WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:07.150 align:start position:0% obstacle that stands between [music] Pluto<00:01:24.080> and<00:01:24.440> its<00:01:24.640> former<00:01:24.960> glory. 00:07.150 --> 00:07.160 align:start position:0% 00:07.160 --> 00:08.590 align:start position:0% Perhaps<00:01:30.760> one<00:01:30.920> of<00:01:31.000> the<00:01:31.120> things<00:01:31.400> that<00:01:31.520> makes 00:08.590 --> 00:08.600 align:start position:0% Perhaps one of the things that makes 00:08.600 --> 00:11.030 align:start position:0% Perhaps one of the things that makes Pluto<00:01:32.240> so<00:01:32.560> fascinating<00:01:33.680> is<00:01:33.800> the<00:01:33.920> sense<00:01:34.160> of 00:11.030 --> 00:11.040 align:start position:0% Pluto so fascinating is the sense of 00:11.040 --> 00:12.870 align:start position:0% Pluto so fascinating is the sense of mystery<00:01:34.800> surrounding<00:01:35.320> it. 00:12.870 --> 00:12.880 align:start position:0% mystery surrounding it. 00:12.880 --> 00:15.110 align:start position:0% mystery surrounding it. After<00:01:36.480> all,<00:01:36.720> this<00:01:36.960> was<00:01:37.200> once<00:01:37.480> considered<00:01:38.080> our 00:15.110 --> 00:15.120 align:start position:0% After all, this was once considered our 00:15.120 --> 00:18.710 align:start position:0% After all, this was once considered our furthest<00:01:39.080> away<00:01:39.400> planet,<00:01:40.160> existing<00:01:40.920> 5.9 00:18.710 --> 00:18.720 align:start position:0% furthest away planet, existing 5.9 00:18.720 --> 00:20.750 align:start position:0% furthest away planet, existing 5.9 billion<00:01:42.560> kilometers<00:01:43.160> from<00:01:43.400> the<00:01:43.520> sun<00:01:43.840> on 00:20.750 --> 00:20.760 align:start position:0% billion kilometers from the sun on 00:20.760 --> 00:23.230 align:start position:0% billion kilometers from the sun on average.<00:01:45.080> And<00:01:45.240> since<00:01:45.480> we<00:01:45.640> first<00:01:46.080> spotted 00:23.230 --> 00:23.240 align:start position:0% average. And since we first spotted 00:23.240 --> 00:27.110 align:start position:0% average. And since we first spotted Pluto<00:01:46.960> in<00:01:47.120> 1930,<00:01:48.560> there<00:01:48.720> has<00:01:49.000> only<00:01:49.360> been<00:01:49.840> one 00:27.110 --> 00:27.120 align:start position:0% Pluto in 1930, there has only been one 00:27.120 --> 00:29.670 align:start position:0% Pluto in 1930, there has only been one mission<00:01:50.800> to<00:01:50.920> explore<00:01:51.400> this<00:01:51.560> tiny<00:01:51.920> object,<00:01:52.720> New 00:29.670 --> 00:29.680 align:start position:0% mission to explore this tiny object, New 00:29.680 --> 00:31.030 align:start position:0% mission to explore this tiny object, New Horizons. 00:31.030 --> 00:31.040 align:start position:0% Horizons. 00:31.040 --> 00:33.310 align:start position:0% Horizons. So<00:01:54.440> let's<00:01:54.760> take<00:01:55.040> a<00:01:55.120> closer<00:01:55.520> look<00:01:55.800> at<00:01:56.040> what<00:01:56.400> the 00:33.310 --> 00:33.320 align:start position:0% So let's take a closer look at what the 00:33.320 --> 00:36.430 align:start position:0% So let's take a closer look at what the New<00:01:56.800> Horizons<00:01:57.480> probe<00:01:57.840> found<00:01:58.720> and<00:01:59.040> witness 00:36.430 --> 00:36.440 align:start position:0% New Horizons probe found and witness 00:36.440 --> 00:37.630 align:start position:0% New Horizons probe found and witness some<00:01:59.920> of<00:02:00.000> the<00:02:00.120> wonders<00:02:00.480> that<00:02:00.640> can<00:02:00.760> be 00:37.630 --> 00:37.640 align:start position:0% some of the wonders that can be 00:37.640 --> 00:40.550 align:start position:0% some of the wonders that can be discovered<00:02:01.560> on<00:02:01.720> this<00:02:01.960> distant,<00:02:02.840> enigmatic 00:40.550 --> 00:40.560 align:start position:0% discovered on this distant, enigmatic 00:40.560 --> 00:42.630 align:start position:0% discovered on this distant, enigmatic dwarf<00:02:04.200> planet. 00:42.630 --> 00:42.640 align:start position:0% dwarf planet. 00:42.640 --> 00:45.310 align:start position:0% dwarf planet. New<00:02:06.000> Horizons<00:02:06.520> launched<00:02:06.920> in<00:02:07.080> January<00:02:07.479> 2006 00:45.310 --> 00:45.320 align:start position:0% New Horizons launched in January 2006 00:45.320 --> 00:47.950 align:start position:0% New Horizons launched in January 2006 from<00:02:08.800> Cape<00:02:09.119> Canaveral<00:02:09.679> Air<00:02:09.840> Force<00:02:10.080> Station. 00:47.950 --> 00:47.960 align:start position:0% from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. 00:47.960 --> 00:49.790 align:start position:0% from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Its<00:02:11.360> primary<00:02:11.800> mission<00:02:12.160> was<00:02:12.320> to<00:02:12.440> photograph 00:49.790 --> 00:49.800 align:start position:0% Its primary mission was to photograph 00:49.800 --> 00:51.670 align:start position:0% Its primary mission was to photograph and<00:02:13.160> collect<00:02:13.480> information<00:02:14.040> on<00:02:14.200> Pluto<00:02:14.640> and<00:02:14.760> its 00:51.670 --> 00:51.680 align:start position:0% and collect information on Pluto and its 00:51.680 --> 00:54.870 align:start position:0% and collect information on Pluto and its moons<00:02:15.360> Charon,<00:02:16.080> Styx,<00:02:16.800> and<00:02:17.000> Nix,<00:02:17.840> not<00:02:18.000> to 00:54.870 --> 00:54.880 align:start position:0% moons Charon, Styx, and Nix, not to 00:54.880 --> 00:57.550 align:start position:0% moons Charon, Styx, and Nix, not to mention<00:02:18.520> Kerberos<00:02:19.320> and<00:02:19.520> Hydra,<00:02:20.240> which<00:02:20.480> hadn't 00:57.550 --> 00:57.560 align:start position:0% mention Kerberos and Hydra, which hadn't 00:57.560 --> 00:59.470 align:start position:0% mention Kerberos and Hydra, which hadn't been<00:02:20.959> discovered<00:02:21.480> yet. 00:59.470 --> 00:59.480 align:start position:0% been discovered yet. 00:59.480 --> 01:03.150 align:start position:0% been discovered yet. On<00:02:22.800> the<00:02:22.920> 14th<00:02:23.320> of<00:02:23.440> July,<00:02:23.840> 2015,<00:02:25.200> 9<00:02:25.520> years<00:02:25.760> into 01:03.150 --> 01:03.160 align:start position:0% On the 14th of July, 2015, 9 years into 01:03.160 --> 01:04.870 align:start position:0% On the 14th of July, 2015, 9 years into its<00:02:26.480> mission,<00:02:26.880> New<00:02:27.040> Horizons<00:02:27.560> made<00:02:27.880> its 01:04.870 --> 01:04.880 align:start position:0% its mission, New Horizons made its 01:04.880 --> 01:07.390 align:start position:0% its mission, New Horizons made its closest<00:02:28.560> approach<00:02:28.920> to<00:02:29.040> Pluto,<00:02:29.959> capturing<00:02:30.520> a 01:07.390 --> 01:07.400 align:start position:0% closest approach to Pluto, capturing a 01:07.400 --> 01:09.390 align:start position:0% closest approach to Pluto, capturing a breathtaking<00:02:31.400> glimpse<00:02:31.720> of<00:02:31.840> its<00:02:31.959> surface<00:02:32.520> that 01:09.390 --> 01:09.400 align:start position:0% breathtaking glimpse of its surface that 01:09.400 --> 01:12.110 align:start position:0% breathtaking glimpse of its surface that exceeded<00:02:33.240> our<00:02:33.520> wildest<00:02:34.080> imaginings. 01:12.110 --> 01:12.120 align:start position:0% exceeded our wildest imaginings. 01:12.120 --> 01:14.910 align:start position:0% exceeded our wildest imaginings. Ice<00:02:35.600> mountains,<00:02:36.640> nitrogen<00:02:37.160> glaciers, 01:14.910 --> 01:14.920 align:start position:0% Ice mountains, nitrogen glaciers, 01:14.920 --> 01:18.190 align:start position:0% Ice mountains, nitrogen glaciers, cryovolcanoes,<00:02:39.640> and<00:02:39.760> canyons. 01:18.190 --> 01:18.200 align:start position:0% cryovolcanoes, and canyons. 01:18.200 --> 01:19.870 align:start position:0% cryovolcanoes, and canyons. But,<00:02:41.880> given<00:02:42.120> the<00:02:42.200> immense<00:02:42.600> distances 01:19.870 --> 01:19.880 align:start position:0% But, given the immense distances 01:19.880 --> 01:22.030 align:start position:0% But, given the immense distances involved,<00:02:43.959> transmission<00:02:44.560> was<00:02:44.720> limited<00:02:45.160> to 01:22.030 --> 01:22.040 align:start position:0% involved, transmission was limited to 01:22.040 --> 01:24.990 align:start position:0% involved, transmission was limited to just<00:02:45.600> 1<00:02:45.920> to<00:02:46.120> 2<00:02:46.440> kilobytes<00:02:47.000> per<00:02:47.120> second. 01:24.990 --> 01:25.000 align:start position:0% just 1 to 2 kilobytes per second. 01:25.000 --> 01:27.550 align:start position:0% just 1 to 2 kilobytes per second. It<00:02:48.360> took<00:02:48.640> 15<00:02:49.440> months<00:02:49.800> to<00:02:49.920> down-link<00:02:50.480> the<00:02:50.600> full 01:27.550 --> 01:27.560 align:start position:0% It took 15 months to down-link the full 01:27.560 --> 01:29.990 align:start position:0% It took 15 months to down-link the full data<00:02:51.120> set,<00:02:51.840> which<00:02:52.000> caused<00:02:52.360> a<00:02:52.440> sensation<00:02:53.040> every 01:29.990 --> 01:30.000 align:start position:0% data set, which caused a sensation every 01:30.000 --> 01:32.510 align:start position:0% data set, which caused a sensation every time<00:02:53.560> NASA<00:02:53.880> released<00:02:54.240> a<00:02:54.320> new<00:02:54.480> image. 01:32.510 --> 01:32.520 align:start position:0% time NASA released a new image. 01:32.520 --> 01:34.430 align:start position:0% time NASA released a new image. As<00:02:55.920> I<00:02:56.000> look<00:02:56.240> at<00:02:56.320> these<00:02:56.480> images<00:02:56.800> today,<00:02:57.520> my 01:34.430 --> 01:34.440 align:start position:0% As I look at these images today, my 01:34.440 --> 01:36.750 align:start position:0% As I look at these images today, my sense<00:02:58.000> of<00:02:58.120> wonder<00:02:58.480> hasn't<00:02:58.920> dimmed.<00:02:59.800> There's 01:36.750 --> 01:36.760 align:start position:0% sense of wonder hasn't dimmed. There's 01:36.760 --> 01:39.150 align:start position:0% sense of wonder hasn't dimmed. There's so<00:03:00.200> much<00:03:00.440> information<00:03:00.959> to<00:03:01.080> unpack.<00:03:02.040> It<00:03:02.160> feels 01:39.150 --> 01:39.160 align:start position:0% so much information to unpack. It feels 01:39.160 --> 01:41.510 align:start position:0% so much information to unpack. It feels a<00:03:02.480> bit<00:03:02.760> like<00:03:03.040> working<00:03:03.400> on<00:03:03.480> a<00:03:03.560> puzzle. 01:41.510 --> 01:41.520 align:start position:0% a bit like working on a puzzle. 01:41.520 --> 01:43.830 align:start position:0% a bit like working on a puzzle. And<00:03:05.040> like<00:03:05.360> any<00:03:05.600> good<00:03:05.840> puzzle,<00:03:06.560> the<00:03:06.680> fuller 01:43.830 --> 01:43.840 align:start position:0% And like any good puzzle, the fuller 01:43.840 --> 01:46.150 align:start position:0% And like any good puzzle, the fuller picture<00:03:07.600> only<00:03:07.840> reveals<00:03:08.320> itself<00:03:08.920> after<00:03:09.239> you've 01:46.150 --> 01:46.160 align:start position:0% picture only reveals itself after you've 01:46.160 --> 01:49.910 align:start position:0% picture only reveals itself after you've taken<00:03:09.680> the<00:03:09.800> time<00:03:10.200> to<00:03:10.320> piece<00:03:10.560> it<00:03:10.680> together. 01:49.910 --> 01:49.920 align:start position:0% taken the time to piece it together. 01:49.920 --> 01:52.190 align:start position:0% taken the time to piece it together. Let's<00:03:13.360> start<00:03:13.720> with<00:03:13.880> a<00:03:13.959> unique<00:03:14.519> feature<00:03:14.959> called 01:52.190 --> 01:52.200 align:start position:0% Let's start with a unique feature called 01:52.200 --> 01:55.150 align:start position:0% Let's start with a unique feature called the<00:03:15.560> brass<00:03:16.120> knuckles,<00:03:17.120> located<00:03:17.680> near<00:03:17.959> Pluto's 01:55.150 --> 01:55.160 align:start position:0% the brass knuckles, located near Pluto's 01:55.160 --> 01:56.630 align:start position:0% the brass knuckles, located near Pluto's equator. 01:56.630 --> 01:56.640 align:start position:0% equator. 01:56.640 --> 01:59.190 align:start position:0% equator. It<00:03:20.000> is<00:03:20.080> comprised<00:03:20.640> of<00:03:20.800> six<00:03:21.160> lowland<00:03:21.680> regions 01:59.190 --> 01:59.200 align:start position:0% It is comprised of six lowland regions 01:59.200 --> 02:01.870 align:start position:0% It is comprised of six lowland regions called<00:03:22.720> maculae<00:03:23.840> with<00:03:23.959> an<00:03:24.120> average<00:03:24.519> width<00:03:24.959> of 02:01.870 --> 02:01.880 align:start position:0% called maculae with an average width of 02:01.880 --> 02:05.350 align:start position:0% called maculae with an average width of 480<00:03:26.120> km,<00:03:27.239> each<00:03:27.680> roughly<00:03:28.000> the<00:03:28.080> size<00:03:28.400> of 02:05.350 --> 02:05.360 align:start position:0% 480 km, each roughly the size of 02:05.360 --> 02:06.830 align:start position:0% 480 km, each roughly the size of Iceland. 02:06.830 --> 02:06.840 align:start position:0% Iceland. 02:06.840 --> 02:08.750 align:start position:0% Iceland. If<00:03:30.200> we<00:03:30.320> take<00:03:30.519> a<00:03:30.600> closer<00:03:30.959> look,<00:03:31.480> we<00:03:31.600> can<00:03:31.760> see 02:08.750 --> 02:08.760 align:start position:0% If we take a closer look, we can see 02:08.760 --> 02:10.950 align:start position:0% If we take a closer look, we can see that<00:03:32.160> they<00:03:32.400> are<00:03:32.560> interlaced<00:03:33.440> with<00:03:33.600> a<00:03:33.680> network 02:10.950 --> 02:10.960 align:start position:0% that they are interlaced with a network 02:10.960 --> 02:12.510 align:start position:0% that they are interlaced with a network of<00:03:34.320> canyons. 02:12.510 --> 02:12.520 align:start position:0% of canyons. 02:12.520 --> 02:15.989 align:start position:0% of canyons. From<00:03:35.880> west<00:03:36.120> to<00:03:36.239> east,<00:03:36.880> they<00:03:37.120> are<00:03:37.400> Cthun,<00:03:38.400> Ala, 02:15.989 --> 02:15.999 align:start position:0% From west to east, they are Cthun, Ala, 02:15.999 --> 02:19.750 align:start position:0% From west to east, they are Cthun, Ala, Balrog,<00:03:40.320> Vukub-Came,<00:03:41.640> Hun-Came,<00:03:42.760> and 02:19.750 --> 02:19.760 align:start position:0% Balrog, Vukub-Came, Hun-Came, and 02:19.760 --> 02:21.510 align:start position:0% Balrog, Vukub-Came, Hun-Came, and Meng-Po. 02:21.510 --> 02:21.520 align:start position:0% Meng-Po. 02:21.520 --> 02:23.030 align:start position:0% Meng-Po. Each<00:03:45.000> of<00:03:45.080> these<00:03:45.280> names<00:03:45.720> come<00:03:45.959> from<00:03:46.200> a 02:23.030 --> 02:23.040 align:start position:0% Each of these names come from a 02:23.040 --> 02:25.110 align:start position:0% Each of these names come from a different<00:03:46.840> netherworld<00:03:47.360> spirit<00:03:47.800> from<00:03:48.040> world 02:25.110 --> 02:25.120 align:start position:0% different netherworld spirit from world 02:25.120 --> 02:26.510 align:start position:0% different netherworld spirit from world mythology. 02:26.510 --> 02:26.520 align:start position:0% mythology. 02:26.520 --> 02:28.750 align:start position:0% mythology. So,<00:03:50.320> for<00:03:50.440> those<00:03:50.800> Lord<00:03:51.040> of<00:03:51.160> the<00:03:51.280> Rings<00:03:51.600> fans 02:28.750 --> 02:28.760 align:start position:0% So, for those Lord of the Rings fans 02:28.760 --> 02:30.710 align:start position:0% So, for those Lord of the Rings fans watching,<00:03:52.720> you'll<00:03:52.880> be<00:03:52.960> excited<00:03:53.440> to<00:03:53.520> know<00:03:53.720> that 02:30.710 --> 02:30.720 align:start position:0% watching, you'll be excited to know that 02:30.720 --> 02:33.350 align:start position:0% watching, you'll be excited to know that Balrog<00:03:54.560> Macula<00:03:55.480> is<00:03:55.640> a<00:03:55.720> reference<00:03:56.200> to<00:03:56.280> that 02:33.350 --> 02:33.360 align:start position:0% Balrog Macula is a reference to that 02:33.360 --> 02:36.830 align:start position:0% Balrog Macula is a reference to that wizard<00:03:57.040> battling<00:03:57.520> demon<00:03:57.960> of<00:03:58.080> Middle<00:03:58.400> Earth. 02:36.830 --> 02:36.840 align:start position:0% wizard battling demon of Middle Earth. 02:36.840 --> 02:38.350 align:start position:0% wizard battling demon of Middle Earth. We<00:04:00.160> think<00:04:00.360> the<00:04:00.480> brass<00:04:00.800> knuckles<00:04:01.240> get<00:04:01.440> their 02:38.350 --> 02:38.360 align:start position:0% We think the brass knuckles get their 02:38.360 --> 02:40.910 align:start position:0% We think the brass knuckles get their dark<00:04:01.920> color<00:04:02.200> from<00:04:02.440> a<00:04:02.480> tar<00:04:02.880> made<00:04:03.120> of<00:04:03.280> tholins, 02:40.910 --> 02:40.920 align:start position:0% dark color from a tar made of tholins, 02:40.920 --> 02:42.710 align:start position:0% dark color from a tar made of tholins, which<00:04:04.320> are<00:04:04.440> hydrocarbons<00:04:05.280> formed<00:04:05.680> from<00:04:05.840> the 02:42.710 --> 02:42.720 align:start position:0% which are hydrocarbons formed from the 02:42.720 --> 02:45.070 align:start position:0% which are hydrocarbons formed from the interaction<00:04:06.560> of<00:04:06.680> methane<00:04:07.360> and<00:04:07.480> nitrogen<00:04:08.160> with 02:45.070 --> 02:45.080 align:start position:0% interaction of methane and nitrogen with 02:45.080 --> 02:46.910 align:start position:0% interaction of methane and nitrogen with cosmic<00:04:08.800> rays. 02:46.910 --> 02:46.920 align:start position:0% cosmic rays. 02:46.920 --> 02:48.550 align:start position:0% cosmic rays. Tholins<00:04:10.640> are<00:04:10.800> in<00:04:10.920> abundance<00:04:11.440> throughout 02:48.550 --> 02:48.560 align:start position:0% Tholins are in abundance throughout 02:48.560 --> 02:50.870 align:start position:0% Tholins are in abundance throughout Pluto,<00:04:12.240> such<00:04:12.480> as<00:04:12.600> here<00:04:13.440> in<00:04:13.520> the<00:04:13.600> neighboring 02:50.870 --> 02:50.880 align:start position:0% Pluto, such as here in the neighboring 02:50.880 --> 02:52.950 align:start position:0% Pluto, such as here in the neighboring whale-shaped<00:04:14.800> region<00:04:15.200> known<00:04:15.520> as<00:04:15.640> Cthulhu 02:52.950 --> 02:52.960 align:start position:0% whale-shaped region known as Cthulhu 02:52.960 --> 02:55.670 align:start position:0% whale-shaped region known as Cthulhu Macula. 02:55.670 --> 02:55.680 align:start position:0% 02:55.680 --> 02:57.230 align:start position:0% The<00:04:18.959> reason<00:04:19.280> the<00:04:19.359> brass<00:04:19.680> knuckles<00:04:20.120> appear 02:57.230 --> 02:57.240 align:start position:0% The reason the brass knuckles appear 02:57.240 --> 02:59.950 align:start position:0% The reason the brass knuckles appear separate<00:04:21.320> is<00:04:21.480> that<00:04:21.720> each<00:04:22.000> macula<00:04:22.560> is<00:04:22.720> divided 02:59.950 --> 02:59.960 align:start position:0% separate is that each macula is divided 02:59.960 --> 03:03.270 align:start position:0% separate is that each macula is divided by<00:04:23.400> towering<00:04:24.240> uplands<00:04:24.800> covered<00:04:25.120> in<00:04:25.280> ice. 03:03.270 --> 03:03.280 align:start position:0% by towering uplands covered in ice. 03:03.280 --> 03:05.230 align:start position:0% by towering uplands covered in ice. These<00:04:26.640> uplands<00:04:27.080> stand<00:04:27.480> several<00:04:27.960> kilometers 03:05.230 --> 03:05.240 align:start position:0% These uplands stand several kilometers 03:05.240 --> 03:07.350 align:start position:0% These uplands stand several kilometers tall<00:04:29.160> and<00:04:29.280> are<00:04:29.360> likely<00:04:29.720> made<00:04:30.000> of<00:04:30.120> frozen 03:07.350 --> 03:07.360 align:start position:0% tall and are likely made of frozen 03:07.360 --> 03:10.510 align:start position:0% tall and are likely made of frozen nitrogen,<00:04:31.520> methane,<00:04:32.280> and<00:04:32.400> carbon<00:04:32.840> monoxide 03:10.510 --> 03:10.520 align:start position:0% nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide 03:10.520 --> 03:13.550 align:start position:0% nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide on<00:04:33.880> top<00:04:34.160> of<00:04:34.280> a<00:04:34.360> bedrock<00:04:34.960> of<00:04:35.120> water<00:04:35.440> ice. 03:13.550 --> 03:13.560 align:start position:0% on top of a bedrock of water ice. 03:13.560 --> 03:15.950 align:start position:0% on top of a bedrock of water ice. On<00:04:36.919> Pluto,<00:04:37.560> water<00:04:37.919> ice<00:04:38.200> is<00:04:38.360> strong<00:04:38.800> enough<00:04:39.080> to 03:15.950 --> 03:15.960 align:start position:0% On Pluto, water ice is strong enough to 03:15.960 --> 03:17.630 align:start position:0% On Pluto, water ice is strong enough to form<00:04:39.480> mountains<00:04:40.200> because<00:04:40.520> of<00:04:40.600> its<00:04:40.720> low 03:17.630 --> 03:17.640 align:start position:0% form mountains because of its low 03:17.640 --> 03:18.990 align:start position:0% form mountains because of its low gravity. 03:18.990 --> 03:19.000 align:start position:0% gravity. 03:19.000 --> 03:21.910 align:start position:0% gravity. Nitrogen<00:04:42.800> ice,<00:04:43.080> however,<00:04:43.600> is<00:04:44.040> much<00:04:44.320> softer, 03:21.910 --> 03:21.920 align:start position:0% Nitrogen ice, however, is much softer, 03:21.920 --> 03:23.390 align:start position:0% Nitrogen ice, however, is much softer, which<00:04:45.280> is<00:04:45.400> why<00:04:45.560> it<00:04:45.680> tends<00:04:45.960> to<00:04:46.080> flood<00:04:46.520> the 03:23.390 --> 03:23.400 align:start position:0% which is why it tends to flood the 03:23.400 --> 03:25.190 align:start position:0% which is why it tends to flood the lowlands<00:04:47.160> on<00:04:47.280> Pluto. 03:25.190 --> 03:25.200 align:start position:0% lowlands on Pluto. 03:25.200 --> 03:27.630 align:start position:0% lowlands on Pluto. One<00:04:48.600> can<00:04:48.800> only<00:04:49.040> imagine<00:04:49.680> what<00:04:49.840> these<00:04:50.120> colossal 03:27.630 --> 03:27.640 align:start position:0% One can only imagine what these colossal 03:27.640 --> 03:29.350 align:start position:0% One can only imagine what these colossal ice<00:04:51.120> mountains<00:04:51.640> must<00:04:51.919> look<00:04:52.120> like<00:04:52.360> from<00:04:52.480> the 03:29.350 --> 03:29.360 align:start position:0% ice mountains must look like from the 03:29.360 --> 03:32.550 align:start position:0% ice mountains must look like from the canyons'<00:04:53.120> perspective. 03:32.550 --> 03:32.560 align:start position:0% canyons' perspective. 03:32.560 --> 03:34.550 align:start position:0% canyons' perspective. Nitrogen<00:04:56.280> is<00:04:56.400> the<00:04:56.480> most<00:04:56.720> common<00:04:57.120> material<00:04:57.720> on 03:34.550 --> 03:34.560 align:start position:0% Nitrogen is the most common material on 03:34.560 --> 03:38.590 align:start position:0% Nitrogen is the most common material on Pluto's<00:04:58.200> surface,<00:04:59.120> 98%<00:05:00.240> of<00:05:00.360> it,<00:05:00.520> in<00:05:00.640> fact. 03:38.590 --> 03:38.600 align:start position:0% Pluto's surface, 98% of it, in fact. 03:38.600 --> 03:40.750 align:start position:0% Pluto's surface, 98% of it, in fact. Nitrogen<00:05:02.320> ice<00:05:02.640> also<00:05:02.960> accounts<00:05:03.360> for<00:05:03.480> a<00:05:03.520> large 03:40.750 --> 03:40.760 align:start position:0% Nitrogen ice also accounts for a large 03:40.760 --> 03:43.470 align:start position:0% Nitrogen ice also accounts for a large part<00:05:04.320> of<00:05:04.440> Pluto's<00:05:04.880> most<00:05:05.160> iconic<00:05:05.640> feature,<00:05:06.520> its 03:43.470 --> 03:43.480 align:start position:0% part of Pluto's most iconic feature, its 03:43.480 --> 03:45.669 align:start position:0% part of Pluto's most iconic feature, its heart-shaped<00:05:07.240> region<00:05:07.720> known<00:05:08.080> as<00:05:08.320> Tombaugh 03:45.669 --> 03:45.679 align:start position:0% heart-shaped region known as Tombaugh 03:45.679 --> 03:48.430 align:start position:0% heart-shaped region known as Tombaugh Regio,<00:05:09.960> named<00:05:10.320> after<00:05:10.600> Pluto's<00:05:10.960> discoverer, 03:48.430 --> 03:48.440 align:start position:0% Regio, named after Pluto's discoverer, 03:48.440 --> 03:50.870 align:start position:0% Regio, named after Pluto's discoverer, Clyde<00:05:12.080> Tombaugh. 03:50.870 --> 03:50.880 align:start position:0% Clyde Tombaugh. 03:50.880 --> 03:52.430 align:start position:0% Clyde Tombaugh. The<00:05:14.160> western<00:05:14.560> lobe<00:05:14.800> of<00:05:14.880> the<00:05:15.000> heart<00:05:15.480> is<00:05:15.600> a 03:52.430 --> 03:52.440 align:start position:0% The western lobe of the heart is a 03:52.440 --> 03:55.150 align:start position:0% The western lobe of the heart is a smooth<00:05:16.160> basin<00:05:16.680> filled<00:05:17.080> with<00:05:17.280> nitrogen<00:05:17.919> ice 03:55.150 --> 03:55.160 align:start position:0% smooth basin filled with nitrogen ice 03:55.160 --> 03:57.550 align:start position:0% smooth basin filled with nitrogen ice called<00:05:18.720> Sputnik<00:05:19.240> Planitia, 03:57.550 --> 03:57.560 align:start position:0% called Sputnik Planitia, 03:57.560 --> 04:00.790 align:start position:0% called Sputnik Planitia, while<00:05:20.919> the<00:05:21.040> eastern<00:05:21.400> lobe<00:05:21.800> is<00:05:22.120> much<00:05:22.560> rougher. 04:00.790 --> 04:00.800 align:start position:0% while the eastern lobe is much rougher. 04:00.800 --> 04:02.710 align:start position:0% while the eastern lobe is much rougher. In<00:05:24.120> this<00:05:24.320> image,<00:05:24.640> you<00:05:24.760> can<00:05:24.919> see<00:05:25.240> the<00:05:25.360> relief<00:05:25.800> in 04:02.710 --> 04:02.720 align:start position:0% In this image, you can see the relief in 04:02.720 --> 04:05.030 align:start position:0% In this image, you can see the relief in remarkable<00:05:26.560> detail. 04:05.030 --> 04:05.040 align:start position:0% remarkable detail. 04:05.040 --> 04:06.870 align:start position:0% remarkable detail. Scanning<00:05:28.680> from<00:05:28.919> west<00:05:29.200> to<00:05:29.280> east,<00:05:29.840> you<00:05:29.919> can 04:06.870 --> 04:06.880 align:start position:0% Scanning from west to east, you can 04:06.880 --> 04:08.550 align:start position:0% Scanning from west to east, you can almost<00:05:30.640> feel<00:05:31.000> the<00:05:31.120> difference<00:05:31.560> with<00:05:31.680> your 04:08.550 --> 04:08.560 align:start position:0% almost feel the difference with your 04:08.560 --> 04:10.310 align:start position:0% almost feel the difference with your fingertips. 04:10.310 --> 04:10.320 align:start position:0% fingertips. 