WEBVTT

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The<00:01:27.760><c> Hubble</c><00:01:28.000><c> Space</c><00:01:28.280><c> Telescope</c><00:01:28.840><c> has</c><00:01:29.040><c> been</c><00:01:29.400><c> one</c>

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The Hubble Space Telescope has been one
 

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The Hubble Space Telescope has been one
of<00:01:29.640><c> our</c><00:01:29.800><c> greatest</c><00:01:30.320><c> cosmic</c><00:01:30.680><c> tools</c><00:01:31.040><c> for</c>

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of our greatest cosmic tools for
 

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of our greatest cosmic tools for
decades.<00:01:32.200><c> We've</c><00:01:32.400><c> used</c><00:01:32.680><c> it</c><00:01:32.800><c> to</c><00:01:32.880><c> study</c>

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decades. We've used it to study
 

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decades. We've used it to study
starbursts,<00:01:34.200><c> black</c><00:01:34.520><c> holes,</c><00:01:35.280><c> beautiful</c>

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starbursts, black holes, beautiful
 

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starbursts, black holes, beautiful
nebulae,<00:01:36.600><c> and</c><00:01:36.920><c> much</c><00:01:37.320><c> more.</c>

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nebulae, and much more.
 

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nebulae, and much more.
But<00:01:38.560><c> what</c><00:01:38.800><c> it's</c><00:01:39.000><c> been</c><00:01:39.280><c> particularly</c><00:01:40.240><c> useful</c>

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But what it's been particularly useful
 

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But what it's been particularly useful
for<00:01:41.040><c> is</c><00:01:41.160><c> exploring</c><00:01:41.840><c> other</c><00:01:42.120><c> galaxies.</c><00:01:43.400><c> And</c>

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for is exploring other galaxies. And
 

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for is exploring other galaxies. And
when<00:01:43.640><c> a</c><00:01:43.680><c> team</c><00:01:44.000><c> of</c><00:01:44.160><c> Hubble</c><00:01:44.480><c> scientists</c><00:01:45.000><c> led</c><00:01:45.240><c> by</c>

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when a team of Hubble scientists led by
 

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when a team of Hubble scientists led by
Yale<00:01:45.800><c> University</c><00:01:46.400><c> astronomer</c><00:01:47.120><c> Peter</c><00:01:47.640><c> van</c>

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Yale University astronomer Peter van
 

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Yale University astronomer Peter van
Dokkum<00:01:48.600><c> were</c><00:01:48.760><c> looking</c><00:01:49.120><c> at</c><00:01:49.320><c> a</c><00:01:49.360><c> nearby</c><00:01:49.840><c> dwarf</c>

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Dokkum were looking at a nearby dwarf
 

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Dokkum were looking at a nearby dwarf
galaxy<00:01:50.560><c> in</c><00:01:50.640><c> 2023,</c><00:01:51.351><c> [music]</c>

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galaxy in 2023, [music]
 

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galaxy in 2023, [music]
they<00:01:52.400><c> noticed</c><00:01:52.800><c> something</c><00:01:53.120><c> strange,</c><00:01:54.240><c> an</c><00:01:54.480><c> oddly</c>

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they noticed something strange, an oddly
 

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they noticed something strange, an oddly
straight<00:01:55.520><c> line</c><00:01:55.960><c> of</c><00:01:56.280><c> young,</c><00:01:57.120><c> blue</c><00:01:57.520><c> stars</c>

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straight line of young, blue stars
 

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straight line of young, blue stars
[music]<00:01:58.120><c> and</c><00:01:58.360><c> gas,</c>

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[music] and gas,
 

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[music] and gas,
stretching<00:02:00.000><c> almost</c><00:02:00.400><c> twice</c><00:02:00.800><c> the</c><00:02:00.960><c> length</c><00:02:01.320><c> of</c>

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stretching almost twice the length of
 

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stretching almost twice the length of
our<00:02:01.760><c> own</c><00:02:02.000><c> Milky</c><00:02:02.320><c> Way</c><00:02:02.480><c> galaxy</c><00:02:03.360><c> and</c><00:02:03.479><c> containing</c>

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our own Milky Way galaxy and containing
 

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our own Milky Way galaxy and containing
the<00:02:04.240><c> mass</c><00:02:04.600><c> of</c><00:02:04.800><c> roughly</c><00:02:05.360><c> 100</c><00:02:06.240><c> million</c><00:02:06.640><c> suns,</c>

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the mass of roughly 100 million suns,
 

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the mass of roughly 100 million suns,
this<00:02:07.840><c> streak</c><00:02:08.119><c> of</c><00:02:08.240><c> newborn</c><00:02:08.600><c> stars</c><00:02:09.160><c> is</c><00:02:09.640><c> truly</c>

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this streak of newborn stars is truly
 

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this streak of newborn stars is truly
spectacular.

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spectacular.
 

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spectacular.
And<00:02:11.800><c> it</c><00:02:11.920><c> was</c><00:02:12.160><c> a</c><00:02:12.280><c> remarkable</c><00:02:13.080><c> find.</c><00:02:13.880><c> In</c><00:02:14.000><c> fact,</c>

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And it was a remarkable find. In fact,
 

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And it was a remarkable find. In fact,
upon<00:02:14.640><c> making</c><00:02:15.000><c> the</c><00:02:15.080><c> observation,</c><00:02:16.000><c> Van</c><00:02:16.160><c> Dokkum</c>

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upon making the observation, Van Dokkum
 

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upon making the observation, Van Dokkum
said,<00:02:17.320><c> "Something</c><00:02:17.760><c> like</c><00:02:17.959><c> this</c><00:02:18.280><c> has</c><00:02:18.520><c> never</c>

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said, "Something like this has never
 

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said, "Something like this has never
been<00:02:19.520><c> seen</c><00:02:20.120><c> anywhere</c><00:02:20.800><c> in</c><00:02:20.920><c> the</c><00:02:21.040><c> universe."</c>

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been seen anywhere in the universe."
 

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been seen anywhere in the universe."
The<00:02:22.760><c> team</c><00:02:23.040><c> quickly</c><00:02:23.320><c> got</c><00:02:23.520><c> to</c><00:02:23.600><c> work</c><00:02:23.840><c> attempting</c>

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The team quickly got to work attempting
 

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The team quickly got to work attempting
to<00:02:24.560><c> explain</c><00:02:25.440><c> this</c><00:02:25.600><c> streak</c><00:02:25.920><c> of</c><00:02:26.000><c> stars.</c><00:02:26.920><c> And</c>

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to explain this streak of stars. And
 

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to explain this streak of stars. And
they<00:02:27.160><c> came</c><00:02:27.480><c> up</c><00:02:27.640><c> with</c><00:02:27.880><c> several</c><00:02:28.320><c> possibilities.</c>

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they came up with several possibilities.
 

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they came up with several possibilities.
Could<00:02:30.000><c> it</c><00:02:30.160><c> be</c><00:02:30.560><c> a</c><00:02:30.760><c> super</c><00:02:31.520><c> thin,</c><00:02:32.200><c> edge-on,</c>

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Could it be a super thin, edge-on,
 

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Could it be a super thin, edge-on,
bulgeless<00:02:33.840><c> galaxy?</c><00:02:35.000><c> Perhaps</c><00:02:35.400><c> a</c><00:02:35.800><c> runaway</c>

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bulgeless galaxy? Perhaps a runaway
 

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bulgeless galaxy? Perhaps a runaway
black<00:02:36.560><c> hole?</c>

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black hole?
 

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black hole?
Or<00:02:37.840><c> even</c><00:02:38.480><c> jet-induced</c><00:02:39.166><c> [music]</c><00:02:39.560><c> star</c>

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Or even jet-induced [music] star
 

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Or even jet-induced [music] star
formation?

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formation?
 

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formation?
To<00:02:41.680><c> work</c><00:02:41.880><c> it</c><00:02:42.040><c> out,</c><00:02:42.280><c> they</c><00:02:42.560><c> needed</c><00:02:43.000><c> more</c>

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To work it out, they needed more
 

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To work it out, they needed more
information,<00:02:44.120><c> and</c><00:02:44.240><c> thankfully</c><00:02:44.760><c> that</c><00:02:45.040><c> was</c><00:02:45.240><c> on</c>

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information, and thankfully that was on
 

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information, and thankfully that was on
its<00:02:45.560><c> way.</c><00:02:46.440><c> Follow-up</c><00:02:46.760><c> data</c><00:02:47.080><c> from</c><00:02:47.280><c> the</c><00:02:47.400><c> W.M.</c>

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its way. Follow-up data from the W.M.
 

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its way. Follow-up data from the W.M.
Keck<00:02:48.480><c> Observatory</c><00:02:49.040><c> in</c><00:02:49.160><c> Hawaii</c><00:02:50.040><c> revealed</c><00:02:50.400><c> that</c>

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Keck Observatory in Hawaii revealed that
 

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Keck Observatory in Hawaii revealed that
the<00:02:50.760><c> oldest</c><00:02:50.956><c> [music]</c><00:02:51.160><c> part</c><00:02:51.440><c> of</c><00:02:51.520><c> the</c><00:02:51.640><c> streak</c>

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the oldest [music] part of the streak
 

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the oldest [music] part of the streak
stretched<00:02:52.520><c> back</c><00:02:52.840><c> to</c><00:02:53.000><c> a</c><00:02:53.120><c> dense,</c><00:02:53.840><c> star-forming</c>

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stretched back to a dense, star-forming
 

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stretched back to a dense, star-forming
galaxy<00:02:55.080><c> about</c><00:02:55.440><c> 7.7</c><00:02:56.440><c> billion</c><00:02:56.920><c> light-years</c>

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galaxy about 7.7 billion light-years
 

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galaxy about 7.7 billion light-years
from<00:02:57.480><c> Earth.</c><00:02:58.360><c> The</c><00:02:58.440><c> streak</c><00:02:58.720><c> itself</c><00:02:59.160><c> was</c><00:02:59.320><c> nearly</c>

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from Earth. The streak itself was nearly
 

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from Earth. The streak itself was nearly
200,000<00:03:01.080><c> light-years</c><00:03:01.480><c> long.</c>

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200,000 light-years long.
 

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200,000 light-years long.
But<00:03:02.680><c> these</c><00:03:02.880><c> discoveries</c><00:03:03.440><c> themselves</c><00:03:04.040><c> pose</c>

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But these discoveries themselves pose
 

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But these discoveries themselves pose
some<00:03:04.640><c> serious</c><00:03:05.080><c> questions.</c><00:03:06.239><c> Where</c><00:03:06.480><c> did</c><00:03:07.080><c> this</c>

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some serious questions. Where did this
 

01:39.760 --> 01:42.342 align:start position:0%
some serious questions. Where did this
long,<00:03:08.000><c> thin</c><00:03:08.440><c> band</c><00:03:08.800><c> of</c><00:03:08.880><c> stars</c><00:03:09.239><c> come</c><00:03:09.480><c> from?</c>

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long, thin band of stars come from?
 

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long, thin band of stars come from?
&gt;&gt; [music]

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&gt;&gt; [music]
 

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&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; And<00:03:10.480><c> why</c><00:03:10.640><c> did</c><00:03:10.840><c> it</c><00:03:10.920><c> seem</c><00:03:11.160><c> to</c><00:03:11.239><c> be</c><00:03:11.400><c> forming</c><00:03:12.080><c> in</c><00:03:12.200><c> the</c>

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&gt;&gt; And why did it seem to be forming in the
 

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&gt;&gt; And why did it seem to be forming in the
wake<00:03:12.640><c> of</c><00:03:12.840><c> a</c><00:03:12.959><c> seemingly</c><00:03:13.720><c> massive</c><00:03:14.360><c> object?</c>

01:49.790 --> 01:49.800 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:49.800 --> 01:51.670 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:03:17.480><c> discovery</c><00:03:18.000><c> team</c><00:03:18.320><c> considered</c><00:03:18.880><c> all</c><00:03:19.200><c> of</c>

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The discovery team considered all of
 

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The discovery team considered all of
their<00:03:19.519><c> potential</c><00:03:20.040><c> explanations</c><00:03:20.800><c> for</c><00:03:21.000><c> the</c>

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their potential explanations for the
 

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their potential explanations for the
streak<00:03:21.400><c> of</c><00:03:21.519><c> stars,</c><00:03:22.440><c> but</c><00:03:22.560><c> even</c><00:03:22.840><c> with</c><00:03:23.040><c> the</c><00:03:23.120><c> new</c>

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streak of stars, but even with the new
 

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streak of stars, but even with the new
data,<00:03:23.959><c> none</c><00:03:24.280><c> of</c><00:03:24.400><c> them</c><00:03:24.600><c> seemed</c><00:03:24.840><c> to</c><00:03:24.959><c> fit.</c>

01:58.470 --> 01:58.480 align:start position:0%
data, none of them seemed to fit.
 

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data, none of them seemed to fit.
The<00:03:26.160><c> first</c><00:03:26.400><c> hypothesis</c><00:03:27.000><c> was</c><00:03:27.280><c> that</c><00:03:27.440><c> this</c><00:03:27.720><c> line</c>

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The first hypothesis was that this line
 

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The first hypothesis was that this line
of<00:03:28.080><c> stars</c><00:03:28.440><c> could</c><00:03:28.600><c> be</c><00:03:28.840><c> a</c><00:03:28.959><c> super</c><00:03:29.440><c> thin</c><00:03:29.800><c> galaxy</c>

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of stars could be a super thin galaxy
 

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of stars could be a super thin galaxy
oriented<00:03:31.320><c> side-on</c><00:03:31.720><c> to</c><00:03:31.880><c> us,</c><00:03:32.360><c> so</c><00:03:32.560><c> we</c><00:03:32.720><c> could</c><00:03:32.920><c> just</c>

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oriented side-on to us, so we could just
 

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oriented side-on to us, so we could just
see<00:03:33.640><c> the</c><00:03:33.840><c> edge</c><00:03:34.040><c> of</c><00:03:34.160><c> it.</c>

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see the edge of it.
 

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see the edge of it.
But<00:03:35.320><c> observations</c><00:03:35.959><c> showed</c><00:03:36.400><c> that</c><00:03:36.560><c> these</c>

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But observations showed that these
 

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But observations showed that these
weren't<00:03:37.360><c> regular</c><00:03:37.840><c> stars.</c><00:03:38.640><c> They</c><00:03:38.880><c> were</c><00:03:39.080><c> all</c>

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weren't regular stars. They were all
 

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weren't regular stars. They were all
young<00:03:40.239><c> and</c><00:03:40.440><c> blue.</c>

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young and blue.
 

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young and blue.
A<00:03:41.680><c> galaxy</c><00:03:42.320><c> is</c><00:03:42.640><c> usually</c><00:03:42.959><c> made</c><00:03:43.160><c> of</c><00:03:43.239><c> stars</c><00:03:43.560><c> that</c>

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A galaxy is usually made of stars that
 

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A galaxy is usually made of stars that
are<00:03:43.840><c> different</c><00:03:44.280><c> ages</c><00:03:44.680><c> and</c><00:03:44.800><c> colors.</c><00:03:45.640><c> Not</c><00:03:45.880><c> only</c>

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are different ages and colors. Not only
 

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are different ages and colors. Not only
that,<00:03:46.880><c> but</c><00:03:47.040><c> the</c><00:03:47.160><c> front</c><00:03:47.480><c> line</c><00:03:47.760><c> of</c><00:03:47.840><c> stars</c><00:03:48.239><c> gave</c>

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that, but the front line of stars gave
 

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that, but the front line of stars gave
off<00:03:48.720><c> an</c><00:03:48.800><c> extremely</c><00:03:49.600><c> bright</c><00:03:49.920><c> signature</c><00:03:50.519><c> for</c>

02:22.952 --> 02:22.962 align:start position:0%
off an extremely bright signature for
 

02:22.962 --> 02:27.350 align:start position:0%
off an extremely bright signature for
[music]<00:03:50.920><c> doubly</c><00:03:51.560><c> ionized</c><00:03:52.160><c> oxygen</c><00:03:53.040><c> or</c><00:03:53.320><c> O3.</c>

02:27.350 --> 02:27.360 align:start position:0%
[music] doubly ionized oxygen or O3.
 

02:27.360 --> 02:29.030 align:start position:0%
[music] doubly ionized oxygen or O3.
This<00:03:55.120><c> means</c><00:03:55.520><c> two</c><00:03:55.840><c> electrons</c><00:03:56.360><c> have</c><00:03:56.480><c> been</c>

02:29.030 --> 02:29.040 align:start position:0%
This means two electrons have been
 

02:29.040 --> 02:31.750 align:start position:0%
This means two electrons have been
stripped<00:03:56.960><c> away</c><00:03:57.200><c> from</c><00:03:57.520><c> each</c><00:03:57.840><c> oxygen</c><00:03:58.360><c> atom.</c>

02:31.750 --> 02:31.760 align:start position:0%
stripped away from each oxygen atom.
 

02:31.760 --> 02:34.870 align:start position:0%
stripped away from each oxygen atom.
Making<00:03:59.640><c> O3</c><00:04:00.160><c> requires</c><00:04:00.760><c> very</c><00:04:01.280><c> high</c><00:04:01.520><c> energy,</c><00:04:02.400><c> and</c>

02:34.870 --> 02:34.880 align:start position:0%
Making O3 requires very high energy, and
 

02:34.880 --> 02:36.430 align:start position:0%
Making O3 requires very high energy, and
it<00:04:02.600><c> only</c><00:04:02.840><c> forms</c><00:04:03.007><c> [music]</c><00:04:03.200><c> in</c><00:04:03.320><c> extreme</c>

02:36.430 --> 02:36.440 align:start position:0%
it only forms [music] in extreme
 

02:36.440 --> 02:38.910 align:start position:0%
it only forms [music] in extreme
environments.<00:04:05.160><c> Yes,</c><00:04:05.640><c> galaxies</c><00:04:06.120><c> can</c><00:04:06.400><c> be</c>

02:38.910 --> 02:38.920 align:start position:0%
environments. Yes, galaxies can be
 

02:38.920 --> 02:41.230 align:start position:0%
environments. Yes, galaxies can be
extreme,<00:04:07.400><c> but</c><00:04:07.480><c> the</c><00:04:07.600><c> chances</c><00:04:08.000><c> of</c><00:04:08.120><c> it</c><00:04:08.240><c> being</c><00:04:08.520><c> so</c>

02:41.230 --> 02:41.240 align:start position:0%
extreme, but the chances of it being so
 

02:41.240 --> 02:44.750 align:start position:0%
extreme, but the chances of it being so
at<00:04:09.080><c> one</c><00:04:09.400><c> end</c><00:04:09.680><c> like</c><00:04:09.920><c> this</c><00:04:10.600><c> were</c><00:04:10.760><c> minuscule.</c>

02:44.750 --> 02:44.760 align:start position:0%
at one end like this were minuscule.
 

