WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:05.110 align:start position:0% interconnected relationship led to a trail<00:01:17.680> of<00:01:18.000> destruction. 00:05.110 --> 00:05.120 align:start position:0% 00:05.120 --> 00:07.829 align:start position:0% When<00:01:22.720> Galileo<00:01:23.360> Galile<00:01:24.080> turned<00:01:24.400> his<00:01:24.640> telescope 00:07.829 --> 00:07.839 align:start position:0% When Galileo Galile turned his telescope 00:07.839 --> 00:11.030 align:start position:0% When Galileo Galile turned his telescope to<00:01:25.360> Saturn<00:01:25.759> in<00:01:26.159> 1610,<00:01:27.360> the<00:01:27.600> first<00:01:27.759> person<00:01:28.000> in 00:11.030 --> 00:11.040 align:start position:0% to Saturn in 1610, the first person in 00:11.040 --> 00:14.789 align:start position:0% to Saturn in 1610, the first person in history<00:01:28.560> to<00:01:28.799> do<00:01:29.040> so,<00:01:29.840> he<00:01:30.479> was<00:01:30.720> baffled.<00:01:31.840> It 00:14.789 --> 00:14.799 align:start position:0% history to do so, he was baffled. It 00:14.799 --> 00:17.030 align:start position:0% history to do so, he was baffled. It appeared<00:01:32.479> as<00:01:32.720> if<00:01:32.960> the<00:01:33.200> planet<00:01:33.520> was<00:01:33.759> sandwiched 00:17.030 --> 00:17.040 align:start position:0% appeared as if the planet was sandwiched 00:17.040 --> 00:20.310 align:start position:0% appeared as if the planet was sandwiched between<00:01:34.799> two<00:01:35.439> very<00:01:35.840> large<00:01:36.320> moons.<00:01:37.280> But<00:01:37.439> when 00:20.310 --> 00:20.320 align:start position:0% between two very large moons. But when 00:20.320 --> 00:22.710 align:start position:0% between two very large moons. But when he<00:01:37.759> looked<00:01:38.079> again<00:01:38.400> 2<00:01:38.640> years<00:01:38.880> later,<00:01:39.600> they<00:01:39.840> were 00:22.710 --> 00:22.720 align:start position:0% he looked again 2 years later, they were 00:22.720 --> 00:25.590 align:start position:0% he looked again 2 years later, they were gone,<00:01:40.880> only<00:01:41.200> to<00:01:41.520> reappear<00:01:42.240> as<00:01:42.479> what<00:01:42.720> he 00:25.590 --> 00:25.600 align:start position:0% gone, only to reappear as what he 00:25.600 --> 00:29.350 align:start position:0% gone, only to reappear as what he described<00:01:43.439> as<00:01:43.920> arms<00:01:44.479> or<00:01:44.960> handles<00:01:45.759> another<00:01:46.320> 2 00:29.350 --> 00:29.360 align:start position:0% described as arms or handles another 2 00:29.360 --> 00:32.869 align:start position:0% described as arms or handles another 2 years<00:01:46.880> later.<00:01:48.240> through<00:01:48.640> his<00:01:49.119> groundbreaking, 00:32.869 --> 00:32.879 align:start position:0% years later. through his groundbreaking, 00:32.879 --> 00:35.590 align:start position:0% years later. through his groundbreaking, albeit<00:01:50.720> crude,<00:01:51.439> early<00:01:51.759> telescopes,<00:01:52.640> what 00:35.590 --> 00:35.600 align:start position:0% albeit crude, early telescopes, what 00:35.600 --> 00:38.550 align:start position:0% albeit crude, early telescopes, what Galileo<00:01:53.520> was<00:01:53.759> actually<00:01:54.159> witnessing<00:01:54.960> was<00:01:55.439> our 00:38.550 --> 00:38.560 align:start position:0% Galileo was actually witnessing was our 00:38.560 --> 00:41.270 align:start position:0% Galileo was actually witnessing was our shifting<00:01:56.320> perspective<00:01:56.880> of<00:01:57.119> Saturn's<00:01:57.600> rings. 00:41.270 --> 00:41.280 align:start position:0% shifting perspective of Saturn's rings. 00:41.280 --> 00:44.310 align:start position:0% shifting perspective of Saturn's rings. Because<00:01:58.880> Saturn<00:01:59.200> is<00:01:59.360> tilted<00:01:59.759> at<00:01:59.920> 27°,<00:02:01.280> its 00:44.310 --> 00:44.320 align:start position:0% Because Saturn is tilted at 27°, its 00:44.320 --> 00:46.869 align:start position:0% Because Saturn is tilted at 27°, its rings<00:02:02.000> angle<00:02:02.479> towards<00:02:02.880> Earth<00:02:03.360> and<00:02:03.600> then<00:02:03.840> away 00:46.869 --> 00:46.879 align:start position:0% rings angle towards Earth and then away 00:46.879 --> 00:49.429 align:start position:0% rings angle towards Earth and then away again<00:02:04.479> as<00:02:04.640> the<00:02:04.880> gas<00:02:05.119> giant<00:02:05.520> orbits<00:02:05.920> the<00:02:06.079> sun. 00:49.429 --> 00:49.439 align:start position:0% again as the gas giant orbits the sun. 00:49.439 --> 00:51.270 align:start position:0% again as the gas giant orbits the sun. When<00:02:06.880> it<00:02:07.040> appeared<00:02:07.280> to<00:02:07.439> Galileo<00:02:08.000> that<00:02:08.160> they'd 00:51.270 --> 00:51.280 align:start position:0% When it appeared to Galileo that they'd 00:51.280 --> 00:53.749 align:start position:0% When it appeared to Galileo that they'd disappeared,<00:02:09.679> he<00:02:10.080> was<00:02:10.399> viewing<00:02:10.720> them 00:53.749 --> 00:53.759 align:start position:0% disappeared, he was viewing them 00:53.759 --> 00:57.110 align:start position:0% disappeared, he was viewing them straight<00:02:11.520> on.<00:02:12.480> It<00:02:12.720> took<00:02:12.959> nearly<00:02:13.440> 50<00:02:13.840> years<00:02:14.160> for 00:57.110 --> 00:57.120 align:start position:0% straight on. It took nearly 50 years for 00:57.120 --> 00:59.110 align:start position:0% straight on. It took nearly 50 years for telescope<00:02:14.959> optics<00:02:15.360> to<00:02:15.520> improve<00:02:15.920> enough<00:02:16.160> for 00:59.110 --> 00:59.120 align:start position:0% telescope optics to improve enough for 00:59.120 --> 01:01.350 align:start position:0% telescope optics to improve enough for astronomers<00:02:16.959> to<00:02:17.200> correctly<00:02:17.920> identify<00:02:18.400> the 01:01.350 --> 01:01.360 align:start position:0% astronomers to correctly identify the 01:01.360 --> 01:04.550 align:start position:0% astronomers to correctly identify the strange<00:02:19.120> structure.<00:02:20.000> And<00:02:20.160> in<00:02:20.560> 1659, 01:04.550 --> 01:04.560 align:start position:0% strange structure. And in 1659, 01:04.560 --> 01:07.029 align:start position:0% strange structure. And in 1659, Christian<00:02:22.319> Huygens<00:02:23.120> deduced<00:02:23.520> that<00:02:23.680> the<00:02:23.920> arms 01:07.029 --> 01:07.039 align:start position:0% Christian Huygens deduced that the arms 01:07.039 --> 01:09.910 align:start position:0% Christian Huygens deduced that the arms Galileo<00:02:24.959> had<00:02:25.200> described<00:02:26.000> were<00:02:26.400> in<00:02:26.560> fact<00:02:26.879> a 01:09.910 --> 01:09.920 align:start position:0% Galileo had described were in fact a 01:09.920 --> 01:12.550 align:start position:0% Galileo had described were in fact a ring.<00:02:28.080> He<00:02:28.319> was<00:02:28.480> also<00:02:28.720> the<00:02:28.959> first<00:02:29.120> to<00:02:29.440> identify 01:12.550 --> 01:12.560 align:start position:0% ring. He was also the first to identify 01:12.560 --> 01:15.669 align:start position:0% ring. He was also the first to identify Titan,<00:02:30.640> Saturn's<00:02:31.200> largest<00:02:31.520> moon.<00:02:32.640> As 01:15.669 --> 01:15.679 align:start position:0% Titan, Saturn's largest moon. As 01:15.679 --> 01:17.270 align:start position:0% Titan, Saturn's largest moon. As telescope<00:02:33.440> technology<00:02:34.000> continued<00:02:34.400> to 01:17.270 --> 01:17.280 align:start position:0% telescope technology continued to 01:17.280 --> 01:19.589 align:start position:0% telescope technology continued to improve,<00:02:35.360> so<00:02:35.599> did<00:02:35.840> our<00:02:36.160> view<00:02:36.400> of<00:02:36.640> the 01:19.589 --> 01:19.599 align:start position:0% improve, so did our view of the 01:19.599 --> 01:22.309 align:start position:0% improve, so did our view of the surprisingly<00:02:37.599> complex<00:02:38.080> Saturnian<00:02:38.800> system. 01:22.309 --> 01:22.319 align:start position:0% surprisingly complex Saturnian system. 01:22.319 --> 01:24.309 align:start position:0% surprisingly complex Saturnian system. The<00:02:39.840> French<00:02:40.080> Italian<00:02:40.480> astronomer<00:02:41.280> Jean 01:24.309 --> 01:24.319 align:start position:0% The French Italian astronomer Jean 01:24.319 --> 01:27.190 align:start position:0% The French Italian astronomer Jean Dominique<00:02:42.080> Cassini<00:02:43.040> soon<00:02:43.360> discovered<00:02:44.080> four 01:27.190 --> 01:27.200 align:start position:0% Dominique Cassini soon discovered four 01:27.200 --> 01:30.710 align:start position:0% Dominique Cassini soon discovered four other<00:02:44.720> major<00:02:45.120> moons,<00:02:45.760> Apotus,<00:02:46.720> Ria,<00:02:47.440> Tethus, 01:30.710 --> 01:30.720 align:start position:0% other major moons, Apotus, Ria, Tethus, 01:30.720 --> 01:34.390 align:start position:0% other major moons, Apotus, Ria, Tethus, and<00:02:48.239> Dioni.<00:02:49.200> And<00:02:49.360> in<00:02:49.680> 1675,<00:02:50.879> he<00:02:51.120> was<00:02:51.280> the<00:02:51.440> first 01:34.390 --> 01:34.400 align:start position:0% and Dioni. And in 1675, he was the first 01:34.400 --> 01:37.270 align:start position:0% and Dioni. And in 1675, he was the first to<00:02:51.840> see<00:02:52.080> a<00:02:52.400> gap<00:02:52.720> in<00:02:53.040> Saturn's<00:02:53.519> rings,<00:02:54.239> now 01:37.270 --> 01:37.280 align:start position:0% to see a gap in Saturn's rings, now 01:37.280 --> 01:40.309 align:start position:0% to see a gap in Saturn's rings, now known<00:02:54.959> as<00:02:55.200> the<00:02:55.440> Cassini<00:02:56.000> division.<00:02:57.120> The<00:02:57.360> next 01:40.309 --> 01:40.319 align:start position:0% known as the Cassini division. The next 01:40.319 --> 01:41.830 align:start position:0% known as the Cassini division. The next big<00:02:57.840> breakthroughs<00:02:58.319> in<00:02:58.480> our<00:02:58.720> understanding 01:41.830 --> 01:41.840 align:start position:0% big breakthroughs in our understanding 01:41.840 --> 01:43.990 align:start position:0% big breakthroughs in our understanding of<00:02:59.200> the<00:02:59.360> rings<00:02:59.680> came<00:02:59.840> in<00:03:00.080> the<00:03:00.239> 19th<00:03:00.560> century, 01:43.990 --> 01:44.000 align:start position:0% of the rings came in the 19th century, 01:44.000 --> 01:46.070 align:start position:0% of the rings came in the 19th century, including<00:03:01.680> the<00:03:01.920> work<00:03:02.159> of<00:03:02.400> James<00:03:02.879> Edward 01:46.070 --> 01:46.080 align:start position:0% including the work of James Edward 01:46.080 --> 01:46.790 align:start position:0% including the work of James Edward Keeler,<00:03:03.402> [music] 01:46.790 --> 01:46.800 align:start position:0% Keeler, [music] 01:46.800 --> 01:48.710 align:start position:0% Keeler, [music] who<00:03:04.319> demonstrated<00:03:04.800> that<00:03:05.040> they<00:03:05.280> could<00:03:05.519> not<00:03:05.760> be 01:48.710 --> 01:48.720 align:start position:0% who demonstrated that they could not be 01:48.720 --> 01:51.270 align:start position:0% who demonstrated that they could not be solid<00:03:06.480> uniform<00:03:07.040> sheets,<00:03:07.599> but<00:03:07.840> were<00:03:08.080> instead 01:51.270 --> 01:51.280 align:start position:0% solid uniform sheets, but were instead 01:51.280 --> 01:53.750 align:start position:0% solid uniform sheets, but were instead composed<00:03:08.959> of<00:03:09.200> countless<00:03:09.760> small<00:03:10.080> particles, 01:53.750 --> 01:53.760 align:start position:0% composed of countless small particles, 01:53.760 --> 01:56.869 align:start position:0% composed of countless small particles, each<00:03:11.440> orbiting<00:03:12.000> Saturn<00:03:12.560> independently.<00:03:14.000> But 01:56.869 --> 01:56.879 align:start position:0% each orbiting Saturn independently. But 01:56.879 --> 01:59.910 align:start position:0% each orbiting Saturn independently. But it<00:03:14.319> wasn't<00:03:14.560> until<00:03:14.879> the<00:03:15.040> late<00:03:15.599> 1970s<00:03:16.640> that<00:03:16.879> the 01:59.910 --> 01:59.920 align:start position:0% it wasn't until the late 1970s that the 01:59.920 --> 02:02.487 align:start position:0% it wasn't until the late 1970s that the full<00:03:17.519> intricacy<00:03:18.400> and<00:03:18.720> beauty<00:03:19.200> of<00:03:19.360> the<00:03:19.599> system 02:02.487 --> 02:02.497 align:start position:0% full intricacy and beauty of the system 02:02.497 --> 02:05.750 align:start position:0% full intricacy and beauty of the system [music]<00:03:20.000> became<00:03:20.400> clear.<00:03:21.440> Pioneer<00:03:22.080> 11<00:03:22.720> and<00:03:22.879> the 02:05.750 --> 02:05.760 align:start position:0% [music] became clear. Pioneer 11 and the 02:05.760 --> 02:08.470 align:start position:0% [music] became clear. Pioneer 11 and the Voyager<00:03:23.519> probes<00:03:24.239> changed<00:03:24.720> our<00:03:25.120> understanding 02:08.470 --> 02:08.480 align:start position:0% Voyager probes changed our understanding 02:08.480 --> 02:11.750 align:start position:0% Voyager probes changed our understanding dramatically<00:03:26.879> as<00:03:27.200> with<00:03:27.599> each<00:03:27.920> mission<00:03:28.560> came 02:11.750 --> 02:11.760 align:start position:0% dramatically as with each mission came 02:11.760 --> 02:14.550 align:start position:0% dramatically as with each mission came greater<00:03:29.519> resolution.<00:03:30.720> By<00:03:30.959> the<00:03:31.120> time<00:03:31.280> Voyager 02:14.550 --> 02:14.560 align:start position:0% greater resolution. By the time Voyager 02:14.560 --> 02:18.309 align:start position:0% greater resolution. By the time Voyager 2<00:03:32.080> flew<00:03:32.400> past<00:03:32.720> in<00:03:33.040> August<00:03:33.360> of<00:03:33.680> 1981,<00:03:35.120> it<00:03:35.360> showed 02:18.309 --> 02:18.319 align:start position:0% 2 flew past in August of 1981, it showed 02:18.319 --> 02:21.029 align:start position:0% 2 flew past in August of 1981, it showed for<00:03:35.760> the<00:03:35.920> first<00:03:36.159> time<00:03:36.319> that<00:03:36.560> the<00:03:36.879> A,<00:03:37.519> B,<00:03:37.840> and<00:03:38.080> C 02:21.029 --> 02:21.039 align:start position:0% for the first time that the A, B, and C 02:21.039 --> 02:23.190 align:start position:0% for the first time that the A, B, and C rings<00:03:38.879> were<00:03:39.200> actually<00:03:39.599> comprised<00:03:40.080> of 02:23.190 --> 02:23.200 align:start position:0% rings were actually comprised of 02:23.200 --> 02:26.630 align:start position:0% rings were actually comprised of millions<00:03:41.040> of<00:03:41.360> smaller<00:03:41.760> ringlets.