04:10.320 --> 04:12.630 align:start position:0% fingertips. The<00:05:33.640> eastern<00:05:34.000> side<00:05:34.320> looks<00:05:34.600> pitted,<00:05:35.320> like<00:05:35.680> an 04:12.630 --> 04:12.640 align:start position:0% The eastern side looks pitted, like an 04:12.640 --> 04:14.230 align:start position:0% The eastern side looks pitted, like an orange's<00:05:36.320> skin. 04:14.230 --> 04:14.240 align:start position:0% orange's skin. 04:14.240 --> 04:15.830 align:start position:0% orange's skin. Scientists<00:05:37.919> think<00:05:38.200> Pluto's<00:05:38.640> winds<00:05:38.960> are 04:15.830 --> 04:15.840 align:start position:0% Scientists think Pluto's winds are 04:15.840 --> 04:18.430 align:start position:0% Scientists think Pluto's winds are carrying<00:05:39.640> nitrogen<00:05:40.240> from<00:05:40.440> Sputnik<00:05:40.880> Planitia 04:18.430 --> 04:18.440 align:start position:0% carrying nitrogen from Sputnik Planitia 04:18.440 --> 04:20.669 align:start position:0% carrying nitrogen from Sputnik Planitia up<00:05:41.919> into<00:05:42.120> the<00:05:42.240> atmosphere<00:05:43.040> and<00:05:43.160> depositing<00:05:43.800> it 04:20.669 --> 04:20.679 align:start position:0% up into the atmosphere and depositing it 04:20.679 --> 04:23.110 align:start position:0% up into the atmosphere and depositing it back<00:05:44.280> into<00:05:44.560> these<00:05:44.840> eastern<00:05:45.280> uplands,<00:05:46.160> which 04:23.110 --> 04:23.120 align:start position:0% back into these eastern uplands, which 04:23.120 --> 04:25.790 align:start position:0% back into these eastern uplands, which is<00:05:46.520> why<00:05:46.800> the<00:05:47.040> albedo<00:05:47.600> is<00:05:47.800> so<00:05:48.000> high. 04:25.790 --> 04:25.800 align:start position:0% is why the albedo is so high. 04:25.800 --> 04:27.590 align:start position:0% is why the albedo is so high. Albedo<00:05:49.520> being<00:05:49.840> the<00:05:49.920> measurement<00:05:50.400> of<00:05:50.520> how<00:05:50.640> much 04:27.590 --> 04:27.600 align:start position:0% Albedo being the measurement of how much 04:27.600 --> 04:30.030 align:start position:0% Albedo being the measurement of how much light<00:05:51.200> a<00:05:51.240> surface<00:05:51.640> reflects. 04:30.030 --> 04:30.040 align:start position:0% light a surface reflects. 04:30.040 --> 04:32.550 align:start position:0% light a surface reflects. Notice<00:05:53.680> how<00:05:53.920> the<00:05:54.080> uplands<00:05:54.520> have<00:05:54.680> a<00:05:54.760> bright<00:05:55.440> icy 04:32.550 --> 04:32.560 align:start position:0% Notice how the uplands have a bright icy 04:32.560 --> 04:34.510 align:start position:0% Notice how the uplands have a bright icy sheen<00:05:56.400> due<00:05:56.560> to<00:05:56.760> all<00:05:56.920> the<00:05:57.040> nitrogen<00:05:57.560> ice 04:34.510 --> 04:34.520 align:start position:0% sheen due to all the nitrogen ice 04:34.520 --> 04:36.230 align:start position:0% sheen due to all the nitrogen ice deposited<00:05:58.360> there. 04:36.230 --> 04:36.240 align:start position:0% deposited there. 04:36.240 --> 04:38.310 align:start position:0% deposited there. We<00:05:59.520> think<00:05:59.840> that<00:06:00.160> some<00:06:00.520> of<00:06:00.640> that<00:06:00.800> nitrogen<00:06:01.360> in 04:38.310 --> 04:38.320 align:start position:0% We think that some of that nitrogen in 04:38.320 --> 04:40.950 align:start position:0% We think that some of that nitrogen in turn<00:06:02.240> slides<00:06:02.720> back<00:06:03.040> into<00:06:03.280> the<00:06:03.400> lowlands<00:06:03.920> via 04:40.950 --> 04:40.960 align:start position:0% turn slides back into the lowlands via 04:40.960 --> 04:43.510 align:start position:0% turn slides back into the lowlands via glacial<00:06:04.680> flow,<00:06:05.480> meaning<00:06:05.840> the<00:06:05.960> western<00:06:06.560> and 04:43.510 --> 04:43.520 align:start position:0% glacial flow, meaning the western and 04:43.520 --> 04:45.190 align:start position:0% glacial flow, meaning the western and eastern<00:06:07.120> halves<00:06:07.480> of<00:06:07.560> the<00:06:07.640> heart<00:06:08.240> have<00:06:08.400> a 04:45.190 --> 04:45.200 align:start position:0% eastern halves of the heart have a 04:45.200 --> 04:47.470 align:start position:0% eastern halves of the heart have a transactional<00:06:09.200> relationship. 04:47.470 --> 04:47.480 align:start position:0% transactional relationship. 04:47.480 --> 04:49.710 align:start position:0% transactional relationship. It's<00:06:10.960> an<00:06:11.120> unusual<00:06:11.680> arrangement,<00:06:12.600> but<00:06:12.720> who<00:06:12.840> are 04:49.710 --> 04:49.720 align:start position:0% It's an unusual arrangement, but who are 04:49.720 --> 04:51.590 align:start position:0% It's an unusual arrangement, but who are we<00:06:13.080> to<00:06:13.200> judge? 04:49.720 --> 04:53.710 align:start position:0% [music] landscape<00:07:56.240> features. 04:50.623 --> 04:50.633 align:start position:0% 04:50.633 --> 04:52.343 align:start position:0% Over<00:08:00.000> on<00:08:00.120> the<00:08:00.240> western<00:08:00.640> side<00:08:00.920> of<00:08:01.040> Sputnik 04:52.343 --> 04:52.353 align:start position:0% Over on the western side of Sputnik 04:52.353 --> 04:55.063 align:start position:0% Over on the western side of Sputnik Planitia<00:08:02.280> is<00:08:02.440> a<00:08:02.520> towering<00:08:03.200> mountain<00:08:03.640> range 04:55.063 --> 04:55.073 align:start position:0% Planitia is a towering mountain range 04:55.073 --> 04:58.383 align:start position:0% Planitia is a towering mountain range called<00:08:04.800> Al-Idrisi<00:08:05.800> Mons. 04:58.383 --> 04:58.393 align:start position:0% called Al-Idrisi Mons. 04:58.393 --> 05:00.743 align:start position:0% called Al-Idrisi Mons. Here,<00:08:07.880> the<00:08:08.040> winds<00:08:08.480> blow<00:08:08.720> tiny<00:08:09.240> particles<00:08:09.760> of 05:00.743 --> 05:00.753 align:start position:0% Here, the winds blow tiny particles of 05:00.753 --> 05:03.023 align:start position:0% Here, the winds blow tiny particles of methane<00:08:10.360> ice<00:08:10.600> towards<00:08:11.000> the<00:08:11.120> mountains<00:08:12.040> and 05:03.023 --> 05:03.033 align:start position:0% methane ice towards the mountains and 05:03.033 --> 05:05.143 align:start position:0% methane ice towards the mountains and deposit<00:08:12.600> them<00:08:12.800> back<00:08:13.160> onto<00:08:13.360> the<00:08:13.480> surface<00:08:14.040> like 05:05.143 --> 05:05.153 align:start position:0% deposit them back onto the surface like 05:05.153 --> 05:06.903 align:start position:0% deposit them back onto the surface like grains<00:08:14.640> of<00:08:14.760> sand. 05:06.903 --> 05:06.913 align:start position:0% grains of sand. 05:06.913 --> 05:09.303 align:start position:0% grains of sand. This<00:08:16.240> is<00:08:16.400> remarkable<00:08:17.200> in<00:08:17.320> itself,<00:08:18.160> since 05:09.303 --> 05:09.313 align:start position:0% This is remarkable in itself, since 05:09.313 --> 05:11.583 align:start position:0% This is remarkable in itself, since Pluto's<00:08:18.880> atmosphere<00:08:19.440> is<00:08:19.640> very<00:08:19.919> thin.<00:08:20.640> We 05:11.583 --> 05:11.593 align:start position:0% Pluto's atmosphere is very thin. We 05:11.593 --> 05:13.583 align:start position:0% Pluto's atmosphere is very thin. We didn't<00:08:20.960> expect<00:08:21.360> its<00:08:21.520> winds<00:08:21.800> to<00:08:21.919> be<00:08:22.040> capable<00:08:22.600> of 05:13.583 --> 05:13.593 align:start position:0% didn't expect its winds to be capable of 05:13.593 --> 05:15.703 align:start position:0% didn't expect its winds to be capable of this<00:08:22.960> kind<00:08:23.200> of<00:08:23.320> transport. 05:15.703 --> 05:15.713 align:start position:0% this kind of transport. 05:15.713 --> 05:18.103 align:start position:0% this kind of transport. Most<00:08:25.040> likely,<00:08:25.760> these<00:08:25.960> methane<00:08:26.360> particles<00:08:27.000> are 05:18.103 --> 05:18.113 align:start position:0% Most likely, these methane particles are 05:18.113 --> 05:21.183 align:start position:0% Most likely, these methane particles are uplifted<00:08:27.919> by<00:08:28.080> sublimating<00:08:28.880> nitrogen<00:08:29.440> ice,<00:08:30.240> a 05:21.183 --> 05:21.193 align:start position:0% uplifted by sublimating nitrogen ice, a 05:21.193 --> 05:23.383 align:start position:0% uplifted by sublimating nitrogen ice, a process<00:08:30.880> which<00:08:31.160> a<00:08:31.240> substance<00:08:31.760> changes<00:08:32.159> phase 05:23.383 --> 05:23.393 align:start position:0% process which a substance changes phase 05:23.393 --> 05:25.582 align:start position:0% process which a substance changes phase from<00:08:32.760> solid<00:08:33.200> to<00:08:33.320> gas. 05:25.582 --> 05:25.592 align:start position:0% from solid to gas. 05:25.592 --> 05:27.782 align:start position:0% from solid to gas. We<00:08:34.800> think<00:08:35.080> the<00:08:35.159> sublimating<00:08:35.760> nitrogen<00:08:36.560> rips 05:27.782 --> 05:27.792 align:start position:0% We think the sublimating nitrogen rips 05:27.792 --> 05:29.943 align:start position:0% We think the sublimating nitrogen rips tiny<00:08:37.400> grain-sized<00:08:38.080> particles<00:08:38.599> of<00:08:38.680> methane 05:29.943 --> 05:29.953 align:start position:0% tiny grain-sized particles of methane 05:29.953 --> 05:32.703 align:start position:0% tiny grain-sized particles of methane ice,<00:08:39.760> which<00:08:40.000> carry<00:08:40.440> up<00:08:40.680> into<00:08:40.880> the<00:08:41.000> atmosphere 05:32.703 --> 05:32.713 align:start position:0% ice, which carry up into the atmosphere 05:32.713 --> 05:35.303 align:start position:0% ice, which carry up into the atmosphere and<00:08:42.000> settle<00:08:42.400> closer<00:08:42.719> to<00:08:42.840> the<00:08:42.960> mountains. 05:35.303 --> 05:35.313 align:start position:0% and settle closer to the mountains. 05:35.313 --> 05:38.463 align:start position:0% and settle closer to the mountains. These<00:08:44.600> methane<00:08:44.960> deposits<00:08:45.520> form<00:08:45.880> a<00:08:45.960> vast<00:08:46.800> 2,000 05:38.463 --> 05:38.473 align:start position:0% These methane deposits form a vast 2,000 05:38.473 --> 05:40.103 align:start position:0% These methane deposits form a vast 2,000 square<00:08:47.880> kilometer<00:08:48.320> field<00:08:48.839> made<00:08:49.160> of 05:40.103 --> 05:40.113 align:start position:0% square kilometer field made of 05:40.113 --> 05:42.383 align:start position:0% square kilometer field made of transverse<00:08:49.880> dunes,<00:08:50.600> somewhat<00:08:51.000> resembling 05:42.383 --> 05:42.393 align:start position:0% transverse dunes, somewhat resembling 05:42.393 --> 05:44.983 align:start position:0% transverse dunes, somewhat resembling those<00:08:51.839> in<00:08:52.000> China's<00:08:52.480> Taklamakan<00:08:53.200> Desert<00:08:54.000> or 05:44.983 --> 05:44.993 align:start position:0% those in China's Taklamakan Desert or 05:44.993 --> 05:47.383 align:start position:0% those in China's Taklamakan Desert or California's<00:08:54.920> Death<00:08:55.200> Valley. 05:47.383 --> 05:47.393 align:start position:0% California's Death Valley. 05:47.393 --> 05:49.863 align:start position:0% California's Death Valley. But,<00:08:56.800> unlike<00:08:57.280> those<00:08:57.520> deserts<00:08:57.880> here<00:08:58.040> on<00:08:58.240> Earth, 05:49.863 --> 05:49.873 align:start position:0% But, unlike those deserts here on Earth, 05:49.873 --> 05:52.223 align:start position:0% But, unlike those deserts here on Earth, these<00:08:59.360> dunes<00:08:59.760> form<00:09:00.080> in<00:09:00.240> frigid<00:09:00.720> temperatures 05:52.223 --> 05:52.233 align:start position:0% these dunes form in frigid temperatures 05:52.233 --> 05:54.103 align:start position:0% these dunes form in frigid temperatures of<00:09:01.520> -230° 05:54.103 --> 05:54.113 align:start position:0% of -230° 05:54.113 --> 05:55.583 align:start position:0% of -230° C. 05:55.583 --> 05:55.593 align:start position:0% C. 05:55.593 --> 05:57.383 align:start position:0% C. The<00:09:04.760> tiny<00:09:05.080> grains<00:09:05.440> of<00:09:05.520> methane<00:09:05.920> that<00:09:06.120> form<00:09:06.400> the 05:57.383 --> 05:57.393 align:start position:0% The tiny grains of methane that form the 05:57.393 --> 05:59.823 align:start position:0% The tiny grains of methane that form the dunes<00:09:07.000> are<00:09:07.160> much<00:09:07.440> lighter<00:09:07.760> than<00:09:07.920> sand,<00:09:08.760> and<00:09:08.839> in 05:59.823 --> 05:59.833 align:start position:0% dunes are much lighter than sand, and in 05:59.833 --> 06:02.023 align:start position:0% dunes are much lighter than sand, and in Pluto's<00:09:09.360> low<00:09:09.520> gravity,<00:09:10.440> would<00:09:10.560> likely<00:09:10.880> feel 06:02.023 --> 06:02.033 align:start position:0% Pluto's low gravity, would likely feel 06:02.033 --> 06:03.623 align:start position:0% Pluto's low gravity, would likely feel like<00:09:11.440> dust<00:09:11.880> spilling<00:09:12.360> through<00:09:12.600> your 06:03.623 --> 06:03.633 align:start position:0% like dust spilling through your 06:03.633 --> 06:05.143 align:start position:0% like dust spilling through your fingertips. 06:05.143 --> 06:05.153 align:start position:0% fingertips. 06:05.153 --> 06:07.702 align:start position:0% fingertips. However,<00:09:14.880> given<00:09:15.240> the<00:09:15.320> -230° 06:07.702 --> 06:07.712 align:start position:0% However, given the -230° 06:07.712 --> 06:09.383 align:start position:0% However, given the -230° temperatures,<00:09:17.800> I<00:09:17.920> wouldn't<00:09:18.120> recommend 06:09.383 --> 06:09.393 align:start position:0% temperatures, I wouldn't recommend 06:09.393 --> 06:14.503 align:start position:0% temperatures, I wouldn't recommend trying. 06:14.503 --> 06:14.513 align:start position:0% 06:14.513 --> 06:16.343 align:start position:0% The<00:09:23.720> dunes<00:09:24.240> aren't<00:09:24.520> the<00:09:24.800> only<00:09:25.120> item<00:09:25.360> of 06:16.343 --> 06:16.353 align:start position:0% The dunes aren't the only item of 06:16.353 --> 06:17.623 align:start position:0% The dunes aren't the only item of interest<00:09:25.920> in<00:09:26.000> this<00:09:26.200> corner<00:09:26.581> [music]<00:09:26.640> of 06:17.623 --> 06:17.633 align:start position:0% interest in this corner [music] of 06:17.633 --> 06:19.303 align:start position:0% interest in this corner [music] of Sputnik<00:09:27.160> Planitia. 06:19.303 --> 06:19.313 align:start position:0% Sputnik Planitia. 06:19.313 --> 06:21.183 align:start position:0% Sputnik Planitia. On<00:09:28.520> the<00:09:28.640> western<00:09:29.040> side<00:09:29.320> of<00:09:29.400> the<00:09:29.480> mountains<00:09:30.160> is 06:21.183 --> 06:21.193 align:start position:0% On the western side of the mountains is 06:21.193 --> 06:23.783 align:start position:0% On the western side of the mountains is a<00:09:30.400> deep<00:09:30.880> trench,<00:09:31.680> which<00:09:31.839> you<00:09:31.920> can<00:09:32.080> see<00:09:32.560> as<00:09:32.800> the 06:23.783 --> 06:23.793 align:start position:0% a deep trench, which you can see as the 06:23.793 --> 06:25.783 align:start position:0% a deep trench, which you can see as the dark<00:09:33.400> blue<00:09:33.640> band<00:09:34.080> on<00:09:34.200> this<00:09:34.320> colorized 06:25.783 --> 06:25.793 align:start position:0% dark blue band on this colorized 06:25.793 --> 06:27.623 align:start position:0% dark blue band on this colorized elevation<00:09:35.440> map. 06:27.623 --> 06:27.633 align:start position:0% elevation map. 06:27.633 --> 06:29.583 align:start position:0% elevation map. Based<00:09:37.040> on<00:09:37.200> our<00:09:37.400> measurements,<00:09:38.280> the<00:09:38.400> peaks 06:29.583 --> 06:29.593 align:start position:0% Based on our measurements, the peaks 06:29.593 --> 06:32.223 align:start position:0% Based on our measurements, the peaks adjacent<00:09:39.240> to<00:09:39.320> the<00:09:39.400> trench<00:09:39.800> vary<00:09:40.160> from<00:09:40.400> 200<00:09:40.920> m 06:32.223 --> 06:32.233 align:start position:0% adjacent to the trench vary from 200 m 06:32.233 --> 06:35.423 align:start position:0% adjacent to the trench vary from 200 m to<00:09:41.600> 1<00:09:41.920> km<00:09:42.520> in<00:09:42.680> height,<00:09:43.640> while<00:09:43.960> the<00:09:44.080> furthest 06:35.423 --> 06:35.433 align:start position:0% to 1 km in height, while the furthest 06:35.433 --> 06:38.583 align:start position:0% to 1 km in height, while the furthest peaks<00:09:45.040> are<00:09:45.200> much<00:09:45.560> higher,<00:09:46.240> reaching<00:09:46.680> 3<00:09:47.080> km<00:09:47.600> in 06:38.583 --> 06:38.593 align:start position:0% peaks are much higher, reaching 3 km in 06:38.593 --> 06:40.783 align:start position:0% peaks are much higher, reaching 3 km in height,<00:09:48.400> nearly<00:09:48.800> as<00:09:49.000> tall<00:09:49.360> as<00:09:49.520> the<00:09:49.640> Rocky 06:40.783 --> 06:40.793 align:start position:0% height, nearly as tall as the Rocky 06:40.793 --> 06:42.263 align:start position:0% height, nearly as tall as the Rocky Mountains. 06:42.263 --> 06:42.273 align:start position:0% Mountains. 06:42.273 --> 06:43.503 align:start position:0% Mountains. This<00:09:51.560> means<00:09:51.880> the<00:09:51.960> mountains<00:09:52.126> [music]<00:09:52.400> get 06:43.503 --> 06:43.513 align:start position:0% This means the mountains [music] get 06:43.513 --> 06:45.223 align:start position:0% This means the mountains [music] get taller<00:09:53.200> as<00:09:53.360> you<00:09:53.480> move<00:09:53.720> further<00:09:54.080> from<00:09:54.240> the 06:45.223 --> 06:45.233 align:start position:0% taller as you move further from the 06:45.233 --> 06:46.343 align:start position:0% taller as you move further from the trench. 06:46.343 --> 06:46.353 align:start position:0% trench. 06:46.353 --> 06:48.783 align:start position:0% trench. Why<00:09:55.640> is<00:09:55.760> this<00:09:55.920> significant?<00:09:57.080> Well,<00:09:57.520> we<00:09:57.640> think 06:48.783 --> 06:48.793 align:start position:0% Why is this significant? Well, we think 06:48.793 --> 06:50.903 align:start position:0% Why is this significant? Well, we think it<00:09:58.000> might<00:09:58.160> be<00:09:58.280> connected<00:09:58.920> to<00:09:59.080> what's<00:09:59.400> going<00:09:59.680> on 06:50.903 --> 06:50.913 align:start position:0% it might be connected to what's going on 06:50.913 --> 06:53.743 align:start position:0% it might be connected to what's going on underneath<00:10:00.840> Pluto's<00:10:01.240> surface. 06:53.743 --> 06:53.753 align:start position:0% underneath Pluto's surface. 06:53.753 --> 06:55.903 align:start position:0% underneath Pluto's surface. You<00:10:02.960> see,<00:10:03.480> one<00:10:03.680> of<00:10:03.760> the<00:10:03.840> most<00:10:04.280> fascinating 06:55.903 --> 06:55.913 align:start position:0% You see, one of the most fascinating 06:55.913 --> 06:57.663 align:start position:0% You see, one of the most fascinating revelations<00:10:05.680> we've<00:10:05.880> recently<00:10:06.320> made<00:10:06.560> about 06:57.663 --> 06:57.673 align:start position:0% revelations we've recently made about 06:57.673 --> 07:00.019 align:start position:0% revelations we've recently made about Pluto<00:10:07.560> is<00:10:07.680> that<00:10:07.880> it<00:10:08.040> may<00:10:08.320> have<00:10:08.560> had, 07:00.019 --> 07:00.029 align:start position:0% Pluto is that it may have had, 07:00.029 --> 07:00.063 align:start position:0% Pluto is that it may have had, >> [music] 07:00.063 --> 07:00.073 align:start position:0% >> [music] 07:00.073 --> 07:03.423 align:start position:0% >> [music] >> and<00:10:09.360> might<00:10:09.640> still<00:10:10.120> have,<00:10:10.800> a<00:10:10.920> vast<00:10:11.720> subsurface 07:03.423 --> 07:03.433 align:start position:0% >> and might still have, a vast subsurface 07:03.433 --> 07:05.023 align:start position:0% >> and might still have, a vast subsurface ocean. 07:05.023 --> 07:05.033 align:start position:0% ocean. 07:05.033 --> 07:06.783 align:start position:0% ocean. This<00:10:14.320> is<00:10:14.440> a<00:10:14.480> characteristic<00:10:15.320> it<00:10:15.440> would<00:10:15.600> share 07:06.783 --> 07:06.793 align:start position:0% This is a characteristic it would share 07:06.793 --> 07:08.983 align:start position:0% This is a characteristic it would share with<00:10:16.200> several<00:10:16.560> moons<00:10:16.880> in<00:10:17.000> our<00:10:17.160> solar<00:10:17.440> system, 07:08.983 --> 07:08.993 align:start position:0% with several moons in our solar system, 07:08.993 --> 07:11.155 align:start position:0% with several moons in our solar system, such<00:10:18.360> as<00:10:18.480> Ganymede,<00:10:19.240> Europa,<00:10:19.840> and<00:10:20.000> Enceladus. 07:11.155 --> 07:11.165 align:start position:0% such as Ganymede, Europa, and Enceladus. 07:11.165 --> 07:12.343 align:start position:0% such as Ganymede, Europa, and Enceladus. [music] 07:12.343 --> 07:12.353 align:start position:0% [music] 07:12.353 --> 07:14.143 align:start position:0% [music] The<00:10:21.520> fact<00:10:21.760> that<00:10:21.920> Pluto<00:10:22.360> could<00:10:22.560> host<00:10:22.920> liquid 07:14.143 --> 07:14.153 align:start position:0% The fact that Pluto could host liquid 07:14.153 --> 07:16.583 align:start position:0% The fact that Pluto could host liquid water<00:10:23.640> at<00:10:23.920> all<00:10:24.480> is<00:10:24.640> remarkable<00:10:25.520> when<00:10:25.640> you 07:16.583 --> 07:16.593 align:start position:0% water at all is remarkable when you 07:16.593 --> 07:18.383 align:start position:0% water at all is remarkable when you consider<00:10:26.160> how<00:10:26.440> far<00:10:26.720> away<00:10:26.960> it<00:10:27.120> is<00:10:27.280> from<00:10:27.440> the 07:18.383 --> 07:18.393 align:start position:0% consider how far away it is from the 07:18.393 --> 07:19.463 align:start position:0% consider how far away it is from the sun. 07:19.463 --> 07:19.473 align:start position:0% sun. 07:19.473 --> 07:21.223 align:start position:0% sun. It would<00:10:28.720> have<00:10:28.880> to<00:10:29.000> generate<00:10:29.480> significant 07:21.223 --> 07:21.233 align:start position:0% It would have to generate significant 07:21.233 --> 07:23.943 align:start position:0% It would have to generate significant heat<00:10:30.600> from<00:10:30.760> nuclear<00:10:31.200> decay<00:10:31.680> in<00:10:31.800> its<00:10:31.960> core. 07:23.943 --> 07:23.953 align:start position:0% heat from nuclear decay in its core. 07:23.953 --> 07:27.143 align:start position:0% heat from nuclear decay in its core. Yet,<00:10:33.240> Pluto<00:10:33.640> is<00:10:33.880> smaller<00:10:34.240> than<00:10:34.400> our<00:10:34.640> own<00:10:34.840> moon. 07:27.143 --> 07:27.153 align:start position:0% Yet, Pluto is smaller than our own moon. 07:27.153 --> 07:29.303 align:start position:0% Yet, Pluto is smaller than our own moon. Given<00:10:36.520> the<00:10:36.640> diminutive<00:10:37.160> size<00:10:37.480> of<00:10:37.600> its<00:10:37.760> core, 07:29.303 --> 07:29.313 align:start position:0% Given the diminutive size of its core, 07:29.313 --> 07:31.063 align:start position:0% Given the diminutive size of its core, you<00:10:38.600> wouldn't<00:10:38.920> expect<00:10:39.360> it<00:10:39.480> to<00:10:39.560> generate<00:10:39.960> a<00:10:40.000> lot 07:31.063 --> 07:31.073 align:start position:0% you wouldn't expect it to generate a lot 07:31.073 --> 07:32.663 align:start position:0% you wouldn't expect it to generate a lot of<00:10:40.280> heat.<00:10:40.960> So,<00:10:41.080> the<00:10:41.240> evidence<00:10:41.640> for<00:10:41.760> a 07:32.663 --> 07:32.673 align:start position:0% of heat. So, the evidence for a 07:32.673 --> 07:35.063 align:start position:0% of heat. So, the evidence for a subsurface<00:10:42.480> ocean<00:10:42.880> took<00:10:43.200> a<00:10:43.280> lot<00:10:43.600> of<00:10:43.680> people<00:10:44.040> by 07:35.063 --> 07:35.073 align:start position:0% subsurface ocean took a lot of people by 07:35.073 --> 07:37.103 align:start position:0% subsurface ocean took a lot of people by surprise. 07:37.103 --> 07:37.113 align:start position:0% surprise. 07:37.113 --> 07:39.383 align:start position:0% surprise. This<00:10:46.480> is<00:10:46.760> very<00:10:47.000> interesting,<00:10:48.040> but<00:10:48.200> I'm<00:10:48.280> sure 07:39.383 --> 07:39.393 align:start position:0% This is very interesting, but I'm sure 07:39.393 --> 07:40.863 align:start position:0% This is very interesting, but I'm sure you're<00:10:48.680> wondering<00:10:49.120> what<00:10:49.240> it<00:10:49.360> has<00:10:49.560> to<00:10:49.680> do<00:10:49.880> with 07:40.863 --> 07:40.873 align:start position:0% you're wondering what it has to do with 07:40.873 --> 07:43.183 align:start position:0% you're wondering what it has to do with the<00:10:50.120> mountains<00:10:50.720> we<00:10:50.839> just<00:10:51.040> looked<00:10:51.320> at. 07:43.183 --> 07:43.193 align:start position:0% the mountains we just looked at. 07:43.193 --> 07:44.623 align:start position:0% the mountains we just looked at. Well,<00:10:52.960> a<00:10:53.000> 2019<00:10:53.042> [music] 07:44.623 --> 07:44.633 align:start position:0% Well, a 2019 [music] 07:44.633 --> 07:46.423 align:start position:0% Well, a 2019 [music] study<00:10:54.200> published<00:10:54.720> at<00:10:54.839> the<00:10:54.960> Lunar<00:10:55.400> and 07:46.423 --> 07:46.433 align:start position:0% study published at the Lunar and 07:46.433 --> 07:48.983 align:start position:0% study published at the Lunar and Planetary<00:10:56.000> Science<00:10:56.400> Conference<00:10:57.280> argues<00:10:57.960> that 07:48.983 --> 07:48.993 align:start position:0% Planetary Science Conference argues that 07:48.993 --> 07:51.583 align:start position:0% Planetary Science Conference argues that the<00:10:58.280> Al<00:10:58.560> Idrisi<00:10:59.040> mountains<00:10:59.600> have<00:10:59.839> very<00:11:00.160> likely 07:51.583 --> 07:51.593 align:start position:0% the Al Idrisi mountains have very likely 07:51.593 --> 07:53.903 align:start position:0% the Al Idrisi mountains have very likely moved<00:11:01.480> east<00:11:02.040> through<00:11:02.280> solid-state 07:53.903 --> 07:53.913 align:start position:0% moved east through solid-state 07:53.913 --> 07:55.583 align:start position:0% moved east through solid-state convection. 07:55.583 --> 07:55.593 align:start position:0% convection. 07:55.593 --> 07:57.263 align:start position:0% convection. This<00:11:04.880> movement<00:11:05.400> could<00:11:05.560> have<00:11:05.680> produced<00:11:06.080> both 07:57.263 --> 07:57.273 align:start position:0% This movement could have produced both 07:57.273 --> 07:58.702 align:start position:0% This movement could have produced both the<00:11:06.520> deep<00:11:06.800> trench<00:11:07.160> on<00:11:07.240> the<00:11:07.320> mountain's 07:58.702 --> 07:58.712 align:start position:0% the deep trench on the mountain's 07:58.712 --> 08:01.143 align:start position:0% the deep trench on the mountain's western<00:11:08.280> side,<00:11:09.040> as<00:11:09.200> well<00:11:09.400> as<00:11:09.520> the<00:11:09.720> uplift<00:11:10.160> we 08:01.143 --> 08:01.153 align:start position:0% western side, as well as the uplift we 08:01.153 --> 08:03.583 align:start position:0% western side, as well as the uplift we see<00:11:10.600> in<00:11:10.760> the<00:11:10.839> rising<00:11:11.280> peak<00:11:11.600> elevations<00:11:12.400> moving 08:03.583 --> 08:03.593 align:start position:0% see in the rising peak elevations moving 08:03.593 --> 08:05.423 align:start position:0% see in the rising peak elevations moving from<00:11:12.960> west<00:11:13.280> to<00:11:13.347> [music]<00:11:13.440> east. 08:05.423 --> 08:05.433 align:start position:0% from west to [music] east. 08:05.433 --> 08:08.063 align:start position:0% from west to [music] east. If<00:11:14.760> this<00:11:15.000> theory<00:11:15.400> is<00:11:15.600> true,<00:11:16.600> these<00:11:16.760> dynamic 08:08.063 --> 08:08.073 align:start position:0% If this theory is true, these dynamic 08:08.073 --> 08:10.463 align:start position:0% If this theory is true, these dynamic processes<00:11:17.839> happening<00:11:18.360> on<00:11:18.480> Pluto's<00:11:18.880> surface 08:10.463 --> 08:10.473 align:start position:0% processes happening on Pluto's surface 08:10.473 --> 08:12.503 align:start position:0% processes happening on Pluto's surface would<00:11:19.800> seemingly<00:11:20.360> support<00:11:20.800> the<00:11:20.920> idea<00:11:21.480> that 08:12.503 --> 08:12.513 align:start position:0% would seemingly support the idea that 08:12.513 --> 08:14.863 align:start position:0% would seemingly support the idea that there<00:11:21.920> is<00:11:22.080> a<00:11:22.160> layer<00:11:22.560> of<00:11:22.760> liquid<00:11:23.240> water<00:11:23.600> beneath 08:14.863 --> 08:14.873 align:start position:0% there is a layer of liquid water beneath 08:14.873 --> 08:16.943 align:start position:0% there is a layer of liquid water beneath its<00:11:24.240> icy<00:11:24.520> crust. 