WEBVTT

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This<00:00:00.640><c> is</c><00:00:01.120><c> the</c><00:00:01.439><c> most</c><00:00:01.920><c> powerful</c><00:00:02.720><c> survey</c>

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This is the most powerful survey
 

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This is the most powerful survey
telescope<00:00:04.160><c> in</c><00:00:04.720><c> existence.</c><00:00:05.920><c> It</c><00:00:06.160><c> took</c><00:00:06.720><c> 23</c>

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telescope in existence. It took 23
 

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telescope in existence. It took 23
countries,<00:00:08.240><c> 80</c><00:00:08.515><c> [music]</c><00:00:08.720><c> companies,</c><00:00:10.000><c> 300</c>

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countries, 80 [music] companies, 300
 

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countries, 80 [music] companies, 300
institutes,<00:00:11.920><c> and</c><00:00:12.400><c> 3,500</c>

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institutes, and 3,500
 

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institutes, and 3,500
people<00:00:14.880><c> to</c><00:00:15.120><c> build.</c><00:00:16.080><c> A</c><00:00:16.320><c> telescope</c><00:00:17.199><c> unlike</c><00:00:17.920><c> any</c>

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people to build. A telescope unlike any
 

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people to build. A telescope unlike any
other.<00:00:19.039><c> It</c><00:00:19.279><c> views</c><00:00:19.520><c> the</c><00:00:19.680><c> sky</c><00:00:19.920><c> with</c><00:00:20.080><c> a</c><00:00:20.320><c> broad</c>

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other. It views the sky with a broad
 

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other. It views the sky with a broad
panoramic<00:00:21.680><c> view,</c><00:00:22.320><c> taking</c><00:00:22.640><c> in</c><00:00:22.960><c> swaths</c><00:00:23.519><c> of</c>

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panoramic view, taking in swaths of
 

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panoramic view, taking in swaths of
stars<00:00:24.000><c> at</c><00:00:24.160><c> once,</c><00:00:24.720><c> whilst</c><00:00:25.119><c> also</c><00:00:25.519><c> focusing</c><00:00:25.920><c> with</c>

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stars at once, whilst also focusing with
 

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stars at once, whilst also focusing with
the<00:00:26.240><c> precision</c><00:00:26.880><c> of</c><00:00:27.039><c> a</c><00:00:27.279><c> surgeon,</c><00:00:28.240><c> spotting</c><00:00:28.640><c> the</c>

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the precision of a surgeon, spotting the
 

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the precision of a surgeon, spotting the
smallest<00:00:29.359><c> details</c><00:00:29.760><c> from</c><00:00:30.000><c> the</c><00:00:30.240><c> faintest</c>

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smallest details from the faintest
 

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smallest details from the faintest
lights.<00:00:32.000><c> This</c><00:00:32.719><c> is</c><00:00:33.280><c> Uklid,</c><00:00:34.399><c> and</c><00:00:34.640><c> it</c><00:00:34.880><c> needs</c><00:00:35.280><c> this</c>

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lights. This is Uklid, and it needs this
 

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lights. This is Uklid, and it needs this
unique<00:00:35.920><c> skill</c><00:00:36.239><c> set</c><00:00:36.480><c> to</c><00:00:36.719><c> solve</c><00:00:37.040><c> a</c><00:00:37.360><c> great</c><00:00:37.760><c> cosmic</c>

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unique skill set to solve a great cosmic
 

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unique skill set to solve a great cosmic
[music]<00:00:38.239><c> mystery</c><00:00:38.640><c> that's</c><00:00:38.960><c> baffled</c>

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[music] mystery that's baffled
 

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[music] mystery that's baffled
cosmologists<00:00:40.239><c> for</c><00:00:40.480><c> more</c><00:00:40.640><c> than</c><00:00:40.800><c> a</c><00:00:41.040><c> century.</c>

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cosmologists for more than a century.
 

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cosmologists for more than a century.
Because<00:00:42.640><c> hidden</c><00:00:43.040><c> in</c><00:00:43.200><c> the</c><00:00:43.360><c> darkness</c><00:00:43.760><c> of</c><00:00:43.920><c> space</c>

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Because hidden in the darkness of space
 

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Because hidden in the darkness of space
lies<00:00:44.960><c> an</c><00:00:45.120><c> enigma</c><00:00:45.920><c> that</c><00:00:46.239><c> influenced</c><00:00:46.719><c> the</c>

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lies an enigma that influenced the
 

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lies an enigma that influenced the
development<00:00:47.600><c> and</c><00:00:47.815><c> [music]</c><00:00:47.840><c> eventual</c><00:00:48.399><c> destiny</c>

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development and [music] eventual destiny
 

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development and [music] eventual destiny
of<00:00:49.520><c> our</c><00:00:50.000><c> entire</c><00:00:50.800><c> universe.</c>

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of our entire universe.
 

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of our entire universe.
There<00:00:52.800><c> is</c><00:00:53.199><c> a</c><00:00:53.600><c> dark</c><00:00:54.000><c> universe</c><00:00:54.480><c> out</c><00:00:54.719><c> there,</c><00:00:55.360><c> one</c>

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There is a dark universe out there, one
 

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There is a dark universe out there, one
we<00:00:56.160><c> have</c><00:00:56.330><c> [music]</c><00:00:56.559><c> never</c><00:00:56.879><c> seen</c><00:00:57.280><c> or</c><00:00:57.520><c> detected,</c>

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we have [music] never seen or detected,
 

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we have [music] never seen or detected,
but<00:00:58.960><c> Uklid</c><00:00:59.840><c> intends</c><00:01:00.399><c> to</c><00:01:00.559><c> map</c><00:01:00.879><c> it.</c><00:01:02.239><c> I'm</c><00:01:02.559><c> Alex</c>

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me today in this supercut as we take a
look<00:01:08.159><c> at</c><00:01:08.320><c> the</c><00:01:08.560><c> Uklid</c><00:01:09.200><c> Space</c><00:01:09.600><c> Telescope</c><00:01:10.400><c> and</c>

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look at the Uklid Space Telescope and
 

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look at the Uklid Space Telescope and
its<00:01:10.960><c> efforts</c><00:01:11.360><c> to</c><00:01:11.600><c> chart</c><00:01:11.920><c> the</c><00:01:12.159><c> universe's</c><00:01:12.720><c> dark</c>

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its efforts to chart the universe's dark
 

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its efforts to chart the universe's dark
matter<00:01:13.439><c> and</c><00:01:13.680><c> energy</c><00:01:14.400><c> and</c><00:01:14.640><c> explore</c><00:01:15.280><c> the</c>

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matter and energy and explore the
 

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matter and energy and explore the
incredible<00:01:16.240><c> discoveries</c><00:01:16.799><c> it</c><00:01:17.040><c> has</c><00:01:17.280><c> been</c>

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incredible discoveries it has been
 

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incredible discoveries it has been
making<00:01:17.920><c> along</c><00:01:18.240><c> the</c><00:01:18.479><c> way.</c>

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making along the way.
 

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making along the way.
To<00:01:21.600><c> understand</c><00:01:21.840><c> the</c><00:01:22.080><c> need</c><00:01:22.240><c> for</c><00:01:22.400><c> Uklid,</c><00:01:23.280><c> we'll</c>

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To understand the need for Uklid, we'll
 

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To understand the need for Uklid, we'll
first<00:01:23.840><c> need</c><00:01:24.000><c> to</c><00:01:24.240><c> start</c><00:01:24.495><c> [music]</c><00:01:24.640><c> by</c>

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first need to start [music] by
 

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first need to start [music] by
understanding<00:01:25.520><c> the</c><00:01:25.759><c> mystery</c><00:01:26.560><c> that</c><00:01:26.720><c> cosmology</c>

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understanding the mystery that cosmology
 

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understanding the mystery that cosmology
is<00:01:27.680><c> facing.</c>

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is facing.
 

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is facing.
Understanding<00:01:29.920><c> the</c><00:01:30.159><c> structure</c><00:01:30.479><c> of</c><00:01:30.720><c> this</c>

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Understanding the structure of this
 

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Understanding the structure of this
universe<00:01:31.439><c> is</c><00:01:31.680><c> something</c><00:01:31.700><c> [music]</c><00:01:32.000><c> we</c><00:01:32.400><c> only</c>

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universe is something [music] we only
 

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universe is something [music] we only
really<00:01:33.200><c> began</c><00:01:33.520><c> to</c><00:01:33.680><c> do</c><00:01:33.840><c> in</c><00:01:34.079><c> the</c><00:01:34.240><c> last</c><00:01:34.479><c> 100</c><00:01:34.960><c> years</c>

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really began to do in the last 100 years
 

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really began to do in the last 100 years
or<00:01:35.439><c> so.</c><00:01:36.159><c> We</c><00:01:36.400><c> had</c><00:01:36.560><c> plenty</c><00:01:36.880><c> of</c><00:01:37.040><c> understanding</c><00:01:37.439><c> of</c>

01:30.520 --> 01:30.530 align:start position:0%
or so. We had plenty of understanding of
 

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or so. We had plenty of understanding of
stars<00:01:38.079><c> before</c><00:01:38.320><c> that</c><00:01:38.560><c> point,</c><00:01:39.119><c> but</c><00:01:39.280><c> it</c><00:01:39.520><c> was</c><00:01:39.680><c> yet</c>

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stars before that point, but it was yet
 

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stars before that point, but it was yet
to<00:01:40.079><c> be</c><00:01:40.159><c> discovered</c><00:01:40.880><c> how</c><00:01:41.200><c> far</c><00:01:41.439><c> away</c><00:01:41.759><c> some</c><00:01:42.000><c> of</c>

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to be discovered how far away some of
 

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to be discovered how far away some of
those<00:01:42.320><c> stars</c><00:01:42.799><c> actually</c><00:01:43.200><c> were.</c><00:01:44.159><c> Scientists</c>

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those stars actually were. Scientists
 

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those stars actually were. Scientists
before<00:01:45.040><c> then</c><00:01:45.439><c> largely</c><00:01:45.920><c> believed</c><00:01:46.240><c> that</c><00:01:46.399><c> the</c>

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before then largely believed that the
 

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before then largely believed that the
universe<00:01:46.960><c> was</c><00:01:47.200><c> just</c><00:01:47.439><c> a</c><00:01:47.680><c> single</c><00:01:48.079><c> galaxy</c><00:01:48.880><c> filled</c>

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universe was just a single galaxy filled
 

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universe was just a single galaxy filled
with<00:01:49.439><c> stars.</c><00:01:50.640><c> Although</c><00:01:51.040><c> some</c><00:01:51.280><c> astronomers</c>

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with stars. Although some astronomers
 

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with stars. Although some astronomers
began<00:01:52.159><c> to</c><00:01:52.320><c> spot</c><00:01:52.640><c> little</c><00:01:52.960><c> fuzzy</c><00:01:53.439><c> patches,</c>

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began to spot little fuzzy patches,
 

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began to spot little fuzzy patches,
actually<00:01:54.880><c> galaxies,</c><00:01:55.680><c> in</c><00:01:55.840><c> the</c><00:01:56.000><c> sky</c><00:01:56.560><c> and</c>

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actually galaxies, in the sky and
 

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actually galaxies, in the sky and
postulated<00:01:57.439><c> them</c><00:01:57.600><c> to</c><00:01:57.840><c> be</c><00:01:58.079><c> island</c><00:01:58.560><c> universes</c>

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postulated them to be island universes
 

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postulated them to be island universes
external<00:01:59.920><c> to</c><00:02:00.079><c> our</c><00:02:00.399><c> own,</c><00:02:01.119><c> nothing</c><00:02:01.439><c> was</c><00:02:01.759><c> proven</c>

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external to our own, nothing was proven
 

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external to our own, nothing was proven
until<00:02:02.560><c> the</c><00:02:02.799><c> 1920s</c><00:02:03.759><c> when</c><00:02:04.079><c> American</c><00:02:04.560><c> astronomer</c>

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until the 1920s when American astronomer
 

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until the 1920s when American astronomer
Edwin<00:02:05.680><c> Hubble</c><00:02:06.320><c> began</c><00:02:06.719><c> studying</c><00:02:07.119><c> one</c><00:02:07.439><c> such</c>

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Edwin Hubble began studying one such
 

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Edwin Hubble began studying one such
object<00:02:08.080><c> for</c><00:02:08.319><c> himself.</c><00:02:09.759><c> While</c><00:02:10.080><c> studying</c><00:02:10.399><c> what</c>

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object for himself. While studying what
 

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object for himself. While studying what
we<00:02:10.879><c> now</c><00:02:11.200><c> call</c><00:02:11.360><c> the</c><00:02:11.599><c> Andromeda</c><00:02:12.239><c> galaxy</c><00:02:12.800><c> in</c>

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we now call the Andromeda galaxy in
 

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we now call the Andromeda galaxy in
1923,<00:02:14.480><c> Hubble</c><00:02:14.959><c> realized</c><00:02:15.360><c> that</c><00:02:15.680><c> one</c><00:02:15.920><c> of</c><00:02:16.080><c> the</c>

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1923, Hubble realized that one of the
 

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1923, Hubble realized that one of the
stars<00:02:16.560><c> he</c><00:02:16.879><c> was</c><00:02:17.040><c> looking</c><00:02:17.200><c> at</c><00:02:17.440><c> was</c><00:02:17.599><c> a</c><00:02:17.760><c> sephiid</c>

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stars he was looking at was a sephiid
 

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stars he was looking at was a sephiid
variable<00:02:18.959><c> star,</c><00:02:19.680><c> a</c><00:02:19.920><c> type</c><00:02:20.080><c> of</c><00:02:20.239><c> star</c><00:02:20.480><c> that</c>

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variable star, a type of star that
 

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variable star, a type of star that
blinks<00:02:20.826><c> [music]</c>

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blinks [music]
 

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blinks [music]
brighter<00:02:21.760><c> and</c><00:02:22.000><c> dimmer</c><00:02:22.400><c> over</c><00:02:22.640><c> the</c><00:02:22.879><c> course</c><00:02:23.040><c> of</c>

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brighter and dimmer over the course of
 

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brighter and dimmer over the course of
weeks.<00:02:24.400><c> Importantly,</c><00:02:25.200><c> it</c><00:02:25.360><c> had</c><00:02:25.599><c> been</c><00:02:25.760><c> proven</c>

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weeks. Importantly, it had been proven
 

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weeks. Importantly, it had been proven
that<00:02:26.239><c> these</c><00:02:26.480><c> stars</c><00:02:26.879><c> periods</c><00:02:27.280><c> were</c><00:02:27.440><c> linked</c><00:02:27.680><c> to</c>

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that these stars periods were linked to
 

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that these stars periods were linked to
their<00:02:28.000><c> luminosity.</c><00:02:29.280><c> So,</c><00:02:29.599><c> by</c><00:02:29.840><c> measuring</c><00:02:30.239><c> how</c>

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their luminosity. So, by measuring how
 

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their luminosity. So, by measuring how
regularly<00:02:31.120><c> the</c><00:02:31.360><c> star</c><00:02:31.680><c> brightened</c><00:02:32.160><c> and</c>

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regularly the star brightened and
 

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regularly the star brightened and
dimmed,<00:02:33.120><c> Hubble</c><00:02:33.599><c> could</c><00:02:33.760><c> calculate</c><00:02:34.400><c> how</c>

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dimmed, Hubble could calculate how
 

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dimmed, Hubble could calculate how
bright<00:02:34.879><c> the</c><00:02:35.040><c> star</c><00:02:35.440><c> should</c><00:02:35.840><c> have</c><00:02:36.080><c> been.</c><00:02:37.120><c> By</c>

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bright the star should have been. By
 

02:30.290 --> 02:32.359 align:start position:0%
bright the star should have been. By
comparing<00:02:37.840><c> that</c><00:02:38.080><c> to</c><00:02:38.319><c> how</c><00:02:38.560><c> bright</c><00:02:38.800><c> it</c><00:02:39.040><c> actually</c>

02:32.359 --> 02:32.369 align:start position:0%
comparing that to how bright it actually
 

02:32.369 --> 02:34.840 align:start position:0%
comparing that to how bright it actually
was,<00:02:40.239><c> he</c><00:02:40.480><c> could</c><00:02:40.640><c> mathematically</c><00:02:41.519><c> calculate</c>

02:34.840 --> 02:34.850 align:start position:0%
was, he could mathematically calculate
 

02:34.850 --> 02:37.560 align:start position:0%
was, he could mathematically calculate
how<00:02:42.239><c> far</c><00:02:42.560><c> away</c><00:02:42.800><c> it</c><00:02:43.040><c> was.</c><00:02:43.840><c> Sort</c><00:02:44.080><c> of</c><00:02:44.160><c> like</c><00:02:44.400><c> how</c>

02:37.560 --> 02:37.570 align:start position:0%
how far away it was. Sort of like how
 

02:37.570 --> 02:38.840 align:start position:0%
how far away it was. Sort of like how
knowing<00:02:44.959><c> that</c><00:02:45.200><c> a</c><00:02:45.360><c> candle</c><00:02:45.716><c> [music]</c><00:02:45.760><c> that's</c>

02:38.840 --> 02:38.850 align:start position:0%
knowing that a candle [music] that's
 

02:38.850 --> 02:40.920 align:start position:0%
knowing that a candle [music] that's
further<00:02:46.400><c> away</c><00:02:46.560><c> from</c><00:02:46.800><c> you</c><00:02:47.040><c> is</c><00:02:47.280><c> dimmer</c><00:02:47.680><c> than</c><00:02:47.920><c> one</c>

02:40.920 --> 02:40.930 align:start position:0%
further away from you is dimmer than one
 

02:40.930 --> 02:43.719 align:start position:0%
further away from you is dimmer than one
that's<00:02:48.319><c> close</c><00:02:48.560><c> by.</c><00:02:49.760><c> Suddenly,</c><00:02:50.319><c> he</c><00:02:50.560><c> had</c><00:02:50.720><c> a</c>

02:43.719 --> 02:43.729 align:start position:0%
that's close by. Suddenly, he had a
 

02:43.729 --> 02:45.719 align:start position:0%
that's close by. Suddenly, he had a
ruler<00:02:51.360><c> with</c><00:02:51.680><c> which</c><00:02:51.920><c> he</c><00:02:52.160><c> could</c><00:02:52.319><c> measure</c><00:02:52.640><c> the</c>

02:45.719 --> 02:45.729 align:start position:0%
ruler with which he could measure the
 

02:45.729 --> 02:48.760 align:start position:0%
ruler with which he could measure the
universe.<00:02:54.160><c> And</c><00:02:54.480><c> what</c><00:02:54.720><c> he</c><00:02:54.959><c> found</c><00:02:55.360><c> surprised</c>

02:48.760 --> 02:48.770 align:start position:0%
universe. And what he found surprised
 

02:48.770 --> 02:51.799 align:start position:0%
universe. And what he found surprised
him.<00:02:56.879><c> The</c><00:02:57.120><c> star</c><00:02:57.360><c> he</c><00:02:57.599><c> was</c><00:02:57.760><c> examining</c><00:02:58.239><c> was</c><00:02:58.640><c> so</c>

02:51.799 --> 02:51.809 align:start position:0%
him. The star he was examining was so
 

02:51.809 --> 02:54.999 align:start position:0%
him. The star he was examining was so
far<00:02:59.360><c> away,</c><00:03:00.080><c> it</c><00:03:00.400><c> had</c><00:03:00.720><c> to</c><00:03:00.959><c> exist</c><00:03:01.440><c> outside</c><00:03:01.840><c> our</c>

02:54.999 --> 02:55.009 align:start position:0%
far away, it had to exist outside our
 

02:55.009 --> 02:57.640 align:start position:0%
far away, it had to exist outside our
galaxy.<00:03:03.280><c> Today,</c><00:03:03.680><c> we</c><00:03:04.000><c> take</c><00:03:04.239><c> images</c><00:03:04.640><c> of</c>

02:57.640 --> 02:57.650 align:start position:0%
galaxy. Today, we take images of
 

02:57.650 --> 03:00.439 align:start position:0%
galaxy. Today, we take images of
Andromeda<00:03:05.599><c> and</c><00:03:06.000><c> the</c><00:03:06.239><c> rest</c><00:03:06.400><c> of</c><00:03:06.480><c> the</c><00:03:06.640><c> cosmos</c><00:03:07.280><c> for</c>

03:00.439 --> 03:00.449 align:start position:0%
Andromeda and the rest of the cosmos for
 

03:00.449 --> 03:02.280 align:start position:0%
Andromeda and the rest of the cosmos for
granted.<00:03:08.159><c> With</c><00:03:08.400><c> a</c><00:03:08.560><c> quick</c><00:03:08.800><c> internet</c><00:03:09.120><c> search,</c>

03:02.280 --> 03:02.290 align:start position:0%
granted. With a quick internet search,
 

03:02.290 --> 03:03.880 align:start position:0%
granted. With a quick internet search,
you<00:03:09.680><c> can</c><00:03:09.760><c> find</c><00:03:09.920><c> a</c><00:03:10.159><c> picture</c><00:03:10.400><c> of</c><00:03:10.640><c> almost</c>

03:03.880 --> 03:03.890 align:start position:0%
you can find a picture of almost
 

03:03.890 --> 03:05.960 align:start position:0%
you can find a picture of almost
anything<00:03:11.440><c> out</c><00:03:11.680><c> there.</c><00:03:12.400><c> But</c><00:03:12.480><c> for</c><00:03:12.720><c> much</c><00:03:12.959><c> of</c>

03:03.890 --> 03:05.800 align:start position:0%
hands on one before they sell out. For
now,<00:04:02.400><c> though,</c><00:04:02.799><c> let's</c><00:04:03.120><c> look</c><00:04:03.280><c> at</c><00:04:03.439><c> how</c><00:04:03.760><c> Hubble's</c>

03:05.549 --> 03:05.559 align:start position:0%
now, though, let's look at how Hubble's
 

03:05.559 --> 03:07.230 align:start position:0%
now, though, let's look at how Hubble's
Andromeda<00:04:04.799><c> images</c><00:04:05.280><c> changed</c><00:04:05.599><c> the</c><00:04:05.627><c> [music]</c>

03:07.230 --> 03:07.240 align:start position:0%
Andromeda images changed the [music]
 

03:07.240 --> 03:09.470 align:start position:0%
Andromeda images changed the [music]
face<00:04:06.080><c> of</c><00:04:06.239><c> cosmology</c><00:04:06.959><c> with</c><00:04:07.120><c> the</c><00:04:07.360><c> revelation</c>

03:09.470 --> 03:09.480 align:start position:0%
face of cosmology with the revelation
 

03:09.480 --> 03:13.150 align:start position:0%
face of cosmology with the revelation
that<00:04:08.319><c> Andromeda</c><00:04:09.120><c> was</c><00:04:09.360><c> another</c><00:04:09.680><c> galaxy.</c>

03:13.150 --> 03:13.160 align:start position:0%
that Andromeda was another galaxy.
 

03:13.160 --> 03:16.030 align:start position:0%
that Andromeda was another galaxy.
This<00:04:12.239><c> opened</c><00:04:12.640><c> up</c><00:04:12.879><c> our</c><00:04:13.280><c> understanding,</c><00:04:14.239><c> but</c><00:04:14.480><c> it</c>

03:16.030 --> 03:16.040 align:start position:0%
This opened up our understanding, but it
 

03:16.040 --> 03:17.710 align:start position:0%
This opened up our understanding, but it
wasn't<00:04:14.879><c> long</c><00:04:15.040><c> before</c><00:04:15.439><c> another</c><00:04:15.840><c> surprise</c>

03:17.710 --> 03:17.720 align:start position:0%
wasn't long before another surprise
 

03:17.720 --> 03:19.950 align:start position:0%
wasn't long before another surprise
arrived.<00:04:16.762><c> [music]</c><00:04:17.120><c> Hubble</c><00:04:17.519><c> noticed</c><00:04:18.079><c> another</c>

03:19.950 --> 03:19.960 align:start position:0%
arrived. [music] Hubble noticed another
 

03:19.960 --> 03:22.909 align:start position:0%
arrived. [music] Hubble noticed another
strange<00:04:18.959><c> fact.</c><00:04:19.759><c> He</c><00:04:20.079><c> was</c><00:04:20.239><c> able</c><00:04:20.479><c> to</c><00:04:20.720><c> see</c><00:04:21.120><c> an</c>

03:22.909 --> 03:22.919 align:start position:0%
strange fact. He was able to see an
 

03:22.919 --> 03:25.950 align:start position:0%
strange fact. He was able to see an
expanding<00:04:22.320><c> universe.</c><00:04:23.680><c> It</c><00:04:23.919><c> felt</c><00:04:24.160><c> like</c><00:04:24.320><c> an</c>

03:25.950 --> 03:25.960 align:start position:0%
expanding universe. It felt like an
 

03:25.960 --> 03:28.430 align:start position:0%
expanding universe. It felt like an
affront,<00:04:25.360><c> a</c><00:04:25.680><c> universe</c><00:04:26.160><c> almost</c><00:04:26.560><c> like</c><00:04:26.800><c> a</c>

03:28.430 --> 03:28.440 align:start position:0%
affront, a universe almost like a
 

03:28.440 --> 03:31.710 align:start position:0%
affront, a universe almost like a
mobile,<00:04:27.680><c> dynamic,</c><00:04:28.560><c> organic,</c><00:04:29.280><c> an</c><00:04:29.600><c> expanding</c>

03:31.710 --> 03:31.720 align:start position:0%
mobile, dynamic, organic, an expanding
 

03:31.720 --> 03:34.670 align:start position:0%
mobile, dynamic, organic, an expanding
entity.<00:04:31.520><c> It</c><00:04:31.759><c> was</c><00:04:31.840><c> an</c><00:04:32.080><c> observation</c><00:04:32.800><c> so</c>

03:34.670 --> 03:34.680 align:start position:0%
entity. It was an observation so
 

03:34.680 --> 03:37.148 align:start position:0%
entity. It was an observation so
disturbing<00:04:34.080><c> that</c><00:04:34.320><c> even</c><00:04:34.720><c> Einstein</c><00:04:35.360><c> refused</c>

03:37.148 --> 03:37.158 align:start position:0%
disturbing that even Einstein refused
 

03:37.158 --> 03:39.230 align:start position:0%
disturbing that even Einstein refused
[music]<00:04:35.840><c> to</c><00:04:36.000><c> accept</c><00:04:36.320><c> it.</c><00:04:37.199><c> The</c><00:04:37.440><c> German</c>

03:39.230 --> 03:39.240 align:start position:0%
[music] to accept it. The German
 

03:39.240 --> 03:41.630 align:start position:0%
[music] to accept it. The German
theoretical<00:04:38.479><c> physicist</c><00:04:39.199><c> had</c><00:04:39.520><c> just</c><00:04:39.759><c> shaken</c>

03:41.630 --> 03:41.640 align:start position:0%
theoretical physicist had just shaken
 

03:41.640 --> 03:43.390 align:start position:0%
theoretical physicist had just shaken
the<00:04:40.560><c> structures</c><00:04:41.040><c> of</c><00:04:41.199><c> the</c><00:04:41.440><c> scientific</c>

03:43.390 --> 03:43.400 align:start position:0%
the structures of the scientific
 

03:43.400 --> 03:46.510 align:start position:0%
the structures of the scientific
foundation<00:04:42.800><c> by</c><00:04:43.120><c> proposing</c><00:04:43.759><c> an</c><00:04:44.080><c> unimaginable</c>

03:46.510 --> 03:46.520 align:start position:0%
foundation by proposing an unimaginable
 

03:46.520 --> 03:48.670 align:start position:0%
foundation by proposing an unimaginable
transformation<00:04:45.759><c> to</c><00:04:46.000><c> our</c><00:04:46.240><c> old</c><00:04:46.479><c> notions</c><00:04:46.880><c> about</c>

03:48.670 --> 03:48.680 align:start position:0%
transformation to our old notions about
 

03:48.680 --> 03:51.630 align:start position:0%
transformation to our old notions about
space<00:04:47.548><c> [music]</c><00:04:47.680><c> and</c><00:04:48.000><c> time.</c><00:04:48.960><c> And</c><00:04:49.199><c> even</c><00:04:49.440><c> then</c><00:04:49.919><c> he</c>

03:51.630 --> 03:51.640 align:start position:0%
space [music] and time. And even then he
 

03:51.640 --> 03:53.470 align:start position:0%
space [music] and time. And even then he
could<00:04:50.400><c> not</c><00:04:50.639><c> accept</c><00:04:51.040><c> that</c><00:04:51.199><c> the</c><00:04:51.520><c> entire</c>

03:53.470 --> 03:53.480 align:start position:0%
could not accept that the entire
 

03:53.480 --> 03:55.550 align:start position:0%
could not accept that the entire
universe<00:04:52.560><c> was</c><00:04:52.880><c> something</c><00:04:53.280><c> dynamic</c><00:04:53.840><c> and</c>

03:55.550 --> 03:55.560 align:start position:0%
universe was something dynamic and
 

03:55.560 --> 03:58.589 align:start position:0%
universe was something dynamic and
changeable.<00:04:55.360><c> In</c><00:04:55.600><c> fact,</c><00:04:56.000><c> he</c><00:04:56.320><c> was</c><00:04:56.560><c> so</c><00:04:56.880><c> convinced</c>

03:58.589 --> 03:58.599 align:start position:0%
changeable. In fact, he was so convinced
 

03:58.599 --> 04:01.230 align:start position:0%
changeable. In fact, he was so convinced
that<00:04:57.440><c> our</c><00:04:57.759><c> universe</c><00:04:58.160><c> was</c><00:04:58.320><c> a</c><00:04:58.560><c> static</c><00:04:58.960><c> entity,</c>

04:01.230 --> 04:01.240 align:start position:0%
that our universe was a static entity,
 

04:01.240 --> 04:03.630 align:start position:0%
that our universe was a static entity,
Einstein<00:05:00.400><c> set</c><00:05:00.639><c> out</c><00:05:00.800><c> to</c><00:05:01.040><c> modify</c><00:05:01.520><c> his</c><00:05:01.840><c> original</c>

04:03.630 --> 04:03.640 align:start position:0%
Einstein set out to modify his original
 

04:03.640 --> 04:05.710 align:start position:0%
Einstein set out to modify his original
equations<00:05:02.960><c> by</c><00:05:03.268><c> [music]</c><00:05:03.280><c> adding</c><00:05:03.680><c> an</c><00:05:04.000><c> extra</c>

04:05.710 --> 04:05.720 align:start position:0%
equations by [music] adding an extra
 

04:05.720 --> 04:07.869 align:start position:0%
equations by [music] adding an extra
element<00:05:04.720><c> to</c><00:05:05.040><c> stabilize</c><00:05:05.520><c> the</c><00:05:05.759><c> mathematics</c><00:05:06.320><c> of</c>

04:07.869 --> 04:07.879 align:start position:0%
element to stabilize the mathematics of
 

04:07.879 --> 04:10.350 align:start position:0%
element to stabilize the mathematics of
the<00:05:06.639><c> universe.</c><00:05:07.600><c> This</c><00:05:07.840><c> addition</c><00:05:08.320><c> was</c><00:05:08.639><c> called</c>

04:10.350 --> 04:10.360 align:start position:0%
the universe. This addition was called
 

04:10.360 --> 04:13.070 align:start position:0%
the universe. This addition was called
the<00:05:09.199><c> cosmological</c><00:05:10.160><c> constant.</c>

04:13.070 --> 04:13.080 align:start position:0%
the cosmological constant.
 

04:13.080 --> 04:15.309 align:start position:0%
the cosmological constant.
For<00:05:11.919><c> Einstein,</c><00:05:12.800><c> the</c><00:05:13.039><c> idea</c><00:05:13.199><c> that</c><00:05:13.440><c> the</c><00:05:13.600><c> universe</c>

04:15.309 --> 04:15.319 align:start position:0%
For Einstein, the idea that the universe
 

04:15.319 --> 04:18.190 align:start position:0%
For Einstein, the idea that the universe
was<00:05:14.160><c> expanding</c><00:05:14.720><c> was</c><00:05:15.039><c> so</c><00:05:15.360><c> distasteful</c><00:05:16.320><c> that</c><00:05:16.560><c> he</c>

04:18.190 --> 04:18.200 align:start position:0%
was expanding was so distasteful that he
 

04:18.200 --> 04:19.869 align:start position:0%
was expanding was so distasteful that he
initially<00:05:17.280><c> couldn't</c><00:05:17.600><c> bring</c><00:05:17.919><c> himself</c><00:05:18.240><c> to</c>

04:19.869 --> 04:19.879 align:start position:0%
initially couldn't bring himself to
 

04:19.879 --> 04:23.230 align:start position:0%
initially couldn't bring himself to
accept<00:05:18.720><c> it.</c><00:05:19.520><c> And</c><00:05:19.759><c> yet,</c><00:05:20.400><c> time</c><00:05:21.039><c> and</c><00:05:21.360><c> Edwin</c>

04:23.230 --> 04:23.240 align:start position:0%
accept it. And yet, time and Edwin
 

04:23.240 --> 04:25.869 align:start position:0%
accept it. And yet, time and Edwin
Hubble<00:05:22.479><c> proved</c><00:05:22.800><c> his</c><00:05:23.039><c> static</c><00:05:23.360><c> model</c><00:05:23.680><c> wrong,</c>

04:25.869 --> 04:25.879 align:start position:0%
Hubble proved his static model wrong,
 

04:25.879 --> 04:27.869 align:start position:0%
Hubble proved his static model wrong,
making<00:05:24.800><c> a</c><00:05:25.039><c> cosmological</c><00:05:26.000><c> constant</c>

04:27.869 --> 04:27.879 align:start position:0%
making a cosmological constant
 

04:27.879 --> 04:29.550 align:start position:0%
making a cosmological constant
unnecessary.

04:29.550 --> 04:29.560 align:start position:0%
unnecessary.
 

04:29.560 --> 04:31.869 align:start position:0%
unnecessary.
There<00:05:28.320><c> is</c><00:05:28.479><c> an</c><00:05:28.720><c> effect</c><00:05:29.120><c> known</c><00:05:29.440><c> as</c><00:05:29.680><c> the</c><00:05:29.919><c> Doppler</c>

04:31.869 --> 04:31.879 align:start position:0%
There is an effect known as the Doppler
 

04:31.879 --> 04:34.350 align:start position:0%
There is an effect known as the Doppler
effect<00:05:31.280><c> that</c><00:05:31.600><c> says</c><00:05:31.840><c> that</c><00:05:32.000><c> the</c><00:05:32.240><c> wavelength</c><00:05:32.720><c> of</c>

04:34.350 --> 04:34.360 align:start position:0%
effect that says that the wavelength of
 

04:34.360 --> 04:37.390 align:start position:0%
effect that says that the wavelength of
radiation<00:05:33.919><c> stretches</c><00:05:34.639><c> if</c><00:05:34.960><c> its</c><00:05:35.199><c> origin</c><00:05:35.680><c> is</c>

04:37.390 --> 04:37.400 align:start position:0%
radiation stretches if its origin is
 

04:37.400 --> 04:39.869 align:start position:0%
radiation stretches if its origin is
moving<00:05:36.320><c> away</c><00:05:36.639><c> from</c><00:05:36.880><c> you</c><00:05:37.280><c> and</c><00:05:37.600><c> compresses</c><00:05:38.240><c> if</c>

04:39.869 --> 04:39.879 align:start position:0%
moving away from you and compresses if
 

04:39.879 --> 04:42.750 align:start position:0%
moving away from you and compresses if
it's<00:05:38.720><c> moving</c><00:05:39.039><c> towards</c><00:05:39.520><c> you.</c><00:05:40.639><c> Because</c><00:05:40.960><c> Hubble</c>

04:42.750 --> 04:42.760 align:start position:0%
it's moving towards you. Because Hubble
 

04:42.760 --> 04:44.510 align:start position:0%
it's moving towards you. Because Hubble
knew<00:05:41.600><c> what</c><00:05:41.840><c> frequencies</c><00:05:42.400><c> the</c><00:05:42.720><c> light</c><00:05:42.880><c> from</c>

04:44.510 --> 04:44.520 align:start position:0%
knew what frequencies the light from
 

04:44.520 --> 04:46.830 align:start position:0%
knew what frequencies the light from
these<00:05:43.360><c> galaxies</c><00:05:44.080><c> ought</c><00:05:44.160><c> to</c><00:05:44.320><c> be</c><00:05:44.479><c> arriving</c><00:05:44.880><c> at,</c>

04:46.830 --> 04:46.840 align:start position:0%
these galaxies ought to be arriving at,
 

04:46.840 --> 04:48.589 align:start position:0%
these galaxies ought to be arriving at,
he<00:05:45.680><c> could</c><00:05:45.840><c> calculate</c><00:05:46.320><c> their</c><00:05:46.639><c> direction</c><00:05:46.960><c> of</c>

04:48.589 --> 04:48.599 align:start position:0%
he could calculate their direction of
 

04:48.599 --> 04:51.710 align:start position:0%
he could calculate their direction of
travel<00:05:47.680><c> using</c><00:05:48.000><c> this</c><00:05:48.240><c> Doppler</c><00:05:48.720><c> effect.</c><00:05:49.840><c> And</c><00:05:50.080><c> he</c>

04:51.710 --> 04:51.720 align:start position:0%
travel using this Doppler effect. And he
 

04:51.720 --> 04:53.950 align:start position:0%
travel using this Doppler effect. And he
discovered<00:05:50.800><c> that</c><00:05:51.199><c> all</c><00:05:51.440><c> the</c><00:05:51.680><c> galaxies</c><00:05:52.160><c> in</c><00:05:52.400><c> the</c>

04:53.950 --> 04:53.960 align:start position:0%
discovered that all the galaxies in the
 

04:53.960 --> 04:57.550 align:start position:0%
discovered that all the galaxies in the
universe<00:05:53.120><c> were</c><00:05:53.440><c> moving</c><00:05:53.919><c> away</c><00:05:54.320><c> from</c><00:05:54.479><c> us.</c><00:05:55.919><c> It</c>

04:57.550 --> 04:57.560 align:start position:0%
universe were moving away from us. It
 

04:57.560 --> 04:59.470 align:start position:0%
universe were moving away from us. It
wasn't<00:05:56.479><c> long</c><00:05:56.720><c> before</c><00:05:57.120><c> scientists</c><00:05:57.680><c> realized</c>

04:59.470 --> 04:59.480 align:start position:0%
wasn't long before scientists realized
 

04:59.480 --> 05:01.309 align:start position:0%
wasn't long before scientists realized
that<00:05:58.320><c> if</c><00:05:58.560><c> they</c><00:05:58.800><c> were</c><00:05:58.960><c> moving</c><00:05:59.199><c> away</c><00:05:59.440><c> from</c><00:05:59.680><c> us</c>

05:01.309 --> 05:01.319 align:start position:0%
that if they were moving away from us
 

05:01.319 --> 05:04.029 align:start position:0%
that if they were moving away from us
now,<00:06:00.479><c> they</c><00:06:00.720><c> must</c><00:06:00.960><c> have</c><00:06:01.199><c> once</c><00:06:01.759><c> been</c><00:06:02.000><c> a</c><00:06:02.320><c> whole</c>

05:04.029 --> 05:04.039 align:start position:0%
now, they must have once been a whole
 

05:04.039 --> 05:06.029 align:start position:0%
now, they must have once been a whole
lot<00:06:02.880><c> closer.</c>

05:06.029 --> 05:06.039 align:start position:0%
lot closer.
 

05:06.039 --> 05:10.270 align:start position:0%
lot closer.
The<00:06:04.880><c> theory</c><00:06:05.280><c> of</c><00:06:05.520><c> the</c><00:06:05.759><c> Big</c><00:06:06.080><c> Bang</c><00:06:06.639><c> was</c><00:06:06.880><c> born.</c>

05:10.270 --> 05:10.280 align:start position:0%
The theory of the Big Bang was born.
 

