WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:05.111 align:start position:0% could even solve two of the biggest mysteries<00:01:40.560> in<00:01:40.880> modern<00:01:41.280> physics. 00:05.111 --> 00:05.121 align:start position:0% 00:05.121 --> 00:08.951 align:start position:0% Around<00:01:46.000> 27,000<00:01:47.439> lightyears<00:01:47.920> from<00:01:48.159> Earth,<00:01:48.880> in 00:08.951 --> 00:08.961 align:start position:0% Around 27,000 lightyears from Earth, in 00:08.961 --> 00:11.271 align:start position:0% Around 27,000 lightyears from Earth, in the<00:01:49.200> very<00:01:49.520> center<00:01:49.840> of<00:01:50.000> our<00:01:50.320> galaxy<00:01:51.200> is 00:11.271 --> 00:11.281 align:start position:0% the very center of our galaxy is 00:11.281 --> 00:15.030 align:start position:0% the very center of our galaxy is Sagittarius,<00:01:52.320> a<00:01:52.720> star,<00:01:53.680> a<00:01:53.920> massive<00:01:54.560> and 00:15.030 --> 00:15.040 align:start position:0% Sagittarius, a star, a massive and 00:15.040 --> 00:17.990 align:start position:0% Sagittarius, a star, a massive and extremely<00:01:56.000> compact<00:01:56.560> object<00:01:57.119> shrouded<00:01:57.680> in 00:17.990 --> 00:18.000 align:start position:0% extremely compact object shrouded in 00:18.000 --> 00:21.030 align:start position:0% extremely compact object shrouded in dense<00:01:58.479> clouds<00:01:58.880> of<00:01:59.119> interstellar<00:01:59.759> dust<00:02:00.560> that 00:21.030 --> 00:21.040 align:start position:0% dense clouds of interstellar dust that 00:21.040 --> 00:24.151 align:start position:0% dense clouds of interstellar dust that by<00:02:01.360> its<00:02:01.600> very<00:02:01.920> nature<00:02:02.880> we<00:02:03.200> cannot<00:02:03.680> observe 00:24.151 --> 00:24.161 align:start position:0% by its very nature we cannot observe 00:24.161 --> 00:26.630 align:start position:0% by its very nature we cannot observe directly.<00:02:05.600> The<00:02:05.840> first<00:02:06.079> clues<00:02:06.320> of<00:02:06.479> its 00:26.630 --> 00:26.640 align:start position:0% directly. The first clues of its 00:26.640 --> 00:29.271 align:start position:0% directly. The first clues of its existence<00:02:07.040> were<00:02:07.280> found<00:02:07.520> in<00:02:07.759> the<00:02:07.920> 1930s<00:02:08.959> when 00:29.271 --> 00:29.281 align:start position:0% existence were found in the 1930s when 00:29.281 --> 00:32.631 align:start position:0% existence were found in the 1930s when Carl<00:02:09.759> Jansky<00:02:10.720> detected<00:02:11.360> an<00:02:11.680> unusual<00:02:12.319> radio 00:32.631 --> 00:32.641 align:start position:0% Carl Jansky detected an unusual radio 00:32.641 --> 00:34.471 align:start position:0% Carl Jansky detected an unusual radio signal<00:02:13.120> coming<00:02:13.360> from<00:02:13.599> the<00:02:13.760> direction<00:02:14.160> of<00:02:14.319> the 00:34.471 --> 00:34.481 align:start position:0% signal coming from the direction of the 00:34.481 --> 00:37.831 align:start position:0% signal coming from the direction of the Sagittarius<00:02:15.520> constellation.<00:02:16.879> At<00:02:17.120> the<00:02:17.360> time, 00:37.831 --> 00:37.841 align:start position:0% Sagittarius constellation. At the time, 00:37.841 --> 00:40.311 align:start position:0% Sagittarius constellation. At the time, no<00:02:18.160> one<00:02:18.319> knew<00:02:18.480> what<00:02:18.720> it<00:02:18.879> was.<00:02:19.760> Black<00:02:20.000> holes 00:40.311 --> 00:40.321 align:start position:0% no one knew what it was. Black holes 00:40.321 --> 00:42.471 align:start position:0% no one knew what it was. Black holes were<00:02:20.560> still<00:02:20.800> considered<00:02:21.360> mere<00:02:21.760> mathematical 00:42.471 --> 00:42.481 align:start position:0% were still considered mere mathematical 00:42.481 --> 00:45.831 align:start position:0% were still considered mere mathematical curiosities<00:02:23.760> and<00:02:24.080> hypotheses<00:02:24.959> about<00:02:25.360> what<00:02:25.680> it 00:45.831 --> 00:45.841 align:start position:0% curiosities and hypotheses about what it 00:45.841 --> 00:48.230 align:start position:0% curiosities and hypotheses about what it might<00:02:26.239> be<00:02:26.800> buzzed<00:02:27.280> around<00:02:27.599> the<00:02:27.840> scientific 00:48.230 --> 00:48.240 align:start position:0% might be buzzed around the scientific 00:48.240 --> 00:51.591 align:start position:0% might be buzzed around the scientific community.