08:16.943 --> 08:16.953 align:start position:0% its icy crust. 08:16.953 --> 08:18.943 align:start position:0% its icy crust. We<00:11:26.160> see<00:11:26.440> other<00:11:26.720> evidence<00:11:27.120> as<00:11:27.280> well,<00:11:27.920> in<00:11:28.000> the 08:18.943 --> 08:18.953 align:start position:0% We see other evidence as well, in the 08:18.953 --> 08:21.623 align:start position:0% We see other evidence as well, in the form<00:11:28.480> of<00:11:28.600> cryovolcanoes. 08:21.623 --> 08:21.633 align:start position:0% form of cryovolcanoes. 08:21.633 --> 08:24.223 align:start position:0% form of cryovolcanoes. Wright<00:11:31.000> Mons<00:11:31.440> is<00:11:31.680> one<00:11:31.880> potential<00:11:32.480> cryovolcano 08:24.223 --> 08:24.233 align:start position:0% Wright Mons is one potential cryovolcano 08:24.233 --> 08:25.623 align:start position:0% Wright Mons is one potential cryovolcano we've<00:11:33.600> looked<00:11:33.840> at<00:11:34.000> previously<00:11:34.560> on<00:11:34.640> this 08:25.623 --> 08:25.633 align:start position:0% we've looked at previously on this 08:25.633 --> 08:28.183 align:start position:0% we've looked at previously on this channel,<00:11:35.680> but<00:11:35.880> here<00:11:36.160> it<00:11:36.320> is<00:11:36.600> in<00:11:36.760> the<00:11:36.880> highest 08:28.183 --> 08:28.193 align:start position:0% channel, but here it is in the highest 08:28.193 --> 08:30.023 align:start position:0% channel, but here it is in the highest resolution<00:11:37.880> color<00:11:38.160> view<00:11:38.680> that<00:11:38.840> the<00:11:38.920> New 08:30.023 --> 08:30.033 align:start position:0% resolution color view that the New 08:30.033 --> 08:32.223 align:start position:0% resolution color view that the New Horizons<00:11:39.600> team<00:11:39.880> assembled. 08:32.223 --> 08:32.233 align:start position:0% Horizons team assembled. 08:32.233 --> 08:33.943 align:start position:0% Horizons team assembled. What<00:11:41.560> you're<00:11:41.720> seeing<00:11:42.080> is<00:11:42.240> a<00:11:42.280> composite<00:11:42.920> of 08:33.943 --> 08:33.953 align:start position:0% What you're seeing is a composite of 08:33.953 --> 08:36.543 align:start position:0% What you're seeing is a composite of images<00:11:43.480> taken<00:11:43.840> by<00:11:43.960> the<00:11:44.080> probe's<00:11:44.560> LORRI<00:11:44.960> camera 08:36.543 --> 08:36.553 align:start position:0% images taken by the probe's LORRI camera 08:36.553 --> 08:38.583 align:start position:0% images taken by the probe's LORRI camera and<00:11:45.800> its<00:11:45.960> Ralph<00:11:46.480> multispectral<00:11:47.280> visible 08:38.583 --> 08:38.593 align:start position:0% and its Ralph multispectral visible 08:38.593 --> 08:40.223 align:start position:0% and its Ralph multispectral visible imaging<00:11:48.080> camera. 08:40.223 --> 08:40.233 align:start position:0% imaging camera. 08:40.233 --> 08:42.743 align:start position:0% imaging camera. Wright<00:11:49.640> Mons<00:11:50.080> is<00:11:50.240> a<00:11:50.320> massive<00:11:50.800> structure<00:11:51.640> made 08:42.743 --> 08:42.753 align:start position:0% Wright Mons is a massive structure made 08:42.753 --> 08:46.423 align:start position:0% Wright Mons is a massive structure made mostly<00:11:52.320> of<00:11:52.440> water<00:11:52.800> ice<00:11:53.360> standing<00:11:53.800> 4<00:11:54.160> km<00:11:54.800> tall 08:46.423 --> 08:46.433 align:start position:0% mostly of water ice standing 4 km tall 08:46.433 --> 08:49.183 align:start position:0% mostly of water ice standing 4 km tall with<00:11:55.680> a<00:11:55.760> gaping<00:11:56.320> depression<00:11:56.840> in<00:11:56.960> the<00:11:57.040> middle. 08:49.183 --> 08:49.193 align:start position:0% with a gaping depression in the middle. 08:49.193 --> 08:50.983 align:start position:0% with a gaping depression in the middle. And<00:11:58.480> it<00:11:58.600> may<00:11:58.800> have<00:11:58.960> been<00:11:59.240> active<00:11:59.760> fairly 08:50.983 --> 08:50.993 align:start position:0% And it may have been active fairly 08:50.993 --> 08:53.223 align:start position:0% And it may have been active fairly recently<00:12:01.000> as<00:12:01.200> evidenced<00:12:01.640> by<00:12:01.720> the<00:12:01.880> lack<00:12:02.240> of 08:53.223 --> 08:53.233 align:start position:0% recently as evidenced by the lack of 08:53.233 --> 08:56.503 align:start position:0% recently as evidenced by the lack of impact<00:12:02.720> craters<00:12:03.160> in<00:12:03.280> the<00:12:03.360> surrounding<00:12:03.840> area. 08:56.503 --> 08:56.513 align:start position:0% impact craters in the surrounding area. 08:56.513 --> 08:58.463 align:start position:0% impact craters in the surrounding area. Scientists<00:12:06.120> spotted<00:12:06.680> another<00:12:07.160> potential 08:58.463 --> 08:58.473 align:start position:0% Scientists spotted another potential 08:58.473 --> 09:00.863 align:start position:0% Scientists spotted another potential cryovolcano<00:12:08.440> to<00:12:08.640> its<00:12:08.800> southwest<00:12:09.680> called 09:00.863 --> 09:00.873 align:start position:0% cryovolcano to its southwest called 09:00.873 --> 09:04.303 align:start position:0% cryovolcano to its southwest called Piccard<00:12:10.560> Mons<00:12:11.440> and<00:12:11.560> is<00:12:11.800> even<00:12:12.280> more<00:12:12.600> massive 09:04.303 --> 09:04.313 align:start position:0% Piccard Mons and is even more massive 09:04.313 --> 09:06.983 align:start position:0% Piccard Mons and is even more massive rising<00:12:13.840> 7<00:12:14.400> km<00:12:14.960> tall. 09:06.983 --> 09:06.993 align:start position:0% rising 7 km tall. 09:06.993 --> 09:09.463 align:start position:0% rising 7 km tall. Sadly,<00:12:16.840> it<00:12:17.000> was<00:12:17.240> already<00:12:17.680> in<00:12:17.800> darkness<00:12:18.360> by<00:12:18.480> the 09:09.463 --> 09:09.473 align:start position:0% Sadly, it was already in darkness by the 09:09.473 --> 09:11.303 align:start position:0% Sadly, it was already in darkness by the time<00:12:18.880> New<00:12:19.000> Horizons<00:12:19.520> was<00:12:19.720> able<00:12:19.920> to<00:12:20.000> capture 09:11.303 --> 09:11.313 align:start position:0% time New Horizons was able to capture 09:11.313 --> 09:13.103 align:start position:0% time New Horizons was able to capture it,<00:12:20.960> so<00:12:21.080> the<00:12:21.200> images<00:12:21.468> [music]<00:12:21.680> aren't<00:12:21.920> quite 09:13.103 --> 09:13.113 align:start position:0% it, so the images [music] aren't quite 09:13.113 --> 09:15.663 align:start position:0% it, so the images [music] aren't quite as<00:12:22.400> clear<00:12:22.840> as<00:12:23.040> those<00:12:23.360> of<00:12:23.480> Wright<00:12:23.720> Mons,<00:12:24.600> but 09:15.663 --> 09:15.673 align:start position:0% as clear as those of Wright Mons, but 09:15.673 --> 09:17.703 align:start position:0% as clear as those of Wright Mons, but you<00:12:24.880> can<00:12:25.040> see<00:12:25.280> it<00:12:25.440> here<00:12:25.840> in<00:12:26.000> this<00:12:26.200> colorized 09:17.703 --> 09:17.713 align:start position:0% you can see it here in this colorized 09:17.713 --> 09:19.463 align:start position:0% you can see it here in this colorized topographic<00:12:27.440> map. 09:19.463 --> 09:19.473 align:start position:0% topographic map. 09:19.473 --> 09:21.943 align:start position:0% topographic map. It<00:12:28.880> too<00:12:29.400> has<00:12:29.600> a<00:12:29.680> huge<00:12:30.200> depression<00:12:30.800> in<00:12:30.920> its 09:21.943 --> 09:21.953 align:start position:0% It too has a huge depression in its 09:21.953 --> 09:23.103 align:start position:0% It too has a huge depression in its center. 09:23.103 --> 09:23.113 align:start position:0% center. 09:23.113 --> 09:24.943 align:start position:0% center. The<00:12:32.360> depressions<00:12:32.880> of<00:12:33.000> both<00:12:33.280> structures<00:12:33.920> are 09:24.943 --> 09:24.953 align:start position:0% The depressions of both structures are 09:24.953 --> 09:27.223 align:start position:0% The depressions of both structures are reminiscent<00:12:34.720> of<00:12:34.839> calderas<00:12:35.520> we<00:12:35.640> see<00:12:35.839> here<00:12:36.160> on 09:27.223 --> 09:27.233 align:start position:0% reminiscent of calderas we see here on 09:27.233 --> 09:29.903 align:start position:0% reminiscent of calderas we see here on Earth,<00:12:37.200> but<00:12:37.360> they<00:12:37.480> are<00:12:37.600> much<00:12:38.080> larger<00:12:38.560> relative 09:29.903 --> 09:29.913 align:start position:0% Earth, but they are much larger relative 09:29.913 --> 09:32.463 align:start position:0% Earth, but they are much larger relative to<00:12:39.160> the<00:12:39.240> size<00:12:39.680> of<00:12:39.760> the<00:12:39.880> volcanoes. 09:32.463 --> 09:32.473 align:start position:0% to the size of the volcanoes. 09:32.473 --> 09:34.463 align:start position:0% to the size of the volcanoes. Looking<00:12:41.920> closely,<00:12:42.720> there<00:12:42.920> appear<00:12:43.320> to<00:12:43.440> be 09:34.463 --> 09:34.473 align:start position:0% Looking closely, there appear to be 09:34.473 --> 09:36.143 align:start position:0% Looking closely, there appear to be concentric<00:12:44.320> rings<00:12:44.680> surrounding<00:12:45.200> the 09:36.143 --> 09:36.153 align:start position:0% concentric rings surrounding the 09:36.153 --> 09:39.463 align:start position:0% concentric rings surrounding the depressions<00:12:46.360> indicating<00:12:47.200> perhaps<00:12:48.000> a<00:12:48.080> series 09:39.463 --> 09:39.473 align:start position:0% depressions indicating perhaps a series 09:39.473 --> 09:41.783 align:start position:0% depressions indicating perhaps a series of<00:12:48.720> eruptions<00:12:49.680> followed<00:12:50.040> by<00:12:50.240> a<00:12:50.320> retreat<00:12:50.800> of 09:41.783 --> 09:41.793 align:start position:0% of eruptions followed by a retreat of 09:41.793 --> 09:44.023 align:start position:0% of eruptions followed by a retreat of magma<00:12:51.720> and<00:12:51.880> subsequent<00:12:52.480> collapse<00:12:52.920> of<00:12:53.040> the 09:44.023 --> 09:44.033 align:start position:0% magma and subsequent collapse of the 09:44.033 --> 09:45.343 align:start position:0% magma and subsequent collapse of the vents. 09:45.343 --> 09:45.353 align:start position:0% vents. 09:45.353 --> 09:47.023 align:start position:0% vents. Just<00:12:54.720> to<00:12:54.800> be<00:12:54.920> clear,<00:12:55.680> they<00:12:55.760> haven't<00:12:56.000> yet 09:47.023 --> 09:47.033 align:start position:0% Just to be clear, they haven't yet 09:47.033 --> 09:48.702 align:start position:0% Just to be clear, they haven't yet confirmed<00:12:56.640> that<00:12:56.760> these<00:12:57.040> are<00:12:57.200> definitely 09:48.702 --> 09:48.712 align:start position:0% confirmed that these are definitely 09:48.712 --> 09:51.583 align:start position:0% confirmed that these are definitely cryovolcanoes,<00:12:59.200> but<00:12:59.440> the<00:12:59.600> literal<00:13:00.160> mountain 09:51.583 --> 09:51.593 align:start position:0% cryovolcanoes, but the literal mountain 09:51.593 --> 09:54.423 align:start position:0% cryovolcanoes, but the literal mountain of<00:13:00.880> evidence<00:13:01.360> is<00:13:01.520> hard<00:13:01.800> to<00:13:01.880> deny. 09:54.423 --> 09:54.433 align:start position:0% of evidence is hard to deny. 09:54.433 --> 09:56.983 align:start position:0% of evidence is hard to deny. From<00:13:03.880> all<00:13:04.120> of<00:13:04.240> this,<00:13:04.520> it<00:13:04.680> is<00:13:04.800> clear<00:13:05.240> that<00:13:05.680> Pluto 09:56.983 --> 09:56.993 align:start position:0% From all of this, it is clear that Pluto 09:56.993 --> 10:00.223 align:start position:0% From all of this, it is clear that Pluto is<00:13:06.320> a<00:13:06.440> fascinating,<00:13:07.720> beautiful<00:13:08.360> place. 10:00.223 --> 10:00.233 align:start position:0% is a fascinating, beautiful place. 10:00.233 --> 10:02.263 align:start position:0% is a fascinating, beautiful place. Hopefully,<00:13:09.839> you<00:13:10.040> now<00:13:10.360> feel<00:13:10.640> like<00:13:10.920> you<00:13:11.040> know<00:13:11.240> it 10:02.263 --> 10:02.273 align:start position:0% Hopefully, you now feel like you know it 10:02.273 --> 10:03.663 align:start position:0% Hopefully, you now feel like you know it a<00:13:11.440> little<00:13:11.680> better, 10:03.663 --> 10:03.673 align:start position:0% a little better, 10:03.673 --> 10:05.943 align:start position:0% a little better, but<00:13:13.160> none<00:13:13.400> of<00:13:13.520> this<00:13:13.800> answers<00:13:14.320> one<00:13:14.720> key 10:05.943 --> 10:05.953 align:start position:0% but none of this answers one key 10:05.953 --> 10:09.143 align:start position:0% but none of this answers one key question.<00:13:16.240> Is<00:13:16.400> it<00:13:16.800> deserving<00:13:17.800> of<00:13:17.960> being<00:13:18.200> a 10:09.143 --> 10:09.153 align:start position:0% question. Is it deserving of being a 10:09.153 --> 10:13.943 align:start position:0% question. Is it deserving of being a planet? 10:13.943 --> 10:13.953 align:start position:0% 10:13.953 --> 10:16.343 align:start position:0% The<00:13:23.160> key<00:13:23.400> to<00:13:23.520> that<00:13:23.760> question<00:13:24.360> and<00:13:24.839> why<00:13:25.120> Pluto 10:16.343 --> 10:16.353 align:start position:0% The key to that question and why Pluto 10:16.353 --> 10:18.103 align:start position:0% The key to that question and why Pluto stopped<00:13:25.960> being<00:13:26.200> a<00:13:26.240> planet<00:13:26.640> in<00:13:26.720> the<00:13:26.840> first 10:18.103 --> 10:18.113 align:start position:0% stopped being a planet in the first 10:18.113 --> 10:21.463 align:start position:0% stopped being a planet in the first place<00:13:28.080> all<00:13:28.320> started<00:13:28.920> in<00:13:29.080> 1978 10:21.463 --> 10:21.473 align:start position:0% place all started in 1978 10:21.473 --> 10:24.863 align:start position:0% place all started in 1978 with<00:13:30.920> one<00:13:31.440> key<00:13:31.800> discovery.<00:13:33.080> It's<00:13:33.280> time<00:13:33.880> to 10:24.863 --> 10:24.873 align:start position:0% with one key discovery. It's time to 10:24.873 --> 10:27.903 align:start position:0% with one key discovery. It's time to talk<00:13:34.640> about<00:13:35.240> Charon. 10:27.903 --> 10:27.913 align:start position:0% talk about Charon. 10:27.913 --> 10:30.103 align:start position:0% talk about Charon. The<00:13:37.120> story<00:13:37.440> of<00:13:37.560> Charon<00:13:38.040> begins<00:13:38.680> not<00:13:39.040> with<00:13:39.200> a 10:30.103 --> 10:30.113 align:start position:0% The story of Charon begins not with a 10:30.113 --> 10:33.863 align:start position:0% The story of Charon begins not with a deliberate<00:13:39.800> search,<00:13:40.960> but<00:13:41.200> with<00:13:41.600> a<00:13:41.640> mistake. 10:33.863 --> 10:33.873 align:start position:0% deliberate search, but with a mistake. 10:33.873 --> 10:37.303 align:start position:0% deliberate search, but with a mistake. On<00:13:43.120> the<00:13:43.240> 22nd<00:13:43.800> of<00:13:43.920> June,<00:13:44.600> 1978, 10:37.303 --> 10:37.313 align:start position:0% On the 22nd of June, 1978, 10:37.313 --> 10:39.823 align:start position:0% On the 22nd of June, 1978, James<00:13:46.840> Christy,<00:13:47.760> an<00:13:47.880> astronomer<00:13:48.440> at<00:13:48.560> the<00:13:48.680> US 10:39.823 --> 10:39.833 align:start position:0% James Christy, an astronomer at the US 10:39.833 --> 10:42.183 align:start position:0% James Christy, an astronomer at the US Naval<00:13:49.280> Observatory,<00:13:50.280> was<00:13:50.440> performing<00:13:51.080> a 10:42.183 --> 10:42.193 align:start position:0% Naval Observatory, was performing a 10:42.193 --> 10:45.463 align:start position:0% Naval Observatory, was performing a routine<00:13:51.960> but<00:13:52.320> tedious<00:13:52.800> task,<00:13:53.840> examining 10:45.463 --> 10:45.473 align:start position:0% routine but tedious task, examining 10:45.473 --> 10:47.823 align:start position:0% routine but tedious task, examining photographic<00:13:55.280> plates<00:13:55.600> of<00:13:55.720> Pluto<00:13:56.320> to<00:13:56.480> refine 10:47.823 --> 10:47.833 align:start position:0% photographic plates of Pluto to refine 10:47.833 --> 10:49.903 align:start position:0% photographic plates of Pluto to refine calculations<00:13:57.840> of<00:13:58.000> its<00:13:58.200> orbit<00:13:58.600> around<00:13:58.960> the 10:49.903 --> 10:49.913 align:start position:0% calculations of its orbit around the 10:49.913 --> 10:51.063 align:start position:0% calculations of its orbit around the Sun. 10:51.063 --> 10:51.073 align:start position:0% Sun. 10:51.073 --> 10:54.383 align:start position:0% Sun. The<00:14:00.280> images,<00:14:01.000> taken<00:14:01.320> with<00:14:01.480> the<00:14:01.560> 1.5<00:14:02.480> m<00:14:03.040> Kaj 10:54.383 --> 10:54.393 align:start position:0% The images, taken with the 1.5 m Kaj 10:54.393 --> 10:57.423 align:start position:0% The images, taken with the 1.5 m Kaj Strand<00:14:04.040> Telescope<00:14:04.640> in<00:14:04.760> Arizona,<00:14:05.720> were<00:14:06.120> not 10:57.423 --> 10:57.433 align:start position:0% Strand Telescope in Arizona, were not 10:57.433 --> 10:59.783 align:start position:0% Strand Telescope in Arizona, were not considered<00:14:07.080> high<00:14:07.280> quality.<00:14:08.240> In<00:14:08.400> fact, 10:59.783 --> 10:59.793 align:start position:0% considered high quality. In fact, 10:59.793 --> 11:02.223 align:start position:0% considered high quality. In fact, several<00:14:09.400> plates<00:14:09.680> had<00:14:09.800> been<00:14:10.000> marked<00:14:10.320> as<00:14:10.520> poor 11:02.223 --> 11:02.233 align:start position:0% several plates had been marked as poor 11:02.233 --> 11:04.823 align:start position:0% several plates had been marked as poor or<00:14:11.640> defective<00:14:12.720> because<00:14:13.000> they<00:14:13.160> showed<00:14:13.480> Pluto 11:04.823 --> 11:04.833 align:start position:0% or defective because they showed Pluto 11:04.833 --> 11:07.543 align:start position:0% or defective because they showed Pluto not<00:14:14.240> as<00:14:14.360> a<00:14:14.440> clean,<00:14:15.080> sharp<00:14:15.520> dot,<00:14:16.360> but<00:14:16.520> as<00:14:16.640> a 11:07.543 --> 11:07.553 align:start position:0% not as a clean, sharp dot, but as a 11:07.553 --> 11:10.983 align:start position:0% not as a clean, sharp dot, but as a strangely<00:14:17.560> elongated<00:14:18.360> blob<00:14:19.240> with<00:14:19.400> a<00:14:19.440> distinct 11:10.983 --> 11:10.993 align:start position:0% strangely elongated blob with a distinct 11:10.993 --> 11:13.423 align:start position:0% strangely elongated blob with a distinct bulge<00:14:20.640> on<00:14:20.840> one<00:14:21.080> side. 11:13.423 --> 11:13.433 align:start position:0% bulge on one side. 11:13.433 --> 11:15.143 align:start position:0% bulge on one side. To<00:14:22.680> most,<00:14:23.160> this<00:14:23.480> would<00:14:23.680> have<00:14:23.840> been<00:14:24.160> an 11:15.143 --> 11:15.153 align:start position:0% To most, this would have been an 11:15.153 --> 11:17.463 align:start position:0% To most, this would have been an annoyance,<00:14:25.120> an<00:14:25.240> imperfection<00:14:26.320> to<00:14:26.400> be 11:17.463 --> 11:17.473 align:start position:0% annoyance, an imperfection to be 11:17.473 --> 11:20.303 align:start position:0% annoyance, an imperfection to be discarded.<00:14:27.800> Atmospheric<00:14:28.320> turbulence<00:14:28.960> or 11:20.303 --> 11:20.313 align:start position:0% discarded. Atmospheric turbulence or 11:20.313 --> 11:22.223 align:start position:0% discarded. Atmospheric turbulence or improper<00:14:29.920> telescope<00:14:30.480> alignment<00:14:31.000> could 11:22.223 --> 11:22.233 align:start position:0% improper telescope alignment could 11:22.233 --> 11:24.783 align:start position:0% improper telescope alignment could easily<00:14:31.800> cause<00:14:32.200> such<00:14:32.480> distortions,<00:14:33.760> but 11:24.783 --> 11:24.793 align:start position:0% easily cause such distortions, but 11:24.793 --> 11:27.223 align:start position:0% easily cause such distortions, but Christy<00:14:34.400> had<00:14:34.880> a<00:14:35.080> specific<00:14:35.680> background<00:14:36.240> that 11:27.223 --> 11:27.233 align:start position:0% Christy had a specific background that 11:27.233 --> 11:29.583 align:start position:0% Christy had a specific background that prepared<00:14:36.880> him<00:14:37.040> to<00:14:37.160> see<00:14:37.480> something<00:14:38.280> others<00:14:38.560> had 11:29.583 --> 11:29.593 align:start position:0% prepared him to see something others had 11:29.593 --> 11:30.702 align:start position:0% prepared him to see something others had missed. 11:30.702 --> 11:30.712 align:start position:0% missed. 11:30.712 --> 11:32.823 align:start position:0% missed. He<00:14:39.920> spent<00:14:40.320> years<00:14:40.880> photographing<00:14:41.600> double 11:32.823 --> 11:32.833 align:start position:0% He spent years photographing double 11:32.833 --> 11:35.702 align:start position:0% He spent years photographing double stars<00:14:42.760> and<00:14:42.920> his<00:14:43.120> trained<00:14:43.640> eye<00:14:44.000> recognized<00:14:44.800> a 11:35.702 --> 11:35.712 align:start position:0% stars and his trained eye recognized a 11:35.712 --> 11:38.702 align:start position:0% stars and his trained eye recognized a familiar<00:14:45.440> pattern<00:14:45.960> in<00:14:46.080> the<00:14:46.200> strange<00:14:46.760> bulge. 11:38.702 --> 11:38.712 align:start position:0% familiar pattern in the strange bulge. 11:38.712 --> 11:41.383 align:start position:0% familiar pattern in the strange bulge. He<00:14:47.960> noticed<00:14:48.600> a<00:14:48.680> critical<00:14:49.160> detail. 11:41.383 --> 11:41.393 align:start position:0% He noticed a critical detail. 11:41.393 --> 11:44.383 align:start position:0% He noticed a critical detail. While<00:14:50.960> Pluto's<00:14:51.480> image<00:14:51.960> was<00:14:52.400> smeared,<00:14:53.400> the 11:44.383 --> 11:44.393 align:start position:0% While Pluto's image was smeared, the 11:44.393 --> 11:46.103 align:start position:0% While Pluto's image was smeared, the distant<00:14:54.000> background<00:14:54.480> stars<00:14:54.880> on<00:14:54.960> the<00:14:55.040> very 11:46.103 --> 11:46.113 align:start position:0% distant background stars on the very 11:46.113 --> 11:49.063 align:start position:0% distant background stars on the very same<00:14:55.560> plates<00:14:56.200> were<00:14:56.600> perfect,<00:14:57.480> sharp<00:14:57.880> points 11:49.063 --> 11:49.073 align:start position:0% same plates were perfect, sharp points 11:49.073 --> 11:50.383 align:start position:0% same plates were perfect, sharp points of<00:14:58.360> light. 11:50.383 --> 11:50.393 align:start position:0% of light. 11:50.393 --> 11:52.423 align:start position:0% of light. If<00:14:59.640> the<00:14:59.720> problem<00:15:00.200> were<00:15:00.440> with<00:15:00.640> the<00:15:00.720> telescope 11:52.423 --> 11:52.433 align:start position:0% If the problem were with the telescope 11:52.433 --> 11:54.623 align:start position:0% If the problem were with the telescope or<00:15:01.839> the<00:15:02.080> atmosphere,<00:15:03.000> everything<00:15:03.480> in<00:15:03.640> the 11:54.623 --> 11:54.633 align:start position:0% or the atmosphere, everything in the 11:54.633 --> 11:56.783 align:start position:0% or the atmosphere, everything in the image<00:15:04.040> would<00:15:04.200> be<00:15:04.400> distorted. 11:56.783 --> 11:56.793 align:start position:0% image would be distorted. 11:56.793 --> 11:59.023 align:start position:0% image would be distorted. The<00:15:05.960> fact<00:15:06.240> that<00:15:06.400> only<00:15:06.640> Pluto<00:15:07.120> was<00:15:07.280> affected 11:59.023 --> 11:59.033 align:start position:0% The fact that only Pluto was affected 11:59.033 --> 12:01.783 align:start position:0% The fact that only Pluto was affected meant<00:15:08.440> the<00:15:08.560> bulge<00:15:09.240> had<00:15:09.560> to<00:15:09.640> be<00:15:09.800> real.<00:15:10.800> There 12:01.783 --> 12:01.793 align:start position:0% meant the bulge had to be real. There 12:01.793 --> 12:04.783 align:start position:0% meant the bulge had to be real. There was<00:15:11.120> something<00:15:11.680> else<00:15:12.080> there. 12:04.783 --> 12:04.793 align:start position:0% was something else there. 12:04.793 --> 12:07.143 align:start position:0% was something else there. Christy<00:15:14.280> began<00:15:14.839> a<00:15:15.000> deep<00:15:15.480> dive<00:15:15.960> into<00:15:16.160> the 12:07.143 --> 12:07.153 align:start position:0% Christy began a deep dive into the 12:07.153 --> 12:09.143 align:start position:0% Christy began a deep dive into the observatory's<00:15:16.880> archives,<00:15:17.760> unearthing 12:09.143 --> 12:09.153 align:start position:0% observatory's archives, unearthing 12:09.153 --> 12:11.343 align:start position:0% observatory's archives, unearthing plates<00:15:18.720> of<00:15:18.839> Pluto<00:15:19.440> from<00:15:19.640> as<00:15:19.760> far<00:15:20.000> back<00:15:20.360> as 12:11.343 --> 12:11.353 align:start position:0% plates of Pluto from as far back as 12:11.353 --> 12:13.383 align:start position:0% plates of Pluto from as far back as 1965. 12:13.383 --> 12:13.393 align:start position:0% 1965. 12:13.393 --> 12:15.583 align:start position:0% 1965. Many<00:15:22.800> of<00:15:22.920> these,<00:15:23.280> too,<00:15:23.760> had<00:15:24.040> been<00:15:24.240> dismissed 12:15.583 --> 12:15.593 align:start position:0% Many of these, too, had been dismissed 12:15.593 --> 12:18.383 align:start position:0% Many of these, too, had been dismissed as<00:15:24.840> flawed,<00:15:25.720> bearing<00:15:26.040> notes<00:15:26.400> like<00:15:26.960> "Pluto 12:18.383 --> 12:18.393 align:start position:0% as flawed, bearing notes like "Pluto 12:18.393 --> 12:20.423 align:start position:0% as flawed, bearing notes like "Pluto image<00:15:28.080> elongated." 12:20.423 --> 12:20.433 align:start position:0% image elongated." 12:20.433 --> 12:23.463 align:start position:0% image elongated." But<00:15:29.680> now,<00:15:30.160> these<00:15:30.560> failures<00:15:31.520> became<00:15:31.960> the<00:15:32.120> key 12:23.463 --> 12:23.473 align:start position:0% But now, these failures became the key 12:23.473 --> 12:25.263 align:start position:0% But now, these failures became the key to<00:15:32.760> confirmation. 12:25.263 --> 12:25.273 align:start position:0% to confirmation. 12:25.273 --> 12:26.783 align:start position:0% to confirmation. Christy<00:15:34.800> saw<00:15:35.120> that<00:15:35.280> the<00:15:35.400> bulge 12:26.783 --> 12:26.793 align:start position:0% Christy saw that the bulge 12:26.793 --> 12:29.463 align:start position:0% Christy saw that the bulge systematically<00:15:36.960> moved<00:15:37.560> around<00:15:37.920> Pluto<00:15:38.360> over 12:29.463 --> 12:29.473 align:start position:0% systematically moved around Pluto over 12:29.473 --> 12:31.743 align:start position:0% systematically moved around Pluto over time.<00:15:39.520> He<00:15:39.920> and<00:15:40.040> his<00:15:40.160> colleague,<00:15:40.590> [music] 12:31.743 --> 12:31.753 align:start position:0% time. He and his colleague, [music] 12:31.753 --> 12:34.343 align:start position:0% time. He and his colleague, [music] Robert<00:15:41.200> Harrington,<00:15:42.160> meticulously<00:15:43.120> tracked 12:34.343 --> 12:34.353 align:start position:0% Robert Harrington, meticulously tracked 12:34.353 --> 12:36.383 align:start position:0% Robert Harrington, meticulously tracked its<00:15:43.600> position<00:15:44.200> across<00:15:44.760> the<00:15:44.920> years<00:15:45.320> of 12:36.383 --> 12:36.393 align:start position:0% its position across the years of 12:36.393 --> 12:38.063 align:start position:0% its position across the years of archived<00:15:46.080> images. 