<00:03:43.120> And<00:03:43.280> then 02:26.630 --> 02:26.640 align:start position:0% millions of smaller ringlets. And then 02:26.640 --> 02:29.430 align:start position:0% millions of smaller ringlets. And then came<00:03:44.319> Cassini.<00:03:45.519> Orbiting<00:03:46.000> Saturn<00:03:46.319> for<00:03:46.560> more 02:29.430 --> 02:29.440 align:start position:0% came Cassini. Orbiting Saturn for more 02:29.440 --> 02:31.350 align:start position:0% came Cassini. Orbiting Saturn for more than<00:03:46.799> a<00:03:47.040> decade,<00:03:47.599> it<00:03:47.920> passed<00:03:48.159> through<00:03:48.400> the 02:31.350 --> 02:31.360 align:start position:0% than a decade, it passed through the 02:31.360 --> 02:33.589 align:start position:0% than a decade, it passed through the gaps<00:03:49.040> between<00:03:49.360> the<00:03:49.599> rings,<00:03:50.319> skimmed<00:03:50.720> their 02:33.589 --> 02:33.599 align:start position:0% gaps between the rings, skimmed their 02:33.599 --> 02:36.790 align:start position:0% gaps between the rings, skimmed their edges,<00:03:51.440> and<00:03:51.920> for<00:03:52.159> its<00:03:52.400> closing<00:03:52.799> act,<00:03:53.599> plunged 02:36.790 --> 02:36.800 align:start position:0% edges, and for its closing act, plunged 02:36.800 --> 02:37.990 align:start position:0% edges, and for its closing act, plunged between<00:03:54.400> the<00:03:54.492> [music]<00:03:54.640> planet<00:03:54.959> and<00:03:55.120> the 02:37.990 --> 02:38.000 align:start position:0% between the [music] planet and the 02:38.000 --> 02:40.550 align:start position:0% between the [music] planet and the innermost<00:03:55.840> D-ring.<00:03:56.640> The<00:03:56.879> data<00:03:57.120> it<00:03:57.360> sent<00:03:57.519> back 02:40.550 --> 02:40.560 align:start position:0% innermost D-ring. The data it sent back 02:40.560 --> 02:42.550 align:start position:0% innermost D-ring. The data it sent back has<00:03:58.239> revolutionized<00:03:59.120> what<00:03:59.280> we<00:03:59.439> know<00:03:59.599> of<00:03:59.680> the 02:42.550 --> 02:42.560 align:start position:0% has revolutionized what we know of the 02:42.560 --> 02:45.190 align:start position:0% has revolutionized what we know of the Saturn<00:04:00.319> system.<00:04:01.200> Not<00:04:01.439> only<00:04:01.760> painting<00:04:02.159> an 02:45.190 --> 02:45.200 align:start position:0% Saturn system. Not only painting an 02:45.200 --> 02:47.509 align:start position:0% Saturn system. Not only painting an extraordinarily<00:04:03.360> detailed<00:04:03.840> picture,<00:04:04.480> but 02:47.509 --> 02:47.519 align:start position:0% extraordinarily detailed picture, but 02:47.519 --> 02:52.229 align:start position:0% extraordinarily detailed picture, but telling<00:04:05.040> a<00:04:05.360> story<00:04:05.680> that<00:04:06.080> no<00:04:06.400> one<00:04:06.640> expected. 02:52.229 --> 02:52.239 align:start position:0% telling a story that no one expected. 02:52.239 --> 02:55.270 align:start position:0% telling a story that no one expected. Saturn's<00:04:10.080> rings<00:04:10.480> are<00:04:11.040> astonishingly<00:04:11.920> thin, 02:55.270 --> 02:55.280 align:start position:0% Saturn's rings are astonishingly thin, 02:55.280 --> 02:58.710 align:start position:0% Saturn's rings are astonishingly thin, between<00:04:12.959> 10<00:04:13.200> m<00:04:13.599> and<00:04:14.000> 1<00:04:14.239> km<00:04:14.799> thick.<00:04:15.519> Yet,<00:04:15.760> they 02:58.710 --> 02:58.720 align:start position:0% between 10 m and 1 km thick. Yet, they 02:58.720 --> 03:01.909 align:start position:0% between 10 m and 1 km thick. Yet, they extend<00:04:16.880> up<00:04:17.120> to<00:04:17.519> 282,000 03:01.909 --> 03:01.919 align:start position:0% extend up to 282,000 03:01.919 --> 03:04.710 align:start position:0% extend up to 282,000 km<00:04:19.680> from<00:04:19.840> the<00:04:20.000> planet.<00:04:20.959> Named<00:04:21.280> alphabetically 03:04.710 --> 03:04.720 align:start position:0% km from the planet. Named alphabetically 03:04.720 --> 03:06.790 align:start position:0% km from the planet. Named alphabetically in<00:04:22.240> the<00:04:22.400> order<00:04:22.560> they<00:04:22.800> were<00:04:22.960> discovered.<00:04:23.840> They 03:06.790 --> 03:06.800 align:start position:0% in the order they were discovered. They 03:06.800 --> 03:10.230 align:start position:0% in the order they were discovered. They are<00:04:24.240> called<00:04:24.479> the<00:04:24.720> D-ring,<00:04:25.680> C-ring,<00:04:26.560> B-<00:04:26.880> ring, 03:10.230 --> 03:10.240 align:start position:0% are called the D-ring, C-ring, B- ring, 03:10.240 --> 03:14.150 align:start position:0% are called the D-ring, C-ring, B- ring, A-<00:04:27.759> ring,<00:04:28.479> F-<00:04:28.800> ring,<00:04:29.440> G-<00:04:29.680> ring,<00:04:30.240> and<00:04:30.560> E-ring. 03:14.150 --> 03:14.160 align:start position:0% A- ring, F- ring, G- ring, and E-ring. 03:14.160 --> 03:17.189 align:start position:0% A- ring, F- ring, G- ring, and E-ring. And<00:04:31.759> there<00:04:31.919> is<00:04:32.080> a<00:04:32.400> final<00:04:33.120> and<00:04:33.440> very<00:04:33.840> faint 03:17.189 --> 03:17.199 align:start position:0% And there is a final and very faint 03:17.199 --> 03:19.590 align:start position:0% And there is a final and very faint Phoebe<00:04:34.880> ring<00:04:35.600> much<00:04:35.840> further<00:04:36.160> away<00:04:36.479> in<00:04:36.720> the 03:19.590 --> 03:19.600 align:start position:0% Phoebe ring much further away in the 03:19.600 --> 03:22.150 align:start position:0% Phoebe ring much further away in the orbit<00:04:37.120> of<00:04:37.199> the<00:04:37.360> moon<00:04:37.680> with<00:04:37.840> the<00:04:38.080> same<00:04:38.240> name. 03:22.150 --> 03:22.160 align:start position:0% orbit of the moon with the same name. 03:22.160 --> 03:23.990 align:start position:0% orbit of the moon with the same name. The<00:04:39.680> particles<00:04:40.160> are<00:04:40.320> kept<00:04:40.479> in<00:04:40.639> their<00:04:40.880> orbits 03:23.990 --> 03:24.000 align:start position:0% The particles are kept in their orbits 03:24.000 --> 03:27.110 align:start position:0% The particles are kept in their orbits by<00:04:41.600> shepherd<00:04:42.000> moons.<00:04:42.880> Pan,<00:04:43.520> Daphnes,<00:04:44.160> and 03:27.110 --> 03:27.120 align:start position:0% by shepherd moons. Pan, Daphnes, and 03:27.120 --> 03:29.349 align:start position:0% by shepherd moons. Pan, Daphnes, and Prometheus<00:04:45.280> sit<00:04:45.600> within<00:04:45.919> the<00:04:46.080> ring<00:04:46.400> system 03:29.349 --> 03:29.359 align:start position:0% Prometheus sit within the ring system 03:29.359 --> 03:32.230 align:start position:0% Prometheus sit within the ring system itself,<00:04:47.440> while<00:04:47.759> Pandora,<00:04:48.720> Janice,<00:04:49.280> and 03:32.230 --> 03:32.240 align:start position:0% itself, while Pandora, Janice, and 03:32.240 --> 03:35.990 align:start position:0% itself, while Pandora, Janice, and Epimetheus<00:04:50.639> sit<00:04:51.040> just<00:04:51.440> beyond<00:04:51.840> the<00:04:52.160> F<00:04:52.400> ring. 03:35.990 --> 03:36.000 align:start position:0% Epimetheus sit just beyond the F ring. 03:36.000 --> 03:39.189 align:start position:0% Epimetheus sit just beyond the F ring. Mimis,<00:04:53.840> discovered<00:04:54.240> by<00:04:54.479> Hershel<00:04:54.960> in<00:04:55.199> 1789, 03:39.189 --> 03:39.199 align:start position:0% Mimis, discovered by Hershel in 1789, 03:39.199 --> 03:41.270 align:start position:0% Mimis, discovered by Hershel in 1789, orbits<00:04:56.960> further<00:04:57.280> out,<00:04:57.680> but<00:04:57.919> exerts<00:04:58.320> an 03:41.270 --> 03:41.280 align:start position:0% orbits further out, but exerts an 03:41.280 --> 03:43.750 align:start position:0% orbits further out, but exerts an oversized<00:04:59.199> level<00:04:59.440> of<00:04:59.680> control<00:04:59.919> on<00:05:00.160> the<00:05:00.320> rings. 03:43.750 --> 03:43.760 align:start position:0% oversized level of control on the rings. 03:43.760 --> 03:45.830 align:start position:0% oversized level of control on the rings. I've<00:05:01.360> made<00:05:01.600> another<00:05:01.919> video<00:05:02.080> on<00:05:02.240> Mimis<00:05:02.880> that 03:45.830 --> 03:45.840 align:start position:0% I've made another video on Mimis that 03:45.840 --> 03:47.270 align:start position:0% I've made another video on Mimis that you<00:05:03.280> can<00:05:03.360> watch<00:05:03.600> here<00:05:03.840> if<00:05:04.080> you<00:05:04.160> want<00:05:04.240> to<00:05:04.400> find 03:47.270 --> 03:47.280 align:start position:0% you can watch here if you want to find 03:47.280 --> 03:49.590 align:start position:0% you can watch here if you want to find out<00:05:04.800> more.<00:05:05.600> By<00:05:05.840> the<00:05:06.000> end<00:05:06.160> of<00:05:06.240> the<00:05:06.400> Cassini 03:49.590 --> 03:49.600 align:start position:0% out more. By the end of the Cassini 03:49.600 --> 03:52.150 align:start position:0% out more. By the end of the Cassini mission,<00:05:07.440> Saturn's<00:05:08.000> known<00:05:08.400> moon<00:05:08.639> count<00:05:09.039> stood 03:52.150 --> 03:52.160 align:start position:0% mission, Saturn's known moon count stood 03:52.160 --> 03:54.070 align:start position:0% mission, Saturn's known moon count stood at<00:05:09.840> 62. 03:54.070 --> 03:54.080 align:start position:0% at 62. 03:54.080 --> 03:56.390 align:start position:0% at 62. But<00:05:11.600> the<00:05:11.840> discoveries<00:05:12.400> didn't<00:05:12.720> stop<00:05:12.960> there. 03:56.390 --> 03:56.400 align:start position:0% But the discoveries didn't stop there. 03:56.400 --> 03:58.870 align:start position:0% But the discoveries didn't stop there. Advancements<00:05:14.400> in<00:05:14.800> groundbased<00:05:15.520> telescopes 03:58.870 --> 03:58.880 align:start position:0% Advancements in groundbased telescopes 03:58.880 --> 04:01.510 align:start position:0% Advancements in groundbased telescopes and<00:05:16.479> recent<00:05:16.880> surveys<00:05:17.600> put<00:05:17.919> the<00:05:18.160> latest<00:05:18.479> moon 04:01.510 --> 04:01.520 align:start position:0% and recent surveys put the latest moon 04:01.520 --> 04:05.189 align:start position:0% and recent surveys put the latest moon count<00:05:19.120> at<00:05:19.440> a<00:05:19.680> staggering<00:05:20.960> 292. 04:05.189 --> 04:05.199 align:start position:0% count at a staggering 292. 04:05.199 --> 04:07.749 align:start position:0% count at a staggering 292. and<00:05:22.720> it's<00:05:22.960> still<00:05:23.199> rising<00:05:24.080> more<00:05:24.400> than<00:05:24.720> any 04:07.749 --> 04:07.759 align:start position:0% and it's still rising more than any 04:07.759 --> 04:10.710 align:start position:0% and it's still rising more than any other<00:05:25.360> planet<00:05:25.680> in<00:05:25.919> our<00:05:26.160> solar<00:05:26.400> system.<00:05:27.360> And<00:05:27.759> as 04:10.710 --> 04:10.720 align:start position:0% other planet in our solar system. And as 04:10.720 --> 04:13.830 align:start position:0% other planet in our solar system. And as a<00:05:28.240> collection,<00:05:29.039> they<00:05:29.360> are<00:05:29.919> extraordinarily 04:13.830 --> 04:13.840 align:start position:0% a collection, they are extraordinarily 04:13.840 --> 04:17.030 align:start position:0% a collection, they are extraordinarily diverse.<00:05:32.479> There<00:05:32.720> are<00:05:33.120> large<00:05:33.600> regular<00:05:34.000> moons 04:17.030 --> 04:17.040 align:start position:0% diverse. There are large regular moons 04:17.040 --> 04:18.790 align:start position:0% diverse. There are large regular moons which<00:05:34.479> orbit<00:05:34.880> close<00:05:35.039> to<00:05:35.199> Saturn<00:05:35.520> in<00:05:35.759> the<00:05:35.919> same 04:18.790 --> 04:18.800 align:start position:0% which orbit close to Saturn in the same 04:18.800 --> 04:20.870 align:start position:0% which orbit close to Saturn in the same general<00:05:36.479> plane<00:05:37.039> and<00:05:37.280> a<00:05:37.520> whole<00:05:37.680> host<00:05:38.000> of 04:20.870 --> 04:20.880 align:start position:0% general plane and a whole host of 04:20.880 --> 04:23.270 align:start position:0% general plane and a whole host of irregular<00:05:38.720> moons<00:05:39.039> that<00:05:39.280> are<00:05:39.520> much<00:05:39.840> smaller, 04:23.270 --> 04:23.280 align:start position:0% irregular moons that are much smaller, 04:23.280 --> 04:26.629 align:start position:0% irregular moons that are much smaller, more<00:05:40.800> distant,<00:05:41.600> and<00:05:42.000> on<00:05:42.400> eccentric<00:05:42.960> orbits. 04:26.629 --> 04:26.639 align:start position:0% more distant, and on eccentric orbits. 04:26.639 --> 04:28.790 align:start position:0% more distant, and on eccentric orbits. There<00:05:44.160> are<00:05:44.320> even<00:05:44.720> tiny<00:05:45.120> ring<00:05:45.440> moons<00:05:45.759> shaped 04:28.790 --> 04:28.800 align:start position:0% There are even tiny ring moons shaped 04:28.800 --> 04:31.349 align:start position:0% There are even tiny ring moons shaped like<00:05:46.320> ravioli<00:05:47.280> as<00:05:47.520> dust<00:05:47.919> particles<00:05:48.320> from<00:05:48.479> the 04:31.349 --> 04:31.359 align:start position:0% like ravioli as dust particles from the 04:31.359 --> 04:34.790 align:start position:0% like ravioli as dust particles from the rings<00:05:49.199> accumulate<00:05:49.840> around<00:05:50.080> their<00:05:50.320> equators. 04:34.790 --> 04:34.800 align:start position:0% rings accumulate around their equators. 04:34.800 --> 04:36.710 align:start position:0% rings accumulate around their equators. You<00:05:52.320> may<00:05:52.479> wish<00:05:52.720> you<00:05:53.039> had<00:05:53.199> a<00:05:53.360> collection<00:05:53.680> as 04:36.710 --> 04:36.720 align:start position:0% You may wish you had a collection as 04:36.720 --> 04:38.870 align:start position:0% You may wish you had a collection as diverse<00:05:54.400> and<00:05:54.720> interesting<00:05:55.120> as<00:05:55.360> Saturn's. 04:38.870 --> 04:38.880 align:start position:0% diverse and interesting as Saturn's. 04:38.880 --> 04:40.950 align:start position:0% diverse and interesting as Saturn's. This<00:05:56.400> is<00:05:56.560> a<00:05:56.800> planet<00:05:57.120> that<00:05:57.440> knows<00:05:57.759> how<00:05:58.000> to 04:40.950 --> 04:40.960 align:start position:0% This is a planet that knows how to 04:40.960 --> 04:43.430 align:start position:0% This is a planet that knows how to showcase<00:05:58.639> its<00:05:58.960> marbles,<00:05:59.759> and<00:06:00.160> you<00:06:00.479> need<00:06:00.639> to 04:43.430 --> 04:43.440 align:start position:0% showcase its marbles, and you need to 04:43.440 --> 04:45.510 align:start position:0% showcase its marbles, and you need to bring<00:06:00.880> your<00:06:01.120> agame<00:06:01.680> to<00:06:01.840> be<00:06:02.000> on<00:06:02.160> its<00:06:02.320> level<00:06:02.560> when 04:45.510 --> 04:45.520 align:start position:0% bring your agame to be on its level when 04:45.520 --> 04:47.670 align:start position:0% bring your agame to be on its level when it<00:06:02.960> comes<00:06:03.120> to<00:06:03.360> home<00:06:03.600> decorating.