet 15:35.054 --> 15:38.164 align:start position:0% ultraviolet by an extreme ultraviolet telescope<00:17:01.120> carried<00:17:01.519> by<00:17:01.759> probe<00:17:02.160> 2,<00:17:02.720> a<00:17:03.040> previous 15:38.164 --> 15:38.174 align:start position:0% telescope carried by probe 2, a previous 15:38.174 --> 15:41.045 align:start position:0% telescope carried by probe 2, a previous issa<00:17:03.839> mission<00:17:04.240> that<00:17:04.559> also<00:17:04.959> studies<00:17:05.280> the<00:17:05.520> sun. 15:41.045 --> 15:41.055 align:start position:0% issa mission that also studies the sun. 15:41.055 --> 15:43.444 align:start position:0% issa mission that also studies the sun. In<00:17:06.640> red,<00:17:06.959> it<00:17:07.199> shows<00:17:07.439> the<00:17:07.600> outer<00:17:07.919> corona<00:17:08.480> as 15:43.444 --> 15:43.454 align:start position:0% In red, it shows the outer corona as 15:43.454 --> 15:46.405 align:start position:0% In red, it shows the outer corona as seen<00:17:09.120> by<00:17:09.439> the<00:17:09.679> last<00:17:10.000> code<00:17:10.319> 2<00:17:10.799> chronograph<00:17:11.439> on 15:46.405 --> 15:46.415 align:start position:0% seen by the last code 2 chronograph on 15:46.415 --> 15:49.365 align:start position:0% seen by the last code 2 chronograph on Soho.<00:17:12.799> And<00:17:13.039> in<00:17:13.199> green<00:17:13.520> is<00:17:13.760> the<00:17:13.919> middle<00:17:14.319> layer, 15:49.365 --> 15:49.375 align:start position:0% Soho. And in green is the middle layer, 15:49.375 --> 15:51.925 align:start position:0% Soho. And in green is the middle layer, the<00:17:14.959> inner<00:17:15.280> corona<00:17:16.079> imaged<00:17:16.559> for<00:17:16.799> the<00:17:17.039> first 15:51.925 --> 15:51.935 align:start position:0% the inner corona imaged for the first 15:51.935 --> 15:54.165 align:start position:0% the inner corona imaged for the first time<00:17:17.760> with<00:17:18.000> this<00:17:18.319> kind<00:17:18.400> of<00:17:18.640> clarity<00:17:19.039> and 15:54.165 --> 15:54.175 align:start position:0% time with this kind of clarity and 15:54.175 --> 15:57.204 align:start position:0% time with this kind of clarity and continuity<00:17:20.400> by<00:17:20.720> probe<00:17:21.280> the<00:17:22.000> aspix 15:57.204 --> 15:57.214 align:start position:0% continuity by probe the aspix 15:57.214 --> 15:59.525 align:start position:0% continuity by probe the aspix chronograph<00:17:23.520> filling<00:17:23.839> in<00:17:24.079> the<00:17:24.240> gap<00:17:24.480> that<00:17:24.720> has 15:59.525 --> 15:59.535 align:start position:0% chronograph filling in the gap that has 15:59.535 --> 16:01.525 align:start position:0% chronograph filling in the gap that has existed<00:17:25.439> between<00:17:25.839> those<00:17:26.160> two<00:17:26.319> instruments 16:01.525 --> 16:01.535 align:start position:0% existed between those two instruments 16:01.535 --> 16:04.885 align:start position:0% existed between those two instruments for<00:17:27.199> decades.<00:17:28.559> You<00:17:28.799> can<00:17:28.960> watch<00:17:29.360> the<00:17:29.600> CME 16:04.885 --> 16:04.895 align:start position:0% for decades. You can watch the CME 16:04.895 --> 16:07.765 align:start position:0% for decades. You can watch the CME forming<00:17:30.720> at<00:17:30.880> the<00:17:31.039> sun's<00:17:31.360> edge,<00:17:32.240> expanding 16:07.765 --> 16:07.775 align:start position:0% forming at the sun's edge, expanding 16:07.775 --> 16:09.845 align:start position:0% forming at the sun's edge, expanding through<00:17:33.440> the<00:17:33.600> inner<00:17:33.840> corona<00:17:34.559> and<00:17:34.799> pushing 16:09.845 --> 16:09.855 align:start position:0% through the inner corona and pushing 16:09.855 --> 16:13.285 align:start position:0% through the inner corona and pushing outward<00:17:35.679> into<00:17:36.000> the<00:17:36.240> outer<00:17:36.640> atmosphere<00:17:37.520> in<00:17:37.919> one 16:13.285 --> 16:13.295 align:start position:0% outward into the outer atmosphere in one 16:13.295 --> 16:16.805 align:start position:0% outward into the outer atmosphere in one continuous<00:17:39.679> unbroken<00:17:40.480> view.<00:17:41.200> And<00:17:41.440> in<00:17:41.679> April 16:16.805 --> 16:16.815 align:start position:0% continuous unbroken view. And in April 16:16.815 --> 16:20.324 align:start position:0% continuous unbroken view. And in April 2026,<00:17:43.440> the<00:17:43.679> first<00:17:44.240> science<00:17:44.640> from<00:17:44.960> Prober<00:17:45.440> 3 16:20.324 --> 16:20.334 align:start position:0% 2026, the first science from Prober 3 16:20.334 --> 16:22.165 align:start position:0% 2026, the first science from Prober 3 followed<00:17:46.480> being<00:17:46.799> published<00:17:47.200> in<00:17:47.360> the 16:22.165 --> 16:22.175 align:start position:0% followed being published in the 16:22.175 --> 16:24.564 align:start position:0% followed being published in the Astrophysical<00:17:48.400> Journal<00:17:48.720> Letters.<00:17:49.679> It 16:24.564 --> 16:24.574 align:start position:0% Astrophysical Journal Letters. It 16:24.574 --> 16:26.805 align:start position:0% Astrophysical Journal Letters. It revealed<00:17:50.480> that<00:17:50.799> solar<00:17:51.200> wind<00:17:51.520> structures<00:17:52.000> in 16:26.805 --> 16:26.815 align:start position:0% revealed that solar wind structures in 16:26.815 --> 16:29.285 align:start position:0% revealed that solar wind structures in the<00:17:52.320> inner<00:17:52.640> corona<00:17:53.120> can<00:17:53.280> travel<00:17:53.760> up<00:17:54.000> to<00:17:54.240> four 16:29.285 --> 16:29.295 align:start position:0% the inner corona can travel up to four 16:29.295 --> 16:32.085 align:start position:0% the inner corona can travel up to four times<00:17:55.039> faster<00:17:55.679> than<00:17:55.919> previously<00:17:56.480> thought. 