12:38.063 --> 12:38.073 align:start position:0% archived images. 12:38.073 --> 12:40.143 align:start position:0% archived images. They<00:15:47.320> calculated<00:15:48.040> that<00:15:48.160> the<00:15:48.280> bulge<00:15:48.760> circled 12:40.143 --> 12:40.153 align:start position:0% They calculated that the bulge circled 12:40.153 --> 12:43.983 align:start position:0% They calculated that the bulge circled Pluto<00:15:49.800> once<00:15:50.400> every<00:15:50.680> 6.4<00:15:51.640> days,<00:15:52.440> a<00:15:52.520> significant 12:43.983 --> 12:43.993 align:start position:0% Pluto once every 6.4 days, a significant 12:43.993 --> 12:46.543 align:start position:0% Pluto once every 6.4 days, a significant number<00:15:53.760> because<00:15:54.120> it<00:15:54.320> perfectly<00:15:55.000> matched 12:46.543 --> 12:46.553 align:start position:0% number because it perfectly matched 12:46.553 --> 12:50.263 align:start position:0% number because it perfectly matched Pluto's<00:15:56.320> own<00:15:56.880> known<00:15:57.480> rotation<00:15:58.080> period. 12:50.263 --> 12:50.273 align:start position:0% Pluto's own known rotation period. 12:50.273 --> 12:53.143 align:start position:0% Pluto's own known rotation period. This<00:15:59.680> was<00:16:00.120> the<00:16:00.240> final<00:16:00.800> piece<00:16:01.280> of<00:16:01.400> the<00:16:01.480> puzzle. 12:53.143 --> 12:53.153 align:start position:0% This was the final piece of the puzzle. 12:53.153 --> 12:55.503 align:start position:0% This was the final piece of the puzzle. The<00:16:02.440> ghost<00:16:02.960> on<00:16:03.080> the<00:16:03.160> photographic<00:16:03.800> plate<00:16:04.320> was 12:55.503 --> 12:55.513 align:start position:0% The ghost on the photographic plate was 12:55.513 --> 12:58.143 align:start position:0% The ghost on the photographic plate was a<00:16:04.800> massive<00:16:05.760> companion. 12:58.143 --> 12:58.153 align:start position:0% a massive companion. 12:58.153 --> 13:01.263 align:start position:0% a massive companion. A<00:16:07.400> moon<00:16:07.960> locked<00:16:08.600> in<00:16:08.720> a<00:16:08.800> synchronous<00:16:09.520> dance 13:01.263 --> 13:01.273 align:start position:0% A moon locked in a synchronous dance 13:01.273 --> 13:03.583 align:start position:0% A moon locked in a synchronous dance with<00:16:10.760> its<00:16:11.000> parent<00:16:11.560> world. 13:03.583 --> 13:03.593 align:start position:0% with its parent world. 13:03.593 --> 13:05.623 align:start position:0% with its parent world. With<00:16:12.880> the<00:16:13.000> discovery<00:16:13.520> confirmed,<00:16:14.400> the<00:16:14.520> new 13:05.623 --> 13:05.633 align:start position:0% With the discovery confirmed, the new 13:05.633 --> 13:09.863 align:start position:0% With the discovery confirmed, the new moon<00:16:15.160> was<00:16:15.520> provisionally<00:16:16.200> designated<00:16:17.280> S/1978 13:09.863 --> 13:09.873 align:start position:0% moon was provisionally designated S/1978 13:09.873 --> 13:11.223 align:start position:0% moon was provisionally designated S/1978 P1. 13:11.223 --> 13:11.233 align:start position:0% P1. 13:11.233 --> 13:13.543 align:start position:0% P1. As<00:16:20.600> the<00:16:20.720> discoverer,<00:16:21.720> Christy<00:16:22.080> had<00:16:22.320> the<00:16:22.440> right 13:13.543 --> 13:13.553 align:start position:0% As the discoverer, Christy had the right 13:13.553 --> 13:15.263 align:start position:0% As the discoverer, Christy had the right to<00:16:22.800> propose<00:16:23.240> a<00:16:23.280> name. 13:15.263 --> 13:15.273 align:start position:0% to propose a name. 13:15.273 --> 13:17.183 align:start position:0% to propose a name. He<00:16:24.520> chose<00:16:24.920> to<00:16:25.000> name<00:16:25.200> the<00:16:25.280> new<00:16:25.480> moon<00:16:25.839> after<00:16:26.120> his 13:17.183 --> 13:17.193 align:start position:0% He chose to name the new moon after his 13:17.193 --> 13:21.463 align:start position:0% He chose to name the new moon after his wife,<00:16:26.839> Charlene,<00:16:28.000> whose<00:16:28.160> nickname<00:16:28.600> was<00:16:29.160> Char. 13:21.463 --> 13:21.473 align:start position:0% wife, Charlene, whose nickname was Char. 13:21.473 --> 13:23.903 align:start position:0% wife, Charlene, whose nickname was Char. Inspired<00:16:31.200> by<00:16:31.440> his<00:16:31.800> interest<00:16:32.240> in<00:16:32.360> physics, 13:23.903 --> 13:23.913 align:start position:0% Inspired by his interest in physics, 13:23.913 --> 13:25.863 align:start position:0% Inspired by his interest in physics, where<00:16:33.400> particles<00:16:33.960> like<00:16:34.240> protons<00:16:34.880> and 13:25.863 --> 13:25.873 align:start position:0% where particles like protons and 13:25.873 --> 13:29.063 align:start position:0% where particles like protons and electrons<00:16:35.560> often<00:16:36.000> end<00:16:36.320> in<00:16:36.720> -on,<00:16:37.680> he<00:16:37.800> added<00:16:38.120> the 13:29.063 --> 13:29.073 align:start position:0% electrons often end in -on, he added the 13:29.073 --> 13:31.823 align:start position:0% electrons often end in -on, he added the suffix<00:16:38.720> to<00:16:38.880> create<00:16:39.680> Charon. 13:31.823 --> 13:31.833 align:start position:0% suffix to create Charon. 13:31.833 --> 13:34.383 align:start position:0% suffix to create Charon. It<00:16:41.040> was<00:16:41.200> a<00:16:41.240> personal<00:16:41.720> tribute,<00:16:42.640> but<00:16:42.920> by<00:16:43.240> an 13:34.383 --> 13:34.393 align:start position:0% It was a personal tribute, but by an 13:34.393 --> 13:37.023 align:start position:0% It was a personal tribute, but by an almost<00:16:44.040> unbelievable<00:16:44.880> coincidence,<00:16:45.880> it<00:16:46.000> was 13:37.023 --> 13:37.033 align:start position:0% almost unbelievable coincidence, it was 13:37.033 --> 13:40.383 align:start position:0% almost unbelievable coincidence, it was also<00:16:46.760> a<00:16:46.839> perfect<00:16:47.800> mythological<00:16:48.480> fit. 13:40.383 --> 13:40.393 align:start position:0% also a perfect mythological fit. 13:40.393 --> 13:42.463 align:start position:0% also a perfect mythological fit. Only<00:16:50.040> after<00:16:50.520> proposing<00:16:51.040> the<00:16:51.160> name<00:16:51.440> did 13:42.463 --> 13:42.473 align:start position:0% Only after proposing the name did 13:42.473 --> 13:44.863 align:start position:0% Only after proposing the name did Christy<00:16:51.960> learn<00:16:52.440> that<00:16:52.640> in<00:16:52.720> Greek<00:16:52.960> mythology, 13:44.863 --> 13:44.873 align:start position:0% Christy learn that in Greek mythology, 13:44.873 --> 13:48.383 align:start position:0% Christy learn that in Greek mythology, Charon<00:16:54.640> was<00:16:55.000> a<00:16:55.120> silent,<00:16:56.160> spectral<00:16:56.760> ferryman 13:48.383 --> 13:48.393 align:start position:0% Charon was a silent, spectral ferryman 13:48.393 --> 13:50.383 align:start position:0% Charon was a silent, spectral ferryman who<00:16:57.720> carried<00:16:58.200> the<00:16:58.280> souls<00:16:58.640> of<00:16:58.720> the<00:16:58.839> dead<00:16:59.160> across 13:50.383 --> 13:50.393 align:start position:0% who carried the souls of the dead across 13:50.393 --> 13:53.303 align:start position:0% who carried the souls of the dead across the<00:16:59.640> river<00:17:00.040> Acheron<00:17:00.920> into<00:17:01.240> the<00:17:01.400> underworld, 13:53.303 --> 13:53.313 align:start position:0% the river Acheron into the underworld, 13:53.313 --> 13:56.983 align:start position:0% the river Acheron into the underworld, the<00:17:02.600> realm<00:17:03.160> ruled<00:17:03.720> by<00:17:03.839> the<00:17:03.960> god<00:17:04.680> Pluto. 13:56.983 --> 13:56.993 align:start position:0% the realm ruled by the god Pluto. 13:56.993 --> 13:58.783 align:start position:0% the realm ruled by the god Pluto. The<00:17:06.160> name<00:17:06.480> was<00:17:06.640> officially<00:17:07.120> adopted<00:17:07.680> by<00:17:07.839> the 13:58.783 --> 13:58.793 align:start position:0% The name was officially adopted by the 13:58.793 --> 14:00.863 align:start position:0% The name was officially adopted by the International<00:17:08.640> Astronomical<00:17:09.319> Union<00:17:09.760> in 14:00.863 --> 14:00.873 align:start position:0% International Astronomical Union in 14:00.873 --> 14:02.783 align:start position:0% International Astronomical Union in 1986. 14:02.783 --> 14:02.793 align:start position:0% 1986. 14:02.793 --> 14:05.503 align:start position:0% 1986. But<00:17:12.040> this<00:17:12.439> new<00:17:12.680> found<00:17:13.079> moon<00:17:13.439> was<00:17:13.720> far<00:17:14.160> more 14:05.503 --> 14:05.513 align:start position:0% But this new found moon was far more 14:05.513 --> 14:07.702 align:start position:0% But this new found moon was far more than<00:17:14.800> just<00:17:15.000> a<00:17:15.040> companion.<00:17:16.199> Its<00:17:16.480> very 14:07.702 --> 14:07.712 align:start position:0% than just a companion. Its very 14:07.712 --> 14:10.182 align:start position:0% than just a companion. Its very existence<00:17:17.920> would<00:17:18.079> force<00:17:18.480> a<00:17:18.560> complete 14:10.182 --> 14:10.192 align:start position:0% existence would force a complete 14:10.192 --> 14:13.463 align:start position:0% existence would force a complete re-evaluation<00:17:20.439> of<00:17:20.680> the<00:17:20.839> entire<00:17:21.439> solar<00:17:21.839> system 14:13.463 --> 14:13.473 align:start position:0% re-evaluation of the entire solar system 14:13.473 --> 14:16.583 align:start position:0% re-evaluation of the entire solar system and<00:17:22.760> in<00:17:22.880> doing<00:17:23.199> so<00:17:23.800> would<00:17:23.959> help<00:17:24.199> topple<00:17:24.640> Pluto 14:16.583 --> 14:16.593 align:start position:0% and in doing so would help topple Pluto 14:16.593 --> 14:22.463 align:start position:0% and in doing so would help topple Pluto from<00:17:26.199> its<00:17:26.480> planetary<00:17:27.079> throne. 14:22.463 --> 14:22.473 align:start position:0% 14:22.473 --> 14:24.543 align:start position:0% The<00:17:31.680> discovery<00:17:32.200> of<00:17:32.320> Charon<00:17:32.840> immediately 14:24.543 --> 14:24.553 align:start position:0% The discovery of Charon immediately 14:24.553 --> 14:27.183 align:start position:0% The discovery of Charon immediately began<00:17:34.080> to<00:17:34.240> unravel<00:17:34.760> Pluto's<00:17:35.200> mysteries<00:17:36.160> and 14:27.183 --> 14:27.193 align:start position:0% began to unravel Pluto's mysteries and 14:27.193 --> 14:30.423 align:start position:0% began to unravel Pluto's mysteries and the<00:17:36.400> first<00:17:36.760> revelation<00:17:37.680> was<00:17:37.840> a<00:17:37.880> profound<00:17:38.480> one. 14:30.423 --> 14:30.433 align:start position:0% the first revelation was a profound one. 14:30.433 --> 14:32.543 align:start position:0% the first revelation was a profound one. By<00:17:39.680> tracking<00:17:40.120> Charon's<00:17:40.560> orbit,<00:17:41.160> astronomers 14:32.543 --> 14:32.553 align:start position:0% By tracking Charon's orbit, astronomers 14:32.553 --> 14:34.703 align:start position:0% By tracking Charon's orbit, astronomers could<00:17:41.920> finally<00:17:42.520> apply<00:17:42.920> Kepler's<00:17:43.400> law<00:17:43.680> to 14:34.703 --> 14:34.713 align:start position:0% could finally apply Kepler's law to 14:34.713 --> 14:36.863 align:start position:0% could finally apply Kepler's law to calculate<00:17:44.400> the<00:17:44.520> mass<00:17:45.040> of<00:17:45.200> the<00:17:45.320> system<00:17:45.760> for<00:17:45.880> the 14:36.863 --> 14:36.873 align:start position:0% calculate the mass of the system for the 14:36.873 --> 14:38.303 align:start position:0% calculate the mass of the system for the first<00:17:46.320> time. 14:38.303 --> 14:38.313 align:start position:0% first time. 14:38.313 --> 14:40.823 align:start position:0% first time. The<00:17:47.520> result<00:17:48.440> was<00:17:48.640> shocking. 14:40.823 --> 14:40.833 align:start position:0% The result was shocking. 14:40.833 --> 14:43.743 align:start position:0% The result was shocking. Pluto<00:17:50.280> was<00:17:50.480> not<00:17:50.920> a<00:17:51.040> small<00:17:51.640> terrestrial<00:17:52.280> planet 14:43.743 --> 14:43.753 align:start position:0% Pluto was not a small terrestrial planet 14:43.753 --> 14:47.103 align:start position:0% Pluto was not a small terrestrial planet as<00:17:53.240> some<00:17:53.520> had<00:17:53.720> thought,<00:17:54.560> but<00:17:54.840> was<00:17:55.320> incredibly 14:47.103 --> 14:47.113 align:start position:0% as some had thought, but was incredibly 14:47.113 --> 14:50.143 align:start position:0% as some had thought, but was incredibly lightweight,<00:17:57.160> about<00:17:57.520> a<00:17:57.560> sixth<00:17:58.480> of<00:17:58.600> the<00:17:58.720> mass 14:50.143 --> 14:50.153 align:start position:0% lightweight, about a sixth of the mass 14:50.153 --> 14:52.223 align:start position:0% lightweight, about a sixth of the mass of<00:17:59.560> Earth's<00:18:00.080> moon. 14:52.223 --> 14:52.233 align:start position:0% of Earth's moon. 14:52.233 --> 14:54.103 align:start position:0% of Earth's moon. Charon<00:18:01.680> itself<00:18:02.120> was<00:18:02.280> found<00:18:02.560> to<00:18:02.640> possess<00:18:03.120> a 14:54.103 --> 14:54.113 align:start position:0% Charon itself was found to possess a 14:54.113 --> 14:57.863 align:start position:0% Charon itself was found to possess a substantial<00:18:04.040> 12%<00:18:05.040> of<00:18:05.120> Pluto's<00:18:05.560> mass,<00:18:06.360> a<00:18:06.440> ratio 14:57.863 --> 14:57.873 align:start position:0% substantial 12% of Pluto's mass, a ratio 14:57.873 --> 15:00.583 align:start position:0% substantial 12% of Pluto's mass, a ratio far<00:18:07.440> greater<00:18:07.920> than<00:18:08.280> any<00:18:08.760> other<00:18:09.000> major<00:18:09.360> moon<00:18:09.640> in 15:00.583 --> 15:00.593 align:start position:0% far greater than any other major moon in 15:00.593 --> 15:02.863 align:start position:0% far greater than any other major moon in the<00:18:09.800> solar<00:18:10.080> system.<00:18:11.120> Earth's<00:18:11.480> moon,<00:18:11.840> by 15:02.863 --> 15:02.873 align:start position:0% the solar system. Earth's moon, by 15:02.873 --> 15:06.423 align:start position:0% the solar system. Earth's moon, by comparison,<00:18:13.040> is<00:18:13.280> only<00:18:13.520> about<00:18:14.000> 1.2%<00:18:15.440> of 15:06.423 --> 15:06.433 align:start position:0% comparison, is only about 1.2% of 15:06.433 --> 15:07.703 align:start position:0% comparison, is only about 1.2% of Earth's<00:18:15.840> mass. 15:07.703 --> 15:07.713 align:start position:0% Earth's mass. 15:07.713 --> 15:10.903 align:start position:0% Earth's mass. This<00:18:17.320> startling<00:18:18.240> parity<00:18:18.720> in<00:18:18.840> size<00:18:19.440> gives<00:18:19.680> rise 15:10.903 --> 15:10.913 align:start position:0% This startling parity in size gives rise 15:10.913 --> 15:13.743 align:start position:0% This startling parity in size gives rise to<00:18:20.320> a<00:18:20.440> unique<00:18:21.120> dynamic<00:18:21.960> that<00:18:22.160> sets<00:18:22.480> the<00:18:22.600> pair 15:13.743 --> 15:13.753 align:start position:0% to a unique dynamic that sets the pair 15:13.753 --> 15:16.223 align:start position:0% to a unique dynamic that sets the pair apart<00:18:23.360> from<00:18:23.720> every<00:18:24.280> other<00:18:24.640> planet-moon 15:16.223 --> 15:16.233 align:start position:0% apart from every other planet-moon 15:16.233 --> 15:17.383 align:start position:0% apart from every other planet-moon system. 15:17.383 --> 15:17.393 align:start position:0% system. 15:17.393 --> 15:20.143 align:start position:0% system. When<00:18:26.640> a<00:18:26.680> small<00:18:27.120> moon<00:18:27.440> orbits<00:18:27.880> a<00:18:28.040> large<00:18:28.520> planet, 15:20.143 --> 15:20.153 align:start position:0% When a small moon orbits a large planet, 15:20.153 --> 15:22.063 align:start position:0% When a small moon orbits a large planet, the<00:18:29.360> center<00:18:29.680> of<00:18:29.760> their<00:18:29.920> combined<00:18:30.360> mass,<00:18:30.880> or 15:22.063 --> 15:22.073 align:start position:0% the center of their combined mass, or 15:22.073 --> 15:24.583 align:start position:0% the center of their combined mass, or the<00:18:31.320> barycenter,<00:18:32.360> lies<00:18:32.840> deep<00:18:33.240> within<00:18:33.600> the 15:24.583 --> 15:24.593 align:start position:0% the barycenter, lies deep within the 15:24.593 --> 15:25.743 align:start position:0% the barycenter, lies deep within the planet. 15:25.743 --> 15:25.753 align:start position:0% planet. 15:25.753 --> 15:27.543 align:start position:0% planet. The<00:18:34.920> moon<00:18:35.280> makes<00:18:35.560> a<00:18:35.640> large<00:18:35.960> orbit<00:18:36.240> around<00:18:36.520> this 15:27.543 --> 15:27.553 align:start position:0% The moon makes a large orbit around this 15:27.553 --> 15:29.823 align:start position:0% The moon makes a large orbit around this point<00:18:37.360> while<00:18:37.560> the<00:18:37.680> planet<00:18:38.040> makes<00:18:38.360> a<00:18:38.480> tiny 15:29.823 --> 15:29.833 align:start position:0% point while the planet makes a tiny 15:29.833 --> 15:30.983 align:start position:0% point while the planet makes a tiny wobble. 15:30.983 --> 15:30.993 align:start position:0% wobble. 15:30.993 --> 15:33.583 align:start position:0% wobble. But<00:18:40.280> Pluto<00:18:40.760> and<00:18:40.920> Charon<00:18:41.680> are<00:18:41.840> so<00:18:42.240> close<00:18:42.600> in 15:33.583 --> 15:33.593 align:start position:0% But Pluto and Charon are so close in 15:33.593 --> 15:36.303 align:start position:0% But Pluto and Charon are so close in mass<00:18:43.440> that<00:18:43.600> their<00:18:43.760> barycenter<00:18:44.520> lies<00:18:45.040> in<00:18:45.200> the 15:36.303 --> 15:36.313 align:start position:0% mass that their barycenter lies in the 15:36.313 --> 15:39.823 align:start position:0% mass that their barycenter lies in the empty<00:18:46.040> space<00:18:46.640> between<00:18:47.480> them,<00:18:48.160> approximately 15:39.823 --> 15:39.833 align:start position:0% empty space between them, approximately 15:39.833 --> 15:44.823 align:start position:0% empty space between them, approximately 960<00:18:50.280> km<00:18:51.320> above<00:18:51.960> Pluto's<00:18:52.480> surface. 15:44.823 --> 15:44.833 align:start position:0% 960 km above Pluto's surface. 15:44.833 --> 15:47.543 align:start position:0% 960 km above Pluto's surface. Pluto<00:18:54.360> and<00:18:54.520> Charon<00:18:55.200> perform<00:18:55.800> a<00:18:55.960> perpetual 15:47.543 --> 15:47.553 align:start position:0% Pluto and Charon perform a perpetual 15:47.553 --> 15:50.663 align:start position:0% Pluto and Charon perform a perpetual dance<00:18:57.400> around<00:18:57.720> a<00:18:57.800> common<00:18:58.520> invisible<00:18:59.240> point<00:18:59.640> in 15:50.663 --> 15:50.673 align:start position:0% dance around a common invisible point in 15:50.673 --> 15:53.543 align:start position:0% dance around a common invisible point in space<00:19:00.600> and<00:19:00.760> that<00:19:01.040> has<00:19:01.200> implications. 15:53.543 --> 15:53.553 align:start position:0% space and that has implications. 15:53.553 --> 15:56.103 align:start position:0% space and that has implications. Our<00:19:02.880> moon<00:19:03.360> is<00:19:03.560> tidally<00:19:04.040> locked<00:19:04.280> to<00:19:04.400> Earth. 15:56.103 --> 15:56.113 align:start position:0% Our moon is tidally locked to Earth. 15:56.113 --> 15:58.263 align:start position:0% Our moon is tidally locked to Earth. That<00:19:05.440> means<00:19:05.680> it<00:19:05.800> rotates<00:19:06.320> on<00:19:06.440> its<00:19:06.640> axis<00:19:07.160> in<00:19:07.320> the 15:58.263 --> 15:58.273 align:start position:0% That means it rotates on its axis in the 15:58.273 --> 16:00.263 align:start position:0% That means it rotates on its axis in the same<00:19:07.680> amount<00:19:08.000> of<00:19:08.080> time<00:19:08.400> it<00:19:08.520> takes<00:19:08.800> to<00:19:09.040> orbit 16:00.263 --> 16:00.273 align:start position:0% same amount of time it takes to orbit 16:00.273 --> 16:02.983 align:start position:0% same amount of time it takes to orbit us,<00:19:10.040> which<00:19:10.200> is<00:19:10.360> why<00:19:10.840> it<00:19:11.080> always<00:19:11.440> presents<00:19:11.920> the 16:02.983 --> 16:02.993 align:start position:0% us, which is why it always presents the 16:02.993 --> 16:05.263 align:start position:0% us, which is why it always presents the same<00:19:12.440> face<00:19:12.720> to<00:19:12.880> us.<00:19:13.600> From<00:19:13.840> the<00:19:13.960> moon's 16:05.263 --> 16:05.273 align:start position:0% same face to us. From the moon's 16:05.273 --> 16:07.903 align:start position:0% same face to us. From the moon's surface,<00:19:14.960> however,<00:19:15.880> an<00:19:16.080> astronaut<00:19:16.600> would<00:19:16.760> see 16:07.903 --> 16:07.913 align:start position:0% surface, however, an astronaut would see 16:07.913 --> 16:10.583 align:start position:0% surface, however, an astronaut would see Earth<00:19:17.280> rotate,<00:19:18.400> going<00:19:18.680> through<00:19:19.120> a<00:19:19.240> full 16:10.583 --> 16:10.593 align:start position:0% Earth rotate, going through a full 16:10.593 --> 16:12.503 align:start position:0% Earth rotate, going through a full day-night<00:19:20.480> cycle. 16:12.503 --> 16:12.513 align:start position:0% day-night cycle. 16:12.513 --> 16:14.943 align:start position:0% day-night cycle. The<00:19:21.800> Pluto-Charon<00:19:22.560> system<00:19:23.200> is<00:19:23.320> an<00:19:23.440> extreme 16:14.943 --> 16:14.953 align:start position:0% The Pluto-Charon system is an extreme 16:14.953 --> 16:18.303 align:start position:0% The Pluto-Charon system is an extreme example<00:19:24.840> of<00:19:25.000> what<00:19:25.160> is<00:19:25.320> called<00:19:26.000> mutual<00:19:26.720> tidal 16:18.303 --> 16:18.313 align:start position:0% example of what is called mutual tidal 16:18.313 --> 16:20.983 align:start position:0% example of what is called mutual tidal locking.<00:19:28.480> Not<00:19:28.800> only<00:19:29.000> does<00:19:29.240> Charon<00:19:29.760> always 16:20.983 --> 16:20.993 align:start position:0% locking. Not only does Charon always 16:20.993 --> 16:23.743 align:start position:0% locking. Not only does Charon always show<00:19:30.360> the<00:19:30.480> same<00:19:30.760> face<00:19:31.120> to<00:19:31.240> Pluto,<00:19:32.160> but<00:19:32.320> Pluto 16:23.743 --> 16:23.753 align:start position:0% show the same face to Pluto, but Pluto 16:23.753 --> 16:26.503 align:start position:0% show the same face to Pluto, but Pluto always<00:19:33.320> shows<00:19:33.680> the<00:19:33.800> same<00:19:34.040> face<00:19:34.360> to<00:19:34.480> Charon. 16:26.503 --> 16:26.513 align:start position:0% always shows the same face to Charon. 16:26.513 --> 16:27.943 align:start position:0% always shows the same face to Charon. If<00:19:35.920> you<00:19:36.200> were<00:19:36.320> standing<00:19:36.840> on<00:19:36.960> the 16:27.943 --> 16:27.953 align:start position:0% If you were standing on the 16:27.953 --> 16:30.543 align:start position:0% If you were standing on the Charon-facing<00:19:37.960> side<00:19:38.280> of<00:19:38.400> Pluto,<00:19:39.280> the<00:19:39.360> great 16:30.543 --> 16:30.553 align:start position:0% Charon-facing side of Pluto, the great 16:30.553 --> 16:33.503 align:start position:0% Charon-facing side of Pluto, the great moon<00:19:40.080> would<00:19:40.320> hang<00:19:40.840> motionless<00:19:41.440> in<00:19:41.560> the<00:19:41.680> sky.<00:19:42.560> A 16:33.503 --> 16:33.513 align:start position:0% moon would hang motionless in the sky. A 16:33.513 --> 16:37.303 align:start position:0% moon would hang motionless in the sky. A colossal<00:19:43.120> disc<00:19:43.760> that<00:19:43.880> never<00:19:44.120> rises<00:19:44.960> or<00:19:45.160> sets. 16:37.303 --> 16:37.313 align:start position:0% colossal disc that never rises or sets. 16:37.313 --> 16:40.023 align:start position:0% colossal disc that never rises or sets. If<00:19:46.720> you<00:19:46.920> were<00:19:47.120> on<00:19:47.320> the<00:19:47.600> opposite<00:19:48.080> hemisphere, 16:40.023 --> 16:40.033 align:start position:0% If you were on the opposite hemisphere, 16:40.033 --> 16:41.423 align:start position:0% If you were on the opposite hemisphere, you<00:19:49.280> would<00:19:49.440> never<00:19:49.720> know<00:19:49.920> it<00:19:50.040> was<00:19:50.160> there<00:19:50.360> at 16:41.423 --> 16:41.433 align:start position:0% you would never know it was there at 16:41.433 --> 16:44.103 align:start position:0% you would never know it was there at all.<00:19:51.400> They<00:19:51.640> are<00:19:51.760> locked<00:19:52.320> in<00:19:52.480> an<00:19:52.600> eternal 16:44.103 --> 16:44.113 align:start position:0% all. They are locked in an eternal 16:44.113 --> 16:48.143 align:start position:0% all. They are locked in an eternal stare-down<00:19:54.160> across<00:19:54.600> 19,640 16:48.143 --> 16:48.153 align:start position:0% stare-down across 19,640 16:48.153 --> 16:50.263 align:start position:0% stare-down across 19,640 km<00:19:57.920> of<00:19:58.040> space. 16:50.263 --> 16:50.273 align:start position:0% km of space. 16:50.273 --> 16:53.263 align:start position:0% km of space. These<00:19:59.840> two<00:20:00.080> facts,<00:20:00.960> the<00:20:01.080> external<00:20:01.480> barycenter 16:53.263 --> 16:53.273 align:start position:0% These two facts, the external barycenter 16:53.273 --> 16:55.823 align:start position:0% These two facts, the external barycenter and<00:20:02.560> the<00:20:02.640> mutual<00:20:03.080> tidal<00:20:03.520> lock,<00:20:04.200> led<00:20:04.680> many 16:55.823 --> 16:55.833 align:start position:0% and the mutual tidal lock, led many 16:55.833 --> 16:57.423 align:start position:0% and the mutual tidal lock, led many scientists<00:20:05.480> to<00:20:05.560> argue<00:20:05.960> that<00:20:06.120> the<00:20:06.200> system 16:57.423 --> 16:57.433 align:start position:0% scientists to argue that the system 16:57.433 --> 16:59.343 align:start position:0% scientists to argue that the system shouldn't<00:20:06.960> be<00:20:07.120> considered<00:20:07.760> a<00:20:07.840> planet<00:20:08.320> and<00:20:08.440> a 16:59.343 --> 16:59.353 align:start position:0% shouldn't be considered a planet and a 16:59.353 --> 17:02.583 align:start position:0% shouldn't be considered a planet and a moon,<00:20:09.120> but<00:20:09.280> rather<00:20:10.000> a<00:20:10.120> double<00:20:10.480> planet. 17:02.583 --> 17:02.593 align:start position:0% moon, but rather a double planet. 17:02.593 --> 17:05.183 align:start position:0% moon, but rather a double planet. This<00:20:11.960> ambiguity<00:20:12.640> became<00:20:13.120> a<00:20:13.240> central<00:20:13.880> exhibit 17:05.183 --> 17:05.193 align:start position:0% This ambiguity became a central exhibit 17:05.193 --> 17:07.423 align:start position:0% This ambiguity became a central exhibit in<00:20:14.440> the<00:20:14.520> heated<00:20:15.000> debate<00:20:15.600> over<00:20:16.160> planetary 17:07.423 --> 17:07.433 align:start position:0% in the heated debate over planetary 17:07.433 --> 17:10.143 align:start position:0% in the heated debate over planetary definitions<00:20:17.360> in<00:20:17.520> the<00:20:17.720> early<00:20:17.920> 2000s.