<00:06:04.560> But<00:06:04.720> that's 04:46.799 --> 04:49.829 align:start position:0% Now, [music] back to Saturn's collection.<00:07:30.560> The<00:07:30.639> Saturnian<00:07:31.280> system<00:07:31.599> is<00:07:31.840> far 04:49.829 --> 04:49.839 align:start position:0% collection. The Saturnian system is far 04:49.839 --> 04:52.229 align:start position:0% collection. The Saturnian system is far stranger<00:07:32.639> than<00:07:32.800> Galileo<00:07:33.520> could<00:07:33.759> have<00:07:34.080> ever 04:52.229 --> 04:52.239 align:start position:0% stranger than Galileo could have ever 04:52.239 --> 04:54.389 align:start position:0% stranger than Galileo could have ever imagined<00:07:35.280> when<00:07:35.520> he<00:07:35.680> thought<00:07:35.840> the<00:07:36.160> planet<00:07:36.479> had 04:54.389 --> 04:54.399 align:start position:0% imagined when he thought the planet had 04:54.399 --> 04:56.629 align:start position:0% imagined when he thought the planet had handles.<00:07:37.680> Cassini's<00:07:38.319> measurements<00:07:38.720> of<00:07:38.800> the 04:56.629 --> 04:56.639 align:start position:0% handles. Cassini's measurements of the 04:56.639 --> 04:58.868 align:start position:0% handles. Cassini's measurements of the rings<00:07:39.360> also<00:07:39.680> revealed<00:07:40.479> what<00:07:40.800> they're<00:07:41.039> made 04:58.868 --> 04:58.878 align:start position:0% rings also revealed what they're made 04:58.878 --> 05:02.389 align:start position:0% rings also revealed what they're made of,<00:07:41.840> and<00:07:42.080> that<00:07:42.400> is<00:07:43.120> 99.8% 05:02.389 --> 05:02.399 align:start position:0% of, and that is 99.8% 05:02.399 --> 05:05.029 align:start position:0% of, and that is 99.8% water<00:07:45.120> ice<00:07:45.680> with<00:07:46.000> particle<00:07:46.400> sizes<00:07:46.800> that<00:07:47.039> range 05:05.029 --> 05:05.039 align:start position:0% water ice with particle sizes that range 05:05.039 --> 05:07.509 align:start position:0% water ice with particle sizes that range from<00:07:47.759> smaller<00:07:48.160> than<00:07:48.240> a<00:07:48.400> grain<00:07:48.639> of<00:07:48.800> sand<00:07:49.360> to<00:07:49.599> as 05:07.509 --> 05:07.519 align:start position:0% from smaller than a grain of sand to as 05:07.519 --> 05:10.389 align:start position:0% from smaller than a grain of sand to as big<00:07:50.080> as<00:07:50.319> a<00:07:50.639> mountain.<00:07:51.599> The<00:07:51.840> reflectivity<00:07:52.479> of 05:10.389 --> 05:10.399 align:start position:0% big as a mountain. The reflectivity of 05:10.399 --> 05:12.308 align:start position:0% big as a mountain. The reflectivity of the<00:07:52.880> ice<00:07:53.120> crystals<00:07:53.440> is<00:07:53.680> what<00:07:53.919> makes<00:07:54.080> the<00:07:54.319> rings 05:12.308 --> 05:12.318 align:start position:0% the ice crystals is what makes the rings 05:12.318 --> 05:15.109 align:start position:0% the ice crystals is what makes the rings appear<00:07:54.960> so<00:07:55.199> bright,<00:07:55.840> even<00:07:56.160> from<00:07:56.560> Earth,<00:07:57.039> using 05:15.109 --> 05:15.119 align:start position:0% appear so bright, even from Earth, using 05:15.119 --> 05:17.909 align:start position:0% appear so bright, even from Earth, using Galilean<00:07:58.080> telescopes.<00:07:59.199> Cassini<00:07:59.680> data<00:08:00.000> also 05:17.909 --> 05:17.919 align:start position:0% Galilean telescopes. Cassini data also 05:17.919 --> 05:19.829 align:start position:0% Galilean telescopes. Cassini data also allowed<00:08:00.639> scientists<00:08:01.039> to<00:08:01.280> calculate<00:08:01.680> the<00:08:01.919> mass 05:19.829 --> 05:19.839 align:start position:0% allowed scientists to calculate the mass 05:19.839 --> 05:23.189 align:start position:0% allowed scientists to calculate the mass of<00:08:02.319> the<00:08:02.479> rings,<00:08:03.199> around<00:08:04.000> 16<00:08:04.720> quadrillion 05:23.189 --> 05:23.199 align:start position:0% of the rings, around 16 quadrillion 05:23.199 --> 05:25.909 align:start position:0% of the rings, around 16 quadrillion tons.<00:08:06.560> This<00:08:06.800> sounds<00:08:07.120> huge,<00:08:07.759> but<00:08:08.000> it's 05:25.909 --> 05:25.919 align:start position:0% tons. This sounds huge, but it's 05:25.919 --> 05:28.708 align:start position:0% tons. This sounds huge, but it's actually<00:08:08.479> less<00:08:08.800> than<00:08:09.039> 0.02% 05:28.708 --> 05:28.718 align:start position:0% actually less than 0.02% 05:28.718 --> 05:31.588 align:start position:0% actually less than 0.02% the<00:08:11.280> mass<00:08:11.520> of<00:08:11.759> our<00:08:12.000> own<00:08:12.240> moon.<00:08:13.360> Combining 05:31.588 --> 05:31.598 align:start position:0% the mass of our own moon. Combining 05:31.598 --> 05:33.349 align:start position:0% the mass of our own moon. Combining these<00:08:14.240> two<00:08:14.400> observations<00:08:15.039> led<00:08:15.280> to<00:08:15.440> a 05:33.349 --> 05:33.359 align:start position:0% these two observations led to a 05:33.359 --> 05:35.988 align:start position:0% these two observations led to a scientific<00:08:16.240> bombshell<00:08:16.879> of<00:08:17.039> a<00:08:17.280> question<00:08:18.000> and 05:35.988 --> 05:35.998 align:start position:0% scientific bombshell of a question and 05:35.998 --> 05:39.588 align:start position:0% scientific bombshell of a question and in<00:08:18.560> turn<00:08:19.120> a<00:08:19.360> discovery. 05:39.588 --> 05:39.598 align:start position:0% in turn a discovery. 05:39.598 --> 05:41.829 align:start position:0% in turn a discovery. Over<00:08:22.240> time,<00:08:22.560> micrometeorite<00:08:23.520> impacts<00:08:24.000> and 05:41.829 --> 05:41.839 align:start position:0% Over time, micrometeorite impacts and 05:41.839 --> 05:44.708 align:start position:0% Over time, micrometeorite impacts and space<00:08:24.479> dust<00:08:25.199> pollute<00:08:25.680> water<00:08:26.000> ice<00:08:26.319> and<00:08:26.560> darken 05:44.708 --> 05:44.718 align:start position:0% space dust pollute water ice and darken 05:44.718 --> 05:47.909 align:start position:0% space dust pollute water ice and darken it.<00:08:27.680> So,<00:08:28.000> why<00:08:28.319> were<00:08:28.800> Saturn's<00:08:29.360> rings<00:08:29.840> so 05:47.909 --> 05:47.919 align:start position:0% it. So, why were Saturn's rings so 05:47.919 --> 05:50.469 align:start position:0% it. So, why were Saturn's rings so bright?<00:08:31.360> The<00:08:31.599> mass<00:08:31.840> of<00:08:32.000> the<00:08:32.080> rings<00:08:32.479> help 05:50.469 --> 05:50.479 align:start position:0% bright? The mass of the rings help 05:50.479 --> 05:52.469 align:start position:0% bright? The mass of the rings help scientists<00:08:33.279> determine<00:08:33.839> how<00:08:34.080> much<00:08:34.320> dust<00:08:34.640> would 05:52.469 --> 05:52.479 align:start position:0% scientists determine how much dust would 05:52.479 --> 05:54.469 align:start position:0% scientists determine how much dust would be<00:08:34.959> needed<00:08:35.120> to<00:08:35.360> contaminate<00:08:35.839> them<00:08:36.240> and<00:08:36.479> thus 05:54.469 --> 05:54.479 align:start position:0% be needed to contaminate them and thus 05:54.479 --> 05:56.708 align:start position:0% be needed to contaminate them and thus work<00:08:37.039> out<00:08:37.279> how<00:08:37.680> long<00:08:38.159> it<00:08:38.399> would<00:08:38.560> take<00:08:38.800> to 05:56.708 --> 05:56.718 align:start position:0% work out how long it would take to 05:56.718 --> 05:59.349 align:start position:0% work out how long it would take to darken<00:08:39.440> them.<00:08:40.159> The<00:08:40.399> low<00:08:40.719> ring<00:08:40.959> mass<00:08:41.279> implies 05:59.349 --> 05:59.359 align:start position:0% darken them. The low ring mass implies 05:59.359 --> 06:02.549 align:start position:0% darken them. The low ring mass implies that<00:08:41.839> they<00:08:42.159> likely<00:08:42.479> formed<00:08:42.959> only<00:08:43.360> 10<00:08:43.919> to<00:08:44.320> 100 06:02.549 --> 06:02.559 align:start position:0% that they likely formed only 10 to 100 06:02.559 --> 06:04.869 align:start position:0% that they likely formed only 10 to 100 million<00:08:45.200> years<00:08:45.440> ago.<00:08:46.160> That's<00:08:46.480> the<00:08:46.720> blink<00:08:47.040> of 06:04.869 --> 06:04.879 align:start position:0% million years ago. That's the blink of 06:04.879 --> 06:07.589 align:start position:0% million years ago. That's the blink of an<00:08:47.360> eye<00:08:47.600> in<00:08:47.839> the<00:08:48.000> 4.6<00:08:48.880> billionyear<00:08:49.519> history<00:08:49.760> of 06:07.589 --> 06:07.599 align:start position:0% an eye in the 4.6 billionyear history of 06:07.599 --> 06:09.749 align:start position:0% an eye in the 4.6 billionyear history of the<00:08:50.080> solar<00:08:50.320> system<00:08:50.959> and<00:08:51.279> vastly<00:08:51.839> different 06:09.749 --> 06:09.759 align:start position:0% the solar system and vastly different 06:09.759 --> 06:12.068 align:start position:0% the solar system and vastly different from<00:08:52.399> what<00:08:52.640> was<00:08:52.800> thought<00:08:53.040> at<00:08:53.200> the<00:08:53.360> time.<00:08:54.000> Until 06:12.068 --> 06:12.078 align:start position:0% from what was thought at the time. Until 06:12.078 --> 06:13.909 align:start position:0% from what was thought at the time. Until this<00:08:54.640> point,<00:08:55.120> some<00:08:55.360> scientists<00:08:55.839> had<00:08:56.080> believed 06:13.909 --> 06:13.919 align:start position:0% this point, some scientists had believed 06:13.919 --> 06:15.989 align:start position:0% this point, some scientists had believed the<00:08:56.480> rings<00:08:56.800> were<00:08:57.040> always<00:08:57.440> there,<00:08:58.000> that<00:08:58.160> they 06:15.989 --> 06:15.999 align:start position:0% the rings were always there, that they 06:15.999 --> 06:18.709 align:start position:0% the rings were always there, that they had<00:08:58.480> formed<00:08:58.959> alongside<00:08:59.680> the<00:08:59.920> planet. 06:18.709 --> 06:18.719 align:start position:0% had formed alongside the planet. 06:18.719 --> 06:21.188 align:start position:0% had formed alongside the planet. Instead,<00:09:01.839> dinosaurs<00:09:02.560> had<00:09:02.800> already<00:09:03.200> roamed 06:21.188 --> 06:21.198 align:start position:0% Instead, dinosaurs had already roamed 06:21.198 --> 06:24.229 align:start position:0% Instead, dinosaurs had already roamed the<00:09:03.600> Earth<00:09:03.839> for<00:09:04.080> about<00:09:05.120> 150<00:09:05.600> million<00:09:06.080> years 06:24.229 --> 06:24.239 align:start position:0% the Earth for about 150 million years 06:24.239 --> 06:26.149 align:start position:0% the Earth for about 150 million years before<00:09:07.200> Saturn's<00:09:07.680> rings<00:09:07.920> were<00:09:08.160> thought<00:09:08.320> to 06:26.149 --> 06:26.159 align:start position:0% before Saturn's rings were thought to 06:26.159 --> 06:28.709 align:start position:0% before Saturn's rings were thought to have<00:09:08.640> formed.<00:09:09.360> The<00:09:09.600> question<00:09:09.920> then<00:09:10.240> becomes, 06:28.709 --> 06:28.719 align:start position:0% have formed. The question then becomes, 06:28.719 --> 06:31.269 align:start position:0% have formed. The question then becomes, how<00:09:11.279> did<00:09:11.440> the<00:09:11.600> rings<00:09:12.000> get<00:09:12.240> there?<00:09:13.360> This 06:31.269 --> 06:31.279 align:start position:0% how did the rings get there? This 06:31.279 --> 06:33.829 align:start position:0% how did the rings get there? This conundrum<00:09:14.160> was<00:09:14.320> first<00:09:14.640> tackled<00:09:15.040> by<00:09:15.200> Edward<00:09:15.680> Ro 06:33.829 --> 06:33.839 align:start position:0% conundrum was first tackled by Edward Ro 06:33.839 --> 06:37.429 align:start position:0% conundrum was first tackled by Edward Ro in<00:09:16.480> 1849,<00:09:17.680> who<00:09:18.000> explored<00:09:18.480> why<00:09:18.800> rings<00:09:19.200> are<00:09:19.440> only 06:37.429 --> 06:37.439 align:start position:0% in 1849, who explored why rings are only 06:37.439 --> 06:39.829 align:start position:0% in 1849, who explored why rings are only found<00:09:20.160> around<00:09:20.480> the<00:09:20.640> giant<00:09:21.040> planets.<00:09:21.839> He 06:39.829 --> 06:39.839 align:start position:0% found around the giant planets. He 06:39.839 --> 06:42.149 align:start position:0% found around the giant planets. He suggested<00:09:22.720> that<00:09:22.959> the<00:09:23.200> tidal<00:09:23.600> forces<00:09:24.000> between 06:42.149 --> 06:42.159 align:start position:0% suggested that the tidal forces between 06:42.159 --> 06:44.549 align:start position:0% suggested that the tidal forces between moons<00:09:24.880> and<00:09:25.120> their<00:09:25.360> planets,<00:09:26.160> the<00:09:26.399> same<00:09:26.560> ones 06:44.549 --> 06:44.559 align:start position:0% moons and their planets, the same ones 06:44.559 --> 06:47.029 align:start position:0% moons and their planets, the same ones that<00:09:27.200> cause<00:09:27.519> ocean<00:09:27.839> tides<00:09:28.240> here<00:09:28.399> on<00:09:28.560> Earth, 06:47.029 --> 06:47.039 align:start position:0% that cause ocean tides here on Earth, 06:47.039 --> 06:49.269 align:start position:0% that cause ocean tides here on Earth, could<00:09:29.600> become<00:09:30.000> so<00:09:30.399> strong<00:09:30.880> that<00:09:31.120> they<00:09:31.360> could 06:49.269 --> 06:49.279 align:start position:0% could become so strong that they could 06:49.279 --> 06:51.429 align:start position:0% could become so strong that they could overcome<00:09:32.160> the<00:09:32.399> gravity<00:09:32.720> that<00:09:32.959> holds<00:09:33.279> a<00:09:33.519> moon 06:51.429 --> 06:51.439 align:start position:0% overcome the gravity that holds a moon 06:51.439 --> 06:54.469 align:start position:0% overcome the gravity that holds a moon together.