02:44.760 --> 02:46.070 align:start position:0%
at one end like this were minuscule.
These<00:04:12.560><c> observations</c><00:04:13.200><c> meant</c><00:04:13.487><c> [music]</c><00:04:13.520><c> that</c>

02:46.070 --> 02:46.080 align:start position:0%
These observations meant [music] that
 

02:46.080 --> 02:48.510 align:start position:0%
These observations meant [music] that
the<00:04:13.800><c> culprit</c><00:04:14.560><c> likely</c><00:04:15.080><c> wasn't</c><00:04:15.760><c> a</c><00:04:15.800><c> narrow</c>

02:48.510 --> 02:48.520 align:start position:0%
the culprit likely wasn't a narrow
 

02:48.520 --> 02:49.950 align:start position:0%
the culprit likely wasn't a narrow
galaxy.

02:49.950 --> 02:49.960 align:start position:0%
galaxy.
 

02:49.960 --> 02:51.670 align:start position:0%
galaxy.
The<00:04:17.600><c> researchers</c><00:04:18.200><c> also</c><00:04:18.480><c> interrogated</c><00:04:19.160><c> the</c>

02:51.670 --> 02:51.680 align:start position:0%
The researchers also interrogated the
 

02:51.680 --> 02:54.030 align:start position:0%
The researchers also interrogated the
idea<00:04:19.640><c> that</c><00:04:19.799><c> it</c><00:04:20.000><c> could</c><00:04:20.280><c> be</c><00:04:20.600><c> jet-induced</c><00:04:21.359><c> star</c>

02:54.030 --> 02:54.040 align:start position:0%
idea that it could be jet-induced star
 

02:54.040 --> 02:56.790 align:start position:0%
idea that it could be jet-induced star
formation<00:04:22.160><c> from</c><00:04:22.480><c> the</c><00:04:22.560><c> nearby</c><00:04:22.960><c> galaxy.</c>

02:56.790 --> 02:56.800 align:start position:0%
formation from the nearby galaxy.
 

02:56.800 --> 02:59.030 align:start position:0%
formation from the nearby galaxy.
Now,<00:04:24.600><c> we</c><00:04:24.800><c> already</c><00:04:25.200><c> have</c><00:04:25.520><c> examples</c><00:04:26.080><c> of</c><00:04:26.280><c> radio</c>

02:59.030 --> 02:59.040 align:start position:0%
Now, we already have examples of radio
 

02:59.040 --> 03:01.510 align:start position:0%
Now, we already have examples of radio
jets<00:04:27.120><c> triggering</c><00:04:27.640><c> star</c><00:04:27.880><c> formation.</c><00:04:29.000><c> We've</c>

03:01.510 --> 03:01.520 align:start position:0%
jets triggering star formation. We've
 

03:01.520 --> 03:03.910 align:start position:0%
jets triggering star formation. We've
seen<00:04:29.360><c> it</c><00:04:29.560><c> in</c><00:04:30.040><c> Minkowski's</c><00:04:30.720><c> object,</c><00:04:31.440><c> a</c>

03:03.910 --> 03:03.920 align:start position:0%
seen it in Minkowski's object, a
 

03:03.920 --> 03:06.910 align:start position:0%
seen it in Minkowski's object, a
peculiar<00:04:32.200><c> star-forming</c><00:04:32.919><c> galaxy</c><00:04:33.360><c> near</c><00:04:33.720><c> NGC</c>

03:06.910 --> 03:06.920 align:start position:0%
peculiar star-forming galaxy near NGC
 

03:06.920 --> 03:09.990 align:start position:0%
peculiar star-forming galaxy near NGC
541,<00:04:35.960><c> and</c><00:04:36.040><c> we've</c><00:04:36.200><c> also</c><00:04:36.480><c> seen</c><00:04:36.880><c> radio-induced</c>

03:09.990 --> 03:10.000 align:start position:0%
541, and we've also seen radio-induced
 

03:10.000 --> 03:12.710 align:start position:0%
541, and we've also seen radio-induced
star<00:04:37.840><c> formation</c><00:04:38.360><c> in</c><00:04:38.600><c> Centaurus</c><00:04:39.240><c> A.</c>

03:12.710 --> 03:12.720 align:start position:0%
star formation in Centaurus A.
 

03:12.720 --> 03:14.430 align:start position:0%
star formation in Centaurus A.
Perhaps<00:04:40.760><c> that</c><00:04:40.960><c> would</c><00:04:41.080><c> explain</c><00:04:41.640><c> a</c><00:04:41.680><c> straight</c>

03:14.430 --> 03:14.440 align:start position:0%
Perhaps that would explain a straight
 

03:14.440 --> 03:15.950 align:start position:0%
Perhaps that would explain a straight
line<00:04:42.240><c> of</c><00:04:42.320><c> stars.</c>

03:15.950 --> 03:15.960 align:start position:0%
line of stars.
 

03:15.960 --> 03:18.710 align:start position:0%
line of stars.
If<00:04:43.760><c> this</c><00:04:44.080><c> were</c><00:04:44.280><c> the</c><00:04:44.400><c> case,</c><00:04:45.240><c> a</c><00:04:45.320><c> radio</c><00:04:45.760><c> jet</c><00:04:46.080><c> from</c>

03:18.710 --> 03:18.720 align:start position:0%
If this were the case, a radio jet from
 

03:18.720 --> 03:21.510 align:start position:0%
If this were the case, a radio jet from
within<00:04:46.720><c> the</c><00:04:46.840><c> nearby</c><00:04:47.200><c> galaxy</c><00:04:48.080><c> would</c><00:04:48.320><c> shock</c><00:04:48.800><c> gas</c>

03:21.510 --> 03:21.520 align:start position:0%
within the nearby galaxy would shock gas
 

03:21.520 --> 03:23.110 align:start position:0%
within the nearby galaxy would shock gas
in<00:04:49.200><c> its</c><00:04:49.320><c> path,</c><00:04:50.120><c> compressing</c><00:04:50.640><c> the</c>

03:23.110 --> 03:23.120 align:start position:0%
in its path, compressing the
 

03:23.120 --> 03:25.030 align:start position:0%
in its path, compressing the
interstellar<00:04:51.200><c> gas</c><00:04:51.800><c> and</c><00:04:51.919><c> increasing</c><00:04:52.480><c> its</c>

03:25.030 --> 03:25.040 align:start position:0%
interstellar gas and increasing its
 

03:25.040 --> 03:27.470 align:start position:0%
interstellar gas and increasing its
density.<00:04:53.720><c> This</c><00:04:54.000><c> could</c><00:04:54.520><c> trigger</c><00:04:54.800><c> star</c>

03:27.470 --> 03:27.480 align:start position:0%
density. This could trigger star
 

03:27.480 --> 03:30.230 align:start position:0%
density. This could trigger star
formation<00:04:55.640><c> along</c><00:04:56.040><c> the</c><00:04:56.120><c> jet's</c><00:04:56.480><c> path.</c>

03:30.230 --> 03:30.240 align:start position:0%
formation along the jet's path.
 

03:30.240 --> 03:32.630 align:start position:0%
formation along the jet's path.
And<00:04:57.960><c> whilst</c><00:04:58.240><c> we</c><00:04:58.400><c> do</c><00:04:58.800><c> see</c><00:04:59.080><c> a</c><00:04:59.160><c> shock</c><00:04:59.480><c> front,</c><00:05:00.040><c> more</c>

03:32.630 --> 03:32.640 align:start position:0%
And whilst we do see a shock front, more
 

03:32.640 --> 03:35.470 align:start position:0%
And whilst we do see a shock front, more
on<00:05:00.320><c> that</c><00:05:00.560><c> later,</c><00:05:01.480><c> a</c><00:05:01.560><c> simple,</c><00:05:02.360><c> yet</c><00:05:02.600><c> serious,</c>

03:35.470 --> 03:35.480 align:start position:0%
on that later, a simple, yet serious,
 

03:35.480 --> 03:38.150 align:start position:0%
on that later, a simple, yet serious,
problem<00:05:03.560><c> arises</c><00:05:04.120><c> with</c><00:05:04.240><c> this</c><00:05:04.400><c> explanation.</c>

03:38.150 --> 03:38.160 align:start position:0%
problem arises with this explanation.
 

03:38.160 --> 03:39.670 align:start position:0%
problem arises with this explanation.
The<00:05:05.840><c> shape.</c>

03:39.670 --> 03:39.680 align:start position:0%
The shape.
 

03:39.680 --> 03:42.390 align:start position:0%
The shape.
This<00:05:07.480><c> feature</c><00:05:08.080><c> is</c><00:05:08.280><c> narrowest</c><00:05:08.960><c> at</c><00:05:09.080><c> the</c><00:05:09.200><c> tip,</c>

03:42.390 --> 03:42.400 align:start position:0%
This feature is narrowest at the tip,
 

03:42.400 --> 03:44.150 align:start position:0%
This feature is narrowest at the tip,
the<00:05:10.160><c> furthest</c><00:05:10.800><c> point</c><00:05:11.120><c> from</c><00:05:11.320><c> the</c><00:05:11.400><c> nearby</c>

03:44.150 --> 03:44.160 align:start position:0%
the furthest point from the nearby
 

03:44.160 --> 03:47.390 align:start position:0%
the furthest point from the nearby
galaxy.<00:05:12.919><c> In</c><00:05:13.000><c> contrast,</c><00:05:13.800><c> a</c><00:05:13.919><c> jet</c><00:05:14.400><c> reaches</c><00:05:14.760><c> its</c>

03:47.390 --> 03:47.400 align:start position:0%
galaxy. In contrast, a jet reaches its
 

03:47.400 --> 03:49.870 align:start position:0%
galaxy. In contrast, a jet reaches its
widest<00:05:15.440><c> width</c><00:05:15.800><c> at</c><00:05:16.000><c> the</c><00:05:16.120><c> furthest</c><00:05:16.600><c> point.</c>

03:49.870 --> 03:49.880 align:start position:0%
widest width at the furthest point.
 

03:49.880 --> 03:51.550 align:start position:0%
widest width at the furthest point.
Similarly,<00:05:18.040><c> the</c><00:05:18.200><c> strongest</c><00:05:18.640><c> interactions</c>

03:51.550 --> 03:51.560 align:start position:0%
Similarly, the strongest interactions
 

03:51.560 --> 03:52.790 align:start position:0%
Similarly, the strongest interactions
from<00:05:19.320><c> a</c><00:05:19.360><c> jet</c><00:05:19.640><c> would</c><00:05:19.800><c> be</c><00:05:19.960><c> observed</c><00:05:20.298><c> [music]</c>

03:52.790 --> 03:52.800 align:start position:0%
from a jet would be observed [music]
 

03:52.800 --> 03:54.830 align:start position:0%
from a jet would be observed [music]
closest<00:05:20.840><c> to</c><00:05:20.960><c> the</c><00:05:21.160><c> origin</c><00:05:21.480><c> of</c><00:05:21.600><c> the</c><00:05:21.680><c> jet,</c><00:05:22.280><c> the</c>

03:54.830 --> 03:54.840 align:start position:0%
closest to the origin of the jet, the
 

03:54.840 --> 03:57.870 align:start position:0%
closest to the origin of the jet, the
galaxy,<00:05:23.080><c> if</c><00:05:23.400><c> this</c><00:05:23.640><c> theory</c><00:05:24.000><c> was</c><00:05:24.160><c> right.</c><00:05:25.080><c> Yet,</c>

03:57.870 --> 03:57.880 align:start position:0%
galaxy, if this theory was right. Yet,
 

03:57.880 --> 04:00.270 align:start position:0%
galaxy, if this theory was right. Yet,
the<00:05:25.800><c> opposite</c><00:05:26.360><c> seems</c><00:05:26.680><c> to</c><00:05:26.720><c> be</c><00:05:26.840><c> true</c><00:05:27.200><c> for</c><00:05:27.400><c> this</c>

04:00.270 --> 04:00.280 align:start position:0%
the opposite seems to be true for this
 

04:00.280 --> 04:02.030 align:start position:0%
the opposite seems to be true for this
unknown<00:05:28.280><c> feature.</c>

04:02.030 --> 04:02.040 align:start position:0%
unknown feature.
 

04:02.040 --> 04:03.990 align:start position:0%
unknown feature.
The<00:05:29.680><c> more</c><00:05:30.080><c> possibilities</c><00:05:30.840><c> the</c><00:05:30.960><c> team</c><00:05:31.320><c> ruled</c>

04:03.990 --> 04:04.000 align:start position:0%
The more possibilities the team ruled
 

04:04.000 --> 04:06.230 align:start position:0%
The more possibilities the team ruled
out,<00:05:32.240><c> the</c><00:05:32.360><c> more</c><00:05:32.600><c> they</c><00:05:32.760><c> started</c><00:05:33.200><c> to</c><00:05:33.360><c> wonder</c>

04:06.230 --> 04:06.240 align:start position:0%
out, the more they started to wonder
 

04:06.240 --> 04:07.753 align:start position:0%
out, the more they started to wonder
whether<00:05:34.120><c> this</c><00:05:34.320><c> streak</c><00:05:34.680><c> of</c><00:05:34.760><c> stars</c><00:05:35.200><c> could</c>

04:07.753 --> 04:07.763 align:start position:0%
whether this streak of stars could
 

04:07.763 --> 04:10.750 align:start position:0%
whether this streak of stars could
[music]<00:05:35.480><c> have</c><00:05:35.760><c> a</c><00:05:35.880><c> more</c><00:05:36.320><c> extreme,</c><00:05:37.520><c> elusive</c>

04:10.750 --> 04:10.760 align:start position:0%
[music] have a more extreme, elusive
 

04:10.760 --> 04:14.630 align:start position:0%
[music] have a more extreme, elusive
explanation.<00:05:39.760><c> A</c><00:05:39.840><c> runaway</c><00:05:40.600><c> black</c><00:05:41.000><c> hole.</c>

04:12.310 --> 04:14.500 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; back<00:06:57.600><c> to</c><00:06:57.720><c> runaway</c><00:06:58.080><c> black</c><00:06:58.360><c> holes.</c>

04:14.500 --> 04:14.510 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; back to runaway black holes.
 

04:14.510 --> 04:16.380 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; back to runaway black holes.
For<00:06:59.640><c> decades,</c><00:07:00.160><c> the</c><00:07:00.280><c> idea</c><00:07:00.600><c> of</c><00:07:00.720><c> a</c><00:07:00.800><c> runaway</c><00:07:01.160><c> black</c>

04:16.380 --> 04:16.390 align:start position:0%
For decades, the idea of a runaway black
 

04:16.390 --> 04:20.140 align:start position:0%
For decades, the idea of a runaway black
hole<00:07:01.720><c> was</c><00:07:02.000><c> purely</c><00:07:02.600><c> theoretical.</c><00:07:03.760><c> In</c><00:07:03.880><c> 1983,</c>

04:20.140 --> 04:20.150 align:start position:0%
hole was purely theoretical. In 1983,
 

04:20.150 --> 04:22.340 align:start position:0%
hole was purely theoretical. In 1983,
physicist<00:07:05.760><c> Michael</c><00:07:06.240><c> Fitchett</c><00:07:06.840><c> showed</c><00:07:07.160><c> that</c>

04:22.340 --> 04:22.350 align:start position:0%
physicist Michael Fitchett showed that
 

04:22.350 --> 04:24.140 align:start position:0%
physicist Michael Fitchett showed that
merging<00:07:07.800><c> black</c><00:07:08.080><c> holes</c><00:07:08.480><c> could</c><00:07:08.720><c> create</c>

04:24.140 --> 04:24.150 align:start position:0%
merging black holes could create
 

04:24.150 --> 04:26.820 align:start position:0%
merging black holes could create
asymmetric<00:07:10.000><c> gravitational</c><00:07:10.640><c> waves</c><00:07:11.360><c> causing</c><00:07:11.760><c> a</c>

04:26.820 --> 04:26.830 align:start position:0%
asymmetric gravitational waves causing a
 

04:26.830 --> 04:29.100 align:start position:0%
asymmetric gravitational waves causing a
powerful<00:07:12.440><c> recoil</c><00:07:13.200><c> that</c><00:07:13.320><c> could</c><00:07:13.480><c> then</c><00:07:13.760><c> send</c><00:07:14.080><c> the</c>

04:29.100 --> 04:29.110 align:start position:0%
powerful recoil that could then send the
 

04:29.110 --> 04:31.340 align:start position:0%
powerful recoil that could then send the
merged<00:07:14.440><c> black</c><00:07:14.720><c> hole</c><00:07:15.200><c> shooting</c><00:07:15.760><c> off</c><00:07:16.040><c> in</c><00:07:16.240><c> one</c>

04:31.340 --> 04:31.350 align:start position:0%
merged black hole shooting off in one
 

04:31.350 --> 04:32.700 align:start position:0%
merged black hole shooting off in one
direction.

04:32.700 --> 04:32.710 align:start position:0%
direction.
 

04:32.710 --> 04:34.540 align:start position:0%
direction.
Mathematically<00:07:18.440><c> speaking,</c><00:07:19.120><c> these</c><00:07:19.400><c> could</c>

04:34.540 --> 04:34.550 align:start position:0%
Mathematically speaking, these could
 

04:34.550 --> 04:35.104 align:start position:0%
Mathematically speaking, these could
exist.

04:35.104 --> 04:35.114 align:start position:0%
exist.
 

04:35.114 --> 04:35.500 align:start position:0%
exist.
&gt;&gt; [music]

04:35.500 --> 04:35.510 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

04:35.510 --> 04:38.060 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; But<00:07:20.680><c> no</c><00:07:20.840><c> one</c><00:07:21.040><c> had</c><00:07:21.360><c> ever</c><00:07:21.760><c> observed</c><00:07:22.240><c> one.</c><00:07:23.040><c> And</c>

04:38.060 --> 04:38.070 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; But no one had ever observed one. And
 

04:38.070 --> 04:39.900 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; But no one had ever observed one. And
astronomers<00:07:23.720><c> knew</c><00:07:24.080><c> it</c><00:07:24.200><c> would</c><00:07:24.360><c> be</c><00:07:24.480><c> difficult</c>

04:39.900 --> 04:39.910 align:start position:0%
astronomers knew it would be difficult
 

04:39.910 --> 04:42.340 align:start position:0%
astronomers knew it would be difficult
to<00:07:25.040><c> spot</c><00:07:25.840><c> unless</c><00:07:26.160><c> it</c><00:07:26.320><c> happened</c><00:07:26.720><c> to</c><00:07:26.840><c> create</c><00:07:27.280><c> a</c>

04:42.340 --> 04:42.350 align:start position:0%
to spot unless it happened to create a
 

04:42.350 --> 04:47.300 align:start position:0%
to spot unless it happened to create a
large<00:07:28.120><c> visible</c><00:07:28.640><c> footprint,</c><00:07:29.160><c> that</c><00:07:29.400><c> is.</c>

04:47.300 --> 04:47.310 align:start position:0%
 
 

04:47.310 --> 04:49.620 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:07:32.440><c> answer</c><00:07:32.760><c> came</c><00:07:33.160><c> a</c><00:07:33.240><c> few</c><00:07:33.600><c> years</c><00:07:34.080><c> after</c><00:07:34.520><c> the</c>

04:49.620 --> 04:49.630 align:start position:0%
The answer came a few years after the
 

04:49.630 --> 04:51.780 align:start position:0%
The answer came a few years after the
streak's<00:07:35.080><c> initial</c><00:07:35.400><c> discovery</c><00:07:36.320><c> when</c><00:07:36.680><c> in</c>

04:51.780 --> 04:51.790 align:start position:0%
streak's initial discovery when in
 

04:51.790 --> 04:55.180 align:start position:0%
streak's initial discovery when in
December<00:07:37.320><c> of</c><00:07:37.400><c> 2025,</c><00:07:38.640><c> Ann</c><00:07:38.840><c> Dookum</c><00:07:39.400><c> once</c><00:07:39.600><c> again</c>

04:55.180 --> 04:55.190 align:start position:0%
December of 2025, Ann Dookum once again
 

04:55.190 --> 04:57.140 align:start position:0%
December of 2025, Ann Dookum once again
led<00:07:40.440><c> a</c><00:07:40.480><c> team</c><00:07:40.840><c> of</c><00:07:41.040><c> astrophysicists</c><00:07:42.080><c> in</c>

04:57.140 --> 04:57.150 align:start position:0%
led a team of astrophysicists in
 

04:57.150 --> 05:00.220 align:start position:0%
led a team of astrophysicists in
exploring<00:07:43.080><c> this</c><00:07:43.360><c> space</c><00:07:43.760><c> oddity,</c><00:07:44.560><c> this</c><00:07:44.800><c> time</c>

05:00.220 --> 05:00.230 align:start position:0%
exploring this space oddity, this time
 

05:00.230 --> 05:03.180 align:start position:0%
exploring this space oddity, this time
using<00:07:45.760><c> the</c><00:07:45.960><c> James</c><00:07:46.440><c> Webb</c><00:07:46.720><c> Space</c><00:07:47.040><c> Telescope.</c>

05:03.180 --> 05:03.190 align:start position:0%
using the James Webb Space Telescope.
 