16:32.085 --> 16:32.095 align:start position:0% times faster than previously thought. 16:32.095 --> 16:34.085 align:start position:0% times faster than previously thought. This<00:17:57.600> set<00:17:57.760> of<00:17:57.919> images<00:17:58.320> shows<00:17:58.640> the<00:17:58.799> sun<00:17:59.039> in 16:34.085 --> 16:34.095 align:start position:0% This set of images shows the sun in 16:34.095 --> 16:36.564 align:start position:0% This set of images shows the sun in ultraviolet<00:18:00.000> light<00:18:00.559> as<00:18:00.799> seen<00:18:01.120> artificially 16:36.564 --> 16:36.574 align:start position:0% ultraviolet light as seen artificially 16:36.574 --> 16:39.365 align:start position:0% ultraviolet light as seen artificially colored<00:18:02.240> in<00:18:02.400> yellow<00:18:02.960> captured<00:18:03.360> by<00:18:03.520> prob<00:18:04.000> 2. 16:39.365 --> 16:39.375 align:start position:0% colored in yellow captured by prob 2. 16:39.375 --> 16:41.684 align:start position:0% colored in yellow captured by prob 2. Surrounding<00:18:05.200> it<00:18:05.440> is<00:18:05.600> a<00:18:05.840> grayscale<00:18:06.559> area 16:41.684 --> 16:41.694 align:start position:0% Surrounding it is a grayscale area 16:41.694 --> 16:44.805 align:start position:0% Surrounding it is a grayscale area captured<00:18:07.440> in<00:18:07.679> visible<00:18:08.000> light<00:18:08.240> by<00:18:08.559> prob<00:18:09.120> 3.<00:18:09.919> You 16:44.805 --> 16:44.815 align:start position:0% captured in visible light by prob 3. You 16:44.815 --> 16:46.725 align:start position:0% captured in visible light by prob 3. You can<00:18:10.320> see<00:18:10.480> how<00:18:10.720> the<00:18:10.880> solar<00:18:11.280> wind<00:18:11.520> is<00:18:11.760> moving 16:46.725 --> 16:46.735 align:start position:0% can see how the solar wind is moving 16:46.735 --> 16:49.125 align:start position:0% can see how the solar wind is moving away<00:18:12.320> from<00:18:12.480> the<00:18:12.640> sun<00:18:12.880> in<00:18:13.120> all<00:18:13.360> directions,<00:18:14.240> but 16:49.125 --> 16:49.135 align:start position:0% away from the sun in all directions, but 16:49.135 --> 16:51.444 align:start position:0% away from the sun in all directions, but in<00:18:14.720> some<00:18:15.039> regions,<00:18:15.679> such<00:18:15.919> as<00:18:16.160> around<00:18:16.559> the 16:51.444 --> 16:51.454 align:start position:0% in some regions, such as around the 16:51.454 --> 16:54.005 align:start position:0% in some regions, such as around the bottom<00:18:17.039> of<00:18:17.200> the<00:18:17.360> video,<00:18:18.000> material<00:18:18.480> also<00:18:18.880> falls 16:54.005 --> 16:54.015 align:start position:0% bottom of the video, material also falls 16:54.015 --> 16:56.965 align:start position:0% bottom of the video, material also falls back<00:18:19.919> towards<00:18:20.400> the<00:18:20.640> sun.<00:18:21.520> In<00:18:21.679> the<00:18:21.919> second<00:18:22.160> half 16:56.965 --> 16:56.975 align:start position:0% back towards the sun. In the second half 16:56.975 --> 16:59.365 align:start position:0% back towards the sun. In the second half of<00:18:22.480> the<00:18:22.720> video,<00:18:23.200> a<00:18:23.440> coronal<00:18:23.760> mass<00:18:24.000> ejection<00:18:24.480> is 16:59.365 --> 16:59.375 align:start position:0% of the video, a coronal mass ejection is 16:59.375 --> 17:02.245 align:start position:0% of the video, a coronal mass ejection is then<00:18:25.200> visible,<00:18:26.080> expanding<00:18:26.720> out<00:18:27.039> towards<00:18:27.440> the 17:02.245 --> 17:02.255 align:start position:0% then visible, expanding out towards the 17:02.255 --> 17:04.485 align:start position:0% then visible, expanding out towards the right.<00:18:28.320> What<00:18:28.559> we've<00:18:28.799> learned<00:18:29.120> is<00:18:29.440> that<00:18:29.679> the 17:04.485 --> 17:04.495 align:start position:0% right. What we've learned is that the 17:04.495 --> 17:06.885 align:start position:0% right. What we've learned is that the inner<00:18:30.160> corona<00:18:30.640> is<00:18:30.960> far<00:18:31.280> busier<00:18:31.760> and<00:18:32.080> more 17:06.885 --> 17:06.895 align:start position:0% inner corona is far busier and more 17:06.895 --> 17:09.525 align:start position:0% inner corona is far busier and more turbulent<00:18:32.799> than<00:18:33.120> previously<00:18:33.600> expected.<00:18:34.559> It's 17:09.525 --> 17:09.535 align:start position:0% turbulent than previously expected. It's 17:09.535 --> 17:12.165 align:start position:0% turbulent than previously expected. It's filled<00:18:35.200> with<00:18:35.600> tiny,<00:18:36.480> constantly<00:18:37.120> moving 17:12.165 --> 17:12.175 align:start position:0% filled with tiny, constantly moving 17:12.175 --> 17:14.564 align:start position:0% filled with tiny, constantly moving blobs<00:18:38.000> and<00:18:38.320> streams<00:18:38.720> of<00:18:38.880> plasma.<00:18:39.679> Some 17:14.564 --> 17:14.574 align:start position:0% blobs and streams of plasma. Some 17:14.574 --> 17:16.645 align:start position:0% blobs and streams of plasma. Some flowing<00:18:40.320> outward<00:18:40.960> and<00:18:41.200> some<00:18:41.600> actually 17:16.645 --> 17:16.655 align:start position:0% flowing outward and some actually 17:16.655 --> 17:19.125 align:start position:0% flowing outward and some actually flowing<00:18:42.480> back<00:18:42.720> toward<00:18:43.200> the<00:18:43.440> sun.