<00:02:29.360> Could<00:02:29.680> it<00:02:29.840> be<00:02:30.239> clouds<00:02:30.720> of<00:02:31.280> star 00:51.591 --> 00:51.601 align:start position:0% community. Could it be clouds of star 00:51.601 --> 00:54.150 align:start position:0% community. Could it be clouds of star clusters<00:02:32.640> or<00:02:32.959> perhaps<00:02:33.360> remnants<00:02:33.840> from<00:02:34.000> a 00:54.150 --> 00:54.160 align:start position:0% clusters or perhaps remnants from a 00:54.160 --> 00:55.671 align:start position:0% clusters or perhaps remnants from a supernova? 00:55.671 --> 00:55.681 align:start position:0% supernova? 00:55.681 --> 00:58.631 align:start position:0% supernova? It<00:02:36.000> wasn't<00:02:36.319> until<00:02:36.879> 1974<00:02:37.920> that<00:02:38.160> it<00:02:38.400> was 00:58.631 --> 00:58.641 align:start position:0% It wasn't until 1974 that it was 00:58.641 --> 01:01.991 align:start position:0% It wasn't until 1974 that it was identified<00:02:39.200> as<00:02:39.519> a<00:02:39.760> single<00:02:40.480> compact<00:02:41.040> object<00:02:41.760> by 01:01.991 --> 01:02.001 align:start position:0% identified as a single compact object by 01:02.001 --> 01:05.351 align:start position:0% identified as a single compact object by Bruce<00:02:42.480> Balac<00:02:43.120> and<00:02:43.360> Robert<00:02:43.760> L.<00:02:44.080> Brown.<00:02:45.040> Brown 01:05.351 --> 01:05.361 align:start position:0% Bruce Balac and Robert L. Brown. Brown 01:05.361 --> 01:08.870 align:start position:0% Bruce Balac and Robert L. Brown. Brown later<00:02:45.680> named<00:02:46.000> it<00:02:46.319> Sagittarius<00:02:47.200> A<00:02:47.440> star.<00:02:48.640> The 01:08.870 --> 01:08.880 align:start position:0% later named it Sagittarius A star. The 01:08.880 --> 01:10.790 align:start position:0% later named it Sagittarius A star. The theoretical<00:02:49.760> groundwork<00:02:50.160> for<00:02:50.400> the<00:02:50.560> existence 01:10.790 --> 01:10.800 align:start position:0% theoretical groundwork for the existence 01:10.800 --> 01:12.951 align:start position:0% theoretical groundwork for the existence of<00:02:51.040> black<00:02:51.280> holes<00:02:51.840> had<00:02:52.160> been<00:02:52.319> laid<00:02:52.640> in<00:02:52.879> the 01:12.951 --> 01:12.961 align:start position:0% of black holes had been laid in the 01:12.961 --> 01:15.271 align:start position:0% of black holes had been laid in the intervening<00:02:53.680> decades,<00:02:54.400> and<00:02:54.560> it<00:02:54.800> didn't<00:02:55.040> take 01:15.271 --> 01:15.281 align:start position:0% intervening decades, and it didn't take 01:15.281 --> 01:17.671 align:start position:0% intervening decades, and it didn't take long<00:02:55.680> before<00:02:56.319> two<00:02:56.640> and<00:02:56.959> two<00:02:57.280> were<00:02:57.519> put 01:17.671 --> 01:17.681 align:start position:0% long before two and two were put 01:17.681 --> 01:20.391 align:start position:0% long before two and two were put together,<00:02:58.480> and<00:02:58.800> speculation<00:02:59.599> grew<00:03:00.239> that 01:20.391 --> 01:20.401 align:start position:0% together, and speculation grew that 01:20.401 --> 01:23.751 align:start position:0% together, and speculation grew that Sagittarius<00:03:01.200> A<00:03:01.519> star<00:03:02.080> was<00:03:02.480> likely<00:03:02.959> one<00:03:03.440> of 01:23.751 --> 01:23.761 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star was likely one of 01:23.761 --> 01:27.031 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star was likely one of gargantuan<00:03:04.879> size.<00:03:06.239> As<00:03:06.560> observations 01:27.031 --> 01:27.041 align:start position:0% gargantuan size. As observations 01:27.041 --> 01:29.591 align:start position:0% gargantuan size. As observations improved<00:03:07.599> in<00:03:07.760> the<00:03:07.920> 1990s,<00:03:08.879> astronomers<00:03:09.519> were 01:29.591 --> 01:29.601 align:start position:0% improved in the 1990s, astronomers were 01:29.601 --> 01:32.311 align:start position:0% improved in the 1990s, astronomers were able<00:03:09.840> to<00:03:10.000> see<00:03:10.319> stars<00:03:10.720> orbiting<00:03:11.360> an<00:03:11.599> apparently 01:32.311 --> 01:32.321 align:start position:0% able to see stars orbiting an apparently 01:32.321 --> 01:34.951 align:start position:0% able to see stars orbiting an apparently empty<00:03:12.879> region<00:03:13.200> of<00:03:13.440> space<00:03:13.760> at<00:03:14.239> astonishing 01:34.951 --> 01:34.961 align:start position:0% empty region of space at astonishing 01:34.961 --> 01:37.831 align:start position:0% empty region of space at astonishing speeds.