05:03.190 --> 05:05.340 align:start position:0%
using the James Webb Space Telescope.
With<00:07:48.400><c> its</c><00:07:48.640><c> better</c><00:07:48.920><c> resolution,</c><00:07:49.840><c> the</c><00:07:49.960><c> team</c><00:07:50.200><c> was</c>

05:05.340 --> 05:05.350 align:start position:0%
With its better resolution, the team was
 

05:05.350 --> 05:07.420 align:start position:0%
With its better resolution, the team was
able<00:07:50.640><c> to</c><00:07:50.760><c> observe</c><00:07:51.400><c> and</c><00:07:51.600><c> measure</c><00:07:51.960><c> the</c><00:07:52.080><c> feature</c>

05:07.420 --> 05:07.430 align:start position:0%
able to observe and measure the feature
 

05:07.430 --> 05:09.380 align:start position:0%
able to observe and measure the feature
in<00:07:52.680><c> greater</c><00:07:53.040><c> detail.</c>

05:09.380 --> 05:09.390 align:start position:0%
in greater detail.
 

05:09.390 --> 05:10.900 align:start position:0%
in greater detail.
One<00:07:54.520><c> of</c><00:07:54.600><c> the</c><00:07:54.680><c> most</c><00:07:54.920><c> important</c><00:07:55.480><c> pieces</c><00:07:55.800><c> of</c>

05:10.900 --> 05:10.910 align:start position:0%
One of the most important pieces of
 

05:10.910 --> 05:12.460 align:start position:0%
One of the most important pieces of
evidence<00:07:56.360><c> confirmed</c><00:07:56.800><c> by</c><00:07:56.920><c> the</c><00:07:57.000><c> James</c><00:07:57.320><c> Webb</c>

05:12.460 --> 05:12.470 align:start position:0%
evidence confirmed by the James Webb
 

05:12.470 --> 05:14.580 align:start position:0%
evidence confirmed by the James Webb
Space<00:07:57.800><c> Telescope</c><00:07:58.640><c> was</c><00:07:58.800><c> that</c><00:07:58.960><c> there</c><00:07:59.080><c> was</c><00:07:59.360><c> an</c>

05:14.580 --> 05:14.590 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope was that there was an
 

05:14.590 --> 05:17.660 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope was that there was an
absolutely<00:08:00.600><c> enormous</c><00:08:01.320><c> bow</c><00:08:01.560><c> shock</c><00:08:01.920><c> at</c><00:08:02.120><c> one</c><00:08:02.440><c> end</c>

05:17.660 --> 05:17.670 align:start position:0%
absolutely enormous bow shock at one end
 

05:17.670 --> 05:19.500 align:start position:0%
absolutely enormous bow shock at one end
of<00:08:02.800><c> the</c><00:08:02.920><c> line</c><00:08:03.160><c> of</c><00:08:03.240><c> stars.</c>

05:19.500 --> 05:19.510 align:start position:0%
of the line of stars.
 

05:19.510 --> 05:21.700 align:start position:0%
of the line of stars.
Just<00:08:05.000><c> as</c><00:08:05.360><c> air</c><00:08:05.600><c> is</c><00:08:05.760><c> compressed</c><00:08:06.280><c> in</c><00:08:06.400><c> front</c><00:08:06.640><c> of</c><00:08:06.720><c> a</c>

05:21.700 --> 05:21.710 align:start position:0%
Just as air is compressed in front of a
 

05:21.710 --> 05:24.580 align:start position:0%
Just as air is compressed in front of a
supersonic<00:08:07.360><c> jet</c><00:08:08.080><c> or</c><00:08:08.440><c> a</c><00:08:08.560><c> boat</c><00:08:09.080><c> pushes</c><00:08:09.440><c> through</c>

05:24.580 --> 05:24.590 align:start position:0%
supersonic jet or a boat pushes through
 

05:24.590 --> 05:26.195 align:start position:0%
supersonic jet or a boat pushes through
the<00:08:09.720><c> water</c><00:08:10.160><c> and</c>

05:26.195 --> 05:26.205 align:start position:0%
the water and
 

05:26.205 --> 05:27.100 align:start position:0%
the water and
&gt;&gt; [music]

05:27.100 --> 05:27.110 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

05:27.110 --> 05:28.820 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; something<00:08:12.720><c> was</c><00:08:12.960><c> pushing</c><00:08:13.600><c> on</c><00:08:13.760><c> the</c>

05:28.820 --> 05:28.830 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; something was pushing on the
 

05:28.830 --> 05:30.820 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; something was pushing on the
interstellar<00:08:14.560><c> medium.</c>

05:30.820 --> 05:30.830 align:start position:0%
interstellar medium.
 

05:30.830 --> 05:33.700 align:start position:0%
interstellar medium.
Now,<00:08:16.360><c> obviously,</c><00:08:17.000><c> this</c><00:08:17.320><c> bow</c><00:08:17.560><c> shock</c><00:08:17.880><c> is</c><00:08:18.400><c> not</c>

05:33.700 --> 05:33.710 align:start position:0%
Now, obviously, this bow shock is not
 

05:33.710 --> 05:36.580 align:start position:0%
Now, obviously, this bow shock is not
being<00:08:19.040><c> created</c><00:08:19.520><c> by</c><00:08:19.840><c> a</c><00:08:19.960><c> plane</c><00:08:20.400><c> or</c><00:08:20.560><c> a</c><00:08:20.600><c> boat.</c><00:08:21.600><c> The</c>

05:36.580 --> 05:36.590 align:start position:0%
being created by a plane or a boat. The
 

05:36.590 --> 05:38.859 align:start position:0%
being created by a plane or a boat. The
team<00:08:21.960><c> thought</c><00:08:22.360><c> the</c><00:08:22.440><c> most</c><00:08:22.760><c> likely</c><00:08:23.160><c> culprit</c><00:08:23.680><c> was</c>

05:38.859 --> 05:38.869 align:start position:0%
team thought the most likely culprit was
 

05:38.869 --> 05:41.780 align:start position:0%
team thought the most likely culprit was
actually<00:08:24.440><c> a</c><00:08:24.600><c> supermassive</c><00:08:25.840><c> black</c><00:08:26.160><c> hole,</c><00:08:26.720><c> at</c>

05:41.780 --> 05:41.790 align:start position:0%
actually a supermassive black hole, at
 

05:41.790 --> 05:44.300 align:start position:0%
actually a supermassive black hole, at
least<00:08:27.280><c> 10</c><00:08:27.919><c> million</c><00:08:28.400><c> times</c><00:08:28.800><c> the</c><00:08:28.880><c> mass</c><00:08:29.120><c> of</c><00:08:29.240><c> our</c>

05:44.300 --> 05:44.310 align:start position:0%
least 10 million times the mass of our
 

05:44.310 --> 05:46.700 align:start position:0%
least 10 million times the mass of our
sun,<00:08:30.080><c> as</c><00:08:30.240><c> it</c><00:08:30.440><c> plows</c><00:08:31.000><c> through</c><00:08:31.240><c> space</c><00:08:31.560><c> [music]</c>

05:46.700 --> 05:46.710 align:start position:0%
sun, as it plows through space [music]
 

05:46.710 --> 05:49.700 align:start position:0%
sun, as it plows through space [music]
at<00:08:31.919><c> roughly</c><00:08:32.320><c> 1,000</c><00:08:33.360><c> km</c><00:08:33.840><c> per</c><00:08:33.960><c> second,</c>

05:49.700 --> 05:49.710 align:start position:0%
at roughly 1,000 km per second,
 

05:49.710 --> 05:52.460 align:start position:0%
at roughly 1,000 km per second,
compressing<00:08:35.479><c> heated</c><00:08:35.760><c> gas</c><00:08:36.080><c> in</c><00:08:36.240><c> front</c><00:08:36.560><c> of</c><00:08:36.640><c> it.</c>

05:52.460 --> 05:52.470 align:start position:0%
compressing heated gas in front of it.
 

05:52.470 --> 05:55.539 align:start position:0%
compressing heated gas in front of it.
But,<00:08:38.039><c> they</c><00:08:38.200><c> still</c><00:08:38.760><c> had</c><00:08:39.039><c> to</c><00:08:39.159><c> prove</c><00:08:39.599><c> it.</c>

05:55.539 --> 05:55.549 align:start position:0%
But, they still had to prove it.
 

05:55.549 --> 05:57.140 align:start position:0%
But, they still had to prove it.
They<00:08:40.719><c> were</c><00:08:40.880><c> able</c><00:08:41.120><c> to</c><00:08:41.240><c> measure</c><00:08:41.560><c> strong</c>

05:57.140 --> 05:57.150 align:start position:0%
They were able to measure strong
 

05:57.150 --> 05:58.979 align:start position:0%
They were able to measure strong
emission<00:08:42.640><c> lines</c><00:08:43.000><c> that</c><00:08:43.120><c> confirm</c><00:08:43.560><c> the</c><00:08:43.640><c> gas</c><00:08:43.960><c> at</c>

05:58.979 --> 05:58.989 align:start position:0%
emission lines that confirm the gas at
 

05:58.989 --> 06:00.740 align:start position:0%
emission lines that confirm the gas at
the<00:08:44.160><c> very</c><00:08:44.480><c> tip</c><00:08:44.800><c> of</c><00:08:44.880><c> the</c><00:08:44.960><c> structure</c><00:08:45.440><c> had</c><00:08:45.600><c> been</c>

06:00.740 --> 06:00.750 align:start position:0%
the very tip of the structure had been
 

06:00.750 --> 06:02.740 align:start position:0%
the very tip of the structure had been
heated<00:08:46.360><c> and</c><00:08:46.480><c> compressed</c><00:08:47.000><c> by</c><00:08:47.240><c> a</c><00:08:47.320><c> powerful</c>

06:02.740 --> 06:02.750 align:start position:0%
heated and compressed by a powerful
 

06:02.750 --> 06:03.820 align:start position:0%
heated and compressed by a powerful
shock.

06:03.820 --> 06:03.830 align:start position:0%
shock.
 

06:03.830 --> 06:05.940 align:start position:0%
shock.
They<00:08:49.040><c> also</c><00:08:49.360><c> found</c><00:08:49.720><c> a</c><00:08:49.760><c> sudden</c><00:08:50.160><c> jump</c><00:08:50.600><c> in</c><00:08:50.720><c> gas</c>

06:05.940 --> 06:05.950 align:start position:0%
They also found a sudden jump in gas
 

06:05.950 --> 06:08.540 align:start position:0%
They also found a sudden jump in gas
velocity,<00:08:51.960><c> indicating</c><00:08:52.560><c> that</c><00:08:52.800><c> something</c><00:08:53.400><c> is</c>

06:08.540 --> 06:08.550 align:start position:0%
velocity, indicating that something is
 

06:08.550 --> 06:11.540 align:start position:0%
velocity, indicating that something is
moving<00:08:53.920><c> extremely</c><00:08:54.640><c> fast,</c><00:08:55.400><c> supersonically</c><00:08:56.440><c> in</c>

06:11.540 --> 06:11.550 align:start position:0%
moving extremely fast, supersonically in
 

06:11.550 --> 06:13.380 align:start position:0%
moving extremely fast, supersonically in
fact,<00:08:56.920><c> through</c><00:08:57.120><c> space.</c>

06:13.380 --> 06:13.390 align:start position:0%
fact, through space.
 

06:13.390 --> 06:15.620 align:start position:0%
fact, through space.
All<00:08:58.600><c> of</c><00:08:58.680><c> this</c><00:08:58.920><c> evidence</c><00:08:59.360><c> pointed</c><00:08:59.760><c> to</c><00:09:00.040><c> a</c><00:09:00.160><c> single</c>

06:15.620 --> 06:15.630 align:start position:0%
All of this evidence pointed to a single
 

06:15.630 --> 06:18.779 align:start position:0%
All of this evidence pointed to a single
conclusion.<00:09:01.880><c> The</c><00:09:01.960><c> entire</c><00:09:02.480><c> structure</c><00:09:03.160><c> must</c><00:09:03.680><c> be</c>

06:18.779 --> 06:18.789 align:start position:0%
conclusion. The entire structure must be
 

06:18.789 --> 06:21.060 align:start position:0%
conclusion. The entire structure must be
the<00:09:03.960><c> wake</c><00:09:04.320><c> of</c><00:09:04.480><c> something</c><00:09:05.080><c> absolutely</c>

06:21.060 --> 06:21.070 align:start position:0%
the wake of something absolutely
 

06:21.070 --> 06:22.340 align:start position:0%
the wake of something absolutely
massive.

06:22.340 --> 06:22.350 align:start position:0%
massive.
 

06:22.350 --> 06:23.900 align:start position:0%
massive.
The<00:09:07.440><c> only</c><00:09:07.600><c> thing</c><00:09:07.800><c> massive</c><00:09:08.280><c> and</c><00:09:08.560><c> compact</c>

06:23.900 --> 06:23.910 align:start position:0%
The only thing massive and compact
 

06:23.910 --> 06:26.180 align:start position:0%
The only thing massive and compact
enough<00:09:09.200><c> to</c><00:09:09.360><c> have</c><00:09:09.600><c> this</c><00:09:09.760><c> effect</c><00:09:10.520><c> would</c><00:09:10.720><c> be</c><00:09:11.040><c> a</c>

06:26.180 --> 06:26.190 align:start position:0%
enough to have this effect would be a
 

06:26.190 --> 06:29.300 align:start position:0%
enough to have this effect would be a
runaway<00:09:11.920><c> supermassive</c><00:09:12.680><c> black</c><00:09:13.040><c> hole.</c>

06:29.300 --> 06:29.310 align:start position:0%
runaway supermassive black hole.
 

06:29.310 --> 06:31.460 align:start position:0%
runaway supermassive black hole.
So,<00:09:14.480><c> the</c><00:09:14.600><c> team</c><00:09:14.920><c> had</c><00:09:15.120><c> confirmed</c><00:09:16.000><c> the</c><00:09:16.120><c> first</c>

06:31.460 --> 06:31.470 align:start position:0%
So, the team had confirmed the first
 

06:31.470 --> 06:33.260 align:start position:0%
So, the team had confirmed the first
photographic<00:09:17.160><c> evidence</c><00:09:17.600><c> of</c><00:09:17.760><c> a</c><00:09:17.839><c> runaway</c>

06:33.260 --> 06:33.270 align:start position:0%
photographic evidence of a runaway
 

06:33.270 --> 06:35.779 align:start position:0%
photographic evidence of a runaway
supermassive<00:09:18.920><c> black</c><00:09:19.200><c> hole,</c><00:09:19.839><c> and</c><00:09:20.240><c> they</c><00:09:20.440><c> named</c>

06:35.779 --> 06:35.789 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole, and they named
 

06:35.789 --> 06:37.900 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole, and they named
it,<00:09:21.240><c> inventively,</c><00:09:21.960><c> as</c>

06:37.900 --> 06:37.910 align:start position:0%
it, inventively, as
 

06:37.910 --> 06:42.140 align:start position:0%
it, inventively, as
Runaway<00:09:23.306><c> [music]</c><00:09:23.360><c> Black</c><00:09:23.680><c> Hole</c><00:09:23.920><c> One,</c><00:09:24.600><c> or</c><00:09:25.000><c> RBH1.</c>

06:42.140 --> 06:42.150 align:start position:0%
Runaway [music] Black Hole One, or RBH1.
 

06:42.150 --> 06:43.779 align:start position:0%
Runaway [music] Black Hole One, or RBH1.
But,<00:09:27.480><c> there's</c><00:09:27.720><c> one</c><00:09:28.040><c> problem</c><00:09:28.560><c> with</c><00:09:28.680><c> this</c>

06:43.779 --> 06:43.789 align:start position:0%
But, there's one problem with this
 

06:43.789 --> 06:45.060 align:start position:0%
But, there's one problem with this
discovery.

06:45.060 --> 06:45.070 align:start position:0%
discovery.
 

06:45.070 --> 06:47.420 align:start position:0%
discovery.
We<00:09:30.280><c> typically</c><00:09:30.880><c> think</c><00:09:31.200><c> of</c><00:09:31.320><c> a</c><00:09:31.360><c> black</c><00:09:31.720><c> hole</c><00:09:32.280><c> as</c>

06:47.420 --> 06:47.430 align:start position:0%
We typically think of a black hole as
 

06:47.430 --> 06:49.740 align:start position:0%
We typically think of a black hole as
the<00:09:32.640><c> source</c><00:09:33.200><c> of</c><00:09:33.320><c> a</c><00:09:33.360><c> violent</c><00:09:33.720><c> destruction,</c>

06:49.740 --> 06:49.750 align:start position:0%
the source of a violent destruction,
 

06:49.750 --> 06:51.700 align:start position:0%
the source of a violent destruction,
capturing<00:09:35.440><c> nearby</c><00:09:35.839><c> stars</c><00:09:36.280><c> and</c><00:09:36.400><c> solar</c>

06:51.700 --> 06:51.710 align:start position:0%
capturing nearby stars and solar
 

06:51.710 --> 06:54.860 align:start position:0%
capturing nearby stars and solar
systems,<00:09:37.400><c> even</c><00:09:37.800><c> light</c><00:09:38.040><c> itself,</c><00:09:39.000><c> until</c><00:09:39.480><c> it</c><00:09:39.680><c> has</c>

06:54.860 --> 06:54.870 align:start position:0%
systems, even light itself, until it has
 

06:54.870 --> 06:57.700 align:start position:0%
systems, even light itself, until it has
devoured<00:09:40.600><c> everything</c><00:09:41.320><c> in</c><00:09:41.440><c> its</c><00:09:41.600><c> path.</c>

06:57.700 --> 06:57.710 align:start position:0%
devoured everything in its path.
 