<00:18:44.160> These 17:19.125 --> 17:19.135 align:start position:0% flowing back toward the sun. These 17:19.135 --> 17:21.125 align:start position:0% flowing back toward the sun. These structures<00:18:44.960> are<00:18:45.200> moving<00:18:45.440> at<00:18:45.760> speeds<00:18:46.160> ranging 17:21.125 --> 17:21.135 align:start position:0% structures are moving at speeds ranging 17:21.135 --> 17:25.845 align:start position:0% structures are moving at speeds ranging from<00:18:46.880> 14<00:18:47.600> to<00:18:48.160> 520<00:18:49.360> km/s. 17:25.845 --> 17:25.855 align:start position:0% from 14 to 520 km/s. 17:25.855 --> 17:29.125 align:start position:0% from 14 to 520 km/s. So<00:18:51.840> exceptionally<00:18:52.640> quick<00:18:53.360> and<00:18:53.679> 3<00:18:53.919> to<00:18:54.240> four 17:29.125 --> 17:29.135 align:start position:0% So exceptionally quick and 3 to four 17:29.135 --> 17:31.125 align:start position:0% So exceptionally quick and 3 to four times<00:18:54.880> faster<00:18:55.280> than<00:18:55.520> previous<00:18:55.919> instruments 17:31.125 --> 17:31.135 align:start position:0% times faster than previous instruments 17:31.135 --> 17:33.684 align:start position:0% times faster than previous instruments had<00:18:56.720> measured<00:18:57.039> in<00:18:57.280> this<00:18:57.440> region.<00:18:58.400> This<00:18:58.720> means 17:33.684 --> 17:33.694 align:start position:0% had measured in this region. This means 17:33.694 --> 17:35.925 align:start position:0% had measured in this region. This means our<00:18:59.520> existing<00:19:00.000> models<00:19:00.240> of<00:19:00.480> how<00:19:00.640> solar<00:19:01.039> wind 17:35.925 --> 17:35.935 align:start position:0% our existing models of how solar wind 17:35.935 --> 17:39.684 align:start position:0% our existing models of how solar wind accelerates<00:19:02.320> have<00:19:02.640> been<00:19:03.120> significantly<00:19:04.080> off. 17:39.684 --> 17:39.694 align:start position:0% accelerates have been significantly off. 17:39.694 --> 17:41.525 align:start position:0% accelerates have been significantly off. Understanding<00:19:05.520> these<00:19:05.840> small-cale<00:19:06.400> dynamics 17:41.525 --> 17:41.535 align:start position:0% Understanding these small-cale dynamics 17:41.535 --> 17:43.765 align:start position:0% Understanding these small-cale dynamics is<00:19:07.120> key<00:19:07.280> to<00:19:07.520> answering<00:19:07.840> how<00:19:08.080> the<00:19:08.320> slow<00:19:08.720> solar 17:43.765 --> 17:43.775 align:start position:0% is key to answering how the slow solar 17:43.775 --> 17:46.885 align:start position:0% is key to answering how the slow solar wind<00:19:09.360> forms,<00:19:10.240> how<00:19:10.480> the<00:19:10.640> corona<00:19:11.120> gets<00:19:11.280> so<00:19:11.520> hot, 17:46.885 --> 17:46.895 align:start position:0% wind forms, how the corona gets so hot, 17:46.895 --> 17:49.525 align:start position:0% wind forms, how the corona gets so hot, and<00:19:12.480> how<00:19:12.799> solar<00:19:13.360> eruptions<00:19:13.760> are<00:19:14.000> triggered. 17:49.525 --> 17:49.535 align:start position:0% and how solar eruptions are triggered. 17:49.535 --> 17:52.245 align:start position:0% and how solar eruptions are triggered. All<00:19:15.039> of<00:19:15.200> which<00:19:15.760> directly<00:19:16.320> affect<00:19:16.799> our<00:19:17.200> ability 17:52.245 --> 17:52.255 align:start position:0% All of which directly affect our ability 17:52.255 --> 17:55.045 align:start position:0% All of which directly affect our ability to<00:19:17.919> forecast<00:19:18.480> space<00:19:18.799> weather.<00:19:19.840> But<00:19:20.000> there's 17:55.045 --> 17:55.055 align:start position:0% to forecast space weather. But there's 17:55.055 --> 17:58.005 align:start position:0% to forecast space weather. But there's still<00:19:20.720> a<00:19:20.960> long<00:19:21.120> way<00:19:21.280> to<00:19:21.440> go.<00:19:22.160> Proba<00:19:22.559> 3<00:19:22.799> is<00:19:23.039> only 17:58.005 --> 17:58.015 align:start position:0% still a long way to go. Proba 3 is only 17:58.015 --> 18:00.165 align:start position:0% still a long way to go. Proba 3 is only at<00:19:23.600> the<00:19:23.840> start<00:19:24.000> of<00:19:24.160> its<00:19:24.400> life<00:19:24.720> and<00:19:25.039> scientists 18:00.165 --> 18:00.175 align:start position:0% at the start of its life and scientists 18:00.175 --> 18:02.805 align:start position:0% at the start of its life and scientists behind<00:19:25.840> the<00:19:26.000> scenes<00:19:26.320> are<00:19:26.640> scouring<00:19:27.120> the<00:19:27.360> data. 18:02.805 --> 18:02.815 align:start position:0% behind the scenes are scouring the data. 18:02.815 --> 18:05.204 align:start position:0% behind the scenes are scouring the data. I've<00:19:28.480> been<00:19:28.720> assured<00:19:29.200> that<00:19:29.679> new<00:19:30.000> publications 18:05.204 --> 18:05.214 align:start position:0% I've been assured that new publications 18:05.214 --> 18:08.085 align:start position:0% I've been assured that new publications and<00:19:30.799> findings<00:19:31.200> are<00:19:31.760> already<00:19:32.160> on<00:19:32.400> the<00:19:32.559> way. 18:08.085 --> 18:08.095 align:start position:0% and findings are already on the way. 18:08.095 --> 18:09.765 align:start position:0% and findings are already on the way. That's<00:19:33.600> as<00:19:33.840> long<00:19:34.080> as<00:19:34.320> the<00:19:34.559> precision 18:09.765 --> 18:09.775 align:start position:0% That's as long as the precision 18:09.775 --> 18:12.165 align:start position:0% That's as long as the precision formation<00:19:35.600> flying<00:19:36.000> can<00:19:36.240> continue<00:19:36.720> though.