05:10.280 --> 05:12.110 align:start position:0%
The theory of the Big Bang was born.
But<00:06:09.120><c> another</c><00:06:09.520><c> strange</c><00:06:09.919><c> fact</c><00:06:10.240><c> troubled</c>

05:12.110 --> 05:12.120 align:start position:0%
But another strange fact troubled
 

05:12.120 --> 05:14.589 align:start position:0%
But another strange fact troubled
scientists,<00:06:11.919><c> one</c><00:06:12.080><c> that</c><00:06:12.319><c> the</c><00:06:12.560><c> Big</c><00:06:12.800><c> Bang</c>

05:14.589 --> 05:14.599 align:start position:0%
scientists, one that the Big Bang
 

05:14.599 --> 05:17.390 align:start position:0%
scientists, one that the Big Bang
couldn't<00:06:13.600><c> quite</c><00:06:14.000><c> account</c><00:06:14.240><c> for.</c><00:06:15.360><c> It</c><00:06:15.680><c> wasn't</c>

05:17.390 --> 05:17.400 align:start position:0%
couldn't quite account for. It wasn't
 

05:17.400 --> 05:19.230 align:start position:0%
couldn't quite account for. It wasn't
just<00:06:16.240><c> that</c><00:06:16.400><c> the</c><00:06:16.560><c> galaxies</c><00:06:17.039><c> were</c><00:06:17.280><c> moving</c><00:06:17.600><c> away</c>

05:19.230 --> 05:19.240 align:start position:0%
just that the galaxies were moving away
 

05:19.240 --> 05:22.110 align:start position:0%
just that the galaxies were moving away
from<00:06:18.000><c> us.</c><00:06:18.800><c> They</c><00:06:19.039><c> were</c><00:06:19.600><c> accelerating</c><00:06:20.479><c> away</c>

05:22.110 --> 05:22.120 align:start position:0%
from us. They were accelerating away
 

05:22.120 --> 05:24.350 align:start position:0%
from us. They were accelerating away
from<00:06:20.960><c> us.</c><00:06:21.520><c> The</c><00:06:21.759><c> further</c><00:06:22.080><c> away</c><00:06:22.319><c> from</c><00:06:22.479><c> us</c><00:06:22.720><c> they</c>

05:24.350 --> 05:24.360 align:start position:0%
from us. The further away from us they
 

05:24.360 --> 05:27.709 align:start position:0%
from us. The further away from us they
were,<00:06:23.520><c> the</c><00:06:23.759><c> faster</c><00:06:24.240><c> they</c><00:06:24.560><c> were</c><00:06:24.800><c> moving.</c><00:06:26.000><c> And</c>

05:27.709 --> 05:27.719 align:start position:0%
were, the faster they were moving. And
 

05:27.719 --> 05:30.510 align:start position:0%
were, the faster they were moving. And
acceleration<00:06:27.120><c> requires</c><00:06:27.600><c> energy.</c><00:06:28.639><c> Where</c><00:06:28.960><c> was</c>

05:30.510 --> 05:30.520 align:start position:0%
acceleration requires energy. Where was
 

05:30.520 --> 05:32.910 align:start position:0%
acceleration requires energy. Where was
this<00:06:29.360><c> energy</c><00:06:29.759><c> coming</c><00:06:30.000><c> from?</c><00:06:30.800><c> Nobody</c><00:06:31.280><c> seemed</c>

05:32.910 --> 05:32.920 align:start position:0%
this energy coming from? Nobody seemed
 

05:32.920 --> 05:35.309 align:start position:0%
this energy coming from? Nobody seemed
to<00:06:31.680><c> know,</c><00:06:32.240><c> but</c><00:06:32.479><c> it</c><00:06:32.639><c> seemed</c><00:06:32.880><c> to</c><00:06:33.039><c> permeate</c>

05:35.309 --> 05:35.319 align:start position:0%
to know, but it seemed to permeate
 

05:35.319 --> 05:37.149 align:start position:0%
to know, but it seemed to permeate
everywhere.

05:37.149 --> 05:37.159 align:start position:0%
everywhere.
 

05:37.159 --> 05:39.309 align:start position:0%
everywhere.
To<00:06:36.000><c> fill</c><00:06:36.240><c> this</c><00:06:36.560><c> gap</c><00:06:36.800><c> in</c><00:06:37.039><c> their</c><00:06:37.199><c> knowledge,</c>

05:39.309 --> 05:39.319 align:start position:0%
To fill this gap in their knowledge,
 

05:39.319 --> 05:41.790 align:start position:0%
To fill this gap in their knowledge,
scientists<00:06:38.400><c> came</c><00:06:38.639><c> up</c><00:06:38.800><c> with</c><00:06:38.960><c> the</c><00:06:39.199><c> idea</c><00:06:39.600><c> of</c><00:06:39.919><c> dark</c>

05:41.790 --> 05:41.800 align:start position:0%
scientists came up with the idea of dark
 

05:41.800 --> 05:43.869 align:start position:0%
scientists came up with the idea of dark
energy.

05:43.869 --> 05:43.879 align:start position:0%
energy.
 

05:43.879 --> 05:45.869 align:start position:0%
energy.
Applying<00:06:42.960><c> general</c><00:06:43.360><c> relativity</c><00:06:44.000><c> to</c><00:06:44.240><c> this</c>

05:45.869 --> 05:45.879 align:start position:0%
Applying general relativity to this
 

05:45.879 --> 05:48.270 align:start position:0%
Applying general relativity to this
expanding<00:06:45.120><c> model</c><00:06:45.520><c> universe</c><00:06:46.160><c> and</c><00:06:46.479><c> comparing</c>

05:48.270 --> 05:48.280 align:start position:0%
expanding model universe and comparing
 

05:48.280 --> 05:50.670 align:start position:0%
expanding model universe and comparing
it<00:06:47.039><c> to</c><00:06:47.199><c> the</c><00:06:47.360><c> latest</c><00:06:47.759><c> observational</c><00:06:48.479><c> data,</c>

05:50.670 --> 05:50.680 align:start position:0%
it to the latest observational data,
 

05:50.680 --> 05:52.510 align:start position:0%
it to the latest observational data,
scientists<00:06:49.759><c> realized</c><00:06:50.240><c> that</c><00:06:50.479><c> the</c><00:06:50.720><c> particles</c>

05:52.510 --> 05:52.520 align:start position:0%
scientists realized that the particles
 

05:52.520 --> 05:55.550 align:start position:0%
scientists realized that the particles
we<00:06:51.440><c> could</c><00:06:51.680><c> see</c><00:06:52.160><c> known</c><00:06:52.400><c> as</c><00:06:52.639><c> bionic</c><00:06:53.199><c> matter</c><00:06:53.919><c> made</c>

05:55.550 --> 05:55.560 align:start position:0%
we could see known as bionic matter made
 

05:55.560 --> 05:59.309 align:start position:0%
we could see known as bionic matter made
up<00:06:54.400><c> only</c><00:06:54.960><c> 5%</c><00:06:55.680><c> of</c><00:06:55.840><c> the</c><00:06:56.080><c> universe.</c><00:06:57.440><c> Somewhere</c>

05:59.309 --> 05:59.319 align:start position:0%
up only 5% of the universe. Somewhere
 

05:59.319 --> 06:03.709 align:start position:0%
up only 5% of the universe. Somewhere
out<00:06:58.160><c> there</c><00:06:58.560><c> is</c><00:06:58.800><c> a</c><00:06:58.960><c> shortfall</c><00:06:59.599><c> of</c><00:07:00.080><c> 95%.</c>

06:03.709 --> 06:03.719 align:start position:0%
out there is a shortfall of 95%.
 

06:03.719 --> 06:05.869 align:start position:0%
out there is a shortfall of 95%.
It<00:07:02.560><c> was</c><00:07:02.639><c> the</c><00:07:02.880><c> only</c><00:07:03.039><c> thing</c><00:07:03.199><c> that</c><00:07:03.440><c> made</c><00:07:03.680><c> sense.</c>

06:05.869 --> 06:05.879 align:start position:0%
It was the only thing that made sense.
 

06:05.879 --> 06:08.670 align:start position:0%
It was the only thing that made sense.
matter<00:07:04.880><c> was</c><00:07:05.199><c> congregating</c><00:07:05.919><c> strangely,</c><00:07:06.880><c> as</c><00:07:07.039><c> if</c>

06:08.670 --> 06:08.680 align:start position:0%
matter was congregating strangely, as if
 

06:08.680 --> 06:10.830 align:start position:0%
matter was congregating strangely, as if
something<00:07:07.599><c> invisible</c><00:07:08.319><c> with</c><00:07:08.639><c> gravity</c><00:07:09.199><c> was</c>

06:10.830 --> 06:10.840 align:start position:0%
something invisible with gravity was
 

06:10.840 --> 06:13.550 align:start position:0%
something invisible with gravity was
pulling<00:07:09.759><c> it</c><00:07:10.000><c> closer</c><00:07:10.400><c> together.</c><00:07:11.599><c> Scientists</c>

06:13.550 --> 06:13.560 align:start position:0%
pulling it closer together. Scientists
 

06:13.560 --> 06:16.429 align:start position:0%
pulling it closer together. Scientists
called<00:07:12.479><c> this</c><00:07:12.720><c> substance</c><00:07:13.440><c> dark</c><00:07:13.840><c> matter</c><00:07:14.720><c> and</c>

06:16.429 --> 06:16.439 align:start position:0%
called this substance dark matter and
 

06:16.439 --> 06:20.510 align:start position:0%
called this substance dark matter and
attributed<00:07:15.599><c> to</c><00:07:15.840><c> it</c><00:07:16.560><c> 27%</c><00:07:17.759><c> of</c><00:07:18.000><c> that</c><00:07:18.400><c> mysterious</c>

06:20.510 --> 06:20.520 align:start position:0%
attributed to it 27% of that mysterious
 

06:20.520 --> 06:24.350 align:start position:0%
attributed to it 27% of that mysterious
95%<00:07:20.000><c> shortfall.</c><00:07:21.360><c> But</c><00:07:21.759><c> matter</c><00:07:22.160><c> was</c><00:07:22.400><c> also</c><00:07:22.720><c> being</c>

06:24.350 --> 06:24.360 align:start position:0%
95% shortfall. But matter was also being
 

06:24.360 --> 06:27.709 align:start position:0%
95% shortfall. But matter was also being
pushed<00:07:23.280><c> apart.</c><00:07:24.240><c> The</c><00:07:24.479><c> remaining</c><00:07:25.039><c> 68%</c><00:07:26.000><c> of</c><00:07:26.160><c> the</c>

06:27.709 --> 06:27.719 align:start position:0%
pushed apart. The remaining 68% of the
 

06:27.719 --> 06:29.869 align:start position:0%
pushed apart. The remaining 68% of the
universe<00:07:26.960><c> had</c><00:07:27.199><c> to</c><00:07:27.360><c> be</c><00:07:27.520><c> the</c><00:07:27.680><c> energy</c><00:07:28.080><c> that</c><00:07:28.319><c> was</c>

06:29.869 --> 06:29.879 align:start position:0%
universe had to be the energy that was
 

06:29.879 --> 06:32.830 align:start position:0%
universe had to be the energy that was
responsible<00:07:28.960><c> for</c><00:07:29.199><c> that.</c><00:07:30.160><c> Undetectable,</c>

06:32.830 --> 06:32.840 align:start position:0%
responsible for that. Undetectable,
 

06:32.840 --> 06:35.869 align:start position:0%
responsible for that. Undetectable,
invisible,<00:07:32.319><c> but</c><00:07:32.639><c> everywhere.</c><00:07:33.759><c> The</c><00:07:34.000><c> maths</c>

06:35.869 --> 06:35.879 align:start position:0%
invisible, but everywhere. The maths
 

06:35.879 --> 06:38.110 align:start position:0%
invisible, but everywhere. The maths
proved<00:07:34.880><c> it.</c>

06:38.110 --> 06:38.120 align:start position:0%
proved it.
 

06:38.120 --> 06:40.350 align:start position:0%
proved it.
There<00:07:37.039><c> are</c><00:07:37.280><c> a</c><00:07:37.599><c> few</c><00:07:38.000><c> different</c><00:07:38.319><c> ideas</c><00:07:38.720><c> about</c>

06:40.350 --> 06:40.360 align:start position:0%
There are a few different ideas about
 

06:40.360 --> 06:42.989 align:start position:0%
There are a few different ideas about
the<00:07:39.199><c> nature</c><00:07:39.440><c> of</c><00:07:39.599><c> this</c><00:07:39.840><c> energy.</c><00:07:40.800><c> For</c><00:07:41.039><c> starters,</c>

06:42.989 --> 06:42.999 align:start position:0%
the nature of this energy. For starters,
 

06:42.999 --> 06:45.309 align:start position:0%
the nature of this energy. For starters,
Einstein's<00:07:42.240><c> cosmological</c><00:07:42.960><c> constant</c><00:07:43.520><c> raised</c>

06:45.309 --> 06:45.319 align:start position:0%
Einstein's cosmological constant raised
 

06:45.319 --> 06:47.470 align:start position:0%
Einstein's cosmological constant raised
its<00:07:44.080><c> head</c><00:07:44.400><c> again,</c><00:07:45.120><c> this</c><00:07:45.280><c> time</c><00:07:45.520><c> with</c><00:07:45.680><c> a</c><00:07:45.840><c> new</c>

06:47.470 --> 06:47.480 align:start position:0%
its head again, this time with a new
 

06:47.480 --> 06:50.350 align:start position:0%
its head again, this time with a new
application.<00:07:47.360><c> Einstein</c><00:07:48.000><c> originally</c><00:07:48.560><c> came</c><00:07:48.800><c> up</c>

06:50.350 --> 06:50.360 align:start position:0%
application. Einstein originally came up
 

06:50.360 --> 06:52.429 align:start position:0%
application. Einstein originally came up
with<00:07:49.120><c> the</c><00:07:49.280><c> idea</c><00:07:49.520><c> of</c><00:07:49.680><c> such</c><00:07:49.919><c> a</c><00:07:50.080><c> constant</c><00:07:50.560><c> as</c><00:07:50.800><c> a</c>

06:52.429 --> 06:52.439 align:start position:0%
with the idea of such a constant as a
 

06:52.439 --> 06:55.149 align:start position:0%
with the idea of such a constant as a
way<00:07:51.199><c> of</c><00:07:51.520><c> perfectly</c><00:07:52.080><c> counteracting</c><00:07:52.800><c> gravity,</c>

06:55.149 --> 06:55.159 align:start position:0%
way of perfectly counteracting gravity,
 

06:55.159 --> 06:58.029 align:start position:0%
way of perfectly counteracting gravity,
a<00:07:54.000><c> push</c><00:07:54.319><c> to</c><00:07:54.560><c> balance</c><00:07:54.879><c> its</c><00:07:55.199><c> pull</c><00:07:55.840><c> to</c><00:07:56.080><c> ensure</c><00:07:56.400><c> the</c>

06:58.029 --> 06:58.039 align:start position:0%
a push to balance its pull to ensure the
 

06:58.039 --> 07:00.029 align:start position:0%
a push to balance its pull to ensure the
universe<00:07:57.039><c> neither</c><00:07:57.520><c> expanded</c><00:07:58.240><c> and</c>

07:00.029 --> 07:00.039 align:start position:0%
universe neither expanded and
 

07:00.039 --> 07:02.989 align:start position:0%
universe neither expanded and
contracted.<00:08:00.080><c> But</c><00:08:00.319><c> if</c><00:08:00.560><c> you</c><00:08:00.800><c> start</c><00:08:01.039><c> with</c><00:08:01.280><c> a</c>

07:02.989 --> 07:02.999 align:start position:0%
contracted. But if you start with a
 

07:02.999 --> 07:05.309 align:start position:0%
contracted. But if you start with a
bigger<00:08:01.919><c> cosmological</c><00:08:02.800><c> constant,</c><00:08:03.520><c> you'd</c><00:08:03.759><c> get</c>

07:05.309 --> 07:05.319 align:start position:0%
bigger cosmological constant, you'd get
 

07:05.319 --> 07:07.869 align:start position:0%
bigger cosmological constant, you'd get
a<00:08:04.080><c> universe</c><00:08:04.560><c> that</c><00:08:04.879><c> tipped</c><00:08:05.440><c> into</c><00:08:05.840><c> constantly</c>

07:07.869 --> 07:07.879 align:start position:0%
a universe that tipped into constantly
 

07:07.879 --> 07:10.029 align:start position:0%
a universe that tipped into constantly
accelerating<00:08:07.120><c> away</c><00:08:07.440><c> from</c><00:08:07.599><c> itself,</c><00:08:08.240><c> just</c><00:08:08.479><c> like</c>

07:10.029 --> 07:10.039 align:start position:0%
accelerating away from itself, just like
 

07:10.039 --> 07:12.350 align:start position:0%
accelerating away from itself, just like
we<00:08:08.800><c> see</c><00:08:08.960><c> in</c><00:08:09.199><c> real</c><00:08:09.440><c> life.</c><00:08:10.319><c> Einstein</c>

07:12.350 --> 07:12.360 align:start position:0%
we see in real life. Einstein
 

07:12.360 --> 07:15.230 align:start position:0%
we see in real life. Einstein
hypothesized<00:08:11.840><c> that</c><00:08:12.240><c> empty</c><00:08:12.639><c> space</c><00:08:13.120><c> might</c><00:08:13.440><c> not</c>

07:15.230 --> 07:15.240 align:start position:0%
hypothesized that empty space might not
 

07:15.240 --> 07:17.790 align:start position:0%
hypothesized that empty space might not
truly<00:08:14.240><c> be</c><00:08:14.560><c> nothing,</c><00:08:15.360><c> but</c><00:08:15.599><c> that</c><00:08:15.840><c> it</c><00:08:16.000><c> held</c>

07:17.790 --> 07:17.800 align:start position:0%
truly be nothing, but that it held
 

07:17.800 --> 07:21.230 align:start position:0%
truly be nothing, but that it held
energy<00:08:17.199><c> and</c><00:08:17.440><c> it</c><00:08:17.680><c> could</c><00:08:18.400><c> and</c><00:08:18.800><c> did</c><00:08:19.280><c> create</c><00:08:19.680><c> more</c>

07:21.230 --> 07:21.240 align:start position:0%
energy and it could and did create more
 

07:21.240 --> 07:24.190 align:start position:0%
energy and it could and did create more
of<00:08:20.080><c> itself.</c><00:08:21.360><c> This</c><00:08:21.599><c> creation</c><00:08:22.000><c> of</c><00:08:22.160><c> space</c><00:08:22.560><c> would</c>

07:24.190 --> 07:24.200 align:start position:0%
of itself. This creation of space would
 

07:24.200 --> 07:26.269 align:start position:0%
of itself. This creation of space would
create<00:08:23.120><c> more</c><00:08:23.360><c> energy,</c><00:08:24.160><c> increasing</c><00:08:24.639><c> the</c>

07:26.269 --> 07:26.279 align:start position:0%
create more energy, increasing the
 

07:26.279 --> 07:28.670 align:start position:0%
create more energy, increasing the
pushing<00:08:25.360><c> power</c><00:08:25.680><c> as</c><00:08:25.919><c> time</c><00:08:26.080><c> went</c><00:08:26.319><c> on.</c><00:08:27.039><c> It's</c>

07:28.670 --> 07:28.680 align:start position:0%
pushing power as time went on. It's
 

07:28.680 --> 07:30.190 align:start position:0%
pushing power as time went on. It's
unclear<00:08:27.680><c> why</c><00:08:27.919><c> space</c><00:08:28.160><c> would</c><00:08:28.400><c> have</c><00:08:28.560><c> this</c>

07:30.190 --> 07:30.200 align:start position:0%
unclear why space would have this
 

07:30.200 --> 07:31.950 align:start position:0%
unclear why space would have this
property,<00:08:29.199><c> though.</c><00:08:29.680><c> It</c><00:08:29.919><c> was</c><00:08:30.000><c> more</c><00:08:30.240><c> a</c>

07:31.950 --> 07:31.960 align:start position:0%
property, though. It was more a
 

07:31.960 --> 07:33.950 align:start position:0%
property, though. It was more a
recognition<00:08:30.960><c> that</c><00:08:31.199><c> it</c><00:08:31.440><c> seemed</c><00:08:31.680><c> to</c><00:08:32.320><c> an</c>

07:33.950 --> 07:33.960 align:start position:0%
recognition that it seemed to an
 

07:33.960 --> 07:35.549 align:start position:0%
recognition that it seemed to an
explanation.

07:35.549 --> 07:35.559 align:start position:0%
explanation.
 

07:35.559 --> 07:37.630 align:start position:0%
explanation.
To<00:08:34.399><c> fill</c><00:08:34.640><c> the</c><00:08:34.800><c> gap,</c><00:08:35.279><c> quantum</c><00:08:35.760><c> mechanics</c>

07:37.630 --> 07:37.640 align:start position:0%
To fill the gap, quantum mechanics
 

07:37.640 --> 07:39.710 align:start position:0%
To fill the gap, quantum mechanics
stepped<00:08:36.479><c> up</c><00:08:36.640><c> to</c><00:08:36.800><c> the</c><00:08:36.880><c> plate.</c><00:08:37.680><c> Scientists</c><00:08:38.159><c> of</c>

07:39.710 --> 07:39.720 align:start position:0%
stepped up to the plate. Scientists of
 

07:39.720 --> 07:41.950 align:start position:0%
stepped up to the plate. Scientists of
this<00:08:38.560><c> school</c><00:08:38.959><c> hypothesized</c><00:08:39.760><c> that</c><00:08:40.000><c> perhaps</c>

07:41.950 --> 07:41.960 align:start position:0%
this school hypothesized that perhaps
 

07:41.960 --> 07:43.950 align:start position:0%
this school hypothesized that perhaps
virtual<00:08:41.039><c> particles</c><00:08:41.519><c> were</c><00:08:41.760><c> to</c><00:08:41.919><c> blame</c><00:08:42.159><c> for</c><00:08:42.320><c> this</c>

07:43.950 --> 07:43.960 align:start position:0%
virtual particles were to blame for this
 

07:43.960 --> 07:46.909 align:start position:0%
virtual particles were to blame for this
extra<00:08:42.959><c> energy.</c><00:08:44.080><c> Virtual</c><00:08:44.560><c> particles</c><00:08:45.200><c> are</c>

07:46.909 --> 07:46.919 align:start position:0%
extra energy. Virtual particles are
 

07:46.919 --> 07:49.150 align:start position:0%
extra energy. Virtual particles are
pairs<00:08:45.839><c> of</c><00:08:46.000><c> atoms</c><00:08:46.399><c> that</c><00:08:46.640><c> simply</c><00:08:47.120><c> pop</c><00:08:47.440><c> into</c>

07:49.150 --> 07:49.160 align:start position:0%
pairs of atoms that simply pop into
 

07:49.160 --> 07:51.710 align:start position:0%
pairs of atoms that simply pop into
existence<00:08:48.560><c> as</c><00:08:48.800><c> a</c><00:08:48.959><c> quirk</c><00:08:49.279><c> of</c><00:08:49.440><c> the</c><00:08:49.600><c> quantum</c><00:08:50.000><c> wave</c>

07:51.710 --> 07:51.720 align:start position:0%
existence as a quirk of the quantum wave
 

07:51.720 --> 07:54.270 align:start position:0%
existence as a quirk of the quantum wave
function<00:08:50.720><c> that</c><00:08:51.040><c> exists</c><00:08:51.440><c> everywhere.</c><00:08:52.560><c> They</c>

07:54.270 --> 07:54.280 align:start position:0%
function that exists everywhere. They
 

07:54.280 --> 07:56.349 align:start position:0%
function that exists everywhere. They
don't<00:08:53.120><c> stick</c><00:08:53.279><c> around</c><00:08:53.519><c> for</c><00:08:53.760><c> long</c><00:08:54.240><c> as</c><00:08:54.560><c> they</c><00:08:54.720><c> meet</c>

07:56.349 --> 07:56.359 align:start position:0%
don't stick around for long as they meet
 

07:56.359 --> 07:58.830 align:start position:0%
don't stick around for long as they meet
and<00:08:55.200><c> cancel</c><00:08:55.519><c> each</c><00:08:55.680><c> other</c><00:08:55.920><c> out</c><00:08:56.160><c> again.</c><00:08:57.040><c> But</c><00:08:57.200><c> in</c>

07:58.830 --> 07:58.840 align:start position:0%
and cancel each other out again. But in
 

07:58.840 --> 08:00.990 align:start position:0%
and cancel each other out again. But in
the<00:08:57.600><c> moment</c><00:08:57.920><c> before</c><00:08:58.240><c> their</c><00:08:58.480><c> annihilation,</c>

08:00.990 --> 08:01.000 align:start position:0%
the moment before their annihilation,
 

08:01.000 --> 08:03.470 align:start position:0%
the moment before their annihilation,
they<00:08:59.920><c> could</c><00:09:00.320><c> conceivably</c><00:09:01.279><c> push</c><00:09:01.680><c> against</c>

08:03.470 --> 08:03.480 align:start position:0%
they could conceivably push against
 

08:03.480 --> 08:06.750 align:start position:0%
they could conceivably push against
things,<00:09:02.560><c> exerting</c><00:09:03.120><c> force.</c><00:09:04.399><c> This</c><00:09:04.640><c> theory</c><00:09:05.120><c> had</c>

08:06.750 --> 08:06.760 align:start position:0%
things, exerting force. This theory had
 

08:06.760 --> 08:08.830 align:start position:0%
things, exerting force. This theory had
some<00:09:05.760><c> experimental</c><00:09:06.480><c> evidence</c><00:09:06.800><c> to</c><00:09:07.040><c> back</c><00:09:07.200><c> it</c>

08:08.830 --> 08:08.840 align:start position:0%
some experimental evidence to back it
 

08:08.840 --> 08:11.150 align:start position:0%
some experimental evidence to back it
up.<00:09:08.160><c> There</c><00:09:08.399><c> is</c><00:09:08.640><c> some</c><00:09:08.959><c> suggestion</c><00:09:09.440><c> that</c>

08:11.150 --> 08:11.160 align:start position:0%
up. There is some suggestion that
 

08:11.160 --> 08:13.630 align:start position:0%
up. There is some suggestion that
virtual<00:09:10.160><c> particles</c><00:09:10.720><c> do</c><00:09:11.040><c> in</c><00:09:11.279><c> fact</c><00:09:11.519><c> exist,</c><00:09:12.240><c> at</c>

08:13.630 --> 08:13.640 align:start position:0%
virtual particles do in fact exist, at
 

08:13.640 --> 08:16.110 align:start position:0%
virtual particles do in fact exist, at
least<00:09:12.480><c> in</c><00:09:12.720><c> some</c><00:09:12.959><c> form.</c><00:09:13.839><c> But</c><00:09:14.000><c> when</c><00:09:14.240><c> scientists</c>

08:16.110 --> 08:16.120 align:start position:0%
least in some form. But when scientists
 

08:16.120 --> 08:18.430 align:start position:0%
least in some form. But when scientists
tried<00:09:14.959><c> to</c><00:09:15.120><c> work</c><00:09:15.360><c> out</c><00:09:15.600><c> how</c><00:09:15.920><c> much</c><00:09:16.240><c> energy</c><00:09:16.720><c> such</c>

08:18.430 --> 08:18.440 align:start position:0%
tried to work out how much energy such
 

08:18.440 --> 08:20.909 align:start position:0%
tried to work out how much energy such
particles<00:09:17.600><c> could</c><00:09:17.920><c> create</c><00:09:18.880><c> if</c><00:09:19.120><c> this</c><00:09:19.360><c> was</c>

08:20.909 --> 08:20.919 align:start position:0%
particles could create if this was
 

08:20.919 --> 08:23.390 align:start position:0%
particles could create if this was
happening<00:09:19.839><c> in</c><00:09:20.080><c> the</c><00:09:20.240><c> vacuum</c><00:09:20.640><c> of</c><00:09:20.880><c> space,</c><00:09:21.680><c> their</c>

08:23.390 --> 08:23.400 align:start position:0%
happening in the vacuum of space, their
 

08:23.400 --> 08:26.510 align:start position:0%
happening in the vacuum of space, their
answer<00:09:22.320><c> proved</c><00:09:22.640><c> to</c><00:09:22.800><c> be</c><00:09:22.959><c> too</c><00:09:23.279><c> large.</c><00:09:24.560><c> And</c><00:09:24.800><c> not</c>

08:26.510 --> 08:26.520 align:start position:0%
answer proved to be too large. And not
 

08:26.520 --> 08:31.229 align:start position:0%
answer proved to be too large. And not
just<00:09:25.360><c> by</c><00:09:25.600><c> a</c><00:09:25.760><c> little,</c><00:09:26.480><c> by</c><00:09:26.720><c> about</c><00:09:28.000><c> 120</c><00:09:28.560><c> zeros.</c>

08:31.229 --> 08:31.239 align:start position:0%
just by a little, by about 120 zeros.
 

08:31.239 --> 08:35.070 align:start position:0%
just by a little, by about 120 zeros.
When<00:09:30.160><c> your</c><00:09:30.399><c> answer</c><00:09:30.720><c> is</c><00:09:30.959><c> too</c><00:09:31.279><c> big</c><00:09:31.600><c> by</c><00:09:32.480><c> 120,</c>

08:35.070 --> 08:35.080 align:start position:0%
When your answer is too big by 120,
 

08:35.080 --> 08:36.590 align:start position:0%
When your answer is too big by 120,
there's<00:09:33.920><c> likely</c><00:09:34.320><c> something</c><00:09:34.560><c> wrong</c><00:09:34.800><c> with</c><00:09:34.959><c> your</c>

08:36.590 --> 08:36.600 align:start position:0%
there's likely something wrong with your
 

08:36.600 --> 08:39.150 align:start position:0%
there's likely something wrong with your
maths.<00:09:36.080><c> Indeed,</c><00:09:36.800><c> this</c><00:09:37.040><c> answer</c><00:09:37.440><c> got</c><00:09:37.600><c> the</c>

08:39.150 --> 08:39.160 align:start position:0%
maths. Indeed, this answer got the
 

08:39.160 --> 08:41.229 align:start position:0%
maths. Indeed, this answer got the
dubious<00:09:38.320><c> accolade</c><00:09:38.880><c> as</c><00:09:39.200><c> the</c><00:09:39.440><c> worst</c>

08:41.229 --> 08:41.239 align:start position:0%
dubious accolade as the worst
 

08:41.239 --> 08:43.310 align:start position:0%
dubious accolade as the worst
theoretical<00:09:40.560><c> prediction</c><00:09:41.040><c> in</c><00:09:41.279><c> the</c><00:09:41.440><c> history</c><00:09:41.680><c> of</c>

08:43.310 --> 08:43.320 align:start position:0%
theoretical prediction in the history of
 

08:43.320 --> 08:45.470 align:start position:0%
theoretical prediction in the history of
physics.

08:45.470 --> 08:45.480 align:start position:0%
physics.
 

08:45.480 --> 08:48.750 align:start position:0%
physics.
The<00:09:44.399><c> third</c><00:09:44.640><c> main</c><00:09:44.959><c> idea</c><00:09:45.519><c> is</c><00:09:45.839><c> that</c><00:09:46.160><c> of</c><00:09:46.480><c> a</c><00:09:46.800><c> varying</c>

08:48.750 --> 08:48.760 align:start position:0%
The third main idea is that of a varying
 

08:48.760 --> 08:51.550 align:start position:0%
The third main idea is that of a varying
cosmological<00:09:48.160><c> constant.</c><00:09:49.040><c> So</c><00:09:49.519><c> not</c><00:09:49.760><c> really</c><00:09:50.000><c> a</c>

08:51.550 --> 08:51.560 align:start position:0%
cosmological constant. So not really a
 

08:51.560 --> 08:54.510 align:start position:0%
cosmological constant. So not really a
constant<00:09:50.560><c> at</c><00:09:50.800><c> all,</c><00:09:51.360><c> but</c><00:09:51.680><c> rather</c><00:09:52.160><c> an</c><00:09:52.480><c> adjusting</c>

08:54.510 --> 08:54.520 align:start position:0%
constant at all, but rather an adjusting
 

08:54.520 --> 08:56.830 align:start position:0%
constant at all, but rather an adjusting
field<00:09:53.760><c> like</c><00:09:54.000><c> an</c><00:09:54.240><c> electrical</c><00:09:54.640><c> field</c><00:09:54.959><c> or</c><00:09:55.200><c> a</c>

08:56.830 --> 08:56.840 align:start position:0%
field like an electrical field or a
 

08:56.840 --> 08:59.070 align:start position:0%
field like an electrical field or a
gravitational<00:09:56.080><c> field</c><00:09:56.720><c> that</c><00:09:57.040><c> accounted</c><00:09:57.519><c> for</c>

08:59.070 --> 08:59.080 align:start position:0%
gravitational field that accounted for
 

08:59.080 --> 09:01.789 align:start position:0%
gravitational field that accounted for
this<00:09:57.920><c> repelling</c><00:09:58.399><c> force</c><00:09:58.800><c> throughout</c><00:09:59.279><c> space.</c>

09:01.789 --> 09:01.799 align:start position:0%
this repelling force throughout space.
 

09:01.799 --> 09:05.229 align:start position:0%
this repelling force throughout space.
This<00:10:00.640><c> force</c><00:10:01.200><c> was</c><00:10:01.440><c> called</c><00:10:02.160><c> quintessence</c><00:10:03.600><c> and</c>

09:05.229 --> 09:05.239 align:start position:0%
This force was called quintessence and
 

09:05.239 --> 09:07.390 align:start position:0%
This force was called quintessence and
it<00:10:04.080><c> might</c><00:10:04.240><c> be</c><00:10:04.399><c> the</c><00:10:04.640><c> fifth</c><00:10:05.040><c> fundamental</c><00:10:05.680><c> force</c>

09:07.390 --> 09:07.400 align:start position:0%
it might be the fifth fundamental force
 

09:07.400 --> 09:10.349 align:start position:0%
it might be the fifth fundamental force
of<00:10:06.320><c> existence</c><00:10:07.040><c> if</c><00:10:07.200><c> it</c><00:10:07.440><c> really</c><00:10:07.680><c> does</c><00:10:07.920><c> exist.</c>

09:10.349 --> 09:10.359 align:start position:0%
of existence if it really does exist.
 

09:10.359 --> 09:12.909 align:start position:0%
of existence if it really does exist.
The<00:10:09.279><c> problem</c><00:10:09.600><c> with</c><00:10:09.839><c> this</c><00:10:10.160><c> idea,</c><00:10:10.640><c> however,</c><00:10:11.279><c> is</c>

09:12.909 --> 09:12.919 align:start position:0%
The problem with this idea, however, is
 

09:12.919 --> 09:14.349 align:start position:0%
The problem with this idea, however, is
the<00:10:11.760><c> same</c><00:10:11.920><c> as</c><00:10:12.160><c> the</c><00:10:12.399><c> issue</c><00:10:12.640><c> with</c><00:10:12.800><c> the</c>

09:14.349 --> 09:14.359 align:start position:0%
the same as the issue with the
 

09:14.359 --> 09:16.830 align:start position:0%
the same as the issue with the
cosmological<00:10:13.760><c> constant.</c><00:10:14.800><c> There</c><00:10:14.959><c> is</c><00:10:15.120><c> no</c>

09:16.830 --> 09:16.840 align:start position:0%
cosmological constant. There is no
 

09:16.840 --> 09:20.669 align:start position:0%
cosmological constant. There is no
explanation<00:10:16.160><c> as</c><00:10:16.399><c> to</c><00:10:16.720><c> why</c><00:10:17.120><c> it</c><00:10:17.440><c> exists.</c>

09:20.669 --> 09:20.679 align:start position:0%
explanation as to why it exists.
 

09:20.679 --> 09:23.710 align:start position:0%
explanation as to why it exists.
In<00:10:19.600><c> short,</c><00:10:20.160><c> this</c><00:10:20.480><c> is</c><00:10:20.720><c> still</c><00:10:21.040><c> a</c><00:10:21.440><c> very</c><00:10:21.839><c> poorly</c>

09:23.710 --> 09:23.720 align:start position:0%
In short, this is still a very poorly
 

09:23.720 --> 09:26.110 align:start position:0%
In short, this is still a very poorly
understood<00:10:22.880><c> field</c><00:10:23.200><c> of</c><00:10:23.360><c> study.</c><00:10:24.320><c> More</c>

09:26.110 --> 09:26.120 align:start position:0%
understood field of study. More
 

09:26.120 --> 09:27.710 align:start position:0%
understood field of study. More
information<00:10:25.120><c> would</c><00:10:25.360><c> be</c><00:10:25.519><c> needed</c><00:10:25.839><c> before</c>

09:27.710 --> 09:27.720 align:start position:0%
information would be needed before
 

09:27.720 --> 09:31.870 align:start position:0%
information would be needed before
accurate<00:10:26.880><c> conclusions</c><00:10:27.440><c> can</c><00:10:27.600><c> be</c><00:10:27.760><c> drawn.</c>

09:31.870 --> 09:31.880 align:start position:0%
accurate conclusions can be drawn.
 

09:31.880 --> 09:33.710 align:start position:0%
accurate conclusions can be drawn.
Spotting<00:10:30.959><c> something</c><00:10:31.200><c> invisible</c><00:10:32.000><c> is</c>

09:33.710 --> 09:33.720 align:start position:0%
Spotting something invisible is
 

09:33.720 --> 09:36.510 align:start position:0%
Spotting something invisible is
naturally<00:10:32.800><c> hard,</c><00:10:33.600><c> but</c><00:10:33.920><c> studying</c><00:10:34.480><c> dark</c><00:10:34.800><c> energy</c>

09:36.510 --> 09:36.520 align:start position:0%
naturally hard, but studying dark energy
 

09:36.520 --> 09:38.190 align:start position:0%
naturally hard, but studying dark energy
through<00:10:35.360><c> its</c><00:10:35.680><c> impact</c><00:10:36.000><c> on</c><00:10:36.160><c> the</c><00:10:36.399><c> universe</c>

09:38.190 --> 09:38.200 align:start position:0%
through its impact on the universe
 

09:38.200 --> 09:41.310 align:start position:0%
through its impact on the universe
around<00:10:37.120><c> us</c><00:10:37.519><c> is</c><00:10:37.920><c> already</c><00:10:38.320><c> underway.</c><00:10:39.519><c> Different</c>

09:41.310 --> 09:41.320 align:start position:0%
around us is already underway. Different
 

09:41.320 --> 09:43.150 align:start position:0%
around us is already underway. Different
observatories<00:10:40.640><c> are</c><00:10:40.880><c> attempting</c><00:10:41.360><c> this</c><00:10:41.519><c> in</c>

09:43.150 --> 09:43.160 align:start position:0%
observatories are attempting this in
 

09:43.160 --> 09:46.110 align:start position:0%
observatories are attempting this in
different<00:10:42.079><c> ways.</c><00:10:43.120><c> Bingo.</c><00:10:43.920><c> The</c><00:10:44.160><c> Barriian</c>

09:46.110 --> 09:46.120 align:start position:0%
different ways. Bingo. The Barriian
 

09:46.120 --> 09:47.789 align:start position:0%
different ways. Bingo. The Barriian
Acoustic<00:10:45.200><c> Oscillations</c><00:10:46.000><c> from</c><00:10:46.240><c> the</c>

09:47.789 --> 09:47.799 align:start position:0%
Acoustic Oscillations from the
 

09:47.799 --> 09:49.870 align:start position:0%
Acoustic Oscillations from the
Integrated<00:10:46.959><c> Neural</c><00:10:47.360><c> Gas</c><00:10:47.760><c> Observations</c>

09:49.870 --> 09:49.880 align:start position:0%
Integrated Neural Gas Observations
 

09:49.880 --> 09:52.510 align:start position:0%
Integrated Neural Gas Observations
Telescope<00:10:48.959><c> in</c><00:10:49.200><c> Sao</c><00:10:49.440><c> Paulo,</c><00:10:49.920><c> Brazil,</c><00:10:50.720><c> is</c><00:10:50.959><c> a</c>

09:52.510 --> 09:52.520 align:start position:0%
Telescope in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is a
 

09:52.520 --> 09:54.990 align:start position:0%
Telescope in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is a
land-based<00:10:51.839><c> radio</c><00:10:52.320><c> telescope</c><00:10:52.880><c> that</c><00:10:53.200><c> intends</c>

09:54.990 --> 09:55.000 align:start position:0%
land-based radio telescope that intends
 

09:55.000 --> 09:57.070 align:start position:0%
land-based radio telescope that intends
to<00:10:53.839><c> monitor</c><00:10:54.160><c> the</c><00:10:54.399><c> radiation</c><00:10:54.959><c> given</c><00:10:55.279><c> off</c><00:10:55.519><c> by</c>

09:57.070 --> 09:57.080 align:start position:0%
to monitor the radiation given off by
 

09:57.080 --> 09:59.550 align:start position:0%
to monitor the radiation given off by
hydrogen<00:10:56.240><c> atoms</c><00:10:56.720><c> in</c><00:10:56.959><c> the</c><00:10:57.200><c> dark</c><00:10:57.519><c> patches</c><00:10:57.920><c> of</c>

09:59.550 --> 09:59.560 align:start position:0%
hydrogen atoms in the dark patches of
 

09:59.560 --> 10:02.830 align:start position:0%
hydrogen atoms in the dark patches of
space<00:10:58.640><c> between</c><00:10:59.279><c> galaxies</c><00:11:00.320><c> to</c><00:11:00.640><c> see</c><00:11:00.880><c> if</c><00:11:01.120><c> there</c>

10:02.830 --> 10:02.840 align:start position:0%
space between galaxies to see if there
 

10:02.840 --> 10:05.390 align:start position:0%
space between galaxies to see if there
are<00:11:01.680><c> any</c><00:11:02.000><c> unusual</c><00:11:02.640><c> distributions</c><00:11:03.279><c> of</c><00:11:03.519><c> matter</c>

10:05.390 --> 10:05.400 align:start position:0%
are any unusual distributions of matter
 

10:05.400 --> 10:07.070 align:start position:0%
are any unusual distributions of matter
that<00:11:04.240><c> might</c><00:11:04.480><c> point</c><00:11:04.800><c> to</c><00:11:04.880><c> the</c><00:11:05.120><c> influence</c><00:11:05.519><c> of</c>

10:07.070 --> 10:07.080 align:start position:0%
that might point to the influence of
 

10:07.080 --> 10:10.030 align:start position:0%
that might point to the influence of
dark<00:11:06.079><c> energy.</c><00:11:07.279><c> A</c><00:11:07.519><c> curious</c><00:11:08.000><c> fact</c><00:11:08.240><c> about</c><00:11:08.480><c> the</c>

10:10.030 --> 10:10.040 align:start position:0%
dark energy. A curious fact about the
 

10:10.040 --> 10:12.110 align:start position:0%
dark energy. A curious fact about the
universe<00:11:09.120><c> is</c><00:11:09.360><c> that</c><00:11:09.680><c> matter</c><00:11:10.079><c> clusters</c><00:11:10.480><c> in</c>

10:12.110 --> 10:12.120 align:start position:0%
universe is that matter clusters in
 

10:12.120 --> 10:15.070 align:start position:0%
universe is that matter clusters in
waves.<00:11:11.760><c> It</c><00:11:12.000><c> is</c><00:11:12.160><c> statistically</c><00:11:12.959><c> more</c><00:11:13.279><c> likely</c>

10:15.070 --> 10:15.080 align:start position:0%
waves. It is statistically more likely
 

10:15.080 --> 10:17.789 align:start position:0%
waves. It is statistically more likely
that<00:11:14.000><c> there</c><00:11:14.240><c> is</c><00:11:14.320><c> a</c><00:11:14.560><c> distance</c><00:11:14.880><c> of</c><00:11:15.120><c> around</c><00:11:15.760><c> 500</c>

10:17.789 --> 10:17.799 align:start position:0%
that there is a distance of around 500
 

10:17.799 --> 10:19.789 align:start position:0%
that there is a distance of around 500
million<00:11:16.800><c> lightyears</c><00:11:17.279><c> between</c><00:11:17.680><c> any</c><00:11:18.000><c> two</c>

10:19.789 --> 10:19.799 align:start position:0%
million lightyears between any two
 

10:19.799 --> 10:22.669 align:start position:0%
million lightyears between any two
galaxies<00:11:19.200><c> than</c><00:11:19.440><c> any</c><00:11:19.760><c> other</c><00:11:20.000><c> number.</c><00:11:21.040><c> It's</c>

10:22.669 --> 10:22.679 align:start position:0%
galaxies than any other number. It's
 

10:22.679 --> 10:24.349 align:start position:0%
galaxies than any other number. It's
thought<00:11:21.440><c> that</c><00:11:21.680><c> this</c><00:11:21.839><c> is</c><00:11:22.000><c> to</c><00:11:22.160><c> do</c><00:11:22.240><c> with</c><00:11:22.480><c> ripples</c>

10:24.349 --> 10:24.359 align:start position:0%
thought that this is to do with ripples
 

10:24.359 --> 10:26.270 align:start position:0%
thought that this is to do with ripples
in<00:11:23.200><c> the</c><00:11:23.360><c> early</c><00:11:23.600><c> universe</c><00:11:24.160><c> right</c><00:11:24.399><c> after</c><00:11:24.640><c> the</c>

10:26.270 --> 10:26.280 align:start position:0%
in the early universe right after the
 

10:26.280 --> 10:28.349 align:start position:0%
in the early universe right after the
big<00:11:25.040><c> bang</c><00:11:25.519><c> that</c><00:11:25.760><c> have</c><00:11:25.920><c> coalesed</c><00:11:26.480><c> into</c><00:11:26.720><c> more</c>

10:28.349 --> 10:28.359 align:start position:0%
big bang that have coalesed into more
 

10:28.359 --> 10:30.270 align:start position:0%
big bang that have coalesed into more
solid<00:11:27.360><c> forms</c><00:11:27.680><c> of</c><00:11:27.839><c> matter</c><00:11:28.160><c> as</c><00:11:28.399><c> the</c><00:11:28.560><c> universe</c>

10:30.270 --> 10:30.280 align:start position:0%
solid forms of matter as the universe
 

10:30.280 --> 10:33.710 align:start position:0%
solid forms of matter as the universe
cooled<00:11:29.680><c> locking</c><00:11:30.160><c> those</c><00:11:30.399><c> ripples</c><00:11:30.800><c> into</c><00:11:31.120><c> place.</c>

10:33.710 --> 10:33.720 align:start position:0%
cooled locking those ripples into place.
 