<00:09:34.959> If<00:09:35.120> a<00:09:35.360> moon<00:09:35.600> came<00:09:35.920> too<00:09:36.240> close<00:09:36.399> to<00:09:36.560> a 06:54.469 --> 06:54.479 align:start position:0% together. If a moon came too close to a 06:54.479 --> 06:57.349 align:start position:0% together. If a moon came too close to a planet,<00:09:37.279> these<00:09:37.600> forces<00:09:38.080> would<00:09:38.399> rip<00:09:38.640> it<00:09:38.880> apart, 06:57.349 --> 06:57.359 align:start position:0% planet, these forces would rip it apart, 06:57.359 --> 06:59.349 align:start position:0% planet, these forces would rip it apart, its<00:09:39.920> remnants<00:09:40.480> spreading<00:09:40.959> along<00:09:41.360> its 06:59.349 --> 06:59.359 align:start position:0% its remnants spreading along its 06:59.359 --> 07:02.389 align:start position:0% its remnants spreading along its original<00:09:42.080> orbit<00:09:42.720> to<00:09:42.959> form<00:09:43.360> a<00:09:43.600> ring.<00:09:44.480> He 07:02.389 --> 07:02.399 align:start position:0% original orbit to form a ring. He 07:02.399 --> 07:04.229 align:start position:0% original orbit to form a ring. He calculated<00:09:45.279> the<00:09:45.519> minimum<00:09:45.839> safe<00:09:46.160> distance<00:09:46.399> for 07:04.229 --> 07:04.239 align:start position:0% calculated the minimum safe distance for 07:04.239 --> 07:07.109 align:start position:0% calculated the minimum safe distance for a<00:09:46.720> moon's<00:09:47.040> orbit<00:09:47.440> as<00:09:47.680> about<00:09:48.000> 2.5<00:09:48.880> times<00:09:49.200> the 07:07.109 --> 07:07.119 align:start position:0% a moon's orbit as about 2.5 times the 07:07.119 --> 07:09.749 align:start position:0% a moon's orbit as about 2.5 times the planet's<00:09:49.920> radius<00:09:50.240> from<00:09:50.480> its<00:09:50.720> center.<00:09:51.600> This<00:09:51.839> is 07:09.749 --> 07:09.759 align:start position:0% planet's radius from its center. This is 07:09.759 --> 07:12.389 align:start position:0% planet's radius from its center. This is known<00:09:52.320> as<00:09:52.480> the<00:09:52.720> Rosh<00:09:53.200> limit.<00:09:53.920> For<00:09:54.160> Saturn, 07:12.389 --> 07:12.399 align:start position:0% known as the Rosh limit. For Saturn, 07:12.399 --> 07:15.989 align:start position:0% known as the Rosh limit. For Saturn, this<00:09:54.959> is<00:09:55.360> 87,000<00:09:56.399> km<00:09:57.200> and<00:09:57.440> aligns<00:09:57.920> with<00:09:58.080> the 07:15.989 --> 07:15.999 align:start position:0% this is 87,000 km and aligns with the 07:15.999 --> 07:18.948 align:start position:0% this is 87,000 km and aligns with the location<00:09:58.720> of<00:09:58.880> the<00:09:59.120> F<00:09:59.360> ring.<00:10:00.320> As<00:10:00.560> the<00:10:00.720> Cassini 07:18.948 --> 07:18.958 align:start position:0% location of the F ring. As the Cassini 07:18.958 --> 07:20.869 align:start position:0% location of the F ring. As the Cassini data<00:10:01.600> built,<00:10:02.080> it<00:10:02.320> became<00:10:02.640> clear<00:10:02.880> that 07:20.869 --> 07:20.879 align:start position:0% data built, it became clear that 07:20.879 --> 07:23.269 align:start position:0% data built, it became clear that something<00:10:03.600> catastrophic<00:10:04.640> had<00:10:04.959> happened<00:10:05.279> in 07:23.269 --> 07:23.279 align:start position:0% something catastrophic had happened in 07:23.279 --> 07:25.749 align:start position:0% something catastrophic had happened in the<00:10:05.760> Saturnian<00:10:06.480> system<00:10:06.959> long<00:10:07.360> after<00:10:07.680> it<00:10:07.920> was 07:25.749 --> 07:25.759 align:start position:0% the Saturnian system long after it was 07:25.759 --> 07:28.229 align:start position:0% the Saturnian system long after it was formed. 07:28.229 --> 07:28.239 align:start position:0% formed. 07:28.239 --> 07:31.349 align:start position:0% formed. In<00:10:10.880> 2022,<00:10:11.600> a<00:10:11.839> team<00:10:12.000> at<00:10:12.240> MIT<00:10:12.800> hypothesized<00:10:13.519> that 07:31.349 --> 07:31.359 align:start position:0% In 2022, a team at MIT hypothesized that 07:31.359 --> 07:33.429 align:start position:0% In 2022, a team at MIT hypothesized that the<00:10:13.839> rings<00:10:14.240> formed<00:10:14.720> after<00:10:15.040> the<00:10:15.279> destruction 07:33.429 --> 07:33.439 align:start position:0% the rings formed after the destruction 07:33.439 --> 07:35.188 align:start position:0% the rings formed after the destruction of<00:10:16.000> an<00:10:16.160> additional<00:10:16.560> moon<00:10:16.800> that<00:10:17.040> orbited 07:35.188 --> 07:35.198 align:start position:0% of an additional moon that orbited 07:35.198 --> 07:37.349 align:start position:0% of an additional moon that orbited between<00:10:17.839> Apotus<00:10:18.480> and<00:10:18.560> Titan,<00:10:19.200> which<00:10:19.440> they 07:37.349 --> 07:37.359 align:start position:0% between Apotus and Titan, which they 07:37.359 --> 07:40.469 align:start position:0% between Apotus and Titan, which they named<00:10:20.320> Chrysalis.<00:10:21.680> They<00:10:21.920> proposed<00:10:22.399> that 07:40.469 --> 07:40.479 align:start position:0% named Chrysalis. They proposed that 07:40.479 --> 07:42.709 align:start position:0% named Chrysalis. They proposed that Chrysalis'<00:10:23.519> orbit<00:10:23.920> was<00:10:24.240> disrupted<00:10:24.800> by 07:42.709 --> 07:42.719 align:start position:0% Chrysalis' orbit was disrupted by 07:42.719 --> 07:45.188 align:start position:0% Chrysalis' orbit was disrupted by Titan's<00:10:25.519> gravity,<00:10:26.240> causing<00:10:26.640> it<00:10:26.800> to<00:10:26.959> be<00:10:27.120> pushed 07:45.188 --> 07:45.198 align:start position:0% Titan's gravity, causing it to be pushed 07:45.198 --> 07:47.669 align:start position:0% Titan's gravity, causing it to be pushed too<00:10:27.839> close<00:10:28.079> to<00:10:28.320> Saturn.<00:10:29.120> As<00:10:29.360> it<00:10:29.519> approached, 07:47.669 --> 07:47.679 align:start position:0% too close to Saturn. As it approached, 07:47.679 --> 07:50.229 align:start position:0% too close to Saturn. As it approached, it<00:10:30.240> was<00:10:30.399> destroyed<00:10:31.200> and<00:10:31.440> the<00:10:31.680> debris<00:10:32.160> spread 07:50.229 --> 07:50.239 align:start position:0% it was destroyed and the debris spread 07:50.239 --> 07:53.429 align:start position:0% it was destroyed and the debris spread to<00:10:32.800> form<00:10:33.120> the<00:10:33.279> rings<00:10:33.680> we<00:10:33.920> see<00:10:34.079> today.<00:10:35.360> However, 07:53.429 --> 07:53.439 align:start position:0% to form the rings we see today. However, 07:53.439 --> 07:55.349 align:start position:0% to form the rings we see today. However, when<00:10:36.000> the<00:10:36.240> scenario<00:10:36.720> was<00:10:37.040> modeled<00:10:37.440> by 07:55.349 --> 07:55.359 align:start position:0% when the scenario was modeled by 07:55.359 --> 07:57.748 align:start position:0% when the scenario was modeled by researchers<00:10:38.160> at<00:10:38.399> the<00:10:38.560> SETI<00:10:39.040> Institute,<00:10:39.760> who 07:57.748 --> 07:57.758 align:start position:0% researchers at the SETI Institute, who 07:57.758 --> 07:59.429 align:start position:0% researchers at the SETI Institute, who published<00:10:40.480> their<00:10:40.720> results<00:10:41.040> in<00:10:41.279> February<00:10:41.600> of 07:59.429 --> 07:59.439 align:start position:0% published their results in February of 07:59.439 --> 08:02.229 align:start position:0% published their results in February of 2026,<00:10:43.120> it<00:10:43.279> was<00:10:43.519> much<00:10:43.760> more<00:10:44.000> likely<00:10:44.320> that 08:02.229 --> 08:02.239 align:start position:0% 2026, it was much more likely that 08:02.239 --> 08:05.029 align:start position:0% 2026, it was much more likely that Chrysalis<00:10:45.200> would<00:10:45.360> have<00:10:45.680> collided<00:10:46.320> with<00:10:46.560> Titan 08:05.029 --> 08:05.039 align:start position:0% Chrysalis would have collided with Titan 08:05.039 --> 08:07.909 align:start position:0% Chrysalis would have collided with Titan rather<00:10:47.760> than<00:10:48.000> being<00:10:48.320> pushed<00:10:48.720> towards<00:10:49.200> Saturn. 08:07.909 --> 08:07.919 align:start position:0% rather than being pushed towards Saturn. 08:07.919 --> 08:10.549 align:start position:0% rather than being pushed towards Saturn. In<00:10:50.480> this<00:10:50.720> case,<00:10:51.440> most<00:10:51.760> of<00:10:51.920> the<00:10:52.160> debris<00:10:52.640> would 08:10.549 --> 08:10.559 align:start position:0% In this case, most of the debris would 08:10.559 --> 08:12.869 align:start position:0% In this case, most of the debris would have<00:10:53.040> been<00:10:53.200> captured<00:10:53.600> by<00:10:53.760> Titan's<00:10:54.320> gravity<00:10:54.959> or 08:12.869 --> 08:12.879 align:start position:0% have been captured by Titan's gravity or 08:12.879 --> 08:15.109 align:start position:0% have been captured by Titan's gravity or lost<00:10:55.519> from<00:10:55.680> the<00:10:55.839> system<00:10:56.160> entirely.<00:10:57.200> It 08:15.109 --> 08:15.119 align:start position:0% lost from the system entirely. It 08:15.119 --> 08:17.669 align:start position:0% lost from the system entirely. It wouldn't<00:10:57.680> have<00:10:57.920> been<00:10:58.160> able<00:10:58.480> to<00:10:58.640> form<00:10:58.959> rings. 08:17.669 --> 08:17.679 align:start position:0% wouldn't have been able to form rings. 08:17.679 --> 08:20.628 align:start position:0% wouldn't have been able to form rings. The<00:11:00.240> team<00:11:00.640> led<00:11:00.959> by<00:11:01.360> astrophysicist<00:11:02.399> Matia 08:20.628 --> 08:20.638 align:start position:0% The team led by astrophysicist Matia 08:20.638 --> 08:23.188 align:start position:0% The team led by astrophysicist Matia Chuk<00:11:03.600> also<00:11:03.920> noticed<00:11:04.320> that<00:11:04.560> in<00:11:04.720> the<00:11:04.880> Chrysalis 08:23.188 --> 08:23.198 align:start position:0% Chuk also noticed that in the Chrysalis 08:23.198 --> 08:26.149 align:start position:0% Chuk also noticed that in the Chrysalis models,<00:11:06.079> Hyperion,<00:11:06.880> a<00:11:07.120> small<00:11:07.519> misshapen<00:11:08.160> and 08:26.149 --> 08:26.159 align:start position:0% models, Hyperion, a small misshapen and 08:26.159 --> 08:28.869 align:start position:0% models, Hyperion, a small misshapen and constantly<00:11:09.120> tumbling<00:11:09.600> moon,<00:11:10.320> was<00:11:10.560> more<00:11:10.880> often 08:28.869 --> 08:28.879 align:start position:0% constantly tumbling moon, was more often 08:28.879 --> 08:31.269 align:start position:0% constantly tumbling moon, was more often than<00:11:11.440> not<00:11:12.160> completely<00:11:12.800> lost<00:11:13.200> during<00:11:13.440> the 08:31.269 --> 08:31.279 align:start position:0% than not completely lost during the 08:31.279 --> 08:33.909 align:start position:0% than not completely lost during the upheaval<00:11:14.240> process.<00:11:15.360> But<00:11:15.519> we<00:11:15.839> can<00:11:15.920> see 08:33.909 --> 08:33.919 align:start position:0% upheaval process. But we can see 08:33.919 --> 08:36.869 align:start position:0% upheaval process. But we can see Hyperion<00:11:17.040> is<00:11:17.440> very<00:11:17.760> much<00:11:18.000> still<00:11:18.240> there<00:11:18.480> today. 08:36.869 --> 08:36.879 align:start position:0% Hyperion is very much still there today. 08:36.879 --> 08:39.349 align:start position:0% Hyperion is very much still there today. And<00:11:19.360> what's<00:11:19.600> more,<00:11:20.240> we<00:11:20.560> know<00:11:20.880> that<00:11:21.120> its<00:11:21.279> orbit 08:39.349 --> 08:39.359 align:start position:0% And what's more, we know that its orbit 08:39.359 --> 08:42.628 align:start position:0% And what's more, we know that its orbit is<00:11:21.920> locked<00:11:22.240> with<00:11:22.480> Titan.<00:11:23.760> The<00:11:23.920> Eureka<00:11:24.480> moment 08:42.628 --> 08:42.638 align:start position:0% is locked with Titan. The Eureka moment 08:42.638 --> 08:45.269 align:start position:0% is locked with Titan. The Eureka moment for<00:11:25.200> Chuk<00:11:25.600> was<00:11:26.000> to<00:11:26.320> recognize<00:11:26.959> that<00:11:27.279> this 08:45.269 --> 08:45.279 align:start position:0% for Chuk was to recognize that this 08:45.279 --> 08:47.589 align:start position:0% for Chuk was to recognize that this Hyperion<00:11:28.320> Titan<00:11:28.800> relationship<00:11:29.600> is 08:47.589 --> 08:47.599 align:start position:0% Hyperion Titan relationship is 08:47.599 --> 08:49.909 align:start position:0% Hyperion Titan relationship is relatively<00:11:30.480> young<00:11:30.880> and<00:11:31.200> dates<00:11:31.519> to<00:11:31.760> the<00:11:32.000> same 08:49.909 --> 08:49.919 align:start position:0% relatively young and dates to the same 08:49.919 --> 08:51.508 align:start position:0% relatively young and dates to the same period<00:11:32.560> that<00:11:32.800> Chrysalis<00:11:33.440> would<00:11:33.600> have 08:51.508 --> 08:51.518 align:start position:0% period that Chrysalis would have 08:51.518 --> 08:54.229 align:start position:0% period that Chrysalis would have disappeared.<00:11:35.040> Hyperion<00:11:35.680> wasn't<00:11:36.000> a<00:11:36.160> simple 08:54.229 --> 08:54.239 align:start position:0% disappeared. Hyperion wasn't a simple 08:54.239 --> 08:56.469 align:start position:0% disappeared. Hyperion wasn't a simple survivor<00:11:36.959> of<00:11:37.120> a<00:11:37.279> shifting<00:11:37.680> system,<00:11:38.079> but<00:11:38.399> a 08:56.469 --> 08:56.479 align:start position:0% survivor of a shifting system, but a 08:56.479 --> 08:59.188 align:start position:0% survivor of a shifting system, but a result<00:11:39.200> of<00:11:39.440> it. 08:59.188 --> 08:59.198 align:start position:0% result of it. 08:59.198 --> 09:00.948 align:start position:0% result of it. Chalk<00:11:41.839> and<00:11:42.000> his<00:11:42.160> collaborators<00:11:42.720> decided<00:11:43.120> to 09:00.948 --> 09:00.958 align:start position:0% Chalk and his collaborators decided to 09:00.958 --> 09:02.869 align:start position:0% Chalk and his collaborators decided to take<00:11:43.440> a<00:11:43.680> wider<00:11:44.079> view<00:11:44.240> of<00:11:44.399> the<00:11:44.560> Saturnian 09:02.869 --> 09:02.879 align:start position:0% take a wider view of the Saturnian 09:02.879 --> 09:04.869 align:start position:0% take a wider view of the Saturnian system<00:11:45.519> to<00:11:45.839> explore<00:11:46.240> how<00:11:46.480> the<00:11:46.640> rings<00:11:47.040> might 09:04.869 --> 09:04.879 align:start position:0% system to explore how the rings might 09:04.879 --> 09:07.349 align:start position:0% system to explore how the rings might have<00:11:47.360> formed.