06:57.710 --> 07:00.300 align:start position:0%
devoured everything in its path.
How<00:09:42.960><c> is</c><00:09:43.120><c> it</c><00:09:43.520><c> that</c><00:09:43.760><c> this</c><00:09:44.280><c> black</c><00:09:44.600><c> hole</c><00:09:45.160><c> is</c>

07:00.300 --> 07:00.310 align:start position:0%
How is it that this black hole is
 

07:00.310 --> 07:02.540 align:start position:0%
How is it that this black hole is
creating<00:09:45.880><c> stars?</c><00:09:46.231><c> [music]</c>

07:02.540 --> 07:02.550 align:start position:0%
creating stars? [music]
 

07:02.550 --> 07:05.940 align:start position:0%
creating stars? [music]
As<00:09:47.920><c> RBH1</c><00:09:49.200><c> carves</c><00:09:49.760><c> a</c><00:09:49.840><c> chaotic</c><00:09:50.440><c> path</c><00:09:50.760><c> through</c>

07:05.940 --> 07:05.950 align:start position:0%
As RBH1 carves a chaotic path through
 

07:05.950 --> 07:08.376 align:start position:0%
As RBH1 carves a chaotic path through
space,<00:09:51.920><c> its</c><00:09:52.120><c> powerful</c><00:09:52.600><c> bow</c><00:09:52.840><c> shock</c>

07:08.376 --> 07:08.386 align:start position:0%
space, its powerful bow shock
 

07:08.386 --> 07:08.420 align:start position:0%
space, its powerful bow shock
&gt;&gt; [music]

07:08.420 --> 07:08.430 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
 

07:08.430 --> 07:10.780 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; [music]
&gt;&gt; causes<00:09:53.960><c> compressed</c><00:09:54.480><c> gas</c><00:09:54.800><c> to</c><00:09:54.920><c> accumulate</c><00:09:55.720><c> and</c>

07:10.780 --> 07:10.790 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; causes compressed gas to accumulate and
 

07:10.790 --> 07:12.220 align:start position:0%
&gt;&gt; causes compressed gas to accumulate and
trail<00:09:56.120><c> behind.</c>

07:12.220 --> 07:12.230 align:start position:0%
trail behind.
 

07:12.230 --> 07:14.100 align:start position:0%
trail behind.
As<00:09:57.440><c> it</c><00:09:57.600><c> cools</c><00:09:58.040><c> and</c><00:09:58.240><c> mixes</c><00:09:58.680><c> with</c><00:09:58.960><c> other</c>

07:14.100 --> 07:14.110 align:start position:0%
As it cools and mixes with other
 

07:14.110 --> 07:16.500 align:start position:0%
As it cools and mixes with other
surrounding<00:09:59.640><c> gases,</c><00:10:00.560><c> clumps</c><00:10:01.080><c> along</c><00:10:01.480><c> the</c>

07:16.500 --> 07:16.510 align:start position:0%
surrounding gases, clumps along the
 

07:16.510 --> 07:19.700 align:start position:0%
surrounding gases, clumps along the
trail<00:10:01.840><c> of</c><00:10:01.960><c> gas</c><00:10:02.280><c> collapse</c><00:10:03.080><c> to</c><00:10:03.200><c> form</c><00:10:03.440><c> new</c><00:10:03.600><c> stars.</c>

07:19.700 --> 07:19.710 align:start position:0%
trail of gas collapse to form new stars.
 

07:19.710 --> 07:22.260 align:start position:0%
trail of gas collapse to form new stars.
It<00:10:04.920><c> is</c><00:10:05.080><c> the</c><00:10:05.200><c> very</c><00:10:05.640><c> chaos</c><00:10:06.520><c> of</c><00:10:06.640><c> this</c><00:10:06.880><c> runaway</c>

07:22.260 --> 07:22.270 align:start position:0%
It is the very chaos of this runaway
 

07:22.270 --> 07:24.500 align:start position:0%
It is the very chaos of this runaway
supermassive<00:10:07.920><c> black</c><00:10:08.200><c> hole</c><00:10:08.400><c> that</c><00:10:08.920><c> ultimately</c>

07:24.500 --> 07:24.510 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole that ultimately
 

07:24.510 --> 07:27.340 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole that ultimately
seeds<00:10:10.040><c> the</c><00:10:10.160><c> distant</c><00:10:10.680><c> cosmos</c><00:10:11.520><c> with</c><00:10:11.720><c> the</c><00:10:11.840><c> matter</c>

07:27.340 --> 07:27.350 align:start position:0%
seeds the distant cosmos with the matter
 

07:27.350 --> 07:28.900 align:start position:0%
seeds the distant cosmos with the matter
and<00:10:12.560><c> conditions</c><00:10:13.087><c> [music]</c><00:10:13.240><c> to</c><00:10:13.360><c> form</c><00:10:13.720><c> new</c>

07:28.900 --> 07:28.910 align:start position:0%
and conditions [music] to form new
 

07:28.910 --> 07:30.220 align:start position:0%
and conditions [music] to form new
stars.

07:30.220 --> 07:30.230 align:start position:0%
stars.
 

07:30.230 --> 07:33.540 align:start position:0%
stars.
From<00:10:15.800><c> cosmic</c><00:10:16.280><c> carnage</c><00:10:17.280><c> comes</c><00:10:17.880><c> stellar</c>

07:33.540 --> 07:33.550 align:start position:0%
From cosmic carnage comes stellar
 

07:33.550 --> 07:35.220 align:start position:0%
From cosmic carnage comes stellar
rebirth.

07:35.220 --> 07:35.230 align:start position:0%
rebirth.
 

07:35.230 --> 07:38.180 align:start position:0%
rebirth.
But<00:10:20.440><c> why</c><00:10:20.800><c> is</c><00:10:21.720><c> RBH1</c>

07:38.180 --> 07:38.190 align:start position:0%
But why is RBH1
 

07:38.190 --> 07:40.220 align:start position:0%
But why is RBH1
hurtling<00:10:23.880><c> through</c><00:10:24.440><c> intergalactic</c><00:10:24.877><c> [music]</c>

07:40.220 --> 07:40.230 align:start position:0%
hurtling through intergalactic [music]
 

07:40.230 --> 07:42.660 align:start position:0%
hurtling through intergalactic [music]
space<00:10:25.880><c> at</c><00:10:26.120><c> breakneck</c><00:10:26.840><c> speeds</c><00:10:27.240><c> in</c><00:10:27.360><c> the</c><00:10:27.440><c> first</c>

07:42.660 --> 07:42.670 align:start position:0%
space at breakneck speeds in the first
 

07:42.670 --> 07:43.620 align:start position:0%
space at breakneck speeds in the first
place?

07:43.620 --> 07:43.630 align:start position:0%
place?
 

07:43.630 --> 07:48.260 align:start position:0%
place?
Where<00:10:29.120><c> did</c><00:10:29.320><c> it</c><00:10:29.440><c> come</c><00:10:29.720><c> from?</c>

07:48.260 --> 07:48.270 align:start position:0%
 
 

07:48.270 --> 07:50.220 align:start position:0%
 
Luckily,<00:10:33.760><c> this</c><00:10:34.000><c> part</c><00:10:34.240><c> of</c><00:10:34.320><c> the</c><00:10:34.400><c> mystery</c><00:10:34.880><c> comes</c>

07:50.220 --> 07:50.230 align:start position:0%
Luckily, this part of the mystery comes
 

07:50.230 --> 07:52.460 align:start position:0%
Luckily, this part of the mystery comes
with<00:10:35.400><c> its</c><00:10:35.600><c> own</c><00:10:35.880><c> line</c><00:10:36.320><c> of</c><00:10:36.520><c> evidence,</c>

07:52.460 --> 07:52.470 align:start position:0%
with its own line of evidence,
 

07:52.470 --> 07:53.820 align:start position:0%
with its own line of evidence,
literally.

07:53.820 --> 07:53.830 align:start position:0%
literally.
 

07:53.830 --> 07:56.500 align:start position:0%
literally.
The<00:10:39.040><c> team</c><00:10:39.360><c> led</c><00:10:39.640><c> by</c><00:10:39.839><c> Van</c><00:10:40.080><c> Dokkum</c><00:10:40.800><c> said</c><00:10:41.040><c> that</c>

07:56.500 --> 07:56.510 align:start position:0%
The team led by Van Dokkum said that
 

07:56.510 --> 07:58.380 align:start position:0%
The team led by Van Dokkum said that
with<00:10:41.839><c> the</c><00:10:41.920><c> black</c><00:10:42.240><c> hole's</c><00:10:42.520><c> current</c><00:10:42.880><c> velocity</c>

07:58.380 --> 07:58.390 align:start position:0%
with the black hole's current velocity
 

07:58.390 --> 08:02.540 align:start position:0%
with the black hole's current velocity
of<00:10:43.520><c> about</c><00:10:43.960><c> 954</c><00:10:45.400><c> km</c><00:10:46.080><c> per</c><00:10:46.200><c> second,</c><00:10:47.120><c> the</c><00:10:47.240><c> evidence</c>

08:02.540 --> 08:02.550 align:start position:0%
of about 954 km per second, the evidence
 

08:02.550 --> 08:04.700 align:start position:0%
of about 954 km per second, the evidence
is<00:10:47.839><c> very</c><00:10:48.200><c> strong,</c><00:10:48.920><c> bordering</c><00:10:49.440><c> on</c>

08:04.700 --> 08:04.710 align:start position:0%
is very strong, bordering on
 

08:04.710 --> 08:07.140 align:start position:0%
is very strong, bordering on
overwhelming,<00:10:51.120><c> that</c><00:10:51.240><c> this</c><00:10:51.400><c> is</c><00:10:51.560><c> indeed</c><00:10:52.040><c> a</c>

08:07.140 --> 08:07.150 align:start position:0%
overwhelming, that this is indeed a
 

08:07.150 --> 08:09.380 align:start position:0%
overwhelming, that this is indeed a
runaway<00:10:52.600><c> supermassive</c><00:10:53.200><c> black</c><00:10:53.480><c> hole</c><00:10:54.120><c> that</c><00:10:54.280><c> was</c>

08:09.380 --> 08:09.390 align:start position:0%
runaway supermassive black hole that was
 

08:09.390 --> 08:11.860 align:start position:0%
runaway supermassive black hole that was
sent<00:10:54.680><c> traveling</c><00:10:55.600><c> from</c><00:10:55.720><c> its</c><00:10:55.960><c> once</c><00:10:56.400><c> host</c>

08:11.860 --> 08:11.870 align:start position:0%
sent traveling from its once host
 

08:11.870 --> 08:13.180 align:start position:0%
sent traveling from its once host
galaxy.

08:13.180 --> 08:13.190 align:start position:0%
galaxy.
 

08:13.190 --> 08:16.340 align:start position:0%
galaxy.
It<00:10:58.520><c> was</c><00:10:58.800><c> flung</c><00:10:59.680><c> fast</c><00:11:00.080><c> enough</c><00:11:00.400><c> to</c><00:11:00.520><c> escape</c><00:11:01.200><c> its</c>

08:16.340 --> 08:16.350 align:start position:0%
It was flung fast enough to escape its
 

08:16.350 --> 08:19.020 align:start position:0%
It was flung fast enough to escape its
galaxy<00:11:02.360><c> and</c><00:11:02.520><c> eventually</c><00:11:03.440><c> also</c><00:11:03.920><c> the</c>

08:19.020 --> 08:19.030 align:start position:0%
galaxy and eventually also the
 

08:19.030 --> 08:20.820 align:start position:0%
galaxy and eventually also the
circumgalactic

08:20.820 --> 08:20.830 align:start position:0%
circumgalactic
 

08:20.830 --> 08:22.580 align:start position:0%
circumgalactic
medium,<00:11:06.360><c> the</c><00:11:06.440><c> faint</c><00:11:06.760><c> halo</c><00:11:07.120><c> of</c><00:11:07.240><c> gas</c><00:11:07.520><c> that</c>

08:22.580 --> 08:22.590 align:start position:0%
medium, the faint halo of gas that
 

08:22.590 --> 08:24.740 align:start position:0%
medium, the faint halo of gas that
surrounds<00:11:08.240><c> the</c><00:11:08.360><c> galaxy.</c>

08:24.740 --> 08:24.750 align:start position:0%
surrounds the galaxy.
 

08:24.750 --> 08:28.220 align:start position:0%
surrounds the galaxy.
In<00:11:10.040><c> RBH1's</c><00:11:11.160><c> case,</c><00:11:11.800><c> the</c><00:11:11.920><c> stellar</c><00:11:12.240><c> vein</c><00:11:12.920><c> leads</c>

08:28.220 --> 08:28.230 align:start position:0%
In RBH1's case, the stellar vein leads
 

08:28.230 --> 08:30.860 align:start position:0%
In RBH1's case, the stellar vein leads
right<00:11:13.560><c> back</c><00:11:13.800><c> to</c><00:11:13.920><c> the</c><00:11:14.000><c> source,</c><00:11:15.080><c> the</c><00:11:15.200><c> cosmic</c>

08:30.860 --> 08:30.870 align:start position:0%
right back to the source, the cosmic
 

08:30.870 --> 08:32.140 align:start position:0%
right back to the source, the cosmic
owl.

08:32.140 --> 08:32.150 align:start position:0%
owl.
 

08:32.150 --> 08:36.900 align:start position:0%
owl.
This<00:11:17.800><c> two-galaxy</c><00:11:18.880><c> system</c><00:11:19.520><c> is</c><00:11:19.680><c> about</c><00:11:20.160><c> 7.5</c><00:11:21.120><c> to</c><00:11:21.520><c> 9</c>

08:36.900 --> 08:36.910 align:start position:0%
This two-galaxy system is about 7.5 to 9
 

08:36.910 --> 08:39.100 align:start position:0%
This two-galaxy system is about 7.5 to 9
billion<00:11:22.360><c> light</c><00:11:22.600><c> years</c><00:11:22.720><c> away,</c><00:11:23.640><c> and</c><00:11:23.760><c> it</c><00:11:23.839><c> got</c><00:11:24.000><c> its</c>

08:39.100 --> 08:39.110 align:start position:0%
billion light years away, and it got its
 

08:39.110 --> 08:41.020 align:start position:0%
billion light years away, and it got its
name<00:11:24.400><c> because</c><00:11:24.720><c> it</c><00:11:24.839><c> looks</c><00:11:25.000><c> like</c><00:11:25.160><c> an</c><00:11:25.360><c> owl</c><00:11:25.880><c> with</c>

08:41.020 --> 08:41.030 align:start position:0%
name because it looks like an owl with
 

08:41.030 --> 08:42.820 align:start position:0%
name because it looks like an owl with
two<00:11:26.400><c> eyes</c><00:11:26.720><c> and</c><00:11:26.839><c> a</c><00:11:26.880><c> beak.</c>

08:42.820 --> 08:42.830 align:start position:0%
two eyes and a beak.
 

08:42.830 --> 08:45.580 align:start position:0%
two eyes and a beak.
This<00:11:28.160><c> unique</c><00:11:28.839><c> galaxy</c><00:11:29.520><c> offers</c><00:11:29.839><c> clues</c><00:11:30.240><c> to</c><00:11:30.400><c> what</c>

08:45.580 --> 08:45.590 align:start position:0%
This unique galaxy offers clues to what
 

08:45.590 --> 08:47.940 align:start position:0%
This unique galaxy offers clues to what
sent<00:11:31.032><c> [music]</c><00:11:31.240><c> RBH1</c><00:11:32.440><c> on</c><00:11:32.600><c> its</c><00:11:32.720><c> current</c>

08:47.940 --> 08:47.950 align:start position:0%
sent [music] RBH1 on its current
 

08:47.950 --> 08:49.980 align:start position:0%
sent [music] RBH1 on its current
trajectory.

08:49.980 --> 08:49.990 align:start position:0%
trajectory.
 

08:49.990 --> 08:52.300 align:start position:0%
trajectory.
The<00:11:35.080><c> shape</c><00:11:35.360><c> of</c><00:11:35.480><c> this</c><00:11:35.720><c> two-galaxy</c><00:11:36.440><c> system</c><00:11:36.880><c> is</c>

08:52.300 --> 08:52.310 align:start position:0%
The shape of this two-galaxy system is
 

08:52.310 --> 08:55.060 align:start position:0%
The shape of this two-galaxy system is
very<00:11:37.800><c> unusual</c><00:11:38.960><c> and</c><00:11:39.120><c> was</c><00:11:39.240><c> created</c><00:11:39.680><c> through</c><00:11:40.000><c> the</c>

08:55.060 --> 08:55.070 align:start position:0%
very unusual and was created through the
 

08:55.070 --> 08:57.860 align:start position:0%
very unusual and was created through the
extremely<00:11:41.000><c> rare</c><00:11:41.280><c> collision</c><00:11:41.920><c> of</c><00:11:42.200><c> two</c><00:11:42.680><c> ring</c>

08:57.860 --> 08:57.870 align:start position:0%
extremely rare collision of two ring
 

08:57.870 --> 08:59.300 align:start position:0%
extremely rare collision of two ring
galaxies.

08:59.300 --> 08:59.310 align:start position:0%
galaxies.
 

08:59.310 --> 09:02.260 align:start position:0%
galaxies.
Ring<00:11:44.480><c> galaxies</c><00:11:45.000><c> make</c><00:11:45.280><c> up</c><00:11:45.400><c> just</c><00:11:45.720><c> 0.01%</c>

09:02.260 --> 09:02.270 align:start position:0%
Ring galaxies make up just 0.01%
 

09:02.270 --> 09:04.140 align:start position:0%
Ring galaxies make up just 0.01%
of<00:11:47.560><c> all</c><00:11:47.760><c> the</c><00:11:47.880><c> galaxies</c><00:11:48.440><c> we've</c><00:11:48.600><c> discovered</c><00:11:49.000><c> so</c>

09:04.140 --> 09:04.150 align:start position:0%
of all the galaxies we've discovered so
 

09:04.150 --> 09:06.940 align:start position:0%
of all the galaxies we've discovered so
far<00:11:49.920><c> with</c><00:11:50.120><c> only</c><00:11:50.400><c> a</c><00:11:50.480><c> few</c><00:11:51.000><c> hundred</c><00:11:51.520><c> known</c><00:11:51.800><c> in</c><00:11:51.920><c> the</c>

09:06.940 --> 09:06.950 align:start position:0%
far with only a few hundred known in the
 

09:06.950 --> 09:08.740 align:start position:0%
far with only a few hundred known in the
local<00:11:52.360><c> universe.</c>

09:08.740 --> 09:08.750 align:start position:0%
local universe.
 