<00:19:37.360> I 18:12.165 --> 18:12.175 align:start position:0% formation flying can continue though. I 18:12.175 --> 18:14.165 align:start position:0% formation flying can continue though. I know<00:19:37.679> it<00:19:37.919> sounds<00:19:38.160> as<00:19:38.400> if<00:19:38.559> the<00:19:38.720> mission<00:19:39.039> has<00:19:39.280> all 18:14.165 --> 18:14.175 align:start position:0% know it sounds as if the mission has all 18:14.175 --> 18:17.365 align:start position:0% know it sounds as if the mission has all gone<00:19:39.840> smoothly,<00:19:40.880> but<00:19:41.360> as<00:19:41.679> ever,<00:19:42.160> it's<00:19:42.480> not 18:17.365 --> 18:17.375 align:start position:0% gone smoothly, but as ever, it's not 18:17.375 --> 18:19.765 align:start position:0% gone smoothly, but as ever, it's not been<00:19:42.960> without<00:19:43.280> hiccups. 18:19.765 --> 18:19.775 align:start position:0% been without hiccups. 18:19.775 --> 18:21.765 align:start position:0% been without hiccups. Earlier<00:19:45.520> this<00:19:45.760> year,<00:19:46.080> the<00:19:46.240> Proviser<00:19:46.880> team 18:21.765 --> 18:21.775 align:start position:0% Earlier this year, the Proviser team 18:21.775 --> 18:23.605 align:start position:0% Earlier this year, the Proviser team actually<00:19:47.600> lost<00:19:48.080> the<00:19:48.320> Chronograph 18:23.605 --> 18:23.615 align:start position:0% actually lost the Chronograph 18:23.615 --> 18:27.045 align:start position:0% actually lost the Chronograph spacecraft.<00:19:50.080> It<00:19:50.320> vanished<00:19:51.280> uncontactable 18:27.045 --> 18:27.055 align:start position:0% spacecraft. It vanished uncontactable 18:27.055 --> 18:31.045 align:start position:0% spacecraft. It vanished uncontactable for<00:19:52.720> a<00:19:53.039> whole<00:19:53.440> month.<00:19:54.400> So<00:19:54.960> what<00:19:55.280> happened? 18:31.045 --> 18:31.055 align:start position:0% for a whole month. So what happened? 18:31.055 --> 18:33.684 align:start position:0% for a whole month. So what happened? Well,<00:19:56.720> in<00:19:57.039> Andre's<00:19:57.600> own<00:19:57.919> words,<00:19:58.559> there<00:19:58.799> was<00:19:58.880> a 18:33.684 --> 18:33.694 align:start position:0% Well, in Andre's own words, there was a 18:33.694 --> 18:36.165 align:start position:0% Well, in Andre's own words, there was a software<00:19:59.520> glitch<00:20:00.160> and<00:20:00.720> it<00:20:00.960> lost<00:20:01.280> the 18:36.165 --> 18:36.175 align:start position:0% software glitch and it lost the 18:36.175 --> 18:38.965 align:start position:0% software glitch and it lost the orientation<00:20:02.080> towards<00:20:02.480> the<00:20:02.640> sun.<00:20:03.360> And<00:20:03.760> well, 18:38.965 --> 18:38.975 align:start position:0% orientation towards the sun. And well, 18:38.975 --> 18:40.645 align:start position:0% orientation towards the sun. And well, when<00:20:04.559> the<00:20:04.720> solar<00:20:05.039> panel<00:20:05.360> is<00:20:05.600> not<00:20:05.760> looking 18:40.645 --> 18:40.655 align:start position:0% when the solar panel is not looking 18:40.655 --> 18:42.965 align:start position:0% when the solar panel is not looking towards<00:20:06.400> the<00:20:06.559> sun,<00:20:07.120> then<00:20:07.360> the<00:20:07.520> battery<00:20:07.840> is<00:20:08.080> not 18:42.965 --> 18:42.975 align:start position:0% towards the sun, then the battery is not 18:42.975 --> 18:44.564 align:start position:0% towards the sun, then the battery is not charging.<00:20:08.799> And<00:20:08.960> if<00:20:09.120> the<00:20:09.360> battery<00:20:09.600> is<00:20:09.760> not 18:44.564 --> 18:44.574 align:start position:0% charging. And if the battery is not 18:44.574 --> 18:47.045 align:start position:0% charging. And if the battery is not charging,<00:20:10.559> then<00:20:10.799> the<00:20:11.039> power<00:20:11.280> is<00:20:11.520> down<00:20:12.000> and<00:20:12.240> the 18:47.045 --> 18:47.055 align:start position:0% charging, then the power is down and the 18:47.055 --> 18:49.684 align:start position:0% charging, then the power is down and the spacecraft<00:20:12.880> is<00:20:13.120> in<00:20:13.280> trouble.<00:20:14.320> Facing<00:20:14.799> away 18:49.684 --> 18:49.694 align:start position:0% spacecraft is in trouble. Facing away 18:49.694 --> 18:51.925 align:start position:0% spacecraft is in trouble. Facing away from<00:20:15.200> the<00:20:15.360> sun,<00:20:15.840> Proverb<00:20:16.320> 3's<00:20:16.640> chronograph 18:51.925 --> 18:51.935 align:start position:0% from the sun, Proverb 3's chronograph 18:51.935 --> 18:53.925 align:start position:0% from the sun, Proverb 3's chronograph was<00:20:17.520> unable<00:20:17.919> to<00:20:18.080> enter<00:20:18.400> safe<00:20:18.640> mode<00:20:19.039> to 18:53.925 --> 18:53.935 align:start position:0% was unable to enter safe mode to 18:53.935 --> 18:56.005 align:start position:0% was unable to enter safe mode to preserve<00:20:19.600> its<00:20:19.840> battery.<00:20:20.640> And<00:20:20.799> as<00:20:21.120> this 18:56.005 --> 18:56.015 align:start position:0% preserve its battery. And as this 18:56.015 --> 18:58.165 align:start position:0% preserve its battery. And as this happened<00:20:21.679> at<00:20:21.919> a<00:20:22.080> weekend,<00:20:22.799> the<00:20:23.039> operators 18:58.165 --> 18:58.175 align:start position:0% happened at a weekend, the operators 18:58.175 --> 19:00.165 align:start position:0% happened at a weekend, the operators weren't<00:20:23.840> working,<00:20:24.400> so<00:20:24.640> it<00:20:24.799> wasn't<00:20:25.039> corrected 19:00.165 --> 19:00.175 align:start position:0% weren't working, so it wasn't corrected 19:00.175 --> 19:02.485 align:start position:0% weren't working, so it wasn't corrected in<00:20:25.760> time.