10:33.720 --> 10:36.110 align:start position:0%
cooled locking those ripples into place.
Seeing<00:11:32.640><c> the</c><00:11:32.880><c> gaps</c><00:11:33.200><c> between</c><00:11:33.600><c> such</c><00:11:33.920><c> ripples</c>

10:36.110 --> 10:36.120 align:start position:0%
Seeing the gaps between such ripples
 

10:36.120 --> 10:38.270 align:start position:0%
Seeing the gaps between such ripples
even<00:11:34.959><c> in</c><00:11:35.120><c> the</c><00:11:35.279><c> darkest</c><00:11:35.680><c> corners</c><00:11:36.000><c> of</c><00:11:36.240><c> space</c>

10:38.270 --> 10:38.280 align:start position:0%
even in the darkest corners of space
 

10:38.280 --> 10:40.750 align:start position:0%
even in the darkest corners of space
could<00:11:37.120><c> be</c><00:11:37.279><c> very</c><00:11:37.680><c> instructive.</c>

10:40.750 --> 10:40.760 align:start position:0%
could be very instructive.
 

10:40.760 --> 10:43.229 align:start position:0%
could be very instructive.
However,<00:11:39.920><c> if</c><00:11:40.240><c> you</c><00:11:40.480><c> really</c><00:11:40.800><c> want</c><00:11:40.959><c> to</c><00:11:41.200><c> spot</c><00:11:41.519><c> dark</c>

10:43.229 --> 10:43.239 align:start position:0%
However, if you really want to spot dark
 

10:43.239 --> 10:45.870 align:start position:0%
However, if you really want to spot dark
energy's<00:11:42.320><c> hand</c><00:11:42.640><c> over</c><00:11:42.959><c> time</c><00:11:43.200><c> in</c><00:11:43.519><c> space,</c><00:11:44.240><c> you</c>

10:45.870 --> 10:45.880 align:start position:0%
energy's hand over time in space, you
 

10:45.880 --> 10:47.950 align:start position:0%
energy's hand over time in space, you
need<00:11:44.640><c> to</c><00:11:44.800><c> go</c><00:11:44.959><c> big.</c><00:11:45.680><c> And</c><00:11:45.920><c> it's</c><00:11:46.160><c> for</c><00:11:46.320><c> that</c>

10:47.950 --> 10:47.960 align:start position:0%
need to go big. And it's for that
 

10:47.960 --> 10:50.110 align:start position:0%
need to go big. And it's for that
purpose<00:11:46.880><c> that</c><00:11:47.279><c> issa</c><00:11:47.760><c> launched</c><00:11:48.000><c> the</c><00:11:48.160><c> Uklid</c>

10:50.110 --> 10:50.120 align:start position:0%
purpose that issa launched the Uklid
 

10:50.120 --> 10:53.229 align:start position:0%
purpose that issa launched the Uklid
space<00:11:48.959><c> telescope</c><00:11:49.440><c> on</c><00:11:49.680><c> the</c><00:11:49.839><c> 1st</c><00:11:50.079><c> of</c><00:11:50.320><c> July</c><00:11:50.800><c> 2023</c>

10:53.229 --> 10:53.239 align:start position:0%
space telescope on the 1st of July 2023
 

10:53.239 --> 10:57.950 align:start position:0%
space telescope on the 1st of July 2023
from<00:11:52.079><c> Cape</c><00:11:52.399><c> Canaveral,</c><00:11:53.120><c> Florida.</c>

10:57.950 --> 10:57.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

10:57.960 --> 10:59.630 align:start position:0%
 
You<00:11:56.800><c> need</c><00:11:56.880><c> to</c><00:11:57.040><c> understand</c><00:11:57.360><c> the</c><00:11:57.680><c> three</c><00:11:58.079><c> things</c>

10:59.630 --> 10:59.640 align:start position:0%
You need to understand the three things
 

10:59.640 --> 11:01.469 align:start position:0%
You need to understand the three things
that<00:11:58.480><c> make</c><00:11:58.720><c> this</c><00:11:58.880><c> telescope</c><00:11:59.440><c> and</c><00:11:59.760><c> its</c>

11:01.469 --> 11:01.479 align:start position:0%
that make this telescope and its
 

11:01.479 --> 11:04.349 align:start position:0%
that make this telescope and its
pictures<00:12:00.508><c> [music]</c><00:12:00.720><c> so</c><00:12:01.040><c> unique.</c><00:12:02.320><c> Firstly,</c>

11:04.349 --> 11:04.359 align:start position:0%
pictures [music] so unique. Firstly,
 

11:04.359 --> 11:06.750 align:start position:0%
pictures [music] so unique. Firstly,
Uklid's<00:12:03.760><c> ultra</c><00:12:04.000><c> wide</c><00:12:04.320><c> lens</c><00:12:04.720><c> captures</c><00:12:05.120><c> more</c><00:12:05.279><c> of</c>

11:06.750 --> 11:06.760 align:start position:0%
Uklid's ultra wide lens captures more of
 

11:06.760 --> 11:09.390 align:start position:0%
Uklid's ultra wide lens captures more of
the<00:12:05.519><c> sky</c><00:12:05.680><c> at</c><00:12:05.839><c> once</c><00:12:06.160><c> than</c><00:12:06.480><c> any</c><00:12:06.800><c> telescope</c><00:12:07.600><c> ever</c>

11:09.390 --> 11:09.400 align:start position:0%
the sky at once than any telescope ever
 

11:09.400 --> 11:10.909 align:start position:0%
the sky at once than any telescope ever
has.

11:10.909 --> 11:10.919 align:start position:0%
has.
 

11:10.919 --> 11:12.909 align:start position:0%
has.
It<00:12:09.760><c> gathers</c><00:12:10.160><c> highresolution</c><00:12:10.959><c> light</c><00:12:11.200><c> data</c>

11:12.909 --> 11:12.919 align:start position:0%
It gathers highresolution light data
 

11:12.919 --> 11:15.550 align:start position:0%
It gathers highresolution light data
from<00:12:11.839><c> billions</c><00:12:12.240><c> of</c><00:12:12.399><c> galaxies,</c><00:12:13.360><c> some</c><00:12:13.680><c> as</c><00:12:13.920><c> far</c>

11:15.550 --> 11:15.560 align:start position:0%
from billions of galaxies, some as far
 

11:15.560 --> 11:19.630 align:start position:0%
from billions of galaxies, some as far
away<00:12:14.480><c> as</c><00:12:14.880><c> 10</c><00:12:15.440><c> billion</c><00:12:15.839><c> lightyears</c><00:12:16.320><c> from</c><00:12:16.560><c> us.</c>

11:19.630 --> 11:19.640 align:start position:0%
away as 10 billion lightyears from us.
 

11:19.640 --> 11:22.590 align:start position:0%
away as 10 billion lightyears from us.
Compared<00:12:18.639><c> to</c><00:12:19.040><c> groundbased</c><00:12:19.760><c> surveys,</c><00:12:20.480><c> it</c><00:12:20.720><c> has</c>

11:22.590 --> 11:22.600 align:start position:0%
Compared to groundbased surveys, it has
 

11:22.600 --> 11:25.950 align:start position:0%
Compared to groundbased surveys, it has
four<00:12:21.600><c> times</c><00:12:21.920><c> the</c><00:12:22.240><c> resolution</c><00:12:23.120><c> and</c><00:12:23.760><c> 15</c><00:12:24.240><c> times</c>

11:25.950 --> 11:25.960 align:start position:0%
four times the resolution and 15 times
 

11:25.960 --> 11:28.750 align:start position:0%
four times the resolution and 15 times
the<00:12:24.800><c> sensitivity</c><00:12:25.279><c> in</c><00:12:25.519><c> the</c><00:12:25.600><c> near</c><00:12:25.839><c> infrared.</c><00:12:27.200><c> It</c>

11:28.750 --> 11:28.760 align:start position:0%
the sensitivity in the near infrared. It
 

11:28.760 --> 11:31.310 align:start position:0%
the sensitivity in the near infrared. It
can<00:12:27.600><c> also</c><00:12:27.920><c> spot</c><00:12:28.240><c> objects</c><00:12:28.880><c> hundreds</c><00:12:29.360><c> of</c><00:12:29.519><c> times</c>

11:31.310 --> 11:31.320 align:start position:0%
can also spot objects hundreds of times
 

11:31.320 --> 11:34.349 align:start position:0%
can also spot objects hundreds of times
fainter<00:12:30.320><c> than</c><00:12:30.480><c> the</c><00:12:30.639><c> ones</c><00:12:30.880><c> GIA</c><00:12:31.360><c> can</c><00:12:31.519><c> detect.</c><00:12:32.720><c> In</c>

11:34.349 --> 11:34.359 align:start position:0%
fainter than the ones GIA can detect. In
 

11:34.359 --> 11:38.190 align:start position:0%
fainter than the ones GIA can detect. In
a<00:12:33.200><c> single</c><00:12:33.600><c> observation,</c><00:12:34.720><c> Uklid</c><00:12:35.360><c> records</c><00:12:36.079><c> vast</c>

11:38.190 --> 11:38.200 align:start position:0%
a single observation, Uklid records vast
 

11:38.200 --> 11:41.469 align:start position:0%
a single observation, Uklid records vast
cosmic<00:12:37.360><c> structures</c><00:12:38.160><c> and</c><00:12:38.720><c> precise</c><00:12:39.200><c> details</c><00:12:39.680><c> of</c>

11:41.469 --> 11:41.479 align:start position:0%
cosmic structures and precise details of
 

11:41.479 --> 11:44.590 align:start position:0%
cosmic structures and precise details of
individual<00:12:40.639><c> galaxies.</c><00:12:41.760><c> The</c><00:12:42.079><c> result,</c><00:12:42.880><c> an</c>

11:44.590 --> 11:44.600 align:start position:0%
individual galaxies. The result, an
 

11:44.600 --> 11:47.150 align:start position:0%
individual galaxies. The result, an
image<00:12:43.440><c> that</c><00:12:43.680><c> conveys</c><00:12:44.560><c> multiple</c><00:12:45.200><c> cosmic</c>

11:47.150 --> 11:47.160 align:start position:0%
image that conveys multiple cosmic
 

11:47.160 --> 11:49.630 align:start position:0%
image that conveys multiple cosmic
scales<00:12:46.160><c> at</c><00:12:46.480><c> the</c><00:12:46.639><c> same</c><00:12:46.800><c> time,</c><00:12:47.600><c> bringing</c><00:12:47.920><c> home</c>

11:49.630 --> 11:49.640 align:start position:0%
scales at the same time, bringing home
 

11:49.640 --> 11:52.110 align:start position:0%
scales at the same time, bringing home
details<00:12:48.720><c> in</c><00:12:48.959><c> a</c><00:12:49.120><c> way</c><00:12:49.440><c> that</c><00:12:49.680><c> makes</c><00:12:50.079><c> researchers</c>

11:52.110 --> 11:52.120 align:start position:0%
details in a way that makes researchers
 

11:52.120 --> 11:53.950 align:start position:0%
details in a way that makes researchers
giddy.

11:53.950 --> 11:53.960 align:start position:0%
giddy.
 

11:53.960 --> 11:56.190 align:start position:0%
giddy.
Secondly,<00:12:53.440><c> Uklid</c><00:12:54.000><c> measures</c><00:12:54.399><c> subtle</c>

11:56.190 --> 11:56.200 align:start position:0%
Secondly, Uklid measures subtle
 

11:56.200 --> 11:58.270 align:start position:0%
Secondly, Uklid measures subtle
distortions<00:12:55.279><c> in</c><00:12:55.519><c> galaxy</c><00:12:55.920><c> shapes</c><00:12:56.399><c> caused</c><00:12:56.720><c> by</c>

11:58.270 --> 11:58.280 align:start position:0%
distortions in galaxy shapes caused by
 

11:58.280 --> 12:00.669 align:start position:0%
distortions in galaxy shapes caused by
dark<00:12:57.279><c> matter's</c><00:12:57.760><c> gravitational</c><00:12:58.399><c> influence,</c>

12:00.669 --> 12:00.679 align:start position:0%
dark matter's gravitational influence,
 

12:00.679 --> 12:04.349 align:start position:0%
dark matter's gravitational influence,
creating<00:12:59.760><c> a</c><00:13:00.240><c> gravitational</c><00:13:01.279><c> lensing</c><00:13:01.760><c> map.</c>

12:04.349 --> 12:04.359 align:start position:0%
creating a gravitational lensing map.
 

12:04.359 --> 12:06.510 align:start position:0%
creating a gravitational lensing map.
This<00:13:03.200><c> is</c><00:13:03.360><c> key</c><00:13:03.680><c> to</c><00:13:03.920><c> understanding</c><00:13:04.399><c> how</c><00:13:04.639><c> galaxy</c>

12:06.510 --> 12:06.520 align:start position:0%
This is key to understanding how galaxy
 

12:06.520 --> 12:09.150 align:start position:0%
This is key to understanding how galaxy
clusters<00:13:05.600><c> grow</c><00:13:05.920><c> and</c><00:13:06.160><c> evolve</c><00:13:06.959><c> while</c><00:13:07.360><c> also</c>

12:09.150 --> 12:09.160 align:start position:0%
clusters grow and evolve while also
 

12:09.160 --> 12:11.390 align:start position:0%
clusters grow and evolve while also
showing<00:13:08.079><c> us</c><00:13:08.240><c> how</c><00:13:08.560><c> dark</c><00:13:08.880><c> matter</c><00:13:09.279><c> has</c><00:13:09.519><c> played</c><00:13:09.760><c> a</c>

12:11.390 --> 12:11.400 align:start position:0%
showing us how dark matter has played a
 

12:11.400 --> 12:14.669 align:start position:0%
showing us how dark matter has played a
role<00:13:10.399><c> in</c><00:13:10.720><c> literally</c><00:13:11.200><c> shaping</c><00:13:11.600><c> the</c><00:13:11.839><c> universe.</c>

12:14.669 --> 12:14.679 align:start position:0%
role in literally shaping the universe.
 

12:14.679 --> 12:18.029 align:start position:0%
role in literally shaping the universe.
And<00:13:13.519><c> finally,</c><00:13:14.320><c> Uklid</c><00:13:14.959><c> is</c><00:13:15.200><c> creating</c><00:13:15.600><c> a</c><00:13:15.920><c> 3D</c><00:13:16.399><c> map</c>

12:18.029 --> 12:18.039 align:start position:0%
And finally, Uklid is creating a 3D map
 

12:18.039 --> 12:20.430 align:start position:0%
And finally, Uklid is creating a 3D map
of<00:13:16.880><c> the</c><00:13:17.040><c> universe</c><00:13:17.600><c> with</c><00:13:18.000><c> two</c><00:13:18.480><c> advanced</c>

12:20.430 --> 12:20.440 align:start position:0%
of the universe with two advanced
 

12:20.440 --> 12:23.310 align:start position:0%
of the universe with two advanced
instruments.<00:13:20.160><c> The</c><00:13:20.399><c> visible</c><00:13:20.800><c> imaging</c><00:13:21.279><c> system</c>

12:23.310 --> 12:23.320 align:start position:0%
instruments. The visible imaging system
 

12:23.320 --> 12:25.710 align:start position:0%
instruments. The visible imaging system
captures<00:13:22.639><c> ultrasharp</c><00:13:23.279><c> images</c><00:13:23.680><c> in</c><00:13:23.920><c> visible</c>

12:25.710 --> 12:25.720 align:start position:0%
captures ultrasharp images in visible
 

12:25.720 --> 12:28.110 align:start position:0%
captures ultrasharp images in visible
light<00:13:24.880><c> to</c><00:13:25.040><c> measure</c><00:13:25.440><c> galaxy</c><00:13:25.839><c> shapes</c><00:13:26.399><c> and</c>

12:28.110 --> 12:28.120 align:start position:0%
light to measure galaxy shapes and
 

12:28.120 --> 12:30.510 align:start position:0%
light to measure galaxy shapes and
positions<00:13:27.839><c> while</c><00:13:28.079><c> the</c><00:13:28.320><c> near</c><00:13:28.560><c> infrared</c>

12:30.510 --> 12:30.520 align:start position:0%
positions while the near infrared
 

12:30.520 --> 12:33.390 align:start position:0%
positions while the near infrared
spectrometer<00:13:29.839><c> and</c><00:13:30.160><c> photometer</c><00:13:31.200><c> measures</c><00:13:31.680><c> red</c>

12:33.390 --> 12:33.400 align:start position:0%
spectrometer and photometer measures red
 

12:33.400 --> 12:37.630 align:start position:0%
spectrometer and photometer measures red
shifts<00:13:32.800><c> placing</c><00:13:33.200><c> galaxies</c><00:13:34.000><c> in</c><00:13:34.320><c> 3D</c><00:13:34.800><c> space.</c><00:13:36.000><c> In</c>

12:37.630 --> 12:37.640 align:start position:0%
shifts placing galaxies in 3D space. In
 

12:37.640 --> 12:41.390 align:start position:0%
shifts placing galaxies in 3D space. In
short,<00:13:36.959><c> Uklid</c><00:13:37.600><c> is</c><00:13:37.839><c> kind</c><00:13:38.079><c> of</c><00:13:38.160><c> a</c><00:13:38.399><c> big</c><00:13:38.560><c> deal.</c>

12:41.390 --> 12:41.400 align:start position:0%
short, Uklid is kind of a big deal.
 

12:41.400 --> 12:44.110 align:start position:0%
short, Uklid is kind of a big deal.
Uklid's<00:13:40.639><c> mission</c><00:13:40.959><c> is</c><00:13:41.200><c> to</c><00:13:41.440><c> survey</c><00:13:41.920><c> a</c><00:13:42.240><c> massive</c>

12:44.110 --> 12:44.120 align:start position:0%
Uklid's mission is to survey a massive
 

12:44.120 --> 12:46.590 align:start position:0%
Uklid's mission is to survey a massive
patch<00:13:42.959><c> of</c><00:13:43.200><c> sky</c><00:13:43.680><c> with</c><00:13:43.839><c> a</c><00:13:44.079><c> level</c><00:13:44.320><c> of</c><00:13:44.480><c> detail</c><00:13:44.880><c> and</c>

12:46.590 --> 12:46.600 align:start position:0%
patch of sky with a level of detail and
 

12:46.600 --> 12:49.229 align:start position:0%
patch of sky with a level of detail and
sharpness<00:13:45.920><c> that's</c><00:13:46.399><c> four</c><00:13:46.800><c> times</c><00:13:47.200><c> greater</c><00:13:47.600><c> than</c>

12:49.229 --> 12:49.239 align:start position:0%
sharpness that's four times greater than
 

12:49.239 --> 12:50.909 align:start position:0%
sharpness that's four times greater than
previously<00:13:48.320><c> achieved</c><00:13:48.720><c> by</c><00:13:48.959><c> groundbased</c>

12:50.909 --> 12:50.919 align:start position:0%
previously achieved by groundbased
 

12:50.919 --> 12:54.510 align:start position:0%
previously achieved by groundbased
telescopes.<00:13:50.880><c> It</c><00:13:51.120><c> wants</c><00:13:51.440><c> to</c><00:13:51.600><c> map</c><00:13:52.160><c> everything</c>

12:54.510 --> 12:54.520 align:start position:0%
telescopes. It wants to map everything
 

12:54.520 --> 12:58.190 align:start position:0%
telescopes. It wants to map everything
going<00:13:53.440><c> back</c><00:13:53.839><c> 10</c><00:13:54.240><c> billion</c><00:13:54.720><c> years.</c><00:13:55.920><c> The</c><00:13:56.160><c> hope</c><00:13:56.399><c> is</c>

12:58.190 --> 12:58.200 align:start position:0%
going back 10 billion years. The hope is
 

12:58.200 --> 13:00.909 align:start position:0%
going back 10 billion years. The hope is
that<00:13:57.120><c> in</c><00:13:57.440><c> so</c><00:13:57.680><c> doing,</c><00:13:58.320><c> it'll</c><00:13:58.720><c> be</c><00:13:58.800><c> possible</c><00:13:59.199><c> to</c>

13:00.909 --> 13:00.919 align:start position:0%
that in so doing, it'll be possible to
 

13:00.919 --> 13:03.630 align:start position:0%
that in so doing, it'll be possible to
create<00:13:59.760><c> a</c><00:14:00.079><c> 3D</c><00:14:00.480><c> map</c><00:14:00.800><c> of</c><00:14:01.040><c> the</c><00:14:01.199><c> influence</c><00:14:01.680><c> of</c><00:14:01.839><c> dark</c>

13:03.630 --> 13:03.640 align:start position:0%
create a 3D map of the influence of dark
 

13:03.640 --> 13:06.270 align:start position:0%
create a 3D map of the influence of dark
energy<00:14:02.959><c> with</c><00:14:03.120><c> a</c><00:14:03.360><c> capacity</c><00:14:03.760><c> to</c><00:14:04.000><c> see</c><00:14:04.240><c> how</c><00:14:04.560><c> dark</c>

13:06.270 --> 13:06.280 align:start position:0%
energy with a capacity to see how dark
 

13:06.280 --> 13:09.150 align:start position:0%
energy with a capacity to see how dark
energy's<00:14:05.440><c> influence</c><00:14:06.079><c> has</c><00:14:06.399><c> changed</c><00:14:07.040><c> or</c><00:14:07.440><c> remain</c>

13:09.150 --> 13:09.160 align:start position:0%
energy's influence has changed or remain
 

13:09.160 --> 13:12.750 align:start position:0%
energy's influence has changed or remain
constant<00:14:08.480><c> over</c><00:14:08.800><c> all</c><00:14:09.040><c> that</c><00:14:09.360><c> time.</c><00:14:10.399><c> Uklid</c><00:14:11.120><c> will</c>

13:12.750 --> 13:12.760 align:start position:0%
constant over all that time. Uklid will
 

13:12.760 --> 13:15.390 align:start position:0%
constant over all that time. Uklid will
also<00:14:11.760><c> look</c><00:14:12.000><c> at</c><00:14:12.320><c> individual</c><00:14:12.880><c> stars</c><00:14:13.279><c> too,</c><00:14:13.760><c> but</c>

13:15.390 --> 13:15.400 align:start position:0%
also look at individual stars too, but
 

13:15.400 --> 13:18.830 align:start position:0%
also look at individual stars too, but
its<00:14:14.240><c> main</c><00:14:14.480><c> objective</c><00:14:15.120><c> is</c><00:14:15.440><c> sheer</c><00:14:15.920><c> volume.</c>

13:18.830 --> 13:18.840 align:start position:0%
its main objective is sheer volume.
 

13:18.840 --> 13:20.669 align:start position:0%
its main objective is sheer volume.
This<00:14:17.680><c> way,</c><00:14:18.079><c> the</c><00:14:18.399><c> pattern</c><00:14:18.714><c> [music]</c><00:14:18.720><c> of</c><00:14:18.959><c> dark</c>

13:20.669 --> 13:20.679 align:start position:0%
This way, the pattern [music] of dark
 

13:20.679 --> 13:26.589 align:start position:0%
This way, the pattern [music] of dark
energy<00:14:19.920><c> will</c><00:14:20.480><c> hopefully</c><00:14:20.959><c> emerge.</c>

13:26.589 --> 13:26.599 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:26.599 --> 13:29.150 align:start position:0%
 
Traveling<00:14:25.680><c> about</c><00:14:26.000><c> 1.5</c><00:14:26.720><c> million</c><00:14:27.120><c> kilometers</c>

13:29.150 --> 13:29.160 align:start position:0%
Traveling about 1.5 million kilometers
 

13:29.160 --> 13:31.550 align:start position:0%
Traveling about 1.5 million kilometers
over<00:14:28.000><c> the</c><00:14:28.240><c> course</c><00:14:28.480><c> of</c><00:14:28.639><c> four</c><00:14:28.959><c> weeks,</c><00:14:29.600><c> Uklid</c>

13:31.550 --> 13:31.560 align:start position:0%
over the course of four weeks, Uklid
 

13:31.560 --> 13:34.349 align:start position:0%
over the course of four weeks, Uklid
joined<00:14:30.480><c> its</c><00:14:30.800><c> siblings,</c><00:14:31.519><c> the</c><00:14:31.680><c> Gaia</c><00:14:32.160><c> and</c><00:14:32.560><c> James</c>

13:34.349 --> 13:34.359 align:start position:0%
joined its siblings, the Gaia and James
 

13:34.359 --> 13:35.789 align:start position:0%
joined its siblings, the Gaia and James
Webb<00:14:33.440><c> telescopes</c><00:14:33.779><c> [music]</c>

13:35.789 --> 13:35.799 align:start position:0%
Webb telescopes [music]
 

13:35.799 --> 13:39.390 align:start position:0%
Webb telescopes [music]
in<00:14:34.639><c> orbit</c><00:14:35.199><c> around</c><00:14:35.680><c> Lrange</c><00:14:36.320><c> point</c><00:14:36.720><c> 2.</c><00:14:37.680><c> This</c>

13:39.390 --> 13:39.400 align:start position:0%
in orbit around Lrange point 2. This
 

13:39.400 --> 13:41.950 align:start position:0%
in orbit around Lrange point 2. This
location<00:14:38.560><c> is</c><00:14:38.800><c> ideal</c><00:14:39.440><c> for</c><00:14:39.760><c> studying</c><00:14:40.240><c> and</c>

13:41.950 --> 13:41.960 align:start position:0%
location is ideal for studying and
 

13:41.960 --> 13:44.430 align:start position:0%
location is ideal for studying and
imaging<00:14:41.120><c> deep</c><00:14:41.440><c> space.</c><00:14:42.295><c> [music]</c><00:14:42.480><c> It</c><00:14:42.639><c> allows</c>

13:44.430 --> 13:44.440 align:start position:0%
imaging deep space. [music] It allows
 

13:44.440 --> 13:46.750 align:start position:0%
imaging deep space. [music] It allows
telescopes<00:14:43.680><c> to</c><00:14:43.839><c> keep</c><00:14:44.000><c> the</c><00:14:44.240><c> sun,</c><00:14:44.720><c> moon,</c><00:14:45.120><c> and</c>

13:46.750 --> 13:46.760 align:start position:0%
telescopes to keep the sun, moon, and
 

13:46.760 --> 13:49.310 align:start position:0%
telescopes to keep the sun, moon, and
earth<00:14:45.760><c> behind</c><00:14:46.160><c> them</c><00:14:46.399><c> at</c><00:14:46.639><c> all</c><00:14:46.880><c> times</c><00:14:47.519><c> so</c><00:14:47.680><c> that</c>

13:49.310 --> 13:49.320 align:start position:0%
earth behind them at all times so that
 

13:49.320 --> 13:51.545 align:start position:0%
earth behind them at all times so that
they<00:14:48.160><c> never</c><00:14:48.399><c> interfere</c><00:14:48.880><c> with</c><00:14:49.120><c> observations.</c>

13:51.545 --> 13:51.555 align:start position:0%
they never interfere with observations.
 

13:51.555 --> 13:53.469 align:start position:0%
they never interfere with observations.
[music]<00:14:50.399><c> It's</c><00:14:50.639><c> also</c><00:14:50.959><c> close</c><00:14:51.199><c> enough</c><00:14:51.440><c> to</c><00:14:51.600><c> Earth</c>

13:53.469 --> 13:53.479 align:start position:0%
[music] It's also close enough to Earth
 

13:53.479 --> 13:56.130 align:start position:0%
[music] It's also close enough to Earth
that<00:14:52.399><c> communications</c><00:14:53.040><c> are</c><00:14:53.279><c> easy.</c><00:14:54.240><c> Since</c><00:14:54.639><c> L2</c>

13:56.130 --> 13:56.140 align:start position:0%
that communications are easy. Since L2
 

13:56.140 --> 13:56.750 align:start position:0%
that communications are easy. Since L2
[music]

13:56.750 --> 13:56.760 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

13:56.760 --> 13:58.750 align:start position:0%
[music]
keeps<00:14:55.760><c> pace</c><00:14:56.000><c> with</c><00:14:56.240><c> Earth's</c><00:14:56.560><c> orbit</c><00:14:56.959><c> around</c><00:14:57.199><c> the</c>

13:58.750 --> 13:58.760 align:start position:0%
keeps pace with Earth's orbit around the
 

13:58.760 --> 14:02.110 align:start position:0%
keeps pace with Earth's orbit around the
sun,<00:14:57.920><c> we</c><00:14:58.160><c> stay</c><00:14:58.399><c> close</c><00:14:58.639><c> to</c><00:14:58.800><c> our</c><00:14:59.120><c> instruments.</c>

14:02.110 --> 14:02.120 align:start position:0%
sun, we stay close to our instruments.
 

14:02.120 --> 14:04.430 align:start position:0%
sun, we stay close to our instruments.
Uklid<00:15:01.440><c> immediately</c><00:15:02.079><c> started</c><00:15:02.480><c> taking</c><00:15:02.800><c> its</c>

14:04.430 --> 14:04.440 align:start position:0%
Uklid immediately started taking its
 

14:04.440 --> 14:06.750 align:start position:0%
Uklid immediately started taking its
first<00:15:03.360><c> images.</c><00:15:04.079><c> Although</c><00:15:04.399><c> these</c><00:15:04.800><c> photos</c><00:15:05.199><c> of</c>

14:06.750 --> 14:06.760 align:start position:0%
first images. Although these photos of
 

14:06.760 --> 14:08.990 align:start position:0%
first images. Although these photos of
stars<00:15:05.760><c> scapes</c><00:15:06.000><c> and</c><00:15:06.160><c> galaxies</c><00:15:06.959><c> were</c><00:15:07.279><c> only</c>

14:08.990 --> 14:09.000 align:start position:0%
stars scapes and galaxies were only
 

14:09.000 --> 14:11.195 align:start position:0%
stars scapes and galaxies were only
tests<00:15:08.079><c> and</c><00:15:08.399><c> do</c><00:15:08.560><c> not</c><00:15:08.720><c> represent</c><00:15:09.120><c> the</c><00:15:09.440><c> levels</c><00:15:09.760><c> of</c>

14:11.195 --> 14:11.205 align:start position:0%
tests and do not represent the levels of
 

14:11.205 --> 14:12.990 align:start position:0%
tests and do not represent the levels of
[music]<00:15:10.000><c> fidelity</c><00:15:10.560><c> Uklid</c><00:15:11.120><c> was</c><00:15:11.279><c> able</c><00:15:11.440><c> to</c>

14:12.990 --> 14:13.000 align:start position:0%
[music] fidelity Uklid was able to
 

14:13.000 --> 14:16.110 align:start position:0%
[music] fidelity Uklid was able to
manage<00:15:12.160><c> once</c><00:15:12.480><c> it</c><00:15:12.800><c> finished</c><00:15:13.040><c> its</c><00:15:13.360><c> tuning.</c><00:15:14.399><c> Once</c>

14:16.110 --> 14:16.120 align:start position:0%
manage once it finished its tuning. Once
 

14:16.120 --> 14:18.190 align:start position:0%
manage once it finished its tuning. Once
the<00:15:14.880><c> collaboration</c><00:15:15.440><c> process</c><00:15:15.920><c> was</c><00:15:16.320><c> complete,</c>

14:18.190 --> 14:18.200 align:start position:0%
the collaboration process was complete,
 

14:18.200 --> 14:20.589 align:start position:0%
the collaboration process was complete,
however,<00:15:17.360><c> it</c><00:15:17.680><c> began</c><00:15:18.000><c> its</c><00:15:18.399><c> six-year</c><00:15:18.880><c> mission</c>

14:20.589 --> 14:20.599 align:start position:0%
however, it began its six-year mission
 

14:20.599 --> 14:23.630 align:start position:0%
however, it began its six-year mission
to<00:15:19.440><c> map</c><00:15:19.680><c> out</c><00:15:19.839><c> the</c><00:15:20.000><c> stars</c><00:15:20.800><c> and</c><00:15:21.199><c> hopefully</c><00:15:21.839><c> will</c>

14:23.630 --> 14:23.640 align:start position:0%
to map out the stars and hopefully will
 

14:23.640 --> 14:26.190 align:start position:0%
to map out the stars and hopefully will
eventually<00:15:22.959><c> answer</c><00:15:23.440><c> important</c><00:15:24.000><c> questions</c>

14:26.190 --> 14:26.200 align:start position:0%
eventually answer important questions
 

14:26.200 --> 14:28.430 align:start position:0%
eventually answer important questions
like<00:15:25.279><c> what</c><00:15:25.440><c> is</c><00:15:25.600><c> the</c><00:15:25.760><c> nature</c><00:15:26.000><c> of</c><00:15:26.160><c> dark</c><00:15:26.399><c> energy</c>

14:28.430 --> 14:28.440 align:start position:0%
like what is the nature of dark energy
 

14:28.440 --> 14:30.190 align:start position:0%
like what is the nature of dark energy
and<00:15:27.360><c> whether</c><00:15:27.490><c> [music]</c><00:15:27.760><c> our</c><00:15:28.160><c> understanding</c><00:15:28.639><c> of</c>

14:30.190 --> 14:30.200 align:start position:0%
and whether [music] our understanding of
 

14:30.200 --> 14:34.120 align:start position:0%
and whether [music] our understanding of
the<00:15:29.040><c> laws</c><00:15:29.360><c> of</c><00:15:29.600><c> gravity</c><00:15:30.480><c> is</c><00:15:30.880><c> really</c><00:15:31.279><c> complete.</c>

14:34.120 --> 14:34.130 align:start position:0%
the laws of gravity is really complete.
 

14:34.130 --> 14:35.229 align:start position:0%
the laws of gravity is really complete.
[music]

14:35.229 --> 14:35.239 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

14:35.239 --> 14:38.909 align:start position:0%
[music]
That<00:15:34.480><c> was</c><00:15:34.720><c> 3</c><00:15:35.040><c> years</c><00:15:35.199><c> ago</c><00:15:36.079><c> and</c><00:15:36.399><c> it's</c><00:15:36.800><c> found</c><00:15:37.199><c> a</c>

14:38.909 --> 14:38.919 align:start position:0%
That was 3 years ago and it's found a
 

14:38.919 --> 14:42.190 align:start position:0%
That was 3 years ago and it's found a
lot<00:15:37.920><c> since</c><00:15:38.240><c> then.</c><00:15:39.040><c> So,</c><00:15:39.519><c> let's</c><00:15:39.760><c> take</c><00:15:39.920><c> a</c><00:15:40.160><c> look.</c>

14:42.190 --> 14:42.200 align:start position:0%
lot since then. So, let's take a look.
 