09:08.750 --> 09:09.780 align:start position:0%
local universe.
Why?

09:09.780 --> 09:09.790 align:start position:0%
Why?
 

09:09.790 --> 09:12.500 align:start position:0%
Why?
Well,<00:11:55.160><c> in</c><00:11:55.400><c> order</c><00:11:55.640><c> to</c><00:11:55.840><c> form,</c><00:11:56.760><c> they</c><00:11:57.000><c> require</c><00:11:57.480><c> a</c>

09:12.500 --> 09:12.510 align:start position:0%
Well, in order to form, they require a
 

09:12.510 --> 09:15.420 align:start position:0%
Well, in order to form, they require a
galaxy<00:11:58.000><c> to</c><00:11:58.160><c> pass</c><00:11:58.760><c> almost</c><00:11:59.200><c> directly</c><00:12:00.080><c> through</c>

09:15.420 --> 09:15.430 align:start position:0%
galaxy to pass almost directly through
 

09:15.430 --> 09:17.900 align:start position:0%
galaxy to pass almost directly through
the<00:12:00.600><c> center</c><00:12:01.240><c> of</c><00:12:01.400><c> another</c><00:12:01.680><c> galaxy.</c>

09:17.900 --> 09:17.910 align:start position:0%
the center of another galaxy.
 

09:17.910 --> 09:20.660 align:start position:0%
the center of another galaxy.
As<00:12:03.080><c> you</c><00:12:03.160><c> can</c><00:12:03.280><c> imagine,</c><00:12:04.160><c> that's</c><00:12:04.440><c> not</c><00:12:04.680><c> easy.</c>

09:20.660 --> 09:20.670 align:start position:0%
As you can imagine, that's not easy.
 

09:20.670 --> 09:22.500 align:start position:0%
As you can imagine, that's not easy.
Just<00:12:05.880><c> like</c><00:12:06.160><c> if</c><00:12:06.320><c> you're</c><00:12:06.440><c> playing</c><00:12:06.760><c> darts,</c>

09:22.500 --> 09:22.510 align:start position:0%
Just like if you're playing darts,
 

09:22.510 --> 09:24.300 align:start position:0%
Just like if you're playing darts,
chances<00:12:08.000><c> are</c><00:12:08.200><c> much</c><00:12:08.520><c> greater</c><00:12:08.840><c> that</c><00:12:08.960><c> the</c><00:12:09.080><c> dart</c>

09:24.300 --> 09:24.310 align:start position:0%
chances are much greater that the dart
 

09:24.310 --> 09:26.700 align:start position:0%
chances are much greater that the dart
will<00:12:09.480><c> land</c><00:12:09.800><c> off-center,</c><00:12:10.600><c> no</c><00:12:10.800><c> matter</c><00:12:11.200><c> how</c><00:12:11.520><c> good</c>

09:26.700 --> 09:26.710 align:start position:0%
will land off-center, no matter how good
 

09:26.710 --> 09:28.140 align:start position:0%
will land off-center, no matter how good
your<00:12:12.000><c> aim,</c><00:12:12.400><c> than</c><00:12:12.600><c> directly</c><00:12:13.040><c> on</c><00:12:13.160><c> the</c>

09:28.140 --> 09:28.150 align:start position:0%
your aim, than directly on the
 

09:28.150 --> 09:29.300 align:start position:0%
your aim, than directly on the
bull's-eye.

09:29.300 --> 09:29.310 align:start position:0%
bull's-eye.
 

09:29.310 --> 09:31.540 align:start position:0%
bull's-eye.
And<00:12:14.520><c> well,</c><00:12:15.200><c> galaxies</c><00:12:15.760><c> don't</c><00:12:16.000><c> come</c><00:12:16.320><c> with</c><00:12:16.480><c> an</c>

09:31.540 --> 09:31.550 align:start position:0%
And well, galaxies don't come with an
 

09:31.550 --> 09:33.460 align:start position:0%
And well, galaxies don't come with an
innate<00:12:16.960><c> sense</c><00:12:17.200><c> of</c><00:12:17.440><c> aim.</c>

09:33.460 --> 09:33.470 align:start position:0%
innate sense of aim.
 

09:33.470 --> 09:35.740 align:start position:0%
innate sense of aim.
This<00:12:18.680><c> means</c><00:12:18.960><c> the</c><00:12:19.080><c> chance</c><00:12:19.520><c> of</c><00:12:19.680><c> one</c><00:12:19.960><c> ring</c><00:12:20.200><c> galaxy</c>

09:35.740 --> 09:35.750 align:start position:0%
This means the chance of one ring galaxy
 

09:35.750 --> 09:39.740 align:start position:0%
This means the chance of one ring galaxy
being<00:12:21.080><c> created</c><00:12:22.040><c> is</c><00:12:22.280><c> already</c><00:12:22.760><c> rare.</c><00:12:23.600><c> So,</c><00:12:23.880><c> two</c>

09:39.740 --> 09:39.750 align:start position:0%
being created is already rare. So, two
 

09:39.750 --> 09:41.940 align:start position:0%
being created is already rare. So, two
of<00:12:24.960><c> these</c><00:12:25.240><c> rare</c><00:12:25.480><c> galaxies</c><00:12:25.960><c> existing</c><00:12:26.520><c> close</c><00:12:26.880><c> to</c>

09:41.940 --> 09:41.950 align:start position:0%
of these rare galaxies existing close to
 

09:41.950 --> 09:45.580 align:start position:0%
of these rare galaxies existing close to
each<00:12:27.360><c> other</c><00:12:28.080><c> is</c><00:12:28.360><c> even</c><00:12:28.800><c> more</c><00:12:29.200><c> unusual.</c>

09:45.580 --> 09:45.590 align:start position:0%
each other is even more unusual.
 

09:45.590 --> 09:47.380 align:start position:0%
each other is even more unusual.
Take<00:12:30.800><c> that</c><00:12:30.960><c> one</c><00:12:31.120><c> step</c><00:12:31.400><c> further</c><00:12:32.240><c> and</c><00:12:32.320><c> the</c>

09:47.380 --> 09:47.390 align:start position:0%
Take that one step further and the
 

09:47.390 --> 09:49.860 align:start position:0%
Take that one step further and the
chance<00:12:32.800><c> that</c><00:12:33.080><c> two</c><00:12:33.720><c> rare</c><00:12:34.160><c> ring</c><00:12:34.400><c> galaxies</c>

09:49.860 --> 09:49.870 align:start position:0%
chance that two rare ring galaxies
 

09:49.870 --> 09:51.940 align:start position:0%
chance that two rare ring galaxies
collide<00:12:35.800><c> with</c><00:12:35.920><c> each</c><00:12:36.120><c> other,</c>

09:51.940 --> 09:51.950 align:start position:0%
collide with each other,
 

09:51.950 --> 09:54.500 align:start position:0%
collide with each other,
well,<00:12:37.360><c> you</c><00:12:37.520><c> can</c><00:12:37.720><c> see</c><00:12:38.000><c> why</c><00:12:38.240><c> the</c><00:12:38.400><c> Cosmic</c><00:12:38.920><c> Owl,</c>

09:54.500 --> 09:54.510 align:start position:0%
well, you can see why the Cosmic Owl,
 

09:54.510 --> 09:57.500 align:start position:0%
well, you can see why the Cosmic Owl,
also<00:12:39.920><c> dubbed</c><00:12:40.320><c> the</c><00:12:40.560><c> Infinity</c><00:12:41.200><c> Galaxy,</c><00:12:42.160><c> is</c><00:12:42.440><c> an</c>

09:57.500 --> 09:57.510 align:start position:0%
also dubbed the Infinity Galaxy, is an
 

09:57.510 --> 10:00.220 align:start position:0%
also dubbed the Infinity Galaxy, is an
exceptionally<00:12:43.680><c> rare</c><00:12:44.160><c> type</c><00:12:44.680><c> of</c><00:12:44.839><c> galaxy</c>

10:00.220 --> 10:00.230 align:start position:0%
exceptionally rare type of galaxy
 

10:00.230 --> 10:01.460 align:start position:0%
exceptionally rare type of galaxy
merger.

10:01.460 --> 10:01.470 align:start position:0%
merger.
 

10:01.470 --> 10:03.420 align:start position:0%
merger.
Astronomers<00:12:47.040><c> say</c><00:12:47.320><c> that</c><00:12:47.520><c> the</c><00:12:47.640><c> symmetry</c><00:12:48.280><c> of</c><00:12:48.400><c> the</c>

10:03.420 --> 10:03.430 align:start position:0%
Astronomers say that the symmetry of the
 

10:03.430 --> 10:05.700 align:start position:0%
Astronomers say that the symmetry of the
resulting<00:12:48.920><c> Cosmic</c><00:12:49.360><c> Owl</c><00:12:50.000><c> is</c><00:12:50.120><c> a</c><00:12:50.200><c> strong</c>

10:05.700 --> 10:05.710 align:start position:0%
resulting Cosmic Owl is a strong
 

10:05.710 --> 10:08.060 align:start position:0%
resulting Cosmic Owl is a strong
indicator<00:12:51.440><c> of</c><00:12:51.600><c> a</c><00:12:51.680><c> head-on</c><00:12:52.280><c> collision</c><00:12:52.720><c> between</c>

10:08.060 --> 10:08.070 align:start position:0%
indicator of a head-on collision between
 

10:08.070 --> 10:11.020 align:start position:0%
indicator of a head-on collision between
two<00:12:53.440><c> galaxies</c><00:12:54.160><c> of</c><00:12:54.440><c> similar</c><00:12:54.920><c> mass.</c>

10:11.020 --> 10:11.030 align:start position:0%
two galaxies of similar mass.
 

10:11.030 --> 10:12.660 align:start position:0%
two galaxies of similar mass.
Both<00:12:56.400><c> of</c><00:12:56.480><c> the</c><00:12:56.600><c> ring</c><00:12:56.760><c> galaxies</c><00:12:57.240><c> that</c><00:12:57.360><c> make</c><00:12:57.600><c> up</c>

10:12.660 --> 10:12.670 align:start position:0%
Both of the ring galaxies that make up
 

10:12.670 --> 10:15.140 align:start position:0%
Both of the ring galaxies that make up
the<00:12:57.800><c> Cosmic</c><00:12:58.240><c> Owl</c><00:12:58.520><c> are</c><00:12:58.800><c> relatively</c><00:12:59.400><c> small,</c>

10:15.140 --> 10:15.150 align:start position:0%
the Cosmic Owl are relatively small,
 

10:15.150 --> 10:17.340 align:start position:0%
the Cosmic Owl are relatively small,
each<00:13:00.520><c> measuring</c><00:13:01.040><c> in</c><00:13:01.320><c> at</c><00:13:01.760><c> only</c><00:13:02.000><c> about</c><00:13:02.320><c> a</c>

10:17.340 --> 10:17.350 align:start position:0%
each measuring in at only about a
 

10:17.350 --> 10:19.180 align:start position:0%
each measuring in at only about a
quarter<00:13:03.000><c> of</c><00:13:03.080><c> the</c><00:13:03.200><c> diameter</c><00:13:03.720><c> of</c><00:13:03.839><c> the</c><00:13:03.920><c> Milky</c>

10:19.180 --> 10:19.190 align:start position:0%
quarter of the diameter of the Milky
 

10:19.190 --> 10:20.140 align:start position:0%
quarter of the diameter of the Milky
Way.

10:20.140 --> 10:20.150 align:start position:0%
Way.
 

10:20.150 --> 10:21.779 align:start position:0%
Way.
At<00:13:05.240><c> the</c><00:13:05.360><c> time</c><00:13:05.600><c> of</c><00:13:05.720><c> the</c><00:13:05.800><c> collision,</c><00:13:06.520><c> each</c><00:13:06.760><c> of</c>

10:21.779 --> 10:21.789 align:start position:0%
At the time of the collision, each of
 

10:21.789 --> 10:23.980 align:start position:0%
At the time of the collision, each of
the<00:13:07.000><c> Owl's</c><00:13:07.400><c> eyes</c><00:13:07.760><c> represented</c><00:13:08.440><c> a</c><00:13:08.480><c> galactic</c>

10:23.980 --> 10:23.990 align:start position:0%
the Owl's eyes represented a galactic
 

10:23.990 --> 10:26.620 align:start position:0%
the Owl's eyes represented a galactic
core<00:13:09.680><c> of</c><00:13:10.000><c> densely</c><00:13:10.520><c> packed</c><00:13:10.594><c> [music]</c><00:13:10.960><c> old</c><00:13:11.200><c> stars</c>

10:26.620 --> 10:26.630 align:start position:0%
core of densely packed [music] old stars
 

10:26.630 --> 10:28.660 align:start position:0%
core of densely packed [music] old stars
surrounding<00:13:12.200><c> a</c><00:13:12.240><c> black</c><00:13:12.560><c> hole.</c>

10:28.660 --> 10:28.670 align:start position:0%
surrounding a black hole.
 

10:28.670 --> 10:30.940 align:start position:0%
surrounding a black hole.
Where<00:13:13.920><c> these</c><00:13:14.320><c> eye-like</c><00:13:14.839><c> galaxy</c><00:13:15.240><c> edges</c><00:13:15.600><c> began</c>

10:30.940 --> 10:30.950 align:start position:0%
Where these eye-like galaxy edges began
 

10:30.950 --> 10:33.820 align:start position:0%
Where these eye-like galaxy edges began
to<00:13:16.160><c> merge</c><00:13:16.600><c> some</c><00:13:16.880><c> 38</c><00:13:17.400><c> million</c><00:13:17.720><c> years</c><00:13:17.960><c> ago,</c><00:13:18.720><c> we</c>

10:33.820 --> 10:33.830 align:start position:0%
to merge some 38 million years ago, we
 

10:33.830 --> 10:36.540 align:start position:0%
to merge some 38 million years ago, we
get<00:13:19.200><c> the</c><00:13:19.400><c> area</c><00:13:19.760><c> known</c><00:13:20.200><c> as</c><00:13:20.400><c> the</c><00:13:20.480><c> beak.</c>

10:36.540 --> 10:36.550 align:start position:0%
get the area known as the beak.
 

10:36.550 --> 10:39.380 align:start position:0%
get the area known as the beak.
This<00:13:21.920><c> is</c><00:13:22.080><c> a</c><00:13:22.160><c> place</c><00:13:22.600><c> of</c><00:13:22.960><c> active</c><00:13:23.560><c> collision</c>

10:39.380 --> 10:39.390 align:start position:0%
This is a place of active collision
 

10:39.390 --> 10:42.260 align:start position:0%
This is a place of active collision
packed<00:13:24.760><c> with</c><00:13:25.040><c> molecular</c><00:13:25.600><c> gas,</c><00:13:26.440><c> the</c><00:13:26.560><c> fuel</c><00:13:27.160><c> for</c>

10:42.260 --> 10:42.270 align:start position:0%
packed with molecular gas, the fuel for
 

10:42.270 --> 10:43.900 align:start position:0%
packed with molecular gas, the fuel for
star<00:13:27.640><c> formation.</c>

10:43.900 --> 10:43.910 align:start position:0%
star formation.
 

10:43.910 --> 10:46.060 align:start position:0%
star formation.
This<00:13:29.320><c> ancient</c><00:13:29.760><c> collision</c><00:13:30.320><c> may</c><00:13:30.520><c> have</c><00:13:30.720><c> been</c><00:13:31.000><c> the</c>

10:46.060 --> 10:46.070 align:start position:0%
This ancient collision may have been the
 

10:46.070 --> 10:49.260 align:start position:0%
This ancient collision may have been the
very<00:13:31.520><c> catalyst</c><00:13:32.600><c> that</c><00:13:32.760><c> sent</c><00:13:33.080><c> RBH</c><00:13:33.600><c> 1</c><00:13:33.880><c> on</c><00:13:34.040><c> its</c>

10:49.260 --> 10:49.270 align:start position:0%
very catalyst that sent RBH 1 on its
 

10:49.270 --> 10:54.340 align:start position:0%
very catalyst that sent RBH 1 on its
rapid<00:13:34.840><c> escape</c><00:13:35.280><c> path.</c>

10:54.340 --> 10:54.350 align:start position:0%
 
 

10:54.350 --> 10:55.860 align:start position:0%
 
There<00:13:39.520><c> are</c><00:13:39.600><c> two</c><00:13:39.800><c> leading</c><00:13:40.120><c> explanations</c><00:13:40.800><c> for</c>

10:55.860 --> 10:55.870 align:start position:0%
There are two leading explanations for
 

10:55.870 --> 10:58.060 align:start position:0%
There are two leading explanations for
what<00:13:41.200><c> could</c><00:13:41.320><c> have</c><00:13:41.440><c> happened</c><00:13:41.760><c> to</c><00:13:41.840><c> RBH</c><00:13:42.360><c> 1.</c>

10:58.060 --> 10:58.070 align:start position:0%
what could have happened to RBH 1.
 

10:58.070 --> 11:01.100 align:start position:0%
what could have happened to RBH 1.
Either<00:13:43.880><c> a</c><00:13:43.960><c> merger</c><00:13:44.480><c> of</c><00:13:44.600><c> two</c><00:13:44.760><c> black</c><00:13:45.040><c> holes</c><00:13:45.840><c> or</c><00:13:46.080><c> a</c>

11:01.100 --> 11:01.110 align:start position:0%
Either a merger of two black holes or a
 

11:01.110 --> 11:03.740 align:start position:0%
Either a merger of two black holes or a
three-body<00:13:47.240><c> interaction</c><00:13:47.920><c> with</c><00:13:48.080><c> a</c><00:13:48.200><c> third</c>

11:03.740 --> 11:03.750 align:start position:0%
three-body interaction with a third
 

11:03.750 --> 11:07.780 align:start position:0%
three-body interaction with a third
black<00:13:49.080><c> hole</c><00:13:49.400><c> involved.</c><00:13:50.680><c> So,</c><00:13:51.240><c> which</c><00:13:51.480><c> is</c><00:13:51.600><c> it?</c>

11:07.780 --> 11:07.790 align:start position:0%
black hole involved. So, which is it?
 