<00:11:48.079> This<00:11:48.320> included<00:11:48.800> Saturn's<00:11:49.279> axle 09:07.349 --> 09:07.359 align:start position:0% have formed. This included Saturn's axle 09:07.359 --> 09:09.909 align:start position:0% have formed. This included Saturn's axle tilt.<00:11:50.480> I<00:11:50.880> mentioned<00:11:51.279> earlier<00:11:51.600> that<00:11:51.920> this<00:11:52.079> is 09:09.909 --> 09:09.919 align:start position:0% tilt. I mentioned earlier that this is 09:09.919 --> 09:13.508 align:start position:0% tilt. I mentioned earlier that this is about<00:11:52.480> 27°<00:11:53.920> as<00:11:54.240> well<00:11:54.399> as<00:11:54.720> observations<00:11:55.360> of<00:11:55.519> its 09:13.508 --> 09:13.518 align:start position:0% about 27° as well as observations of its 09:13.518 --> 09:15.589 align:start position:0% about 27° as well as observations of its many<00:11:55.923> [music]<00:11:56.079> moons.<00:11:57.040> By<00:11:57.279> approaching<00:11:57.680> the 09:15.589 --> 09:15.599 align:start position:0% many [music] moons. By approaching the 09:15.599 --> 09:17.748 align:start position:0% many [music] moons. By approaching the problem<00:11:58.240> as<00:11:58.480> an<00:11:58.720> interconnected<00:11:59.600> system 09:17.748 --> 09:17.758 align:start position:0% problem as an interconnected system 09:17.758 --> 09:19.989 align:start position:0% problem as an interconnected system rather<00:12:00.480> than<00:12:00.959> looking<00:12:01.279> at<00:12:01.440> each<00:12:01.760> phenomenon 09:19.989 --> 09:19.999 align:start position:0% rather than looking at each phenomenon 09:19.999 --> 09:22.389 align:start position:0% rather than looking at each phenomenon in<00:12:02.560> turn,<00:12:03.200> they<00:12:03.440> were<00:12:03.600> able<00:12:03.839> to<00:12:04.000> simulate<00:12:04.480> how 09:22.389 --> 09:22.399 align:start position:0% in turn, they were able to simulate how 09:22.399 --> 09:24.389 align:start position:0% in turn, they were able to simulate how the<00:12:04.880> events<00:12:05.279> played<00:12:05.600> out<00:12:05.760> over<00:12:06.079> hundreds<00:12:06.560> of 09:24.389 --> 09:24.399 align:start position:0% the events played out over hundreds of 09:24.399 --> 09:26.709 align:start position:0% the events played out over hundreds of millions<00:12:07.040> of<00:12:07.200> years.<00:12:08.160> They<00:12:08.399> concluded<00:12:08.800> that 09:26.709 --> 09:26.719 align:start position:0% millions of years. They concluded that 09:26.719 --> 09:28.869 align:start position:0% millions of years. They concluded that Titan<00:12:09.519> likely<00:12:09.920> did<00:12:10.399> collide<00:12:10.800> with<00:12:10.959> an 09:28.869 --> 09:28.879 align:start position:0% Titan likely did collide with an 09:28.879 --> 09:31.269 align:start position:0% Titan likely did collide with an additional<00:12:11.600> moon,<00:12:12.240> one<00:12:12.399> that<00:12:12.639> was<00:12:13.040> four<00:12:13.279> times 09:31.269 --> 09:31.279 align:start position:0% additional moon, one that was four times 09:31.279 --> 09:32.789 align:start position:0% additional moon, one that was four times more<00:12:13.839> massive<00:12:14.160> than<00:12:14.399> the<00:12:14.560> proposed 09:32.789 --> 09:32.799 align:start position:0% more massive than the proposed 09:32.799 --> 09:36.229 align:start position:0% more massive than the proposed chrysalis.<00:12:16.160> They<00:12:16.399> termed<00:12:16.720> it<00:12:17.279> protohyperion 09:36.229 --> 09:36.239 align:start position:0% chrysalis. They termed it protohyperion 09:36.239 --> 09:38.469 align:start position:0% chrysalis. They termed it protohyperion since<00:12:18.959> Hyperion<00:12:19.680> had<00:12:20.000> come<00:12:20.240> out<00:12:20.480> of<00:12:20.639> the 09:38.469 --> 09:38.479 align:start position:0% since Hyperion had come out of the 09:38.479 --> 09:41.188 align:start position:0% since Hyperion had come out of the event.<00:12:21.839> Titan<00:12:22.320> at<00:12:22.480> this<00:12:22.639> time<00:12:22.800> was<00:12:23.120> also 09:41.188 --> 09:41.198 align:start position:0% event. Titan at this time was also 09:41.198 --> 09:43.429 align:start position:0% event. Titan at this time was also different,<00:12:24.160> smaller<00:12:24.880> and<00:12:25.120> in<00:12:25.279> a<00:12:25.440> more 09:43.429 --> 09:43.439 align:start position:0% different, smaller and in a more 09:43.439 --> 09:46.068 align:start position:0% different, smaller and in a more circular<00:12:26.240> orbit<00:12:26.560> than<00:12:26.720> we<00:12:26.959> observe<00:12:27.360> today.<00:12:28.160> In 09:46.068 --> 09:46.078 align:start position:0% circular orbit than we observe today. In 09:46.078 --> 09:48.869 align:start position:0% circular orbit than we observe today. In their<00:12:28.639> simulations,<00:12:29.519> a<00:12:29.920> protohyperion 09:48.869 --> 09:48.879 align:start position:0% their simulations, a protohyperion 09:48.879 --> 09:52.068 align:start position:0% their simulations, a protohyperion prototitan<00:12:32.079> collision<00:12:32.800> occurred<00:12:33.279> in<00:12:33.760> 42 09:52.068 --> 09:52.078 align:start position:0% prototitan collision occurred in 42 09:52.078 --> 09:55.029 align:start position:0% prototitan collision occurred in 42 simulations<00:12:34.959> out<00:12:35.200> of<00:12:35.360> 60.<00:12:36.320> And<00:12:36.560> in<00:12:36.800> the<00:12:36.959> runs 09:55.029 --> 09:55.039 align:start position:0% simulations out of 60. And in the runs 09:55.039 --> 09:56.789 align:start position:0% simulations out of 60. And in the runs without<00:12:37.680> a<00:12:37.920> collision,<00:12:38.720> either 09:56.789 --> 09:56.799 align:start position:0% without a collision, either 09:56.799 --> 09:59.589 align:start position:0% without a collision, either Protohyperion<00:12:40.160> or<00:12:40.480> Apotus<00:12:41.200> were<00:12:41.440> ejected 09:59.589 --> 09:59.599 align:start position:0% Protohyperion or Apotus were ejected 09:59.599 --> 10:02.229 align:start position:0% Protohyperion or Apotus were ejected from<00:12:42.160> the<00:12:42.399> system<00:12:42.800> altogether.<00:12:44.240> They 10:02.229 --> 10:02.239 align:start position:0% from the system altogether. They 10:02.239 --> 10:04.469 align:start position:0% from the system altogether. They proposed<00:12:44.959> that<00:12:45.120> the<00:12:45.279> collision<00:12:45.680> happened<00:12:46.240> 400 10:04.469 --> 10:04.479 align:start position:0% proposed that the collision happened 400 10:04.479 --> 10:07.109 align:start position:0% proposed that the collision happened 400 million<00:12:47.200> years<00:12:47.360> ago<00:12:47.920> and<00:12:48.160> it<00:12:48.399> set<00:12:48.560> in<00:12:48.800> motion<00:12:49.120> a 10:07.109 --> 10:07.119 align:start position:0% million years ago and it set in motion a 10:07.119 --> 10:09.188 align:start position:0% million years ago and it set in motion a chain<00:12:49.680> of<00:12:49.920> events<00:12:50.399> that<00:12:50.720> can<00:12:50.880> account<00:12:51.200> for 10:09.188 --> 10:09.198 align:start position:0% chain of events that can account for 10:09.198 --> 10:12.389 align:start position:0% chain of events that can account for many<00:12:51.920> of<00:12:52.160> our<00:12:52.560> present-day<00:12:53.200> observations. 10:12.389 --> 10:12.399 align:start position:0% many of our present-day observations. 10:12.399 --> 10:16.068 align:start position:0% many of our present-day observations. So<00:12:55.440> what<00:12:55.839> actually<00:12:56.320> happened?<00:12:57.680> The<00:12:58.000> team 10:16.068 --> 10:16.078 align:start position:0% So what actually happened? The team 10:16.078 --> 10:18.149 align:start position:0% So what actually happened? The team traced<00:12:58.800> the<00:12:58.959> line<00:12:59.200> of<00:12:59.360> evidence<00:12:59.839> back<00:13:00.079> to<00:13:00.240> a 10:18.149 --> 10:18.159 align:start position:0% traced the line of evidence back to a 10:18.159 --> 10:20.869 align:start position:0% traced the line of evidence back to a time<00:13:00.720> when<00:13:01.040> Saturn<00:13:01.600> slipped<00:13:02.240> out<00:13:02.480> of<00:13:02.800> spin 10:20.869 --> 10:20.879 align:start position:0% time when Saturn slipped out of spin 10:20.879 --> 10:23.669 align:start position:0% time when Saturn slipped out of spin orbit<00:13:03.600> resonance<00:13:04.160> with<00:13:04.399> the<00:13:04.639> other<00:13:04.880> planets. 10:23.669 --> 10:23.679 align:start position:0% orbit resonance with the other planets. 10:23.679 --> 10:25.748 align:start position:0% orbit resonance with the other planets. Resonance<00:13:06.480> is<00:13:06.639> when<00:13:06.880> two<00:13:07.120> orbiting<00:13:07.600> bodies 10:25.748 --> 10:25.758 align:start position:0% Resonance is when two orbiting bodies 10:25.758 --> 10:28.628 align:start position:0% Resonance is when two orbiting bodies fall<00:13:08.320> into<00:13:08.639> a<00:13:08.959> repeated<00:13:09.440> rhythm.<00:13:10.320> They<00:13:10.720> keep 10:28.628 --> 10:28.638 align:start position:0% fall into a repeated rhythm. They keep 10:28.638 --> 10:30.709 align:start position:0% fall into a repeated rhythm. They keep meeting<00:13:11.279> up<00:13:11.440> in<00:13:11.600> the<00:13:11.760> same<00:13:11.920> configuration<00:13:12.639> and 10:30.709 --> 10:30.719 align:start position:0% meeting up in the same configuration and 10:30.719 --> 10:33.188 align:start position:0% meeting up in the same configuration and over<00:13:13.360> time<00:13:14.000> tiny<00:13:14.399> gravitational<00:13:14.959> tugs<00:13:15.360> from 10:33.188 --> 10:33.198 align:start position:0% over time tiny gravitational tugs from 10:33.198 --> 10:35.829 align:start position:0% over time tiny gravitational tugs from each<00:13:15.760> interaction<00:13:16.480> add<00:13:16.800> up<00:13:17.360> amplifying<00:13:17.920> their 10:35.829 --> 10:35.839 align:start position:0% each interaction add up amplifying their 10:35.839 --> 10:38.389 align:start position:0% each interaction add up amplifying their influence<00:13:18.639> over<00:13:18.880> one<00:13:19.120> another<00:13:19.680> beyond<00:13:20.160> what<00:13:20.480> a 10:38.389 --> 10:38.399 align:start position:0% influence over one another beyond what a 10:38.399 --> 10:40.628 align:start position:0% influence over one another beyond what a single<00:13:21.040> encounter<00:13:21.519> would<00:13:21.760> allow.<00:13:22.639> In<00:13:22.800> the 10:40.628 --> 10:40.638 align:start position:0% single encounter would allow. In the 10:40.638 --> 10:42.948 align:start position:0% single encounter would allow. In the case<00:13:23.120> of<00:13:23.360> Saturn,<00:13:24.079> that<00:13:24.399> small<00:13:24.720> change<00:13:25.040> was 10:42.948 --> 10:42.958 align:start position:0% case of Saturn, that small change was 10:42.958 --> 10:46.068 align:start position:0% case of Saturn, that small change was enough<00:13:25.519> to<00:13:25.760> destabilize<00:13:26.720> Protohyperion<00:13:28.079> and 10:46.068 --> 10:46.078 align:start position:0% enough to destabilize Protohyperion and 10:46.078 --> 10:48.628 align:start position:0% enough to destabilize Protohyperion and put<00:13:28.639> it<00:13:28.880> in<00:13:29.120> a<00:13:29.440> 21<00:13:30.240> resonance<00:13:30.720> with 10:48.628 --> 10:48.638 align:start position:0% put it in a 21 resonance with 10:48.638 --> 10:51.429 align:start position:0% put it in a 21 resonance with Prototitan,<00:13:32.320> the<00:13:32.560> strongest<00:13:33.279> resonance 10:51.429 --> 10:51.439 align:start position:0% Prototitan, the strongest resonance 10:51.439 --> 10:54.469 align:start position:0% Prototitan, the strongest resonance there<00:13:34.000> is.<00:13:34.959> For<00:13:35.200> every<00:13:35.519> orbit<00:13:36.000> prototitan 10:54.469 --> 10:54.479 align:start position:0% there is. For every orbit prototitan 10:54.479 --> 10:57.989 align:start position:0% there is. For every orbit prototitan made<00:13:36.959> of<00:13:37.200> Saturn,<00:13:37.920> Protohyperion<00:13:39.120> made<00:13:39.440> two. 10:57.989 --> 10:57.999 align:start position:0% made of Saturn, Protohyperion made two. 10:57.999 --> 11:00.229 align:start position:0% made of Saturn, Protohyperion made two. This<00:13:40.560> caused<00:13:40.880> Protohyperion<00:13:41.920> to<00:13:42.079> start 11:00.229 --> 11:00.239 align:start position:0% This caused Protohyperion to start 11:00.239 --> 11:03.188 align:start position:0% This caused Protohyperion to start moving<00:13:42.959> inwards<00:13:43.600> quickly,<00:13:44.639> not<00:13:44.959> only<00:13:45.200> setting 11:03.188 --> 11:03.198 align:start position:0% moving inwards quickly, not only setting 11:03.198 --> 11:04.628 align:start position:0% moving inwards quickly, not only setting it<00:13:45.760> on<00:13:45.920> a<00:13:46.079> collision<00:13:46.480> course<00:13:46.720> with 11:04.628 --> 11:04.638 align:start position:0% it on a collision course with 11:04.638 --> 11:07.349 align:start position:0% it on a collision course with Prototitan,<00:13:48.160> but<00:13:48.480> yanking<00:13:49.040> the<00:13:49.200> orbit<00:13:49.519> of 11:07.349 --> 11:07.359 align:start position:0% Prototitan, but yanking the orbit of 11:07.359 --> 11:10.149 align:start position:0% Prototitan, but yanking the orbit of Apotus<00:13:50.320> on<00:13:50.560> its<00:13:50.800> way<00:13:51.200> and<00:13:51.440> pushing<00:13:51.760> Apotus 11:10.149 --> 11:10.159 align:start position:0% Apotus on its way and pushing Apotus 11:10.159 --> 11:13.349 align:start position:0% Apotus on its way and pushing Apotus into<00:13:52.800> a<00:13:53.120> highly<00:13:53.600> tilted<00:13:54.079> orbit.<00:13:55.200> Eventually, 11:13.349 --> 11:13.359 align:start position:0% into a highly tilted orbit. Eventually, 11:13.359 --> 11:15.829 align:start position:0% into a highly tilted orbit. Eventually, the<00:13:55.920> paths<00:13:56.240> of<00:13:56.320> the<00:13:56.480> two<00:13:56.720> proto<00:13:57.120> moons<00:13:57.440> crossed 11:15.829 --> 11:15.839 align:start position:0% the paths of the two proto moons crossed 11:15.839 --> 11:19.508 align:start position:0% the paths of the two proto moons crossed and<00:13:58.399> all<00:13:58.639> hell<00:13:59.120> broke<00:13:59.440> loose. 11:19.508 --> 11:19.518 align:start position:0% and all hell broke loose. 11:19.518 --> 11:21.748 align:start position:0% and all hell broke loose. The<00:14:02.000> Titan<00:14:02.399> we<00:14:02.560> observe<00:14:02.959> today<00:14:03.279> is<00:14:03.680> larger 11:21.748 --> 11:21.758 align:start position:0% The Titan we observe today is larger 11:21.758 --> 11:23.829 align:start position:0% The Titan we observe today is larger than<00:14:04.240> Mercury<00:14:04.800> and<00:14:05.040> is<00:14:05.279> Saturn's<00:14:05.839> biggest 11:23.829 --> 11:23.839 align:start position:0% than Mercury and is Saturn's biggest 11:23.839 --> 11:26.549 align:start position:0% than Mercury and is Saturn's biggest moon.