14:42.200 --> 14:45.229 align:start position:0%
lot since then. So, let's take a look.
Let's<00:15:41.040><c> fast</c><00:15:41.360><c> forward</c><00:15:41.680><c> to</c><00:15:42.000><c> October</c><00:15:42.639><c> 2024</c>

14:45.229 --> 14:45.239 align:start position:0%
Let's fast forward to October 2024
 

14:45.239 --> 14:47.950 align:start position:0%
Let's fast forward to October 2024
when's<00:15:44.560><c> Uklid</c><00:15:45.040><c> Space</c><00:15:45.279><c> Telescope</c><00:15:46.000><c> sent</c><00:15:46.320><c> back</c>

14:47.950 --> 14:47.960 align:start position:0%
when's Uklid Space Telescope sent back
 

14:47.960 --> 14:51.310 align:start position:0%
when's Uklid Space Telescope sent back
its<00:15:46.959><c> first</c><00:15:47.360><c> batch</c><00:15:47.680><c> of</c><00:15:47.920><c> images</c><00:15:48.959><c> as</c><00:15:49.519><c> they</c><00:15:49.759><c> are</c>

14:51.310 --> 14:51.320 align:start position:0%
its first batch of images as they are
 

14:51.320 --> 14:54.430 align:start position:0%
its first batch of images as they are
some<00:15:50.079><c> of</c><00:15:50.160><c> the</c><00:15:50.399><c> best</c><00:15:50.959><c> space</c><00:15:51.360><c> images</c><00:15:52.160><c> I've</c><00:15:52.639><c> ever</c>

14:54.430 --> 14:54.440 align:start position:0%
some of the best space images I've ever
 

14:54.440 --> 14:57.710 align:start position:0%
some of the best space images I've ever
seen.<00:15:54.320><c> Known</c><00:15:54.560><c> as</c><00:15:54.720><c> Uklid's</c><00:15:55.360><c> first</c><00:15:55.600><c> light,</c><00:15:56.079><c> this</c>

14:57.710 --> 14:57.720 align:start position:0%
seen. Known as Uklid's first light, this
 

14:57.720 --> 15:00.029 align:start position:0%
seen. Known as Uklid's first light, this
photo<00:15:56.639><c> collection</c><00:15:57.040><c> is</c><00:15:57.279><c> a</c><00:15:57.600><c> dazzling</c><00:15:58.240><c> tour</c><00:15:58.480><c> of</c>

15:00.029 --> 15:00.039 align:start position:0%
photo collection is a dazzling tour of
 

15:00.039 --> 15:02.349 align:start position:0%
photo collection is a dazzling tour of
the<00:15:58.880><c> universe's</c><00:15:59.440><c> galaxies,</c><00:16:00.160><c> and</c><00:16:00.399><c> scientists</c>

15:02.349 --> 15:02.359 align:start position:0%
the universe's galaxies, and scientists
 

15:02.359 --> 15:04.589 align:start position:0%
the universe's galaxies, and scientists
back<00:16:01.199><c> then</c><00:16:01.680><c> immediately</c><00:16:02.399><c> started</c><00:16:02.800><c> freaking</c>

15:04.589 --> 15:04.599 align:start position:0%
back then immediately started freaking
 

15:04.599 --> 15:06.990 align:start position:0%
back then immediately started freaking
out<00:16:03.440><c> at</c><00:16:03.600><c> what</c><00:16:03.759><c> they</c><00:16:04.000><c> were</c><00:16:04.160><c> seeing.</c><00:16:04.959><c> Uklid's</c>

15:06.990 --> 15:07.000 align:start position:0%
out at what they were seeing. Uklid's
 

15:07.000 --> 15:08.990 align:start position:0%
out at what they were seeing. Uklid's
photos<00:16:05.920><c> have</c><00:16:06.160><c> called</c><00:16:06.480><c> into</c><00:16:06.800><c> question</c><00:16:07.199><c> our</c>

15:08.990 --> 15:09.000 align:start position:0%
photos have called into question our
 

15:09.000 --> 15:11.630 align:start position:0%
photos have called into question our
ideas<00:16:08.000><c> of</c><00:16:08.320><c> how</c><00:16:08.560><c> the</c><00:16:08.800><c> universe</c><00:16:09.199><c> evolved,</c><00:16:10.000><c> given</c>

15:11.630 --> 15:11.640 align:start position:0%
ideas of how the universe evolved, given
 

15:11.640 --> 15:13.630 align:start position:0%
ideas of how the universe evolved, given
us<00:16:10.399><c> new</c><00:16:10.639><c> insight</c><00:16:11.040><c> into</c><00:16:11.360><c> the</c><00:16:11.519><c> role</c><00:16:11.759><c> of</c><00:16:11.920><c> dark</c>

15:13.630 --> 15:13.640 align:start position:0%
us new insight into the role of dark
 

15:13.640 --> 15:16.349 align:start position:0%
us new insight into the role of dark
matter<00:16:12.639><c> in</c><00:16:12.959><c> structuring</c><00:16:13.440><c> the</c><00:16:13.600><c> cosmos,</c><00:16:14.720><c> and</c>

15:16.349 --> 15:16.359 align:start position:0%
matter in structuring the cosmos, and
 

15:16.359 --> 15:18.909 align:start position:0%
matter in structuring the cosmos, and
even<00:16:15.519><c> let</c><00:16:15.759><c> us</c><00:16:15.920><c> peer</c><00:16:16.240><c> into</c><00:16:16.480><c> the</c><00:16:16.720><c> past</c><00:16:17.199><c> by</c>

15:18.909 --> 15:18.919 align:start position:0%
even let us peer into the past by
 

15:18.919 --> 15:21.390 align:start position:0%
even let us peer into the past by
capturing<00:16:18.079><c> galaxies</c><00:16:18.800><c> 10</c><00:16:19.279><c> billion</c><00:16:19.759><c> lighty</c>

15:21.390 --> 15:21.400 align:start position:0%
capturing galaxies 10 billion lighty
 

15:21.400 --> 15:23.950 align:start position:0%
capturing galaxies 10 billion lighty
years<00:16:20.240><c> away.</c><00:16:21.279><c> All</c><00:16:21.440><c> in</c><00:16:21.600><c> all,</c><00:16:21.920><c> the</c><00:16:22.160><c> hype</c><00:16:22.399><c> in</c>

15:23.950 --> 15:23.960 align:start position:0%
years away. All in all, the hype in
 

15:23.960 --> 15:25.710 align:start position:0%
years away. All in all, the hype in
astronomical<00:16:23.279><c> community</c><00:16:23.759><c> around</c><00:16:24.079><c> these</c>

15:25.710 --> 15:25.720 align:start position:0%
astronomical community around these
 

15:25.720 --> 15:28.830 align:start position:0%
astronomical community around these
images<00:16:24.959><c> is</c><00:16:25.360><c> real,</c><00:16:26.079><c> as</c><00:16:26.320><c> summed</c><00:16:26.639><c> up</c><00:16:26.880><c> by</c><00:16:27.120><c> one</c>

15:28.830 --> 15:28.840 align:start position:0%
images is real, as summed up by one
 

15:28.840 --> 15:32.029 align:start position:0%
images is real, as summed up by one
Uklid<00:16:28.079><c> project</c><00:16:28.480><c> scientist.</c><00:16:29.920><c> We</c><00:16:30.160><c> have</c><00:16:30.320><c> never</c>

15:32.029 --> 15:32.039 align:start position:0%
Uklid project scientist. We have never
 

15:32.039 --> 15:34.190 align:start position:0%
Uklid project scientist. We have never
seen<00:16:30.959><c> astronomical</c><00:16:31.759><c> images</c><00:16:32.240><c> like</c><00:16:32.560><c> this</c>

15:34.190 --> 15:34.200 align:start position:0%
seen astronomical images like this
 

15:34.200 --> 15:37.870 align:start position:0%
seen astronomical images like this
before,<00:16:33.680><c> containing</c><00:16:34.399><c> so</c><00:16:34.880><c> much</c><00:16:35.199><c> detail.</c><00:16:36.240><c> They</c>

15:37.870 --> 15:37.880 align:start position:0%
before, containing so much detail. They
 

15:37.880 --> 15:39.950 align:start position:0%
before, containing so much detail. They
are<00:16:36.720><c> even</c><00:16:36.959><c> more</c><00:16:37.279><c> beautiful</c><00:16:37.600><c> and</c><00:16:37.920><c> sharp</c><00:16:38.320><c> than</c>

15:39.950 --> 15:39.960 align:start position:0%
are even more beautiful and sharp than
 

15:39.960 --> 15:42.669 align:start position:0%
are even more beautiful and sharp than
we<00:16:38.800><c> could</c><00:16:38.959><c> have</c><00:16:39.120><c> hoped</c><00:16:39.360><c> for,</c><00:16:40.000><c> showing</c><00:16:40.399><c> us</c><00:16:40.880><c> many</c>

15:42.669 --> 15:42.679 align:start position:0%
we could have hoped for, showing us many
 

15:42.679 --> 15:45.149 align:start position:0%
we could have hoped for, showing us many
previously<00:16:41.920><c> unseen</c><00:16:42.480><c> features</c><00:16:42.880><c> in</c><00:16:43.199><c> well-known</c>

15:45.149 --> 15:45.159 align:start position:0%
previously unseen features in well-known
 

15:45.159 --> 15:48.029 align:start position:0%
previously unseen features in well-known
areas<00:16:44.160><c> of</c><00:16:44.399><c> the</c><00:16:44.639><c> nearby</c><00:16:45.120><c> universe.</c>

15:48.029 --> 15:48.039 align:start position:0%
areas of the nearby universe.
 

15:48.039 --> 15:50.029 align:start position:0%
areas of the nearby universe.
So,<00:16:47.040><c> let</c><00:16:47.279><c> me</c><00:16:47.440><c> take</c><00:16:47.600><c> you</c><00:16:47.839><c> on</c><00:16:48.000><c> a</c><00:16:48.160><c> tour</c><00:16:48.399><c> through</c>

15:50.029 --> 15:50.039 align:start position:0%
So, let me take you on a tour through
 

15:50.039 --> 15:53.149 align:start position:0%
So, let me take you on a tour through
Uklid's<00:16:49.279><c> first</c><00:16:49.519><c> light</c><00:16:49.839><c> images,</c><00:16:50.399><c> one</c><00:16:50.639><c> by</c><00:16:50.880><c> one.</c>

15:53.149 --> 15:53.159 align:start position:0%
Uklid's first light images, one by one.
 

15:53.159 --> 15:57.310 align:start position:0%
Uklid's first light images, one by one.
Starting<00:16:52.480><c> with</c><00:16:52.800><c> our</c><00:16:53.040><c> map.</c>

15:57.310 --> 15:57.320 align:start position:0%
Starting with our map.
 

15:57.320 --> 16:00.029 align:start position:0%
Starting with our map.
Thanks<00:16:56.240><c> to</c><00:16:56.320><c> ISA's</c><00:16:56.880><c> GIA</c><00:16:57.279><c> and</c><00:16:57.519><c> plank</c><00:16:57.920><c> missions,</c>

16:00.029 --> 16:00.039 align:start position:0%
Thanks to ISA's GIA and plank missions,
 

16:00.039 --> 16:02.510 align:start position:0%
Thanks to ISA's GIA and plank missions,
we<00:16:59.040><c> already</c><00:16:59.440><c> had</c><00:16:59.680><c> a</c><00:17:00.000><c> pretty</c><00:17:00.240><c> solid</c><00:17:00.639><c> map</c><00:17:00.800><c> of</c><00:17:00.959><c> our</c>

16:02.510 --> 16:02.520 align:start position:0%
we already had a pretty solid map of our
 

16:02.520 --> 16:04.909 align:start position:0%
we already had a pretty solid map of our
Milky<00:17:01.440><c> Way.</c><00:17:02.240><c> Uklid</c><00:17:02.466><c> [music]</c><00:17:02.880><c> intended</c><00:17:03.279><c> to</c>

16:04.909 --> 16:04.919 align:start position:0%
Milky Way. Uklid [music] intended to
 

16:04.919 --> 16:07.229 align:start position:0%
Milky Way. Uklid [music] intended to
fill<00:17:03.839><c> in</c><00:17:04.079><c> the</c><00:17:04.240><c> blanks.</c><00:17:05.039><c> In</c><00:17:05.360><c> these</c><00:17:05.600><c> first</c>

16:07.229 --> 16:07.239 align:start position:0%
fill in the blanks. In these first
 

16:07.239 --> 16:10.270 align:start position:0%
fill in the blanks. In these first
images,<00:17:06.480><c> it</c><00:17:06.720><c> had</c><00:17:06.959><c> only</c><00:17:07.120><c> covered</c><00:17:07.600><c> about</c><00:17:07.919><c> 1%</c><00:17:08.640><c> of</c>

16:10.270 --> 16:10.280 align:start position:0%
images, it had only covered about 1% of
 

16:10.280 --> 16:12.990 align:start position:0%
images, it had only covered about 1% of
the<00:17:09.039><c> map</c><00:17:09.360><c> it</c><00:17:09.600><c> was</c><00:17:09.760><c> sent</c><00:17:10.000><c> to</c><00:17:10.160><c> create,</c><00:17:10.959><c> but</c><00:17:11.199><c> they</c>

16:12.990 --> 16:13.000 align:start position:0%
the map it was sent to create, but they
 

16:13.000 --> 16:15.949 align:start position:0%
the map it was sent to create, but they
are<00:17:11.919><c> still</c><00:17:12.559><c> extraordinary.</c><00:17:14.000><c> Between</c><00:17:14.319><c> the</c>

16:15.949 --> 16:15.959 align:start position:0%
are still extraordinary. Between the
 

16:15.959 --> 16:19.150 align:start position:0%
are still extraordinary. Between the
25th<00:17:14.959><c> of</c><00:17:15.120><c> March</c><00:17:15.280><c> and</c><00:17:15.439><c> the</c><00:17:15.600><c> 8th</c><00:17:15.839><c> of</c><00:17:16.000><c> April</c><00:17:16.559><c> 2024,</c>

16:19.150 --> 16:19.160 align:start position:0%
25th of March and the 8th of April 2024,
 

16:19.160 --> 16:22.349 align:start position:0%
25th of March and the 8th of April 2024,
Uklid<00:17:18.319><c> took</c><00:17:18.880><c> 260</c><00:17:19.919><c> pictures</c><00:17:20.240><c> of</c><00:17:20.480><c> the</c><00:17:20.640><c> southern</c>

16:22.349 --> 16:22.359 align:start position:0%
Uklid took 260 pictures of the southern
 

16:22.359 --> 16:25.790 align:start position:0%
Uklid took 260 pictures of the southern
sky,<00:17:21.679><c> covering</c><00:17:22.079><c> an</c><00:17:22.400><c> area</c><00:17:23.039><c> 500</c><00:17:23.679><c> times</c><00:17:23.919><c> the</c><00:17:24.160><c> size</c>

16:25.790 --> 16:25.800 align:start position:0%
sky, covering an area 500 times the size
 

16:25.800 --> 16:27.949 align:start position:0%
sky, covering an area 500 times the size
of<00:17:24.480><c> the</c><00:17:24.640><c> full</c><00:17:24.880><c> moon</c><00:17:25.120><c> we</c><00:17:25.360><c> see</c><00:17:25.520><c> from</c><00:17:25.760><c> Earth.</c>

16:27.949 --> 16:27.959 align:start position:0%
of the full moon we see from Earth.
 

16:27.959 --> 16:29.630 align:start position:0%
of the full moon we see from Earth.
Putting<00:17:26.880><c> these</c><00:17:27.199><c> pictures</c><00:17:27.520><c> together,</c>

16:29.630 --> 16:29.640 align:start position:0%
Putting these pictures together,
 

16:29.640 --> 16:31.550 align:start position:0%
Putting these pictures together,
scientists<00:17:28.720><c> created</c><00:17:29.120><c> a</c><00:17:29.360><c> mosaic</c><00:17:29.977><c> [music]</c>

16:31.550 --> 16:31.560 align:start position:0%
scientists created a mosaic [music]
 

16:31.560 --> 16:34.429 align:start position:0%
scientists created a mosaic [music]
spanning<00:17:30.720><c> millions</c><00:17:31.200><c> of</c><00:17:31.440><c> stars</c><00:17:31.840><c> and</c><00:17:32.080><c> galaxies.</c>

16:34.429 --> 16:34.439 align:start position:0%
spanning millions of stars and galaxies.
 

16:34.439 --> 16:37.790 align:start position:0%
spanning millions of stars and galaxies.
And<00:17:33.280><c> remember,</c><00:17:33.919><c> this</c><00:17:34.160><c> is</c><00:17:34.320><c> just</c><00:17:34.960><c> 1%</c><00:17:35.919><c> of</c><00:17:36.160><c> what</c>

16:37.790 --> 16:37.800 align:start position:0%
And remember, this is just 1% of what
 

16:37.800 --> 16:40.189 align:start position:0%
And remember, this is just 1% of what
it's<00:17:36.640><c> planning</c><00:17:36.880><c> to</c><00:17:37.120><c> do.</c>

16:40.189 --> 16:40.199 align:start position:0%
it's planning to do.
 

16:40.199 --> 16:43.150 align:start position:0%
it's planning to do.
Because<00:17:39.280><c> Uklid</c><00:17:39.919><c> captures</c><00:17:40.320><c> both</c><00:17:40.720><c> big</c><00:17:41.039><c> picture</c>

16:43.150 --> 16:43.160 align:start position:0%
Because Uklid captures both big picture
 

16:43.160 --> 16:45.470 align:start position:0%
Because Uklid captures both big picture
and<00:17:42.080><c> detailed</c><00:17:42.559><c> data</c><00:17:42.880><c> at</c><00:17:43.039><c> the</c><00:17:43.200><c> same</c><00:17:43.360><c> time,</c>

16:45.470 --> 16:45.480 align:start position:0%
and detailed data at the same time,
 

16:45.480 --> 16:47.630 align:start position:0%
and detailed data at the same time,
researchers<00:17:44.720><c> can</c><00:17:44.960><c> see</c><00:17:45.200><c> the</c><00:17:45.440><c> sky</c><00:17:45.679><c> at</c><00:17:46.000><c> different</c>

16:47.630 --> 16:47.640 align:start position:0%
researchers can see the sky at different
 

16:47.640 --> 16:50.830 align:start position:0%
researchers can see the sky at different
scales.<00:17:47.200><c> From</c><00:17:47.600><c> extragalactic</c><00:17:48.480><c> views,</c><00:17:49.039><c> we</c><00:17:49.280><c> can</c>

16:50.830 --> 16:50.840 align:start position:0%
scales. From extragalactic views, we can
 

16:50.840 --> 16:53.230 align:start position:0%
scales. From extragalactic views, we can
zoom<00:17:49.760><c> into</c><00:17:50.080><c> the</c><00:17:50.240><c> galaxy</c><00:17:50.640><c> clusters,</c><00:17:51.520><c> their</c>

16:53.230 --> 16:53.240 align:start position:0%
zoom into the galaxy clusters, their
 

16:53.240 --> 16:57.230 align:start position:0%
zoom into the galaxy clusters, their
core,<00:17:52.640><c> and</c><00:17:52.880><c> even</c><00:17:53.360><c> individual</c><00:17:54.080><c> galaxies.</c>

16:57.230 --> 16:57.240 align:start position:0%
core, and even individual galaxies.
 

16:57.240 --> 16:59.870 align:start position:0%
core, and even individual galaxies.
So,<00:17:56.400><c> let's</c><00:17:56.799><c> explore</c><00:17:57.360><c> some</c><00:17:57.679><c> of</c><00:17:57.760><c> these</c><00:17:58.000><c> cosmic</c>

16:59.870 --> 16:59.880 align:start position:0%
So, let's explore some of these cosmic
 

16:59.880 --> 17:02.510 align:start position:0%
So, let's explore some of these cosmic
structures,<00:17:59.440><c> starting</c><00:18:00.080><c> with</c><00:18:00.400><c> one</c><00:18:00.720><c> of</c><00:18:00.960><c> the</c>

17:02.510 --> 17:02.520 align:start position:0%
structures, starting with one of the
 

17:02.520 --> 17:05.870 align:start position:0%
structures, starting with one of the
biggest<00:18:01.600><c> known</c><00:18:02.080><c> in</c><00:18:02.320><c> the</c><00:18:02.559><c> universe.</c>

17:05.870 --> 17:05.880 align:start position:0%
biggest known in the universe.
 

17:05.880 --> 17:10.510 align:start position:0%
biggest known in the universe.
This<00:18:05.039><c> is</c><00:18:05.360><c> the</c><00:18:05.679><c> Perseus</c><00:18:06.320><c> cluster</c><00:18:07.200><c> located</c><00:18:08.000><c> 240</c>

17:10.510 --> 17:10.520 align:start position:0%
This is the Perseus cluster located 240
 

17:10.520 --> 17:13.390 align:start position:0%
This is the Perseus cluster located 240
million<00:18:09.600><c> lightyears</c><00:18:10.160><c> from</c><00:18:10.480><c> Earth.</c><00:18:11.679><c> This</c>

17:13.390 --> 17:13.400 align:start position:0%
million lightyears from Earth. This
 

17:13.400 --> 17:17.150 align:start position:0%
million lightyears from Earth. This
image<00:18:12.400><c> shows</c><00:18:13.120><c> over</c><00:18:13.760><c> 1,000</c><00:18:14.799><c> Perseus</c><00:18:15.360><c> cluster</c>

17:17.150 --> 17:17.160 align:start position:0%
image shows over 1,000 Perseus cluster
 

17:17.160 --> 17:20.910 align:start position:0%
image shows over 1,000 Perseus cluster
galaxies<00:18:16.720><c> and</c><00:18:17.039><c> more</c><00:18:17.280><c> than</c><00:18:17.760><c> 100,000</c><00:18:18.960><c> faraway</c>

17:20.910 --> 17:20.920 align:start position:0%
galaxies and more than 100,000 faraway
 

17:20.920 --> 17:23.470 align:start position:0%
galaxies and more than 100,000 faraway
galaxies<00:18:20.080><c> in</c><00:18:20.240><c> the</c><00:18:20.400><c> background.</c><00:18:21.600><c> Scientists</c>

17:23.470 --> 17:23.480 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the background. Scientists
 

17:23.480 --> 17:25.390 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the background. Scientists
think<00:18:22.320><c> the</c><00:18:22.559><c> way</c><00:18:22.720><c> galaxies</c><00:18:23.120><c> are</c><00:18:23.360><c> organized</c><00:18:23.840><c> can</c>

17:25.390 --> 17:25.400 align:start position:0%
think the way galaxies are organized can
 

17:25.400 --> 17:27.150 align:start position:0%
think the way galaxies are organized can
tell<00:18:24.160><c> us</c><00:18:24.320><c> a</c><00:18:24.480><c> lot</c><00:18:24.640><c> about</c><00:18:24.799><c> the</c><00:18:25.039><c> distribution</c><00:18:25.520><c> of</c>

17:27.150 --> 17:27.160 align:start position:0%
tell us a lot about the distribution of
 

17:27.160 --> 17:29.949 align:start position:0%
tell us a lot about the distribution of
dark<00:18:26.080><c> matter</c><00:18:26.320><c> and</c><00:18:26.559><c> dark</c><00:18:26.880><c> energy.</c><00:18:27.919><c> You</c><00:18:28.160><c> see,</c>

17:29.949 --> 17:29.959 align:start position:0%
dark matter and dark energy. You see,
 

17:29.959 --> 17:32.110 align:start position:0%
dark matter and dark energy. You see,
gravity<00:18:29.200><c> might</c><00:18:29.520><c> cause</c><00:18:29.840><c> dark</c><00:18:30.160><c> matter</c><00:18:30.480><c> to</c>

17:32.110 --> 17:32.120 align:start position:0%
gravity might cause dark matter to
 

17:32.120 --> 17:34.350 align:start position:0%
gravity might cause dark matter to
organize<00:18:31.200><c> itself</c><00:18:31.600><c> into</c><00:18:31.919><c> filaments.</c><00:18:32.799><c> We</c>

17:34.350 --> 17:34.360 align:start position:0%
organize itself into filaments. We
 

17:34.360 --> 17:36.750 align:start position:0%
organize itself into filaments. We
aren't<00:18:33.360><c> sure,</c><00:18:33.919><c> but</c><00:18:34.160><c> NASA</c><00:18:34.559><c> scientists</c><00:18:34.960><c> believe</c>

17:36.750 --> 17:36.760 align:start position:0%
aren't sure, but NASA scientists believe
 

17:36.760 --> 17:38.990 align:start position:0%
aren't sure, but NASA scientists believe
it's<00:18:35.760><c> possible</c><00:18:36.240><c> that</c><00:18:36.559><c> where</c><00:18:36.799><c> these</c><00:18:37.039><c> filaments</c>

17:38.990 --> 17:39.000 align:start position:0%
it's possible that where these filaments
 

17:39.000 --> 17:41.390 align:start position:0%
it's possible that where these filaments
intersect,<00:18:38.480><c> galaxies</c><00:18:39.120><c> stick</c><00:18:39.520><c> closer</c>

17:41.390 --> 17:41.400 align:start position:0%
intersect, galaxies stick closer
 

17:41.400 --> 17:44.429 align:start position:0%
intersect, galaxies stick closer
together,<00:18:40.720><c> forming</c><00:18:41.120><c> a</c><00:18:41.360><c> cluster.</c><00:18:42.480><c> The</c><00:18:42.720><c> theory</c>

17:44.429 --> 17:44.439 align:start position:0%
together, forming a cluster. The theory
 

17:44.439 --> 17:47.630 align:start position:0%
together, forming a cluster. The theory
goes<00:18:43.760><c> that</c><00:18:44.000><c> if</c><00:18:44.320><c> there</c><00:18:44.640><c> were</c><00:18:44.880><c> no</c><00:18:45.120><c> dark</c><00:18:45.440><c> matter,</c>

17:47.630 --> 17:47.640 align:start position:0%
goes that if there were no dark matter,
 

17:47.640 --> 17:49.710 align:start position:0%
goes that if there were no dark matter,
galaxies<00:18:46.799><c> would</c><00:18:46.960><c> be</c><00:18:47.120><c> distributed</c><00:18:47.840><c> evenly</c>

17:49.710 --> 17:49.720 align:start position:0%
galaxies would be distributed evenly
 

17:49.720 --> 17:51.870 align:start position:0%
galaxies would be distributed evenly
throughout<00:18:48.640><c> the</c><00:18:48.799><c> universe,</c><00:18:49.600><c> which,</c><00:18:50.080><c> as</c><00:18:50.320><c> we</c>

17:51.870 --> 17:51.880 align:start position:0%
throughout the universe, which, as we
 

17:51.880 --> 17:55.230 align:start position:0%
throughout the universe, which, as we
mentioned,<00:18:51.120><c> isn't</c><00:18:51.520><c> the</c><00:18:51.760><c> case.</c><00:18:53.120><c> While</c><00:18:53.520><c> many</c>

17:55.230 --> 17:55.240 align:start position:0%
mentioned, isn't the case. While many
 

17:55.240 --> 17:57.150 align:start position:0%
mentioned, isn't the case. While many
galaxies<00:18:54.240><c> in</c><00:18:54.400><c> the</c><00:18:54.480><c> Perseus</c><00:18:55.039><c> cluster</c><00:18:55.520><c> are</c>

17:57.150 --> 17:57.160 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the Perseus cluster are
 

17:57.160 --> 17:59.710 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the Perseus cluster are
already<00:18:56.160><c> known,</c><00:18:56.880><c> cosmological</c><00:18:57.679><c> simulations</c>

17:59.710 --> 17:59.720 align:start position:0%
already known, cosmological simulations
 

17:59.720 --> 18:02.030 align:start position:0%
already known, cosmological simulations
predict<00:18:58.799><c> there</c><00:18:59.120><c> should</c><00:18:59.360><c> be</c><00:18:59.679><c> several</c><00:19:00.160><c> dwarf</c>

18:02.030 --> 18:02.040 align:start position:0%
predict there should be several dwarf
 

18:02.040 --> 18:03.870 align:start position:0%
predict there should be several dwarf
galaxies<00:19:01.200><c> there,</c><00:19:01.520><c> too.</c>

18:03.870 --> 18:03.880 align:start position:0%
galaxies there, too.
 

18:03.880 --> 18:06.590 align:start position:0%
galaxies there, too.
If<00:19:02.720><c> we</c><00:19:02.880><c> could</c><00:19:03.120><c> see</c><00:19:03.360><c> those</c><00:19:03.679><c> faint</c><00:19:04.080><c> galaxies,</c><00:19:04.960><c> we</c>

18:06.590 --> 18:06.600 align:start position:0%
If we could see those faint galaxies, we
 

18:06.600 --> 18:08.590 align:start position:0%
If we could see those faint galaxies, we
could<00:19:05.360><c> analyze</c><00:19:05.760><c> their</c><00:19:06.000><c> shape</c><00:19:06.320><c> and</c><00:19:06.559><c> distortion</c>

18:08.590 --> 18:08.600 align:start position:0%
could analyze their shape and distortion
 

18:08.600 --> 18:10.750 align:start position:0%
could analyze their shape and distortion
relative<00:19:07.520><c> to</c><00:19:07.760><c> the</c><00:19:07.919><c> cluster</c><00:19:08.480><c> and</c><00:19:08.799><c> background</c>

18:10.750 --> 18:10.760 align:start position:0%
relative to the cluster and background
 

18:10.760 --> 18:12.750 align:start position:0%
relative to the cluster and background
to<00:19:09.679><c> determine</c><00:19:10.160><c> how</c><00:19:10.559><c> dark</c><00:19:10.799><c> matter</c><00:19:11.120><c> is</c>

18:12.750 --> 18:12.760 align:start position:0%
to determine how dark matter is
 

18:12.760 --> 18:15.949 align:start position:0%
to determine how dark matter is
distributed.<00:19:12.640><c> The</c><00:19:12.960><c> problem</c><00:19:13.200><c> is</c><00:19:13.840><c> these</c><00:19:14.160><c> dwarf</c>

18:15.949 --> 18:15.959 align:start position:0%
distributed. The problem is these dwarf
 

18:15.959 --> 18:18.270 align:start position:0%
distributed. The problem is these dwarf
galaxies<00:19:15.039><c> tend</c><00:19:15.280><c> to</c><00:19:15.440><c> be</c><00:19:15.600><c> overshadowed</c><00:19:16.480><c> by</c>

18:18.270 --> 18:18.280 align:start position:0%
galaxies tend to be overshadowed by
 

18:18.280 --> 18:21.550 align:start position:0%
galaxies tend to be overshadowed by
older<00:19:17.360><c> stars</c><00:19:17.840><c> shining</c><00:19:18.320><c> infrared</c><00:19:18.880><c> light.</c><00:19:19.919><c> So,</c>

18:21.550 --> 18:21.560 align:start position:0%
older stars shining infrared light. So,
 

18:21.560 --> 18:24.590 align:start position:0%
older stars shining infrared light. So,
they've<00:19:20.480><c> evaded</c><00:19:21.039><c> direct</c><00:19:21.440><c> observation</c><00:19:22.720><c> until</c>

18:24.590 --> 18:24.600 align:start position:0%
they've evaded direct observation until
 

18:24.600 --> 18:29.309 align:start position:0%
they've evaded direct observation until
now.<00:19:24.400><c> Uklid</c><00:19:24.960><c> discovered</c><00:19:25.440><c> more</c><00:19:25.760><c> than</c><00:19:26.160><c> 630</c>

18:29.309 --> 18:29.319 align:start position:0%
now. Uklid discovered more than 630
 

18:29.319 --> 18:32.350 align:start position:0%
now. Uklid discovered more than 630
previously<00:19:28.799><c> unknown</c><00:19:29.440><c> dwarf</c><00:19:29.840><c> galaxies</c><00:19:30.720><c> which</c>

18:32.350 --> 18:32.360 align:start position:0%
previously unknown dwarf galaxies which
 

18:32.360 --> 18:34.350 align:start position:0%
previously unknown dwarf galaxies which
is<00:19:31.120><c> a</c><00:19:31.360><c> huge</c><00:19:31.679><c> breakthrough</c><00:19:32.160><c> in</c><00:19:32.320><c> the</c><00:19:32.559><c> study</c><00:19:32.799><c> of</c>

18:34.350 --> 18:34.360 align:start position:0%
is a huge breakthrough in the study of
 

18:34.360 --> 18:36.189 align:start position:0%
is a huge breakthrough in the study of
dark<00:19:33.280><c> matter.</c>

18:36.189 --> 18:36.199 align:start position:0%
dark matter.
 

18:36.199 --> 18:38.830 align:start position:0%
dark matter.
More<00:19:35.120><c> than</c><00:19:35.360><c> dark</c><00:19:35.679><c> matter,</c><00:19:36.320><c> Uklid</c><00:19:36.960><c> is</c><00:19:37.120><c> also</c>

18:38.830 --> 18:38.840 align:start position:0%
More than dark matter, Uklid is also
 

18:38.840 --> 18:41.630 align:start position:0%
More than dark matter, Uklid is also
teaching<00:19:37.679><c> us</c><00:19:37.919><c> about</c><00:19:38.320><c> star</c><00:19:38.640><c> formation</c><00:19:39.280><c> too.</c>

18:41.630 --> 18:41.640 align:start position:0%
teaching us about star formation too.
 

18:41.640 --> 18:43.790 align:start position:0%
teaching us about star formation too.
Let's<00:19:40.480><c> go</c><00:19:40.720><c> to</c><00:19:40.880><c> our</c><00:19:41.120><c> next</c><00:19:41.360><c> destination</c><00:19:42.160><c> and</c>

18:43.790 --> 18:43.800 align:start position:0%
Let's go to our next destination and
 

18:43.800 --> 18:46.830 align:start position:0%
Let's go to our next destination and
I'll<00:19:42.720><c> show</c><00:19:42.880><c> you.</c>

18:46.830 --> 18:46.840 align:start position:0%
I'll show you.
 

18:46.840 --> 18:52.030 align:start position:0%
I'll show you.
Say<00:19:45.760><c> hello</c><00:19:46.080><c> to</c><00:19:46.400><c> Ireular</c><00:19:46.960><c> galaxy</c><00:19:47.679><c> NGC</c><00:19:48.720><c> 6822</c>

18:52.030 --> 18:52.040 align:start position:0%
Say hello to Ireular galaxy NGC 6822
 

18:52.040 --> 18:54.590 align:start position:0%
Say hello to Ireular galaxy NGC 6822
shining<00:19:51.120><c> bright</c><00:19:51.760><c> 1.6</c><00:19:52.320><c> 6</c><00:19:52.640><c> million</c><00:19:52.960><c> lighty</c>

18:54.590 --> 18:54.600 align:start position:0%
shining bright 1.6 6 million lighty
 

18:54.600 --> 18:57.870 align:start position:0%
shining bright 1.6 6 million lighty
years<00:19:53.440><c> away.</c><00:19:54.720><c> It</c><00:19:54.960><c> was</c><00:19:55.120><c> first</c><00:19:55.600><c> identified</c><00:19:56.000><c> as</c><00:19:56.240><c> a</c>

18:57.870 --> 18:57.880 align:start position:0%
years away. It was first identified as a
 

18:57.880 --> 19:00.429 align:start position:0%
years away. It was first identified as a
remote<00:19:56.960><c> stellar</c><00:19:57.360><c> system</c><00:19:57.679><c> by</c><00:19:57.919><c> Edwin</c><00:19:58.320><c> Hubble</c><00:19:58.799><c> in</c>

19:00.429 --> 19:00.439 align:start position:0%
remote stellar system by Edwin Hubble in
 

19:00.439 --> 19:02.030 align:start position:0%
remote stellar system by Edwin Hubble in
1925.

19:02.030 --> 19:02.040 align:start position:0%
1925.
 

19:02.040 --> 19:05.230 align:start position:0%
1925.
Now<00:20:01.120><c> almost</c><00:20:01.600><c> 100</c><00:20:02.000><c> years</c><00:20:02.240><c> later,</c><00:20:03.120><c> Uklid</c><00:20:03.600><c> is</c>

19:05.230 --> 19:05.240 align:start position:0%
Now almost 100 years later, Uklid is
 

19:05.240 --> 19:07.550 align:start position:0%
Now almost 100 years later, Uklid is
sending<00:20:04.160><c> back</c><00:20:04.480><c> highresolution</c><00:20:05.520><c> images</c><00:20:05.919><c> of</c>

19:07.550 --> 19:07.560 align:start position:0%
sending back highresolution images of
 

19:07.560 --> 19:10.670 align:start position:0%
sending back highresolution images of
the<00:20:06.400><c> entire</c><00:20:06.880><c> galaxy</c><00:20:07.520><c> and</c><00:20:07.840><c> its</c><00:20:08.080><c> surroundings.</c>

19:10.670 --> 19:10.680 align:start position:0%
the entire galaxy and its surroundings.
 

19:10.680 --> 19:13.230 align:start position:0%
the entire galaxy and its surroundings.
The<00:20:09.440><c> James</c><00:20:09.760><c> Web</c><00:20:10.000><c> Space</c><00:20:10.240><c> Telescope</c><00:20:11.120><c> did</c><00:20:11.440><c> also</c>

19:13.230 --> 19:13.240 align:start position:0%
The James Web Space Telescope did also
 

19:13.240 --> 19:15.790 align:start position:0%
The James Web Space Telescope did also
image<00:20:12.160><c> this</c><00:20:12.400><c> galaxy</c><00:20:12.799><c> a</c><00:20:13.039><c> few</c><00:20:13.200><c> years</c><00:20:13.360><c> ago,</c><00:20:14.080><c> but</c>

19:15.790 --> 19:15.800 align:start position:0%
image this galaxy a few years ago, but
 

19:15.800 --> 19:18.910 align:start position:0%
image this galaxy a few years ago, but
with<00:20:14.640><c> a</c><00:20:14.960><c> much</c><00:20:15.360><c> narrower</c><00:20:15.919><c> field</c><00:20:16.240><c> of</c><00:20:16.400><c> view.</c>

19:18.910 --> 19:18.920 align:start position:0%
with a much narrower field of view.
 

19:18.920 --> 19:21.069 align:start position:0%
with a much narrower field of view.
Scientists<00:20:18.080><c> are</c><00:20:18.400><c> interested</c><00:20:18.799><c> in</c><00:20:19.039><c> Uklid's</c>

19:21.069 --> 19:21.079 align:start position:0%
Scientists are interested in Uklid's
 

19:21.079 --> 19:22.910 align:start position:0%
Scientists are interested in Uklid's
wide-angle<00:20:20.160><c> photos</c><00:20:20.400><c> of</c><00:20:20.559><c> this</c><00:20:20.720><c> galaxy</c><00:20:21.280><c> for</c>

19:22.910 --> 19:22.920 align:start position:0%
wide-angle photos of this galaxy for
 

19:22.920 --> 19:24.670 align:start position:0%
wide-angle photos of this galaxy for
what<00:20:21.760><c> they</c><00:20:22.000><c> might</c><00:20:22.240><c> tell</c><00:20:22.400><c> us</c><00:20:22.640><c> about</c><00:20:22.960><c> star</c>

19:24.670 --> 19:24.680 align:start position:0%
what they might tell us about star
 

19:24.680 --> 19:27.390 align:start position:0%
what they might tell us about star
formation<00:20:23.840><c> and</c><00:20:24.080><c> the</c><00:20:24.240><c> early</c><00:20:24.559><c> universe.</c><00:20:25.840><c> You</c>

19:27.390 --> 19:27.400 align:start position:0%
formation and the early universe. You
 

19:27.400 --> 19:30.189 align:start position:0%
formation and the early universe. You
see,<00:20:26.320><c> stars</c><00:20:26.880><c> smash</c><00:20:27.440><c> lighter</c><00:20:27.919><c> atoms</c><00:20:28.400><c> like</c>

19:30.189 --> 19:30.199 align:start position:0%
see, stars smash lighter atoms like
 

19:30.199 --> 19:32.670 align:start position:0%
see, stars smash lighter atoms like
hydrogen<00:20:29.360><c> and</c><00:20:29.600><c> helium</c><00:20:30.080><c> together</c><00:20:30.640><c> to</c><00:20:30.880><c> produce</c>

19:32.670 --> 19:32.680 align:start position:0%
hydrogen and helium together to produce
 

19:32.680 --> 19:35.630 align:start position:0%
hydrogen and helium together to produce
heavier<00:20:31.840><c> atoms,</c><00:20:32.480><c> including</c><00:20:32.960><c> metals.</c><00:20:34.000><c> This</c>

19:35.630 --> 19:35.640 align:start position:0%
heavier atoms, including metals. This
 

19:35.640 --> 19:38.110 align:start position:0%
heavier atoms, including metals. This
process<00:20:34.720><c> happens</c><00:20:35.039><c> across</c><00:20:35.440><c> a</c><00:20:35.679><c> star's</c><00:20:36.000><c> lifespan</c>

19:38.110 --> 19:38.120 align:start position:0%
process happens across a star's lifespan
 

19:38.120 --> 19:40.030 align:start position:0%
process happens across a star's lifespan
and<00:20:36.960><c> is</c><00:20:37.120><c> why</c><00:20:37.360><c> we</c><00:20:37.520><c> don't</c><00:20:37.679><c> see</c><00:20:37.919><c> many</c><00:20:38.240><c> heavier</c>

19:40.030 --> 19:40.040 align:start position:0%
and is why we don't see many heavier
 

19:40.040 --> 19:41.974 align:start position:0%
and is why we don't see many heavier
elements<00:20:39.039><c> in</c><00:20:39.200><c> the</c><00:20:39.360><c> early</c><00:20:39.600><c> universe</c><00:20:40.559><c> because</c>

19:41.974 --> 19:41.984 align:start position:0%
elements in the early universe because
 

19:41.984 --> 19:44.910 align:start position:0%
elements in the early universe because
[music]<00:20:40.960><c> they</c><00:20:41.280><c> take</c><00:20:41.520><c> time</c><00:20:41.760><c> to</c><00:20:42.000><c> accumulate.</c>

19:44.910 --> 19:44.920 align:start position:0%
[music] they take time to accumulate.
 

19:44.920 --> 19:47.630 align:start position:0%
[music] they take time to accumulate.
Surprisingly,<00:20:44.559><c> many</c><00:20:44.799><c> of</c><00:20:44.880><c> the</c><00:20:45.039><c> stars</c><00:20:45.360><c> in</c><00:20:45.520><c> NGC</c>

19:47.630 --> 19:47.640 align:start position:0%
Surprisingly, many of the stars in NGC
 

19:47.640 --> 19:51.470 align:start position:0%
Surprisingly, many of the stars in NGC
6822<00:20:47.679><c> have</c><00:20:48.000><c> very</c><00:20:48.480><c> low</c><00:20:49.039><c> levels</c><00:20:49.440><c> of</c><00:20:49.679><c> metal</c>

19:51.470 --> 19:51.480 align:start position:0%
6822 have very low levels of metal
 

19:51.480 --> 19:54.590 align:start position:0%
6822 have very low levels of metal
atoms.<00:20:51.360><c> By</c><00:20:51.679><c> studying</c><00:20:52.159><c> low</c><00:20:52.480><c> metallicity</c>

19:54.590 --> 19:54.600 align:start position:0%
atoms. By studying low metallicity
 

19:54.600 --> 19:56.830 align:start position:0%
atoms. By studying low metallicity
galaxies<00:20:53.760><c> like</c><00:20:54.000><c> this</c><00:20:54.240><c> one,</c><00:20:54.799><c> scientists</c><00:20:55.280><c> hope</c>

19:56.830 --> 19:56.840 align:start position:0%
galaxies like this one, scientists hope
 

19:56.840 --> 19:59.150 align:start position:0%
galaxies like this one, scientists hope
to<00:20:55.679><c> learn</c><00:20:55.919><c> more</c><00:20:56.159><c> about</c><00:20:56.480><c> how</c><00:20:56.799><c> galaxies</c><00:20:57.280><c> evolved</c>

19:59.150 --> 19:59.160 align:start position:0%
to learn more about how galaxies evolved
 

19:59.160 --> 20:02.189 align:start position:0%
to learn more about how galaxies evolved
in<00:20:58.000><c> the</c><00:20:58.159><c> early</c><00:20:58.400><c> universe.</c><00:20:59.760><c> Uklid</c><00:21:00.400><c> has</c><00:21:00.559><c> made</c>

20:02.189 --> 20:02.199 align:start position:0%
in the early universe. Uklid has made
 

20:02.199 --> 20:05.309 align:start position:0%
in the early universe. Uklid has made
that<00:21:01.120><c> a</c><00:21:01.440><c> monumentally</c><00:21:02.400><c> easier</c><00:21:02.880><c> task</c><00:21:03.600><c> thanks</c>

20:05.309 --> 20:05.319 align:start position:0%
that a monumentally easier task thanks
 

20:05.319 --> 20:07.949 align:start position:0%
that a monumentally easier task thanks
to<00:21:04.080><c> the</c><00:21:04.320><c> color</c><00:21:04.720><c> information</c><00:21:05.200><c> from</c><00:21:05.440><c> his</c><00:21:05.679><c> NISP</c>

20:07.949 --> 20:07.959 align:start position:0%
to the color information from his NISP
 

20:07.959 --> 20:11.870 align:start position:0%
to the color information from his NISP
instrument<00:21:07.280><c> and</c><00:21:07.840><c> its</c><00:21:08.159><c> wide</c><00:21:08.559><c> field</c><00:21:08.799><c> of</c><00:21:09.039><c> view.</c>

20:11.870 --> 20:11.880 align:start position:0%
instrument and its wide field of view.
 