<00:20:19.160> The 17:10.143 --> 17:10.153 align:start position:0% definitions in the early 2000s. The 17:10.153 --> 17:12.023 align:start position:0% definitions in the early 2000s. The discovery<00:20:19.800> of<00:20:19.920> Charon<00:20:20.520> provided<00:20:21.040> the 17:12.023 --> 17:12.033 align:start position:0% discovery of Charon provided the 17:12.033 --> 17:14.423 align:start position:0% discovery of Charon provided the critical<00:20:21.640> data,<00:20:22.360> Pluto's<00:20:22.760> low<00:20:22.920> mass<00:20:23.360> and<00:20:23.480> the 17:14.423 --> 17:14.433 align:start position:0% critical data, Pluto's low mass and the 17:14.433 --> 17:16.823 align:start position:0% critical data, Pluto's low mass and the system's<00:20:23.960> strange<00:20:24.360> dynamics,<00:20:25.240> that<00:20:25.600> forced 17:16.823 --> 17:16.833 align:start position:0% system's strange dynamics, that forced 17:16.833 --> 17:18.503 align:start position:0% system's strange dynamics, that forced astronomers<00:20:26.480> to<00:20:26.600> confront<00:20:26.960> the<00:20:27.040> fact<00:20:27.520> that 17:18.503 --> 17:18.513 align:start position:0% astronomers to confront the fact that 17:18.513 --> 17:20.863 align:start position:0% astronomers to confront the fact that the<00:20:27.720> solar<00:20:28.080> system<00:20:28.440> was<00:20:28.720> more<00:20:29.120> complex<00:20:29.760> than 17:20.863 --> 17:20.873 align:start position:0% the solar system was more complex than 17:20.873 --> 17:23.383 align:start position:0% the solar system was more complex than our<00:20:30.240> simple<00:20:30.720> categories<00:20:31.280> allowed. 17:23.383 --> 17:23.393 align:start position:0% our simple categories allowed. 17:23.393 --> 17:25.663 align:start position:0% our simple categories allowed. The<00:20:32.720> International<00:20:33.440> Astronomical<00:20:34.080> Union 17:25.663 --> 17:25.673 align:start position:0% The International Astronomical Union 17:25.673 --> 17:27.903 align:start position:0% The International Astronomical Union even<00:20:35.360> formally<00:20:35.840> considered<00:20:36.320> a<00:20:36.360> proposal<00:20:36.920> to 17:27.903 --> 17:27.913 align:start position:0% even formally considered a proposal to 17:27.913 --> 17:30.263 align:start position:0% even formally considered a proposal to classify<00:20:37.560> Pluto<00:20:37.920> and<00:20:38.040> Charon<00:20:38.640> as<00:20:39.040> a<00:20:39.080> double 17:30.263 --> 17:30.273 align:start position:0% classify Pluto and Charon as a double 17:30.273 --> 17:33.263 align:start position:0% classify Pluto and Charon as a double planet<00:20:39.880> in<00:20:40.000> 2006,<00:20:41.360> though<00:20:41.600> the<00:20:41.800> idea<00:20:42.160> was 17:33.263 --> 17:33.273 align:start position:0% planet in 2006, though the idea was 17:33.273 --> 17:36.143 align:start position:0% planet in 2006, though the idea was ultimately<00:20:42.880> set<00:20:43.120> aside<00:20:43.920> amidst<00:20:44.320> the<00:20:44.480> larger, 17:36.143 --> 17:36.153 align:start position:0% ultimately set aside amidst the larger, 17:36.153 --> 17:38.223 align:start position:0% ultimately set aside amidst the larger, more<00:20:45.640> controversial<00:20:46.440> decision<00:20:47.200> to 17:38.223 --> 17:38.233 align:start position:0% more controversial decision to 17:38.233 --> 17:40.743 align:start position:0% more controversial decision to reclassify<00:20:48.120> Pluto<00:20:49.000> as<00:20:49.160> a<00:20:49.200> dwarf<00:20:49.560> planet 17:40.743 --> 17:40.753 align:start position:0% reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet 17:40.753 --> 17:44.943 align:start position:0% reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet instead. 17:44.943 --> 17:44.953 align:start position:0% 17:44.953 --> 17:47.503 align:start position:0% So,<00:20:54.640> how<00:20:54.920> did<00:20:55.160> that<00:20:55.480> happen? 17:47.503 --> 17:47.513 align:start position:0% So, how did that happen? 17:47.513 --> 17:51.063 align:start position:0% So, how did that happen? Prior<00:20:57.120> to<00:20:57.280> 2006,<00:20:58.440> the<00:20:58.560> term<00:20:58.880> planet<00:20:59.400> was<00:20:59.840> used 17:51.063 --> 17:51.073 align:start position:0% Prior to 2006, the term planet was used 17:51.073 --> 17:53.423 align:start position:0% Prior to 2006, the term planet was used fairly<00:21:00.560> loosely<00:21:01.040> to<00:21:01.160> refer<00:21:01.480> to<00:21:01.640> large<00:21:02.040> objects 17:53.423 --> 17:53.433 align:start position:0% fairly loosely to refer to large objects 17:53.433 --> 17:56.103 align:start position:0% fairly loosely to refer to large objects in<00:21:02.760> our<00:21:02.920> solar<00:21:03.200> system<00:21:03.520> and<00:21:03.600> beyond.<00:21:04.560> A<00:21:04.720> term 17:56.103 --> 17:56.113 align:start position:0% in our solar system and beyond. A term 17:56.113 --> 17:58.703 align:start position:0% in our solar system and beyond. A term rooted<00:21:05.760> in<00:21:05.880> traditions<00:21:06.560> that<00:21:06.960> predated<00:21:07.640> our 17:58.703 --> 17:58.713 align:start position:0% rooted in traditions that predated our 17:58.713 --> 18:01.023 align:start position:0% rooted in traditions that predated our modern<00:21:08.200> understanding<00:21:08.760> of<00:21:08.880> the<00:21:08.960> universe. 18:01.023 --> 18:01.033 align:start position:0% modern understanding of the universe. 18:01.033 --> 18:02.743 align:start position:0% modern understanding of the universe. But<00:21:10.320> while<00:21:10.640> astronomers<00:21:11.240> were<00:21:11.400> gaining<00:21:11.800> a 18:02.743 --> 18:02.753 align:start position:0% But while astronomers were gaining a 18:02.753 --> 18:04.743 align:start position:0% But while astronomers were gaining a greater<00:21:12.440> appreciation<00:21:13.200> for<00:21:13.360> just<00:21:13.720> how 18:04.743 --> 18:04.753 align:start position:0% greater appreciation for just how 18:04.753 --> 18:07.983 align:start position:0% greater appreciation for just how sizable<00:21:14.640> Charon<00:21:15.120> was<00:21:15.520> compared<00:21:15.920> to<00:21:16.040> Pluto, 18:07.983 --> 18:07.993 align:start position:0% sizable Charon was compared to Pluto, 18:07.993 --> 18:10.303 align:start position:0% sizable Charon was compared to Pluto, they<00:21:17.240> were<00:21:17.400> also<00:21:17.680> discovering<00:21:18.480> other<00:21:18.840> objects 18:10.303 --> 18:10.313 align:start position:0% they were also discovering other objects 18:10.313 --> 18:14.063 align:start position:0% they were also discovering other objects out<00:21:19.800> beyond<00:21:20.240> the<00:21:20.480> orbit<00:21:20.800> of<00:21:20.920> Neptune:<00:21:22.000> Quaoar, 18:14.063 --> 18:14.073 align:start position:0% out beyond the orbit of Neptune: Quaoar, 18:14.073 --> 18:17.583 align:start position:0% out beyond the orbit of Neptune: Quaoar, Sedna,<00:21:24.120> Makemake,<00:21:25.240> and<00:21:25.560> Eris. 18:17.583 --> 18:17.593 align:start position:0% Sedna, Makemake, and Eris. 18:17.593 --> 18:19.983 align:start position:0% Sedna, Makemake, and Eris. Of<00:21:26.920> these,<00:21:27.640> at<00:21:27.760> the<00:21:27.880> time,<00:21:28.320> Eris<00:21:28.760> was<00:21:28.880> thought 18:19.983 --> 18:19.993 align:start position:0% Of these, at the time, Eris was thought 18:19.993 --> 18:22.783 align:start position:0% Of these, at the time, Eris was thought to<00:21:29.200> be<00:21:29.360> larger<00:21:30.000> than<00:21:30.160> Pluto,<00:21:31.000> although<00:21:31.680> more 18:22.783 --> 18:22.793 align:start position:0% to be larger than Pluto, although more 18:22.793 --> 18:24.503 align:start position:0% to be larger than Pluto, although more exact<00:21:32.320> measurements<00:21:32.800> since<00:21:33.040> then<00:21:33.240> have<00:21:33.400> found 18:24.503 --> 18:24.513 align:start position:0% exact measurements since then have found 18:24.513 --> 18:28.263 align:start position:0% exact measurements since then have found it<00:21:33.720> to<00:21:33.800> be<00:21:33.960> slightly<00:21:34.360> smaller<00:21:35.280> at<00:21:35.640> 2,326 18:28.263 --> 18:28.273 align:start position:0% it to be slightly smaller at 2,326 18:28.273 --> 18:30.583 align:start position:0% it to be slightly smaller at 2,326 km<00:21:37.840> in<00:21:37.920> diameter<00:21:38.360> at<00:21:38.440> its<00:21:38.600> equator<00:21:39.320> compared 18:30.583 --> 18:30.593 align:start position:0% km in diameter at its equator compared 18:30.593 --> 18:33.503 align:start position:0% km in diameter at its equator compared to<00:21:39.880> Pluto's<00:21:40.720> 2,377 18:33.503 --> 18:33.513 align:start position:0% to Pluto's 2,377 18:33.513 --> 18:34.663 align:start position:0% to Pluto's 2,377 km. 18:34.663 --> 18:34.673 align:start position:0% km. 18:34.673 --> 18:37.783 align:start position:0% km. Still,<00:21:44.560> it<00:21:44.960> is<00:21:45.560> more<00:21:45.760> massive. 18:37.783 --> 18:37.793 align:start position:0% Still, it is more massive. 18:37.793 --> 18:40.303 align:start position:0% Still, it is more massive. So,<00:21:47.120> if<00:21:47.320> Pluto<00:21:47.800> was<00:21:47.960> a<00:21:48.000> planet,<00:21:48.800> would<00:21:49.040> these 18:40.303 --> 18:40.313 align:start position:0% So, if Pluto was a planet, would these 18:40.313 --> 18:42.063 align:start position:0% So, if Pluto was a planet, would these planets,<00:21:49.920> too? 18:42.063 --> 18:42.073 align:start position:0% planets, too? 18:42.073 --> 18:43.863 align:start position:0% planets, too? This<00:21:51.360> question<00:21:51.840> caused<00:21:52.160> the<00:21:52.280> International 18:43.863 --> 18:43.873 align:start position:0% This question caused the International 18:43.873 --> 18:46.303 align:start position:0% This question caused the International Astronomical<00:21:53.720> Union<00:21:54.040> to<00:21:54.160> convene<00:21:55.040> and<00:21:55.200> come 18:46.303 --> 18:46.313 align:start position:0% Astronomical Union to convene and come 18:46.313 --> 18:49.303 align:start position:0% Astronomical Union to convene and come up<00:21:55.600> with<00:21:55.840> a<00:21:55.960> new<00:21:56.480> definition<00:21:57.200> of<00:21:57.320> a<00:21:57.400> planet, 18:49.303 --> 18:49.313 align:start position:0% up with a new definition of a planet, 18:49.313 --> 18:52.343 align:start position:0% up with a new definition of a planet, one<00:21:58.640> that<00:21:58.800> could<00:21:59.040> remove<00:21:59.920> all<00:22:00.200> the<00:22:00.320> confusion. 18:52.343 --> 18:52.353 align:start position:0% one that could remove all the confusion. 18:52.353 --> 18:54.863 align:start position:0% one that could remove all the confusion. And<00:22:01.720> it<00:22:01.840> laid<00:22:02.120> out<00:22:02.360> three<00:22:02.880> key<00:22:03.160> criteria<00:22:03.800> that 18:54.863 --> 18:54.873 align:start position:0% And it laid out three key criteria that 18:54.873 --> 18:57.583 align:start position:0% And it laid out three key criteria that a<00:22:04.040> planet<00:22:04.480> had<00:22:04.800> to<00:22:04.920> meet.<00:22:05.800> One, 18:57.583 --> 18:57.593 align:start position:0% a planet had to meet. One, 18:57.593 --> 18:59.983 align:start position:0% a planet had to meet. One, a<00:22:06.800> planet<00:22:07.200> had<00:22:07.440> to<00:22:07.600> orbit<00:22:07.920> the<00:22:08.040> Sun. 18:59.983 --> 18:59.993 align:start position:0% a planet had to orbit the Sun. 18:59.993 --> 19:02.263 align:start position:0% a planet had to orbit the Sun. Two,<00:22:09.880> it<00:22:10.080> had<00:22:10.280> to<00:22:10.320> [music]<00:22:10.400> have<00:22:10.640> enough<00:22:10.920> mass 19:02.263 --> 19:02.273 align:start position:0% Two, it had to [music] have enough mass 19:02.273 --> 19:04.343 align:start position:0% Two, it had to [music] have enough mass for<00:22:11.520> its<00:22:11.680> gravity<00:22:12.080> to<00:22:12.240> form<00:22:12.720> it<00:22:13.000> into<00:22:13.360> a 19:04.343 --> 19:04.353 align:start position:0% for its gravity to form it into a 19:04.353 --> 19:07.303 align:start position:0% for its gravity to form it into a roughly<00:22:13.960> round<00:22:14.280> shape.<00:22:15.200> And<00:22:15.360> three,<00:22:16.080> it<00:22:16.240> had 19:07.303 --> 19:07.313 align:start position:0% roughly round shape. And three, it had 19:07.313 --> 19:09.463 align:start position:0% roughly round shape. And three, it had to<00:22:16.560> clear<00:22:17.040> the<00:22:17.200> neighborhood<00:22:17.840> around<00:22:18.440> its 19:09.463 --> 19:09.473 align:start position:0% to clear the neighborhood around its 19:09.473 --> 19:10.703 align:start position:0% to clear the neighborhood around its orbit. 19:10.703 --> 19:10.713 align:start position:0% orbit. 19:10.713 --> 19:13.063 align:start position:0% orbit. It<00:22:20.000> was<00:22:20.280> the<00:22:20.440> last<00:22:20.840> criterion<00:22:21.720> that<00:22:21.880> was<00:22:22.080> the 19:13.063 --> 19:13.073 align:start position:0% It was the last criterion that was the 19:13.073 --> 19:15.703 align:start position:0% It was the last criterion that was the fatal<00:22:22.760> blow<00:22:23.160> for<00:22:23.360> Pluto<00:22:23.760> as<00:22:23.960> a<00:22:24.000> planet, 19:15.703 --> 19:15.713 align:start position:0% fatal blow for Pluto as a planet, 19:15.713 --> 19:18.063 align:start position:0% fatal blow for Pluto as a planet, because<00:22:25.240> while<00:22:25.560> Pluto<00:22:25.960> has<00:22:26.400> managed<00:22:26.760> to<00:22:26.840> form 19:18.063 --> 19:18.073 align:start position:0% because while Pluto has managed to form 19:18.073 --> 19:20.543 align:start position:0% because while Pluto has managed to form into<00:22:27.480> a<00:22:27.600> roughly<00:22:27.960> round<00:22:28.240> shape<00:22:28.840> and<00:22:29.320> does 19:20.543 --> 19:20.553 align:start position:0% into a roughly round shape and does 19:20.553 --> 19:23.463 align:start position:0% into a roughly round shape and does orbit<00:22:30.040> our<00:22:30.200> Sun,<00:22:31.120> its<00:22:31.360> tiny<00:22:31.680> mass<00:22:32.000> had<00:22:32.240> not 19:23.463 --> 19:23.473 align:start position:0% orbit our Sun, its tiny mass had not 19:23.473 --> 19:25.703 align:start position:0% orbit our Sun, its tiny mass had not been<00:22:32.760> enough<00:22:33.040> to<00:22:33.200> clear<00:22:33.680> out<00:22:33.880> its<00:22:34.120> orbit<00:22:34.560> of 19:25.703 --> 19:25.713 align:start position:0% been enough to clear out its orbit of 19:25.713 --> 19:28.143 align:start position:0% been enough to clear out its orbit of thousands<00:22:35.400> of<00:22:35.520> other<00:22:35.840> large<00:22:36.200> objects<00:22:37.080> like 19:28.143 --> 19:28.153 align:start position:0% thousands of other large objects like 19:28.153 --> 19:31.703 align:start position:0% thousands of other large objects like the<00:22:37.400> plutinos,<00:22:38.440> Orcus,<00:22:39.000> or<00:22:39.400> Lempo. 19:31.703 --> 19:31.713 align:start position:0% the plutinos, Orcus, or Lempo. 19:31.713 --> 19:33.903 align:start position:0% the plutinos, Orcus, or Lempo. While<00:22:41.120> finding<00:22:41.560> Charon<00:22:42.200> had<00:22:42.440> not<00:22:42.720> been<00:22:42.920> the 19:33.903 --> 19:33.913 align:start position:0% While finding Charon had not been the 19:33.913 --> 19:36.463 align:start position:0% While finding Charon had not been the final<00:22:43.440> nail<00:22:43.800> in<00:22:43.960> Pluto's<00:22:44.320> coffin<00:22:44.880> as<00:22:45.040> a<00:22:45.120> fully 19:36.463 --> 19:36.473 align:start position:0% final nail in Pluto's coffin as a fully 19:36.473 --> 19:39.303 align:start position:0% final nail in Pluto's coffin as a fully fledged<00:22:46.000> planet,<00:22:46.840> its<00:22:47.040> discovery<00:22:47.640> was<00:22:47.880> a<00:22:48.000> key 19:39.303 --> 19:39.313 align:start position:0% fledged planet, its discovery was a key 19:39.313 --> 19:41.863 align:start position:0% fledged planet, its discovery was a key domino<00:22:49.080> in<00:22:49.240> a<00:22:49.320> cascade<00:22:50.000> that<00:22:50.120> led<00:22:50.400> to<00:22:50.520> Pluto's 19:41.863 --> 19:41.873 align:start position:0% domino in a cascade that led to Pluto's 19:41.873 --> 19:43.823 align:start position:0% domino in a cascade that led to Pluto's eventual<00:22:51.720> demotion. 19:43.823 --> 19:43.833 align:start position:0% eventual demotion. 19:43.833 --> 19:45.943 align:start position:0% eventual demotion. Its<00:22:53.280> fascinating<00:22:54.040> gravitational<00:22:54.680> dance<00:22:54.960> with 19:45.943 --> 19:45.953 align:start position:0% Its fascinating gravitational dance with 19:45.953 --> 19:48.663 align:start position:0% Its fascinating gravitational dance with Pluto<00:22:55.680> has<00:22:55.880> linked<00:22:56.200> it<00:22:56.600> inextricably<00:22:57.600> to<00:22:57.720> the 19:48.663 --> 19:48.673 align:start position:0% Pluto has linked it inextricably to the 19:48.673 --> 19:52.623 align:start position:0% Pluto has linked it inextricably to the dwarf<00:22:58.120> planet,<00:22:59.000> and<00:22:59.440> 2006<00:23:00.640> was<00:23:01.080> not<00:23:01.360> the<00:23:01.440> first 19:52.623 --> 19:52.633 align:start position:0% dwarf planet, and 2006 was not the first 19:52.633 --> 19:55.223 align:start position:0% dwarf planet, and 2006 was not the first time<00:23:02.080> it<00:23:02.320> had<00:23:02.640> a<00:23:02.760> massive<00:23:03.480> impact<00:23:04.160> on<00:23:04.280> the 19:55.223 --> 19:55.233 align:start position:0% time it had a massive impact on the 19:55.233 --> 19:57.263 align:start position:0% time it had a massive impact on the dwarf<00:23:04.720> planet's<00:23:05.080> history. 19:57.263 --> 19:57.273 align:start position:0% dwarf planet's history. 19:57.273 --> 20:00.623 align:start position:0% dwarf planet's history. So,<00:23:07.120> how<00:23:07.440> did<00:23:08.000> such<00:23:08.280> a<00:23:08.320> strange<00:23:08.960> system<00:23:09.480> come 20:00.623 --> 20:00.633 align:start position:0% So, how did such a strange system come 20:00.633 --> 20:06.143 align:start position:0% So, how did such a strange system come to<00:23:09.880> be? 20:06.143 --> 20:06.153 align:start position:0% 20:06.153 --> 20:08.023 align:start position:0% For<00:23:15.360> many<00:23:15.640> years,<00:23:16.240> the<00:23:16.360> leading<00:23:16.640> theory<00:23:17.000> for 20:08.023 --> 20:08.033 align:start position:0% For many years, the leading theory for 20:08.033 --> 20:10.263 align:start position:0% For many years, the leading theory for the<00:23:17.240> formation<00:23:17.720> of<00:23:17.800> the<00:23:17.920> Pluto-Charon<00:23:18.680> system 20:10.263 --> 20:10.273 align:start position:0% the formation of the Pluto-Charon system 20:10.273 --> 20:12.743 align:start position:0% the formation of the Pluto-Charon system was<00:23:19.560> a<00:23:19.640> scaled-down<00:23:20.400> version<00:23:20.760> of<00:23:20.920> how<00:23:21.200> our<00:23:21.560> own 20:12.743 --> 20:12.753 align:start position:0% was a scaled-down version of how our own 20:12.753 --> 20:15.183 align:start position:0% was a scaled-down version of how our own moon<00:23:22.120> was<00:23:22.280> born,<00:23:23.120> the<00:23:23.240> giant<00:23:23.760> impact 20:15.183 --> 20:15.193 align:start position:0% moon was born, the giant impact 20:15.193 --> 20:16.703 align:start position:0% moon was born, the giant impact hypothesis. 20:16.703 --> 20:16.713 align:start position:0% hypothesis. 20:16.713 --> 20:19.303 align:start position:0% hypothesis. In<00:23:25.960> this<00:23:26.120> scenario,<00:23:26.960> a<00:23:27.080> massive<00:23:27.760> Kuiper<00:23:28.120> Belt 20:19.303 --> 20:19.313 align:start position:0% In this scenario, a massive Kuiper Belt 20:19.313 --> 20:22.183 align:start position:0% In this scenario, a massive Kuiper Belt object<00:23:28.960> slammed<00:23:29.520> into<00:23:29.800> a<00:23:30.040> proto-Pluto<00:23:31.120> in<00:23:31.280> a 20:22.183 --> 20:22.193 align:start position:0% object slammed into a proto-Pluto in a 20:22.193 --> 20:24.303 align:start position:0% object slammed into a proto-Pluto in a cataclysmic<00:23:32.320> collision. 20:24.303 --> 20:24.313 align:start position:0% cataclysmic collision. 20:24.313 --> 20:26.383 align:start position:0% cataclysmic collision. The<00:23:33.520> impact<00:23:33.960> would<00:23:34.080> have<00:23:34.280> blasted<00:23:35.000> a<00:23:35.040> huge 20:26.383 --> 20:26.393 align:start position:0% The impact would have blasted a huge 20:26.393 --> 20:28.823 align:start position:0% The impact would have blasted a huge cloud<00:23:35.880> of<00:23:35.960> debris<00:23:36.360> into<00:23:36.600> orbit,<00:23:37.280> which<00:23:37.480> then 20:28.823 --> 20:28.833 align:start position:0% cloud of debris into orbit, which then 20:28.833 --> 20:31.063 align:start position:0% cloud of debris into orbit, which then gradually<00:23:38.720> coalesced<00:23:39.680> to<00:23:39.800> form<00:23:40.056> [music] 20:31.063 --> 20:31.073 align:start position:0% gradually coalesced to form [music] 20:31.073 --> 20:32.303 align:start position:0% gradually coalesced to form [music] Charon. 20:32.303 --> 20:32.313 align:start position:0% Charon. 20:32.313 --> 20:34.103 align:start position:0% Charon. This<00:23:41.640> model<00:23:42.000> successfully<00:23:42.600> explains<00:23:43.160> the 20:34.103 --> 20:34.113 align:start position:0% This model successfully explains the 20:34.113 --> 20:36.423 align:start position:0% This model successfully explains the system's<00:23:43.720> high<00:23:44.040> angular<00:23:44.520> momentum<00:23:45.440> and 20:36.423 --> 20:36.433 align:start position:0% system's high angular momentum and 20:36.433 --> 20:39.983 align:start position:0% system's high angular momentum and Charon's<00:23:46.480> nearly<00:23:47.040> circular<00:23:47.720> orbit. 20:39.983 --> 20:39.993 align:start position:0% Charon's nearly circular orbit. 20:39.993 --> 20:42.063 align:start position:0% Charon's nearly circular orbit. However,<00:23:50.000> as<00:23:50.240> our<00:23:50.480> understanding<00:23:50.536> [music] 20:42.063 --> 20:42.073 align:start position:0% However, as our understanding [music] 20:42.073 --> 20:44.023 align:start position:0% However, as our understanding [music] of<00:23:51.320> planetary<00:23:51.760> materials<00:23:52.640> and<00:23:52.920> our 20:44.023 --> 20:44.033 align:start position:0% of planetary materials and our 20:44.033 --> 20:46.983 align:start position:0% of planetary materials and our computational<00:23:53.960> power<00:23:54.280> grew,<00:23:55.440> this<00:23:55.600> model 20:46.983 --> 20:46.993 align:start position:0% computational power grew, this model 20:46.993 --> 20:49.183 align:start position:0% computational power grew, this model started<00:23:56.560> to<00:23:56.680> show<00:23:56.880> cracks. 20:49.183 --> 20:49.193 align:start position:0% started to show cracks. 20:49.193 --> 20:51.663 align:start position:0% started to show cracks. Pluto<00:23:58.680> and<00:23:58.840> Charon<00:23:59.360> are<00:23:59.520> not<00:24:00.080> molten<00:24:00.480> bodies 20:51.663 --> 20:51.673 align:start position:0% Pluto and Charon are not molten bodies 20:51.673 --> 20:53.823 align:start position:0% Pluto and Charon are not molten bodies of<00:24:00.920> rock,<00:24:01.400> like<00:24:01.680> early<00:24:02.000> Earth.<00:24:02.760> They<00:24:02.880> are 20:53.823 --> 20:53.833 align:start position:0% of rock, like early Earth. They are 20:53.833 --> 20:57.063 align:start position:0% of rock, like early Earth. They are small,<00:24:03.800> rigid<00:24:04.200> worlds<00:24:04.920> made<00:24:05.200> of<00:24:05.400> rock<00:24:05.840> and<00:24:06.120> a 20:57.063 --> 20:57.073 align:start position:0% small, rigid worlds made of rock and a 20:57.073 --> 20:57.663 align:start position:0% small, rigid worlds made of rock and a great<00:24:06.256> [music] 20:57.663 --> 20:57.673 align:start position:0% great [music] 20:57.673 --> 20:59.783 align:start position:0% great [music] deal<00:24:07.200> of<00:24:07.400> water<00:24:07.800> ice. 20:59.783 --> 20:59.793 align:start position:0% deal of water ice. 20:59.793 --> 21:01.943 align:start position:0% deal of water ice. These<00:24:09.080> materials<00:24:09.680> behave<00:24:10.240> very<00:24:10.480> differently 21:01.943 --> 21:01.953 align:start position:0% These materials behave very differently 21:01.953 --> 21:04.543 align:start position:0% These materials behave very differently under<00:24:11.320> the<00:24:11.440> stress<00:24:11.960> of<00:24:12.080> a<00:24:12.120> cosmic<00:24:12.560> collision. 21:04.543 --> 21:04.553 align:start position:0% under the stress of a cosmic collision. 21:04.553 --> 21:06.423 align:start position:0% under the stress of a cosmic collision. More<00:24:13.920> recent<00:24:14.480> and<00:24:14.760> sophisticated 21:06.423 --> 21:06.433 align:start position:0% More recent and sophisticated 21:06.433 --> 21:08.903 align:start position:0% More recent and sophisticated simulations<00:24:16.240> have<00:24:16.400> given<00:24:16.720> rise<00:24:17.040> to<00:24:17.200> a<00:24:17.280> new, 21:08.903 --> 21:08.913 align:start position:0% simulations have given rise to a new, 21:08.913 --> 21:10.863 align:start position:0% simulations have given rise to a new, more<00:24:18.060> [music]<00:24:18.360> elegant<00:24:18.800> theory. 21:10.863 --> 21:10.873 align:start position:0% more [music] elegant theory. 21:10.873 --> 21:13.783 align:start position:0% more [music] elegant theory. This<00:24:20.320> model<00:24:20.880> proposes<00:24:21.600> a<00:24:21.720> much<00:24:22.400> lower 21:13.783 --> 21:13.793 align:start position:0% This model proposes a much lower 21:13.793 --> 21:17.063 align:start position:0% This model proposes a much lower velocity<00:24:23.920> grazing<00:24:24.560> impact,<00:24:25.640> less<00:24:25.840> of<00:24:26.000> a 21:17.063 --> 21:17.073 align:start position:0% velocity grazing impact, less of a 21:17.073 --> 21:19.703 align:start position:0% velocity grazing impact, less of a planetary<00:24:26.760> shattering<00:24:27.840> and<00:24:28.080> more<00:24:28.600> of<00:24:28.760> a 21:19.703 --> 21:19.713 align:start position:0% planetary shattering and more of a 21:19.713 --> 21:21.383 align:start position:0% planetary shattering and more of a cosmic<00:24:29.480> kiss. 21:21.383 --> 21:21.393 align:start position:0% cosmic kiss. 21:21.393 --> 21:23.743 align:start position:0% cosmic kiss. Instead<00:24:30.840> of<00:24:31.080> obliterating<00:24:31.840> each<00:24:32.040> other,<00:24:32.760> the 21:23.743 --> 21:23.753 align:start position:0% Instead of obliterating each other, the 21:23.753 --> 21:27.023 align:start position:0% Instead of obliterating each other, the proto-Pluto<00:24:33.880> and<00:24:34.200> proto-Charon<00:24:35.480> collided 21:27.023 --> 21:27.033 align:start position:0% proto-Pluto and proto-Charon collided 21:27.033 --> 21:28.863 align:start position:0% proto-Pluto and proto-Charon collided gently<00:24:36.600> enough<00:24:37.200> that<00:24:37.320> they<00:24:37.480> became 21:28.863 --> 21:28.873 align:start position:0% gently enough that they became 21:28.873 --> 21:31.623 align:start position:0% gently enough that they became temporarily<00:24:38.920> stuck<00:24:39.240> together,<00:24:40.240> spinning 21:31.623 --> 21:31.633 align:start position:0% temporarily stuck together, spinning 21:31.633 --> 21:34.423 align:start position:0% temporarily stuck together, spinning through<00:24:41.000> space<00:24:41.520> as<00:24:41.640> a<00:24:41.720> single<00:24:42.440> snowman-shaped 21:34.423 --> 21:34.433 align:start position:0% through space as a single snowman-shaped 21:34.433 --> 21:37.263 align:start position:0% through space as a single snowman-shaped object<00:24:44.120> for<00:24:44.280> a<00:24:44.360> few<00:24:44.720> hours<00:24:45.600> before<00:24:45.920> tidal 21:37.263 --> 21:37.273 align:start position:0% object for a few hours before tidal 21:37.273 --> 21:39.823 align:start position:0% object for a few hours before tidal forces<00:24:46.920> pulled<00:24:47.320> them<00:24:47.480> apart<00:24:47.880> again. 21:39.823 --> 21:39.833 align:start position:0% forces pulled them apart again. 