<00:20:26.480> This<00:20:26.720> might<00:20:26.960> sound<00:20:27.280> surprising, 19:02.485 --> 19:02.495 align:start position:0% in time. This might sound surprising, 19:02.495 --> 19:05.204 align:start position:0% in time. This might sound surprising, but<00:20:28.159> remember,<00:20:28.880> Proverb<00:20:29.360> 3<00:20:29.600> is<00:20:29.919> meant<00:20:30.159> to<00:20:30.320> be 19:05.204 --> 19:05.214 align:start position:0% but remember, Proverb 3 is meant to be 19:05.214 --> 19:07.365 align:start position:0% but remember, Proverb 3 is meant to be autonomous,<00:20:31.520> so<00:20:31.679> it<00:20:31.919> should<00:20:32.240> be<00:20:32.400> able<00:20:32.559> to 19:07.365 --> 19:07.375 align:start position:0% autonomous, so it should be able to 19:07.375 --> 19:09.684 align:start position:0% autonomous, so it should be able to survive<00:20:33.039> a<00:20:33.280> weekend<00:20:33.760> unsupervised. 19:09.684 --> 19:09.694 align:start position:0% survive a weekend unsupervised. 19:09.694 --> 19:12.005 align:start position:0% survive a weekend unsupervised. Apparently<00:20:35.520> not.<00:20:36.559> Tracking<00:20:36.960> the<00:20:37.120> missing 19:12.005 --> 19:12.015 align:start position:0% Apparently not. Tracking the missing 19:12.015 --> 19:14.085 align:start position:0% Apparently not. Tracking the missing half<00:20:37.520> of<00:20:37.760> Proverb<00:20:38.159> 3<00:20:38.400> using<00:20:38.720> the<00:20:38.960> camera<00:20:39.200> on 19:14.085 --> 19:14.095 align:start position:0% half of Proverb 3 using the camera on 19:14.095 --> 19:16.564 align:start position:0% half of Proverb 3 using the camera on the<00:20:39.600> occulting<00:20:40.159> satellite,<00:20:40.960> the<00:20:41.200> team<00:20:41.600> were 19:16.564 --> 19:16.574 align:start position:0% the occulting satellite, the team were 19:16.574 --> 19:18.885 align:start position:0% the occulting satellite, the team were eventually<00:20:42.559> able<00:20:42.880> to<00:20:43.039> find<00:20:43.200> the<00:20:43.440> chronograph 19:18.885 --> 19:18.895 align:start position:0% eventually able to find the chronograph 19:18.895 --> 19:20.405 align:start position:0% eventually able to find the chronograph and<00:20:44.480> managed<00:20:44.720> to<00:20:44.880> command<00:20:45.200> it<00:20:45.360> to<00:20:45.520> turn 19:20.405 --> 19:20.415 align:start position:0% and managed to command it to turn 19:20.415 --> 19:22.885 align:start position:0% and managed to command it to turn towards<00:20:46.159> the<00:20:46.320> sun.<00:20:47.200> At<00:20:47.440> worst,<00:20:47.760> the<00:20:48.000> two 19:22.885 --> 19:22.895 align:start position:0% towards the sun. At worst, the two 19:22.895 --> 19:26.085 align:start position:0% towards the sun. At worst, the two spacecraft<00:20:48.799> drifted<00:20:49.360> 80<00:20:49.760> km<00:20:50.400> apart,<00:20:51.200> an 19:26.085 --> 19:26.095 align:start position:0% spacecraft drifted 80 km apart, an 19:26.095 --> 19:28.085 align:start position:0% spacecraft drifted 80 km apart, an enormous<00:20:52.000> separation<00:20:52.480> for<00:20:52.640> a<00:20:52.880> pair<00:20:53.120> designed 19:28.085 --> 19:28.095 align:start position:0% enormous separation for a pair designed 19:28.095 --> 19:31.125 align:start position:0% enormous separation for a pair designed to<00:20:53.600> fly<00:20:53.760> less<00:20:54.080> than<00:20:54.640> 150<00:20:54.960> m<00:20:55.200> from<00:20:55.440> one<00:20:55.679> another. 19:31.125 --> 19:31.135 align:start position:0% to fly less than 150 m from one another. 19:31.135 --> 19:33.125 align:start position:0% to fly less than 150 m from one another. Thankfully,<00:20:57.280> both<00:20:57.600> satellites<00:20:58.080> are<00:20:58.240> now 19:33.125 --> 19:33.135 align:start position:0% Thankfully, both satellites are now 19:33.135 --> 19:35.444 align:start position:0% Thankfully, both satellites are now online<00:20:58.960> and<00:20:59.200> back<00:20:59.440> together.<00:21:00.080> They<00:21:00.400> recently 19:35.444 --> 19:35.454 align:start position:0% online and back together. They recently 19:35.454 --> 19:37.765 align:start position:0% online and back together. They recently turned<00:21:01.120> both<00:21:01.440> spacecraft<00:21:02.000> back<00:21:02.240> on<00:21:02.640> and<00:21:02.880> it 19:37.765 --> 19:37.775 align:start position:0% turned both spacecraft back on and it 19:37.775 --> 19:40.165 align:start position:0% turned both spacecraft back on and it appears<00:21:03.440> there's<00:21:03.760> been<00:21:04.000> no<00:21:04.240> lasting<00:21:04.720> damage. 19:40.165 --> 19:40.175 align:start position:0% appears there's been no lasting damage. 19:40.175 --> 19:42.725 align:start position:0% appears there's been no lasting damage. As<00:21:05.760> of<00:21:06.000> early<00:21:06.240> June,<00:21:06.960> they<00:21:07.200> are<00:21:07.360> back<00:21:07.679> on<00:21:07.919> their 19:42.725 --> 19:42.735 align:start position:0% As of early June, they are back on their 19:42.735 --> 19:45.365 align:start position:0% As of early June, they are back on their observing<00:21:08.640> schedule.