20:11.880 --> 20:14.030 align:start position:0%
instrument and its wide field of view.
Uklid<00:21:11.120><c> has</c><00:21:11.280><c> also</c><00:21:11.520><c> revealed</c><00:21:12.000><c> several</c>

20:14.030 --> 20:14.040 align:start position:0%
Uklid has also revealed several
 

20:14.040 --> 20:16.270 align:start position:0%
Uklid has also revealed several
previously<00:21:13.280><c> unknown</c><00:21:14.000><c> globular</c><00:21:14.559><c> star</c>

20:16.270 --> 20:16.280 align:start position:0%
previously unknown globular star
 

20:16.280 --> 20:19.710 align:start position:0%
previously unknown globular star
clusters<00:21:15.440><c> and</c><00:21:15.760><c> H2</c><00:21:16.320><c> regions</c><00:21:16.720><c> in</c><00:21:16.880><c> this</c><00:21:17.120><c> galaxy.</c>

20:19.710 --> 20:19.720 align:start position:0%
clusters and H2 regions in this galaxy.
 

20:19.720 --> 20:22.429 align:start position:0%
clusters and H2 regions in this galaxy.
H2<00:21:18.799><c> regions</c><00:21:19.280><c> are</c><00:21:19.520><c> the</c><00:21:19.760><c> colorful</c><00:21:20.240><c> gas</c><00:21:20.559><c> clouds</c>

20:22.429 --> 20:22.439 align:start position:0%
H2 regions are the colorful gas clouds
 

20:22.439 --> 20:25.790 align:start position:0%
H2 regions are the colorful gas clouds
we<00:21:21.280><c> see</c><00:21:21.600><c> here.</c><00:21:22.799><c> When</c><00:21:23.120><c> stars</c><00:21:23.520><c> are</c><00:21:23.679><c> born,</c><00:21:24.240><c> they</c>

20:25.790 --> 20:25.800 align:start position:0%
we see here. When stars are born, they
 

20:25.800 --> 20:28.350 align:start position:0%
we see here. When stars are born, they
emit<00:21:24.799><c> light</c><00:21:25.039><c> so</c><00:21:25.360><c> strong</c><00:21:25.679><c> and</c><00:21:25.919><c> bright</c><00:21:26.320><c> that</c><00:21:26.559><c> it</c>

20:28.350 --> 20:28.360 align:start position:0%
emit light so strong and bright that it
 

20:28.360 --> 20:30.350 align:start position:0%
emit light so strong and bright that it
ionizes<00:21:27.440><c> the</c><00:21:27.679><c> hydrogen</c><00:21:28.240><c> gas</c><00:21:28.559><c> surrounding</c>

20:30.350 --> 20:30.360 align:start position:0%
ionizes the hydrogen gas surrounding
 

20:30.360 --> 20:33.710 align:start position:0%
ionizes the hydrogen gas surrounding
them,<00:21:29.600><c> resulting</c><00:21:30.080><c> in</c><00:21:30.320><c> these</c><00:21:30.640><c> H2</c><00:21:31.200><c> regions.</c>

20:33.710 --> 20:33.720 align:start position:0%
them, resulting in these H2 regions.
 

20:33.720 --> 20:35.230 align:start position:0%
them, resulting in these H2 regions.
Studying<00:21:32.720><c> these</c><00:21:32.960><c> will</c><00:21:33.200><c> help</c><00:21:33.360><c> us</c><00:21:33.520><c> better</c>

20:35.230 --> 20:35.240 align:start position:0%
Studying these will help us better
 

20:35.240 --> 20:37.230 align:start position:0%
Studying these will help us better
understand<00:21:34.240><c> the</c><00:21:34.480><c> cloud</c><00:21:34.880><c> properties</c><00:21:35.360><c> at</c><00:21:35.600><c> the</c>

20:37.230 --> 20:37.240 align:start position:0%
understand the cloud properties at the
 

20:37.240 --> 20:40.030 align:start position:0%
understand the cloud properties at the
time<00:21:36.080><c> a</c><00:21:36.320><c> star</c><00:21:36.559><c> is</c><00:21:36.799><c> born</c><00:21:37.520><c> and</c><00:21:37.840><c> what</c><00:21:38.159><c> conditions</c>

20:40.030 --> 20:40.040 align:start position:0%
time a star is born and what conditions
 

20:40.040 --> 20:44.670 align:start position:0%
time a star is born and what conditions
are<00:21:38.880><c> needed</c><00:21:39.280><c> for</c><00:21:39.679><c> massive</c><00:21:40.159><c> star</c><00:21:40.480><c> formation.</c>

20:44.670 --> 20:44.680 align:start position:0%
are needed for massive star formation.
 

20:44.680 --> 20:47.309 align:start position:0%
are needed for massive star formation.
Speaking<00:21:43.679><c> of</c><00:21:44.000><c> globular</c><00:21:44.640><c> clusters,</c><00:21:45.600><c> here's</c>

20:47.309 --> 20:47.319 align:start position:0%
Speaking of globular clusters, here's
 

20:47.319 --> 20:50.030 align:start position:0%
Speaking of globular clusters, here's
one<00:21:46.159><c> in</c><00:21:46.400><c> a</c><00:21:46.640><c> different</c><00:21:46.799><c> part</c><00:21:47.039><c> of</c><00:21:47.200><c> the</c><00:21:47.360><c> sky.</c>

20:50.030 --> 20:50.040 align:start position:0%
one in a different part of the sky.
 

20:50.040 --> 20:54.110 align:start position:0%
one in a different part of the sky.
Globular<00:21:49.280><c> cluster</c><00:21:49.840><c> NGC</c><00:21:50.799><c> 6397</c>

20:54.110 --> 20:54.120 align:start position:0%
Globular cluster NGC 6397
 

20:54.120 --> 20:57.710 align:start position:0%
Globular cluster NGC 6397
is<00:21:53.039><c> 7,800</c><00:21:54.400><c> lightyears</c><00:21:54.880><c> from</c><00:21:55.039><c> home,</c><00:21:55.760><c> making</c><00:21:56.080><c> it</c>

20:57.710 --> 20:57.720 align:start position:0%
is 7,800 lightyears from home, making it
 

20:57.720 --> 21:00.910 align:start position:0%
is 7,800 lightyears from home, making it
the<00:21:56.559><c> second</c><00:21:56.880><c> closest</c><00:21:57.280><c> one</c><00:21:57.520><c> to</c><00:21:57.760><c> us.</c><00:21:58.880><c> This</c><00:21:59.200><c> image</c>

21:00.910 --> 21:00.920 align:start position:0%
the second closest one to us. This image
 

21:00.920 --> 21:03.549 align:start position:0%
the second closest one to us. This image
is<00:21:59.760><c> one</c><00:22:00.000><c> part</c><00:22:00.320><c> of</c><00:22:00.480><c> a</c><00:22:00.720><c> wider</c><00:22:01.120><c> image</c><00:22:01.360><c> from</c><00:22:01.520><c> Uklid,</c>

21:03.549 --> 21:03.559 align:start position:0%
is one part of a wider image from Uklid,
 

21:03.559 --> 21:06.030 align:start position:0%
is one part of a wider image from Uklid,
which<00:22:02.320><c> I'll</c><00:22:02.559><c> show</c><00:22:02.640><c> you</c><00:22:02.799><c> in</c><00:22:02.960><c> a</c><00:22:03.200><c> little</c><00:22:03.280><c> bit.</c>

21:06.030 --> 21:06.040 align:start position:0%
which I'll show you in a little bit.
 

21:06.040 --> 21:08.270 align:start position:0%
which I'll show you in a little bit.
Globular<00:22:05.280><c> clusters</c><00:22:05.840><c> are</c><00:22:06.159><c> kind</c><00:22:06.400><c> of</c><00:22:06.480><c> like</c>

21:08.270 --> 21:08.280 align:start position:0%
Globular clusters are kind of like
 

21:08.280 --> 21:10.750 align:start position:0%
Globular clusters are kind of like
Hollywood,<00:22:07.760><c> a</c><00:22:08.000><c> high</c><00:22:08.240><c> concentration</c><00:22:08.799><c> of</c><00:22:09.039><c> stars</c>

21:10.750 --> 21:10.760 align:start position:0%
Hollywood, a high concentration of stars
 

21:10.760 --> 21:13.150 align:start position:0%
Hollywood, a high concentration of stars
in<00:22:09.600><c> one</c><00:22:09.840><c> place</c><00:22:10.400><c> where</c><00:22:10.720><c> everyone</c><00:22:11.120><c> is</c><00:22:11.360><c> trying</c><00:22:11.600><c> to</c>

21:13.150 --> 21:13.160 align:start position:0%
in one place where everyone is trying to
 

21:13.160 --> 21:15.949 align:start position:0%
in one place where everyone is trying to
outshine<00:22:12.320><c> everyone</c><00:22:12.720><c> else.</c><00:22:13.919><c> What</c><00:22:14.159><c> does</c><00:22:14.320><c> this</c>

21:15.949 --> 21:15.959 align:start position:0%
outshine everyone else. What does this
 

21:15.959 --> 21:18.830 align:start position:0%
outshine everyone else. What does this
mean?<00:22:15.280><c> The</c><00:22:15.600><c> smaller,</c><00:22:16.240><c> dimmer</c><00:22:16.640><c> stars</c><00:22:17.120><c> get</c>

21:18.830 --> 21:18.840 align:start position:0%
mean? The smaller, dimmer stars get
 

21:18.840 --> 21:21.069 align:start position:0%
mean? The smaller, dimmer stars get
drowned<00:22:17.919><c> out</c><00:22:18.240><c> by</c><00:22:18.480><c> the</c><00:22:18.720><c> bigger,</c><00:22:19.200><c> brighter</c>

21:21.069 --> 21:21.079 align:start position:0%
drowned out by the bigger, brighter
 

21:21.079 --> 21:24.110 align:start position:0%
drowned out by the bigger, brighter
ones.<00:22:20.799><c> On</c><00:22:21.039><c> top</c><00:22:21.120><c> of</c><00:22:21.280><c> that,</c><00:22:21.679><c> they</c><00:22:21.919><c> extend</c><00:22:22.400><c> quite</c>

21:24.110 --> 21:24.120 align:start position:0%
ones. On top of that, they extend quite
 

21:24.120 --> 21:26.270 align:start position:0%
ones. On top of that, they extend quite
a<00:22:22.880><c> long</c><00:22:23.039><c> way</c><00:22:23.360><c> out</c><00:22:23.520><c> from</c><00:22:23.760><c> their</c><00:22:24.000><c> center</c><00:22:24.640><c> with</c>

21:26.270 --> 21:26.280 align:start position:0%
a long way out from their center with
 

21:26.280 --> 21:28.590 align:start position:0%
a long way out from their center with
the<00:22:25.039><c> radial</c><00:22:25.520><c> parts</c><00:22:26.000><c> mainly</c><00:22:26.400><c> made</c><00:22:26.640><c> up</c><00:22:26.720><c> of</c><00:22:26.960><c> low</c>

21:28.590 --> 21:28.600 align:start position:0%
the radial parts mainly made up of low
 

21:28.600 --> 21:32.189 align:start position:0%
the radial parts mainly made up of low
mass<00:22:27.679><c> faint</c><00:22:28.000><c> stars</c><00:22:28.799><c> that</c><00:22:29.360><c> until</c><00:22:29.760><c> now</c><00:22:30.480><c> have</c>

21:32.189 --> 21:32.199 align:start position:0%
mass faint stars that until now have
 

21:32.199 --> 21:35.309 align:start position:0%
mass faint stars that until now have
been<00:22:30.960><c> hard</c><00:22:31.280><c> to</c><00:22:31.440><c> see.</c><00:22:32.640><c> Ironically,</c><00:22:33.600><c> it</c><00:22:33.760><c> is</c>

21:35.309 --> 21:35.319 align:start position:0%
been hard to see. Ironically, it is
 

21:35.319 --> 21:37.230 align:start position:0%
been hard to see. Ironically, it is
these<00:22:34.240><c> faint</c><00:22:34.640><c> stars</c><00:22:34.960><c> that</c><00:22:35.200><c> hold</c><00:22:35.440><c> the</c><00:22:35.600><c> most</c>

21:37.230 --> 21:37.240 align:start position:0%
these faint stars that hold the most
 

21:37.240 --> 21:39.230 align:start position:0%
these faint stars that hold the most
scientific<00:22:36.400><c> interest</c><00:22:36.799><c> for</c><00:22:37.039><c> unlocking</c><00:22:37.600><c> the</c>

21:39.230 --> 21:39.240 align:start position:0%
scientific interest for unlocking the
 

21:39.240 --> 21:42.030 align:start position:0%
scientific interest for unlocking the
history<00:22:38.080><c> of</c><00:22:38.240><c> the</c><00:22:38.480><c> Milky</c><00:22:38.799><c> Way.</c><00:22:39.919><c> As</c><00:22:40.159><c> David</c>

21:42.030 --> 21:42.040 align:start position:0%
history of the Milky Way. As David
 

21:42.040 --> 21:44.350 align:start position:0%
history of the Milky Way. As David
Masadri<00:22:41.360><c> of</c><00:22:41.600><c> the</c><00:22:41.840><c> National</c><00:22:42.320><c> Institute</c><00:22:42.799><c> for</c>

21:44.350 --> 21:44.360 align:start position:0%
Masadri of the National Institute for
 

21:44.360 --> 21:47.309 align:start position:0%
Masadri of the National Institute for
Astrophysics<00:22:43.600><c> in</c><00:22:43.760><c> Italy</c><00:22:44.159><c> puts</c><00:22:44.400><c> it,</c><00:22:45.200><c> currently</c>

21:47.309 --> 21:47.319 align:start position:0%
Astrophysics in Italy puts it, currently
 

21:47.319 --> 21:49.630 align:start position:0%
Astrophysics in Italy puts it, currently
no<00:22:46.240><c> other</c><00:22:46.559><c> telescope</c><00:22:47.120><c> than</c><00:22:47.360><c> Uklid</c><00:22:48.000><c> can</c>

21:49.630 --> 21:49.640 align:start position:0%
no other telescope than Uklid can
 

21:49.640 --> 21:52.590 align:start position:0%
no other telescope than Uklid can
observe<00:22:48.640><c> the</c><00:22:48.880><c> entire</c><00:22:49.360><c> globular</c><00:22:49.919><c> cluster</c><00:22:50.720><c> and</c>

21:52.590 --> 21:52.600 align:start position:0%
observe the entire globular cluster and
 

21:52.600 --> 21:54.830 align:start position:0%
observe the entire globular cluster and
at<00:22:51.440><c> the</c><00:22:51.600><c> same</c><00:22:51.760><c> time</c><00:22:52.240><c> distinguish</c><00:22:52.799><c> its</c><00:22:53.039><c> faint</c>

21:54.830 --> 21:54.840 align:start position:0%
at the same time distinguish its faint
 

21:54.840 --> 21:56.910 align:start position:0%
at the same time distinguish its faint
stellar<00:22:53.840><c> members</c><00:22:54.240><c> in</c><00:22:54.400><c> the</c><00:22:54.559><c> outer</c><00:22:54.960><c> regions</c>

21:56.910 --> 21:56.920 align:start position:0%
stellar members in the outer regions
 

21:56.920 --> 21:59.710 align:start position:0%
stellar members in the outer regions
from<00:22:55.840><c> other</c><00:22:56.159><c> cosmic</c><00:22:56.640><c> sources.</c>

21:59.710 --> 21:59.720 align:start position:0%
from other cosmic sources.
 

21:59.720 --> 22:01.549 align:start position:0%
from other cosmic sources.
Hubble<00:22:58.880><c> actually</c><00:22:59.280><c> imaged</c><00:22:59.679><c> the</c><00:22:59.840><c> center</c><00:23:00.000><c> of</c>

22:01.549 --> 22:01.559 align:start position:0%
Hubble actually imaged the center of
 

22:01.559 --> 22:04.910 align:start position:0%
Hubble actually imaged the center of
this<00:23:00.320><c> cluster</c><00:23:00.720><c> in</c><00:23:01.039><c> 2021,</c><00:23:02.320><c> but</c><00:23:02.559><c> to</c><00:23:02.880><c> image</c><00:23:03.280><c> the</c>

22:04.910 --> 22:04.920 align:start position:0%
this cluster in 2021, but to image the
 

22:04.920 --> 22:07.470 align:start position:0%
this cluster in 2021, but to image the
entire<00:23:04.000><c> cluster,</c><00:23:04.880><c> including</c><00:23:05.280><c> the</c><00:23:05.520><c> sprawling</c>

22:07.470 --> 22:07.480 align:start position:0%
entire cluster, including the sprawling
 

22:07.480 --> 22:09.790 align:start position:0%
entire cluster, including the sprawling
outskirts<00:23:06.720><c> like</c><00:23:06.960><c> Uklid</c><00:23:07.520><c> did,</c><00:23:08.000><c> would</c><00:23:08.240><c> have</c>

22:09.790 --> 22:09.800 align:start position:0%
outskirts like Uklid did, would have
 

22:09.800 --> 22:11.949 align:start position:0%
outskirts like Uklid did, would have
taken<00:23:08.720><c> it</c><00:23:09.039><c> far</c><00:23:09.360><c> too</c><00:23:09.600><c> much</c><00:23:09.919><c> time</c><00:23:10.159><c> and</c>

22:11.949 --> 22:11.959 align:start position:0%
taken it far too much time and
 

22:11.959 --> 22:15.069 align:start position:0%
taken it far too much time and
resources.<00:23:12.000><c> On</c><00:23:12.159><c> the</c><00:23:12.320><c> other</c><00:23:12.480><c> hand,</c><00:23:13.120><c> Uklid</c>

22:15.069 --> 22:15.079 align:start position:0%
resources. On the other hand, Uklid
 

22:15.079 --> 22:18.590 align:start position:0%
resources. On the other hand, Uklid
snapped<00:23:14.000><c> this</c><00:23:14.159><c> shot</c><00:23:14.559><c> in</c><00:23:14.880><c> just</c><00:23:15.440><c> 1</c><00:23:15.919><c> hour</c><00:23:16.720><c> and</c><00:23:16.960><c> it</c>

22:18.590 --> 22:18.600 align:start position:0%
snapped this shot in just 1 hour and it
 

22:18.600 --> 22:20.830 align:start position:0%
snapped this shot in just 1 hour and it
is<00:23:17.440><c> absolutely</c><00:23:18.240><c> beautiful</c><00:23:19.120><c> both</c>

22:20.830 --> 22:20.840 align:start position:0%
is absolutely beautiful both
 

22:20.840 --> 22:24.590 align:start position:0%
is absolutely beautiful both
aesthetically<00:23:20.400><c> and</c><00:23:20.960><c> scientifically.</c>

22:24.590 --> 22:24.600 align:start position:0%
aesthetically and scientifically.
 

22:24.600 --> 22:26.750 align:start position:0%
aesthetically and scientifically.
Sometimes<00:23:23.760><c> we</c><00:23:24.080><c> see</c><00:23:24.320><c> stars</c><00:23:24.720><c> arranged</c><00:23:25.120><c> like</c>

22:26.750 --> 22:26.760 align:start position:0%
Sometimes we see stars arranged like
 

22:26.760 --> 22:29.150 align:start position:0%
Sometimes we see stars arranged like
this<00:23:26.080><c> and</c><00:23:26.400><c> sometimes</c><00:23:26.799><c> we</c><00:23:26.960><c> see</c><00:23:27.120><c> them</c><00:23:27.280><c> arranged</c>

22:29.150 --> 22:29.160 align:start position:0%
this and sometimes we see them arranged
 

22:29.160 --> 22:32.510 align:start position:0%
this and sometimes we see them arranged
as<00:23:28.080><c> spiral</c><00:23:28.559><c> galaxies.</c><00:23:29.840><c> Yet</c><00:23:30.400><c> despite</c><00:23:30.880><c> living</c>

22:32.510 --> 22:32.520 align:start position:0%
as spiral galaxies. Yet despite living
 

22:32.520 --> 22:35.790 align:start position:0%
as spiral galaxies. Yet despite living
in<00:23:31.360><c> one,</c><00:23:32.000><c> we</c><00:23:32.320><c> don't</c><00:23:32.799><c> actually</c><00:23:33.360><c> know</c><00:23:33.760><c> how</c><00:23:34.080><c> they</c>

22:35.790 --> 22:35.800 align:start position:0%
in one, we don't actually know how they
 

22:35.800 --> 22:38.750 align:start position:0%
in one, we don't actually know how they
maintain<00:23:34.799><c> their</c><00:23:35.120><c> shape.</c><00:23:36.320><c> The</c><00:23:36.559><c> next</c><00:23:36.799><c> Uklid</c>

22:38.750 --> 22:38.760 align:start position:0%
maintain their shape. The next Uklid
 

22:38.760 --> 22:41.069 align:start position:0%
maintain their shape. The next Uklid
pictures<00:23:37.840><c> aim</c><00:23:38.159><c> to</c><00:23:38.400><c> help</c><00:23:38.799><c> answer</c><00:23:39.280><c> those</c>

22:41.069 --> 22:41.079 align:start position:0%
pictures aim to help answer those
 

22:41.079 --> 22:45.549 align:start position:0%
pictures aim to help answer those
questions.

22:45.549 --> 22:45.559 align:start position:0%
 
 

22:45.559 --> 22:48.429 align:start position:0%
 
Coldwell<00:23:44.799><c> 5,</c><00:23:45.440><c> also</c><00:23:45.760><c> known</c><00:23:46.080><c> as</c><00:23:46.320><c> the</c><00:23:46.640><c> hidden</c>

22:48.429 --> 22:48.439 align:start position:0%
Coldwell 5, also known as the hidden
 

22:48.439 --> 22:51.069 align:start position:0%
Coldwell 5, also known as the hidden
galaxy,<00:23:47.919><c> is</c><00:23:48.240><c> hard</c><00:23:48.400><c> to</c><00:23:48.559><c> observe</c><00:23:49.039><c> because</c><00:23:49.440><c> it</c>

22:51.069 --> 22:51.079 align:start position:0%
galaxy, is hard to observe because it
 

22:51.079 --> 22:53.790 align:start position:0%
galaxy, is hard to observe because it
lies<00:23:50.000><c> in</c><00:23:50.240><c> the</c><00:23:50.400><c> busy</c><00:23:50.799><c> disc</c><00:23:51.120><c> of</c><00:23:51.280><c> our</c><00:23:51.520><c> Milky</c><00:23:51.840><c> Way</c>

22:53.790 --> 22:53.800 align:start position:0%
lies in the busy disc of our Milky Way
 

22:53.800 --> 22:56.670 align:start position:0%
lies in the busy disc of our Milky Way
about<00:23:52.880><c> 11</c><00:23:53.360><c> million</c><00:23:53.679><c> lighty</c><00:23:53.919><c> years</c><00:23:54.159><c> away.</c><00:23:55.039><c> It</c>

22:56.670 --> 22:56.680 align:start position:0%
about 11 million lighty years away. It
 

22:56.680 --> 22:59.870 align:start position:0%
about 11 million lighty years away. It
tends<00:23:55.600><c> to</c><00:23:55.760><c> get</c><00:23:56.080><c> overshadowed</c><00:23:56.799><c> by</c><00:23:57.039><c> dust,</c><00:23:57.919><c> gas,</c>

22:59.870 --> 22:59.880 align:start position:0%
tends to get overshadowed by dust, gas,
 

22:59.880 --> 23:03.069 align:start position:0%
tends to get overshadowed by dust, gas,
and<00:23:58.720><c> other</c><00:23:58.960><c> stars.</c><00:24:00.400><c> It</c><00:24:00.640><c> is</c><00:24:00.880><c> considered</c><00:24:01.440><c> a</c>

23:03.069 --> 23:03.079 align:start position:0%
and other stars. It is considered a
 

23:03.079 --> 23:05.470 align:start position:0%
and other stars. It is considered a
lookalike<00:24:02.240><c> galaxy</c><00:24:02.640><c> to</c><00:24:02.880><c> our</c><00:24:03.120><c> own,</c><00:24:03.679><c> which</c><00:24:03.919><c> makes</c>

23:05.470 --> 23:05.480 align:start position:0%
lookalike galaxy to our own, which makes
 

23:05.480 --> 23:07.150 align:start position:0%
lookalike galaxy to our own, which makes
it<00:24:04.320><c> a</c><00:24:04.480><c> prime</c><00:24:04.720><c> point</c><00:24:04.960><c> of</c><00:24:05.200><c> interest</c><00:24:05.520><c> for</c>

23:07.150 --> 23:07.160 align:start position:0%
it a prime point of interest for
 

23:07.160 --> 23:09.630 align:start position:0%
it a prime point of interest for
researchers.<00:24:06.799><c> It's</c><00:24:07.120><c> pretty</c><00:24:07.440><c> hard</c><00:24:07.600><c> to</c><00:24:07.760><c> study</c><00:24:08.000><c> a</c>

23:09.630 --> 23:09.640 align:start position:0%
researchers. It's pretty hard to study a
 

23:09.640 --> 23:11.870 align:start position:0%
researchers. It's pretty hard to study a
galaxy<00:24:08.559><c> you're</c><00:24:08.799><c> inside</c><00:24:09.120><c> of</c><00:24:09.679><c> since</c><00:24:10.000><c> you</c><00:24:10.240><c> only</c>

23:11.870 --> 23:11.880 align:start position:0%
galaxy you're inside of since you only
 

23:11.880 --> 23:14.510 align:start position:0%
galaxy you're inside of since you only
get<00:24:10.640><c> to</c><00:24:10.799><c> observe</c><00:24:11.120><c> it</c><00:24:11.279><c> from</c><00:24:11.520><c> one</c><00:24:11.760><c> plane.</c>

23:14.510 --> 23:14.520 align:start position:0%
get to observe it from one plane.
 

23:14.520 --> 23:16.590 align:start position:0%
get to observe it from one plane.
Uklid's<00:24:13.840><c> near</c><00:24:14.080><c> infrared</c><00:24:14.559><c> instrument</c><00:24:14.960><c> was</c>

23:16.590 --> 23:16.600 align:start position:0%
Uklid's near infrared instrument was
 

23:16.600 --> 23:18.590 align:start position:0%
Uklid's near infrared instrument was
able<00:24:15.360><c> to</c><00:24:15.520><c> pierce</c><00:24:16.000><c> through</c><00:24:16.320><c> the</c><00:24:16.559><c> dust</c><00:24:16.960><c> and</c>

23:18.590 --> 23:18.600 align:start position:0%
able to pierce through the dust and
 

23:18.600 --> 23:21.549 align:start position:0%
able to pierce through the dust and
reveal<00:24:17.520><c> the</c><00:24:17.760><c> galaxy</c><00:24:18.240><c> in</c><00:24:18.559><c> all</c><00:24:18.799><c> its</c><00:24:19.120><c> glory.</c>

23:21.549 --> 23:21.559 align:start position:0%
reveal the galaxy in all its glory.
 

23:21.559 --> 23:23.309 align:start position:0%
reveal the galaxy in all its glory.
We've<00:24:20.559><c> captured</c><00:24:20.960><c> it</c><00:24:21.120><c> before</c><00:24:21.440><c> from</c><00:24:21.760><c> the</c>

23:23.309 --> 23:23.319 align:start position:0%
We've captured it before from the
 

23:23.319 --> 23:26.030 align:start position:0%
We've captured it before from the
ground,<00:24:22.400><c> but</c><00:24:22.720><c> with</c><00:24:22.880><c> nowhere</c><00:24:23.360><c> near</c><00:24:23.760><c> the</c><00:24:24.080><c> detail</c>

23:26.030 --> 23:26.040 align:start position:0%
ground, but with nowhere near the detail
 

23:26.040 --> 23:29.309 align:start position:0%
ground, but with nowhere near the detail
Uklid<00:24:25.200><c> manages.</c><00:24:26.320><c> The</c><00:24:26.559><c> Uklid</c><00:24:27.200><c> image</c><00:24:27.679><c> might</c>

23:29.309 --> 23:29.319 align:start position:0%
Uklid manages. The Uklid image might
 

23:29.319 --> 23:31.710 align:start position:0%
Uklid manages. The Uklid image might
look<00:24:28.240><c> normal,</c><00:24:28.880><c> as</c><00:24:29.039><c> if</c><00:24:29.279><c> every</c><00:24:29.520><c> telescope</c><00:24:30.080><c> can</c>

23:31.710 --> 23:31.720 align:start position:0%
look normal, as if every telescope can
 

23:31.720 --> 23:34.110 align:start position:0%
look normal, as if every telescope can
make<00:24:30.559><c> such</c><00:24:30.799><c> an</c><00:24:30.960><c> image.</c><00:24:31.760><c> But</c><00:24:31.919><c> that</c><00:24:32.159><c> is</c><00:24:32.400><c> not</c>

23:34.110 --> 23:34.120 align:start position:0%
make such an image. But that is not
 

23:34.120 --> 23:36.990 align:start position:0%
make such an image. But that is not
true.<00:24:33.679><c> What's</c><00:24:34.000><c> so</c><00:24:34.320><c> special</c><00:24:34.640><c> here</c><00:24:35.039><c> is</c><00:24:35.200><c> that</c><00:24:35.440><c> we</c>

23:36.990 --> 23:37.000 align:start position:0%
true. What's so special here is that we
 

23:37.000 --> 23:39.470 align:start position:0%
true. What's so special here is that we
have<00:24:35.760><c> a</c><00:24:36.000><c> wide</c><00:24:36.480><c> view</c><00:24:36.960><c> covering</c><00:24:37.360><c> the</c><00:24:37.679><c> entire</c>

23:39.470 --> 23:39.480 align:start position:0%
have a wide view covering the entire
 

23:39.480 --> 23:42.189 align:start position:0%
have a wide view covering the entire
galaxy,<00:24:39.039><c> but</c><00:24:39.200><c> we</c><00:24:39.440><c> can</c><00:24:39.520><c> also</c><00:24:39.919><c> zoom</c><00:24:40.240><c> in</c><00:24:40.480><c> to</c>

23:42.189 --> 23:42.199 align:start position:0%
galaxy, but we can also zoom in to
 

23:42.199 --> 23:44.750 align:start position:0%
galaxy, but we can also zoom in to
distinguish<00:24:41.520><c> individual</c><00:24:42.320><c> stars</c><00:24:42.720><c> and</c><00:24:43.039><c> star</c>

23:44.750 --> 23:44.760 align:start position:0%
distinguish individual stars and star
 

23:44.760 --> 23:47.470 align:start position:0%
distinguish individual stars and star
clusters.<00:24:44.559><c> We</c><00:24:44.799><c> can</c><00:24:44.880><c> trace</c><00:24:45.200><c> the</c><00:24:45.520><c> history</c><00:24:45.760><c> of</c>

23:47.470 --> 23:47.480 align:start position:0%
clusters. We can trace the history of
 

23:47.480 --> 23:50.110 align:start position:0%
clusters. We can trace the history of
star<00:24:46.400><c> formation</c><00:24:47.200><c> and</c><00:24:47.520><c> better</c><00:24:47.840><c> understand</c><00:24:48.400><c> how</c>

23:50.110 --> 23:50.120 align:start position:0%
star formation and better understand how
 

23:50.120 --> 23:52.110 align:start position:0%
star formation and better understand how
stars<00:24:49.120><c> formed</c><00:24:49.520><c> and</c><00:24:49.760><c> evolved</c><00:24:50.240><c> over</c><00:24:50.480><c> the</c>

23:52.110 --> 23:52.120 align:start position:0%
stars formed and evolved over the
 

23:52.120 --> 23:54.669 align:start position:0%
stars formed and evolved over the
lifetime<00:24:51.120><c> of</c><00:24:51.279><c> the</c><00:24:51.440><c> galaxy,</c><00:24:52.320><c> says</c><00:24:52.640><c> Uklid</c>

23:54.669 --> 23:54.679 align:start position:0%
lifetime of the galaxy, says Uklid
 

23:54.679 --> 23:57.870 align:start position:0%
lifetime of the galaxy, says Uklid
consortium<00:24:53.919><c> scientist</c><00:24:54.320><c> Leslie</c><00:24:54.799><c> Hunt.</c>

23:57.870 --> 23:57.880 align:start position:0%
consortium scientist Leslie Hunt.
 

23:57.880 --> 24:00.030 align:start position:0%
consortium scientist Leslie Hunt.
We<00:24:56.799><c> still</c><00:24:57.120><c> don't</c><00:24:57.440><c> fully</c><00:24:57.760><c> understand</c><00:24:58.240><c> how</c>

24:00.030 --> 24:00.040 align:start position:0%
We still don't fully understand how
 

24:00.040 --> 24:02.350 align:start position:0%
We still don't fully understand how
spiral<00:24:59.039><c> galaxies</c><00:24:59.600><c> maintain</c><00:24:59.919><c> their</c><00:25:00.240><c> structure</c>

24:02.350 --> 24:02.360 align:start position:0%
spiral galaxies maintain their structure
 

24:02.360 --> 24:04.669 align:start position:0%
spiral galaxies maintain their structure
or<00:25:01.279><c> the</c><00:25:01.520><c> role</c><00:25:01.840><c> dark</c><00:25:02.080><c> matter</c><00:25:02.480><c> plays</c><00:25:02.720><c> in</c><00:25:02.880><c> forming</c>

24:04.669 --> 24:04.679 align:start position:0%
or the role dark matter plays in forming
 

24:04.679 --> 24:07.470 align:start position:0%
or the role dark matter plays in forming
them.<00:25:04.240><c> Ukalid's</c><00:25:04.880><c> ability</c><00:25:05.279><c> to</c><00:25:05.520><c> capture</c><00:25:05.840><c> this</c>

24:07.470 --> 24:07.480 align:start position:0%
them. Ukalid's ability to capture this
 

24:07.480 --> 24:09.949 align:start position:0%
them. Ukalid's ability to capture this
galaxy's<00:25:06.720><c> sprawling</c><00:25:07.279><c> spiral</c><00:25:07.760><c> arms</c><00:25:08.080><c> and</c><00:25:08.240><c> dust</c>

24:09.949 --> 24:09.959 align:start position:0%
galaxy's sprawling spiral arms and dust
 

24:09.959 --> 24:12.750 align:start position:0%
galaxy's sprawling spiral arms and dust
lanes<00:25:08.960><c> in</c><00:25:09.200><c> such</c><00:25:09.520><c> detail</c><00:25:10.480><c> will</c><00:25:10.960><c> help</c>

24:12.750 --> 24:12.760 align:start position:0%
lanes in such detail will help
 

24:12.760 --> 24:14.590 align:start position:0%
lanes in such detail will help
scientists<00:25:11.919><c> understand</c><00:25:12.240><c> the</c><00:25:12.480><c> link</c><00:25:12.799><c> between</c>

24:14.590 --> 24:14.600 align:start position:0%
scientists understand the link between
 

24:14.600 --> 24:17.230 align:start position:0%
scientists understand the link between
dust,<00:25:13.760><c> gas,</c><00:25:14.240><c> and</c><00:25:14.480><c> star</c><00:25:14.799><c> formation</c><00:25:15.200><c> on</c><00:25:15.440><c> a</c><00:25:15.600><c> large</c>

24:17.230 --> 24:17.240 align:start position:0%
dust, gas, and star formation on a large
 

24:17.240 --> 24:19.470 align:start position:0%
dust, gas, and star formation on a large
scale<00:25:16.400><c> in</c><00:25:16.640><c> a</c><00:25:16.799><c> way</c><00:25:16.960><c> we've</c><00:25:17.200><c> never</c><00:25:17.440><c> been</c><00:25:17.600><c> able</c><00:25:17.840><c> to</c>

24:19.470 --> 24:19.480 align:start position:0%
scale in a way we've never been able to
 

24:19.480 --> 24:21.549 align:start position:0%
scale in a way we've never been able to
before.

24:21.549 --> 24:21.559 align:start position:0%
before.
 

24:21.559 --> 24:23.150 align:start position:0%
before.
There's<00:25:20.400><c> one</c><00:25:20.640><c> last</c><00:25:20.880><c> image</c><00:25:21.120><c> I</c><00:25:21.360><c> want</c><00:25:21.520><c> to</c><00:25:21.679><c> show</c>

24:23.150 --> 24:23.160 align:start position:0%
There's one last image I want to show
 

24:23.160 --> 24:25.309 align:start position:0%
There's one last image I want to show
you<00:25:21.919><c> on</c><00:25:22.159><c> this</c><00:25:22.400><c> cosmic</c><00:25:22.880><c> tour</c><00:25:23.120><c> from</c><00:25:23.279><c> Uklid's</c>

24:25.309 --> 24:25.319 align:start position:0%
you on this cosmic tour from Uklid's
 

24:25.319 --> 24:28.830 align:start position:0%
you on this cosmic tour from Uklid's
2024<00:25:24.640><c> data,</c><00:25:25.279><c> and</c><00:25:25.919><c> I've</c><00:25:26.240><c> saved</c><00:25:26.559><c> you</c><00:25:26.880><c> the</c><00:25:27.120><c> best</c>

24:28.830 --> 24:28.840 align:start position:0%
2024 data, and I've saved you the best
 

24:28.840 --> 24:32.429 align:start position:0%
2024 data, and I've saved you the best
for<00:25:27.679><c> last.</c><00:25:28.960><c> Let's</c><00:25:29.279><c> see</c><00:25:29.600><c> what</c><00:25:30.000><c> these</c><00:25:30.559><c> colorful</c>

24:32.429 --> 24:32.439 align:start position:0%
for last. Let's see what these colorful
 

24:32.439 --> 24:35.470 align:start position:0%
for last. Let's see what these colorful
clouds<00:25:31.440><c> are</c><00:25:31.600><c> hiding.</c>

24:35.470 --> 24:35.480 align:start position:0%
clouds are hiding.
 