<00:14:06.959> As<00:14:07.199> the<00:14:07.360> Cassini<00:14:07.839> spacecraft<00:14:08.399> passed 11:26.549 --> 11:26.559 align:start position:0% moon. As the Cassini spacecraft passed 11:26.559 --> 11:28.709 align:start position:0% moon. As the Cassini spacecraft passed and<00:14:09.199> delivered<00:14:09.600> the<00:14:09.760> aptly<00:14:10.160> named<00:14:10.560> Oygens's 11:28.709 --> 11:28.719 align:start position:0% and delivered the aptly named Oygens's 11:28.719 --> 11:31.029 align:start position:0% and delivered the aptly named Oygens's probe<00:14:11.279> to<00:14:11.440> its<00:14:11.680> surface,<00:14:12.399> Titan<00:14:12.880> was<00:14:13.040> revealed 11:31.029 --> 11:31.039 align:start position:0% probe to its surface, Titan was revealed 11:31.039 --> 11:33.909 align:start position:0% probe to its surface, Titan was revealed to<00:14:13.600> be<00:14:13.760> shrouded<00:14:14.320> in<00:14:14.560> a<00:14:14.800> thick<00:14:15.360> nitrogenrich 11:33.909 --> 11:33.919 align:start position:0% to be shrouded in a thick nitrogenrich 11:33.919 --> 11:37.829 align:start position:0% to be shrouded in a thick nitrogenrich haze.<00:14:17.279> Here,<00:14:18.079> methane<00:14:18.639> clouds<00:14:19.199> rain<00:14:19.519> down<00:14:19.920> to 11:37.829 --> 11:37.839 align:start position:0% haze. Here, methane clouds rain down to 11:37.839 --> 11:40.628 align:start position:0% haze. Here, methane clouds rain down to form<00:14:20.480> flowing<00:14:20.959> methane<00:14:21.440> rivers.<00:14:22.320> Its<00:14:22.639> surface 11:40.628 --> 11:40.638 align:start position:0% form flowing methane rivers. Its surface 11:40.638 --> 11:43.109 align:start position:0% form flowing methane rivers. Its surface geology<00:14:23.519> also<00:14:23.839> appears<00:14:24.160> to<00:14:24.320> be<00:14:24.480> unexpectedly 11:43.109 --> 11:43.119 align:start position:0% geology also appears to be unexpectedly 11:43.119 --> 11:46.068 align:start position:0% geology also appears to be unexpectedly young<00:14:25.920> with<00:14:26.320> few<00:14:26.720> impact<00:14:27.120> craters<00:14:27.839> suggesting 11:46.068 --> 11:46.078 align:start position:0% young with few impact craters suggesting 11:46.078 --> 11:47.989 align:start position:0% young with few impact craters suggesting it<00:14:28.560> had<00:14:28.800> been<00:14:29.040> resurfaced<00:14:29.680> in<00:14:29.839> its<00:14:30.079> recent 11:47.989 --> 11:47.999 align:start position:0% it had been resurfaced in its recent 11:47.999 --> 11:50.868 align:start position:0% it had been resurfaced in its recent past.<00:14:31.199> In<00:14:31.440> Chuck's<00:14:31.760> scenario,<00:14:32.720> when 11:50.868 --> 11:50.878 align:start position:0% past. In Chuck's scenario, when 11:50.878 --> 11:53.748 align:start position:0% past. In Chuck's scenario, when Prototitan<00:14:34.320> cataclysmically<00:14:35.360> collided<00:14:35.839> with 11:53.748 --> 11:53.758 align:start position:0% Prototitan cataclysmically collided with 11:53.758 --> 11:56.628 align:start position:0% Prototitan cataclysmically collided with Proto<00:14:36.560> Hyperion,<00:14:37.600> large<00:14:38.079> portions<00:14:38.560> of<00:14:38.720> it 11:56.628 --> 11:56.638 align:start position:0% Proto Hyperion, large portions of it 11:56.638 --> 11:59.029 align:start position:0% Proto Hyperion, large portions of it were<00:14:39.279> resurfaced,<00:14:40.320> smoothing<00:14:40.800> over<00:14:41.120> old 11:59.029 --> 11:59.039 align:start position:0% were resurfaced, smoothing over old 11:59.039 --> 12:01.429 align:start position:0% were resurfaced, smoothing over old craters<00:14:42.079> and<00:14:42.399> giving<00:14:42.720> it<00:14:43.120> the<00:14:43.360> lunar 12:01.429 --> 12:01.439 align:start position:0% craters and giving it the lunar 12:01.439 --> 12:03.989 align:start position:0% craters and giving it the lunar equivalent<00:14:44.240> of<00:14:44.480> a<00:14:44.639> facelift.<00:14:45.519> A<00:14:45.839> large 12:03.989 --> 12:03.999 align:start position:0% equivalent of a facelift. A large 12:03.999 --> 12:06.229 align:start position:0% equivalent of a facelift. A large proportion<00:14:46.800> of<00:14:46.959> protohyperion<00:14:48.000> merged<00:14:48.320> with 12:06.229 --> 12:06.239 align:start position:0% proportion of protohyperion merged with 12:06.239 --> 12:08.068 align:start position:0% proportion of protohyperion merged with Titan,<00:14:49.279> but<00:14:49.519> some<00:14:49.760> of<00:14:49.839> the<00:14:50.000> remaining 12:08.068 --> 12:08.078 align:start position:0% Titan, but some of the remaining 12:08.078 --> 12:10.469 align:start position:0% Titan, but some of the remaining fragments<00:14:50.880> accreted<00:14:51.440> to<00:14:51.600> form<00:14:51.920> Hyperion<00:14:52.560> as 12:10.469 --> 12:10.479 align:start position:0% fragments accreted to form Hyperion as 12:10.479 --> 12:13.109 align:start position:0% fragments accreted to form Hyperion as we<00:14:52.959> know<00:14:53.040> it<00:14:53.279> today.<00:14:54.399> The<00:14:54.639> outcome<00:14:54.959> for<00:14:55.199> this 12:13.109 --> 12:13.119 align:start position:0% we know it today. The outcome for this 12:13.119 --> 12:15.029 align:start position:0% we know it today. The outcome for this strange<00:14:55.839> little<00:14:56.079> moon<00:14:56.399> in<00:14:56.639> the<00:14:56.800> simulations 12:15.029 --> 12:15.039 align:start position:0% strange little moon in the simulations 12:15.039 --> 12:17.429 align:start position:0% strange little moon in the simulations is<00:14:57.680> consistent<00:14:58.160> with<00:14:58.399> observations,<00:14:59.440> most 12:17.429 --> 12:17.439 align:start position:0% is consistent with observations, most 12:17.439 --> 12:20.068 align:start position:0% is consistent with observations, most strikingly<00:15:00.399> that<00:15:00.639> it<00:15:00.800> seems<00:15:01.040> to<00:15:01.199> be<00:15:01.360> only<00:15:01.760> 400 12:20.068 --> 12:20.078 align:start position:0% strikingly that it seems to be only 400 12:20.078 --> 12:22.948 align:start position:0% strikingly that it seems to be only 400 to<00:15:02.720> 500<00:15:03.199> million<00:15:03.600> years<00:15:03.760> old.<00:15:04.480> Its<00:15:04.720> irregular 12:22.948 --> 12:22.958 align:start position:0% to 500 million years old. Its irregular 12:22.958 --> 12:24.948 align:start position:0% to 500 million years old. Its irregular shape<00:15:05.600> and<00:15:05.920> low<00:15:06.160> density<00:15:06.639> are<00:15:06.880> consistent 12:24.948 --> 12:24.958 align:start position:0% shape and low density are consistent 12:24.958 --> 12:27.188 align:start position:0% shape and low density are consistent with<00:15:07.519> a<00:15:07.680> body<00:15:07.920> that<00:15:08.160> formed<00:15:08.560> from<00:15:08.959> loosely 12:27.188 --> 12:27.198 align:start position:0% with a body that formed from loosely 12:27.198 --> 12:30.068 align:start position:0% with a body that formed from loosely bound<00:15:09.839> debris.<00:15:10.720> Its<00:15:11.040> chaotic<00:15:11.519> rotation<00:15:12.000> is<00:15:12.240> a 12:30.068 --> 12:30.078 align:start position:0% bound debris. Its chaotic rotation is a 12:30.078 --> 12:32.389 align:start position:0% bound debris. Its chaotic rotation is a result<00:15:12.560> of<00:15:12.720> the<00:15:12.959> momentum<00:15:13.279> of<00:15:13.440> the<00:15:13.600> collision. 12:32.389 --> 12:32.399 align:start position:0% result of the momentum of the collision. 12:32.399 --> 12:34.709 align:start position:0% result of the momentum of the collision. Not<00:15:15.040> long<00:15:15.360> after<00:15:15.680> its<00:15:15.920> creation,<00:15:16.639> it<00:15:16.880> was 12:34.709 --> 12:34.719 align:start position:0% Not long after its creation, it was 12:34.719 --> 12:37.349 align:start position:0% Not long after its creation, it was captured<00:15:17.440> by<00:15:17.600> Titan<00:15:18.320> and<00:15:18.480> the<00:15:18.720> two<00:15:19.040> are<00:15:19.199> now<00:15:19.440> in 12:37.349 --> 12:37.359 align:start position:0% captured by Titan and the two are now in 12:37.359 --> 12:41.269 align:start position:0% captured by Titan and the two are now in a<00:15:19.920> 43<00:15:20.800> resonance.<00:15:22.000> As<00:15:22.240> for<00:15:22.480> Titan,<00:15:23.120> the<00:15:23.360> force 12:41.269 --> 12:41.279 align:start position:0% a 43 resonance. As for Titan, the force 12:41.279 --> 12:43.429 align:start position:0% a 43 resonance. As for Titan, the force of<00:15:23.760> the<00:15:23.920> collision<00:15:24.320> pushed<00:15:24.639> it<00:15:24.800> into<00:15:25.040> a<00:15:25.279> highly 12:43.429 --> 12:43.439 align:start position:0% of the collision pushed it into a highly 12:43.439 --> 12:45.669 align:start position:0% of the collision pushed it into a highly elliptical<00:15:26.240> orbit,<00:15:26.959> a<00:15:27.199> process<00:15:27.519> that<00:15:27.760> had 12:45.669 --> 12:45.679 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit, a process that had 12:45.679 --> 12:47.429 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit, a process that had started<00:15:28.399> as<00:15:28.639> soon<00:15:28.720> as<00:15:28.880> it<00:15:29.040> became<00:15:29.360> resonant 12:47.429 --> 12:47.439 align:start position:0% started as soon as it became resonant 12:47.439 --> 12:50.149 align:start position:0% started as soon as it became resonant with<00:15:30.079> Proto<00:15:30.480> Hyperion<00:15:31.360> and<00:15:31.600> accelerated 12:50.149 --> 12:50.159 align:start position:0% with Proto Hyperion and accelerated 12:50.159 --> 12:53.109 align:start position:0% with Proto Hyperion and accelerated after<00:15:32.800> the<00:15:32.959> collision.<00:15:34.240> As<00:15:34.480> with<00:15:34.720> our<00:15:34.959> own 12:53.109 --> 12:53.119 align:start position:0% after the collision. As with our own 12:53.119 --> 12:55.589 align:start position:0% after the collision. As with our own moon<00:15:35.680> and<00:15:35.920> Earth,<00:15:36.560> tidal<00:15:37.120> interactions<00:15:37.680> are 12:55.589 --> 12:55.599 align:start position:0% moon and Earth, tidal interactions are 12:55.599 --> 12:59.029 align:start position:0% moon and Earth, tidal interactions are pushing<00:15:38.320> Titan<00:15:38.800> away<00:15:39.040> from<00:15:39.360> Saturn.<00:15:40.720> But 12:59.029 --> 12:59.039 align:start position:0% pushing Titan away from Saturn. But 12:59.039 --> 13:01.589 align:start position:0% pushing Titan away from Saturn. But here's<00:15:41.680> another<00:15:41.920> twist.<00:15:42.959> Cassini<00:15:43.519> data 13:01.589 --> 13:01.599 align:start position:0% here's another twist. Cassini data 13:01.599 --> 13:03.349 align:start position:0% here's another twist. Cassini data revealed<00:15:44.480> this<00:15:44.800> outward<00:15:45.199> journey<00:15:45.440> is 13:03.349 --> 13:03.359 align:start position:0% revealed this outward journey is 13:03.359 --> 13:05.748 align:start position:0% revealed this outward journey is happening<00:15:46.160> much<00:15:46.560> faster<00:15:46.959> than<00:15:47.199> predicted<00:15:47.839> at 13:05.748 --> 13:05.758 align:start position:0% happening much faster than predicted at 13:05.758 --> 13:09.589 align:start position:0% happening much faster than predicted at a<00:15:48.240> rate<00:15:48.480> of<00:15:48.720> approximately<00:15:49.600> 11<00:15:50.000> cm<00:15:50.560> a<00:15:50.800> year.<00:15:51.680> A 13:09.589 --> 13:09.599 align:start position:0% a rate of approximately 11 cm a year. A 13:09.599 --> 13:12.229 align:start position:0% a rate of approximately 11 cm a year. A large<00:15:52.160> collision<00:15:52.800> as<00:15:53.040> modeled<00:15:53.440> by<00:15:53.600> Chuck<00:15:54.240> can 13:12.229 --> 13:12.239 align:start position:0% large collision as modeled by Chuck can 13:12.239 --> 13:14.628 align:start position:0% large collision as modeled by Chuck can account<00:15:54.880> for<00:15:55.120> this.<00:15:56.000> And<00:15:56.160> the<00:15:56.399> impact<00:15:56.639> of<00:15:56.800> the 13:14.628 --> 13:14.638 align:start position:0% account for this. And the impact of the 13:14.638 --> 13:17.109 align:start position:0% account for this. And the impact of the newly<00:15:57.279> enlarged<00:15:57.680> Titan<00:15:58.079> goes<00:15:58.480> even<00:15:58.800> further. 13:17.109 --> 13:17.119 align:start position:0% newly enlarged Titan goes even further. 13:17.119 --> 13:19.508 align:start position:0% newly enlarged Titan goes even further. As<00:15:59.680> its<00:15:59.839> orbit<00:16:00.160> changed<00:16:00.480> shape<00:16:00.639> and<00:16:00.880> grew,<00:16:01.519> it 13:19.508 --> 13:19.518 align:start position:0% As its orbit changed shape and grew, it 13:19.518 --> 13:21.589 align:start position:0% As its orbit changed shape and grew, it swept<00:16:02.320> through<00:16:02.560> the<00:16:02.800> Saturnian<00:16:03.360> system, 13:21.589 --> 13:21.599 align:start position:0% swept through the Saturnian system, 13:21.599 --> 13:24.389 align:start position:0% swept through the Saturnian system, wreaking<00:16:04.399> gravitational<00:16:05.199> havoc<00:16:05.920> even<00:16:06.320> on<00:16:06.560> the 13:24.389 --> 13:24.399 align:start position:0% wreaking gravitational havoc even on the 13:24.399 --> 13:27.589 align:start position:0% wreaking gravitational havoc even on the giant<00:16:07.199> Saturn<00:16:07.680> itself.<00:16:08.880> As<00:16:09.120> we've<00:16:09.360> explored, 13:27.589 --> 13:27.599 align:start position:0% giant Saturn itself. As we've explored, 13:27.599 --> 13:29.669 align:start position:0% giant Saturn itself. As we've explored, resonances<00:16:10.560> between<00:16:10.880> objects<00:16:11.279> are<00:16:11.519> hugely 13:29.669 --> 13:29.679 align:start position:0% resonances between objects are hugely 13:29.679 --> 13:31.748 align:start position:0% resonances between objects are hugely important<00:16:12.399> in<00:16:12.639> space.<00:16:13.279> And<00:16:13.440> they<00:16:13.600> don't<00:16:13.839> just 13:31.748 --> 13:31.758 align:start position:0% important in space. And they don't just 13:31.758 --> 13:34.068 align:start position:0% important in space. And they don't just occur<00:16:14.399> when<00:16:14.639> orbits<00:16:15.040> align.