<00:21:09.520> Perhaps<00:21:10.000> we're<00:21:10.480> a 19:45.365 --> 19:45.375 align:start position:0% observing schedule. Perhaps we're a 19:45.375 --> 19:47.444 align:start position:0% observing schedule. Perhaps we're a little<00:21:10.960> way<00:21:11.200> off<00:21:11.440> fully<00:21:11.840> autonomous<00:21:12.559> after 19:47.444 --> 19:47.454 align:start position:0% little way off fully autonomous after 19:47.454 --> 19:50.564 align:start position:0% little way off fully autonomous after all. 19:50.564 --> 19:50.574 align:start position:0% 19:50.574 --> 19:53.045 align:start position:0% Even<00:21:16.240> having<00:21:16.559> a<00:21:16.960> month-long<00:21:17.440> sabbatical, 19:53.045 --> 19:53.055 align:start position:0% Even having a month-long sabbatical, 19:53.055 --> 19:55.765 align:start position:0% Even having a month-long sabbatical, Robber<00:21:18.799> 3<00:21:18.960> has<00:21:19.200> collected<00:21:19.520> more<00:21:19.760> than<00:21:20.080> 250 19:55.765 --> 19:55.775 align:start position:0% Robber 3 has collected more than 250 19:55.775 --> 19:58.085 align:start position:0% Robber 3 has collected more than 250 hours<00:21:21.840> of<00:21:22.080> highresolution<00:21:22.799> video<00:21:23.120> of<00:21:23.280> the 19:58.085 --> 19:58.095 align:start position:0% hours of highresolution video of the 19:58.095 --> 20:01.365 align:start position:0% hours of highresolution video of the corona<00:21:23.919> over<00:21:24.320> 57<00:21:25.039> artificial<00:21:25.600> eclipses.<00:21:26.480> To 20:01.365 --> 20:01.375 align:start position:0% corona over 57 artificial eclipses. To 20:01.375 --> 20:03.365 align:start position:0% corona over 57 artificial eclipses. To put<00:21:26.880> this<00:21:27.039> into<00:21:27.360> perspective,<00:21:28.159> the<00:21:28.400> average 20:03.365 --> 20:03.375 align:start position:0% put this into perspective, the average 20:03.375 --> 20:05.444 align:start position:0% put this into perspective, the average total<00:21:29.120> eclipse<00:21:29.440> on<00:21:29.679> Earth<00:21:30.000> lasts<00:21:30.240> for<00:21:30.400> about 20:05.444 --> 20:05.454 align:start position:0% total eclipse on Earth lasts for about 20:05.454 --> 20:08.485 align:start position:0% total eclipse on Earth lasts for about 7.5<00:21:31.520> minutes.<00:21:32.320> Proverb<00:21:32.720> 3<00:21:33.200> has<00:21:33.520> already 20:08.485 --> 20:08.495 align:start position:0% 7.5 minutes. Proverb 3 has already 20:08.495 --> 20:11.925 align:start position:0% 7.5 minutes. Proverb 3 has already captured<00:21:34.720> 2,000<00:21:35.520> times<00:21:35.840> that.<00:21:36.559> In<00:21:36.799> that<00:21:36.960> time, 20:11.925 --> 20:11.935 align:start position:0% captured 2,000 times that. In that time, 20:11.935 --> 20:13.845 align:start position:0% captured 2,000 times that. In that time, it<00:21:37.440> hasn't<00:21:37.760> quite<00:21:38.080> solved<00:21:38.320> the<00:21:38.559> three<00:21:38.880> great 20:13.845 --> 20:13.855 align:start position:0% it hasn't quite solved the three great 20:13.855 --> 20:15.925 align:start position:0% it hasn't quite solved the three great coronal<00:21:39.760> questions.<00:21:40.559> But<00:21:40.720> for<00:21:40.880> the<00:21:41.039> first 20:15.925 --> 20:15.935 align:start position:0% coronal questions. But for the first 20:15.935 --> 20:18.245 align:start position:0% coronal questions. But for the first time<00:21:41.440> in<00:21:41.760> the<00:21:42.000> history<00:21:42.240> of<00:21:42.480> solar<00:21:42.880> science, 20:18.245 --> 20:18.255 align:start position:0% time in the history of solar science, 20:18.255 --> 20:20.564 align:start position:0% time in the history of solar science, there<00:21:43.840> is<00:21:44.000> an<00:21:44.159> instrument<00:21:44.880> dedicated<00:21:45.600> to 20:20.564 --> 20:20.574 align:start position:0% there is an instrument dedicated to 20:20.574 --> 20:23.365 align:start position:0% there is an instrument dedicated to doing<00:21:46.159> so.<00:21:46.960> Watching<00:21:47.440> the<00:21:47.679> solar<00:21:48.000> corona<00:21:48.480> with 20:23.365 --> 20:23.375 align:start position:0% doing so. Watching the solar corona with 20:23.375 --> 20:25.765 align:start position:0% doing so. Watching the solar corona with the<00:21:48.960> consistency,<00:21:50.000> resolution,<00:21:50.799> and 20:25.765 --> 20:25.775 align:start position:0% the consistency, resolution, and 20:25.775 --> 20:28.085 align:start position:0% the consistency, resolution, and sensitivity<00:21:51.760> needed<00:21:52.320> to<00:21:52.640> see<00:21:52.880> what<00:21:53.120> is 20:28.085 --> 20:28.095 align:start position:0% sensitivity needed to see what is 20:28.095 --> 20:30.885 align:start position:0% sensitivity needed to see what is actually<00:21:53.840> happening.<00:21:54.880> And<00:21:55.440> we<00:21:55.679> really<00:21:55.919> are 20:30.885 --> 20:30.895 align:start position:0% actually happening. And we really are 20:30.895 --> 20:34.085 align:start position:0% actually happening. And we really are only<00:21:56.480> at<00:21:56.640> the<00:21:56.799> start.<00:21:57.679> Andre<00:21:58.320> Sukov<00:21:59.039> and<00:21:59.200> his 20:34.085 --> 20:34.095 align:start position:0% only at the start. Andre Sukov and his 20:34.095 --> 20:36.005 align:start position:0% only at the start. Andre Sukov and his team<00:21:59.760> are<00:22:00.159> already<00:22:00.559> preparing<00:22:00.960> the<00:22:01.200> next 20:36.005 --> 20:36.015 align:start position:0% team are already preparing the next 20:36.015 --> 20:37.925 align:start position:0% team are already preparing the next batch<00:22:01.600> of<00:22:01.840> images<00:22:02.240> and<00:22:02.480> discoveries<00:22:02.960> to<00:22:03.120> be 20:37.925 --> 20:37.935 align:start position:0% batch of images and discoveries to be 20:37.935 --> 20:41.444 align:start position:0% batch of images and discoveries to be released.