24:35.480 --> 24:38.110 align:start position:0%
clouds are hiding.
Our<00:25:34.400><c> fifth</c><00:25:34.880><c> and</c><00:25:35.200><c> final</c><00:25:35.520><c> photo</c><00:25:36.000><c> shows</c><00:25:36.480><c> the</c>

24:38.110 --> 24:38.120 align:start position:0%
Our fifth and final photo shows the
 

24:38.120 --> 24:40.590 align:start position:0%
Our fifth and final photo shows the
Horse<00:25:37.120><c> Head</c><00:25:37.360><c> Nebula.</c><00:25:38.559><c> It</c><00:25:38.799><c> has</c><00:25:38.960><c> been</c>

24:40.590 --> 24:40.600 align:start position:0%
Horse Head Nebula. It has been
 

24:40.600 --> 24:42.510 align:start position:0%
Horse Head Nebula. It has been
photographed<00:25:39.760><c> by</c><00:25:40.000><c> various</c><00:25:40.480><c> telescopes</c>

24:42.510 --> 24:42.520 align:start position:0%
photographed by various telescopes
 

24:42.520 --> 24:45.150 align:start position:0%
photographed by various telescopes
before,<00:25:41.840><c> but</c><00:25:42.159><c> never</c><00:25:42.400><c> with</c><00:25:42.640><c> such</c><00:25:42.880><c> a</c><00:25:43.039><c> sharp</c><00:25:43.440><c> and</c>

24:45.150 --> 24:45.160 align:start position:0%
before, but never with such a sharp and
 

24:45.160 --> 24:48.750 align:start position:0%
before, but never with such a sharp and
wide<00:25:44.240><c> view</c><00:25:44.640><c> as</c><00:25:44.960><c> Uklid</c><00:25:45.520><c> managed.</c><00:25:46.480><c> Again,</c><00:25:47.120><c> this</c>

24:48.750 --> 24:48.760 align:start position:0%
wide view as Uklid managed. Again, this
 

24:48.760 --> 24:51.790 align:start position:0%
wide view as Uklid managed. Again, this
shot<00:25:47.600><c> was</c><00:25:47.919><c> taken</c><00:25:48.240><c> in</c><00:25:48.559><c> just</c><00:25:48.880><c> 1</c><00:25:49.279><c> hour,</c><00:25:49.919><c> which</c><00:25:50.159><c> is</c>

24:51.790 --> 24:51.800 align:start position:0%
shot was taken in just 1 hour, which is
 

24:51.800 --> 24:54.350 align:start position:0%
shot was taken in just 1 hour, which is
absolutely<00:25:51.120><c> mind-blowing.</c><00:25:52.400><c> It's</c><00:25:52.720><c> like</c>

24:54.350 --> 24:54.360 align:start position:0%
absolutely mind-blowing. It's like
 

24:54.360 --> 24:56.350 align:start position:0%
absolutely mind-blowing. It's like
someone<00:25:53.279><c> just</c><00:25:53.520><c> stopped</c><00:25:53.840><c> at</c><00:25:54.000><c> a</c><00:25:54.159><c> viewpoint</c><00:25:54.720><c> and</c>

24:56.350 --> 24:56.360 align:start position:0%
someone just stopped at a viewpoint and
 

24:56.360 --> 24:58.830 align:start position:0%
someone just stopped at a viewpoint and
snapped<00:25:55.360><c> the</c><00:25:55.600><c> picture.</c><00:25:56.880><c> Located</c>

24:58.830 --> 24:58.840 align:start position:0%
snapped the picture. Located
 

24:58.840 --> 25:01.470 align:start position:0%
snapped the picture. Located
approximately<00:25:58.240><c> 1,375</c>

25:01.470 --> 25:01.480 align:start position:0%
approximately 1,375
 

25:01.480 --> 25:04.270 align:start position:0%
approximately 1,375
lighty<00:26:00.320><c> years</c><00:26:00.559><c> away,</c><00:26:01.360><c> this</c><00:26:01.600><c> is</c><00:26:01.840><c> the</c><00:26:02.080><c> nearest</c>

25:04.270 --> 25:04.280 align:start position:0%
lighty years away, this is the nearest
 

25:04.280 --> 25:07.390 align:start position:0%
lighty years away, this is the nearest
massive<00:26:03.440><c> star</c><00:26:03.760><c> forming</c><00:26:04.240><c> region.</c><00:26:05.440><c> It</c><00:26:05.679><c> lies</c>

25:07.390 --> 25:07.400 align:start position:0%
massive star forming region. It lies
 

25:07.400 --> 25:10.350 align:start position:0%
massive star forming region. It lies
just<00:26:06.320><c> south</c><00:26:06.559><c> of</c><00:26:06.720><c> Al-Nitak,</c><00:26:07.840><c> the</c><00:26:08.159><c> easternmost</c>

25:10.350 --> 25:10.360 align:start position:0%
just south of Al-Nitak, the easternmost
 

25:10.360 --> 25:13.470 align:start position:0%
just south of Al-Nitak, the easternmost
star<00:26:09.279><c> in</c><00:26:09.440><c> Orion's</c><00:26:10.159><c> three</c><00:26:10.480><c> star</c><00:26:10.799><c> belt</c><00:26:11.600><c> and</c><00:26:11.919><c> is</c>

25:13.470 --> 25:13.480 align:start position:0%
star in Orion's three star belt and is
 

25:13.480 --> 25:15.949 align:start position:0%
star in Orion's three star belt and is
part<00:26:12.320><c> of</c><00:26:12.559><c> the</c><00:26:12.799><c> expansive</c><00:26:13.440><c> Orion</c><00:26:14.000><c> molecular</c>

25:15.949 --> 25:15.959 align:start position:0%
part of the expansive Orion molecular
 

25:15.959 --> 25:17.309 align:start position:0%
part of the expansive Orion molecular
cloud.

25:17.309 --> 25:17.319 align:start position:0%
cloud.
 

25:17.319 --> 25:19.790 align:start position:0%
cloud.
It<00:26:16.159><c> is</c><00:26:16.480><c> in</c><00:26:16.720><c> this</c><00:26:16.960><c> swirling</c><00:26:17.440><c> nebula</c><00:26:18.159><c> the</c>

25:19.790 --> 25:19.800 align:start position:0%
It is in this swirling nebula the
 

25:19.800 --> 25:22.590 align:start position:0%
It is in this swirling nebula the
scientists<00:26:18.880><c> hope</c><00:26:19.120><c> to</c><00:26:19.279><c> find</c><00:26:19.600><c> evidence</c><00:26:20.159><c> of</c><00:26:20.640><c> many</c>

25:22.590 --> 25:22.600 align:start position:0%
scientists hope to find evidence of many
 

25:22.600 --> 25:25.949 align:start position:0%
scientists hope to find evidence of many
previously<00:26:21.919><c> unknown</c><00:26:22.480><c> Jupiter</c><00:26:23.039><c> mass</c><00:26:23.360><c> planets.</c>

25:25.949 --> 25:25.959 align:start position:0%
previously unknown Jupiter mass planets.
 

25:25.959 --> 25:27.949 align:start position:0%
previously unknown Jupiter mass planets.
One<00:26:24.880><c> such</c><00:26:25.200><c> planet</c><00:26:25.679><c> has</c><00:26:26.000><c> already</c><00:26:26.240><c> been</c>

25:27.949 --> 25:27.959 align:start position:0%
One such planet has already been
 

25:27.959 --> 25:32.350 align:start position:0%
One such planet has already been
identified.<00:26:27.600><c> Sori</c><00:26:28.320><c> 62,</c><00:26:29.600><c> a</c><00:26:29.760><c> young</c><00:26:30.080><c> planet</c><00:26:30.640><c> 10</c>

25:32.350 --> 25:32.360 align:start position:0%
identified. Sori 62, a young planet 10
 

25:32.360 --> 25:34.750 align:start position:0%
identified. Sori 62, a young planet 10
times<00:26:31.360><c> the</c><00:26:31.600><c> mass</c><00:26:31.840><c> of</c><00:26:32.080><c> Jupiter</c><00:26:32.880><c> and</c><00:26:33.120><c> a</c>

25:34.750 --> 25:34.760 align:start position:0%
times the mass of Jupiter and a
 

25:34.760 --> 25:37.150 align:start position:0%
times the mass of Jupiter and a
temperature<00:26:33.760><c> of</c><00:26:34.080><c> 1,200°</c>

25:37.150 --> 25:37.160 align:start position:0%
temperature of 1,200°
 

25:37.160 --> 25:38.750 align:start position:0%
temperature of 1,200°
C.

25:38.750 --> 25:38.760 align:start position:0%
C.
 

25:38.760 --> 25:40.750 align:start position:0%
C.
The<00:26:37.600><c> clouds</c><00:26:38.000><c> behind</c><00:26:38.320><c> the</c><00:26:38.480><c> Horsehead</c><00:26:38.960><c> Nebula</c>

25:40.750 --> 25:40.760 align:start position:0%
The clouds behind the Horsehead Nebula
 

25:40.760 --> 25:43.069 align:start position:0%
The clouds behind the Horsehead Nebula
are<00:26:39.679><c> illuminated</c><00:26:40.240><c> by</c><00:26:40.480><c> UV</c><00:26:40.880><c> radiation</c><00:26:41.440><c> from</c>

25:43.069 --> 25:43.079 align:start position:0%
are illuminated by UV radiation from
 

25:43.079 --> 25:46.270 align:start position:0%
are illuminated by UV radiation from
nearby<00:26:42.159><c> star</c><00:26:42.640><c> Sigma</c><00:26:43.039><c> Orionus.</c><00:26:44.400><c> While</c><00:26:44.720><c> the</c>

25:46.270 --> 25:46.280 align:start position:0%
nearby star Sigma Orionus. While the
 

25:46.280 --> 25:48.510 align:start position:0%
nearby star Sigma Orionus. While the
clouds<00:26:45.279><c> of</c><00:26:45.360><c> the</c><00:26:45.440><c> Horsehead</c><00:26:45.919><c> Nebula</c><00:26:46.400><c> itself</c>

25:48.510 --> 25:48.520 align:start position:0%
clouds of the Horsehead Nebula itself
 

25:48.520 --> 25:51.309 align:start position:0%
clouds of the Horsehead Nebula itself
are<00:26:47.360><c> made</c><00:26:47.520><c> up</c><00:26:47.679><c> of</c><00:26:47.919><c> cold</c><00:26:48.480><c> molecular</c><00:26:49.120><c> hydrogen,</c>

25:51.309 --> 25:51.319 align:start position:0%
are made up of cold molecular hydrogen,
 

25:51.319 --> 25:53.390 align:start position:0%
are made up of cold molecular hydrogen,
which<00:26:50.159><c> gives</c><00:26:50.400><c> off</c><00:26:50.640><c> barely</c><00:26:51.120><c> any</c><00:26:51.440><c> heat</c><00:26:51.760><c> or</c>

25:53.390 --> 25:53.400 align:start position:0%
which gives off barely any heat or
 

25:53.400 --> 25:55.949 align:start position:0%
which gives off barely any heat or
light,<00:26:52.960><c> this</c><00:26:53.200><c> makes</c><00:26:53.360><c> the</c><00:26:53.600><c> Horsehead</c><00:26:54.080><c> Nebula</c>

25:55.949 --> 25:55.959 align:start position:0%
light, this makes the Horsehead Nebula
 

25:55.959 --> 25:58.030 align:start position:0%
light, this makes the Horsehead Nebula
an<00:26:54.799><c> interesting</c><00:26:55.200><c> place</c><00:26:55.440><c> to</c><00:26:55.679><c> learn</c><00:26:56.000><c> more</c><00:26:56.240><c> about</c>

25:58.030 --> 25:58.040 align:start position:0%
an interesting place to learn more about
 

25:58.040 --> 26:00.189 align:start position:0%
an interesting place to learn more about
star<00:26:56.960><c> formation,</c><00:26:57.919><c> as</c><00:26:58.159><c> scientists</c><00:26:58.559><c> can</c>

26:00.189 --> 26:00.199 align:start position:0%
star formation, as scientists can
 

26:00.199 --> 26:02.590 align:start position:0%
star formation, as scientists can
observe<00:26:59.279><c> and</c><00:26:59.600><c> compare</c><00:27:00.000><c> how</c><00:27:00.320><c> stars</c><00:27:00.640><c> form</c><00:27:00.960><c> in</c>

26:02.590 --> 26:02.600 align:start position:0%
observe and compare how stars form in
 

26:02.600 --> 26:06.990 align:start position:0%
observe and compare how stars form in
dark<00:27:01.840><c> versus</c><00:27:02.400><c> bright</c><00:27:02.799><c> clouds.</c><00:27:04.240><c> Sigma</c><00:27:04.799><c> Orionus</c>

26:06.990 --> 26:07.000 align:start position:0%
dark versus bright clouds. Sigma Orionus
 

26:07.000 --> 26:09.150 align:start position:0%
dark versus bright clouds. Sigma Orionus
is<00:27:05.919><c> part</c><00:27:06.080><c> of</c><00:27:06.240><c> a</c><00:27:06.480><c> group</c><00:27:06.559><c> of</c><00:27:06.720><c> stars</c><00:27:07.200><c> called</c><00:27:07.440><c> an</c>

26:09.150 --> 26:09.160 align:start position:0%
is part of a group of stars called an
 

26:09.160 --> 26:11.630 align:start position:0%
is part of a group of stars called an
open<00:27:08.080><c> cluster,</c><00:27:08.880><c> which</c><00:27:09.200><c> researchers</c><00:27:09.840><c> hope</c><00:27:10.080><c> to</c>

26:11.630 --> 26:11.640 align:start position:0%
open cluster, which researchers hope to
 

26:11.640 --> 26:13.470 align:start position:0%
open cluster, which researchers hope to
get<00:27:10.400><c> a</c><00:27:10.640><c> more</c><00:27:10.880><c> complete</c><00:27:11.279><c> picture</c><00:27:11.520><c> of</c><00:27:11.760><c> with</c>

26:13.470 --> 26:13.480 align:start position:0%
get a more complete picture of with
 

26:13.480 --> 26:16.830 align:start position:0%
get a more complete picture of with
Uklid's<00:27:12.640><c> data.</c><00:27:13.600><c> For</c><00:27:13.760><c> example,</c><00:27:14.640><c> free</c><00:27:14.880><c> floating</c>

26:16.830 --> 26:16.840 align:start position:0%
Uklid's data. For example, free floating
 

26:16.840 --> 26:18.669 align:start position:0%
Uklid's data. For example, free floating
planets<00:27:15.919><c> have</c><00:27:16.240><c> been</c><00:27:16.400><c> known</c><00:27:16.640><c> to</c><00:27:16.799><c> exist</c><00:27:17.039><c> in</c>

26:18.669 --> 26:18.679 align:start position:0%
planets have been known to exist in
 

26:18.679 --> 26:21.870 align:start position:0%
planets have been known to exist in
Sigma<00:27:17.679><c> Orionus,</c><00:27:18.720><c> but</c><00:27:19.039><c> with</c><00:27:19.360><c> Uklid's</c><00:27:20.080><c> ultra</c>

26:21.870 --> 26:21.880 align:start position:0%
Sigma Orionus, but with Uklid's ultra
 

26:21.880 --> 26:25.309 align:start position:0%
Sigma Orionus, but with Uklid's ultra
high<00:27:20.799><c> sensitivity,</c><00:27:22.000><c> scientists</c><00:27:22.559><c> found</c><00:27:23.200><c> many</c>

26:25.309 --> 26:25.319 align:start position:0%
high sensitivity, scientists found many
 

26:25.319 --> 26:28.189 align:start position:0%
high sensitivity, scientists found many
smaller<00:27:24.559><c> FFPs</c><00:27:25.760><c> than</c><00:27:25.919><c> were</c><00:27:26.240><c> previously</c>

26:28.189 --> 26:28.199 align:start position:0%
smaller FFPs than were previously
 

26:28.199 --> 26:30.990 align:start position:0%
smaller FFPs than were previously
documented.<00:27:28.000><c> As</c><00:27:28.320><c> one</c><00:27:28.559><c> research</c><00:27:29.039><c> paper</c><00:27:29.440><c> put</c>

26:30.990 --> 26:31.000 align:start position:0%
documented. As one research paper put
 

26:31.000 --> 26:35.069 align:start position:0%
documented. As one research paper put
it,<00:27:30.400><c> FFPs</c><00:27:31.360><c> in</c><00:27:31.679><c> that</c><00:27:31.919><c> zone</c><00:27:32.640><c> appear</c><00:27:33.039><c> to</c><00:27:33.200><c> be</c>

26:35.069 --> 26:35.079 align:start position:0%
it, FFPs in that zone appear to be
 

26:35.079 --> 26:40.830 align:start position:0%
it, FFPs in that zone appear to be
ubiquitous<00:27:34.549><c> [music]</c><00:27:34.640><c> and</c><00:27:34.960><c> numerous.</c>

26:40.830 --> 26:40.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

26:40.840 --> 26:43.309 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:27:39.840><c> was</c><00:27:40.320><c> just</c><00:27:40.640><c> the</c><00:27:40.880><c> beginning.</c><00:27:41.679><c> With</c>

26:43.309 --> 26:43.319 align:start position:0%
This was just the beginning. With
 

26:43.319 --> 26:45.630 align:start position:0%
This was just the beginning. With
another<00:27:42.400><c> five</c><00:27:42.720><c> and</c><00:27:42.880><c> a</c><00:27:43.039><c> half</c><00:27:43.360><c> years</c><00:27:43.679><c> of</c><00:27:43.840><c> mission</c>

26:45.630 --> 26:45.640 align:start position:0%
another five and a half years of mission
 

26:45.640 --> 26:47.949 align:start position:0%
another five and a half years of mission
time<00:27:44.480><c> left,</c><00:27:45.039><c> Uklid</c><00:27:45.600><c> still</c><00:27:45.840><c> had</c><00:27:46.080><c> a</c><00:27:46.240><c> lot</c><00:27:46.400><c> of</c>

26:47.949 --> 26:47.959 align:start position:0%
time left, Uklid still had a lot of
 

26:47.959 --> 26:50.990 align:start position:0%
time left, Uklid still had a lot of
ground<00:27:46.799><c> to</c><00:27:47.039><c> cover.</c><00:27:47.840><c> And</c><00:27:48.080><c> by</c><00:27:48.400><c> now,</c><00:27:48.960><c> I</c><00:27:49.200><c> hope</c><00:27:49.360><c> you</c>

26:50.990 --> 26:51.000 align:start position:0%
ground to cover. And by now, I hope you
 

26:51.000 --> 26:53.150 align:start position:0%
ground to cover. And by now, I hope you
get<00:27:49.760><c> a</c><00:27:50.000><c> sense</c><00:27:50.240><c> of</c><00:27:50.480><c> the</c><00:27:50.799><c> scale</c><00:27:51.360><c> and</c><00:27:51.600><c> the</c>

26:53.150 --> 26:53.160 align:start position:0%
get a sense of the scale and the
 

26:53.160 --> 26:55.630 align:start position:0%
get a sense of the scale and the
profound<00:27:52.400><c> importance</c><00:27:53.039><c> of</c><00:27:53.200><c> the</c><00:27:53.440><c> images</c><00:27:53.840><c> it</c><00:27:54.080><c> was</c>

26:55.630 --> 26:55.640 align:start position:0%
profound importance of the images it was
 

26:55.640 --> 26:59.069 align:start position:0%
profound importance of the images it was
capturing.<00:27:55.440><c> But</c><00:27:55.760><c> with</c><00:27:56.080><c> such</c><00:27:56.399><c> scale</c><00:27:57.120><c> comes</c><00:27:57.440><c> a</c>

26:59.069 --> 26:59.079 align:start position:0%
capturing. But with such scale comes a
 

26:59.079 --> 27:02.350 align:start position:0%
capturing. But with such scale comes a
problem<00:27:57.919><c> that</c><00:27:58.559><c> must</c><00:27:58.960><c> be</c><00:27:59.200><c> solved.</c><00:28:00.399><c> Let</c><00:28:00.640><c> me</c>

27:02.350 --> 27:02.360 align:start position:0%
problem that must be solved. Let me
 

27:02.360 --> 27:04.750 align:start position:0%
problem that must be solved. Let me
illustrate<00:28:01.279><c> this</c><00:28:01.520><c> point</c><00:28:01.840><c> with</c><00:28:02.080><c> a</c><00:28:02.240><c> story.</c><00:28:03.120><c> In</c>

27:04.750 --> 27:04.760 align:start position:0%
illustrate this point with a story. In
 

27:04.760 --> 27:08.270 align:start position:0%
illustrate this point with a story. In
September<00:28:03.760><c> of</c><00:28:04.080><c> 2023,</c><00:28:05.120><c> Bruno</c><00:28:05.679><c> Alieri,</c><00:28:06.640><c> an</c>

27:08.270 --> 27:08.280 align:start position:0%
September of 2023, Bruno Alieri, an
 

27:08.280 --> 27:10.590 align:start position:0%
September of 2023, Bruno Alieri, an
archive<00:28:07.360><c> scientist</c><00:28:07.919><c> working</c><00:28:08.240><c> on</c><00:28:08.480><c> data</c><00:28:08.799><c> from</c>

27:10.590 --> 27:10.600 align:start position:0%
archive scientist working on data from
 

27:10.600 --> 27:13.230 align:start position:0%
archive scientist working on data from
our<00:28:09.600><c> infamous</c><00:28:10.080><c> Uklid</c><00:28:10.559><c> telescope,</c><00:28:11.440><c> saw</c>

27:13.230 --> 27:13.240 align:start position:0%
our infamous Uklid telescope, saw
 

27:13.240 --> 27:15.949 align:start position:0%
our infamous Uklid telescope, saw
something<00:28:12.240><c> fuzzy</c><00:28:12.720><c> in</c><00:28:12.960><c> one</c><00:28:13.200><c> of</c><00:28:13.279><c> the</c><00:28:13.440><c> images.</c>

27:15.949 --> 27:15.959 align:start position:0%
something fuzzy in one of the images.
 

27:15.959 --> 27:18.830 align:start position:0%
something fuzzy in one of the images.
Uklid<00:28:15.120><c> had</c><00:28:15.360><c> been</c><00:28:15.600><c> busily</c><00:28:16.159><c> surveying</c><00:28:16.720><c> a</c><00:28:17.039><c> huge</c>

27:18.830 --> 27:18.840 align:start position:0%
Uklid had been busily surveying a huge
 

27:18.840 --> 27:21.470 align:start position:0%
Uklid had been busily surveying a huge
swath<00:28:17.840><c> of</c><00:28:18.000><c> the</c><00:28:18.159><c> sky</c><00:28:18.720><c> in</c><00:28:18.960><c> an</c><00:28:19.200><c> effort</c><00:28:19.440><c> to</c><00:28:19.679><c> track</c>

27:21.470 --> 27:21.480 align:start position:0%
swath of the sky in an effort to track
 

27:21.480 --> 27:24.750 align:start position:0%
swath of the sky in an effort to track
dark<00:28:20.399><c> matter</c><00:28:20.880><c> and</c><00:28:21.120><c> dark</c><00:28:21.440><c> energy</c><00:28:21.919><c> in</c><00:28:22.240><c> galaxies.</c>

27:24.750 --> 27:24.760 align:start position:0%
dark matter and dark energy in galaxies.
 

27:24.760 --> 27:27.230 align:start position:0%
dark matter and dark energy in galaxies.
And<00:28:23.600><c> what</c><00:28:23.840><c> Altieri</c><00:28:24.640><c> saw</c><00:28:24.960><c> around</c><00:28:25.360><c> galaxy</c>

27:27.230 --> 27:27.240 align:start position:0%
And what Altieri saw around galaxy
 

27:27.240 --> 27:29.710 align:start position:0%
And what Altieri saw around galaxy
NGC6505

27:29.710 --> 27:29.720 align:start position:0%
NGC6505
 

27:29.720 --> 27:32.110 align:start position:0%
NGC6505
was<00:28:28.559><c> a</c><00:28:28.880><c> perfect</c><00:28:29.679><c> naturally</c><00:28:30.320><c> occurring</c>

27:32.110 --> 27:32.120 align:start position:0%
was a perfect naturally occurring
 

27:32.120 --> 27:35.949 align:start position:0%
was a perfect naturally occurring
phenomenon<00:28:31.600><c> for</c><00:28:31.919><c> doing</c><00:28:32.320><c> just</c><00:28:32.640><c> that.</c><00:28:33.840><c> Altieri</c>

27:35.949 --> 27:35.959 align:start position:0%
phenomenon for doing just that. Altieri
 

27:35.959 --> 27:38.669 align:start position:0%
phenomenon for doing just that. Altieri
had<00:28:34.880><c> found</c><00:28:35.120><c> an</c><00:28:35.440><c> Einstein</c><00:28:36.000><c> ring.</c><00:28:36.799><c> And</c><00:28:36.960><c> when</c>

27:38.669 --> 27:38.679 align:start position:0%
had found an Einstein ring. And when
 

27:38.679 --> 27:40.990 align:start position:0%
had found an Einstein ring. And when
highresolution<00:28:38.080><c> images</c><00:28:38.559><c> came</c><00:28:38.799><c> through,</c>

27:40.990 --> 27:41.000 align:start position:0%
highresolution images came through,
 

27:41.000 --> 27:42.990 align:start position:0%
highresolution images came through,
scientists<00:28:40.159><c> were</c><00:28:40.320><c> able</c><00:28:40.480><c> to</c><00:28:40.640><c> see</c><00:28:40.880><c> it</c><00:28:41.039><c> in</c><00:28:41.360><c> all</c>

27:42.990 --> 27:43.000 align:start position:0%
scientists were able to see it in all
 

27:43.000 --> 27:46.350 align:start position:0%
scientists were able to see it in all
its<00:28:41.919><c> glory.</c><00:28:43.360><c> Einstein</c><00:28:43.840><c> rings</c><00:28:44.320><c> are</c><00:28:44.640><c> an</c>

27:46.350 --> 27:46.360 align:start position:0%
its glory. Einstein rings are an
 

27:46.360 --> 27:49.069 align:start position:0%
its glory. Einstein rings are an
incredibly<00:28:45.600><c> rare</c><00:28:45.919><c> mirage</c><00:28:46.399><c> of</c><00:28:46.559><c> the</c><00:28:46.799><c> universe.</c>

27:49.069 --> 27:49.079 align:start position:0%
incredibly rare mirage of the universe.
 

27:49.079 --> 27:51.390 align:start position:0%
incredibly rare mirage of the universe.
The<00:28:47.919><c> ring</c><00:28:48.159><c> you're</c><00:28:48.399><c> seeing</c><00:28:48.640><c> in</c><00:28:48.799><c> this</c><00:28:48.960><c> image</c><00:28:49.679><c> is</c>

27:51.390 --> 27:51.400 align:start position:0%
The ring you're seeing in this image is
 

27:51.400 --> 27:54.429 align:start position:0%
The ring you're seeing in this image is
not<00:28:50.240><c> a</c><00:28:50.640><c> truly</c><00:28:51.120><c> physical</c><00:28:51.600><c> object,</c><00:28:52.480><c> but</c><00:28:52.720><c> is</c>

27:54.429 --> 27:54.439 align:start position:0%
not a truly physical object, but is
 

27:54.439 --> 27:56.590 align:start position:0%
not a truly physical object, but is
actually<00:28:53.440><c> an</c><00:28:53.679><c> example</c><00:28:54.159><c> of</c><00:28:54.559><c> strong</c>

27:56.590 --> 27:56.600 align:start position:0%
actually an example of strong
 

27:56.600 --> 27:58.910 align:start position:0%
actually an example of strong
gravitational<00:28:56.000><c> lensing,</c><00:28:56.799><c> where</c><00:28:57.039><c> the</c><00:28:57.200><c> light</c>

27:58.910 --> 27:58.920 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing, where the light
 

27:58.920 --> 28:01.150 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing, where the light
from<00:28:57.760><c> a</c><00:28:58.000><c> second</c><00:28:58.240><c> galaxy</c><00:28:58.799><c> hiding</c><00:28:59.200><c> behind</c><00:28:59.520><c> the</c>

28:01.150 --> 28:01.160 align:start position:0%
from a second galaxy hiding behind the
 

28:01.160 --> 28:04.350 align:start position:0%
from a second galaxy hiding behind the
first<00:29:00.480><c> has</c><00:29:00.720><c> its</c><00:29:01.039><c> light</c><00:29:01.360><c> bent</c><00:29:01.840><c> towards</c><00:29:02.320><c> us</c>

28:04.350 --> 28:04.360 align:start position:0%
first has its light bent towards us
 

28:04.360 --> 28:07.150 align:start position:0%
first has its light bent towards us
thanks<00:29:03.200><c> to</c><00:29:03.360><c> the</c><00:29:03.600><c> first</c><00:29:03.840><c> galaxy's</c><00:29:04.480><c> gravity.</c>

28:07.150 --> 28:07.160 align:start position:0%
thanks to the first galaxy's gravity.
 

28:07.160 --> 28:08.990 align:start position:0%
thanks to the first galaxy's gravity.
Due<00:29:06.000><c> to</c><00:29:06.159><c> the</c><00:29:06.320><c> way</c><00:29:06.559><c> the</c><00:29:06.799><c> gravity</c><00:29:07.200><c> from</c><00:29:07.440><c> the</c>

28:08.990 --> 28:09.000 align:start position:0%
Due to the way the gravity from the
 

28:09.000 --> 28:11.470 align:start position:0%
Due to the way the gravity from the
first<00:29:07.840><c> galaxy</c><00:29:08.320><c> curves</c><00:29:08.799><c> space,</c><00:29:09.440><c> if</c><00:29:09.679><c> the</c><00:29:09.840><c> two</c>

28:11.470 --> 28:11.480 align:start position:0%
first galaxy curves space, if the two
 

28:11.480 --> 28:14.189 align:start position:0%
first galaxy curves space, if the two
galaxies<00:29:10.640><c> are</c><00:29:10.799><c> lined</c><00:29:11.120><c> up</c><00:29:11.360><c> just</c><00:29:11.760><c> right,</c><00:29:12.559><c> the</c>

28:14.189 --> 28:14.199 align:start position:0%
galaxies are lined up just right, the
 

28:14.199 --> 28:16.189 align:start position:0%
galaxies are lined up just right, the
curvature<00:29:13.200><c> of</c><00:29:13.360><c> light</c><00:29:13.760><c> happens</c><00:29:14.240><c> equally</c>

28:16.189 --> 28:16.199 align:start position:0%
curvature of light happens equally
 

28:16.199 --> 28:18.830 align:start position:0%
curvature of light happens equally
around<00:29:15.360><c> all</c><00:29:15.679><c> sides</c><00:29:16.000><c> of</c><00:29:16.080><c> the</c><00:29:16.240><c> first</c><00:29:16.559><c> galaxy,</c>

28:18.830 --> 28:18.840 align:start position:0%
around all sides of the first galaxy,
 

28:18.840 --> 28:21.309 align:start position:0%
around all sides of the first galaxy,
redirecting<00:29:18.320><c> perfectly</c><00:29:19.039><c> to</c><00:29:19.360><c> create</c><00:29:19.679><c> the</c>

28:21.309 --> 28:21.319 align:start position:0%
redirecting perfectly to create the
 

28:21.319 --> 28:23.949 align:start position:0%
redirecting perfectly to create the
impression<00:29:20.399><c> of</c><00:29:20.640><c> a</c><00:29:20.880><c> complete</c><00:29:21.279><c> ring.</c><00:29:22.320><c> The</c>

28:23.949 --> 28:23.959 align:start position:0%
impression of a complete ring. The
 

28:23.959 --> 28:25.870 align:start position:0%
impression of a complete ring. The
conditions<00:29:22.960><c> for</c><00:29:23.120><c> this</c><00:29:23.360><c> occurring</c><00:29:23.919><c> are</c>

28:25.870 --> 28:25.880 align:start position:0%
conditions for this occurring are
 

28:25.880 --> 28:28.590 align:start position:0%
conditions for this occurring are
incredibly<00:29:25.200><c> rare.</c><00:29:25.840><c> If</c><00:29:26.080><c> the</c><00:29:26.240><c> two</c><00:29:26.399><c> galaxies</c><00:29:26.960><c> are</c>

28:28.590 --> 28:28.600 align:start position:0%
incredibly rare. If the two galaxies are
 

28:28.600 --> 28:30.990 align:start position:0%
incredibly rare. If the two galaxies are
even<00:29:27.520><c> a</c><00:29:27.840><c> little</c><00:29:28.240><c> off,</c><00:29:28.799><c> then</c><00:29:29.039><c> you</c><00:29:29.200><c> will</c><00:29:29.360><c> only</c>

28:30.990 --> 28:31.000 align:start position:0%
even a little off, then you will only
 

28:31.000 --> 28:34.350 align:start position:0%
even a little off, then you will only
get<00:29:29.760><c> an</c><00:29:30.000><c> arc</c><00:29:30.640><c> rather</c><00:29:30.960><c> than</c><00:29:31.200><c> a</c><00:29:31.440><c> full</c><00:29:31.760><c> ring,</c><00:29:32.480><c> or</c>

28:34.350 --> 28:34.360 align:start position:0%
get an arc rather than a full ring, or
 

28:34.360 --> 28:37.470 align:start position:0%
get an arc rather than a full ring, or
you<00:29:33.200><c> will</c><00:29:33.360><c> get</c><00:29:33.520><c> nothing</c><00:29:33.760><c> at</c><00:29:34.000><c> all.</c><00:29:35.279><c> But</c><00:29:35.840><c> though</c>

28:37.470 --> 28:37.480 align:start position:0%
you will get nothing at all. But though
 

28:37.480 --> 28:40.030 align:start position:0%
you will get nothing at all. But though
rare,<00:29:36.720><c> Einstein</c><00:29:37.279><c> rings</c><00:29:37.679><c> are</c><00:29:38.000><c> extremely</c>

28:40.030 --> 28:40.040 align:start position:0%
rare, Einstein rings are extremely
 

28:40.040 --> 28:42.429 align:start position:0%
rare, Einstein rings are extremely
useful.<00:29:39.679><c> Scientists</c><00:29:40.240><c> can</c><00:29:40.399><c> use</c><00:29:40.559><c> them</c><00:29:40.799><c> to</c>

28:42.429 --> 28:42.439 align:start position:0%
useful. Scientists can use them to
 

28:42.439 --> 28:44.429 align:start position:0%
useful. Scientists can use them to
calculate<00:29:41.440><c> the</c><00:29:41.600><c> mass</c><00:29:41.840><c> of</c><00:29:42.240><c> everything</c><00:29:42.720><c> within</c>

28:44.429 --> 28:44.439 align:start position:0%
calculate the mass of everything within
 

28:44.439 --> 28:48.270 align:start position:0%
calculate the mass of everything within
the<00:29:43.200><c> ring.</c><00:29:43.840><c> In</c><00:29:44.000><c> this</c><00:29:44.240><c> case,</c><00:29:44.720><c> NGC6505's</c>

28:48.270 --> 28:48.280 align:start position:0%
the ring. In this case, NGC6505's
 

28:48.280 --> 28:51.069 align:start position:0%
the ring. In this case, NGC6505's
galactic<00:29:47.520><c> nucleus,</c><00:29:48.640><c> providing</c><00:29:49.039><c> them</c><00:29:49.360><c> a</c>

28:51.069 --> 28:51.079 align:start position:0%
galactic nucleus, providing them a
 

28:51.079 --> 28:54.110 align:start position:0%
galactic nucleus, providing them a
second<00:29:49.919><c> tool</c><00:29:50.320><c> to</c><00:29:50.480><c> detect</c><00:29:50.880><c> mass.</c><00:29:52.000><c> And</c><00:29:52.399><c> if</c>

28:54.110 --> 28:54.120 align:start position:0%
second tool to detect mass. And if
 

28:54.120 --> 28:55.870 align:start position:0%
second tool to detect mass. And if
there's<00:29:52.960><c> more</c><00:29:53.200><c> mass</c><00:29:53.520><c> detected</c><00:29:54.000><c> within</c><00:29:54.320><c> the</c>

28:55.870 --> 28:55.880 align:start position:0%
there's more mass detected within the
 

28:55.880 --> 28:58.350 align:start position:0%
there's more mass detected within the
ring<00:29:54.799><c> than</c><00:29:54.960><c> we</c><00:29:55.200><c> can</c><00:29:55.360><c> physically</c><00:29:55.840><c> see,</c><00:29:56.720><c> then</c>

28:58.350 --> 28:58.360 align:start position:0%
ring than we can physically see, then
 

28:58.360 --> 29:02.350 align:start position:0%
ring than we can physically see, then
the<00:29:57.279><c> difference</c><00:29:58.000><c> is</c><00:29:58.320><c> likely</c><00:29:58.960><c> dark</c><00:29:59.279><c> matter.</c>

29:02.350 --> 29:02.360 align:start position:0%
the difference is likely dark matter.
 

29:02.360 --> 29:04.429 align:start position:0%
the difference is likely dark matter.
Einstein<00:30:01.520><c> rings</c><00:30:01.919><c> can</c><00:30:02.159><c> also</c><00:30:02.480><c> let</c><00:30:02.640><c> you</c><00:30:02.799><c> see</c>

29:04.429 --> 29:04.439 align:start position:0%
Einstein rings can also let you see
 

29:04.439 --> 29:06.270 align:start position:0%
Einstein rings can also let you see
further<00:30:03.520><c> galaxies</c><00:30:03.919><c> than</c><00:30:04.159><c> your</c><00:30:04.320><c> telescope</c>

29:06.270 --> 29:06.280 align:start position:0%
further galaxies than your telescope
 

29:06.280 --> 29:08.429 align:start position:0%
further galaxies than your telescope
could<00:30:05.120><c> normally</c><00:30:05.520><c> detect,</c><00:30:06.399><c> which</c><00:30:06.640><c> can</c><00:30:06.880><c> be</c>

29:08.429 --> 29:08.439 align:start position:0%
could normally detect, which can be
 

29:08.439 --> 29:10.750 align:start position:0%
could normally detect, which can be
analyzed<00:30:07.520><c> to</c><00:30:07.760><c> learn</c><00:30:08.159><c> about</c><00:30:08.399><c> the</c><00:30:08.640><c> more</c><00:30:08.960><c> distant</c>

29:10.750 --> 29:10.760 align:start position:0%
analyzed to learn about the more distant
 

29:10.760 --> 29:14.270 align:start position:0%
analyzed to learn about the more distant
galaxy.<00:30:10.399><c> There</c><00:30:10.640><c> are</c><00:30:11.039><c> a</c><00:30:11.360><c> lot</c><00:30:11.440><c> of</c><00:30:11.679><c> benefits.</c><00:30:12.720><c> But</c>

29:14.270 --> 29:14.280 align:start position:0%
galaxy. There are a lot of benefits. But
 

29:14.280 --> 29:17.150 align:start position:0%
galaxy. There are a lot of benefits. But
here's<00:30:13.120><c> the</c><00:30:13.360><c> thing.</c><00:30:14.240><c> This</c><00:30:14.480><c> discovery,</c><00:30:15.360><c> while</c>

29:17.150 --> 29:17.160 align:start position:0%
here's the thing. This discovery, while
 

29:17.160 --> 29:20.270 align:start position:0%
here's the thing. This discovery, while
fortunate,<00:30:16.880><c> was</c><00:30:17.200><c> not</c><00:30:17.679><c> how</c><00:30:18.000><c> most</c><00:30:18.240><c> Einstein</c>

29:20.270 --> 29:20.280 align:start position:0%
fortunate, was not how most Einstein
 

29:20.280 --> 29:22.669 align:start position:0%
fortunate, was not how most Einstein
rings<00:30:19.279><c> will</c><00:30:19.520><c> be</c><00:30:19.679><c> discovered</c><00:30:20.159><c> going</c><00:30:20.399><c> forward.</c>

29:22.669 --> 29:22.679 align:start position:0%
rings will be discovered going forward.
 

29:22.679 --> 29:24.830 align:start position:0%
rings will be discovered going forward.
The<00:30:21.600><c> size</c><00:30:21.840><c> of</c><00:30:22.000><c> the</c><00:30:22.240><c> images</c><00:30:22.640><c> Uklid</c><00:30:23.279><c> is</c>

29:24.830 --> 29:24.840 align:start position:0%
The size of the images Uklid is
 

29:24.840 --> 29:28.030 align:start position:0%
The size of the images Uklid is
producing<00:30:24.080><c> is</c><00:30:24.640><c> truly</c><00:30:25.200><c> daunting.</c><00:30:26.240><c> To</c><00:30:26.559><c> be</c>

29:28.030 --> 29:28.040 align:start position:0%
producing is truly daunting. To be
 

29:28.040 --> 29:30.350 align:start position:0%
producing is truly daunting. To be
clear,<00:30:27.039><c> the</c><00:30:27.279><c> maps</c><00:30:27.679><c> being</c><00:30:28.000><c> generated</c><00:30:28.640><c> are</c>

29:30.350 --> 29:30.360 align:start position:0%
clear, the maps being generated are
 

29:30.360 --> 29:34.189 align:start position:0%
clear, the maps being generated are
sized<00:30:29.440><c> in</c><00:30:29.919><c> pabytes,</c><00:30:31.200><c> hundreds</c><00:30:31.679><c> of</c><00:30:31.840><c> them.</c><00:30:32.640><c> To</c>

29:34.189 --> 29:34.199 align:start position:0%
sized in pabytes, hundreds of them. To
 

29:34.199 --> 29:36.510 align:start position:0%
sized in pabytes, hundreds of them. To
put<00:30:32.960><c> that</c><00:30:33.200><c> into</c><00:30:33.600><c> scale,</c><00:30:34.320><c> your</c><00:30:34.640><c> computer</c><00:30:34.880><c> at</c>

29:36.510 --> 29:36.520 align:start position:0%
put that into scale, your computer at
 

29:36.520 --> 29:38.910 align:start position:0%
put that into scale, your computer at
home<00:30:35.360><c> is</c><00:30:35.600><c> likely</c><00:30:36.000><c> running</c><00:30:36.320><c> either</c><00:30:36.799><c> gigabytes</c>

29:38.910 --> 29:38.920 align:start position:0%
home is likely running either gigabytes
 

29:38.920 --> 29:41.549 align:start position:0%
home is likely running either gigabytes
or<00:30:37.840><c> maybe</c><00:30:38.159><c> up</c><00:30:38.320><c> to</c><00:30:38.480><c> a</c><00:30:38.720><c> handful</c><00:30:39.039><c> of</c><00:30:39.279><c> terabytes</c><00:30:39.919><c> of</c>

29:41.549 --> 29:41.559 align:start position:0%
or maybe up to a handful of terabytes of
 

29:41.559 --> 29:43.470 align:start position:0%
or maybe up to a handful of terabytes of
storage<00:30:40.480><c> space</c><00:30:41.039><c> if</c><00:30:41.200><c> it's</c><00:30:41.520><c> particularly</c>

29:43.470 --> 29:43.480 align:start position:0%
storage space if it's particularly
 

29:43.480 --> 29:47.710 align:start position:0%
storage space if it's particularly
high-end.<00:30:42.880><c> Each</c><00:30:43.200><c> terabyte</c><00:30:43.919><c> being</c><00:30:44.320><c> 1,000</c><00:30:45.120><c> GB,</c>

29:47.710 --> 29:47.720 align:start position:0%
high-end. Each terabyte being 1,000 GB,
 

29:47.720 --> 29:52.189 align:start position:0%
high-end. Each terabyte being 1,000 GB,
but<00:30:46.480><c> a</c><00:30:46.720><c> pabyte</c><00:30:47.679><c> is</c><00:30:47.776><c> [music]</c><00:30:48.159><c> 1,000</c><00:30:49.120><c> terab.</c><00:30:50.480><c> To</c>

29:52.189 --> 29:52.199 align:start position:0%
but a pabyte is [music] 1,000 terab. To
 

29:52.199 --> 29:54.669 align:start position:0%
but a pabyte is [music] 1,000 terab. To
store<00:30:51.039><c> some</c><00:30:51.279><c> of</c><00:30:51.360><c> these</c><00:30:51.600><c> star</c><00:30:51.919><c> maps</c><00:30:52.399><c> properly,</c>

29:54.669 --> 29:54.679 align:start position:0%
store some of these star maps properly,
 

29:54.679 --> 29:56.510 align:start position:0%
store some of these star maps properly,
you<00:30:53.520><c> need</c><00:30:53.600><c> the</c><00:30:53.919><c> storage</c><00:30:54.320><c> equivalent</c><00:30:54.880><c> of</c>

29:56.510 --> 29:56.520 align:start position:0%
you need the storage equivalent of
 

29:56.520 --> 29:59.549 align:start position:0%
you need the storage equivalent of
nearly<00:30:55.600><c> a</c><00:30:55.760><c> thousand</c><00:30:56.399><c> computers.</c><00:30:57.600><c> The</c><00:30:57.840><c> data</c>

29:59.549 --> 29:59.559 align:start position:0%
nearly a thousand computers. The data
 

29:59.559 --> 30:02.510 align:start position:0%
nearly a thousand computers. The data
contained<00:30:58.480><c> in</c><00:30:58.640><c> Uklid's</c><00:30:59.200><c> maps</c><00:30:59.760><c> will</c><00:31:00.080><c> be</c><00:31:00.240><c> huge.</c>

30:02.510 --> 30:02.520 align:start position:0%
contained in Uklid's maps will be huge.
 