11:07.790 --> 11:09.900 align:start position:0%
black hole involved. So, which is it?
When<00:13:53.040><c> ring</c><00:13:53.200><c> galaxies</c><00:13:53.720><c> like</c><00:13:53.920><c> these</c><00:13:54.160><c> collide,</c>

11:09.900 --> 11:09.910 align:start position:0%
When ring galaxies like these collide,
 

11:09.910 --> 11:11.900 align:start position:0%
When ring galaxies like these collide,
the<00:13:55.040><c> supermassive</c><00:13:55.640><c> black</c><00:13:55.880><c> holes</c><00:13:56.280><c> spiral</c>

11:11.900 --> 11:11.910 align:start position:0%
the supermassive black holes spiral
 

11:11.910 --> 11:14.340 align:start position:0%
the supermassive black holes spiral
nearer<00:13:57.600><c> and</c><00:13:57.800><c> nearer</c><00:13:58.160><c> to</c><00:13:58.320><c> each</c><00:13:58.480><c> other,</c><00:13:59.080><c> drawn</c>

11:14.340 --> 11:14.350 align:start position:0%
nearer and nearer to each other, drawn
 

11:14.350 --> 11:16.940 align:start position:0%
nearer and nearer to each other, drawn
together<00:13:59.800><c> by</c><00:14:00.000><c> their</c><00:14:00.240><c> massive</c><00:14:00.720><c> gravity.</c><00:14:01.840><c> When</c>

11:16.940 --> 11:16.950 align:start position:0%
together by their massive gravity. When
 

11:16.950 --> 11:18.180 align:start position:0%
together by their massive gravity. When
the<00:14:02.080><c> observation</c><00:14:02.339><c> [music]</c><00:14:02.600><c> was</c><00:14:02.840><c> initially</c>

11:18.180 --> 11:18.190 align:start position:0%
the observation [music] was initially
 

11:18.190 --> 11:20.620 align:start position:0%
the observation [music] was initially
revealed<00:14:03.680><c> in</c><00:14:03.760><c> 2023,</c><00:14:04.960><c> before</c><00:14:05.240><c> it</c><00:14:05.360><c> had</c><00:14:05.480><c> been</c>

11:20.620 --> 11:20.630 align:start position:0%
revealed in 2023, before it had been
 

11:20.630 --> 11:22.900 align:start position:0%
revealed in 2023, before it had been
confirmed<00:14:06.280><c> by</c><00:14:06.480><c> the</c><00:14:06.600><c> Webb,</c><00:14:07.360><c> the</c><00:14:07.480><c> leading</c>

11:22.900 --> 11:22.910 align:start position:0%
confirmed by the Webb, the leading
 

11:22.910 --> 11:23.700 align:start position:0%
confirmed by the Webb, the leading
explanation<00:14:08.234><c> [music]</c>

11:23.700 --> 11:23.710 align:start position:0%
explanation [music]
 

11:23.710 --> 11:25.940 align:start position:0%
explanation [music]
seemed<00:14:09.120><c> like</c><00:14:09.400><c> it</c><00:14:09.600><c> could</c><00:14:09.840><c> be</c><00:14:09.960><c> the</c><00:14:10.080><c> three-body</c>

11:25.940 --> 11:25.950 align:start position:0%
seemed like it could be the three-body
 

11:25.950 --> 11:27.940 align:start position:0%
seemed like it could be the three-body
gravitational<00:14:11.600><c> interaction</c><00:14:12.160><c> scenario,</c>

11:27.940 --> 11:27.950 align:start position:0%
gravitational interaction scenario,
 

11:27.950 --> 11:29.860 align:start position:0%
gravitational interaction scenario,
where<00:14:13.160><c> three</c><00:14:13.680><c> supermassive</c><00:14:14.280><c> black</c><00:14:14.560><c> holes</c>

11:29.860 --> 11:29.870 align:start position:0%
where three supermassive black holes
 

11:29.870 --> 11:31.500 align:start position:0%
where three supermassive black holes
were<00:14:15.040><c> brought</c><00:14:15.360><c> close</c><00:14:15.680><c> enough</c><00:14:15.920><c> to</c><00:14:16.040><c> interact</c>

11:31.500 --> 11:31.510 align:start position:0%
were brought close enough to interact
 

11:31.510 --> 11:33.100 align:start position:0%
were brought close enough to interact
with<00:14:16.680><c> each</c><00:14:16.880><c> other</c><00:14:17.360><c> through</c><00:14:17.600><c> the</c><00:14:17.720><c> galactic</c>

11:33.100 --> 11:33.110 align:start position:0%
with each other through the galactic
 

11:33.110 --> 11:34.300 align:start position:0%
with each other through the galactic
merger.

11:34.300 --> 11:34.310 align:start position:0%
merger.
 

11:34.310 --> 11:36.300 align:start position:0%
merger.
In<00:14:19.520><c> this</c><00:14:19.720><c> case,</c><00:14:20.040><c> the</c><00:14:20.240><c> two</c><00:14:20.560><c> supermassive</c><00:14:21.120><c> black</c>

11:36.300 --> 11:36.310 align:start position:0%
In this case, the two supermassive black
 

11:36.310 --> 11:37.820 align:start position:0%
In this case, the two supermassive black
holes<00:14:21.680><c> at</c><00:14:21.720><c> the</c><00:14:21.840><c> galactic</c><00:14:22.280><c> cores</c><00:14:22.640><c> of</c><00:14:22.760><c> the</c>

11:37.820 --> 11:37.830 align:start position:0%
holes at the galactic cores of the
 

11:37.830 --> 11:40.660 align:start position:0%
holes at the galactic cores of the
merging<00:14:23.320><c> galaxies</c><00:14:23.960><c> spiral</c><00:14:24.720><c> together</c><00:14:25.160><c> to</c><00:14:25.320><c> form</c>

11:40.660 --> 11:40.670 align:start position:0%
merging galaxies spiral together to form
 

11:40.670 --> 11:42.380 align:start position:0%
merging galaxies spiral together to form
a<00:14:25.880><c> binary</c><00:14:26.480><c> black</c><00:14:26.760><c> hole</c><00:14:26.960><c> system</c><00:14:27.320><c> at</c><00:14:27.360><c> the</c>

11:42.380 --> 11:42.390 align:start position:0%
a binary black hole system at the
 

11:42.390 --> 11:45.060 align:start position:0%
a binary black hole system at the
center.<00:14:28.520><c> This</c><00:14:28.760><c> kind</c><00:14:29.040><c> of</c><00:14:29.160><c> binary</c><00:14:29.600><c> black</c><00:14:29.920><c> hole</c>

11:45.060 --> 11:45.070 align:start position:0%
center. This kind of binary black hole
 

11:45.070 --> 11:46.540 align:start position:0%
center. This kind of binary black hole
system<00:14:30.504><c> [music]</c><00:14:30.560><c> can</c><00:14:30.720><c> last</c><00:14:31.080><c> billions</c><00:14:31.480><c> of</c>

11:46.540 --> 11:46.550 align:start position:0%
system [music] can last billions of
 

11:46.550 --> 11:49.180 align:start position:0%
system [music] can last billions of
years,<00:14:32.480><c> and</c><00:14:32.600><c> if</c><00:14:32.720><c> a</c><00:14:32.800><c> third</c><00:14:33.440><c> supermassive</c><00:14:33.960><c> black</c>

11:49.180 --> 11:49.190 align:start position:0%
years, and if a third supermassive black
 

11:49.190 --> 11:50.685 align:start position:0%
years, and if a third supermassive black
hole<00:14:34.480><c> gets</c><00:14:34.720><c> close</c><00:14:35.040><c> enough</c><00:14:35.320><c> to</c><00:14:35.640><c> the</c><00:14:35.720><c> galactic</c>

11:50.685 --> 11:50.695 align:start position:0%
hole gets close enough to the galactic
 

11:50.695 --> 11:53.220 align:start position:0%
hole gets close enough to the galactic
[music]<00:14:36.240><c> core,</c><00:14:37.080><c> this</c><00:14:37.400><c> three-body</c>

11:53.220 --> 11:53.230 align:start position:0%
[music] core, this three-body
 

11:53.230 --> 11:55.900 align:start position:0%
[music] core, this three-body
interaction<00:14:39.000><c> can</c><00:14:39.200><c> send</c><00:14:39.640><c> one</c><00:14:39.800><c> of</c><00:14:39.920><c> them</c><00:14:40.400><c> flying</c>

11:55.900 --> 11:55.910 align:start position:0%
interaction can send one of them flying
 

11:55.910 --> 11:57.890 align:start position:0%
interaction can send one of them flying
out<00:14:41.120><c> of</c><00:14:41.200><c> the</c><00:14:41.320><c> core</c><00:14:41.920><c> with</c><00:14:42.080><c> enough</c><00:14:42.440><c> velocity</c>

11:57.890 --> 11:57.900 align:start position:0%
out of the core with enough velocity
 

11:57.900 --> 12:00.740 align:start position:0%
out of the core with enough velocity
[music]<00:14:43.040><c> to</c><00:14:43.200><c> escape</c><00:14:43.720><c> the</c><00:14:43.839><c> galaxy</c><00:14:44.440><c> altogether.</c>

12:00.740 --> 12:00.750 align:start position:0%
[music] to escape the galaxy altogether.
 

12:00.750 --> 12:02.740 align:start position:0%
[music] to escape the galaxy altogether.
But<00:14:46.000><c> with</c><00:14:46.160><c> more</c><00:14:46.520><c> accurate</c><00:14:46.960><c> measurements,</c><00:14:47.680><c> it</c>

12:02.740 --> 12:02.750 align:start position:0%
But with more accurate measurements, it
 

12:02.750 --> 12:04.260 align:start position:0%
But with more accurate measurements, it
became<00:14:48.080><c> clear</c><00:14:48.320><c> that</c><00:14:48.480><c> the</c><00:14:48.600><c> better</c><00:14:49.000><c> fitting</c>

12:04.260 --> 12:04.270 align:start position:0%
became clear that the better fitting
 

12:04.270 --> 12:06.220 align:start position:0%
became clear that the better fitting
scenario<00:14:49.839><c> was</c><00:14:50.040><c> actually</c><00:14:50.480><c> a</c><00:14:50.600><c> black</c><00:14:51.000><c> hole</c>

12:06.220 --> 12:06.230 align:start position:0%
scenario was actually a black hole
 

12:06.230 --> 12:07.779 align:start position:0%
scenario was actually a black hole
merger.

12:07.779 --> 12:07.789 align:start position:0%
merger.
 

12:07.789 --> 12:09.580 align:start position:0%
merger.
The<00:14:52.960><c> mass</c><00:14:53.320><c> was</c><00:14:53.760><c> the</c><00:14:53.880><c> smoking</c><00:14:54.280><c> gun</c><00:14:54.480><c> in</c><00:14:54.560><c> the</c>

12:09.580 --> 12:09.590 align:start position:0%
The mass was the smoking gun in the
 

12:09.590 --> 12:11.940 align:start position:0%
The mass was the smoking gun in the
mystery.<00:14:55.600><c> If</c><00:14:55.800><c> it</c><00:14:55.880><c> had</c><00:14:56.000><c> been</c><00:14:56.280><c> three</c><00:14:56.640><c> black</c>

12:11.940 --> 12:11.950 align:start position:0%
mystery. If it had been three black
 

12:11.950 --> 12:13.260 align:start position:0%
mystery. If it had been three black
holes<00:14:57.240><c> interacting,</c><00:14:57.360><c> [music]</c>

12:13.260 --> 12:13.270 align:start position:0%
holes interacting, [music]
 

12:13.270 --> 12:14.860 align:start position:0%
holes interacting, [music]
the<00:14:58.440><c> lowest</c><00:14:58.760><c> mass</c><00:14:58.960><c> black</c><00:14:59.200><c> hole</c><00:14:59.480><c> would</c><00:14:59.640><c> be</c><00:14:59.800><c> the</c>

12:14.860 --> 12:14.870 align:start position:0%
the lowest mass black hole would be the
 

12:14.870 --> 12:16.740 align:start position:0%
the lowest mass black hole would be the
most<00:15:00.200><c> likely</c><00:15:00.680><c> one</c><00:15:00.920><c> to</c><00:15:01.040><c> be</c><00:15:01.160><c> shot</c><00:15:01.480><c> out</c><00:15:01.640><c> of</c><00:15:01.720><c> the</c>

12:16.740 --> 12:16.750 align:start position:0%
most likely one to be shot out of the
 

12:16.750 --> 12:20.420 align:start position:0%
most likely one to be shot out of the
system,<00:15:02.760><c> whereas</c><00:15:03.120><c> in</c><00:15:03.280><c> a</c><00:15:03.360><c> merger,</c><00:15:04.560><c> the</c><00:15:04.720><c> larger</c>

12:20.420 --> 12:20.430 align:start position:0%
system, whereas in a merger, the larger
 

12:20.430 --> 12:22.420 align:start position:0%
system, whereas in a merger, the larger
combined<00:15:06.080><c> black</c><00:15:06.400><c> hole</c><00:15:06.800><c> is</c><00:15:06.960><c> the</c><00:15:07.080><c> one</c><00:15:07.320><c> that</c>

12:22.420 --> 12:22.430 align:start position:0%
combined black hole is the one that
 

12:22.430 --> 12:24.580 align:start position:0%
combined black hole is the one that
would<00:15:07.640><c> be</c><00:15:07.800><c> ejected.</c><00:15:08.880><c> In</c><00:15:09.000><c> this</c><00:15:09.160><c> case,</c><00:15:09.560><c> the</c>

12:24.580 --> 12:24.590 align:start position:0%
would be ejected. In this case, the
 

12:24.590 --> 12:26.500 align:start position:0%
would be ejected. In this case, the
supermassive<00:15:10.240><c> black</c><00:15:10.480><c> hole's</c><00:15:10.720><c> mass</c><00:15:11.440><c> was</c>

12:26.500 --> 12:26.510 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole's mass was
 

12:26.510 --> 12:28.980 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole's mass was
calculated<00:15:12.160><c> to</c><00:15:12.240><c> be</c><00:15:12.440><c> greater</c><00:15:13.040><c> than</c><00:15:13.240><c> 10</c><00:15:13.680><c> million</c>

12:28.980 --> 12:28.990 align:start position:0%
calculated to be greater than 10 million
 

12:28.990 --> 12:31.700 align:start position:0%
calculated to be greater than 10 million
times<00:15:14.400><c> the</c><00:15:14.480><c> mass</c><00:15:14.680><c> of</c><00:15:14.800><c> our</c><00:15:14.960><c> sun,</c><00:15:15.800><c> too</c><00:15:16.200><c> massive</c>

12:31.700 --> 12:31.710 align:start position:0%
times the mass of our sun, too massive
 

12:31.710 --> 12:35.580 align:start position:0%
times the mass of our sun, too massive
to<00:15:16.880><c> be</c><00:15:17.160><c> a</c><00:15:17.320><c> small</c><00:15:18.160><c> third</c><00:15:18.600><c> black</c><00:15:18.960><c> hole,</c><00:15:19.880><c> but</c><00:15:20.160><c> just</c>

12:35.580 --> 12:35.590 align:start position:0%
to be a small third black hole, but just
 

12:35.590 --> 12:37.660 align:start position:0%
to be a small third black hole, but just
what<00:15:20.839><c> would</c><00:15:21.000><c> be</c><00:15:21.120><c> expected</c><00:15:22.000><c> from</c><00:15:22.160><c> a</c><00:15:22.240><c> binary</c>

12:37.660 --> 12:37.670 align:start position:0%
what would be expected from a binary
 

12:37.670 --> 12:40.500 align:start position:0%
what would be expected from a binary
merger<00:15:23.400><c> and</c><00:15:23.600><c> gravitational</c><00:15:24.360><c> kick.</c>

12:40.500 --> 12:40.510 align:start position:0%
merger and gravitational kick.
 

12:40.510 --> 12:42.300 align:start position:0%
merger and gravitational kick.
As<00:15:25.680><c> the</c><00:15:25.800><c> two</c><00:15:26.040><c> ring</c><00:15:26.200><c> galaxies</c><00:15:26.720><c> of</c><00:15:26.800><c> the</c><00:15:26.920><c> Cosmic</c>

12:42.300 --> 12:42.310 align:start position:0%
As the two ring galaxies of the Cosmic
 

12:42.310 --> 12:44.380 align:start position:0%
As the two ring galaxies of the Cosmic
Owl<00:15:27.600><c> collided,</c><00:15:28.560><c> the</c><00:15:28.640><c> supermassive</c><00:15:29.160><c> black</c>

12:44.380 --> 12:44.390 align:start position:0%
Owl collided, the supermassive black
 

12:44.390 --> 12:46.260 align:start position:0%
Owl collided, the supermassive black
holes<00:15:29.680><c> at</c><00:15:29.760><c> their</c><00:15:29.880><c> respective</c><00:15:30.440><c> galactic</c><00:15:30.880><c> cores</c>

12:46.260 --> 12:46.270 align:start position:0%
holes at their respective galactic cores
 

12:46.270 --> 12:48.700 align:start position:0%
holes at their respective galactic cores
merged<00:15:31.420><c> [music]</c><00:15:31.920><c> to</c><00:15:32.040><c> form</c><00:15:32.480><c> one</c><00:15:33.240><c> new</c>

12:48.700 --> 12:48.710 align:start position:0%
merged [music] to form one new
 

12:48.710 --> 12:50.700 align:start position:0%
merged [music] to form one new
supermassive<00:15:34.440><c> black</c><00:15:34.720><c> hole.</c><00:15:35.640><c> The</c>

12:50.700 --> 12:50.710 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole. The
 

12:50.710 --> 12:52.620 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole. The
asymmetrical<00:15:36.520><c> release</c><00:15:36.880><c> of</c><00:15:37.000><c> gravitational</c>

12:52.620 --> 12:52.630 align:start position:0%
asymmetrical release of gravitational
 

12:52.630 --> 12:53.860 align:start position:0%
asymmetrical release of gravitational
waves<00:15:38.000><c> from</c><00:15:38.160><c> their</c><00:15:38.320><c> merger</c><00:15:38.680><c> would</c><00:15:38.800><c> have</c>

12:53.860 --> 12:53.870 align:start position:0%
waves from their merger would have
 

12:53.870 --> 12:56.380 align:start position:0%
waves from their merger would have
caused<00:15:39.280><c> such</c><00:15:39.560><c> a</c><00:15:39.640><c> violent</c><00:15:40.280><c> recoil</c><00:15:41.200><c> that</c><00:15:41.320><c> it</c>

12:56.380 --> 12:56.390 align:start position:0%
caused such a violent recoil that it
 

12:56.390 --> 12:58.820 align:start position:0%
caused such a violent recoil that it
would<00:15:41.760><c> easily</c><00:15:42.280><c> be</c><00:15:42.480><c> enough</c><00:15:42.840><c> to</c><00:15:42.960><c> suddenly</c><00:15:43.320><c> send</c>

12:58.820 --> 12:58.830 align:start position:0%
would easily be enough to suddenly send
 

12:58.830 --> 13:01.020 align:start position:0%
would easily be enough to suddenly send
the<00:15:44.000><c> new</c><00:15:44.200><c> black</c><00:15:44.480><c> hole</c><00:15:45.120><c> flying</c><00:15:45.680><c> out</c><00:15:45.920><c> of</c><00:15:46.000><c> the</c>

13:01.020 --> 13:01.030 align:start position:0%
the new black hole flying out of the
 

13:01.030 --> 13:02.700 align:start position:0%
the new black hole flying out of the
host<00:15:46.320><c> galaxy.</c>

13:02.700 --> 13:02.710 align:start position:0%
host galaxy.
 