21:39.833 --> 21:42.543 align:start position:0% forces pulled them apart again. They<00:24:49.120> separated,<00:24:50.200> but<00:24:50.400> not<00:24:50.560> completely, 21:42.543 --> 21:42.553 align:start position:0% They separated, but not completely, 21:42.553 --> 21:45.423 align:start position:0% They separated, but not completely, remaining<00:24:52.480> forever<00:24:52.880> bound<00:24:53.200> by<00:24:53.360> gravity<00:24:54.400> in 21:45.423 --> 21:45.433 align:start position:0% remaining forever bound by gravity in 21:45.433 --> 21:48.063 align:start position:0% remaining forever bound by gravity in the<00:24:54.640> binary<00:24:55.120> system<00:24:55.600> we<00:24:55.800> see<00:24:56.000> today. 21:48.063 --> 21:48.073 align:start position:0% the binary system we see today. 21:48.073 --> 21:50.783 align:start position:0% the binary system we see today. This<00:24:57.880> kiss<00:24:58.240> and<00:24:58.440> capture<00:24:58.880> scenario<00:24:59.720> has<00:24:59.880> a 21:50.783 --> 21:50.793 align:start position:0% This kiss and capture scenario has a 21:50.793 --> 21:53.023 align:start position:0% This kiss and capture scenario has a powerful<00:25:00.440> advantage<00:25:01.120> over<00:25:01.280> the<00:25:01.400> giant<00:25:01.800> impact 21:53.023 --> 21:53.033 align:start position:0% powerful advantage over the giant impact 21:53.033 --> 21:55.823 align:start position:0% powerful advantage over the giant impact model.<00:25:03.080> It<00:25:03.120> explains<00:25:03.680> how<00:25:03.880> both<00:25:04.240> bodies<00:25:04.640> could 21:55.823 --> 21:55.833 align:start position:0% model. It explains how both bodies could 21:55.833 --> 21:57.823 align:start position:0% model. It explains how both bodies could have<00:25:05.120> survived<00:25:05.560> the<00:25:05.640> encounter<00:25:06.480> largely 21:57.823 --> 21:57.833 align:start position:0% have survived the encounter largely 21:57.833 --> 22:00.023 align:start position:0% have survived the encounter largely intact,<00:25:07.920> preserving<00:25:08.520> much<00:25:08.800> of<00:25:08.880> their 22:00.023 --> 22:00.033 align:start position:0% intact, preserving much of their 22:00.033 --> 22:02.143 align:start position:0% intact, preserving much of their original<00:25:09.840> internal<00:25:10.280> structure<00:25:11.000> and 22:02.143 --> 22:02.153 align:start position:0% original internal structure and 22:02.153 --> 22:03.623 align:start position:0% original internal structure and composition. 22:03.623 --> 22:03.633 align:start position:0% composition. 22:03.633 --> 22:05.823 align:start position:0% composition. This<00:25:12.880> aligns<00:25:13.360> perfectly<00:25:14.040> with<00:25:14.320> observations 22:05.823 --> 22:05.833 align:start position:0% This aligns perfectly with observations 22:05.833 --> 22:08.583 align:start position:0% This aligns perfectly with observations that<00:25:15.120> show<00:25:15.400> Pluto<00:25:15.880> is<00:25:16.200> denser<00:25:17.080> and<00:25:17.400> more 22:08.583 --> 22:08.593 align:start position:0% that show Pluto is denser and more 22:08.593 --> 22:12.783 align:start position:0% that show Pluto is denser and more rock-rich,<00:25:18.760> about<00:25:19.280> 70%<00:25:20.160> rock,<00:25:20.760> than<00:25:21.040> Charon, 22:12.783 --> 22:12.793 align:start position:0% rock-rich, about 70% rock, than Charon, 22:12.793 --> 22:15.943 align:start position:0% rock-rich, about 70% rock, than Charon, which<00:25:22.040> is<00:25:22.160> only<00:25:22.360> about<00:25:22.680> 55%<00:25:23.720> rock.<00:25:24.600> Suggesting 22:15.943 --> 22:15.953 align:start position:0% which is only about 55% rock. Suggesting 22:15.953 --> 22:18.543 align:start position:0% which is only about 55% rock. Suggesting they<00:25:25.280> formed<00:25:25.840> as<00:25:26.120> separate<00:25:26.560> bodies<00:25:27.400> that<00:25:27.560> were 22:18.543 --> 22:18.553 align:start position:0% they formed as separate bodies that were 22:18.553 --> 22:21.143 align:start position:0% they formed as separate bodies that were not<00:25:28.200> thoroughly<00:25:28.680> mixed<00:25:28.960> together<00:25:29.720> in<00:25:29.840> a<00:25:29.880> fiery 22:21.143 --> 22:21.153 align:start position:0% not thoroughly mixed together in a fiery 22:21.153 --> 22:22.663 align:start position:0% not thoroughly mixed together in a fiery collision. 22:22.663 --> 22:22.673 align:start position:0% collision. 22:22.673 --> 22:25.143 align:start position:0% collision. Crucially,<00:25:32.800> this<00:25:33.000> formation<00:25:33.480> story<00:25:33.800> does 22:25.143 --> 22:25.153 align:start position:0% Crucially, this formation story does 22:25.153 --> 22:27.063 align:start position:0% Crucially, this formation story does more<00:25:34.600> than<00:25:34.760> just<00:25:35.000> explain<00:25:35.600> the<00:25:35.680> system's 22:27.063 --> 22:27.073 align:start position:0% more than just explain the system's 22:27.073 --> 22:29.503 align:start position:0% more than just explain the system's orbit<00:25:36.640> and<00:25:36.760> composition.<00:25:37.840> It<00:25:37.960> provides<00:25:38.480> the 22:29.503 --> 22:29.513 align:start position:0% orbit and composition. It provides the 22:29.513 --> 22:32.423 align:start position:0% orbit and composition. It provides the key<00:25:39.080> to<00:25:39.240> understanding<00:25:40.080> Charon's<00:25:40.600> entire 22:32.423 --> 22:32.433 align:start position:0% key to understanding Charon's entire 22:32.433 --> 22:34.303 align:start position:0% key to understanding Charon's entire geological<00:25:42.160> history. 22:34.303 --> 22:34.313 align:start position:0% geological history. 22:34.313 --> 22:36.103 align:start position:0% geological history. The<00:25:43.480> initial<00:25:43.840> impact,<00:25:44.560> and<00:25:45.080> more 22:36.103 --> 22:36.113 align:start position:0% The initial impact, and more 22:36.113 --> 22:38.183 align:start position:0% The initial impact, and more importantly,<00:25:46.160> the<00:25:46.240> immense<00:25:46.600> tidal<00:25:46.880> friction 22:38.183 --> 22:38.193 align:start position:0% importantly, the immense tidal friction 22:38.193 --> 22:40.183 align:start position:0% importantly, the immense tidal friction generated<00:25:48.000> as<00:25:48.120> the<00:25:48.240> two<00:25:48.400> bodies<00:25:48.720> stretched 22:40.183 --> 22:40.193 align:start position:0% generated as the two bodies stretched 22:40.193 --> 22:41.543 align:start position:0% generated as the two bodies stretched and<00:25:49.520> pulled<00:25:49.840> on<00:25:49.920> each<00:25:50.120> other<00:25:50.320> during<00:25:50.560> their 22:41.543 --> 22:41.553 align:start position:0% and pulled on each other during their 22:41.553 --> 22:44.143 align:start position:0% and pulled on each other during their separation,<00:25:51.840> would<00:25:52.120> have<00:25:52.320> deposited<00:25:53.200> a 22:44.143 --> 22:44.153 align:start position:0% separation, would have deposited a 22:44.153 --> 22:46.663 align:start position:0% separation, would have deposited a tremendous<00:25:54.000> amount<00:25:54.320> of<00:25:54.400> heat<00:25:54.960> deep<00:25:55.240> inside 22:46.663 --> 22:46.673 align:start position:0% tremendous amount of heat deep inside 22:46.673 --> 22:48.063 align:start position:0% tremendous amount of heat deep inside both<00:25:56.080> worlds. 22:48.063 --> 22:48.073 align:start position:0% both worlds. 22:48.073 --> 22:50.503 align:start position:0% both worlds. This<00:25:57.320> injected<00:25:58.040> energy<00:25:58.840> is<00:25:59.040> the<00:25:59.160> starter 22:50.503 --> 22:50.513 align:start position:0% This injected energy is the starter 22:50.513 --> 22:52.663 align:start position:0% This injected energy is the starter pistol<00:26:00.360> that<00:26:00.560> fired<00:26:01.040> off<00:26:01.320> Charon's 22:52.663 --> 22:52.673 align:start position:0% pistol that fired off Charon's 22:52.673 --> 22:54.903 align:start position:0% pistol that fired off Charon's geological<00:26:02.560> evolution. 22:54.903 --> 22:54.913 align:start position:0% geological evolution. 22:54.913 --> 22:57.303 align:start position:0% geological evolution. Trapped<00:26:04.320> beneath<00:26:04.720> a<00:26:04.840> crust<00:26:05.240> of<00:26:05.480> ice,<00:26:06.240> this 22:57.303 --> 22:57.313 align:start position:0% Trapped beneath a crust of ice, this 22:57.313 --> 23:00.063 align:start position:0% Trapped beneath a crust of ice, this heat<00:26:06.760> would<00:26:07.000> melt<00:26:07.400> the<00:26:07.520> interior,<00:26:08.560> creating<00:26:09.080> a 23:00.063 --> 23:00.073 align:start position:0% heat would melt the interior, creating a 23:00.073 --> 23:02.943 align:start position:0% heat would melt the interior, creating a subsurface<00:26:09.960> ocean,<00:26:10.800> and<00:26:11.000> setting<00:26:11.320> the<00:26:11.400> stage 23:02.943 --> 23:02.953 align:start position:0% subsurface ocean, and setting the stage 23:02.953 --> 23:05.783 align:start position:0% subsurface ocean, and setting the stage for<00:26:12.240> the<00:26:12.400> planetary<00:26:13.200> scale<00:26:13.640> drama<00:26:14.560> that<00:26:14.680> would 23:05.783 --> 23:05.793 align:start position:0% for the planetary scale drama that would 23:05.793 --> 23:12.383 align:start position:0% for the planetary scale drama that would later<00:26:15.320> unfold<00:26:16.080> across<00:26:16.480> its<00:26:16.720> surface. 23:12.383 --> 23:12.393 align:start position:0% 23:12.393 --> 23:15.383 align:start position:0% For<00:26:21.600> 37<00:26:22.240> years<00:26:22.720> after<00:26:23.040> its<00:26:23.160> discovery,<00:26:24.120> Charon 23:15.383 --> 23:15.393 align:start position:0% For 37 years after its discovery, Charon 23:15.393 --> 23:17.583 align:start position:0% For 37 years after its discovery, Charon remained<00:26:25.160> little<00:26:25.520> more<00:26:25.880> than<00:26:26.120> a<00:26:26.240> fuzzy 23:17.583 --> 23:17.593 align:start position:0% remained little more than a fuzzy 23:17.593 --> 23:19.503 align:start position:0% remained little more than a fuzzy companion<00:26:27.440> to<00:26:27.560> Pluto. 23:19.503 --> 23:19.513 align:start position:0% companion to Pluto. 23:19.513 --> 23:22.783 align:start position:0% companion to Pluto. But<00:26:28.880> on<00:26:29.120> the<00:26:29.240> 14th<00:26:29.640> of<00:26:29.760> July,<00:26:30.120> 2015,<00:26:31.440> NASA's 23:22.783 --> 23:22.793 align:start position:0% But on the 14th of July, 2015, NASA's 23:22.793 --> 23:25.463 align:start position:0% But on the 14th of July, 2015, NASA's New<00:26:32.200> Horizons<00:26:32.800> spacecraft<00:26:33.680> flew<00:26:34.080> past<00:26:34.520> the 23:25.463 --> 23:25.473 align:start position:0% New Horizons spacecraft flew past the 23:25.473 --> 23:27.983 align:start position:0% New Horizons spacecraft flew past the binary<00:26:35.040> pair,<00:26:35.720> transforming<00:26:36.400> them<00:26:36.840> from 23:27.983 --> 23:27.993 align:start position:0% binary pair, transforming them from 23:27.993 --> 23:30.983 align:start position:0% binary pair, transforming them from distant<00:26:37.520> points<00:26:37.840> of<00:26:38.000> light<00:26:38.720> into<00:26:39.040> vibrant, 23:30.983 --> 23:30.993 align:start position:0% distant points of light into vibrant, 23:30.993 --> 23:32.983 align:start position:0% distant points of light into vibrant, complex<00:26:40.840> worlds. 23:32.983 --> 23:32.993 align:start position:0% complex worlds. 23:32.993 --> 23:34.943 align:start position:0% complex worlds. The<00:26:42.240> images<00:26:42.680> New<00:26:42.800> Horizons<00:26:43.360> sent<00:26:43.640> back<00:26:43.920> from 23:34.943 --> 23:34.953 align:start position:0% The images New Horizons sent back from 23:34.953 --> 23:37.183 align:start position:0% The images New Horizons sent back from Charon<00:26:44.840> were<00:26:44.960> stunning. 23:37.183 --> 23:37.193 align:start position:0% Charon were stunning. 23:37.193 --> 23:39.583 align:start position:0% Charon were stunning. They<00:26:46.440> revealed<00:26:47.040> a<00:26:47.120> world<00:26:47.520> that<00:26:47.800> had,<00:26:48.360> at<00:26:48.520> some 23:39.583 --> 23:39.593 align:start position:0% They revealed a world that had, at some 23:39.593 --> 23:42.783 align:start position:0% They revealed a world that had, at some point<00:26:49.120> in<00:26:49.240> its<00:26:49.400> distant<00:26:49.840> past,<00:26:50.760> torn<00:26:51.280> itself 23:42.783 --> 23:42.793 align:start position:0% point in its distant past, torn itself 23:42.793 --> 23:45.263 align:start position:0% point in its distant past, torn itself apart. 23:45.263 --> 23:45.273 align:start position:0% apart. 23:45.273 --> 23:47.863 align:start position:0% apart. Charon's<00:26:54.760> surface<00:26:55.400> isn't<00:26:55.720> smooth.<00:26:56.760> It's 23:47.863 --> 23:47.873 align:start position:0% Charon's surface isn't smooth. It's 23:47.873 --> 23:50.663 align:start position:0% Charon's surface isn't smooth. It's dominated<00:26:57.680> by<00:26:57.880> a<00:26:57.960> system<00:26:58.520> of<00:26:58.720> vast<00:26:59.240> tectonic 23:50.663 --> 23:50.673 align:start position:0% dominated by a system of vast tectonic 23:50.673 --> 23:53.903 align:start position:0% dominated by a system of vast tectonic faults,<00:27:00.640> enormous<00:27:01.440> ridges,<00:27:02.400> towering 23:53.903 --> 23:53.913 align:start position:0% faults, enormous ridges, towering 23:53.913 --> 23:56.583 align:start position:0% faults, enormous ridges, towering cliffs,<00:27:03.640> and<00:27:03.960> deep<00:27:04.320> valleys<00:27:04.880> that<00:27:05.080> scar<00:27:05.560> its 23:56.583 --> 23:56.593 align:start position:0% cliffs, and deep valleys that scar its 23:56.593 --> 23:57.823 align:start position:0% cliffs, and deep valleys that scar its surface. 23:57.823 --> 23:57.833 align:start position:0% surface. 23:57.833 --> 24:00.703 align:start position:0% surface. The<00:27:07.000> most<00:27:07.240> spectacular<00:27:08.120> of<00:27:08.280> these<00:27:08.920> is<00:27:09.080> a<00:27:09.160> great 24:00.703 --> 24:00.713 align:start position:0% The most spectacular of these is a great 24:00.713 --> 24:03.263 align:start position:0% The most spectacular of these is a great belt<00:27:10.200> of<00:27:10.320> chasms<00:27:11.160> that<00:27:11.480> wraps<00:27:11.840> around<00:27:12.320> the 24:03.263 --> 24:03.273 align:start position:0% belt of chasms that wraps around the 24:03.273 --> 24:04.903 align:start position:0% belt of chasms that wraps around the moon's<00:27:12.720> equator. 24:04.903 --> 24:04.913 align:start position:0% moon's equator. 24:04.913 --> 24:06.943 align:start position:0% moon's equator. This<00:27:14.200> system,<00:27:15.000> which<00:27:15.240> includes<00:27:15.760> the 24:06.943 --> 24:06.953 align:start position:0% This system, which includes the 24:06.953 --> 24:10.023 align:start position:0% This system, which includes the informally<00:27:16.760> named<00:27:17.240> Serenity<00:27:17.880> Chasma,<00:27:18.800> runs 24:10.023 --> 24:10.033 align:start position:0% informally named Serenity Chasma, runs 24:10.033 --> 24:13.263 align:start position:0% informally named Serenity Chasma, runs for<00:27:19.320> at<00:27:19.440> least<00:27:19.483> [music]<00:27:19.920> 1,800<00:27:21.280> km<00:27:22.240> and 24:13.263 --> 24:13.273 align:start position:0% for at least [music] 1,800 km and 24:13.273 --> 24:17.063 align:start position:0% for at least [music] 1,800 km and plunges<00:27:22.880> to<00:27:23.000> depths<00:27:23.480> of<00:27:23.640> up<00:27:23.760> to<00:27:23.880> 7.5<00:27:24.880> km. 24:17.063 --> 24:17.073 align:start position:0% plunges to depths of up to 7.5 km. 24:17.073 --> 24:18.583 align:start position:0% plunges to depths of up to 7.5 km. To<00:27:26.240> put<00:27:26.400> that<00:27:26.600> in<00:27:26.720> perspective,<00:27:27.343> [music]<00:27:27.560> it's 24:18.583 --> 24:18.593 align:start position:0% To put that in perspective, [music] it's 24:18.593 --> 24:21.023 align:start position:0% To put that in perspective, [music] it's more<00:27:27.880> than<00:27:28.080> four<00:27:28.600> times<00:27:28.960> as<00:27:29.120> long<00:27:29.760> and<00:27:29.880> nearly 24:21.023 --> 24:21.033 align:start position:0% more than four times as long and nearly 24:21.033 --> 24:23.463 align:start position:0% more than four times as long and nearly five<00:27:30.640> times<00:27:31.040> as<00:27:31.200> deep<00:27:31.640> as<00:27:31.880> Earth's<00:27:32.240> Grand 24:23.463 --> 24:23.473 align:start position:0% five times as deep as Earth's Grand 24:23.473 --> 24:24.943 align:start position:0% five times as deep as Earth's Grand Canyon. 24:24.943 --> 24:24.953 align:start position:0% Canyon. 24:24.953 --> 24:27.823 align:start position:0% Canyon. These<00:27:34.360> are<00:27:34.480> not<00:27:34.800> canyons<00:27:35.320> carved<00:27:35.680> by<00:27:35.840> rivers, 24:27.823 --> 24:27.833 align:start position:0% These are not canyons carved by rivers, 24:27.833 --> 24:31.583 align:start position:0% These are not canyons carved by rivers, but<00:27:37.080> colossal<00:27:38.160> pull-apart<00:27:39.200> faults,<00:27:40.240> evidence 24:31.583 --> 24:31.593 align:start position:0% but colossal pull-apart faults, evidence 24:31.593 --> 24:33.743 align:start position:0% but colossal pull-apart faults, evidence that<00:27:40.880> the<00:27:41.000> entire<00:27:41.560> crust<00:27:41.754> [music]<00:27:41.960> of<00:27:42.080> Charon 24:33.743 --> 24:33.753 align:start position:0% that the entire crust [music] of Charon 24:33.753 --> 24:35.943 align:start position:0% that the entire crust [music] of Charon was<00:27:43.160> once<00:27:43.560> stretched<00:27:44.240> to<00:27:44.360> its<00:27:44.560> breaking 24:35.943 --> 24:35.953 align:start position:0% was once stretched to its breaking 24:35.953 --> 24:37.383 align:start position:0% was once stretched to its breaking point. 24:37.383 --> 24:37.393 align:start position:0% point. 24:37.393 --> 24:39.503 align:start position:0% point. What<00:27:46.640> immense<00:27:47.080> force<00:27:47.560> could<00:27:47.760> cause<00:27:48.200> a<00:27:48.280> whole 24:39.503 --> 24:39.513 align:start position:0% What immense force could cause a whole 24:39.513 --> 24:42.063 align:start position:0% What immense force could cause a whole world<00:27:49.080> to<00:27:49.200> expand<00:27:49.920> and<00:27:50.080> rupture? 24:42.063 --> 24:42.073 align:start position:0% world to expand and rupture? 24:42.073 --> 24:44.663 align:start position:0% world to expand and rupture? The<00:27:51.360> answer<00:27:51.680> lies<00:27:52.400> with<00:27:52.760> the<00:27:52.960> heat<00:27:53.480> from<00:27:53.640> its 24:44.663 --> 24:44.673 align:start position:0% The answer lies with the heat from its 24:44.673 --> 24:45.983 align:start position:0% The answer lies with the heat from its formation. 24:45.983 --> 24:45.993 align:start position:0% formation. 24:45.993 --> 24:48.303 align:start position:0% formation. That<00:27:55.360> initial<00:27:55.760> energy,<00:27:56.560> supplemented<00:27:57.160> by<00:27:57.320> the 24:48.303 --> 24:48.313 align:start position:0% That initial energy, supplemented by the 24:48.313 --> 24:50.503 align:start position:0% That initial energy, supplemented by the slow<00:27:57.800> decay<00:27:58.280> of<00:27:58.400> radioactive<00:27:59.040> elements<00:27:59.520> in 24:50.503 --> 24:50.513 align:start position:0% slow decay of radioactive elements in 24:50.513 --> 24:52.903 align:start position:0% slow decay of radioactive elements in its<00:27:59.840> rocky<00:28:00.200> core,<00:28:01.040> was<00:28:01.240> likely<00:28:01.600> enough<00:28:01.880> to 24:52.903 --> 24:52.913 align:start position:0% its rocky core, was likely enough to 24:52.913 --> 24:55.783 align:start position:0% its rocky core, was likely enough to melt<00:28:02.520> the<00:28:02.640> water<00:28:03.040> ice<00:28:03.360> deep<00:28:03.680> inside<00:28:04.160> Charon, 24:55.783 --> 24:55.793 align:start position:0% melt the water ice deep inside Charon, 24:55.793 --> 24:58.783 align:start position:0% melt the water ice deep inside Charon, creating<00:28:05.480> a<00:28:05.600> vast<00:28:06.560> liquid<00:28:07.080> water<00:28:07.520> ocean 24:58.783 --> 24:58.793 align:start position:0% creating a vast liquid water ocean 24:58.793 --> 25:02.183 align:start position:0% creating a vast liquid water ocean beneath<00:28:08.360> a<00:28:08.480> solid,<00:28:09.400> frozen<00:28:09.960> crust. 25:02.183 --> 25:02.193 align:start position:0% beneath a solid, frozen crust. 25:02.193 --> 25:06.103 align:start position:0% beneath a solid, frozen crust. For<00:28:11.400> a<00:28:11.480> time,<00:28:12.200> Charon<00:28:13.160> was<00:28:13.360> an<00:28:13.560> ocean<00:28:14.000> world. 25:06.103 --> 25:06.113 align:start position:0% For a time, Charon was an ocean world. 25:06.113 --> 25:08.303 align:start position:0% For a time, Charon was an ocean world. But<00:28:15.680> all<00:28:15.920> small<00:28:16.320> bodies<00:28:16.760> in<00:28:16.840> the<00:28:16.960> outer<00:28:17.160> solar 25:08.303 --> 25:08.313 align:start position:0% But all small bodies in the outer solar 25:08.313 --> 25:11.223 align:start position:0% But all small bodies in the outer solar system<00:28:18.000> eventually<00:28:18.920> lose<00:28:19.400> their<00:28:19.640> primordial 25:11.223 --> 25:11.233 align:start position:0% system eventually lose their primordial 25:11.233 --> 25:12.823 align:start position:0% system eventually lose their primordial heat<00:28:20.600> to<00:28:20.720> space. 25:12.823 --> 25:12.833 align:start position:0% heat to space. 25:12.833 --> 25:15.503 align:start position:0% heat to space. As<00:28:22.120> Charon<00:28:22.600> cooled<00:28:23.120> over<00:28:23.320> millions<00:28:23.720> of<00:28:23.840> years, 25:15.503 --> 25:15.513 align:start position:0% As Charon cooled over millions of years, 25:15.513 --> 25:19.223 align:start position:0% As Charon cooled over millions of years, the<00:28:24.760> subsurface<00:28:25.680> ocean<00:28:26.360> began<00:28:26.760> to<00:28:26.880> freeze. 25:19.223 --> 25:19.233 align:start position:0% the subsurface ocean began to freeze. 25:19.233 --> 25:21.863 align:start position:0% the subsurface ocean began to freeze. Here,<00:28:29.000> a<00:28:29.200> peculiar<00:28:29.880> property<00:28:30.360> of<00:28:30.480> water 25:21.863 --> 25:21.873 align:start position:0% Here, a peculiar property of water 25:21.873 --> 25:24.423 align:start position:0% Here, a peculiar property of water becomes<00:28:31.640> critically<00:28:32.240> important. 25:24.423 --> 25:24.433 align:start position:0% becomes critically important. 25:24.433 --> 25:26.903 align:start position:0% becomes critically important. Unlike<00:28:34.040> most<00:28:34.360> substances<00:28:35.160> which<00:28:35.480> contract 25:26.903 --> 25:26.913 align:start position:0% Unlike most substances which contract 25:26.913 --> 25:28.303 align:start position:0% Unlike most substances which contract when<00:28:36.200> they<00:28:36.360> freeze, 25:28.303 --> 25:28.313 align:start position:0% when they freeze, 25:28.313 --> 25:30.543 align:start position:0% when they freeze, water<00:28:37.920> expands. 25:30.543 --> 25:30.553 align:start position:0% water expands. 25:30.553 --> 25:33.103 align:start position:0% water expands. As<00:28:39.840> the<00:28:40.000> ocean<00:28:40.360> turned<00:28:40.640> to<00:28:40.800> ice,<00:28:41.480> its<00:28:41.720> volume 25:33.103 --> 25:33.113 align:start position:0% As the ocean turned to ice, its volume 25:33.113 --> 25:35.823 align:start position:0% As the ocean turned to ice, its volume increased,<00:28:43.200> pushing<00:28:43.600> relentlessly<00:28:44.480> outwards 25:35.823 --> 25:35.833 align:start position:0% increased, pushing relentlessly outwards 25:35.833 --> 25:38.343 align:start position:0% increased, pushing relentlessly outwards on<00:28:45.080> the<00:28:45.200> brittle,<00:28:45.960> overlying<00:28:46.600> crust<00:28:47.280> from 25:38.343 --> 25:38.353 align:start position:0% on the brittle, overlying crust from 25:38.353 --> 25:39.463 align:start position:0% on the brittle, overlying crust from below. 25:39.463 --> 25:39.473 align:start position:0% below. 25:39.473 --> 25:42.223 align:start position:0% below. The<00:28:48.680> surface<00:28:49.160> stretched<00:28:49.880> and<00:28:50.040> strained<00:28:51.080> until 25:42.223 --> 25:42.233 align:start position:0% The surface stretched and strained until 25:42.233 --> 25:44.503 align:start position:0% The surface stretched and strained until it<00:28:51.480> could<00:28:51.680> hold<00:28:52.200> no<00:28:52.440> longer. 25:44.503 --> 25:44.513 align:start position:0% it could hold no longer. 25:44.513 --> 25:47.143 align:start position:0% it could hold no longer. The<00:28:53.720> crust<00:28:54.080> of<00:28:54.200> Charon<00:28:54.760> ruptured,<00:28:55.680> creating 25:47.143 --> 25:47.153 align:start position:0% The crust of Charon ruptured, creating 25:47.153 --> 25:49.863 align:start position:0% The crust of Charon ruptured, creating vast<00:28:56.840> canyon<00:28:57.280> systems<00:28:57.720> that<00:28:57.920> still<00:28:58.560> span<00:28:58.880> the 25:49.863 --> 25:49.873 align:start position:0% vast canyon systems that still span the 25:49.873 --> 25:51.823 align:start position:0% vast canyon systems that still span the dwarf<00:28:59.360> planet<00:28:59.720> today. 25:51.823 --> 25:51.833 align:start position:0% dwarf planet today. 25:51.833 --> 25:54.343 align:start position:0% dwarf planet today. As<00:29:01.120> one<00:29:01.280> scientist<00:29:01.760> put<00:29:01.960> it,<00:29:02.640> Charon<00:29:03.120> tore 25:54.343 --> 25:54.353 align:start position:0% As one scientist put it, Charon tore 25:54.353 --> 25:56.463 align:start position:0% As one scientist put it, Charon tore itself<00:29:03.800> apart<00:29:04.200> at<00:29:04.280> the<00:29:04.360> seams<00:29:05.080> like<00:29:05.280> Bruce 25:56.463 --> 25:56.473 align:start position:0% itself apart at the seams like Bruce 25:56.473 --> 25:58.743 align:start position:0% itself apart at the seams like Bruce Banner<00:29:06.080> becoming<00:29:06.520> the<00:29:06.640> Hulk. 25:58.743 --> 25:58.753 align:start position:0% Banner becoming the Hulk. 25:58.753 --> 26:01.503 align:start position:0% Banner becoming the Hulk. Today,<00:29:08.640> Charon<00:29:09.000> appears<00:29:09.480> to<00:29:09.600> be<00:29:09.960> geologically 26:01.503 --> 26:01.513 align:start position:0% Today, Charon appears to be geologically 26:01.513 --> 26:02.623 align:start position:0% Today, Charon appears to be geologically inert. 26:02.623 --> 26:02.633 align:start position:0% inert. 26:02.633 --> 26:04.863 align:start position:0% inert. Its<00:29:12.000> period<00:29:12.145> [music]<00:29:12.480> of<00:29:12.640> great<00:29:13.000> upheaval<00:29:13.800> is 26:04.863 --> 26:04.873 align:start position:0% Its period [music] of great upheaval is 26:04.873 --> 26:06.423 align:start position:0% Its period [music] of great upheaval is long<00:29:14.400> past. 26:06.423 --> 26:06.433 align:start position:0% long past. 26:06.433 --> 26:08.248 align:start position:0% long past. Because<00:29:15.880> it<00:29:16.040> lacks<00:29:16.440> a<00:29:16.520> thick<00:29:16.920> atmosphere 26:08.248 --> 26:08.258 align:start position:0% Because it lacks a thick atmosphere 26:08.258 --> 26:10.783 align:start position:0% Because it lacks a thick atmosphere [music]<00:29:17.720> or<00:29:18.200> ongoing<00:29:18.760> geological<00:29:19.320> activity 26:10.783 --> 26:10.793 align:start position:0% [music] or ongoing geological activity 26:10.793 --> 26:13.423 align:start position:0% [music] or ongoing geological activity to<00:29:20.120> erode<00:29:20.760> or<00:29:20.920> bury<00:29:21.280> these<00:29:21.520> features,<00:29:22.440> the 26:13.423 --> 26:13.433 align:start position:0% to erode or bury these features, the 26:13.433 --> 26:15.823 align:start position:0% to erode or bury these features, the evidence<00:29:23.000> of<00:29:23.120> this<00:29:23.400> ancient<00:29:23.760> cataclysm<00:29:24.720> is 26:15.823 --> 26:15.833 align:start position:0% evidence of this ancient cataclysm is 26:15.833 --> 26:18.743 align:start position:0% evidence of this ancient cataclysm is well<00:29:25.240> preserved.