30:02.520 --> 30:04.669 align:start position:0%
contained in Uklid's maps will be huge.
You<00:31:01.360><c> remember</c><00:31:01.600><c> that</c><00:31:02.000><c> 1%</c><00:31:02.480><c> of</c><00:31:02.640><c> the</c><00:31:02.880><c> completed</c>

30:04.669 --> 30:04.679 align:start position:0%
You remember that 1% of the completed
 

30:04.679 --> 30:07.630 align:start position:0%
You remember that 1% of the completed
map<00:31:03.600><c> was</c><00:31:03.840><c> released</c><00:31:04.080><c> in</c><00:31:04.320><c> late</c><00:31:04.720><c> 2024.</c><00:31:06.000><c> That</c>

30:07.630 --> 30:07.640 align:start position:0%
map was released in late 2024. That
 

30:07.640 --> 30:11.789 align:start position:0%
map was released in late 2024. That
segment<00:31:07.120><c> already</c><00:31:07.760><c> contains</c><00:31:08.799><c> 100</c><00:31:10.000><c> million</c>

30:11.789 --> 30:11.799 align:start position:0%
segment already contains 100 million
 

30:11.799 --> 30:15.309 align:start position:0%
segment already contains 100 million
sources<00:31:10.799><c> of</c><00:31:11.039><c> light,</c><00:31:11.600><c> either</c><00:31:12.000><c> stars</c><00:31:12.880><c> or</c><00:31:13.360><c> entire</c>

30:15.309 --> 30:15.319 align:start position:0%
sources of light, either stars or entire
 

30:15.319 --> 30:18.669 align:start position:0%
sources of light, either stars or entire
galaxies.<00:31:15.200><c> That's</c><00:31:15.600><c> just</c><00:31:16.240><c> too</c><00:31:16.559><c> many</c><00:31:16.880><c> for</c><00:31:17.120><c> the</c>

30:18.669 --> 30:18.679 align:start position:0%
galaxies. That's just too many for the
 

30:18.679 --> 30:21.150 align:start position:0%
galaxies. That's just too many for the
human<00:31:17.600><c> mind</c><00:31:17.840><c> to</c><00:31:18.000><c> handle.</c><00:31:18.960><c> There</c><00:31:19.200><c> will</c><00:31:19.440><c> be</c>

30:21.150 --> 30:21.160 align:start position:0%
human mind to handle. There will be
 

30:21.160 --> 30:23.150 align:start position:0%
human mind to handle. There will be
thousands<00:31:20.240><c> of</c><00:31:20.480><c> Einstein</c><00:31:20.960><c> rings</c><00:31:21.360><c> hiding</c>

30:23.150 --> 30:23.160 align:start position:0%
thousands of Einstein rings hiding
 

30:23.160 --> 30:26.350 align:start position:0%
thousands of Einstein rings hiding
amongst<00:31:22.240><c> all</c><00:31:22.480><c> that</c><00:31:22.799><c> data,</c><00:31:23.520><c> all</c><00:31:23.760><c> those</c><00:31:24.080><c> stars.</c>

30:26.350 --> 30:26.360 align:start position:0%
amongst all that data, all those stars.
 

30:26.360 --> 30:29.069 align:start position:0%
amongst all that data, all those stars.
But<00:31:25.120><c> to</c><00:31:25.360><c> find</c><00:31:25.679><c> them</c><00:31:25.919><c> on</c><00:31:26.159><c> our</c><00:31:26.399><c> own</c><00:31:27.039><c> would</c><00:31:27.360><c> take</c>

30:29.069 --> 30:29.079 align:start position:0%
But to find them on our own would take
 

30:29.079 --> 30:31.470 align:start position:0%
But to find them on our own would take
far<00:31:28.000><c> too</c><00:31:28.240><c> long,</c><00:31:28.720><c> unless</c><00:31:29.039><c> we</c><00:31:29.279><c> want</c><00:31:29.440><c> it</c><00:31:29.600><c> to</c><00:31:29.760><c> take</c>

30:31.470 --> 30:31.480 align:start position:0%
far too long, unless we want it to take
 

30:31.480 --> 30:34.189 align:start position:0%
far too long, unless we want it to take
generations<00:31:30.880><c> in</c><00:31:31.039><c> the</c><00:31:31.200><c> attempt.</c><00:31:32.320><c> It</c><00:31:32.559><c> gets</c>

30:34.189 --> 30:34.199 align:start position:0%
generations in the attempt. It gets
 

30:34.199 --> 30:37.069 align:start position:0%
generations in the attempt. It gets
worse.<00:31:33.919><c> Strong</c><00:31:34.399><c> gravitational</c><00:31:35.120><c> lensing</c>

30:37.069 --> 30:37.079 align:start position:0%
worse. Strong gravitational lensing
 

30:37.079 --> 30:39.949 align:start position:0%
worse. Strong gravitational lensing
isn't<00:31:36.159><c> even</c><00:31:36.480><c> the</c><00:31:36.799><c> main</c><00:31:37.120><c> way</c><00:31:37.519><c> that</c><00:31:37.760><c> Uklid</c><00:31:38.320><c> wants</c>

30:39.949 --> 30:39.959 align:start position:0%
isn't even the main way that Uklid wants
 

30:39.959 --> 30:42.750 align:start position:0%
isn't even the main way that Uklid wants
to<00:31:38.720><c> detect</c><00:31:39.120><c> dark</c><00:31:39.440><c> matter.</c><00:31:40.480><c> Instead,</c><00:31:41.039><c> it</c><00:31:41.200><c> will</c>

30:42.750 --> 30:42.760 align:start position:0%
to detect dark matter. Instead, it will
 

30:42.760 --> 30:44.830 align:start position:0%
to detect dark matter. Instead, it will
be<00:31:41.519><c> looking</c><00:31:41.840><c> for</c><00:31:42.080><c> examples</c><00:31:42.559><c> of</c><00:31:42.960><c> weak</c>

30:44.830 --> 30:44.840 align:start position:0%
be looking for examples of weak
 

30:44.840 --> 30:47.230 align:start position:0%
be looking for examples of weak
gravitational<00:31:44.080><c> lensing.</c><00:31:45.120><c> The</c><00:31:45.360><c> idea</c><00:31:45.600><c> is</c>

30:47.230 --> 30:47.240 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing. The idea is
 

30:47.240 --> 30:50.030 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing. The idea is
similar,<00:31:46.480><c> but</c><00:31:46.720><c> instead</c><00:31:47.120><c> of</c><00:31:47.360><c> a</c><00:31:47.679><c> middle</c><00:31:48.000><c> galaxy</c>

30:50.030 --> 30:50.040 align:start position:0%
similar, but instead of a middle galaxy
 

30:50.040 --> 30:53.150 align:start position:0%
similar, but instead of a middle galaxy
redirecting<00:31:49.360><c> light,</c><00:31:50.000><c> it's</c><00:31:50.399><c> an</c><00:31:50.640><c> entire</c><00:31:51.279><c> galaxy</c>

30:53.150 --> 30:53.160 align:start position:0%
redirecting light, it's an entire galaxy
 

30:53.160 --> 30:55.710 align:start position:0%
redirecting light, it's an entire galaxy
cluster.<00:31:52.720><c> And</c><00:31:52.960><c> instead</c><00:31:53.200><c> of</c><00:31:53.360><c> a</c><00:31:53.600><c> single</c><00:31:53.840><c> galaxy</c>

30:55.710 --> 30:55.720 align:start position:0%
cluster. And instead of a single galaxy
 

30:55.720 --> 30:58.350 align:start position:0%
cluster. And instead of a single galaxy
behind<00:31:54.720><c> them</c><00:31:54.960><c> having</c><00:31:55.200><c> its</c><00:31:55.440><c> light</c><00:31:55.760><c> bent,</c><00:31:56.640><c> it's</c>

30:58.350 --> 30:58.360 align:start position:0%
behind them having its light bent, it's
 

30:58.360 --> 31:00.590 align:start position:0%
behind them having its light bent, it's
a<00:31:57.279><c> number</c><00:31:57.519><c> of</c><00:31:57.760><c> galaxies</c><00:31:58.240><c> that</c><00:31:58.480><c> are</c><00:31:58.640><c> deviating</c>

31:00.590 --> 31:00.600 align:start position:0%
a number of galaxies that are deviating
 

31:00.600 --> 31:03.390 align:start position:0%
a number of galaxies that are deviating
from<00:31:59.519><c> the</c><00:31:59.760><c> statistical</c><00:32:00.399><c> average.</c><00:32:01.519><c> You</c><00:32:01.760><c> might</c>

31:03.390 --> 31:03.400 align:start position:0%
from the statistical average. You might
 

31:03.400 --> 31:06.030 align:start position:0%
from the statistical average. You might
be<00:32:02.159><c> asking</c><00:32:02.720><c> how</c><00:32:03.039><c> on</c><00:32:03.360><c> earth</c><00:32:03.760><c> that</c><00:32:04.159><c> possibly</c>

31:06.030 --> 31:06.040 align:start position:0%
be asking how on earth that possibly
 

31:06.040 --> 31:09.230 align:start position:0%
be asking how on earth that possibly
works.<00:32:05.440><c> But</c><00:32:05.600><c> let</c><00:32:05.760><c> me</c><00:32:06.000><c> explain.</c><00:32:07.360><c> There</c><00:32:07.600><c> are</c>

31:09.230 --> 31:09.240 align:start position:0%
works. But let me explain. There are
 

31:09.240 --> 31:10.990 align:start position:0%
works. But let me explain. There are
enough<00:32:08.240><c> stars</c><00:32:08.559><c> and</c><00:32:08.799><c> galaxies</c><00:32:09.200><c> in</c><00:32:09.440><c> the</c>

31:10.990 --> 31:11.000 align:start position:0%
enough stars and galaxies in the
 

31:11.000 --> 31:13.309 align:start position:0%
enough stars and galaxies in the
universe<00:32:09.840><c> that</c><00:32:10.080><c> we</c><00:32:10.240><c> can</c><00:32:10.399><c> predict</c><00:32:10.880><c> on</c><00:32:11.279><c> average</c>

31:13.309 --> 31:13.319 align:start position:0%
universe that we can predict on average
 

31:13.319 --> 31:15.230 align:start position:0%
universe that we can predict on average
how<00:32:12.320><c> close</c><00:32:12.559><c> together</c><00:32:12.960><c> they</c><00:32:13.200><c> are</c><00:32:13.360><c> likely</c><00:32:13.679><c> to</c>

31:15.230 --> 31:15.240 align:start position:0%
how close together they are likely to
 

31:15.240 --> 31:17.710 align:start position:0%
how close together they are likely to
be.<00:32:14.559><c> Which</c><00:32:14.720><c> means</c><00:32:15.120><c> if</c><00:32:15.440><c> you</c><00:32:15.519><c> look</c><00:32:15.679><c> at</c><00:32:15.919><c> any</c>

31:17.710 --> 31:17.720 align:start position:0%
be. Which means if you look at any
 

31:17.720 --> 31:20.189 align:start position:0%
be. Which means if you look at any
particular<00:32:16.960><c> bunch</c><00:32:17.200><c> of</c><00:32:17.440><c> stars,</c><00:32:18.159><c> you</c><00:32:18.399><c> can</c><00:32:18.559><c> see</c>

31:20.189 --> 31:20.199 align:start position:0%
particular bunch of stars, you can see
 

31:20.199 --> 31:22.030 align:start position:0%
particular bunch of stars, you can see
if<00:32:18.960><c> they</c><00:32:19.200><c> deviate</c><00:32:19.679><c> from</c><00:32:19.840><c> that</c><00:32:20.080><c> statistical</c>

31:22.030 --> 31:22.040 align:start position:0%
if they deviate from that statistical
 

31:22.040 --> 31:24.909 align:start position:0%
if they deviate from that statistical
average<00:32:21.039><c> or</c><00:32:21.279><c> not.</c><00:32:22.399><c> To</c><00:32:22.720><c> detect</c><00:32:23.120><c> weak</c>

31:24.909 --> 31:24.919 align:start position:0%
average or not. To detect weak
 

31:24.919 --> 31:26.909 align:start position:0%
average or not. To detect weak
gravitational<00:32:24.240><c> lensing,</c><00:32:24.960><c> you</c><00:32:25.200><c> are</c><00:32:25.360><c> looking</c>

31:26.909 --> 31:26.919 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing, you are looking
 

31:26.919 --> 31:29.549 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing, you are looking
to<00:32:25.760><c> see</c><00:32:25.919><c> if</c><00:32:26.080><c> the</c><00:32:26.320><c> light</c><00:32:26.559><c> sources</c><00:32:27.279><c> behind</c><00:32:27.840><c> a</c>

31:29.549 --> 31:29.559 align:start position:0%
to see if the light sources behind a
 

31:29.559 --> 31:32.270 align:start position:0%
to see if the light sources behind a
clump<00:32:28.399><c> of</c><00:32:28.559><c> galaxies</c><00:32:29.360><c> are</c><00:32:29.679><c> deviating</c><00:32:30.320><c> in</c><00:32:30.640><c> such</c>

31:32.270 --> 31:32.280 align:start position:0%
clump of galaxies are deviating in such
 

31:32.280 --> 31:35.309 align:start position:0%
clump of galaxies are deviating in such
a<00:32:31.039><c> way</c><00:32:31.440><c> that</c><00:32:31.760><c> the</c><00:32:32.080><c> statistical</c><00:32:32.799><c> deviation</c>

31:35.309 --> 31:35.319 align:start position:0%
a way that the statistical deviation
 

31:35.319 --> 31:38.270 align:start position:0%
a way that the statistical deviation
starts<00:32:34.320><c> to</c><00:32:34.559><c> look</c><00:32:34.720><c> like</c><00:32:35.039><c> a</c><00:32:35.279><c> ring.</c><00:32:36.320><c> galaxies</c>

31:38.270 --> 31:38.280 align:start position:0%
starts to look like a ring. galaxies
 

31:38.280 --> 31:40.750 align:start position:0%
starts to look like a ring. galaxies
appearing<00:32:37.519><c> where</c><00:32:37.760><c> they</c><00:32:38.320><c> probably</c><00:32:38.880><c> aren't</c>

31:40.750 --> 31:40.760 align:start position:0%
appearing where they probably aren't
 

31:40.760 --> 31:43.069 align:start position:0%
appearing where they probably aren't
really<00:32:40.159><c> because</c><00:32:40.480><c> their</c><00:32:40.720><c> light</c><00:32:41.039><c> is</c><00:32:41.279><c> being</c>

31:43.069 --> 31:43.079 align:start position:0%
really because their light is being
 

31:43.079 --> 31:46.270 align:start position:0%
really because their light is being
weakly<00:32:42.159><c> bent</c><00:32:42.640><c> by</c><00:32:42.960><c> intervening</c><00:32:43.600><c> mass.</c><00:32:44.720><c> Good</c>

31:46.270 --> 31:46.280 align:start position:0%
weakly bent by intervening mass. Good
 

31:46.280 --> 31:48.189 align:start position:0%
weakly bent by intervening mass. Good
luck<00:32:45.200><c> spotting</c><00:32:45.760><c> that</c><00:32:46.159><c> just</c><00:32:46.399><c> with</c><00:32:46.640><c> your</c>

31:48.189 --> 31:48.199 align:start position:0%
luck spotting that just with your
 

31:48.199 --> 31:49.789 align:start position:0%
luck spotting that just with your
eyeballs.

31:49.789 --> 31:49.799 align:start position:0%
eyeballs.
 

31:49.799 --> 31:51.949 align:start position:0%
eyeballs.
In<00:32:48.640><c> other</c><00:32:48.880><c> respects,</c><00:32:49.519><c> weak</c><00:32:49.919><c> gravitational</c>

31:51.949 --> 31:51.959 align:start position:0%
In other respects, weak gravitational
 

31:51.959 --> 31:53.789 align:start position:0%
In other respects, weak gravitational
lensing<00:32:51.200><c> works</c><00:32:51.440><c> the</c><00:32:51.679><c> same</c><00:32:51.840><c> as</c><00:32:52.080><c> strong</c>

31:53.789 --> 31:53.799 align:start position:0%
lensing works the same as strong
 

31:53.799 --> 31:56.110 align:start position:0%
lensing works the same as strong
gravitational<00:32:52.960><c> lensing.</c><00:32:53.840><c> You</c><00:32:54.080><c> can</c><00:32:54.399><c> model</c>

31:56.110 --> 31:56.120 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing. You can model
 

31:56.120 --> 31:58.110 align:start position:0%
gravitational lensing. You can model
objects<00:32:55.200><c> with</c><00:32:55.360><c> the</c><00:32:55.600><c> resulting</c><00:32:56.000><c> ring</c><00:32:56.480><c> to</c>

31:58.110 --> 31:58.120 align:start position:0%
objects with the resulting ring to
 

31:58.120 --> 32:00.110 align:start position:0%
objects with the resulting ring to
detect<00:32:57.039><c> the</c><00:32:57.279><c> presence</c><00:32:57.600><c> of</c><00:32:57.840><c> invisible</c><00:32:58.480><c> dark</c>

32:00.110 --> 32:00.120 align:start position:0%
detect the presence of invisible dark
 

32:00.120 --> 32:03.230 align:start position:0%
detect the presence of invisible dark
matter.<00:32:59.679><c> This</c><00:33:00.080><c> highlevel</c><00:33:00.799><c> calculation</c><00:33:01.600><c> is</c>

32:03.230 --> 32:03.240 align:start position:0%
matter. This highlevel calculation is
 

32:03.240 --> 32:05.630 align:start position:0%
matter. This highlevel calculation is
the<00:33:02.000><c> way</c><00:33:02.159><c> Uklid</c><00:33:02.799><c> hopes</c><00:33:03.039><c> to</c><00:33:03.200><c> map</c><00:33:03.600><c> much</c><00:33:03.919><c> of</c><00:33:04.080><c> the</c>

32:05.630 --> 32:05.640 align:start position:0%
the way Uklid hopes to map much of the
 

32:05.640 --> 32:07.470 align:start position:0%
the way Uklid hopes to map much of the
dark<00:33:04.480><c> matter</c><00:33:04.880><c> in</c><00:33:05.120><c> the</c><00:33:05.279><c> third</c><00:33:05.519><c> of</c><00:33:05.679><c> the</c><00:33:05.840><c> night</c>

32:07.470 --> 32:07.480 align:start position:0%
dark matter in the third of the night
 

32:07.480 --> 32:10.510 align:start position:0%
dark matter in the third of the night
sky<00:33:06.480><c> it's</c><00:33:06.799><c> looking</c><00:33:07.039><c> at.</c><00:33:08.159><c> Finding</c><00:33:08.640><c> examples</c>

32:10.510 --> 32:10.520 align:start position:0%
sky it's looking at. Finding examples
 

32:10.520 --> 32:12.350 align:start position:0%
sky it's looking at. Finding examples
like<00:33:09.360><c> this</c><00:33:09.600><c> is</c><00:33:09.840><c> something</c><00:33:10.080><c> you'd</c><00:33:10.480><c> never</c><00:33:10.799><c> hope</c>

32:12.350 --> 32:12.360 align:start position:0%
like this is something you'd never hope
 

32:12.360 --> 32:14.669 align:start position:0%
like this is something you'd never hope
to<00:33:11.200><c> be</c><00:33:11.279><c> able</c><00:33:11.440><c> to</c><00:33:11.600><c> do</c><00:33:12.000><c> by</c><00:33:12.240><c> the</c><00:33:12.480><c> old-fashioned</c>

32:14.669 --> 32:14.679 align:start position:0%
to be able to do by the old-fashioned
 

32:14.679 --> 32:16.270 align:start position:0%
to be able to do by the old-fashioned
astronomy<00:33:13.840><c> technique</c><00:33:14.080><c> of</c><00:33:14.320><c> pointing</c><00:33:14.640><c> your</c>

32:16.270 --> 32:16.280 align:start position:0%
astronomy technique of pointing your
 

32:16.280 --> 32:19.549 align:start position:0%
astronomy technique of pointing your
home<00:33:15.120><c> telescope</c><00:33:15.600><c> at</c><00:33:15.840><c> the</c><00:33:16.000><c> sky.</c><00:33:16.799><c> The</c><00:33:17.039><c> solution?</c>

32:19.549 --> 32:19.559 align:start position:0%
home telescope at the sky. The solution?
 

32:19.559 --> 32:21.710 align:start position:0%
home telescope at the sky. The solution?
It<00:33:18.320><c> all</c><00:33:18.559><c> comes</c><00:33:18.799><c> down</c><00:33:18.960><c> to</c><00:33:19.120><c> a</c><00:33:19.279><c> tool</c><00:33:19.600><c> you</c><00:33:20.000><c> might</c>

32:21.710 --> 32:21.720 align:start position:0%
It all comes down to a tool you might
 

32:21.720 --> 32:24.110 align:start position:0%
It all comes down to a tool you might
have<00:33:20.480><c> heard</c><00:33:20.720><c> of</c><00:33:20.880><c> by</c><00:33:21.120><c> now.</c><00:33:22.000><c> Artificial</c>

32:24.110 --> 32:24.120 align:start position:0%
have heard of by now. Artificial
 

32:24.120 --> 32:25.710 align:start position:0%
have heard of by now. Artificial
intelligence.<00:33:23.013><c> [music]</c>

32:25.710 --> 32:25.720 align:start position:0%
intelligence. [music]
 

32:25.720 --> 32:28.590 align:start position:0%
intelligence. [music]
AI,<00:33:25.200><c> specifically</c><00:33:26.080><c> machine</c><00:33:26.480><c> learning</c><00:33:26.960><c> in</c>

32:28.590 --> 32:28.600 align:start position:0%
AI, specifically machine learning in
 

32:28.600 --> 32:30.830 align:start position:0%
AI, specifically machine learning in
this<00:33:27.360><c> case,</c><00:33:28.080><c> can</c><00:33:28.240><c> be</c><00:33:28.399><c> trained</c><00:33:28.720><c> to</c><00:33:29.039><c> identify</c>

32:30.830 --> 32:30.840 align:start position:0%
this case, can be trained to identify
 

32:30.840 --> 32:33.390 align:start position:0%
this case, can be trained to identify
examples<00:33:29.919><c> of</c><00:33:30.159><c> weak</c><00:33:30.480><c> or</c><00:33:30.880><c> strong</c><00:33:31.279><c> gravitational</c>

32:33.390 --> 32:33.400 align:start position:0%
examples of weak or strong gravitational
 

32:33.400 --> 32:36.750 align:start position:0%
examples of weak or strong gravitational
lensing<00:33:32.720><c> in</c><00:33:33.120><c> all</c><00:33:33.440><c> that</c><00:33:33.760><c> data.</c><00:33:34.880><c> We</c><00:33:35.120><c> have</c>

32:36.750 --> 32:36.760 align:start position:0%
lensing in all that data. We have
 

32:36.760 --> 32:39.870 align:start position:0%
lensing in all that data. We have
examples<00:33:36.000><c> where</c><00:33:36.320><c> it's</c><00:33:36.720><c> already</c><00:33:37.279><c> done</c><00:33:37.600><c> this,</c>

32:39.870 --> 32:39.880 align:start position:0%
examples where it's already done this,
 

32:39.880 --> 32:42.429 align:start position:0%
examples where it's already done this,
such<00:33:38.640><c> as</c><00:33:38.880><c> when</c><00:33:39.200><c> astronomers</c><00:33:39.919><c> used</c><00:33:40.240><c> AI</c><00:33:40.640><c> to</c>

32:42.429 --> 32:42.439 align:start position:0%
such as when astronomers used AI to
 

32:42.439 --> 32:44.909 align:start position:0%
such as when astronomers used AI to
identify<00:33:41.679><c> 56</c><00:33:42.320><c> gravitational</c><00:33:43.120><c> lens</c>

32:44.909 --> 32:44.919 align:start position:0%
identify 56 gravitational lens
 

32:44.919 --> 32:46.669 align:start position:0%
identify 56 gravitational lens
candidates<00:33:43.973><c> [music]</c><00:33:44.080><c> from</c><00:33:44.399><c> images</c><00:33:44.799><c> taken</c><00:33:45.120><c> by</c>

32:46.669 --> 32:46.679 align:start position:0%
candidates [music] from images taken by
 

32:46.679 --> 32:49.949 align:start position:0%
candidates [music] from images taken by
the<00:33:45.519><c> VT</c><00:33:46.159><c> in</c><00:33:46.399><c> Chile.</c><00:33:47.679><c> We</c><00:33:47.919><c> have</c><00:33:48.159><c> further</c>

32:49.949 --> 32:49.959 align:start position:0%
the VT in Chile. We have further
 

32:49.959 --> 32:52.350 align:start position:0%
the VT in Chile. We have further
examples<00:33:49.360><c> where</c><00:33:49.600><c> it's</c><00:33:49.919><c> been</c><00:33:50.080><c> put</c><00:33:50.320><c> to</c><00:33:50.480><c> good</c><00:33:50.640><c> use</c>

32:52.350 --> 32:52.360 align:start position:0%
examples where it's been put to good use
 

32:52.360 --> 32:54.830 align:start position:0%
examples where it's been put to good use
doing<00:33:51.279><c> similar</c><00:33:51.679><c> tasks.</c><00:33:52.640><c> In</c><00:33:52.799><c> a</c><00:33:52.960><c> citizen</c>

32:54.830 --> 32:54.840 align:start position:0%
doing similar tasks. In a citizen
 

32:54.840 --> 32:57.390 align:start position:0%
doing similar tasks. In a citizen
science<00:33:53.760><c> initiative</c><00:33:54.159><c> in</c><00:33:54.399><c> Japan,</c><00:33:55.279><c> 10,000</c>

32:57.390 --> 32:57.400 align:start position:0%
science initiative in Japan, 10,000
 

32:57.400 --> 32:59.549 align:start position:0%
science initiative in Japan, 10,000
human<00:33:56.320><c> volunteers</c><00:33:57.120><c> sifted</c><00:33:57.600><c> through</c><00:33:57.840><c> data</c>

32:59.549 --> 32:59.559 align:start position:0%
human volunteers sifted through data
 

32:59.559 --> 33:02.189 align:start position:0%
human volunteers sifted through data
from<00:33:58.399><c> the</c><00:33:58.640><c> Subaru</c><00:33:59.120><c> telescope,</c><00:34:00.080><c> identifying</c>

33:02.189 --> 33:02.199 align:start position:0%
from the Subaru telescope, identifying
 

33:02.199 --> 33:04.990 align:start position:0%
from the Subaru telescope, identifying
20,000<00:34:01.519><c> galaxies.</c><00:34:02.313><c> [music]</c><00:34:02.720><c> From</c><00:34:03.039><c> this,</c><00:34:03.360><c> an</c>

33:04.990 --> 33:05.000 align:start position:0%
20,000 galaxies. [music] From this, an
 

33:05.000 --> 33:07.549 align:start position:0%
20,000 galaxies. [music] From this, an
AI<00:34:04.080><c> was</c><00:34:04.320><c> trained</c><00:34:04.559><c> to</c><00:34:04.880><c> identify</c><00:34:05.279><c> the</c><00:34:05.519><c> pattern</c>

33:07.549 --> 33:07.559 align:start position:0%
AI was trained to identify the pattern
 

33:07.559 --> 33:12.269 align:start position:0%
AI was trained to identify the pattern
and<00:34:06.480><c> discovered</c><00:34:07.279><c> a</c><00:34:07.600><c> further</c><00:34:08.560><c> 410,000</c><00:34:09.518><c> [music]</c>

33:12.269 --> 33:12.279 align:start position:0%
and discovered a further 410,000 [music]
 

33:12.279 --> 33:16.749 align:start position:0%
and discovered a further 410,000 [music]
galaxies<00:34:11.599><c> in</c><00:34:12.000><c> the</c><00:34:12.320><c> data</c><00:34:13.040><c> with</c><00:34:13.520><c> 98%</c><00:34:14.399><c> accuracy.</c>

33:16.749 --> 33:16.759 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the data with 98% accuracy.
 

33:16.759 --> 33:19.069 align:start position:0%
galaxies in the data with 98% accuracy.
Machine<00:34:16.159><c> learning</c><00:34:16.560><c> is</c><00:34:16.720><c> an</c><00:34:16.960><c> incredible</c><00:34:17.440><c> tool</c>

33:19.069 --> 33:19.079 align:start position:0%
Machine learning is an incredible tool
 

33:19.079 --> 33:20.830 align:start position:0%
Machine learning is an incredible tool
in<00:34:17.839><c> astronomy</c><00:34:18.480><c> and</c><00:34:18.720><c> has</c><00:34:18.879><c> helped</c><00:34:19.200><c> find</c>

33:20.830 --> 33:20.840 align:start position:0%
in astronomy and has helped find
 

33:20.840 --> 33:23.870 align:start position:0%
in astronomy and has helped find
exoplanets<00:34:20.240><c> in</c><00:34:20.480><c> Kepler</c><00:34:20.879><c> data.</c><00:34:21.520><c> So</c><00:34:21.679><c> it</c><00:34:21.919><c> can</c>

33:23.870 --> 33:23.880 align:start position:0%
exoplanets in Kepler data. So it can
 

33:23.880 --> 33:26.269 align:start position:0%
exoplanets in Kepler data. So it can
certainly<00:34:23.200><c> be</c><00:34:23.440><c> taught</c><00:34:23.760><c> to</c><00:34:24.079><c> repeatedly</c><00:34:24.639><c> spot</c>

33:26.269 --> 33:26.279 align:start position:0%
certainly be taught to repeatedly spot
 

33:26.279 --> 33:28.350 align:start position:0%
certainly be taught to repeatedly spot
Einstein<00:34:25.440><c> rings</c><00:34:25.760><c> or</c><00:34:25.919><c> weak</c><00:34:26.320><c> gravitational</c>

33:28.350 --> 33:28.360 align:start position:0%
Einstein rings or weak gravitational
 

33:28.360 --> 33:31.469 align:start position:0%
Einstein rings or weak gravitational
lensing<00:34:27.520><c> in</c><00:34:27.679><c> the</c><00:34:27.839><c> Uclid</c><00:34:28.320><c> data.</c><00:34:29.200><c> Then</c><00:34:29.679><c> it's</c>

33:31.469 --> 33:31.479 align:start position:0%
lensing in the Uclid data. Then it's
 

33:31.479 --> 33:33.549 align:start position:0%
lensing in the Uclid data. Then it's
just<00:34:30.320><c> about</c><00:34:30.720><c> having</c><00:34:31.040><c> a</c><00:34:31.440><c> powerful</c><00:34:31.839><c> enough</c>

33:33.549 --> 33:33.559 align:start position:0%
just about having a powerful enough
 

33:33.559 --> 33:36.430 align:start position:0%
just about having a powerful enough
computer<00:34:32.800><c> or</c><00:34:33.200><c> network</c><00:34:33.520><c> of</c><00:34:33.760><c> computers</c><00:34:34.480><c> to</c><00:34:34.720><c> run</c>

33:36.430 --> 33:36.440 align:start position:0%
computer or network of computers to run
 

33:36.440 --> 33:39.390 align:start position:0%
computer or network of computers to run
the<00:34:35.280><c> AI</c><00:34:35.679><c> and</c><00:34:36.000><c> feed</c><00:34:36.240><c> it</c><00:34:36.399><c> the</c><00:34:36.560><c> pabytes</c><00:34:37.119><c> of</c><00:34:37.280><c> data</c>

33:39.390 --> 33:39.400 align:start position:0%
the AI and feed it the pabytes of data
 

33:39.400 --> 33:42.029 align:start position:0%
the AI and feed it the pabytes of data
and<00:34:38.480><c> seeing</c><00:34:38.879><c> what</c><00:34:39.040><c> patterns</c><00:34:39.440><c> it</c><00:34:39.679><c> detects.</c>

33:42.029 --> 33:42.039 align:start position:0%
and seeing what patterns it detects.
 

33:42.039 --> 33:43.950 align:start position:0%
and seeing what patterns it detects.
This<00:34:40.879><c> new</c><00:34:41.119><c> tool</c><00:34:41.440><c> will</c><00:34:41.679><c> let</c><00:34:41.839><c> us</c><00:34:42.079><c> look</c><00:34:42.320><c> at</c><00:34:42.399><c> the</c>

33:43.950 --> 33:43.960 align:start position:0%
This new tool will let us look at the
 

33:43.960 --> 33:45.870 align:start position:0%
This new tool will let us look at the
universe<00:34:42.879><c> in</c><00:34:43.200><c> ways</c><00:34:43.520><c> we</c><00:34:43.760><c> never</c><00:34:44.079><c> would</c><00:34:44.320><c> have</c>

33:45.870 --> 33:45.880 align:start position:0%
universe in ways we never would have
 

33:45.880 --> 33:48.590 align:start position:0%
universe in ways we never would have
been<00:34:44.639><c> able</c><00:34:44.879><c> to</c><00:34:45.040><c> do</c><00:34:45.359><c> without</c><00:34:45.679><c> it.</c><00:34:46.480><c> Even</c><00:34:46.720><c> if</c><00:34:46.960><c> the</c>

33:48.590 --> 33:48.600 align:start position:0%
been able to do without it. Even if the
 

33:48.600 --> 33:51.789 align:start position:0%
been able to do without it. Even if the
accuracy<00:34:47.760><c> isn't</c><00:34:48.240><c> 100%,</c><00:34:49.359><c> our</c><00:34:49.679><c> understanding</c>

33:51.789 --> 33:51.799 align:start position:0%
accuracy isn't 100%, our understanding
 

33:51.799 --> 33:54.989 align:start position:0%
accuracy isn't 100%, our understanding
will<00:34:50.800><c> undeniably</c><00:34:51.679><c> improve.</c><00:34:52.720><c> Who</c><00:34:52.960><c> knows</c><00:34:53.280><c> what</c>

33:54.989 --> 33:54.999 align:start position:0%
will undeniably improve. Who knows what
 

33:54.999 --> 33:57.469 align:start position:0%
will undeniably improve. Who knows what
mysteries<00:34:54.159><c> large</c><00:34:54.560><c> patterns</c><00:34:55.040><c> like</c><00:34:55.280><c> this</c><00:34:55.760><c> could</c>

33:57.469 --> 33:57.479 align:start position:0%
mysteries large patterns like this could
 

33:57.479 --> 34:00.749 align:start position:0%
mysteries large patterns like this could
solve.<00:34:57.520><c> Of</c><00:34:57.760><c> course,</c><00:34:58.079><c> as</c><00:34:58.400><c> you</c><00:34:58.640><c> may</c><00:34:58.800><c> be</c><00:34:59.040><c> glad</c><00:34:59.200><c> to</c>

34:00.749 --> 34:00.759 align:start position:0%
solve. Of course, as you may be glad to
 

34:00.759 --> 34:03.710 align:start position:0%
solve. Of course, as you may be glad to
know,<00:34:59.839><c> AI</c><00:35:00.320><c> is</c><00:35:00.560><c> not</c><00:35:00.800><c> doing</c><00:35:01.040><c> this</c><00:35:01.280><c> work</c><00:35:01.520><c> alone.</c>

34:03.710 --> 34:03.720 align:start position:0%
know, AI is not doing this work alone.
 

34:03.720 --> 34:06.110 align:start position:0%
know, AI is not doing this work alone.
There<00:35:02.640><c> are</c><00:35:03.200><c> thousands</c><00:35:03.760><c> of</c><00:35:03.920><c> scientists</c><00:35:04.480><c> who</c>

34:06.110 --> 34:06.120 align:start position:0%
There are thousands of scientists who
 

34:06.120 --> 34:08.590 align:start position:0%
There are thousands of scientists who
are<00:35:04.960><c> evaluating</c><00:35:05.599><c> the</c><00:35:05.839><c> data</c><00:35:06.560><c> guiding</c><00:35:06.960><c> the</c>

34:08.590 --> 34:08.600 align:start position:0%
are evaluating the data guiding the
 

34:08.600 --> 34:10.830 align:start position:0%
are evaluating the data guiding the
machine<00:35:07.520><c> learning</c><00:35:07.920><c> programs</c><00:35:08.640><c> and</c><00:35:08.880><c> verifying</c>

34:10.830 --> 34:10.840 align:start position:0%
machine learning programs and verifying
 

34:10.840 --> 34:13.150 align:start position:0%
machine learning programs and verifying
the<00:35:09.680><c> discoveries</c><00:35:10.240><c> being</c><00:35:10.560><c> made.</c><00:35:11.280><c> And</c><00:35:11.440><c> in</c><00:35:11.599><c> the</c>

34:13.150 --> 34:13.160 align:start position:0%
the discoveries being made. And in the
 

34:13.160 --> 34:15.469 align:start position:0%
the discoveries being made. And in the
years<00:35:12.079><c> between</c><00:35:12.400><c> Uklid's</c><00:35:13.040><c> first</c><00:35:13.359><c> data</c><00:35:13.680><c> release</c>

34:15.469 --> 34:15.479 align:start position:0%
years between Uklid's first data release
 

34:15.479 --> 34:18.270 align:start position:0%
years between Uklid's first data release
and<00:35:14.320><c> now</c><00:35:15.040><c> a</c><00:35:15.280><c> host</c><00:35:15.520><c> of</c><00:35:15.760><c> other</c><00:35:16.079><c> discoveries</c><00:35:16.640><c> have</c>

34:18.270 --> 34:18.280 align:start position:0%
and now a host of other discoveries have
 

34:18.280 --> 34:20.430 align:start position:0%
and now a host of other discoveries have
been<00:35:17.040><c> made.</c><00:35:17.639><c> [music]</c><00:35:17.839><c> In</c><00:35:18.079><c> just</c><00:35:18.480><c> February</c><00:35:18.800><c> of</c>

34:20.430 --> 34:20.440 align:start position:0%
been made. [music] In just February of
 

34:20.440 --> 34:22.989 align:start position:0%
been made. [music] In just February of
2026,<00:35:20.160><c> with</c><00:35:20.400><c> the</c><00:35:20.560><c> help</c><00:35:20.720><c> of</c><00:35:20.880><c> Hubble</c><00:35:21.280><c> and</c><00:35:21.440><c> the</c>

34:22.989 --> 34:22.999 align:start position:0%
2026, with the help of Hubble and the
 

34:22.999 --> 34:25.550 align:start position:0%
2026, with the help of Hubble and the
Subaru<00:35:22.079><c> telescopes,</c><00:35:23.040><c> Uklid's</c><00:35:23.680><c> detection</c>

34:25.550 --> 34:25.560 align:start position:0%
Subaru telescopes, Uklid's detection
 

34:25.560 --> 34:27.229 align:start position:0%
Subaru telescopes, Uklid's detection
techniques<00:35:24.720><c> allowed</c><00:35:25.119><c> it</c><00:35:25.280><c> to</c><00:35:25.440><c> uncover</c>

34:27.229 --> 34:27.239 align:start position:0%
techniques allowed it to uncover
 

34:27.239 --> 34:29.870 align:start position:0%
techniques allowed it to uncover
something<00:35:26.320><c> scientists</c><00:35:26.800><c> are</c><00:35:27.040><c> calling</c><00:35:27.599><c> a</c><00:35:28.000><c> dark</c>

34:29.870 --> 34:29.880 align:start position:0%
something scientists are calling a dark
 

34:29.880 --> 34:30.830 align:start position:0%
something scientists are calling a dark
galaxy.<00:35:28.774><c> [music]</c>

34:30.830 --> 34:30.840 align:start position:0%
galaxy. [music]
 

34:30.840 --> 34:34.270 align:start position:0%
galaxy. [music]
a<00:35:29.680><c> galaxy</c><00:35:30.240><c> full</c><00:35:30.640><c> of</c><00:35:31.040><c> dark</c><00:35:31.440><c> matter</c><00:35:32.079><c> with</c><00:35:32.480><c> very</c>

34:34.270 --> 34:34.280 align:start position:0%
a galaxy full of dark matter with very
 

34:34.280 --> 34:36.670 align:start position:0%
a galaxy full of dark matter with very
few<00:35:33.200><c> stars.</c><00:35:34.400><c> This</c><00:35:34.640><c> galaxy</c><00:35:34.669><c> [music]</c>

34:36.670 --> 34:36.680 align:start position:0%
few stars. This galaxy [music]
 

34:36.680 --> 34:38.910 align:start position:0%
few stars. This galaxy [music]
called<00:35:35.839><c> CDG2</c>

34:38.910 --> 34:38.920 align:start position:0%
called CDG2
 

34:38.920 --> 34:41.310 align:start position:0%
called CDG2
contains<00:35:38.000><c> just</c><00:35:38.560><c> four</c><00:35:39.040><c> globular</c><00:35:39.599><c> star</c>

34:41.310 --> 34:41.320 align:start position:0%
contains just four globular star
 

34:41.320 --> 34:43.264 align:start position:0%
contains just four globular star
clusters<00:35:40.560><c> compared</c><00:35:40.960><c> to</c><00:35:41.119><c> the</c><00:35:41.359><c> Milky</c><00:35:41.680><c> Ways</c>

34:43.264 --> 34:43.274 align:start position:0%
clusters compared to the Milky Ways
 

34:43.274 --> 34:43.950 align:start position:0%
clusters compared to the Milky Ways
[music]

34:43.950 --> 34:43.960 align:start position:0%
[music]
 

34:43.960 --> 34:46.749 align:start position:0%
[music]
150.<00:35:43.440><c> These</c><00:35:43.680><c> dense</c><00:35:44.079><c> collection</c><00:35:44.400><c> of</c><00:35:44.640><c> stars</c><00:35:44.960><c> are</c>

34:46.749 --> 34:46.759 align:start position:0%
150. These dense collection of stars are
 

34:46.759 --> 34:49.070 align:start position:0%
150. These dense collection of stars are
reliable<00:35:45.920><c> indications</c><00:35:46.560><c> of</c><00:35:46.720><c> a</c><00:35:46.960><c> galaxy</c><00:35:47.359><c> being</c>

34:49.070 --> 34:49.080 align:start position:0%
reliable indications of a galaxy being
 

34:49.080 --> 34:49.790 align:start position:0%
reliable indications of a galaxy being
present.<00:35:47.769><c> [music]</c>

34:49.790 --> 34:49.800 align:start position:0%
present. [music]
 

34:49.800 --> 34:52.350 align:start position:0%
present. [music]
So<00:35:48.640><c> scientists</c><00:35:49.200><c> know</c><00:35:49.760><c> something</c><00:35:50.160><c> is</c><00:35:50.400><c> there</c><00:35:50.720><c> in</c>

34:52.350 --> 34:52.360 align:start position:0%
So scientists know something is there in
 

34:52.360 --> 34:54.190 align:start position:0%
So scientists know something is there in
the<00:35:51.119><c> darkness.</c>

34:54.190 --> 34:54.200 align:start position:0%
the darkness.
 