13:02.710 --> 13:04.500 align:start position:0%
host galaxy.
Models<00:15:48.080><c> of</c><00:15:48.160><c> this</c><00:15:48.320><c> scenario</c><00:15:48.880><c> are</c><00:15:49.000><c> consistent</c>

13:04.500 --> 13:04.510 align:start position:0%
Models of this scenario are consistent
 

13:04.510 --> 13:07.020 align:start position:0%
Models of this scenario are consistent
with<00:15:49.720><c> measurements</c><00:15:50.200><c> of</c>

13:07.020 --> 13:07.030 align:start position:0%
with measurements of
 

13:07.030 --> 13:08.420 align:start position:0%
with measurements of
and<00:15:52.200><c> the</c><00:15:52.280><c> mass</c><00:15:52.560><c> of</c><00:15:52.640><c> the</c><00:15:52.760><c> galaxy</c><00:15:53.160><c> it</c><00:15:53.240><c> left</c>

13:08.420 --> 13:08.430 align:start position:0%
and the mass of the galaxy it left
 

13:08.430 --> 13:11.220 align:start position:0%
and the mass of the galaxy it left
behind.<00:15:54.480><c> In</c><00:15:54.640><c> other</c><00:15:54.800><c> words,</c><00:15:55.480><c> this</c><00:15:55.720><c> theory</c><00:15:56.080><c> is</c>

13:11.220 --> 13:11.230 align:start position:0%
behind. In other words, this theory is
 

13:11.230 --> 13:13.340 align:start position:0%
behind. In other words, this theory is
consistent<00:15:57.040><c> with</c><00:15:57.240><c> what</c><00:15:57.440><c> we've</c><00:15:57.640><c> measured</c><00:15:58.200><c> and</c>

13:13.340 --> 13:13.350 align:start position:0%
consistent with what we've measured and
 

13:13.350 --> 13:16.260 align:start position:0%
consistent with what we've measured and
simulated.<00:15:59.720><c> If</c><00:15:59.840><c> the</c><00:15:59.960><c> team</c><00:16:00.200><c> is</c><00:16:00.280><c> correct,</c><00:16:01.200><c> the</c>

13:16.260 --> 13:16.270 align:start position:0%
simulated. If the team is correct, the
 

13:16.270 --> 13:18.220 align:start position:0%
simulated. If the team is correct, the
ring<00:16:01.560><c> galaxies'</c><00:16:02.040><c> central</c><00:16:02.440><c> black</c><00:16:02.720><c> holes</c><00:16:03.120><c> would</c>

13:18.220 --> 13:18.230 align:start position:0%
ring galaxies' central black holes would
 

13:18.230 --> 13:20.900 align:start position:0%
ring galaxies' central black holes would
have<00:16:03.480><c> merged</c><00:16:03.840><c> into</c><00:16:04.160><c> one</c><00:16:04.880><c> supermassive</c><00:16:05.680><c> black</c>

13:20.900 --> 13:20.910 align:start position:0%
have merged into one supermassive black
 

13:20.910 --> 13:22.780 align:start position:0%
have merged into one supermassive black
hole<00:16:06.240><c> that</c><00:16:06.360><c> was</c><00:16:06.560><c> flung</c><00:16:06.960><c> out</c><00:16:07.160><c> of</c><00:16:07.280><c> the</c><00:16:07.360><c> Cosmic</c>

13:22.780 --> 13:22.790 align:start position:0%
hole that was flung out of the Cosmic
 

13:22.790 --> 13:26.100 align:start position:0%
hole that was flung out of the Cosmic
Owl<00:16:08.480><c> by</c><00:16:08.760><c> the</c><00:16:08.920><c> gravitational</c><00:16:09.640><c> wave</c><00:16:10.040><c> recoil.</c>

13:26.100 --> 13:26.110 align:start position:0%
Owl by the gravitational wave recoil.
 

13:26.110 --> 13:28.340 align:start position:0%
Owl by the gravitational wave recoil.
In<00:16:11.280><c> a</c><00:16:11.320><c> merger</c><00:16:11.680><c> like</c><00:16:11.880><c> this,</c><00:16:12.520><c> the</c><00:16:12.600><c> galaxy</c><00:16:13.000><c> system</c>

13:28.340 --> 13:28.350 align:start position:0%
In a merger like this, the galaxy system
 

13:28.350 --> 13:30.460 align:start position:0%
In a merger like this, the galaxy system
may<00:16:13.600><c> be</c><00:16:13.760><c> temporarily</c><00:16:14.440><c> left</c><00:16:14.720><c> with</c><00:16:14.880><c> no</c><00:16:15.120><c> central</c>

13:30.460 --> 13:30.470 align:start position:0%
may be temporarily left with no central
 

13:30.470 --> 13:32.740 align:start position:0%
may be temporarily left with no central
black<00:16:15.800><c> hole,</c><00:16:16.560><c> although</c><00:16:16.920><c> we</c><00:16:17.080><c> don't</c><00:16:17.480><c> have</c>

13:32.740 --> 13:32.750 align:start position:0%
black hole, although we don't have
 

13:32.750 --> 13:34.740 align:start position:0%
black hole, although we don't have
concrete<00:16:18.440><c> evidence</c><00:16:18.920><c> one</c><00:16:19.160><c> way</c><00:16:19.400><c> or</c><00:16:19.520><c> the</c><00:16:19.640><c> other</c>

13:34.740 --> 13:34.750 align:start position:0%
concrete evidence one way or the other
 

13:34.750 --> 13:38.420 align:start position:0%
concrete evidence one way or the other
just<00:16:20.120><c> yet.</c>

13:38.420 --> 13:38.430 align:start position:0%
 
 

13:38.430 --> 13:40.980 align:start position:0%
 
Whilst<00:16:23.760><c> this</c><00:16:24.000><c> remains</c><00:16:24.440><c> a</c><00:16:24.480><c> mystery,</c><00:16:25.480><c> we</c><00:16:25.640><c> do</c><00:16:25.920><c> at</c>

13:40.980 --> 13:40.990 align:start position:0%
Whilst this remains a mystery, we do at
 

13:40.990 --> 13:42.940 align:start position:0%
Whilst this remains a mystery, we do at
least<00:16:26.280><c> know</c><00:16:26.520><c> that</c><00:16:26.680><c> this</c><00:16:26.960><c> unusual</c><00:16:27.560><c> galactic</c>

13:42.940 --> 13:42.950 align:start position:0%
least know that this unusual galactic
 

13:42.950 --> 13:45.500 align:start position:0%
least know that this unusual galactic
merger<00:16:28.360><c> sent</c><00:16:28.760><c> a</c><00:16:28.880><c> supermassive</c><00:16:29.520><c> black</c><00:16:29.800><c> hole</c><00:16:30.440><c> on</c>

13:45.500 --> 13:45.510 align:start position:0%
merger sent a supermassive black hole on
 

13:45.510 --> 13:49.660 align:start position:0%
merger sent a supermassive black hole on
a<00:16:30.640><c> race</c><00:16:31.240><c> toward</c><00:16:31.839><c> intergalactic</c><00:16:32.720><c> space.</c>

13:49.660 --> 13:49.670 align:start position:0%
a race toward intergalactic space.
 

13:49.670 --> 13:51.980 align:start position:0%
a race toward intergalactic space.
The<00:16:34.760><c> confirmation</c><00:16:35.320><c> of</c><00:16:35.480><c> RBH</c><00:16:35.960><c> 1</c><00:16:36.200><c> marks</c><00:16:36.520><c> a</c><00:16:36.600><c> new</c>

13:51.980 --> 13:51.990 align:start position:0%
The confirmation of RBH 1 marks a new
 

13:51.990 --> 13:53.740 align:start position:0%
The confirmation of RBH 1 marks a new
era<00:16:37.600><c> in</c><00:16:37.760><c> our</c><00:16:37.920><c> understanding</c><00:16:38.480><c> of</c><00:16:38.600><c> how</c>

13:53.740 --> 13:53.750 align:start position:0%
era in our understanding of how
 

13:53.750 --> 13:55.740 align:start position:0%
era in our understanding of how
supermassive<00:16:39.440><c> black</c><00:16:39.680><c> holes,</c><00:16:40.400><c> galaxy</c>

13:55.740 --> 13:55.750 align:start position:0%
supermassive black holes, galaxy
 

13:55.750 --> 13:57.820 align:start position:0%
supermassive black holes, galaxy
mergers,<00:16:41.600><c> and</c><00:16:41.839><c> intergalactic</c><00:16:42.600><c> star</c>

13:57.820 --> 13:57.830 align:start position:0%
mergers, and intergalactic star
 

13:57.830 --> 14:00.340 align:start position:0%
mergers, and intergalactic star
formation<00:16:43.440><c> can</c><00:16:43.640><c> relate</c><00:16:43.960><c> to</c><00:16:44.080><c> each</c><00:16:44.280><c> other.</c>

14:00.340 --> 14:00.350 align:start position:0%
formation can relate to each other.
 

14:00.350 --> 14:02.779 align:start position:0%
formation can relate to each other.
This<00:16:45.680><c> is</c><00:16:45.920><c> the</c><00:16:46.040><c> first</c><00:16:46.680><c> clear</c><00:16:47.240><c> observational</c>

14:02.779 --> 14:02.789 align:start position:0%
This is the first clear observational
 

14:02.789 --> 14:04.540 align:start position:0%
This is the first clear observational
confirmation<00:16:48.440><c> that</c><00:16:48.680><c> supermassive</c><00:16:49.320><c> black</c>

14:04.540 --> 14:04.550 align:start position:0%
confirmation that supermassive black
 

14:04.550 --> 14:07.260 align:start position:0%
confirmation that supermassive black
holes<00:16:50.240><c> can</c><00:16:50.800><c> be</c><00:16:50.960><c> slingshot</c><00:16:51.640><c> out</c><00:16:51.839><c> of</c><00:16:51.960><c> their</c><00:16:52.120><c> host</c>

14:07.260 --> 14:07.270 align:start position:0%
holes can be slingshot out of their host
 

14:07.270 --> 14:09.620 align:start position:0%
holes can be slingshot out of their host
galaxies,<00:16:53.400><c> and</c><00:16:53.520><c> it</c><00:16:53.640><c> has</c><00:16:53.839><c> revealed</c><00:16:54.560><c> the</c>

14:09.620 --> 14:09.630 align:start position:0%
galaxies, and it has revealed the
 

14:09.630 --> 14:11.900 align:start position:0%
galaxies, and it has revealed the
stunning<00:16:55.160><c> side</c><00:16:55.440><c> effect</c><00:16:55.760><c> of</c><00:16:55.920><c> leaving</c><00:16:56.480><c> a</c><00:16:56.520><c> string</c>

14:11.900 --> 14:11.910 align:start position:0%
stunning side effect of leaving a string
 

14:11.910 --> 14:13.860 align:start position:0%
stunning side effect of leaving a string
of<00:16:57.120><c> young</c><00:16:57.360><c> stars</c><00:16:57.720><c> in</c><00:16:57.839><c> its</c><00:16:58.000><c> wake.</c>

14:13.860 --> 14:13.870 align:start position:0%
of young stars in its wake.
 

14:13.870 --> 14:15.980 align:start position:0%
of young stars in its wake.
Before<00:16:59.240><c> the</c><00:16:59.360><c> observation,</c><00:17:00.200><c> simulations</c><00:17:00.880><c> had</c>

14:15.980 --> 14:15.990 align:start position:0%
Before the observation, simulations had
 

14:15.990 --> 14:17.860 align:start position:0%
Before the observation, simulations had
predicted<00:17:01.520><c> the</c><00:17:01.600><c> wake</c><00:17:01.880><c> of</c><00:17:02.040><c> a</c><00:17:02.160><c> runaway</c><00:17:02.600><c> black</c>

14:17.860 --> 14:17.870 align:start position:0%
predicted the wake of a runaway black
 

14:17.870 --> 14:20.940 align:start position:0%
predicted the wake of a runaway black
hole<00:17:03.320><c> might</c><00:17:03.680><c> glow,</c><00:17:04.560><c> but</c><00:17:04.800><c> few</c><00:17:05.280><c> expected</c><00:17:05.839><c> them</c>

14:20.940 --> 14:20.950 align:start position:0%
hole might glow, but few expected them
 

14:20.950 --> 14:23.220 align:start position:0%
hole might glow, but few expected them
to<00:17:06.079><c> become</c><00:17:06.520><c> stellar</c><00:17:06.880><c> nurseries.</c>

14:23.220 --> 14:23.230 align:start position:0%
to become stellar nurseries.
 

14:23.230 --> 14:25.139 align:start position:0%
to become stellar nurseries.
Even<00:17:08.560><c> more</c><00:17:08.720><c> excitingly,</c><00:17:09.640><c> if</c><00:17:09.760><c> a</c><00:17:09.839><c> runaway</c>

14:25.139 --> 14:25.149 align:start position:0%
Even more excitingly, if a runaway
 

14:25.149 --> 14:27.460 align:start position:0%
Even more excitingly, if a runaway
supermassive<00:17:10.760><c> black</c><00:17:11.040><c> hole</c><00:17:11.199><c> can</c><00:17:11.360><c> happen</c><00:17:11.720><c> once,</c>

14:27.460 --> 14:27.470 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole can happen once,
 

14:27.470 --> 14:29.779 align:start position:0%
supermassive black hole can happen once,
it<00:17:12.640><c> can</c><00:17:12.800><c> happen</c><00:17:13.079><c> again.</c><00:17:13.959><c> After</c><00:17:14.280><c> all,</c><00:17:14.480><c> galaxy</c>

14:29.779 --> 14:29.789 align:start position:0%
it can happen again. After all, galaxy
 

14:29.789 --> 14:32.980 align:start position:0%
it can happen again. After all, galaxy
mergers<00:17:15.439><c> are</c><00:17:15.680><c> common</c><00:17:16.480><c> and</c><00:17:16.640><c> happen</c><00:17:17.120><c> often</c><00:17:17.800><c> over</c>

14:32.980 --> 14:32.990 align:start position:0%
mergers are common and happen often over
 

14:32.990 --> 14:35.220 align:start position:0%
mergers are common and happen often over
the<00:17:18.120><c> lifetime</c><00:17:18.560><c> of</c><00:17:18.680><c> a</c><00:17:18.720><c> galaxy.</c><00:17:19.640><c> So,</c><00:17:19.800><c> black</c><00:17:20.079><c> hole</c>

14:35.220 --> 14:35.230 align:start position:0%
the lifetime of a galaxy. So, black hole
 

14:35.230 --> 14:37.899 align:start position:0%
the lifetime of a galaxy. So, black hole
binaries<00:17:20.760><c> should</c><00:17:21.160><c> happen</c><00:17:21.560><c> regularly,</c><00:17:22.560><c> laying</c>

14:37.899 --> 14:37.909 align:start position:0%
binaries should happen regularly, laying
 

14:37.909 --> 14:39.860 align:start position:0%
binaries should happen regularly, laying
the<00:17:23.040><c> way</c><00:17:23.400><c> for</c><00:17:23.720><c> black</c><00:17:24.000><c> hole</c><00:17:24.199><c> mergers</c><00:17:24.800><c> or</c>

14:39.860 --> 14:39.870 align:start position:0%
the way for black hole mergers or
 

14:39.870 --> 14:42.019 align:start position:0%
the way for black hole mergers or
three-body<00:17:25.640><c> interactions.</c>

14:42.019 --> 14:42.029 align:start position:0%
three-body interactions.
 

14:42.029 --> 14:44.100 align:start position:0%
three-body interactions.
For<00:17:27.199><c> a</c><00:17:27.280><c> long</c><00:17:27.600><c> time,</c><00:17:28.000><c> we've</c><00:17:28.240><c> seen</c><00:17:28.560><c> black</c><00:17:28.880><c> holes</c>

14:44.100 --> 14:44.110 align:start position:0%
For a long time, we've seen black holes
 

14:44.110 --> 14:46.180 align:start position:0%
For a long time, we've seen black holes
as<00:17:29.400><c> permanent</c><00:17:29.880><c> fixtures</c><00:17:30.400><c> within</c><00:17:30.760><c> their</c><00:17:31.000><c> host</c>

14:46.180 --> 14:46.190 align:start position:0%
as permanent fixtures within their host
 

14:46.190 --> 14:48.780 align:start position:0%
as permanent fixtures within their host
galaxies,<00:17:32.320><c> but</c><00:17:32.480><c> now</c><00:17:32.800><c> it</c><00:17:33.000><c> seems</c><00:17:33.400><c> this</c><00:17:33.560><c> is</c>

14:48.780 --> 14:48.790 align:start position:0%
galaxies, but now it seems this is
 

14:48.790 --> 14:51.380 align:start position:0%
galaxies, but now it seems this is
certainly<00:17:34.560><c> not</c><00:17:34.840><c> the</c><00:17:34.920><c> case.</c>

14:51.380 --> 14:51.390 align:start position:0%
certainly not the case.
 

14:51.390 --> 14:53.780 align:start position:0%
certainly not the case.
Even<00:17:36.680><c> before</c><00:17:37.200><c> this</c><00:17:37.480><c> confirmed</c><00:17:37.920><c> event,</c>

14:53.780 --> 14:53.790 align:start position:0%
Even before this confirmed event,
 

14:53.790 --> 14:55.780 align:start position:0%
Even before this confirmed event,
astronomers<00:17:39.320><c> had</c><00:17:39.520><c> spent</c><00:17:39.920><c> years</c><00:17:40.360><c> gathering</c>

14:55.780 --> 14:55.790 align:start position:0%
astronomers had spent years gathering
 

14:55.790 --> 14:58.020 align:start position:0%
astronomers had spent years gathering
evidence<00:17:41.280><c> of</c><00:17:41.600><c> other</c><00:17:42.040><c> runaway</c><00:17:42.520><c> supermassive</c>

14:58.020 --> 14:58.030 align:start position:0%
evidence of other runaway supermassive
 

14:58.030 --> 14:59.700 align:start position:0%
evidence of other runaway supermassive
black<00:17:43.320><c> hole</c><00:17:43.520><c> candidates.</c>

14:59.700 --> 14:59.710 align:start position:0%
black hole candidates.
 

14:59.710 --> 15:02.260 align:start position:0%
black hole candidates.
And<00:17:44.880><c> we</c><00:17:44.960><c> think</c><00:17:45.200><c> we</c><00:17:45.360><c> found</c><00:17:45.920><c> multiple</c><00:17:46.640><c> instances</c>

15:02.260 --> 15:02.270 align:start position:0%
And we think we found multiple instances
 

15:02.270 --> 15:04.220 align:start position:0%
And we think we found multiple instances
of<00:17:47.480><c> wandering</c><00:17:47.840><c> black</c><00:17:48.120><c> holes,</c><00:17:48.760><c> like</c><00:17:49.000><c> this</c>

15:04.220 --> 15:04.230 align:start position:0%
of wandering black holes, like this
 

15:04.230 --> 15:07.620 align:start position:0%
of wandering black holes, like this
spiral<00:17:49.640><c> galaxy,</c><00:17:50.680><c> the</c><00:17:51.120><c> memorably</c><00:17:51.800><c> named</c>

15:07.620 --> 15:07.630 align:start position:0%
spiral galaxy, the memorably named
 

15:07.630 --> 15:11.460 align:start position:0%
spiral galaxy, the memorably named
J0437-2456,

15:11.460 --> 15:11.470 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:11.470 --> 15:14.420 align:start position:0%
 
located<00:17:57.280><c> around</c><00:17:57.800><c> 288</c><00:17:58.760><c> million</c><00:17:59.080><c> light-years</c>

15:14.420 --> 15:14.430 align:start position:0%
located around 288 million light-years
 

15:14.430 --> 15:15.540 align:start position:0%
located around 288 million light-years
from<00:17:59.680><c> Earth.</c>

15:15.540 --> 15:15.550 align:start position:0%
from Earth.
 