<00:29:26.360> The<00:29:26.400> surface<00:29:26.800> of<00:29:26.920> Charon<00:29:27.680> is 26:18.743 --> 26:18.753 align:start position:0% well preserved. The surface of Charon is 26:18.753 --> 26:21.143 align:start position:0% well preserved. The surface of Charon is not<00:29:28.280> just<00:29:28.480> a<00:29:28.520> landscape,<00:29:29.560> it's<00:29:29.760> a<00:29:29.800> frozen 26:21.143 --> 26:21.153 align:start position:0% not just a landscape, it's a frozen 26:21.153 --> 26:29.503 align:start position:0% not just a landscape, it's a frozen snapshot<00:29:31.240> of<00:29:31.360> the<00:29:31.480> death<00:29:32.200> of<00:29:32.360> its<00:29:32.600> ocean. 26:29.503 --> 26:29.513 align:start position:0% 26:29.513 --> 26:31.703 align:start position:0% The<00:29:38.720> freezing<00:29:39.280> of<00:29:39.440> Charon's<00:29:39.920> ocean<00:29:40.280> did<00:29:40.520> more 26:31.703 --> 26:31.713 align:start position:0% The freezing of Charon's ocean did more 26:31.713 --> 26:33.583 align:start position:0% The freezing of Charon's ocean did more than<00:29:41.000> just<00:29:41.200> break<00:29:41.480> its<00:29:41.620> [music]<00:29:41.640> crust.<00:29:42.560> It 26:33.583 --> 26:33.593 align:start position:0% than just break its [music] crust. It 26:33.593 --> 26:36.863 align:start position:0% than just break its [music] crust. It also<00:29:43.000> paved<00:29:43.480> over<00:29:43.880> half<00:29:44.400> the<00:29:44.520> world.<00:29:45.680> The<00:29:45.760> New 26:36.863 --> 26:36.873 align:start position:0% also paved over half the world. The New 26:36.873 --> 26:40.303 align:start position:0% also paved over half the world. The New Horizons<00:29:46.680> images<00:29:47.360> revealed<00:29:47.880> a<00:29:47.960> tale<00:29:48.560> of<00:29:49.080> two 26:40.303 --> 26:40.313 align:start position:0% Horizons images revealed a tale of two 26:40.313 --> 26:42.823 align:start position:0% Horizons images revealed a tale of two hemispheres<00:29:50.480> with<00:29:50.800> dramatically<00:29:51.640> different 26:42.823 --> 26:42.833 align:start position:0% hemispheres with dramatically different 26:42.833 --> 26:44.223 align:start position:0% hemispheres with dramatically different stories. 26:44.223 --> 26:44.233 align:start position:0% stories. 26:44.233 --> 26:46.143 align:start position:0% stories. The<00:29:53.440> northern<00:29:53.760> hemisphere,<00:29:54.680> informally 26:46.143 --> 26:46.153 align:start position:0% The northern hemisphere, informally 26:46.153 --> 26:49.423 align:start position:0% The northern hemisphere, informally named<00:29:55.800> Oz<00:29:56.200> Terra,<00:29:57.160> is<00:29:57.320> an<00:29:57.480> ancient,<00:29:58.080> battered 26:49.423 --> 26:49.433 align:start position:0% named Oz Terra, is an ancient, battered 26:49.433 --> 26:51.783 align:start position:0% named Oz Terra, is an ancient, battered world<00:29:58.960> with<00:29:59.400> rugged,<00:30:00.200> high-standing 26:51.783 --> 26:51.793 align:start position:0% world with rugged, high-standing 26:51.793 --> 26:53.823 align:start position:0% world with rugged, high-standing terrain,<00:30:01.840> heavily<00:30:02.200> cratered<00:30:02.760> and 26:53.823 --> 26:53.833 align:start position:0% terrain, heavily cratered and 26:53.833 --> 26:56.103 align:start position:0% terrain, heavily cratered and crisscrossed<00:30:03.680> by<00:30:03.880> the<00:30:04.080> vast<00:30:04.600> network<00:30:05.080> of 26:56.103 --> 26:56.113 align:start position:0% crisscrossed by the vast network of 26:56.113 --> 26:58.703 align:start position:0% crisscrossed by the vast network of tectonic<00:30:05.800> faults<00:30:06.240> and<00:30:06.400> canyons<00:30:07.040> created<00:30:07.560> by 26:58.703 --> 26:58.713 align:start position:0% tectonic faults and canyons created by 26:58.713 --> 27:01.303 align:start position:0% tectonic faults and canyons created by the<00:30:08.000> expanding<00:30:08.560> interior.<00:30:09.720> This<00:30:09.880> is<00:30:10.280> the 27:01.303 --> 27:01.313 align:start position:0% the expanding interior. This is the 27:01.313 --> 27:04.463 align:start position:0% the expanding interior. This is the original<00:30:11.120> crust<00:30:11.440> of<00:30:11.560> Charon,<00:30:12.480> frozen<00:30:13.240> in<00:30:13.360> its 27:04.463 --> 27:04.473 align:start position:0% original crust of Charon, frozen in its 27:04.473 --> 27:06.343 align:start position:0% original crust of Charon, frozen in its fractured<00:30:14.160> state. 27:06.343 --> 27:06.353 align:start position:0% fractured state. 27:06.353 --> 27:08.103 align:start position:0% fractured state. But<00:30:15.640> to<00:30:15.720> the<00:30:15.840> south,<00:30:16.600> the<00:30:16.720> landscape 27:08.103 --> 27:08.113 align:start position:0% But to the south, the landscape 27:08.113 --> 27:09.623 align:start position:0% But to the south, the landscape transforms. 27:09.623 --> 27:09.633 align:start position:0% transforms. 27:09.633 --> 27:13.783 align:start position:0% transforms. This<00:30:18.960> is<00:30:19.400> Vulcan<00:30:19.960> Planitia,<00:30:21.200> a<00:30:21.320> vast,<00:30:22.280> smooth 27:13.783 --> 27:13.793 align:start position:0% This is Vulcan Planitia, a vast, smooth 27:13.793 --> 27:16.143 align:start position:0% This is Vulcan Planitia, a vast, smooth plain<00:30:23.640> that's<00:30:24.000> starkly<00:30:24.600> different<00:30:25.040> from<00:30:25.200> the 27:16.143 --> 27:16.153 align:start position:0% plain that's starkly different from the 27:16.153 --> 27:18.303 align:start position:0% plain that's starkly different from the tortured<00:30:25.800> lands<00:30:26.120> of<00:30:26.240> the<00:30:26.320> north. 27:18.303 --> 27:18.313 align:start position:0% tortured lands of the north. 27:18.313 --> 27:20.743 align:start position:0% tortured lands of the north. This<00:30:27.640> region<00:30:28.040> is<00:30:28.480> far<00:30:28.760> less<00:30:29.000> cratered, 27:20.743 --> 27:20.753 align:start position:0% This region is far less cratered, 27:20.753 --> 27:23.143 align:start position:0% This region is far less cratered, indicating<00:30:30.520> that<00:30:30.720> it<00:30:30.880> is<00:30:31.200> a<00:30:31.360> much<00:30:31.880> younger 27:23.143 --> 27:23.153 align:start position:0% indicating that it is a much younger 27:23.153 --> 27:24.383 align:start position:0% indicating that it is a much younger surface. 27:24.383 --> 27:24.393 align:start position:0% surface. 27:24.393 --> 27:26.543 align:start position:0% surface. It<00:30:33.680> sits<00:30:34.000> at<00:30:34.120> a<00:30:34.160> lower<00:30:34.560> elevation<00:30:35.200> than<00:30:35.440> Oz 27:26.543 --> 27:26.553 align:start position:0% It sits at a lower elevation than Oz 27:26.553 --> 27:29.103 align:start position:0% It sits at a lower elevation than Oz Terra,<00:30:36.720> and<00:30:36.840> its<00:30:37.040> surface<00:30:37.480> is<00:30:37.640> marked<00:30:38.040> by 27:29.103 --> 27:29.113 align:start position:0% Terra, and its surface is marked by 27:29.113 --> 27:32.063 align:start position:0% Terra, and its surface is marked by features<00:30:38.800> that<00:30:38.960> look<00:30:39.240> like<00:30:39.600> frozen<00:30:40.160> flows<00:30:41.000> and 27:32.063 --> 27:32.073 align:start position:0% features that look like frozen flows and 27:32.073 --> 27:33.863 align:start position:0% features that look like frozen flows and broad<00:30:41.720> swells. 27:33.863 --> 27:33.873 align:start position:0% broad swells. 27:33.873 --> 27:35.983 align:start position:0% broad swells. Scientists<00:30:43.480> believe<00:30:43.920> Vulcan<00:30:44.320> Planitia<00:30:44.960> is 27:35.983 --> 27:35.993 align:start position:0% Scientists believe Vulcan Planitia is 27:35.993 --> 27:38.823 align:start position:0% Scientists believe Vulcan Planitia is one<00:30:45.280> of<00:30:45.400> the<00:30:45.480> most<00:30:45.840> extensive<00:30:46.760> examples<00:30:47.760> of 27:38.823 --> 27:38.833 align:start position:0% one of the most extensive examples of 27:38.833 --> 27:40.503 align:start position:0% one of the most extensive examples of cryovolcanism 27:40.503 --> 27:40.513 align:start position:0% cryovolcanism 27:40.513 --> 27:42.383 align:start position:0% cryovolcanism in<00:30:49.840> the<00:30:49.960> solar<00:30:50.280> system. 27:42.383 --> 27:42.393 align:start position:0% in the solar system. 27:42.393 --> 27:45.063 align:start position:0% in the solar system. These<00:30:51.800> weren't<00:30:52.120> volcanoes<00:30:52.840> of<00:30:53.000> molten<00:30:53.440> rock, 27:45.063 --> 27:45.073 align:start position:0% These weren't volcanoes of molten rock, 27:45.073 --> 27:47.743 align:start position:0% These weren't volcanoes of molten rock, but<00:30:54.560> icy<00:30:55.080> slush. 27:47.743 --> 27:47.753 align:start position:0% but icy slush. 27:47.753 --> 27:49.983 align:start position:0% but icy slush. As<00:30:57.040> the<00:30:57.120> subsurface<00:30:57.800> ocean<00:30:58.160> froze,<00:30:59.040> the 27:49.983 --> 27:49.993 align:start position:0% As the subsurface ocean froze, the 27:49.993 --> 27:52.263 align:start position:0% As the subsurface ocean froze, the expansion<00:30:59.760> not<00:31:00.040> only<00:31:00.240> cracked<00:31:00.640> the<00:31:00.720> crust, 27:52.263 --> 27:52.273 align:start position:0% expansion not only cracked the crust, 27:52.273 --> 27:54.463 align:start position:0% expansion not only cracked the crust, but<00:31:01.600> also<00:31:01.920> pressurized<00:31:02.800> the<00:31:02.880> liquid<00:31:03.280> water 27:54.463 --> 27:54.473 align:start position:0% but also pressurized the liquid water 27:54.473 --> 27:56.623 align:start position:0% but also pressurized the liquid water below,<00:31:04.480> which<00:31:04.640> was<00:31:04.800> likely<00:31:05.200> mixed<00:31:05.600> with 27:56.623 --> 27:56.633 align:start position:0% below, which was likely mixed with 27:56.633 --> 27:59.023 align:start position:0% below, which was likely mixed with ammonia<00:31:06.720> that<00:31:07.000> acted<00:31:07.520> as<00:31:07.640> a<00:31:07.680> sort<00:31:07.960> of 27:59.023 --> 27:59.033 align:start position:0% ammonia that acted as a sort of 27:59.033 --> 28:00.463 align:start position:0% ammonia that acted as a sort of antifreeze. 28:00.463 --> 28:00.473 align:start position:0% antifreeze. 28:00.473 --> 28:03.543 align:start position:0% antifreeze. This<00:31:10.000> pressurized<00:31:10.840> cryomagma<00:31:12.080> was<00:31:12.280> forced 28:03.543 --> 28:03.553 align:start position:0% This pressurized cryomagma was forced 28:03.553 --> 28:05.543 align:start position:0% This pressurized cryomagma was forced upward<00:31:13.080> through<00:31:13.320> the<00:31:13.440> newly<00:31:13.840> formed<00:31:14.240> cracks 28:05.543 --> 28:05.553 align:start position:0% upward through the newly formed cracks 28:05.553 --> 28:09.263 align:start position:0% upward through the newly formed cracks and<00:31:14.840> fissures,<00:31:15.600> erupting<00:31:16.360> onto<00:31:16.680> the<00:31:16.800> surface. 28:09.263 --> 28:09.273 align:start position:0% and fissures, erupting onto the surface. 28:09.273 --> 28:10.823 align:start position:0% and fissures, erupting onto the surface. Icy<00:31:18.760> lava<00:31:19.120> flooded<00:31:19.600> the<00:31:19.640> southern 28:10.823 --> 28:10.833 align:start position:0% Icy lava flooded the southern 28:10.833 --> 28:13.183 align:start position:0% Icy lava flooded the southern hemisphere,<00:31:20.800> creating<00:31:21.240> the<00:31:21.360> smooth<00:31:22.040> young 28:13.183 --> 28:13.193 align:start position:0% hemisphere, creating the smooth young 28:13.193 --> 28:16.103 align:start position:0% hemisphere, creating the smooth young plains<00:31:22.800> of<00:31:22.920> Vulcan<00:31:23.320> Planum. 28:16.103 --> 28:16.113 align:start position:0% plains of Vulcan Planum. 28:16.113 --> 28:17.863 align:start position:0% plains of Vulcan Planum. Scattered<00:31:25.640> across<00:31:26.000> these<00:31:26.240> plains<00:31:26.760> are 28:17.863 --> 28:17.873 align:start position:0% Scattered across these plains are 28:17.873 --> 28:21.063 align:start position:0% Scattered across these plains are several<00:31:27.720> large,<00:31:28.560> isolated<00:31:29.200> mountains<00:31:29.920> such 28:21.063 --> 28:21.073 align:start position:0% several large, isolated mountains such 28:21.073 --> 28:22.543 align:start position:0% several large, isolated mountains such as<00:31:30.520> Kubrick<00:31:31.000> Mons,<00:31:31.020> [music] 28:22.543 --> 28:22.553 align:start position:0% as Kubrick Mons, [music] 28:22.553 --> 28:24.263 align:start position:0% as Kubrick Mons, [music] which<00:31:31.840> appear<00:31:32.280> to<00:31:32.440> sit<00:31:32.800> in<00:31:32.960> strange 28:24.263 --> 28:24.273 align:start position:0% which appear to sit in strange 28:24.273 --> 28:26.863 align:start position:0% which appear to sit in strange depressions<00:31:34.160> or<00:31:34.640> moats. 28:26.863 --> 28:26.873 align:start position:0% depressions or moats. 28:26.873 --> 28:30.063 align:start position:0% depressions or moats. These<00:31:36.440> may<00:31:36.720> be<00:31:37.280> colossal<00:31:38.160> blocks<00:31:38.840> of<00:31:39.000> the 28:30.063 --> 28:30.073 align:start position:0% These may be colossal blocks of the 28:30.073 --> 28:33.303 align:start position:0% These may be colossal blocks of the older<00:31:39.880> northern<00:31:40.280> crust<00:31:40.920> that<00:31:41.200> broke<00:31:41.640> off, 28:33.303 --> 28:33.313 align:start position:0% older northern crust that broke off, 28:33.313 --> 28:35.783 align:start position:0% older northern crust that broke off, were<00:31:42.600> carried<00:31:43.000> along<00:31:43.480> like<00:31:43.960> icebergs<00:31:44.720> on<00:31:44.840> the 28:35.783 --> 28:35.793 align:start position:0% were carried along like icebergs on the 28:35.793 --> 28:39.543 align:start position:0% were carried along like icebergs on the cryovolcanic<00:31:45.800> flows,<00:31:46.560> and<00:31:47.040> left<00:31:47.480> stranded<00:31:48.480> as 28:39.543 --> 28:39.553 align:start position:0% cryovolcanic flows, and left stranded as 28:39.553 --> 28:47.463 align:start position:0% cryovolcanic flows, and left stranded as the<00:31:48.800> plains<00:31:49.440> froze<00:31:50.000> solid<00:31:50.680> around<00:31:51.080> them. 28:47.463 --> 28:47.473 align:start position:0% 28:47.473 --> 28:50.263 align:start position:0% Perhaps<00:31:57.040> the<00:31:57.160> most<00:31:57.640> visually<00:31:58.320> arresting<00:31:59.080> and 28:50.263 --> 28:50.273 align:start position:0% Perhaps the most visually arresting and 28:50.273 --> 28:53.223 align:start position:0% Perhaps the most visually arresting and mysterious<00:32:00.040> feature<00:32:00.440> on<00:32:00.600> Charon<00:32:01.440> is<00:32:02.040> its 28:53.223 --> 28:53.233 align:start position:0% mysterious feature on Charon is its 28:53.233 --> 28:54.943 align:start position:0% mysterious feature on Charon is its North<00:32:02.720> Pole. 28:54.943 --> 28:54.953 align:start position:0% North Pole. 28:54.953 --> 28:57.943 align:start position:0% North Pole. Capping<00:32:04.520> the<00:32:04.640> top<00:32:04.920> of<00:32:05.000> the<00:32:05.120> moon<00:32:05.560> is<00:32:05.840> a<00:32:05.960> large, 28:57.943 --> 28:57.953 align:start position:0% Capping the top of the moon is a large, 28:57.953 --> 29:01.943 align:start position:0% Capping the top of the moon is a large, dark,<00:32:08.040> reddish-brown<00:32:09.200> stain.<00:32:10.360> A<00:32:10.400> feature<00:32:10.800> so 29:01.943 --> 29:01.953 align:start position:0% dark, reddish-brown stain. A feature so 29:01.953 --> 29:03.943 align:start position:0% dark, reddish-brown stain. A feature so prominent<00:32:11.600> that<00:32:11.760> the<00:32:11.880> New<00:32:12.080> Horizons<00:32:12.640> team 29:03.943 --> 29:03.953 align:start position:0% prominent that the New Horizons team 29:03.953 --> 29:07.823 align:start position:0% prominent that the New Horizons team informally<00:32:13.880> named<00:32:14.160> it<00:32:14.680> Mordor<00:32:15.560> Macula,<00:32:16.600> after 29:07.823 --> 29:07.833 align:start position:0% informally named it Mordor Macula, after 29:07.833 --> 29:09.543 align:start position:0% informally named it Mordor Macula, after the<00:32:17.120> black<00:32:17.520> land<00:32:17.960> from<00:32:18.160> The<00:32:18.240> Lord<00:32:18.480> of<00:32:18.560> the 29:09.543 --> 29:09.553 align:start position:0% the black land from The Lord of the 29:09.553 --> 29:10.663 align:start position:0% the black land from The Lord of the Rings. 29:10.663 --> 29:10.673 align:start position:0% Rings. 29:10.673 --> 29:13.183 align:start position:0% Rings. The<00:32:19.920> color<00:32:20.640> is<00:32:20.760> almost<00:32:21.120> certainly<00:32:21.560> caused<00:32:22.160> by 29:13.183 --> 29:13.193 align:start position:0% The color is almost certainly caused by 29:13.193 --> 29:16.183 align:start position:0% The color is almost certainly caused by a<00:32:22.400> class<00:32:22.840> of<00:32:23.080> complex<00:32:23.960> organic<00:32:24.480> molecules 29:16.183 --> 29:16.193 align:start position:0% a class of complex organic molecules 29:16.193 --> 29:19.103 align:start position:0% a class of complex organic molecules called<00:32:25.800> tholins,<00:32:26.960> the<00:32:27.040> same<00:32:27.360> ones<00:32:27.680> we<00:32:27.800> saw<00:32:28.120> on 29:19.103 --> 29:19.113 align:start position:0% called tholins, the same ones we saw on 29:19.113 --> 29:21.103 align:start position:0% called tholins, the same ones we saw on Pluto<00:32:28.680> earlier. 29:21.103 --> 29:21.113 align:start position:0% Pluto earlier. 29:21.113 --> 29:22.863 align:start position:0% Pluto earlier. Tholins<00:32:30.680> are<00:32:30.920> common<00:32:31.320> in<00:32:31.400> the<00:32:31.520> outer<00:32:31.720> solar 29:22.863 --> 29:22.873 align:start position:0% Tholins are common in the outer solar 29:22.873 --> 29:25.103 align:start position:0% Tholins are common in the outer solar system,<00:32:32.800> but<00:32:32.920> their<00:32:33.120> concentration<00:32:34.000> at 29:25.103 --> 29:25.113 align:start position:0% system, but their concentration at 29:25.113 --> 29:27.903 align:start position:0% system, but their concentration at Charon's<00:32:34.680> pole<00:32:35.360> is<00:32:35.720> unique. 29:27.903 --> 29:27.913 align:start position:0% Charon's pole is unique. 29:27.913 --> 29:29.903 align:start position:0% Charon's pole is unique. The<00:32:37.120> key<00:32:37.320> to<00:32:37.480> understanding<00:32:38.320> why<00:32:38.720> they<00:32:38.920> are 29:29.903 --> 29:29.913 align:start position:0% The key to understanding why they are 29:29.913 --> 29:32.063 align:start position:0% The key to understanding why they are here<00:32:39.840> is<00:32:40.040> to<00:32:40.160> find<00:32:40.480> the<00:32:40.600> source<00:32:40.960> of<00:32:41.080> the 29:32.063 --> 29:32.073 align:start position:0% here is to find the source of the 29:32.073 --> 29:33.383 align:start position:0% here is to find the source of the methane. 29:33.383 --> 29:33.393 align:start position:0% methane. 29:33.393 --> 29:35.903 align:start position:0% methane. There<00:32:42.720> are<00:32:42.840> two<00:32:43.280> competing<00:32:43.760> theories. 29:35.903 --> 29:35.913 align:start position:0% There are two competing theories. 29:35.913 --> 29:37.543 align:start position:0% There are two competing theories. The<00:32:45.120> leading<00:32:45.480> hypothesis<00:32:46.320> is<00:32:46.340> [music]<00:32:46.480> that 29:37.543 --> 29:37.553 align:start position:0% The leading hypothesis is [music] that 29:37.553 --> 29:40.103 align:start position:0% The leading hypothesis is [music] that the<00:32:46.800> methane<00:32:47.400> is<00:32:47.560> a<00:32:47.680> gift<00:32:48.160> from<00:32:48.360> Pluto<00:32:48.920> and<00:32:49.080> its 29:40.103 --> 29:40.113 align:start position:0% the methane is a gift from Pluto and its 29:40.113 --> 29:42.943 align:start position:0% the methane is a gift from Pluto and its atmosphere<00:32:49.920> rich<00:32:50.440> in<00:32:50.600> nitrogen<00:32:51.240> and<00:32:51.360> methane 29:42.943 --> 29:42.953 align:start position:0% atmosphere rich in nitrogen and methane 29:42.953 --> 29:45.903 align:start position:0% atmosphere rich in nitrogen and methane that's<00:32:52.520> slowly<00:32:53.120> escaping<00:32:53.720> into<00:32:53.920> space. 29:45.903 --> 29:45.913 align:start position:0% that's slowly escaping into space. 29:45.913 --> 29:48.303 align:start position:0% that's slowly escaping into space. As<00:32:55.160> Charon<00:32:55.640> orbits,<00:32:56.360> its<00:32:56.560> gravity<00:32:56.960> captures 29:48.303 --> 29:48.313 align:start position:0% As Charon orbits, its gravity captures 29:48.313 --> 29:50.183 align:start position:0% As Charon orbits, its gravity captures some<00:32:57.640> of<00:32:57.720> this<00:32:57.920> lost<00:32:58.280> gas. 29:50.183 --> 29:50.193 align:start position:0% some of this lost gas. 29:50.193 --> 29:53.383 align:start position:0% some of this lost gas. During<00:32:59.600> Charon's<00:33:00.120> long,<00:33:00.920> dark<00:33:01.400> polar<00:33:01.760> winter, 29:53.383 --> 29:53.393 align:start position:0% During Charon's long, dark polar winter, 29:53.393 --> 29:55.903 align:start position:0% During Charon's long, dark polar winter, which<00:33:02.840> lasts<00:33:03.160> for<00:33:03.320> more<00:33:03.560> than<00:33:03.680> a<00:33:03.760> century, 29:55.903 --> 29:55.913 align:start position:0% which lasts for more than a century, 29:55.913 --> 29:59.423 align:start position:0% which lasts for more than a century, temperatures<00:33:05.560> plummet<00:33:06.000> to<00:33:06.080> below<00:33:06.480> minus<00:33:07.000> 240° 29:59.423 --> 29:59.433 align:start position:0% temperatures plummet to below minus 240° 29:59.433 --> 30:00.983 align:start position:0% temperatures plummet to below minus 240° C. 30:00.983 --> 30:00.993 align:start position:0% C. 30:00.993 --> 30:03.103 align:start position:0% C. At<00:33:10.240> these<00:33:10.560> extreme<00:33:11.240> temperatures,<00:33:12.160> the 30:03.103 --> 30:03.113 align:start position:0% At these extreme temperatures, the 30:03.113 --> 30:05.343 align:start position:0% At these extreme temperatures, the captured<00:33:12.640> methane<00:33:13.120> freezes<00:33:13.600> directly<00:33:14.240> onto 30:05.343 --> 30:05.353 align:start position:0% captured methane freezes directly onto 30:05.353 --> 30:07.903 align:start position:0% captured methane freezes directly onto the<00:33:14.600> surface<00:33:15.120> in<00:33:15.240> a<00:33:15.280> process<00:33:15.840> known<00:33:16.240> as<00:33:16.520> cold 30:07.903 --> 30:07.913 align:start position:0% the surface in a process known as cold 30:07.913 --> 30:09.183 align:start position:0% the surface in a process known as cold trapping. 30:09.183 --> 30:09.193 align:start position:0% trapping. 30:09.193 --> 30:11.623 align:start position:0% trapping. When<00:33:18.440> the<00:33:18.520> pole<00:33:19.040> finally<00:33:19.520> swings<00:33:20.000> back<00:33:20.400> into 30:11.623 --> 30:11.633 align:start position:0% When the pole finally swings back into 30:11.633 --> 30:14.383 align:start position:0% When the pole finally swings back into sunlight,<00:33:21.560> the<00:33:21.680> accumulated<00:33:22.400> methane<00:33:22.840> ice<00:33:23.160> is 30:14.383 --> 30:14.393 align:start position:0% sunlight, the accumulated methane ice is 30:14.393 --> 30:17.663 align:start position:0% sunlight, the accumulated methane ice is bombarded<00:33:24.320> with<00:33:24.520> UV<00:33:24.920> radiation,<00:33:25.920> which<00:33:26.480> cooks 30:17.663 --> 30:17.673 align:start position:0% bombarded with UV radiation, which cooks 30:17.673 --> 30:19.983 align:start position:0% bombarded with UV radiation, which cooks it<00:33:27.400> into<00:33:27.600> the<00:33:27.720> reddish<00:33:28.080> tholins<00:33:28.640> that<00:33:28.760> stain 30:19.983 --> 30:19.993 align:start position:0% it into the reddish tholins that stain 30:19.993 --> 30:21.223 align:start position:0% it into the reddish tholins that stain the<00:33:29.240> pole. 30:21.223 --> 30:21.233 align:start position:0% the pole. 30:21.233 --> 30:24.543 align:start position:0% the pole. Charon<00:33:30.840> and<00:33:31.160> Pluto<00:33:31.960> are<00:33:32.120> then<00:33:32.680> a<00:33:32.760> dynamic, 30:24.543 --> 30:24.553 align:start position:0% Charon and Pluto are then a dynamic, 30:24.553 --> 30:27.103 align:start position:0% Charon and Pluto are then a dynamic, interconnected<00:33:34.360> system<00:33:35.280> with<00:33:35.480> one<00:33:35.760> world 30:27.103 --> 30:27.113 align:start position:0% interconnected system with one world 30:27.113 --> 30:29.143 align:start position:0% interconnected system with one world actively<00:33:36.880> painting<00:33:37.520> the<00:33:37.640> surface<00:33:38.040> of<00:33:38.160> its 30:29.143 --> 30:29.153 align:start position:0% actively painting the surface of its 30:29.153 --> 30:31.783 align:start position:0% actively painting the surface of its companion<00:33:39.200> across<00:33:39.680> thousands<00:33:40.280> of<00:33:40.360> kilometers 30:31.783 --> 30:31.793 align:start position:0% companion across thousands of kilometers 30:31.793 --> 30:33.663 align:start position:0% companion across thousands of kilometers of<00:33:41.040> space. 30:33.663 --> 30:33.673 align:start position:0% of space. 30:33.673 --> 30:35.783 align:start position:0% of space. But<00:33:43.200> a<00:33:43.280> competing<00:33:43.760> theory<00:33:44.120> suggests<00:33:44.720> that<00:33:44.840> the 30:35.783 --> 30:35.793 align:start position:0% But a competing theory suggests that the 30:35.793 --> 30:38.663 align:start position:0% But a competing theory suggests that the methane<00:33:45.400> was<00:33:45.760> an<00:33:46.000> inside<00:33:46.600> job,<00:33:47.600> that<00:33:47.680> it 30:38.663 --> 30:38.673 align:start position:0% methane was an inside job, that it 30:38.673 --> 30:42.103 align:start position:0% methane was an inside job, that it originated<00:33:48.480> from<00:33:48.720> Charon's<00:33:49.320> own<00:33:49.760> interior. 30:42.103 --> 30:42.113 align:start position:0% originated from Charon's own interior. 30:42.113 --> 30:43.943 align:start position:0% originated from Charon's own interior. The<00:33:51.280> massive<00:33:51.640> cryovolcanic<00:33:52.360> eruptions<00:33:52.840> that 30:43.943 --> 30:43.953 align:start position:0% The massive cryovolcanic eruptions that 30:43.953 --> 30:46.463 align:start position:0% The massive cryovolcanic eruptions that formed<00:33:53.440> Vulcan<00:33:53.840> Planitia<00:33:54.720> would<00:33:55.000> have<00:33:55.280> also 30:46.463 --> 30:46.473 align:start position:0% formed Vulcan Planitia would have also 30:46.473 --> 30:49.063 align:start position:0% formed Vulcan Planitia would have also released<00:33:56.120> enormous<00:33:56.800> quantities<00:33:57.360> of<00:33:57.480> gas, 30:49.063 --> 30:49.073 align:start position:0% released enormous quantities of gas, 30:49.073 --> 30:51.103 align:start position:0% released enormous quantities of gas, including<00:33:58.600> methane<00:33:59.200> that<00:33:59.400> were<00:33:59.560> dissolved<00:34:00.160> in 30:51.103 --> 30:51.113 align:start position:0% including methane that were dissolved in 30:51.113 --> 30:52.783 align:start position:0% including methane that were dissolved in the<00:34:00.320> subsurface<00:34:00.880> ocean. 30:52.783 --> 30:52.793 align:start position:0% the subsurface ocean. 