<00:22:04.000> And<00:22:04.400> in<00:22:04.640> December<00:22:05.200> 2026,<00:22:06.320> Proverb 20:41.444 --> 20:41.454 align:start position:0% released. And in December 2026, Proverb 20:41.454 --> 20:43.845 align:start position:0% released. And in December 2026, Proverb 3<00:22:07.120> will<00:22:07.360> surpass<00:22:07.840> its<00:22:08.240> nominal<00:22:08.799> mission 20:43.845 --> 20:43.855 align:start position:0% 3 will surpass its nominal mission 20:43.855 --> 20:46.965 align:start position:0% 3 will surpass its nominal mission period<00:22:09.600> of<00:22:09.919> 2<00:22:10.159> years.<00:22:11.120> After<00:22:11.440> that<00:22:11.679> point, 20:46.965 --> 20:46.975 align:start position:0% period of 2 years. After that point, 20:46.975 --> 20:48.885 align:start position:0% period of 2 years. After that point, researchers<00:22:12.880> from<00:22:13.120> around<00:22:13.440> the<00:22:13.679> world<00:22:13.919> can 20:48.885 --> 20:48.895 align:start position:0% researchers from around the world can 20:48.895 --> 20:50.885 align:start position:0% researchers from around the world can begin<00:22:14.480> requesting<00:22:15.120> specific<00:22:15.600> observations 20:50.885 --> 20:50.895 align:start position:0% begin requesting specific observations 20:50.895 --> 20:53.525 align:start position:0% begin requesting specific observations they<00:22:16.559> want<00:22:16.799> Proverb<00:22:17.280> 3<00:22:17.440> to<00:22:17.679> make,<00:22:18.320> opening<00:22:18.720> up 20:53.525 --> 20:53.535 align:start position:0% they want Proverb 3 to make, opening up 20:53.535 --> 20:55.525 align:start position:0% they want Proverb 3 to make, opening up the<00:22:19.120> mission<00:22:19.600> to<00:22:19.760> the<00:22:20.000> greater<00:22:20.480> global 20:55.525 --> 20:55.535 align:start position:0% the mission to the greater global 20:55.535 --> 20:58.245 align:start position:0% the mission to the greater global physics<00:22:21.360> community.<00:22:22.240> Looking<00:22:22.720> beyond<00:22:23.200> solar 20:58.245 --> 20:58.255 align:start position:0% physics community. Looking beyond solar 20:58.255 --> 21:01.045 align:start position:0% physics community. Looking beyond solar science,<00:22:24.240> Proverb<00:22:24.640> 3<00:22:24.880> is<00:22:25.120> also<00:22:25.440> quite<00:22:25.760> simply 21:01.045 --> 21:01.055 align:start position:0% science, Proverb 3 is also quite simply 21:01.055 --> 21:04.085 align:start position:0% science, Proverb 3 is also quite simply an<00:22:26.799> engineering<00:22:27.520> marvel.<00:22:28.480> No<00:22:28.720> one<00:22:28.960> expected 21:04.085 --> 21:04.095 align:start position:0% an engineering marvel. No one expected 21:04.095 --> 21:06.245 align:start position:0% an engineering marvel. No one expected its<00:22:29.679> precision<00:22:30.240> formation<00:22:30.799> flying<00:22:31.120> to<00:22:31.360> work 21:06.245 --> 21:06.255 align:start position:0% its precision formation flying to work 21:06.255 --> 21:08.485 align:start position:0% its precision formation flying to work as<00:22:31.840> well<00:22:32.000> as<00:22:32.159> it<00:22:32.400> does,<00:22:32.880> and<00:22:33.120> the<00:22:33.280> mission<00:22:33.600> has 21:08.485 --> 21:08.495 align:start position:0% as well as it does, and the mission has 21:08.495 --> 21:10.564 align:start position:0% as well as it does, and the mission has gone<00:22:34.240> a<00:22:34.559> long<00:22:34.799> way<00:22:35.039> to<00:22:35.280> proving<00:22:35.679> the 21:10.564 --> 21:10.574 align:start position:0% gone a long way to proving the 21:10.574 --> 21:12.645 align:start position:0% gone a long way to proving the experimental<00:22:36.640> concept<00:22:37.039> of<00:22:37.440> autonomous 21:12.645 --> 21:12.655 align:start position:0% experimental concept of autonomous 21:12.655 --> 21:15.925 align:start position:0% experimental concept of autonomous satellites<00:22:38.640> flying<00:22:39.039> in<00:22:39.360> precise<00:22:39.919> unity.<00:22:40.960> I 21:15.925 --> 21:15.935 align:start position:0% satellites flying in precise unity. I 21:15.935 --> 21:17.845 align:start position:0% satellites flying in precise unity. I personally<00:22:42.080> am<00:22:42.320> looking<00:22:42.480> forward<00:22:42.799> to<00:22:42.960> seeing 21:17.845 --> 21:17.855 align:start position:0% personally am looking forward to seeing 21:17.855 --> 21:19.684 align:start position:0% personally am looking forward to seeing what<00:22:43.440> future<00:22:43.760> missions<00:22:44.240> may<00:22:44.559> use<00:22:44.799> this 21:19.684 --> 21:19.694 align:start position:0% what future missions may use this 21:19.694 --> 21:22.405 align:start position:0% what future missions may use this technology<00:22:45.760> and<00:22:46.000> whether<00:22:46.320> it<00:22:46.559> can<00:22:46.640> unlock<00:22:47.440> any 21:22.405 --> 21:22.415 align:start position:0% technology and whether it can unlock any 21:22.415 --> 21:24.485 align:start position:0% technology and whether it can unlock any of<00:22:47.919> the<00:22:48.159> other<00:22:48.400> big<00:22:48.640> questions<00:22:49.200> that<00:22:49.520> still 21:24.485 --> 21:24.495 align:start position:0% of the other big questions that still 21:24.495 --> 21:27.684 align:start position:0% of the other big questions that still linger<00:22:50.559> out<00:22:50.799> in<00:22:50.960> the<00:22:51.120> cosmos. 21:27.684 --> 21:27.694 align:start position:0% linger out in the cosmos. 