<00:16:15.759> They<00:16:15.920> can<00:16:16.160> also 13:34.068 --> 13:34.078 align:start position:0% occur when orbits align. They can also 13:34.078 --> 13:36.868 align:start position:0% occur when orbits align. They can also link<00:16:16.639> the<00:16:16.800> orbit<00:16:17.199> of<00:16:17.360> one<00:16:17.680> body<00:16:18.240> to<00:16:18.480> the<00:16:18.720> spin 13:36.868 --> 13:36.878 align:start position:0% link the orbit of one body to the spin 13:36.878 --> 13:39.508 align:start position:0% link the orbit of one body to the spin of<00:16:19.440> another.<00:16:20.560> Planets<00:16:21.040> aren't<00:16:21.440> perfect 13:39.508 --> 13:39.518 align:start position:0% of another. Planets aren't perfect 13:39.518 --> 13:41.508 align:start position:0% of another. Planets aren't perfect spheres.<00:16:22.560> The<00:16:22.720> influence<00:16:23.120> of<00:16:23.279> the<00:16:23.440> sun<00:16:23.680> and 13:41.508 --> 13:41.518 align:start position:0% spheres. The influence of the sun and 13:41.518 --> 13:43.829 align:start position:0% spheres. The influence of the sun and their<00:16:24.079> moons<00:16:24.560> flatten<00:16:25.040> them<00:16:25.199> into<00:16:25.600> oblate 13:43.829 --> 13:43.839 align:start position:0% their moons flatten them into oblate 13:43.839 --> 13:46.229 align:start position:0% their moons flatten them into oblate spheroids.<00:16:27.360> This<00:16:27.600> also<00:16:27.920> causes<00:16:28.240> them<00:16:28.399> to 13:46.229 --> 13:46.239 align:start position:0% spheroids. This also causes them to 13:46.239 --> 13:48.549 align:start position:0% spheroids. This also causes them to wobble<00:16:28.959> as<00:16:29.199> they<00:16:29.360> spin<00:16:29.600> on<00:16:29.759> their<00:16:29.920> axis<00:16:30.480> like<00:16:30.720> a 13:48.549 --> 13:48.559 align:start position:0% wobble as they spin on their axis like a 13:48.559 --> 13:51.029 align:start position:0% wobble as they spin on their axis like a child's<00:16:31.279> spinning<00:16:31.600> top.<00:16:32.320> This<00:16:32.560> wobble<00:16:33.120> is 13:51.029 --> 13:51.039 align:start position:0% child's spinning top. This wobble is 13:51.039 --> 13:53.428 align:start position:0% child's spinning top. This wobble is called<00:16:33.839> procession.<00:16:35.120> Following<00:16:35.519> the 13:53.428 --> 13:53.438 align:start position:0% called procession. Following the 13:53.438 --> 13:55.748 align:start position:0% called procession. Following the collision,<00:16:36.399> Titan's<00:16:36.959> rapidly<00:16:37.519> enlarging 13:55.748 --> 13:55.758 align:start position:0% collision, Titan's rapidly enlarging 13:55.758 --> 13:58.469 align:start position:0% collision, Titan's rapidly enlarging orbit<00:16:38.720> changed<00:16:39.279> Saturn's<00:16:39.839> procession, 13:58.469 --> 13:58.479 align:start position:0% orbit changed Saturn's procession, 13:58.479 --> 14:01.508 align:start position:0% orbit changed Saturn's procession, causing<00:16:41.120> it<00:16:41.279> to<00:16:41.360> wobble<00:16:41.920> faster<00:16:42.399> and<00:16:42.720> faster. 14:01.508 --> 14:01.518 align:start position:0% causing it to wobble faster and faster. 14:01.518 --> 14:04.308 align:start position:0% causing it to wobble faster and faster. This<00:16:44.240> pushed<00:16:44.720> Saturn's<00:16:45.199> axle<00:16:45.680> spin<00:16:46.240> into 14:04.308 --> 14:04.318 align:start position:0% This pushed Saturn's axle spin into 14:04.318 --> 14:07.669 align:start position:0% This pushed Saturn's axle spin into resonance<00:16:47.440> with<00:16:47.920> Neptune's<00:16:48.639> orbit.<00:16:49.600> The<00:16:49.839> only 14:07.669 --> 14:07.679 align:start position:0% resonance with Neptune's orbit. The only 14:07.679 --> 14:09.428 align:start position:0% resonance with Neptune's orbit. The only way<00:16:50.160> that<00:16:50.320> this<00:16:50.560> lock<00:16:50.880> could<00:16:51.040> be<00:16:51.199> maintained 14:09.428 --> 14:09.438 align:start position:0% way that this lock could be maintained 14:09.438 --> 14:12.229 align:start position:0% way that this lock could be maintained as<00:16:52.160> Titan<00:16:52.639> continued<00:16:53.040> to<00:16:53.199> pull<00:16:53.440> away<00:16:54.000> was<00:16:54.320> for 14:12.229 --> 14:12.239 align:start position:0% as Titan continued to pull away was for 14:12.239 --> 14:15.669 align:start position:0% as Titan continued to pull away was for Saturn<00:16:55.199> to<00:16:55.440> tilt<00:16:55.839> onto<00:16:56.160> its<00:16:56.399> side.<00:16:57.600> Due<00:16:57.839> to 14:15.669 --> 14:15.679 align:start position:0% Saturn to tilt onto its side. Due to 14:15.679 --> 14:17.829 align:start position:0% Saturn to tilt onto its side. Due to their<00:16:58.160> formation<00:16:58.720> process,<00:16:59.440> giant<00:16:59.759> planets 14:17.829 --> 14:17.839 align:start position:0% their formation process, giant planets 14:17.839 --> 14:20.549 align:start position:0% their formation process, giant planets are<00:17:00.320> expected<00:17:00.639> to<00:17:00.880> have<00:17:01.199> close<00:17:01.519> to<00:17:01.680> zero<00:17:02.160> tilt. 14:20.549 --> 14:20.559 align:start position:0% are expected to have close to zero tilt. 14:20.559 --> 14:23.348 align:start position:0% are expected to have close to zero tilt. So<00:17:03.199> Saturn's<00:17:04.000> 27° 14:23.348 --> 14:23.358 align:start position:0% So Saturn's 27° 14:23.358 --> 14:25.508 align:start position:0% So Saturn's 27° has<00:17:05.919> been<00:17:06.079> a<00:17:06.319> puzzling<00:17:06.799> anomaly<00:17:07.280> for<00:17:07.520> some 14:25.508 --> 14:25.518 align:start position:0% has been a puzzling anomaly for some 14:25.518 --> 14:28.228 align:start position:0% has been a puzzling anomaly for some time.<00:17:08.640> This<00:17:08.880> scenario<00:17:09.520> modeled<00:17:09.839> by<00:17:10.000> the<00:17:10.160> SETI 14:28.228 --> 14:28.238 align:start position:0% time. This scenario modeled by the SETI 14:28.238 --> 14:30.628 align:start position:0% time. This scenario modeled by the SETI team<00:17:11.039> is<00:17:11.280> one<00:17:11.520> of<00:17:11.600> the<00:17:11.839> most<00:17:12.160> convincing<00:17:12.720> to 14:30.628 --> 14:30.638 align:start position:0% team is one of the most convincing to 14:30.638 --> 14:33.829 align:start position:0% team is one of the most convincing to date<00:17:13.360> to<00:17:13.679> explain<00:17:14.079> it. 14:33.829 --> 14:33.839 align:start position:0% date to explain it. 14:33.839 --> 14:36.708 align:start position:0% date to explain it. For<00:17:16.480> around<00:17:17.039> 200<00:17:17.600> million<00:17:18.000> years<00:17:18.240> or<00:17:18.480> so,<00:17:18.880> the 14:36.708 --> 14:36.718 align:start position:0% For around 200 million years or so, the 14:36.718 --> 14:39.269 align:start position:0% For around 200 million years or so, the Saturnian<00:17:19.679> system<00:17:20.079> stabilized.<00:17:21.120> But<00:17:21.280> as 14:39.269 --> 14:39.279 align:start position:0% Saturnian system stabilized. But as 14:39.279 --> 14:42.389 align:start position:0% Saturnian system stabilized. But as Titan's<00:17:22.240> inexorable<00:17:23.039> pull<00:17:23.360> away<00:17:23.760> continued, 14:42.389 --> 14:42.399 align:start position:0% Titan's inexorable pull away continued, 14:42.399 --> 14:44.468 align:start position:0% Titan's inexorable pull away continued, it<00:17:24.959> wasn't<00:17:25.280> long<00:17:25.520> before<00:17:25.839> it<00:17:26.079> caused<00:17:26.480> more 14:44.468 --> 14:44.478 align:start position:0% it wasn't long before it caused more 14:44.478 --> 14:47.989 align:start position:0% it wasn't long before it caused more damage.<00:17:28.079> About<00:17:28.559> 100<00:17:29.039> million<00:17:29.360> years<00:17:29.520> ago,<00:17:30.080> its 14:47.989 --> 14:47.999 align:start position:0% damage. About 100 million years ago, its 14:47.999 --> 14:50.949 align:start position:0% damage. About 100 million years ago, its orbit<00:17:30.720> became<00:17:31.039> locked<00:17:31.360> into<00:17:31.840> a<00:17:32.160> 4-1<00:17:32.720> resonance 14:50.949 --> 14:50.959 align:start position:0% orbit became locked into a 4-1 resonance 14:50.959 --> 14:53.749 align:start position:0% orbit became locked into a 4-1 resonance with<00:17:33.600> one<00:17:33.919> of<00:17:34.240> two<00:17:34.640> inner<00:17:34.960> moons.<00:17:35.840> This 14:53.749 --> 14:53.759 align:start position:0% with one of two inner moons. This 14:53.759 --> 14:56.389 align:start position:0% with one of two inner moons. This relationship<00:17:36.880> tilted<00:17:37.360> Titan<00:17:38.000> and<00:17:38.320> shifted 14:56.389 --> 14:56.399 align:start position:0% relationship tilted Titan and shifted 14:56.399 --> 14:58.389 align:start position:0% relationship tilted Titan and shifted the<00:17:38.880> orbits<00:17:39.280> of<00:17:39.360> the<00:17:39.520> inner<00:17:39.840> moon<00:17:40.080> pair, 14:58.389 --> 14:58.399 align:start position:0% the orbits of the inner moon pair, 14:58.399 --> 15:01.509 align:start position:0% the orbits of the inner moon pair, leading<00:17:41.360> to<00:17:41.600> their<00:17:41.919> collision.<00:17:43.120> The<00:17:43.360> force<00:17:43.679> of 15:01.509 --> 15:01.519 align:start position:0% leading to their collision. The force of 15:01.519 --> 15:03.348 align:start position:0% leading to their collision. The force of the<00:17:44.080> crash<00:17:44.400> and<00:17:44.559> the<00:17:44.720> tidal<00:17:45.200> influence<00:17:45.520> of 15:03.348 --> 15:03.358 align:start position:0% the crash and the tidal influence of 15:03.358 --> 15:06.309 align:start position:0% the crash and the tidal influence of Saturn<00:17:46.480> tore<00:17:46.799> the<00:17:47.039> inner<00:17:47.280> moons<00:17:47.679> apart, 15:06.309 --> 15:06.319 align:start position:0% Saturn tore the inner moons apart, 15:06.319 --> 15:09.109 align:start position:0% Saturn tore the inner moons apart, producing<00:17:49.280> vast<00:17:49.760> amounts<00:17:50.080> of<00:17:50.240> debris.<00:17:51.120> Over 15:09.109 --> 15:09.119 align:start position:0% producing vast amounts of debris. Over 15:09.119 --> 15:11.029 align:start position:0% producing vast amounts of debris. Over time,<00:17:51.679> some<00:17:51.919> material<00:17:52.400> accreted<00:17:52.960> into<00:17:53.120> new 15:11.029 --> 15:11.039 align:start position:0% time, some material accreted into new 15:11.039 --> 15:14.149 align:start position:0% time, some material accreted into new moons,<00:17:54.160> some<00:17:54.480> was<00:17:54.720> lost,<00:17:55.520> and<00:17:55.679> the<00:17:55.919> rest 15:14.149 --> 15:14.159 align:start position:0% moons, some was lost, and the rest 15:14.159 --> 15:16.869 align:start position:0% moons, some was lost, and the rest spread<00:17:56.960> into<00:17:57.200> the<00:17:57.440> thin<00:17:57.919> orbiting<00:17:58.400> disc<00:17:58.880> we 15:16.869 --> 15:16.879 align:start position:0% spread into the thin orbiting disc we 15:16.879 --> 15:20.309 align:start position:0% spread into the thin orbiting disc we recognize<00:17:59.760> as<00:18:00.000> Saturn's<00:18:00.559> iconic<00:18:01.039> rings.<00:18:02.080> That 15:20.309 --> 15:20.319 align:start position:0% recognize as Saturn's iconic rings. That 15:20.319 --> 15:23.348 align:start position:0% recognize as Saturn's iconic rings. That is<00:18:02.880> how<00:18:03.200> they<00:18:03.520> came<00:18:03.679> to<00:18:03.919> be,<00:18:04.400> and<00:18:04.720> that<00:18:05.200> is<00:18:05.360> why 15:23.348 --> 15:23.358 align:start position:0% is how they came to be, and that is why 15:23.358 --> 15:26.708 align:start position:0% is how they came to be, and that is why they<00:18:05.919> are<00:18:06.160> so<00:18:06.400> young. 15:26.708 --> 15:26.718 align:start position:0% they are so young. 15:26.718 --> 15:29.269 align:start position:0% they are so young. And<00:18:09.360> as<00:18:09.600> this<00:18:09.919> story<00:18:10.160> comes<00:18:10.480> full<00:18:10.799> circle, 15:29.269 --> 15:29.279 align:start position:0% And as this story comes full circle, 15:29.279 --> 15:31.829 align:start position:0% And as this story comes full circle, let's<00:18:11.919> take<00:18:12.240> stock.<00:18:13.120> The<00:18:13.360> tilted<00:18:13.679> orbit<00:18:14.000> of 15:31.829 --> 15:31.839 align:start position:0% let's take stock. The tilted orbit of 15:31.839 --> 15:34.468 align:start position:0% let's take stock. The tilted orbit of Ipotus,<00:18:15.120> the<00:18:15.360> unusual<00:18:15.919> age<00:18:16.240> and<00:18:16.480> shape<00:18:16.640> of 15:34.468 --> 15:34.478 align:start position:0% Ipotus, the unusual age and shape of 15:34.478 --> 15:37.348 align:start position:0% Ipotus, the unusual age and shape of Hyperion,<00:18:17.919> Titan's<00:18:18.480> thick<00:18:18.799> atmosphere, 15:37.348 --> 15:37.358 align:start position:0% Hyperion, Titan's thick atmosphere, 15:37.358 --> 15:39.749 align:start position:0% Hyperion, Titan's thick atmosphere, youthful<00:18:20.160> surface,<00:18:20.799> and<00:18:21.039> its<00:18:21.360> expanding 15:39.749 --> 15:39.759 align:start position:0% youthful surface, and its expanding 15:39.759 --> 15:42.629 align:start position:0% youthful surface, and its expanding elliptical<00:18:22.640> orbit,<00:18:23.679> Saturn's<00:18:24.160> tilt<00:18:24.559> and<00:18:24.799> the 15:42.629 --> 15:42.639 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit, Saturn's tilt and the 15:42.639 --> 15:45.029 align:start position:0% elliptical orbit, Saturn's tilt and the way<00:18:25.039> it<00:18:25.280> wobbles<00:18:25.679> on<00:18:25.840> its<00:18:26.080> axis,<00:18:26.880> and<00:18:27.120> of 15:45.029 --> 15:45.039 align:start position:0% way it wobbles on its axis, and of 15:45.039 --> 15:48.389 align:start position:0% way it wobbles on its axis, and of course,<00:18:27.919> the<00:18:28.160> stunning<00:18:28.559> rings.<00:18:29.679> All<00:18:30.000> part<00:18:30.480> of 15:48.389 --> 15:48.399 align:start position:0% course, the stunning rings. All part of 15:48.399 --> 15:52.149 align:start position:0% course, the stunning rings. All part of the<00:18:30.960> same<00:18:31.360> violent<00:18:31.840> story,<00:18:32.960> all<00:18:33.520> driven<00:18:34.080> by 15:52.149 --> 15:52.159 align:start position:0% the same violent story, all driven by 15:52.159 --> 15:53.669 align:start position:0% the same violent story, all driven by Titan. 15:53.669 --> 15:53.679 align:start position:0% Titan. 