30:52.793 --> 30:54.783 align:start position:0% the subsurface ocean. This<00:34:02.080> would<00:34:02.200> have<00:34:02.320> created<00:34:02.920> a<00:34:03.080> temporary 30:54.783 --> 30:54.793 align:start position:0% This would have created a temporary 30:54.793 --> 30:57.583 align:start position:0% This would have created a temporary atmosphere<00:34:04.520> on<00:34:04.680> Charon,<00:34:05.480> and<00:34:05.760> just<00:34:06.160> as<00:34:06.480> in<00:34:06.600> the 30:57.583 --> 30:57.593 align:start position:0% atmosphere on Charon, and just as in the 30:57.593 --> 31:00.022 align:start position:0% atmosphere on Charon, and just as in the first<00:34:07.040> hypothesis,<00:34:08.200> methane<00:34:08.720> would<00:34:09.000> have 31:00.022 --> 31:00.032 align:start position:0% first hypothesis, methane would have 31:00.032 --> 31:01.983 align:start position:0% first hypothesis, methane would have migrated<00:34:09.800> to<00:34:09.879> the<00:34:10.000> coldest<00:34:10.600> parts<00:34:10.879> of<00:34:11.000> the 31:01.983 --> 31:01.993 align:start position:0% migrated to the coldest parts of the 31:01.993 --> 31:05.623 align:start position:0% migrated to the coldest parts of the moon,<00:34:11.840> the<00:34:11.960> poles,<00:34:12.879> and<00:34:13.240> frozen<00:34:13.760> out. 31:05.623 --> 31:05.633 align:start position:0% moon, the poles, and frozen out. 31:05.633 --> 31:08.022 align:start position:0% moon, the poles, and frozen out. Over<00:34:15.000> billions<00:34:15.480> of<00:34:15.639> years,<00:34:16.240> this<00:34:16.520> native 31:08.022 --> 31:08.032 align:start position:0% Over billions of years, this native 31:08.032 --> 31:10.542 align:start position:0% Over billions of years, this native methane<00:34:17.520> deposit<00:34:18.280> was<00:34:18.399> then<00:34:18.600> irradiated<00:34:19.560> to 31:10.542 --> 31:10.552 align:start position:0% methane deposit was then irradiated to 31:10.552 --> 31:12.823 align:start position:0% methane deposit was then irradiated to form<00:34:20.159> Mordor<00:34:20.639> Macula. 31:12.823 --> 31:12.833 align:start position:0% form Mordor Macula. 31:12.833 --> 31:15.022 align:start position:0% form Mordor Macula. This<00:34:22.120> theory<00:34:22.600> elegantly<00:34:23.159> ties<00:34:23.600> the<00:34:23.720> origin<00:34:24.080> of 31:15.022 --> 31:15.032 align:start position:0% This theory elegantly ties the origin of 31:15.032 --> 31:17.262 align:start position:0% This theory elegantly ties the origin of the<00:34:24.280> polar<00:34:24.520> cap<00:34:24.879> directly<00:34:25.480> to<00:34:25.639> the<00:34:25.840> other 31:17.262 --> 31:17.272 align:start position:0% the polar cap directly to the other 31:17.272 --> 31:19.623 align:start position:0% the polar cap directly to the other major<00:34:27.120> geological<00:34:27.679> events<00:34:28.080> that<00:34:28.320> shaped<00:34:28.679> the 31:19.623 --> 31:19.633 align:start position:0% major geological events that shaped the 31:19.633 --> 31:20.983 align:start position:0% major geological events that shaped the moon. 31:20.983 --> 31:20.993 align:start position:0% moon. 31:20.993 --> 31:22.983 align:start position:0% moon. Whether<00:34:30.360> the<00:34:30.480> methane<00:34:31.040> came<00:34:31.399> from<00:34:31.679> Pluto's 31:22.983 --> 31:22.993 align:start position:0% Whether the methane came from Pluto's 31:22.993 --> 31:26.022 align:start position:0% Whether the methane came from Pluto's atmosphere<00:34:32.960> or<00:34:33.159> Charon's<00:34:33.720> own<00:34:33.960> interior, 31:26.022 --> 31:26.032 align:start position:0% atmosphere or Charon's own interior, 31:26.032 --> 31:28.623 align:start position:0% atmosphere or Charon's own interior, Mordor<00:34:35.560> Macula<00:34:36.240> is<00:34:36.480> a<00:34:36.600> visible<00:34:37.080> testament<00:34:37.679> to 31:28.623 --> 31:28.633 align:start position:0% Mordor Macula is a visible testament to 31:28.633 --> 31:31.542 align:start position:0% Mordor Macula is a visible testament to the<00:34:38.000> inescapable<00:34:39.000> connection<00:34:39.560> between<00:34:40.159> these 31:31.542 --> 31:31.552 align:start position:0% the inescapable connection between these 31:31.552 --> 31:34.782 align:start position:0% the inescapable connection between these two<00:34:40.960> distant<00:34:41.440> worlds,<00:34:42.280> a<00:34:42.360> direct<00:34:42.919> product<00:34:43.760> of 31:34.782 --> 31:34.792 align:start position:0% two distant worlds, a direct product of 31:34.792 --> 31:40.703 align:start position:0% two distant worlds, a direct product of their<00:34:44.120> shared<00:34:44.520> history<00:34:45.280> and<00:34:45.360> environment. 31:40.703 --> 31:40.713 align:start position:0% 31:40.713 --> 31:43.262 align:start position:0% Charon's<00:34:50.360> journey<00:34:50.679> began<00:34:51.399> with<00:34:51.560> a<00:34:51.639> smudge<00:34:52.280> on 31:43.262 --> 31:43.272 align:start position:0% Charon's journey began with a smudge on 31:43.272 --> 31:45.143 align:start position:0% Charon's journey began with a smudge on a<00:34:52.480> photographic<00:34:53.040> plate<00:34:53.600> that<00:34:53.720> was<00:34:53.879> nearly 31:45.143 --> 31:45.153 align:start position:0% a photographic plate that was nearly 31:45.153 --> 31:46.823 align:start position:0% a photographic plate that was nearly dismissed<00:34:54.800> as<00:34:54.919> an<00:34:55.040> error. 31:46.823 --> 31:46.833 align:start position:0% dismissed as an error. 31:46.833 --> 31:49.863 align:start position:0% dismissed as an error. It<00:34:56.159> ends<00:34:56.800> with<00:34:56.960> a<00:34:57.000> complex<00:34:58.000> and<00:34:58.200> dramatic 31:49.863 --> 31:49.873 align:start position:0% It ends with a complex and dramatic 31:49.873 --> 31:52.663 align:start position:0% It ends with a complex and dramatic world,<00:34:59.920> a<00:35:00.000> world<00:35:00.440> of<00:35:00.640> continent-spanning 31:52.663 --> 31:52.673 align:start position:0% world, a world of continent-spanning 31:52.673 --> 31:55.983 align:start position:0% world, a world of continent-spanning canyons<00:35:02.640> deeper<00:35:03.080> than<00:35:03.360> any<00:35:03.640> on<00:35:03.840> Earth,<00:35:04.760> vast 31:55.983 --> 31:55.993 align:start position:0% canyons deeper than any on Earth, vast 31:55.993 --> 31:58.503 align:start position:0% canyons deeper than any on Earth, vast plains<00:35:05.600> of<00:35:05.840> ancient<00:35:06.320> ice<00:35:06.560> lava,<00:35:07.480> and<00:35:07.600> a 31:58.503 --> 31:58.513 align:start position:0% plains of ancient ice lava, and a 31:58.513 --> 32:01.303 align:start position:0% plains of ancient ice lava, and a mysterious<00:35:08.440> red-stained<00:35:09.200> pole.<00:35:10.280> It's 32:01.303 --> 32:01.313 align:start position:0% mysterious red-stained pole. It's 32:01.313 --> 32:03.583 align:start position:0% mysterious red-stained pole. It's impossible<00:35:11.040> to<00:35:11.160> tell<00:35:11.440> the<00:35:11.520> story<00:35:11.920> of<00:35:12.040> Pluto 32:03.583 --> 32:03.593 align:start position:0% impossible to tell the story of Pluto 32:03.593 --> 32:05.383 align:start position:0% impossible to tell the story of Pluto without<00:35:13.320> Charon. 32:05.383 --> 32:05.393 align:start position:0% without Charon. 32:05.393 --> 32:07.183 align:start position:0% without Charon. It<00:35:14.640> was<00:35:14.800> Charon's<00:35:15.320> orbit<00:35:15.680> that<00:35:15.800> gave<00:35:16.080> us<00:35:16.200> the 32:07.183 --> 32:07.193 align:start position:0% It was Charon's orbit that gave us the 32:07.193 --> 32:09.743 align:start position:0% It was Charon's orbit that gave us the first<00:35:16.720> true<00:35:17.080> measure<00:35:17.600> of<00:35:17.720> Pluto's<00:35:18.120> mass, 32:09.743 --> 32:09.753 align:start position:0% first true measure of Pluto's mass, 32:09.753 --> 32:12.383 align:start position:0% first true measure of Pluto's mass, revealing<00:35:19.480> it<00:35:19.680> as<00:35:19.880> the<00:35:20.040> king<00:35:20.600> of<00:35:20.760> a<00:35:20.800> new<00:35:21.080> class 32:12.383 --> 32:12.393 align:start position:0% revealing it as the king of a new class 32:12.393 --> 32:13.783 align:start position:0% revealing it as the king of a new class of<00:35:21.680> worlds. 32:13.783 --> 32:13.793 align:start position:0% of worlds. 32:13.793 --> 32:15.623 align:start position:0% of worlds. It<00:35:23.040> was<00:35:23.200> Charon's<00:35:23.560> existence<00:35:24.160> that<00:35:24.360> pointed 32:15.623 --> 32:15.633 align:start position:0% It was Charon's existence that pointed 32:15.633 --> 32:18.463 align:start position:0% It was Charon's existence that pointed to<00:35:24.920> a<00:35:25.000> shared,<00:35:25.800> violent<00:35:26.320> birth<00:35:26.760> that<00:35:27.000> sculpted 32:18.463 --> 32:18.473 align:start position:0% to a shared, violent birth that sculpted 32:18.473 --> 32:20.543 align:start position:0% to a shared, violent birth that sculpted both<00:35:27.880> bodies<00:35:28.640> and<00:35:28.760> ejected<00:35:29.240> them<00:35:29.440> with<00:35:29.600> the 32:20.543 --> 32:20.553 align:start position:0% both bodies and ejected them with the 32:20.553 --> 32:23.183 align:start position:0% both bodies and ejected them with the heat<00:35:30.160> that<00:35:30.280> would<00:35:30.440> fuel<00:35:30.800> their<00:35:31.000> evolution. 32:23.183 --> 32:23.193 align:start position:0% heat that would fuel their evolution. 32:23.193 --> 32:25.503 align:start position:0% heat that would fuel their evolution. It's<00:35:32.520> Charon's<00:35:33.120> fractured<00:35:33.600> surface<00:35:34.520> that 32:25.503 --> 32:25.513 align:start position:0% It's Charon's fractured surface that 32:25.513 --> 32:28.223 align:start position:0% It's Charon's fractured surface that tells<00:35:35.080> a<00:35:35.160> story<00:35:35.840> of<00:35:35.960> a<00:35:36.040> lost<00:35:36.400> ocean,<00:35:37.280> a 32:28.223 --> 32:28.233 align:start position:0% tells a story of a lost ocean, a 32:28.233 --> 32:30.263 align:start position:0% tells a story of a lost ocean, a geological<00:35:38.080> history<00:35:38.560> that<00:35:38.720> provides<00:35:39.280> a 32:30.263 --> 32:30.273 align:start position:0% geological history that provides a 32:30.273 --> 32:32.183 align:start position:0% geological history that provides a crucial<00:35:39.960> context<00:35:40.520> for<00:35:40.640> understanding<00:35:41.240> the 32:32.183 --> 32:32.193 align:start position:0% crucial context for understanding the 32:32.193 --> 32:34.423 align:start position:0% crucial context for understanding the forces<00:35:41.800> that<00:35:41.960> may<00:35:42.160> still<00:35:42.640> be<00:35:42.800> churning<00:35:43.320> deep 32:34.423 --> 32:34.433 align:start position:0% forces that may still be churning deep 32:34.433 --> 32:37.223 align:start position:0% forces that may still be churning deep inside<00:35:44.080> the<00:35:44.160> more<00:35:44.480> active<00:35:44.880> Pluto<00:35:45.240> today. 32:37.223 --> 32:37.233 align:start position:0% inside the more active Pluto today. 32:37.233 --> 32:39.503 align:start position:0% inside the more active Pluto today. And<00:35:46.520> it's<00:35:46.680> Charon's<00:35:47.240> red<00:35:47.560> pole<00:35:48.240> that<00:35:48.440> may 32:39.503 --> 32:39.513 align:start position:0% And it's Charon's red pole that may 32:39.513 --> 32:41.983 align:start position:0% And it's Charon's red pole that may serve<00:35:49.080> as<00:35:49.200> a<00:35:49.320> permanent<00:35:49.880> record<00:35:50.560> of<00:35:50.720> Pluto's 32:41.983 --> 32:41.993 align:start position:0% serve as a permanent record of Pluto's 32:41.993 --> 32:45.183 align:start position:0% serve as a permanent record of Pluto's atmosphere<00:35:52.080> bleeding<00:35:52.640> out<00:35:52.920> into<00:35:53.200> space<00:35:54.000> over 32:45.183 --> 32:45.193 align:start position:0% atmosphere bleeding out into space over 32:45.193 --> 32:47.223 align:start position:0% atmosphere bleeding out into space over the<00:35:54.520> eons. 32:47.223 --> 32:47.233 align:start position:0% the eons. 32:47.233 --> 32:49.023 align:start position:0% the eons. >> There<00:35:56.600> is<00:35:56.720> one<00:35:56.960> final<00:35:57.360> point<00:35:57.760> I<00:35:57.840> want<00:35:58.080> to 32:49.023 --> 32:49.033 align:start position:0% >> There is one final point I want to 32:49.033 --> 32:51.383 align:start position:0% >> There is one final point I want to consider<00:35:58.720> in<00:35:58.920> our<00:35:59.080> story<00:35:59.560> of<00:35:59.760> Charon<00:36:00.400> and 32:51.383 --> 32:51.393 align:start position:0% consider in our story of Charon and 32:51.393 --> 32:54.263 align:start position:0% consider in our story of Charon and Pluto.<00:36:01.520> The<00:36:01.600> discovery<00:36:02.160> of<00:36:02.400> this<00:36:02.720> tidally 32:54.263 --> 32:54.273 align:start position:0% Pluto. The discovery of this tidally 32:54.273 --> 32:56.303 align:start position:0% Pluto. The discovery of this tidally locked<00:36:03.680> neighbor<00:36:04.320> might<00:36:04.680> have<00:36:04.840> started<00:36:05.320> the 32:56.303 --> 32:56.313 align:start position:0% locked neighbor might have started the 32:56.313 --> 32:58.463 align:start position:0% locked neighbor might have started the process<00:36:05.920> that<00:36:06.080> saw<00:36:06.360> Pluto<00:36:06.760> relegated<00:36:07.400> to<00:36:07.480> the 32:58.463 --> 32:58.473 align:start position:0% process that saw Pluto relegated to the 32:58.473 --> 33:00.303 align:start position:0% process that saw Pluto relegated to the position<00:36:08.120> of<00:36:08.400> largest<00:36:08.960> of<00:36:09.040> the<00:36:09.160> dwarf 33:00.303 --> 33:00.313 align:start position:0% position of largest of the dwarf 33:00.313 --> 33:01.383 align:start position:0% position of largest of the dwarf planets, 33:01.383 --> 33:01.393 align:start position:0% planets, 33:01.393 --> 33:04.183 align:start position:0% planets, but<00:36:10.920> will<00:36:11.160> that<00:36:11.400> always<00:36:11.800> be<00:36:11.960> the<00:36:12.080> case?<00:36:13.080> Will 33:04.183 --> 33:04.193 align:start position:0% but will that always be the case? Will 33:04.193 --> 33:06.783 align:start position:0% but will that always be the case? Will Pluto<00:36:13.840> one<00:36:14.200> day<00:36:14.560> regain<00:36:15.040> its<00:36:15.240> position<00:36:15.720> as<00:36:15.840> a 33:06.783 --> 33:06.793 align:start position:0% Pluto one day regain its position as a 33:06.793 --> 33:09.223 align:start position:0% Pluto one day regain its position as a full<00:36:16.280> planet<00:36:17.000> in<00:36:17.120> spite<00:36:17.560> of<00:36:17.680> its<00:36:17.880> strange 33:09.223 --> 33:09.233 align:start position:0% full planet in spite of its strange 33:09.233 --> 33:11.383 align:start position:0% full planet in spite of its strange relationship<00:36:19.040> with<00:36:19.320> its<00:36:19.600> similarly<00:36:20.120> sized 33:11.383 --> 33:11.393 align:start position:0% relationship with its similarly sized 33:11.393 --> 33:12.583 align:start position:0% relationship with its similarly sized moon? 33:12.583 --> 33:12.593 align:start position:0% moon? 33:12.593 --> 33:14.423 align:start position:0% moon? There<00:36:21.960> are<00:36:22.080> some<00:36:22.400> grounds<00:36:23.080> to<00:36:23.140> [music]<00:36:23.200> think 33:14.423 --> 33:14.433 align:start position:0% There are some grounds to [music] think 33:14.433 --> 33:15.783 align:start position:0% There are some grounds to [music] think so. 33:15.783 --> 33:15.793 align:start position:0% so. 33:15.793 --> 33:17.903 align:start position:0% so. Setting<00:36:25.240> aside<00:36:25.640> letters<00:36:26.040> from<00:36:26.480> 10-year-old 33:17.903 --> 33:17.913 align:start position:0% Setting aside letters from 10-year-old 33:17.913 --> 33:20.943 align:start position:0% Setting aside letters from 10-year-old girls<00:36:27.480> to<00:36:27.720> NASA<00:36:28.080> administrators,<00:36:29.360> there<00:36:29.600> were 33:20.943 --> 33:20.953 align:start position:0% girls to NASA administrators, there were 33:20.953 --> 33:22.823 align:start position:0% girls to NASA administrators, there were a<00:36:30.120> lot<00:36:30.360> of<00:36:30.480> pleases<00:36:31.040> in<00:36:31.200> that<00:36:31.360> letter,<00:36:31.720> to<00:36:31.840> be 33:22.823 --> 33:22.833 align:start position:0% a lot of pleases in that letter, to be 33:22.833 --> 33:25.503 align:start position:0% a lot of pleases in that letter, to be fair.<00:36:32.840> There<00:36:33.000> is<00:36:33.200> something<00:36:33.680> a<00:36:33.800> little<00:36:34.360> off 33:25.503 --> 33:25.513 align:start position:0% fair. There is something a little off 33:25.513 --> 33:27.343 align:start position:0% fair. There is something a little off about<00:36:34.960> the<00:36:35.080> current<00:36:35.640> definition<00:36:36.280> of<00:36:36.400> a 33:27.343 --> 33:27.353 align:start position:0% about the current definition of a 33:27.353 --> 33:30.183 align:start position:0% about the current definition of a planet.<00:36:37.440> To<00:36:37.560> be<00:36:37.720> a<00:36:37.800> planet,<00:36:38.480> an<00:36:38.680> object<00:36:39.040> needs 33:30.183 --> 33:30.193 align:start position:0% planet. To be a planet, an object needs 33:30.193 --> 33:32.023 align:start position:0% planet. To be a planet, an object needs to<00:36:39.440> have<00:36:39.560> cleared<00:36:39.920> its<00:36:40.040> neighborhood,<00:36:41.040> the 33:32.023 --> 33:32.033 align:start position:0% to have cleared its neighborhood, the 33:32.033 --> 33:34.743 align:start position:0% to have cleared its neighborhood, the orbital<00:36:41.520> track<00:36:42.000> around<00:36:42.320> the<00:36:42.400> sun,<00:36:43.160> that<00:36:43.480> the 33:34.743 --> 33:34.753 align:start position:0% orbital track around the sun, that the 33:34.753 --> 33:37.143 align:start position:0% orbital track around the sun, that the would-be<00:36:44.440> planet<00:36:44.800> traverses. 33:37.143 --> 33:37.153 align:start position:0% would-be planet traverses. 33:37.153 --> 33:39.623 align:start position:0% would-be planet traverses. But,<00:36:46.440> there<00:36:46.760> are<00:36:47.240> 10,000 33:39.623 --> 33:39.633 align:start position:0% But, there are 10,000 33:39.633 --> 33:43.503 align:start position:0% But, there are 10,000 asteroids<00:36:49.480> near<00:36:49.760> the<00:36:49.920> Earth<00:36:50.760> and<00:36:51.200> 100,000 33:43.503 --> 33:43.513 align:start position:0% asteroids near the Earth and 100,000 33:43.513 --> 33:46.423 align:start position:0% asteroids near the Earth and 100,000 Trojan<00:36:53.160> asteroids<00:36:53.800> in<00:36:54.000> Jupiter's<00:36:54.560> orbit. 33:46.423 --> 33:46.433 align:start position:0% Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit. 33:46.433 --> 33:49.063 align:start position:0% Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit. Strictly<00:36:56.000> speaking,<00:36:56.920> if<00:36:57.120> Pluto<00:36:57.560> failed<00:36:57.960> its 33:49.063 --> 33:49.073 align:start position:0% Strictly speaking, if Pluto failed its 33:49.073 --> 33:52.303 align:start position:0% Strictly speaking, if Pluto failed its definition<00:36:58.800> on<00:36:59.000> this<00:36:59.280> count,<00:37:00.120> shouldn't<00:37:00.560> we 33:52.303 --> 33:52.313 align:start position:0% definition on this count, shouldn't we 33:52.313 --> 33:54.423 align:start position:0% definition on this count, shouldn't we shouldn't<00:37:02.080> Jupiter? 33:54.423 --> 33:54.433 align:start position:0% shouldn't Jupiter? 33:54.433 --> 33:56.663 align:start position:0% shouldn't Jupiter? Now<00:37:03.760> we've<00:37:03.960> seen<00:37:04.440> the<00:37:04.640> rich<00:37:05.040> and<00:37:05.200> complex 33:56.663 --> 33:56.673 align:start position:0% Now we've seen the rich and complex 33:56.673 --> 33:58.703 align:start position:0% Now we've seen the rich and complex geological<00:37:06.400> processes<00:37:07.040> that<00:37:07.240> take<00:37:07.520> place 33:58.703 --> 33:58.713 align:start position:0% geological processes that take place 33:58.713 --> 34:01.023 align:start position:0% geological processes that take place across<00:37:08.160> Pluto's<00:37:08.560> surface.<00:37:09.480> There<00:37:09.680> are<00:37:09.800> some 34:01.023 --> 34:01.033 align:start position:0% across Pluto's surface. There are some 34:01.033 --> 34:02.663 align:start position:0% across Pluto's surface. There are some scientists<00:37:10.720> who<00:37:10.880> believe<00:37:11.320> that<00:37:11.480> this 34:02.663 --> 34:02.673 align:start position:0% scientists who believe that this 34:02.673 --> 34:04.663 align:start position:0% scientists who believe that this complexity<00:37:12.920> should<00:37:13.080> be<00:37:13.200> taken<00:37:13.560> into 34:04.663 --> 34:04.673 align:start position:0% complexity should be taken into 34:04.673 --> 34:06.423 align:start position:0% complexity should be taken into consideration<00:37:14.560> when<00:37:14.760> deciding<00:37:15.280> whether 34:06.423 --> 34:06.433 align:start position:0% consideration when deciding whether 34:06.433 --> 34:08.663 align:start position:0% consideration when deciding whether something<00:37:16.000> is<00:37:16.160> a<00:37:16.240> planet<00:37:16.680> or<00:37:16.800> not. 34:08.663 --> 34:08.673 align:start position:0% something is a planet or not. 34:08.673 --> 34:10.623 align:start position:0% something is a planet or not. They<00:37:18.000> argue<00:37:18.360> it<00:37:18.480> should<00:37:18.720> take<00:37:19.040> precedence 34:10.623 --> 34:10.633 align:start position:0% They argue it should take precedence 34:10.633 --> 34:12.543 align:start position:0% They argue it should take precedence over<00:37:20.040> the<00:37:20.160> requirement<00:37:21.000> that<00:37:21.120> the<00:37:21.240> planet 34:12.543 --> 34:12.553 align:start position:0% over the requirement that the planet 34:12.553 --> 34:15.183 align:start position:0% over the requirement that the planet should<00:37:22.040> have<00:37:22.240> cleared<00:37:22.640> out<00:37:22.880> its<00:37:23.080> orbit. 34:15.183 --> 34:15.193 align:start position:0% should have cleared out its orbit. 34:15.193 --> 34:17.383 align:start position:0% should have cleared out its orbit. So,<00:37:24.960> with<00:37:25.240> the<00:37:25.360> administrator<00:37:26.000> of<00:37:26.120> NASA 34:17.383 --> 34:17.393 align:start position:0% So, with the administrator of NASA 34:17.393 --> 34:20.103 align:start position:0% So, with the administrator of NASA seemingly<00:37:27.160> in<00:37:27.320> favor<00:37:27.880> of<00:37:28.000> the<00:37:28.160> idea, 34:20.103 --> 34:20.113 align:start position:0% seemingly in favor of the idea, 34:20.113 --> 34:22.583 align:start position:0% seemingly in favor of the idea, it's<00:37:29.440> possible<00:37:30.440> that<00:37:30.560> scientists<00:37:31.040> may<00:37:31.320> one 34:22.583 --> 34:22.593 align:start position:0% it's possible that scientists may one 34:22.593 --> 34:25.223 align:start position:0% it's possible that scientists may one day<00:37:32.040> revisit<00:37:32.880> the<00:37:32.920> definition. 34:25.223 --> 34:25.233 align:start position:0% day revisit the definition. 34:25.233 --> 34:27.343 align:start position:0% day revisit the definition. After<00:37:34.720> all,<00:37:35.240> the<00:37:35.320> only<00:37:35.520> thing<00:37:35.720> that<00:37:35.960> truly 34:27.343 --> 34:27.353 align:start position:0% After all, the only thing that truly 34:27.353 --> 34:29.303 align:start position:0% After all, the only thing that truly makes<00:37:36.840> an<00:37:36.960> object<00:37:37.320> a<00:37:37.400> planet<00:37:38.080> is<00:37:38.200> enough 34:29.303 --> 34:29.313 align:start position:0% makes an object a planet is enough 34:29.313 --> 34:31.503 align:start position:0% makes an object a planet is enough people<00:37:38.720> agreeing<00:37:39.320> that<00:37:39.480> it<00:37:39.640> is. 34:31.503 --> 34:31.513 align:start position:0% people agreeing that it is. 34:31.513 --> 34:34.263 align:start position:0% people agreeing that it is. The<00:37:40.720> term<00:37:40.960> planet<00:37:41.560> is<00:37:41.960> entirely<00:37:42.920> a<00:37:43.000> human 34:34.263 --> 34:34.273 align:start position:0% The term planet is entirely a human 34:34.273 --> 34:36.743 align:start position:0% The term planet is entirely a human definition.<00:37:44.520> And<00:37:44.680> if<00:37:44.800> we<00:37:44.920> decide<00:37:45.480> that<00:37:45.640> we 34:36.743 --> 34:36.753 align:start position:0% definition. And if we decide that we 34:36.753 --> 34:38.823 align:start position:0% definition. And if we decide that we want<00:37:46.160> to<00:37:46.280> redefine<00:37:46.880> it<00:37:47.240> based<00:37:47.560> on<00:37:47.720> new 34:38.823 --> 34:38.833 align:start position:0% want to redefine it based on new 34:38.833 --> 34:41.343 align:start position:0% want to redefine it based on new information<00:37:48.760> or<00:37:48.960> considerations,<00:37:50.320> there's 34:41.343 --> 34:41.353 align:start position:0% information or considerations, there's 34:41.353 --> 34:42.983 align:start position:0% information or considerations, there's no<00:37:50.640> reason<00:37:51.040> why<00:37:51.400> that<00:37:51.600> couldn't<00:37:51.840> happen 34:42.983 --> 34:42.993 align:start position:0% no reason why that couldn't happen 34:42.993 --> 34:46.223 align:start position:0% no reason why that couldn't happen again.<00:37:53.000> It's<00:37:53.120> happened<00:37:53.520> once,<00:37:54.040> after<00:37:54.400> all. 34:46.223 --> 34:46.233 align:start position:0% again. It's happened once, after all. 34:46.233 --> 34:48.063 align:start position:0% again. It's happened once, after all. So,<00:37:55.600> it<00:37:55.720> will<00:37:55.840> be<00:37:55.960> very<00:37:56.200> interesting<00:37:56.760> to<00:37:56.880> see 34:48.063 --> 34:48.073 align:start position:0% So, it will be very interesting to see 34:48.073 --> 34:50.063 align:start position:0% So, it will be very interesting to see what<00:37:57.480> Isaac<00:37:57.840> Asimov<00:37:58.080> meant<00:37:58.400> by<00:37:59.000> "We're 34:50.063 --> 34:50.073 align:start position:0% what Isaac Asimov meant by "We're 34:50.073 --> 34:52.503 align:start position:0% what Isaac Asimov meant by "We're looking<00:37:59.480> into<00:37:59.720> this."<00:38:00.520> But,<00:38:01.120> whether<00:38:01.440> it's<00:38:01.600> a 34:52.503 --> 34:52.513 align:start position:0% looking into this." But, whether it's a 34:52.513 --> 34:55.263 align:start position:0% looking into this." But, whether it's a planet<00:38:02.040> or<00:38:02.160> not,<00:38:03.000> Pluto<00:38:03.400> will<00:38:03.600> continue 34:55.263 --> 34:55.273 align:start position:0% planet or not, Pluto will continue 34:55.273 --> 34:57.303 align:start position:0% planet or not, Pluto will continue drawing<00:38:04.666> [music]<00:38:05.000> our<00:38:05.200> fascination,<00:38:06.240> our 34:57.303 --> 34:57.313 align:start position:0% drawing [music] our fascination, our 34:57.313 --> 35:00.983 align:start position:0% drawing [music] our fascination, our curiosity,<00:38:07.640> and<00:38:07.800> our<00:38:08.120> awe.<00:38:09.080> A<00:38:09.160> rose<00:38:09.680> by<00:38:09.880> any 35:00.983 --> 35:00.993 align:start position:0% curiosity, and our awe. A rose by any 35:00.993 --> 35:03.343 align:start position:0% curiosity, and our awe. A rose by any other<00:38:10.280> name<00:38:11.080> will<00:38:11.240> still<00:38:11.480> smell<00:38:11.840> as<00:38:11.960> sweet, 35:03.343 --> 35:03.353 align:start position:0% other name will still smell as sweet, 35:03.353 --> 35:06.143 align:start position:0% other name will still smell as sweet, after<00:38:12.800> all.<00:38:13.640> Apparently,<00:38:14.640> the<00:38:14.720> same<00:38:15.040> thing 35:06.143 --> 35:06.153 align:start position:0% after all. Apparently, the same thing 35:06.153 --> 35:08.383 align:start position:0% after all. Apparently, the same thing goes<00:38:15.680> for<00:38:15.880> the<00:38:16.000> beauty<00:38:16.520> and<00:38:16.720> charm<00:38:17.320> of<00:38:17.400> the 35:08.383 --> 35:08.393 align:start position:0% goes for the beauty and charm of the 35:08.393 --> 35:15.543 align:start position:0% goes for the beauty and charm of the place<00:38:18.000> we<00:38:18.160> call<00:38:18.720> Pluto.