15:15.550 --> 15:17.500 align:start position:0%
from Earth.
It's<00:18:00.720><c> about</c><00:18:01.000><c> 3</c><00:18:01.480><c> million</c><00:18:01.800><c> times</c><00:18:02.160><c> the</c><00:18:02.240><c> mass</c><00:18:02.440><c> of</c>

15:17.500 --> 15:17.510 align:start position:0%
It's about 3 million times the mass of
 

15:17.510 --> 15:19.740 align:start position:0%
It's about 3 million times the mass of
our<00:18:02.680><c> sun</c><00:18:03.400><c> and</c><00:18:03.560><c> seems</c><00:18:03.840><c> to</c><00:18:03.920><c> be</c><00:18:04.040><c> moving</c><00:18:04.520><c> at</c><00:18:04.720><c> a</c>

15:19.740 --> 15:19.750 align:start position:0%
our sun and seems to be moving at a
 

15:19.750 --> 15:21.740 align:start position:0%
our sun and seems to be moving at a
significantly<00:18:05.800><c> different</c><00:18:06.200><c> velocity</c>

15:21.740 --> 15:21.750 align:start position:0%
significantly different velocity
 

15:21.750 --> 15:24.580 align:start position:0%
significantly different velocity
compared<00:18:07.280><c> to</c><00:18:07.400><c> the</c><00:18:07.520><c> rest</c><00:18:07.800><c> of</c><00:18:07.880><c> its</c><00:18:08.040><c> host</c><00:18:08.280><c> galaxy.</c>

15:24.580 --> 15:24.590 align:start position:0%
compared to the rest of its host galaxy.
 

15:24.590 --> 15:26.500 align:start position:0%
compared to the rest of its host galaxy.
In<00:18:09.760><c> another</c><00:18:10.080><c> case,</c><00:18:10.360><c> the</c><00:18:10.480><c> central</c><00:18:10.840><c> galaxy</c><00:18:11.360><c> in</c><00:18:11.480><c> a</c>

15:26.500 --> 15:26.510 align:start position:0%
In another case, the central galaxy in a
 

15:26.510 --> 15:30.060 align:start position:0%
In another case, the central galaxy in a
cluster<00:18:11.920><c> known</c><00:18:12.160><c> as</c><00:18:12.400><c> Abell</c><00:18:12.840><c> 2261</c><00:18:14.240><c> should</c><00:18:14.960><c> have</c>

15:30.060 --> 15:30.070 align:start position:0%
cluster known as Abell 2261 should have
 

15:30.070 --> 15:31.540 align:start position:0%
cluster known as Abell 2261 should have
one<00:18:15.172><c> [music]</c><00:18:15.320><c> of</c><00:18:15.400><c> the</c><00:18:15.560><c> biggest</c><00:18:16.040><c> supermassive</c>

15:31.540 --> 15:31.550 align:start position:0%
one [music] of the biggest supermassive
 

15:31.550 --> 15:33.940 align:start position:0%
one [music] of the biggest supermassive
black<00:18:16.840><c> holes</c><00:18:17.200><c> in</c><00:18:17.320><c> the</c><00:18:17.440><c> entire</c><00:18:17.880><c> universe,</c>

15:33.940 --> 15:33.950 align:start position:0%
black holes in the entire universe,
 

15:33.950 --> 15:37.460 align:start position:0%
black holes in the entire universe,
between<00:18:19.400><c> 3</c><00:18:19.920><c> and</c><00:18:20.440><c> 100</c><00:18:21.120><c> billion</c><00:18:21.720><c> times</c><00:18:22.160><c> the</c><00:18:22.240><c> mass</c>

15:37.460 --> 15:37.470 align:start position:0%
between 3 and 100 billion times the mass
 

15:37.470 --> 15:38.740 align:start position:0%
between 3 and 100 billion times the mass
of<00:18:22.680><c> our</c><00:18:22.800><c> sun.</c>

15:38.740 --> 15:38.750 align:start position:0%
of our sun.
 

15:38.750 --> 15:40.820 align:start position:0%
of our sun.
And<00:18:23.920><c> yet,</c><00:18:24.342><c> [music]</c><00:18:24.680><c> it</c><00:18:24.840><c> seems</c><00:18:25.160><c> to</c><00:18:25.280><c> be</c><00:18:25.400><c> missing</c>

15:40.820 --> 15:40.830 align:start position:0%
And yet, [music] it seems to be missing
 

15:40.830 --> 15:42.500 align:start position:0%
And yet, [music] it seems to be missing
without<00:18:26.200><c> a</c><00:18:26.240><c> trace.</c>

15:42.500 --> 15:42.510 align:start position:0%
without a trace.
 

15:42.510 --> 15:44.580 align:start position:0%
without a trace.
A<00:18:27.600><c> team</c><00:18:27.960><c> of</c><00:18:28.080><c> astronomers</c><00:18:28.640><c> are</c><00:18:28.800><c> investigating</c>

15:44.580 --> 15:44.590 align:start position:0%
A team of astronomers are investigating
 

15:44.590 --> 15:48.300 align:start position:0%
A team of astronomers are investigating
the<00:18:29.760><c> hypothesis</c><00:18:30.680><c> that,</c><00:18:31.400><c> similar</c><00:18:31.880><c> to</c><00:18:32.240><c> with</c><00:18:32.680><c> RBH</c>

15:48.300 --> 15:48.310 align:start position:0%
the hypothesis that, similar to with RBH
 

15:48.310 --> 15:51.220 align:start position:0%
the hypothesis that, similar to with RBH
1,<00:18:34.200><c> this</c><00:18:34.360><c> black</c><00:18:34.680><c> hole</c><00:18:35.120><c> may</c><00:18:35.400><c> have</c><00:18:35.600><c> been</c><00:18:35.880><c> kicked</c>

15:51.220 --> 15:51.230 align:start position:0%
1, this black hole may have been kicked
 

15:51.230 --> 15:53.500 align:start position:0%
1, this black hole may have been kicked
out<00:18:36.480><c> of</c><00:18:36.600><c> its</c><00:18:36.760><c> host</c><00:18:37.040><c> galaxy</c><00:18:37.920><c> due</c><00:18:38.400><c> to</c>

15:53.500 --> 15:53.510 align:start position:0%
out of its host galaxy due to
 

15:53.510 --> 15:55.780 align:start position:0%
out of its host galaxy due to
gravitational<00:18:39.440><c> recoil.</c>

15:55.780 --> 15:55.790 align:start position:0%
gravitational recoil.
 

15:55.790 --> 15:58.220 align:start position:0%
gravitational recoil.
These<00:18:41.360><c> curious</c><00:18:41.760><c> cases</c><00:18:42.200><c> confront</c><00:18:42.720><c> researchers</c>

15:58.220 --> 15:58.230 align:start position:0%
These curious cases confront researchers
 

15:58.230 --> 16:00.140 align:start position:0%
These curious cases confront researchers
with<00:18:43.440><c> even</c><00:18:43.720><c> more</c><00:18:43.920><c> questions.</c>

16:00.140 --> 16:00.150 align:start position:0%
with even more questions.
 

16:00.150 --> 16:02.660 align:start position:0%
with even more questions.
How<00:18:45.680><c> often</c><00:18:46.280><c> are</c><00:18:46.520><c> supermassive</c><00:18:47.160><c> black</c><00:18:47.440><c> holes</c>

16:02.660 --> 16:02.670 align:start position:0%
How often are supermassive black holes
 

16:02.670 --> 16:05.340 align:start position:0%
How often are supermassive black holes
flung<00:18:48.040><c> from</c><00:18:48.240><c> their</c><00:18:48.400><c> galaxies?</c><00:18:49.440><c> And</c><00:18:49.640><c> how</c><00:18:49.920><c> many</c>

16:05.340 --> 16:05.350 align:start position:0%
flung from their galaxies? And how many
 

16:05.350 --> 16:08.620 align:start position:0%
flung from their galaxies? And how many
wandering<00:18:51.280><c> or</c><00:18:51.600><c> runaway</c><00:18:52.080><c> black</c><00:18:52.400><c> holes</c><00:18:53.040><c> are</c><00:18:53.440><c> out</c>

16:08.620 --> 16:08.630 align:start position:0%
wandering or runaway black holes are out
 

16:08.630 --> 16:11.180 align:start position:0%
wandering or runaway black holes are out
there<00:18:54.280><c> zooming</c><00:18:54.880><c> through</c><00:18:55.400><c> intergalactic</c>

16:11.180 --> 16:11.190 align:start position:0%
there zooming through intergalactic
 

16:11.190 --> 16:14.460 align:start position:0%
there zooming through intergalactic
space?

16:14.460 --> 16:14.470 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:14.470 --> 16:17.740 align:start position:0%
 
Despite<00:19:00.040><c> other</c><00:19:00.400><c> candidate</c><00:19:00.920><c> runaways,</c><00:19:01.880><c> RBH</c><00:19:02.440><c> 1</c>

16:17.740 --> 16:17.750 align:start position:0%
Despite other candidate runaways, RBH 1
 

16:17.750 --> 16:20.220 align:start position:0%
Despite other candidate runaways, RBH 1
is,<00:19:03.400><c> for</c><00:19:03.480><c> now</c><00:19:03.680><c> at</c><00:19:03.800><c> least,</c><00:19:04.240><c> still</c><00:19:04.520><c> the</c><00:19:04.760><c> only</c><00:19:05.040><c> one</c>

16:20.220 --> 16:20.230 align:start position:0%
is, for now at least, still the only one
 

16:20.230 --> 16:22.500 align:start position:0%
is, for now at least, still the only one
we've<00:19:05.440><c> been</c><00:19:05.640><c> able</c><00:19:05.880><c> to</c><00:19:06.000><c> confirm.</c><00:19:07.240><c> And</c><00:19:07.320><c> it</c><00:19:07.400><c> was</c>

16:22.500 --> 16:22.510 align:start position:0%
we've been able to confirm. And it was
 

16:22.510 --> 16:25.780 align:start position:0%
we've been able to confirm. And it was
difficult<00:19:07.920><c> to</c><00:19:08.040><c> spot,</c><00:19:08.840><c> just</c><00:19:09.240><c> a</c><00:19:09.360><c> thin,</c><00:19:10.200><c> faint,</c>

16:25.780 --> 16:25.790 align:start position:0%
difficult to spot, just a thin, faint,
 

16:25.790 --> 16:27.940 align:start position:0%
difficult to spot, just a thin, faint,
far-away<00:19:11.400><c> signature.</c>

16:27.940 --> 16:27.950 align:start position:0%
far-away signature.
 

16:27.950 --> 16:29.540 align:start position:0%
far-away signature.
That<00:19:13.240><c> could</c><00:19:13.520><c> be</c><00:19:13.640><c> about</c><00:19:13.920><c> to</c><00:19:14.000><c> change</c><00:19:14.360><c> with</c><00:19:14.480><c> the</c>

16:29.540 --> 16:29.550 align:start position:0%
That could be about to change with the
 

16:29.550 --> 16:31.660 align:start position:0%
That could be about to change with the
Euclid<00:19:15.040><c> mission</c><00:19:15.480><c> and</c><00:19:15.640><c> the</c><00:19:15.720><c> Nancy</c><00:19:16.080><c> Grace</c><00:19:16.400><c> Roman</c>

16:31.660 --> 16:31.670 align:start position:0%
Euclid mission and the Nancy Grace Roman
 

16:31.670 --> 16:34.260 align:start position:0%
Euclid mission and the Nancy Grace Roman
Space<00:19:17.040><c> Telescope's</c><00:19:17.800><c> wide</c><00:19:18.280><c> scans</c><00:19:18.720><c> of</c><00:19:18.800><c> the</c><00:19:18.920><c> sky</c>

16:34.260 --> 16:34.270 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope's wide scans of the sky
 

16:34.270 --> 16:36.460 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope's wide scans of the sky
in<00:19:19.720><c> Hubble-like</c><00:19:20.400><c> clarity.</c>

16:36.460 --> 16:36.470 align:start position:0%
in Hubble-like clarity.
 

16:36.470 --> 16:38.020 align:start position:0%
in Hubble-like clarity.
And<00:19:21.720><c> with</c><00:19:21.880><c> the</c><00:19:21.960><c> introduction</c><00:19:22.560><c> of</c><00:19:22.680><c> machine</c>

16:38.020 --> 16:38.030 align:start position:0%
And with the introduction of machine
 

16:38.030 --> 16:40.020 align:start position:0%
And with the introduction of machine
learning<00:19:23.360><c> tools</c><00:19:23.640><c> to</c><00:19:23.760><c> help</c><00:19:23.960><c> spot</c><00:19:24.520><c> these</c><00:19:24.800><c> long</c>

16:40.020 --> 16:40.030 align:start position:0%
learning tools to help spot these long
 

16:40.030 --> 16:42.660 align:start position:0%
learning tools to help spot these long
streaks,<00:19:26.000><c> we</c><00:19:26.160><c> may</c><00:19:26.400><c> go</c><00:19:26.720><c> from</c><00:19:27.160><c> just</c><00:19:27.480><c> one</c>

16:42.660 --> 16:42.670 align:start position:0%
streaks, we may go from just one
 

16:42.670 --> 16:45.540 align:start position:0%
streaks, we may go from just one
confirmed<00:19:28.160><c> case</c><00:19:28.920><c> to</c><00:19:29.120><c> an</c><00:19:29.240><c> entire</c><00:19:29.840><c> population</c>

16:45.540 --> 16:45.550 align:start position:0%
confirmed case to an entire population
 

16:45.550 --> 16:47.700 align:start position:0%
confirmed case to an entire population
of<00:19:30.760><c> known</c><00:19:31.480><c> runaway</c><00:19:31.880><c> supermassive</c><00:19:32.480><c> black</c>

16:47.700 --> 16:47.710 align:start position:0%
of known runaway supermassive black
 

16:47.710 --> 16:48.940 align:start position:0%
of known runaway supermassive black
holes.

16:48.940 --> 16:48.950 align:start position:0%
holes.
 

16:48.950 --> 16:51.340 align:start position:0%
holes.
For<00:19:34.160><c> now,</c><00:19:34.800><c> one</c><00:19:35.000><c> thing</c><00:19:35.240><c> is</c><00:19:35.400><c> for</c><00:19:35.520><c> certain,</c>

16:51.340 --> 16:51.350 align:start position:0%
For now, one thing is for certain,
 

16:51.350 --> 16:53.740 align:start position:0%
For now, one thing is for certain,
galaxy<00:19:36.840><c> collisions</c><00:19:37.480><c> may</c><00:19:37.760><c> last</c><00:19:38.160><c> for</c><00:19:38.360><c> billions</c>

16:53.740 --> 16:53.750 align:start position:0%
galaxy collisions may last for billions
 

16:53.750 --> 16:56.780 align:start position:0%
galaxy collisions may last for billions
of<00:19:38.920><c> years,</c><00:19:39.760><c> but</c><00:19:40.000><c> they</c><00:19:40.240><c> are</c><00:19:40.520><c> anything</c><00:19:41.200><c> but</c><00:19:41.400><c> slow</c>

16:56.780 --> 16:56.790 align:start position:0%
of years, but they are anything but slow
 

16:56.790 --> 16:59.620 align:start position:0%
of years, but they are anything but slow
or<00:19:42.080><c> peaceful</c><00:19:42.480><c> events.</c><00:19:43.480><c> Marked</c><00:19:43.880><c> by</c><00:19:44.080><c> chaotic</c>

16:59.620 --> 16:59.630 align:start position:0%
or peaceful events. Marked by chaotic
 

16:59.630 --> 17:02.260 align:start position:0%
or peaceful events. Marked by chaotic
collisions<00:19:45.200><c> and</c><00:19:45.440><c> violent</c><00:19:46.000><c> forces,</c><00:19:47.040><c> they're</c>

17:02.260 --> 17:02.270 align:start position:0%
collisions and violent forces, they're
 

17:02.270 --> 17:05.180 align:start position:0%
collisions and violent forces, they're
capable<00:19:47.920><c> of</c><00:19:48.080><c> launching</c><00:19:48.680><c> entire</c><00:19:49.560><c> supermassive</c>

17:05.180 --> 17:05.190 align:start position:0%
capable of launching entire supermassive
 

17:05.190 --> 17:08.580 align:start position:0%
capable of launching entire supermassive
black<00:19:50.560><c> holes</c><00:19:51.000><c> on</c><00:19:51.280><c> a</c><00:19:51.440><c> runaway</c><00:19:52.120><c> path</c><00:19:52.880><c> across</c>

17:08.580 --> 17:08.590 align:start position:0%
black holes on a runaway path across
 

17:08.590 --> 17:10.740 align:start position:0%
black holes on a runaway path across
intergalactic<00:19:54.640><c> space.</c>

17:10.740 --> 17:10.750 align:start position:0%
intergalactic space.
 

17:10.750 --> 17:13.340 align:start position:0%
intergalactic space.
How<00:19:56.320><c> odd</c><00:19:56.680><c> and</c><00:19:56.880><c> beautiful</c><00:19:57.400><c> it</c><00:19:57.560><c> is</c><00:19:58.040><c> that</c><00:19:58.200><c> these</c>

17:13.340 --> 17:13.350 align:start position:0%
How odd and beautiful it is that these
 

17:13.350 --> 17:15.820 align:start position:0%
How odd and beautiful it is that these
destructive<00:19:59.080><c> scars</c><00:19:59.520><c> across</c><00:19:59.960><c> space</c><00:20:00.600><c> are</c><00:20:00.720><c> the</c>

17:15.820 --> 17:15.830 align:start position:0%
destructive scars across space are the
 

17:15.830 --> 17:18.220 align:start position:0%
destructive scars across space are the
very<00:20:01.320><c> reason</c><00:20:01.760><c> that</c><00:20:02.120><c> millions</c><00:20:02.680><c> of</c><00:20:02.760><c> new</c><00:20:02.920><c> stars</c>

17:18.220 --> 17:18.230 align:start position:0%
very reason that millions of new stars
 

17:18.230 --> 17:25.180 align:start position:0%
very reason that millions of new stars
are<00:20:03.360><c> capable</c><00:20:03.960><c> of</c><00:20:04.160><c> being</c><00:20:04.520><c> born</c><00:20:04.960><c> in</c><00:20:05.120><c> their</c><00:20:05.320><c> wake.</c>

17:18.749 --> 17:18.759 align:start position:0%
this. Join the newsletter and stay
 

17:18.759 --> 17:21.839 align:start position:0%
this. Join the newsletter and stay
curious<00:20:44.200><c> with</c><00:20:44.400><c> us.</c>