15:53.679 --> 15:55.509 align:start position:0% Titan. This<00:18:36.240> model<00:18:36.640> is<00:18:36.880> the<00:18:37.120> first<00:18:37.360> to<00:18:37.679> bring 15:55.509 --> 15:55.519 align:start position:0% This model is the first to bring 15:55.519 --> 15:57.669 align:start position:0% This model is the first to bring together<00:18:38.240> so<00:18:38.640> many<00:18:38.880> anomalous<00:18:39.520> observations 15:57.669 --> 15:57.679 align:start position:0% together so many anomalous observations 15:57.679 --> 16:00.549 align:start position:0% together so many anomalous observations of<00:18:40.240> Saturn<00:18:40.720> into<00:18:40.960> a<00:18:41.200> single<00:18:41.520> scenario.<00:18:42.480> It's<00:18:42.720> a 16:00.549 --> 16:00.559 align:start position:0% of Saturn into a single scenario. It's a 16:00.559 --> 16:02.789 align:start position:0% of Saturn into a single scenario. It's a bold<00:18:43.120> idea,<00:18:43.840> and<00:18:44.080> what<00:18:44.320> comes<00:18:44.559> next<00:18:44.799> is 16:02.789 --> 16:02.799 align:start position:0% bold idea, and what comes next is 16:02.799 --> 16:07.109 align:start position:0% bold idea, and what comes next is whether<00:18:45.679> it<00:18:46.000> can<00:18:46.160> be<00:18:46.320> confirmed. 16:07.109 --> 16:07.119 align:start position:0% 16:07.119 --> 16:08.389 align:start position:0% Thankfully,<00:18:49.919> a<00:18:50.080> new<00:18:50.240> mission<00:18:50.480> to<00:18:50.640> the 16:08.389 --> 16:08.399 align:start position:0% Thankfully, a new mission to the 16:08.399 --> 16:10.468 align:start position:0% Thankfully, a new mission to the Saturnian<00:18:51.360> system<00:18:51.600> is<00:18:51.919> already<00:18:52.320> in<00:18:52.559> the 16:10.468 --> 16:10.478 align:start position:0% Saturnian system is already in the 16:10.478 --> 16:13.109 align:start position:0% Saturnian system is already in the works.<00:18:53.600> NASA's<00:18:54.080> Dragonfly<00:18:54.720> mission<00:18:54.960> plans<00:18:55.280> to 16:13.109 --> 16:13.119 align:start position:0% works. NASA's Dragonfly mission plans to 16:13.119 --> 16:16.389 align:start position:0% works. NASA's Dragonfly mission plans to send<00:18:55.679> a<00:18:56.000> nuclearpowered<00:18:57.280> car-sized<00:18:58.240> rotor 16:16.389 --> 16:16.399 align:start position:0% send a nuclearpowered car-sized rotor 16:16.399 --> 16:19.189 align:start position:0% send a nuclearpowered car-sized rotor craft<00:18:59.200> to<00:18:59.440> Titan.<00:19:00.480> It<00:19:00.720> will<00:19:00.880> have<00:19:01.039> the<00:19:01.200> ability 16:19.189 --> 16:19.199 align:start position:0% craft to Titan. It will have the ability 16:19.199 --> 16:21.829 align:start position:0% craft to Titan. It will have the ability to<00:19:01.760> fly<00:19:02.160> and<00:19:02.480> land<00:19:02.720> on<00:19:02.880> the<00:19:03.039> moon's<00:19:03.360> surface, 16:21.829 --> 16:21.839 align:start position:0% to fly and land on the moon's surface, 16:21.839 --> 16:24.069 align:start position:0% to fly and land on the moon's surface, collecting<00:19:04.720> and<00:19:04.960> analyzing<00:19:05.600> samples<00:19:06.080> from 16:24.069 --> 16:24.079 align:start position:0% collecting and analyzing samples from 16:24.079 --> 16:26.789 align:start position:0% collecting and analyzing samples from multiple<00:19:06.880> locations.<00:19:08.000> Kitted<00:19:08.400> out<00:19:08.640> with<00:19:08.880> an 16:26.789 --> 16:26.799 align:start position:0% multiple locations. Kitted out with an 16:26.799 --> 16:29.029 align:start position:0% multiple locations. Kitted out with an array<00:19:09.520> of<00:19:09.840> onboard<00:19:10.400> instruments<00:19:10.799> to<00:19:11.039> test 16:29.029 --> 16:29.039 align:start position:0% array of onboard instruments to test 16:29.039 --> 16:31.029 align:start position:0% array of onboard instruments to test Titan's<00:19:11.919> surface<00:19:12.320> and<00:19:12.720> atmospheric 16:31.029 --> 16:31.039 align:start position:0% Titan's surface and atmospheric 16:31.039 --> 16:33.348 align:start position:0% Titan's surface and atmospheric chemistry,<00:19:14.400> it<00:19:14.640> has<00:19:14.799> the<00:19:15.039> potential<00:19:15.440> to 16:33.348 --> 16:33.358 align:start position:0% chemistry, it has the potential to 16:33.358 --> 16:35.269 align:start position:0% chemistry, it has the potential to provide<00:19:16.080> evidence<00:19:16.480> of<00:19:16.960> historical 16:35.269 --> 16:35.279 align:start position:0% provide evidence of historical 16:35.279 --> 16:37.909 align:start position:0% provide evidence of historical resurfacing.<00:19:18.960> Scheduled<00:19:19.360> to<00:19:19.520> launch<00:19:19.840> in 16:37.909 --> 16:37.919 align:start position:0% resurfacing. Scheduled to launch in 16:37.919 --> 16:42.869 align:start position:0% resurfacing. Scheduled to launch in 2028,<00:19:21.280> it<00:19:21.440> will<00:19:21.679> reach<00:19:21.919> Titan<00:19:22.559> in<00:19:22.880> late<00:19:23.360> 2034. 16:42.869 --> 16:42.879 align:start position:0% 2028, it will reach Titan in late 2034. 16:42.879 --> 16:45.509 align:start position:0% 2028, it will reach Titan in late 2034. Chuk<00:19:25.600> and<00:19:25.840> his<00:19:26.160> co-authors<00:19:26.880> concluded<00:19:27.520> their 16:45.509 --> 16:45.519 align:start position:0% Chuk and his co-authors concluded their 16:45.519 --> 16:47.909 align:start position:0% Chuk and his co-authors concluded their astonishing<00:19:28.480> paper<00:19:29.120> with<00:19:29.280> a<00:19:29.520> nod<00:19:29.760> to<00:19:30.000> this 16:47.909 --> 16:47.919 align:start position:0% astonishing paper with a nod to this 16:47.919 --> 16:50.629 align:start position:0% astonishing paper with a nod to this future<00:19:30.559> mission.<00:19:31.360> They<00:19:31.679> note<00:19:32.000> that<00:19:32.480> even<00:19:32.720> if 16:50.629 --> 16:50.639 align:start position:0% future mission. They note that even if 16:50.639 --> 16:52.629 align:start position:0% future mission. They note that even if the<00:19:33.200> specific<00:19:33.679> sequence<00:19:34.000> of<00:19:34.160> events<00:19:34.400> they<00:19:34.880> lay 16:52.629 --> 16:52.639 align:start position:0% the specific sequence of events they lay 16:52.639 --> 16:55.269 align:start position:0% the specific sequence of events they lay out<00:19:35.200> is<00:19:35.520> not<00:19:35.840> confirmed,<00:19:36.799> they<00:19:37.039> think<00:19:37.280> their 16:55.269 --> 16:55.279 align:start position:0% out is not confirmed, they think their 16:55.279 --> 16:57.909 align:start position:0% out is not confirmed, they think their work<00:19:37.840> can<00:19:38.080> frame<00:19:38.480> new<00:19:38.799> hypothesis<00:19:39.679> about<00:19:40.000> the 16:57.909 --> 16:57.919 align:start position:0% work can frame new hypothesis about the 16:57.919 --> 17:00.228 align:start position:0% work can frame new hypothesis about the evolution<00:19:40.640> of<00:19:40.880> Saturn's<00:19:41.520> complex<00:19:42.000> satellite 17:00.228 --> 17:00.238 align:start position:0% evolution of Saturn's complex satellite 17:00.238 --> 17:03.029 align:start position:0% evolution of Saturn's complex satellite system.<00:19:43.440> To<00:19:43.679> me,<00:19:44.000> that<00:19:44.480> underlines<00:19:45.039> something 17:03.029 --> 17:03.039 align:start position:0% system. To me, that underlines something 17:03.039 --> 17:05.749 align:start position:0% system. To me, that underlines something central<00:19:45.679> to<00:19:45.919> the<00:19:46.080> scientific<00:19:46.559> process.<00:19:47.760> None 17:05.749 --> 17:05.759 align:start position:0% central to the scientific process. None 17:05.759 --> 17:07.429 align:start position:0% central to the scientific process. None of<00:19:48.240> the<00:19:48.480> underlying<00:19:48.960> physics<00:19:49.360> in<00:19:49.600> this 17:07.429 --> 17:07.439 align:start position:0% of the underlying physics in this 17:07.439 --> 17:10.069 align:start position:0% of the underlying physics in this remarkable<00:19:50.320> study<00:19:50.559> is<00:19:50.799> new.<00:19:51.520> Resonance, 17:10.069 --> 17:10.079 align:start position:0% remarkable study is new. Resonance, 17:10.079 --> 17:12.309 align:start position:0% remarkable study is new. Resonance, procession,<00:19:53.039> and<00:19:53.200> tidal<00:19:53.600> forces<00:19:54.000> are<00:19:54.320> all 17:12.309 --> 17:12.319 align:start position:0% procession, and tidal forces are all 17:12.319 --> 17:14.708 align:start position:0% procession, and tidal forces are all very<00:19:54.960> well<00:19:55.200> understood.<00:19:56.240> But<00:19:56.400> what<00:19:56.640> the<00:19:56.799> team 17:14.708 --> 17:14.718 align:start position:0% very well understood. But what the team 17:14.718 --> 17:17.109 align:start position:0% very well understood. But what the team have<00:19:57.280> done<00:19:57.679> is<00:19:58.000> show<00:19:58.160> us<00:19:58.400> how<00:19:58.799> elegantly 17:17.109 --> 17:17.119 align:start position:0% have done is show us how elegantly 17:17.119 --> 17:19.989 align:start position:0% have done is show us how elegantly interconnected<00:20:00.240> these<00:20:00.640> processes<00:20:01.200> can<00:20:01.440> be. 17:19.989 --> 17:19.999 align:start position:0% interconnected these processes can be. 17:19.999 --> 17:22.549 align:start position:0% interconnected these processes can be. As<00:20:02.559> for<00:20:02.880> Saturn's<00:20:03.360> rings,<00:20:04.000> Cassini's<00:20:04.640> last 17:22.549 --> 17:22.559 align:start position:0% As for Saturn's rings, Cassini's last 17:22.559 --> 17:25.029 align:start position:0% As for Saturn's rings, Cassini's last act<00:20:05.280> was<00:20:05.520> to<00:20:05.760> dive<00:20:06.240> repeatedly<00:20:06.880> through<00:20:07.200> the 17:25.029 --> 17:25.039 align:start position:0% act was to dive repeatedly through the 17:25.039 --> 17:27.588 align:start position:0% act was to dive repeatedly through the gap<00:20:07.679> between<00:20:08.000> its<00:20:08.320> clouds<00:20:08.720> and<00:20:08.880> inner<00:20:09.280> rings 17:27.588 --> 17:27.598 align:start position:0% gap between its clouds and inner rings 17:27.598 --> 17:29.829 align:start position:0% gap between its clouds and inner rings before<00:20:10.320> finally<00:20:10.880> plunging<00:20:11.360> into<00:20:11.679> the<00:20:11.840> planet 17:29.829 --> 17:29.839 align:start position:0% before finally plunging into the planet 17:29.839 --> 17:32.708 align:start position:0% before finally plunging into the planet itself.<00:20:13.200> These<00:20:13.520> observations<00:20:14.240> revealed<00:20:14.799> that 17:32.708 --> 17:32.718 align:start position:0% itself. These observations revealed that 17:32.718 --> 17:34.468 align:start position:0% itself. These observations revealed that the<00:20:15.280> rings<00:20:15.760> are<00:20:16.080> constantly<00:20:16.348> [music] 17:34.468 --> 17:34.478 align:start position:0% the rings are constantly [music] 17:34.478 --> 17:37.189 align:start position:0% the rings are constantly [music] changing.<00:20:17.760> Individual<00:20:18.400> particles<00:20:19.039> jostle 17:37.189 --> 17:37.199 align:start position:0% changing. Individual particles jostle 17:37.199 --> 17:39.588 align:start position:0% changing. Individual particles jostle one<00:20:19.679> another<00:20:20.240> and<00:20:20.480> many<00:20:20.880> fall<00:20:21.120> into<00:20:21.360> Saturn's 17:39.588 --> 17:39.598 align:start position:0% one another and many fall into Saturn's 17:39.598 --> 17:42.389 align:start position:0% one another and many fall into Saturn's atmosphere<00:20:22.400> as<00:20:22.640> a<00:20:22.799> steady<00:20:23.120> rain<00:20:23.440> of<00:20:23.600> ice<00:20:24.240> up<00:20:24.400> to 17:42.389 --> 17:42.399 align:start position:0% atmosphere as a steady rain of ice up to 17:42.399 --> 17:45.989 align:start position:0% atmosphere as a steady rain of ice up to 40<00:20:25.039> tons<00:20:25.679> every<00:20:26.240> second.<00:20:27.280> The<00:20:27.600> constant<00:20:28.000> loss 17:45.989 --> 17:45.999 align:start position:0% 40 tons every second. The constant loss 17:45.999 --> 17:47.989 align:start position:0% 40 tons every second. The constant loss of<00:20:28.480> material<00:20:28.960> implies<00:20:29.360> that<00:20:29.520> the<00:20:29.760> rings<00:20:30.080> may 17:47.989 --> 17:47.999 align:start position:0% of material implies that the rings may 17:47.999 --> 17:49.909 align:start position:0% of material implies that the rings may only<00:20:30.559> last<00:20:30.880> for<00:20:31.039> a<00:20:31.280> few<00:20:31.520> hundred<00:20:31.919> million 17:49.909 --> 17:49.919 align:start position:0% only last for a few hundred million 17:49.919 --> 17:52.708 align:start position:0% only last for a few hundred million years<00:20:32.480> more.<00:20:33.440> The<00:20:33.679> Saturnian<00:20:34.320> system<00:20:34.720> has 17:52.708 --> 17:52.718 align:start position:0% years more. The Saturnian system has 17:52.718 --> 17:56.149 align:start position:0% years more. The Saturnian system has been<00:20:35.280> dubbed<00:20:35.760> a<00:20:36.240> dynamicist<00:20:37.200> paradise<00:20:38.240> and 17:56.149 --> 17:56.159 align:start position:0% been dubbed a dynamicist paradise and 17:56.159 --> 17:58.629 align:start position:0% been dubbed a dynamicist paradise and its<00:20:38.880> interconnected<00:20:39.679> evolution<00:20:40.400> continues 17:58.629 --> 17:58.639 align:start position:0% its interconnected evolution continues 17:58.639 --> 18:01.269 align:start position:0% its interconnected evolution continues to<00:20:41.120> play<00:20:41.360> out.<00:20:42.400> What<00:20:42.640> might<00:20:42.799> it<00:20:42.960> look<00:20:43.200> like<00:20:43.360> in 18:01.269 --> 18:01.279 align:start position:0% to play out. What might it look like in 18:01.279 --> 18:03.749 align:start position:0% to play out. What might it look like in another<00:20:43.919> 100<00:20:44.240> million<00:20:44.559> years?<00:20:45.440> As<00:20:45.679> it<00:20:45.919> turns 18:03.749 --> 18:03.759 align:start position:0% another 100 million years? As it turns 18:03.759 --> 18:06.468 align:start position:0% another 100 million years? As it turns out,<00:20:46.880> we're<00:20:47.200> quite<00:20:47.440> lucky<00:20:47.679> to<00:20:47.919> be<00:20:48.080> here<00:20:48.320> at<00:20:48.559> the 18:06.468 --> 18:06.478 align:start position:0% out, we're quite lucky to be here at the 18:06.478 --> 18:11.189 align:start position:0% out, we're quite lucky to be here at the right<00:20:48.960> time<00:20:49.360> to<00:20:49.600> see<00:20:49.840> its<00:20:50.159> rings<00:20:50.559> at<00:20:50.720> all. 18:07.560 --> 18:07.570 align:start position:0% daily life while supporting future 18:07.570 --> 18:11.010 align:start position:0% daily life while supporting future Astramm<00:21:27.679> Creations.