34:54.200 --> 34:56.030 align:start position:0%
the darkness.
In<00:35:52.960><c> fact,</c><00:35:53.280><c> this</c><00:35:53.440><c> is</c><00:35:53.599><c> the</c><00:35:53.839><c> first</c><00:35:54.160><c> galaxy</c>

34:56.030 --> 34:56.040 align:start position:0%
In fact, this is the first galaxy
 

34:56.040 --> 34:58.430 align:start position:0%
In fact, this is the first galaxy
detected<00:35:55.440><c> only</c><00:35:55.920><c> through</c><00:35:56.240><c> its</c><00:35:56.480><c> globular</c>

34:58.430 --> 34:58.440 align:start position:0%
detected only through its globular
 

34:58.440 --> 35:00.830 align:start position:0%
detected only through its globular
cluster<00:35:57.520><c> population.</c><00:35:58.560><c> Scientists</c><00:35:59.119><c> believe</c>

35:00.830 --> 35:00.840 align:start position:0%
cluster population. Scientists believe
 

35:00.840 --> 35:05.550 align:start position:0%
cluster population. Scientists believe
that<00:35:59.760><c> 99%</c><00:36:00.720><c> of</c><00:36:00.800><c> the</c><00:36:00.960><c> mass</c><00:36:01.359><c> present</c><00:36:01.839><c> in</c><00:36:02.320><c> CDG2</c><00:36:03.680><c> is</c>

35:05.550 --> 35:05.560 align:start position:0%
that 99% of the mass present in CDG2 is
 

35:05.560 --> 35:08.590 align:start position:0%
that 99% of the mass present in CDG2 is
dark<00:36:04.480><c> matter.</c><00:36:05.599><c> It's</c><00:36:05.839><c> incredible</c><00:36:06.400><c> to</c><00:36:06.640><c> me</c><00:36:06.960><c> that</c>

35:08.590 --> 35:08.600 align:start position:0%
dark matter. It's incredible to me that
 

35:08.600 --> 35:11.150 align:start position:0%
dark matter. It's incredible to me that
there<00:36:07.520><c> are</c><00:36:07.839><c> hidden</c><00:36:08.400><c> galaxies</c><00:36:09.040><c> floating</c><00:36:09.520><c> out</c>

35:11.150 --> 35:11.160 align:start position:0%
there are hidden galaxies floating out
 

35:11.160 --> 35:14.030 align:start position:0%
there are hidden galaxies floating out
there<00:36:10.240><c> giving</c><00:36:10.560><c> off</c><00:36:10.880><c> very</c><00:36:11.280><c> little</c><00:36:11.599><c> light</c><00:36:12.400><c> and</c>

35:14.030 --> 35:14.040 align:start position:0%
there giving off very little light and
 

35:14.040 --> 35:18.030 align:start position:0%
there giving off very little light and
yet<00:36:13.440><c> being</c><00:36:14.000><c> rich</c><00:36:14.400><c> in</c><00:36:14.640><c> this</c><00:36:14.960><c> secret</c><00:36:15.440><c> mass.</c>

35:18.030 --> 35:18.040 align:start position:0%
yet being rich in this secret mass.
 

35:18.040 --> 35:21.469 align:start position:0%
yet being rich in this secret mass.
Later<00:36:17.040><c> in</c><00:36:17.440><c> June</c><00:36:17.920><c> 2026,</c><00:36:19.040><c> Uklid</c><00:36:19.599><c> turned</c><00:36:19.839><c> its</c>

35:21.469 --> 35:21.479 align:start position:0%
Later in June 2026, Uklid turned its
 

35:21.479 --> 35:24.270 align:start position:0%
Later in June 2026, Uklid turned its
gaze<00:36:20.560><c> much</c><00:36:20.880><c> closer</c><00:36:21.200><c> to</c><00:36:21.359><c> home</c><00:36:21.920><c> onto</c><00:36:22.320><c> the</c><00:36:22.640><c> center</c>

35:24.270 --> 35:24.280 align:start position:0%
gaze much closer to home onto the center
 

35:24.280 --> 35:27.310 align:start position:0%
gaze much closer to home onto the center
of<00:36:23.119><c> our</c><00:36:23.359><c> Milky</c><00:36:23.680><c> Way.</c><00:36:24.640><c> Just</c><00:36:25.040><c> take</c><00:36:25.200><c> a</c><00:36:25.440><c> look</c><00:36:25.680><c> at</c>

35:27.310 --> 35:27.320 align:start position:0%
of our Milky Way. Just take a look at
 

35:27.320 --> 35:30.350 align:start position:0%
of our Milky Way. Just take a look at
these<00:36:26.400><c> dazzling</c><00:36:27.200><c> stellar</c><00:36:27.599><c> images.</c><00:36:28.640><c> These</c>

35:30.350 --> 35:30.360 align:start position:0%
these dazzling stellar images. These
 

35:30.360 --> 35:32.590 align:start position:0%
these dazzling stellar images. These
images<00:36:29.359><c> were</c><00:36:29.599><c> taken</c><00:36:30.000><c> all</c><00:36:30.240><c> in</c><00:36:30.480><c> the</c><00:36:30.720><c> course</c><00:36:30.960><c> of</c>

35:32.590 --> 35:32.600 align:start position:0%
images were taken all in the course of
 

35:32.600 --> 35:36.270 align:start position:0%
images were taken all in the course of
just<00:36:31.680><c> one</c><00:36:32.240><c> day,</c><00:36:33.040><c> but</c><00:36:33.359><c> capture</c><00:36:33.920><c> so</c><00:36:34.240><c> much</c><00:36:34.400><c> detail</c>

35:36.270 --> 35:36.280 align:start position:0%
just one day, but capture so much detail
 

35:36.280 --> 35:38.285 align:start position:0%
just one day, but capture so much detail
about<00:36:35.200><c> our</c><00:36:35.440><c> inner</c><00:36:35.760><c> galaxy</c><00:36:36.160><c> that</c><00:36:36.400><c> it</c><00:36:36.640><c> is</c>

35:38.285 --> 35:38.295 align:start position:0%
about our inner galaxy that it is
 

35:38.295 --> 35:41.150 align:start position:0%
about our inner galaxy that it is
[music]<00:36:37.119><c> so</c><00:36:37.440><c> easy</c><00:36:37.680><c> to</c><00:36:37.839><c> miss.</c><00:36:38.800><c> The</c><00:36:39.040><c> sheer</c>

35:41.150 --> 35:41.160 align:start position:0%
[music] so easy to miss. The sheer
 

35:41.160 --> 35:43.070 align:start position:0%
[music] so easy to miss. The sheer
number<00:36:40.079><c> of</c><00:36:40.400><c> stars</c><00:36:40.720><c> in</c><00:36:40.960><c> the</c><00:36:41.119><c> center</c><00:36:41.280><c> of</c><00:36:41.440><c> our</c>

35:43.070 --> 35:43.080 align:start position:0%
number of stars in the center of our
 

35:43.080 --> 35:45.070 align:start position:0%
number of stars in the center of our
galaxy<00:36:42.400><c> makes</c><00:36:42.640><c> it</c><00:36:43.040><c> easy</c><00:36:43.440><c> for</c><00:36:43.460><c> [music]</c>

35:45.070 --> 35:45.080 align:start position:0%
galaxy makes it easy for [music]
 

35:45.080 --> 35:47.390 align:start position:0%
galaxy makes it easy for [music]
telescopes<00:36:44.240><c> to</c><00:36:44.480><c> be</c><00:36:44.640><c> blinded</c><00:36:45.200><c> by</c><00:36:45.440><c> the</c><00:36:45.599><c> sheer</c>

35:47.390 --> 35:47.400 align:start position:0%
telescopes to be blinded by the sheer
 

35:47.400 --> 35:50.910 align:start position:0%
telescopes to be blinded by the sheer
amount<00:36:46.320><c> of</c><00:36:46.560><c> light</c><00:36:46.800><c> there.</c><00:36:48.000><c> Uklid</c><00:36:48.720><c> is</c><00:36:49.040><c> able</c><00:36:49.359><c> to</c>

35:50.910 --> 35:50.920 align:start position:0%
amount of light there. Uklid is able to
 

35:50.920 --> 35:53.150 align:start position:0%
amount of light there. Uklid is able to
differentiate<00:36:50.160><c> between</c><00:36:50.480><c> the</c><00:36:50.720><c> various</c><00:36:51.040><c> stars,</c>

35:53.150 --> 35:53.160 align:start position:0%
differentiate between the various stars,
 

35:53.160 --> 35:55.390 align:start position:0%
differentiate between the various stars,
allowing<00:36:52.240><c> scientists</c><00:36:52.640><c> to</c><00:36:52.880><c> get</c><00:36:53.040><c> an</c><00:36:53.280><c> incredibly</c>

35:55.390 --> 35:55.400 align:start position:0%
allowing scientists to get an incredibly
 

35:55.400 --> 35:57.390 align:start position:0%
allowing scientists to get an incredibly
clear<00:36:54.320><c> picture</c><00:36:54.640><c> of</c><00:36:54.800><c> the</c><00:36:55.040><c> stars</c><00:36:55.359><c> and</c><00:36:55.599><c> planets</c>

35:57.390 --> 35:57.400 align:start position:0%
clear picture of the stars and planets
 

35:57.400 --> 35:59.390 align:start position:0%
clear picture of the stars and planets
there,<00:36:56.560><c> comparable</c><00:36:57.119><c> in</c><00:36:57.440><c> detail</c><00:36:57.680><c> to</c><00:36:57.839><c> the</c>

35:59.390 --> 35:59.400 align:start position:0%
there, comparable in detail to the
 

35:59.400 --> 36:01.710 align:start position:0%
there, comparable in detail to the
Hubble<00:36:58.320><c> telescope's</c><00:36:58.960><c> resolution</c><00:36:59.440><c> power,</c><00:37:00.079><c> but</c>

36:01.710 --> 36:01.720 align:start position:0%
Hubble telescope's resolution power, but
 

36:01.720 --> 36:03.950 align:start position:0%
Hubble telescope's resolution power, but
done<00:37:00.560><c> in</c><00:37:00.800><c> a</c><00:37:01.040><c> fraction</c><00:37:01.359><c> of</c><00:37:01.520><c> the</c><00:37:01.760><c> time</c><00:37:02.079><c> Hubble</c>

36:03.950 --> 36:03.960 align:start position:0%
done in a fraction of the time Hubble
 

36:03.960 --> 36:06.030 align:start position:0%
done in a fraction of the time Hubble
would<00:37:02.720><c> need</c><00:37:02.880><c> to</c><00:37:03.040><c> take</c><00:37:03.200><c> on</c><00:37:03.440><c> this.</c><00:37:04.240><c> With</c><00:37:04.480><c> the</c>

36:06.030 --> 36:06.040 align:start position:0%
would need to take on this. With the
 

36:06.040 --> 36:08.749 align:start position:0%
would need to take on this. With the
image<00:37:05.040><c> Uklid</c><00:37:05.599><c> took</c><00:37:05.839><c> here,</c><00:37:06.640><c> scientists</c><00:37:07.119><c> now</c>

36:08.749 --> 36:08.759 align:start position:0%
image Uklid took here, scientists now
 

36:08.759 --> 36:10.670 align:start position:0%
image Uklid took here, scientists now
have<00:37:07.440><c> a</c><00:37:07.599><c> baseline</c><00:37:08.160><c> they</c><00:37:08.480><c> will</c><00:37:08.640><c> be</c><00:37:08.800><c> able</c><00:37:08.960><c> to</c><00:37:09.119><c> use</c>

36:10.670 --> 36:10.680 align:start position:0%
have a baseline they will be able to use
 

36:10.680 --> 36:13.469 align:start position:0%
have a baseline they will be able to use
in<00:37:09.599><c> detecting</c><00:37:10.240><c> future</c><00:37:10.800><c> microlensing</c><00:37:11.599><c> events</c>

36:13.469 --> 36:13.479 align:start position:0%
in detecting future microlensing events
 

36:13.479 --> 36:15.620 align:start position:0%
in detecting future microlensing events
as<00:37:12.480><c> planets</c><00:37:12.880><c> move</c><00:37:13.119><c> in</c><00:37:13.359><c> front</c><00:37:13.520><c> of</c><00:37:13.599><c> their</c><00:37:13.839><c> stars.</c>

36:15.620 --> 36:15.630 align:start position:0%
as planets move in front of their stars.
 

36:15.630 --> 36:17.550 align:start position:0%
as planets move in front of their stars.
[music]<00:37:14.720><c> For</c><00:37:14.880><c> instance,</c><00:37:15.440><c> when</c><00:37:15.680><c> the</c><00:37:15.839><c> Roman</c>

36:17.550 --> 36:17.560 align:start position:0%
[music] For instance, when the Roman
 

36:17.560 --> 36:19.630 align:start position:0%
[music] For instance, when the Roman
space<00:37:16.480><c> telescope</c><00:37:17.040><c> later</c><00:37:17.359><c> looks</c><00:37:17.599><c> at</c><00:37:17.760><c> this</c><00:37:18.000><c> same</c>

36:19.630 --> 36:19.640 align:start position:0%
space telescope later looks at this same
 

36:19.640 --> 36:22.270 align:start position:0%
space telescope later looks at this same
region<00:37:18.800><c> and</c><00:37:19.119><c> spots</c><00:37:19.440><c> a</c><00:37:19.599><c> microl</c><00:37:20.000><c> lensing</c><00:37:20.400><c> event</c>

36:22.270 --> 36:22.280 align:start position:0%
region and spots a microl lensing event
 

36:22.280 --> 36:24.509 align:start position:0%
region and spots a microl lensing event
or<00:37:21.200><c> the</c><00:37:21.359><c> moment</c><00:37:21.680><c> where</c><00:37:22.079><c> the</c><00:37:22.320><c> light</c><00:37:22.560><c> of</c><00:37:22.640><c> a</c><00:37:22.800><c> star</c>

36:24.509 --> 36:24.519 align:start position:0%
or the moment where the light of a star
 

36:24.519 --> 36:26.989 align:start position:0%
or the moment where the light of a star
brightens<00:37:23.839><c> due</c><00:37:24.079><c> to</c><00:37:24.320><c> a</c><00:37:24.560><c> planet</c><00:37:25.040><c> moving</c><00:37:25.359><c> in</c>

36:26.989 --> 36:26.999 align:start position:0%
brightens due to a planet moving in
 

36:26.999 --> 36:29.550 align:start position:0%
brightens due to a planet moving in
front<00:37:25.760><c> of</c><00:37:25.839><c> it</c><00:37:26.320><c> and</c><00:37:26.800><c> gravitationally</c><00:37:27.760><c> pulling</c>

36:29.550 --> 36:29.560 align:start position:0%
front of it and gravitationally pulling
 

36:29.560 --> 36:32.030 align:start position:0%
front of it and gravitationally pulling
the<00:37:28.400><c> stars</c><00:37:28.800><c> light</c><00:37:29.119><c> more</c><00:37:29.440><c> towards</c><00:37:29.920><c> us,</c>

36:32.030 --> 36:32.040 align:start position:0%
the stars light more towards us,
 

36:32.040 --> 36:33.710 align:start position:0%
the stars light more towards us,
scientists<00:37:31.119><c> will</c><00:37:31.280><c> be</c><00:37:31.440><c> able</c><00:37:31.599><c> to</c><00:37:31.760><c> compare</c><00:37:32.079><c> the</c>

36:33.710 --> 36:33.720 align:start position:0%
scientists will be able to compare the
 

36:33.720 --> 36:36.110 align:start position:0%
scientists will be able to compare the
total<00:37:32.640><c> mass</c><00:37:32.880><c> of</c><00:37:33.040><c> the</c><00:37:33.200><c> star</c><00:37:33.599><c> and</c><00:37:33.920><c> planet</c><00:37:34.480><c> with</c>

36:36.110 --> 36:36.120 align:start position:0%
total mass of the star and planet with
 

36:36.120 --> 36:39.310 align:start position:0%
total mass of the star and planet with
the<00:37:34.960><c> earlier</c><00:37:35.440><c> Uklid</c><00:37:36.000><c> data</c><00:37:36.320><c> of</c><00:37:36.720><c> just</c><00:37:36.960><c> the</c><00:37:37.200><c> star,</c>

36:39.310 --> 36:39.320 align:start position:0%
the earlier Uklid data of just the star,
 

36:39.320 --> 36:42.030 align:start position:0%
the earlier Uklid data of just the star,
making<00:37:38.160><c> the</c><00:37:38.400><c> planet's</c><00:37:38.880><c> mass</c><00:37:39.280><c> and</c><00:37:39.599><c> nature</c><00:37:40.320><c> easy</c>

36:42.030 --> 36:42.040 align:start position:0%
making the planet's mass and nature easy
 

36:42.040 --> 36:44.670 align:start position:0%
making the planet's mass and nature easy
to<00:37:40.880><c> calculate.</c><00:37:42.000><c> This</c><00:37:42.240><c> can</c><00:37:42.480><c> offer</c><00:37:42.800><c> so</c><00:37:43.119><c> much</c>

36:44.670 --> 36:44.680 align:start position:0%
to calculate. This can offer so much
 

36:44.680 --> 36:46.670 align:start position:0%
to calculate. This can offer so much
insight<00:37:43.760><c> into</c><00:37:44.079><c> the</c><00:37:44.320><c> sorts</c><00:37:44.560><c> of</c><00:37:44.720><c> planets</c>

36:46.670 --> 36:46.680 align:start position:0%
insight into the sorts of planets
 

36:46.680 --> 36:49.469 align:start position:0%
insight into the sorts of planets
present<00:37:45.760><c> within</c><00:37:46.160><c> our</c><00:37:46.400><c> inner</c><00:37:46.720><c> galaxy.</c><00:37:47.920><c> But</c>

36:49.469 --> 36:49.479 align:start position:0%
present within our inner galaxy. But
 

36:49.479 --> 36:51.390 align:start position:0%
present within our inner galaxy. But
more<00:37:48.320><c> on</c><00:37:48.560><c> all</c><00:37:48.720><c> this</c><00:37:48.960><c> another</c><00:37:49.359><c> time.</c><00:37:49.760><c> I</c>

36:51.390 --> 36:51.400 align:start position:0%
more on all this another time. I
 

36:51.400 --> 36:52.670 align:start position:0%
more on all this another time. I
actually<00:37:50.240><c> have</c><00:37:50.400><c> a</c><00:37:50.640><c> whole</c><00:37:50.880><c> video</c><00:37:51.040><c> about</c>

36:52.670 --> 36:52.680 align:start position:0%
actually have a whole video about
 

36:52.680 --> 36:54.430 align:start position:0%
actually have a whole video about
Uklid's<00:37:51.920><c> image</c><00:37:52.160><c> of</c><00:37:52.400><c> the</c><00:37:52.560><c> center</c><00:37:52.800><c> of</c><00:37:52.880><c> the</c>

36:54.430 --> 36:54.440 align:start position:0%
Uklid's image of the center of the
 

36:54.440 --> 36:57.150 align:start position:0%
Uklid's image of the center of the
galaxy<00:37:53.440><c> coming</c><00:37:53.680><c> up</c><00:37:53.920><c> soon.</c><00:37:54.880><c> And</c><00:37:55.040><c> finally,</c>

36:57.150 --> 36:57.160 align:start position:0%
galaxy coming up soon. And finally,
 

36:57.160 --> 36:59.710 align:start position:0%
galaxy coming up soon. And finally,
Uklid's<00:37:56.560><c> incredible</c><00:37:57.280><c> talent</c><00:37:57.680><c> for</c><00:37:57.920><c> both</c>

36:59.710 --> 36:59.720 align:start position:0%
Uklid's incredible talent for both
 

36:59.720 --> 37:02.590 align:start position:0%
Uklid's incredible talent for both
widespread<00:37:59.280><c> yet</c><00:37:59.760><c> detailed</c><00:38:00.400><c> imaging</c><00:38:00.960><c> is</c>

37:02.590 --> 37:02.600 align:start position:0%
widespread yet detailed imaging is
 

37:02.600 --> 37:04.590 align:start position:0%
widespread yet detailed imaging is
proving<00:38:01.520><c> to</c><00:38:01.599><c> be</c><00:38:01.680><c> a</c><00:38:01.920><c> gamecher</c><00:38:02.400><c> in</c><00:38:02.640><c> the</c><00:38:02.800><c> hunt</c><00:38:02.960><c> for</c>

37:04.590 --> 37:04.600 align:start position:0%
proving to be a gamecher in the hunt for
 

37:04.600 --> 37:07.950 align:start position:0%
proving to be a gamecher in the hunt for
one<00:38:03.839><c> elusive</c><00:38:04.480><c> primordial</c><00:38:05.119><c> object,</c><00:38:06.079><c> ancient</c>

37:07.950 --> 37:07.960 align:start position:0%
one elusive primordial object, ancient
 

37:07.960 --> 37:10.670 align:start position:0%
one elusive primordial object, ancient
quazars.<00:38:07.920><c> The</c><00:38:08.160><c> exact</c><00:38:08.480><c> nature</c><00:38:08.720><c> of</c><00:38:08.800><c> the</c><00:38:08.960><c> early</c>

37:10.670 --> 37:10.680 align:start position:0%
quazars. The exact nature of the early
 

37:10.680 --> 37:13.229 align:start position:0%
quazars. The exact nature of the early
universe<00:38:09.599><c> is</c><00:38:09.920><c> shrouded</c><00:38:10.480><c> in</c><00:38:10.640><c> mystery</c><00:38:11.280><c> as</c><00:38:11.599><c> the</c>

37:13.229 --> 37:13.239 align:start position:0%
universe is shrouded in mystery as the
 

37:13.239 --> 37:15.870 align:start position:0%
universe is shrouded in mystery as the
extreme<00:38:12.560><c> distances</c><00:38:13.200><c> involved</c><00:38:13.760><c> means</c><00:38:14.160><c> light</c>

37:15.870 --> 37:15.880 align:start position:0%
extreme distances involved means light
 

37:15.880 --> 37:19.390 align:start position:0%
extreme distances involved means light
from<00:38:15.040><c> 13</c><00:38:15.520><c> billion</c><00:38:16.000><c> years</c><00:38:16.160><c> ago</c><00:38:16.800><c> has</c><00:38:17.119><c> diffused</c>

37:19.390 --> 37:19.400 align:start position:0%
from 13 billion years ago has diffused
 

37:19.400 --> 37:22.350 align:start position:0%
from 13 billion years ago has diffused
and<00:38:18.240><c> is</c><00:38:18.480><c> therefore</c><00:38:19.119><c> extremely</c><00:38:19.760><c> faint</c><00:38:20.079><c> to</c><00:38:20.240><c> us.</c>

37:22.350 --> 37:22.360 align:start position:0%
and is therefore extremely faint to us.
 

37:22.360 --> 37:24.350 align:start position:0%
and is therefore extremely faint to us.
It<00:38:21.119><c> took</c><00:38:21.440><c> scientists</c><00:38:21.696><c> [music]</c><00:38:22.000><c> a</c><00:38:22.320><c> decade</c><00:38:22.720><c> to</c>

37:24.350 --> 37:24.360 align:start position:0%
It took scientists [music] a decade to
 

37:24.360 --> 37:27.870 align:start position:0%
It took scientists [music] a decade to
spot<00:38:23.280><c> 10</c><00:38:23.599><c> or</c><00:38:23.760><c> so</c><00:38:24.000><c> quazars</c><00:38:24.560><c> in</c><00:38:24.720><c> the</c><00:38:24.880><c> first</c><00:38:25.440><c> 770</c>

37:27.870 --> 37:27.880 align:start position:0%
spot 10 or so quazars in the first 770
 

37:27.880 --> 37:29.310 align:start position:0%
spot 10 or so quazars in the first 770
million<00:38:26.880><c> years</c><00:38:27.040><c> of</c><00:38:27.200><c> the</c><00:38:27.359><c> universe's</c>

37:29.310 --> 37:29.320 align:start position:0%
million years of the universe's
 

37:29.320 --> 37:31.790 align:start position:0%
million years of the universe's
existence.<00:38:29.040><c> Those</c><00:38:29.280><c> that</c><00:38:29.520><c> were</c><00:38:29.760><c> the</c><00:38:29.920><c> brightest</c>

37:31.790 --> 37:31.800 align:start position:0%
existence. Those that were the brightest
 

37:31.800 --> 37:35.710 align:start position:0%
existence. Those that were the brightest
and<00:38:30.800><c> easiest</c><00:38:31.280><c> to</c><00:38:31.520><c> spot.</c><00:38:32.480><c> Uklid</c><00:38:33.280><c> has</c><00:38:33.599><c> detected</c>

37:35.710 --> 37:35.720 align:start position:0%
and easiest to spot. Uklid has detected
 

37:35.720 --> 37:39.310 align:start position:0%
and easiest to spot. Uklid has detected
12<00:38:34.720><c> more</c><00:38:35.280><c> in</c><00:38:35.599><c> a</c><00:38:35.839><c> single</c><00:38:36.240><c> year.</c><00:38:37.040><c> plus</c><00:38:37.359><c> another</c>

37:39.310 --> 37:39.320 align:start position:0%
12 more in a single year. plus another
 

37:39.320 --> 37:43.229 align:start position:0%
12 more in a single year. plus another
19<00:38:38.800><c> relatively</c><00:38:39.520><c> closer</c><00:38:39.839><c> to</c><00:38:40.000><c> home.</c><00:38:40.800><c> These</c><00:38:41.280><c> 31</c>

37:43.229 --> 37:43.239 align:start position:0%
19 relatively closer to home. These 31
 

37:43.239 --> 37:46.030 align:start position:0%
19 relatively closer to home. These 31
quazars<00:38:42.480><c> in</c><00:38:42.640><c> total</c><00:38:43.200><c> will</c><00:38:43.440><c> offer</c><00:38:43.839><c> scientists</c><00:38:44.320><c> a</c>

37:46.030 --> 37:46.040 align:start position:0%
quazars in total will offer scientists a
 

37:46.040 --> 37:48.590 align:start position:0%
quazars in total will offer scientists a
better<00:38:45.040><c> understanding</c><00:38:45.599><c> of</c><00:38:45.839><c> these</c><00:38:46.240><c> colossal</c>

37:48.590 --> 37:48.600 align:start position:0%
better understanding of these colossal
 

37:48.600 --> 37:50.910 align:start position:0%
better understanding of these colossal
powerful<00:38:47.760><c> sources</c><00:38:48.160><c> of</c><00:38:48.320><c> light,</c><00:38:48.880><c> which</c><00:38:49.119><c> may</c><00:38:49.359><c> in</c>

37:50.910 --> 37:50.920 align:start position:0%
powerful sources of light, which may in
 

37:50.920 --> 37:52.670 align:start position:0%
powerful sources of light, which may in
turn<00:38:49.839><c> help</c><00:38:50.079><c> us</c><00:38:50.320><c> better</c><00:38:50.516><c> [music]</c><00:38:50.720><c> understand</c>

37:52.670 --> 37:52.680 align:start position:0%
turn help us better [music] understand
 

37:52.680 --> 37:54.989 align:start position:0%
turn help us better [music] understand
what<00:38:51.680><c> conditions</c><00:38:52.240><c> were</c><00:38:52.480><c> like</c><00:38:52.960><c> back</c><00:38:53.200><c> at</c><00:38:53.440><c> the</c>

37:54.989 --> 37:54.999 align:start position:0%
what conditions were like back at the
 

37:54.999 --> 37:57.310 align:start position:0%
what conditions were like back at the
universe's<00:38:54.160><c> dawn.</c><00:38:54.880><c> Certainly</c><00:38:55.280><c> a</c><00:38:55.520><c> period</c><00:38:55.760><c> of</c>

37:57.310 --> 37:57.320 align:start position:0%
universe's dawn. Certainly a period of
 

37:57.320 --> 37:59.630 align:start position:0%
universe's dawn. Certainly a period of
our<00:38:56.240><c> history</c><00:38:56.880><c> we</c><00:38:57.119><c> could</c><00:38:57.280><c> do</c><00:38:57.440><c> with</c><00:38:57.680><c> getting</c><00:38:58.000><c> a</c>

37:59.630 --> 37:59.640 align:start position:0%
our history we could do with getting a
 

37:59.640 --> 38:03.070 align:start position:0%
our history we could do with getting a
clearer<00:38:58.720><c> picture</c><00:38:59.040><c> of.</c><00:39:00.240><c> This</c><00:39:00.560><c> is</c><00:39:00.880><c> the</c><00:39:01.200><c> power</c><00:39:01.520><c> of</c>

38:03.070 --> 38:03.080 align:start position:0%
clearer picture of. This is the power of
 

38:03.080 --> 38:05.150 align:start position:0%
clearer picture of. This is the power of
the<00:39:01.839><c> Uklid</c><00:39:02.400><c> telescope.</c><00:39:02.962><c> [music]</c><00:39:03.280><c> And</c><00:39:03.520><c> there</c>

38:05.150 --> 38:05.160 align:start position:0%
the Uklid telescope. [music] And there
 

38:05.160 --> 38:07.790 align:start position:0%
the Uklid telescope. [music] And there
are<00:39:03.920><c> still</c><00:39:04.480><c> four</c><00:39:05.040><c> years</c><00:39:05.280><c> to</c><00:39:05.520><c> go</c><00:39:05.599><c> on</c><00:39:05.839><c> Uklid's</c>

38:07.790 --> 38:07.800 align:start position:0%
are still four years to go on Uklid's
 

38:07.800 --> 38:10.190 align:start position:0%
are still four years to go on Uklid's
mission<00:39:06.640><c> to</c><00:39:06.800><c> map</c><00:39:07.040><c> a</c><00:39:07.280><c> third</c><00:39:07.520><c> of</c><00:39:07.599><c> the</c><00:39:07.760><c> night</c><00:39:08.000><c> sky.</c>

38:10.190 --> 38:10.200 align:start position:0%
mission to map a third of the night sky.
 

38:10.200 --> 38:11.950 align:start position:0%
mission to map a third of the night sky.
Four<00:39:09.119><c> more</c><00:39:09.359><c> years</c><00:39:09.680><c> of</c><00:39:09.920><c> incredible</c>

38:11.950 --> 38:11.960 align:start position:0%
Four more years of incredible
 

38:11.960 --> 38:14.030 align:start position:0%
Four more years of incredible
discoveries.<00:39:11.440><c> With</c><00:39:11.599><c> a</c><00:39:11.839><c> telescope</c><00:39:12.320><c> that's</c>

38:14.030 --> 38:14.040 align:start position:0%
discoveries. With a telescope that's
 

38:14.040 --> 38:17.870 align:start position:0%
discoveries. With a telescope that's
both<00:39:13.119><c> big</c><00:39:13.440><c> picture</c><00:39:14.079><c> and</c><00:39:14.480><c> small</c><00:39:15.359><c> dark</c><00:39:15.680><c> matter,</c>

38:17.870 --> 38:17.880 align:start position:0%
both big picture and small dark matter,
 

38:17.880 --> 38:20.350 align:start position:0%
both big picture and small dark matter,
strange<00:39:16.880><c> new</c><00:39:17.200><c> galaxies,</c><00:39:18.160><c> beautiful</c><00:39:18.560><c> stars</c>

38:20.350 --> 38:20.360 align:start position:0%
strange new galaxies, beautiful stars
 

38:20.360 --> 38:23.150 align:start position:0%
strange new galaxies, beautiful stars
and<00:39:19.119><c> nebula,</c><00:39:20.079><c> Uklid</c><00:39:20.640><c> will</c><00:39:20.880><c> enhance</c><00:39:21.359><c> our</c>

38:23.150 --> 38:23.160 align:start position:0%
and nebula, Uklid will enhance our
 

38:23.160 --> 38:26.190 align:start position:0%
and nebula, Uklid will enhance our
understanding<00:39:22.400><c> of</c><00:39:22.800><c> it</c><00:39:23.119><c> all.</c><00:39:24.079><c> Who</c><00:39:24.320><c> knows</c><00:39:24.560><c> what</c>

38:26.190 --> 38:26.200 align:start position:0%
understanding of it all. Who knows what
 

38:26.200 --> 38:28.350 align:start position:0%
understanding of it all. Who knows what
patterns<00:39:25.200><c> will</c><00:39:25.440><c> emerge</c><00:39:25.760><c> from</c><00:39:26.000><c> that</c><00:39:26.320><c> expansive</c>

38:28.350 --> 38:28.360 align:start position:0%
patterns will emerge from that expansive
 

38:28.360 --> 38:30.910 align:start position:0%
patterns will emerge from that expansive
data?<00:39:27.680><c> what</c><00:39:27.920><c> realizations</c><00:39:28.640><c> we</c><00:39:28.880><c> will</c><00:39:29.040><c> get</c><00:39:29.200><c> when</c>

38:30.910 --> 38:30.920 align:start position:0%
data? what realizations we will get when
 

38:30.920 --> 38:33.469 align:start position:0%
data? what realizations we will get when
we<00:39:29.760><c> finally</c><00:39:30.240><c> hold</c><00:39:30.880><c> all</c><00:39:31.200><c> the</c><00:39:31.440><c> pieces</c><00:39:31.760><c> of</c><00:39:31.920><c> the</c>

38:33.469 --> 38:33.479 align:start position:0%
we finally hold all the pieces of the
 

38:33.479 --> 38:37.229 align:start position:0%
we finally hold all the pieces of the
puzzle<00:39:32.560><c> in</c><00:39:32.880><c> our</c><00:39:33.119><c> hand</c><00:39:33.359><c> at</c><00:39:33.599><c> once.</c><00:39:34.640><c> For</c><00:39:34.960><c> now,</c><00:39:35.599><c> we</c>

38:37.229 --> 38:37.239 align:start position:0%
puzzle in our hand at once. For now, we
 

38:37.239 --> 38:39.150 align:start position:0%
puzzle in our hand at once. For now, we
will<00:39:36.000><c> have</c><00:39:36.160><c> to</c><00:39:36.320><c> make</c><00:39:36.400><c> do</c><00:39:36.640><c> with</c><00:39:36.800><c> what</c><00:39:36.960><c> we</c><00:39:37.200><c> have.</c>

38:39.150 --> 38:39.160 align:start position:0%
will have to make do with what we have.
 

38:39.160 --> 38:42.190 align:start position:0%
will have to make do with what we have.
Uklid<00:39:38.400><c> has</c><00:39:38.560><c> so</c><00:39:38.800><c> far</c><00:39:39.040><c> completed</c><00:39:39.680><c> 35%</c><00:39:40.480><c> of</c><00:39:40.640><c> its</c>

38:42.190 --> 38:42.200 align:start position:0%
Uklid has so far completed 35% of its
 

38:42.200 --> 38:45.150 align:start position:0%
Uklid has so far completed 35% of its
star<00:39:41.119><c> map.</c><00:39:42.000><c> There</c><00:39:42.240><c> are</c><00:39:42.400><c> still</c><00:39:42.720><c> so</c><00:39:43.200><c> many</c><00:39:43.520><c> more</c>

38:45.150 --> 38:45.160 align:start position:0%
star map. There are still so many more
 

38:45.160 --> 38:47.950 align:start position:0%
star map. There are still so many more
discoveries<00:39:44.400><c> and</c><00:39:44.720><c> wonders</c><00:39:45.200><c> on</c><00:39:45.359><c> the</c><00:39:45.599><c> horizon.</c>

38:47.950 --> 38:47.960 align:start position:0%
discoveries and wonders on the horizon.
 

38:47.960 --> 38:49.550 align:start position:0%
discoveries and wonders on the horizon.
You<00:39:46.800><c> can</c><00:39:47.040><c> definitely</c><00:39:47.502><c> [music]</c><00:39:47.599><c> expect</c><00:39:48.000><c> to</c>

38:49.550 --> 38:49.560 align:start position:0%
You can definitely [music] expect to
 

38:49.560 --> 38:52.110 align:start position:0%
You can definitely [music] expect to
hear<00:39:48.400><c> more</c><00:39:48.640><c> from</c><00:39:48.880><c> Uklid</c><00:39:49.520><c> in</c><00:39:49.599><c> the</c><00:39:49.760><c> future.</c>

38:52.110 --> 38:52.120 align:start position:0%
hear more from Uklid in the future.
 

38:52.120 --> 38:54.270 align:start position:0%
hear more from Uklid in the future.
Which<00:39:50.880><c> of</c><00:39:51.040><c> Uklid's</c><00:39:51.680><c> discoveries</c><00:39:52.240><c> are</c><00:39:52.480><c> your</c>

38:54.270 --> 38:54.280 align:start position:0%
Which of Uklid's discoveries are your
 

38:54.280 --> 38:56.670 align:start position:0%
Which of Uklid's discoveries are your
favorite<00:39:53.200><c> so</c><00:39:53.520><c> far?</c><00:39:54.079><c> What</c><00:39:54.240><c> do</c><00:39:54.480><c> you</c><00:39:54.720><c> hope</c><00:39:54.880><c> to</c><00:39:55.119><c> see</c>

38:56.670 --> 38:56.680 align:start position:0%
favorite so far? What do you hope to see
 

38:56.680 --> 38:59.150 align:start position:0%
favorite so far? What do you hope to see
more<00:39:55.440><c> of</c><00:39:55.680><c> in</c><00:39:55.839><c> the</c><00:39:56.000><c> years</c><00:39:56.160><c> ahead?</c><00:39:57.040><c> Let</c><00:39:57.280><c> me</c><00:39:57.359><c> know</c>

38:59.150 --> 38:59.160 align:start position:0%
more of in the years ahead? Let me know
 

38:59.160 --> 39:03.630 align:start position:0%
more of in the years ahead? Let me know
in<00:39:58.000><c> the</c><00:39:58.240><c> comments</c><00:39:58.560><c> below.</c>

38:59.160 --> 38:59.170 align:start position:0%
what we do, come join the Astramm
 

38:59.160 --> 39:02.561 align:start position:0%
what we do, come join the Astramm
community<00:40:34.480><c> today.</c>