21:27.694 --> 21:29.765 align:start position:0% linger out in the cosmos. I<00:22:53.280> really<00:22:53.520> hope<00:22:53.600> you<00:22:53.919> enjoyed<00:22:54.480> learning<00:22:54.799> about 21:29.765 --> 21:29.775 align:start position:0% I really hope you enjoyed learning about 21:29.775 --> 21:32.005 align:start position:0% I really hope you enjoyed learning about how<00:22:55.520> important<00:22:56.080> eclipses<00:22:56.559> are.<00:22:57.039> We're 21:32.005 --> 21:32.015 align:start position:0% how important eclipses are. We're 21:32.015 --> 21:33.605 align:start position:0% how important eclipses are. We're actually<00:22:57.760> live<00:22:58.080> streaming<00:22:58.400> the<00:22:58.559> upcoming 21:33.605 --> 21:33.615 align:start position:0% actually live streaming the upcoming 21:33.615 --> 21:35.845 align:start position:0% actually live streaming the upcoming solar<00:22:59.280> eclipse<00:22:59.600> on<00:22:59.760> the<00:22:59.919> 12th<00:23:00.240> of<00:23:00.400> August. 21:35.845 --> 21:35.855 align:start position:0% solar eclipse on the 12th of August. 21:35.855 --> 21:38.885 align:start position:0% solar eclipse on the 12th of August. We'll<00:23:01.440> see<00:23:01.520> you<00:23:01.679> there<00:23:01.840> at<00:23:02.159> 6:30<00:23:02.880> p.m.<00:23:03.120> BST<00:23:04.000> and 21:38.885 --> 21:38.895 align:start position:0% We'll see you there at 6:30 p.m. BST and 21:38.895 --> 21:40.645 align:start position:0% We'll see you there at 6:30 p.m. BST and we'll<00:23:04.559> be<00:23:04.640> online<00:23:04.960> to<00:23:05.200> answer<00:23:05.520> all<00:23:05.760> your 21:40.645 --> 21:40.655 align:start position:0% we'll be online to answer all your 21:40.655 --> 21:45.045 align:start position:0% we'll be online to answer all your questions,<00:23:06.480> too.<00:23:07.039> See<00:23:07.280> you<00:23:07.440> there. 21:45.045 --> 21:45.055 align:start position:0% questions, too. See you there. 21:45.055 --> 21:47.444 align:start position:0% questions, too. See you there. Thanks<00:23:10.720> for<00:23:10.880> watching.<00:23:12.080> If<00:23:12.320> you've<00:23:12.559> been 21:47.444 --> 21:47.454 align:start position:0% Thanks for watching. If you've been 21:47.454 --> 21:49.525 align:start position:0% Thanks for watching. If you've been enjoying<00:23:13.200> Astramm's<00:23:13.840> videos<00:23:14.159> and<00:23:14.480> want<00:23:14.720> to 21:49.525 --> 21:49.535 align:start position:0% enjoying Astramm's videos and want to 21:49.535 --> 21:51.765 align:start position:0% enjoying Astramm's videos and want to help<00:23:15.120> keep<00:23:15.280> this<00:23:15.520> channel<00:23:15.840> thriving,<00:23:16.799> I<00:23:16.960> want 21:51.765 --> 21:51.775 align:start position:0% help keep this channel thriving, I want 21:51.775 --> 21:53.765 align:start position:0% help keep this channel thriving, I want to<00:23:17.280> ask<00:23:17.440> you<00:23:17.600> to<00:23:17.760> take<00:23:18.080> less<00:23:18.320> than<00:23:18.480> a<00:23:18.720> minute<00:23:18.880> to 21:53.765 --> 21:53.775 align:start position:0% to ask you to take less than a minute to 21:53.775 --> 21:56.645 align:start position:0% to ask you to take less than a minute to check<00:23:19.360> out<00:23:19.600> the<00:23:19.840> Astramm<00:23:20.480> Patreon.<00:23:21.520> It's<00:23:21.760> not 21:56.645 --> 21:56.655 align:start position:0% check out the Astramm Patreon. It's not 21:56.655 --> 21:58.965 align:start position:0% check out the Astramm Patreon. It's not just<00:23:22.320> ad<00:23:22.640> free<00:23:22.960> videos,<00:23:23.600> but<00:23:23.760> it's<00:23:23.919> a<00:23:24.080> way<00:23:24.159> to 21:58.965 --> 21:58.975 align:start position:0% just ad free videos, but it's a way to 21:58.975 --> 22:01.285 align:start position:0% just ad free videos, but it's a way to make<00:23:24.480> Astramm's<00:23:25.120> videos<00:23:25.520> less<00:23:25.840> reliant<00:23:26.320> on 22:01.285 --> 22:01.295 align:start position:0% make Astramm's videos less reliant on 22:01.295 --> 22:04.165 align:start position:0% make Astramm's videos less reliant on sponsors<00:23:27.200> and<00:23:27.520> algorithms.<00:23:28.720> The<00:23:28.960> link<00:23:29.280> is 22:04.165 --> 22:04.175 align:start position:0% sponsors and algorithms. The link is 22:04.175 --> 22:06.885 align:start position:0% sponsors and algorithms. The link is below.<00:23:30.400> Your<00:23:30.720> membership<00:23:31.280> directly<00:23:31.840> helps 22:06.885 --> 22:06.895 align:start position:0% below. Your membership directly helps 22:06.895 --> 22:08.885 align:start position:0% below. Your membership directly helps ensure<00:23:32.640> that<00:23:32.880> future<00:23:33.280> videos<00:23:33.679> can<00:23:33.919> stay 22:08.885 --> 22:08.895 align:start position:0% ensure that future videos can stay 22:08.895 --> 22:11.444 align:start position:0% ensure that future videos can stay independent,<00:23:35.280> highquality,<00:23:36.400> and 22:11.444 --> 22:11.454 align:start position:0% independent, highquality, and 22:11.454 --> 22:14.485 align:start position:0% independent, highquality, and consistent.<00:23:37.919> created<00:23:38.240> for<00:23:38.559> curiosity,<00:23:39.600> not 22:14.485 --> 22:14.495 align:start position:0% consistent. created for curiosity, not 22:14.495 --> 22:17.204 align:start position:0% consistent. created for curiosity, not clicks.<00:23:40.960> Thanks<00:23:41.280> so<00:23:41.520> much<00:23:41.760> for<00:23:42.080> considering 22:17.204 --> 22:17.214 align:start position:0% clicks. Thanks so much for considering 22:17.214 --> 22:21.574 align:start position:0% clicks. Thanks so much for considering it.<00:23:43.200> I'll<00:23:43.440> see<00:23:43.520> you<00:23:43.679> next<00:23:43.919> time.