<00:03:16.159> Since<00:03:16.480> those<00:03:16.720> stars<00:03:17.200> must<00:03:17.519> be<00:03:17.680> under 01:37.831 --> 01:37.841 align:start position:0% speeds. Since those stars must be under 01:37.841 --> 01:39.991 align:start position:0% speeds. Since those stars must be under the<00:03:18.080> influence<00:03:18.480> of<00:03:18.720> something<00:03:19.440> millions<00:03:19.920> of 01:39.991 --> 01:40.001 align:start position:0% the influence of something millions of 01:40.001 --> 01:42.471 align:start position:0% the influence of something millions of times<00:03:20.400> the<00:03:20.560> mass<00:03:20.800> of<00:03:20.959> our<00:03:21.200> own<00:03:21.519> sun,<00:03:22.239> they 01:42.471 --> 01:42.481 align:start position:0% times the mass of our own sun, they 01:42.481 --> 01:45.351 align:start position:0% times the mass of our own sun, they became<00:03:23.120> the<00:03:23.599> strongest<00:03:24.239> evidence<00:03:24.720> we<00:03:25.040> have 01:45.351 --> 01:45.361 align:start position:0% became the strongest evidence we have 01:45.361 --> 01:48.790 align:start position:0% became the strongest evidence we have for<00:03:25.680> a<00:03:26.000> super<00:03:26.400> massive<00:03:26.879> black<00:03:27.120> hole.<00:03:28.400> The<00:03:28.640> path 01:48.790 --> 01:48.800 align:start position:0% for a super massive black hole. The path 01:48.800 --> 01:52.230 align:start position:0% for a super massive black hole. The path of<00:03:29.040> these<00:03:29.280> stars,<00:03:29.840> termed<00:03:30.640> s<00:03:30.879> stars,<00:03:31.760> became 01:52.230 --> 01:52.240 align:start position:0% of these stars, termed s stars, became 01:52.240 --> 01:54.790 align:start position:0% of these stars, termed s stars, became remarkably<00:03:33.040> wellmapped.<00:03:34.239> They<00:03:34.560> are<00:03:34.640> the 01:54.790 --> 01:54.800 align:start position:0% remarkably wellmapped. They are the 01:54.800 --> 01:57.111 align:start position:0% remarkably wellmapped. They are the closest<00:03:35.360> known<00:03:35.680> stars<00:03:36.080> to<00:03:36.319> Sagittarius<00:03:36.959> A 01:57.111 --> 01:57.121 align:start position:0% closest known stars to Sagittarius A 01:57.121 --> 02:01.351 align:start position:0% closest known stars to Sagittarius A star<00:03:37.840> and<00:03:38.080> move<00:03:38.319> at<00:03:38.640> speeds<00:03:39.040> of<00:03:39.280> up<00:03:39.519> to<00:03:40.000> 24,000 02:01.351 --> 02:01.361 align:start position:0% star and move at speeds of up to 24,000 02:01.361 --> 02:06.230 align:start position:0% star and move at speeds of up to 24,000 km<00:03:42.400> a<00:03:42.799> second<00:03:43.840> which<00:03:44.000> is<00:03:44.159> around<00:03:44.720> 8%<00:03:45.760> the<00:03:46.080> speed 02:06.230 --> 02:06.240 align:start position:0% km a second which is around 8% the speed 02:06.240 --> 02:10.311 align:start position:0% km a second which is around 8% the speed of<00:03:46.480> light.<00:03:47.760> One<00:03:48.000> of<00:03:48.080> them<00:03:48.720> S2<00:03:49.760> completes<00:03:50.159> a 02:10.311 --> 02:10.321 align:start position:0% of light. One of them S2 completes a 02:10.321 --> 02:13.991 align:start position:0% of light. One of them S2 completes a full<00:03:50.640> orbit<00:03:51.120> in<00:03:51.360> just<00:03:51.680> under<00:03:52.239> 16<00:03:52.799> years.<00:03:53.840> For 02:13.991 --> 02:14.001 align:start position:0% full orbit in just under 16 years. For 02:14.001 --> 02:17.911 align:start position:0% full orbit in just under 16 years. For context,<00:03:54.959> our<00:03:55.360> sun<00:03:55.840> takes<00:03:56.239> more<00:03:56.480> than<00:03:56.959> 200 02:17.911 --> 02:17.921 align:start position:0% context, our sun takes more than 200 02:17.921 --> 02:20.471 align:start position:0% context, our sun takes more than 200 million<00:03:58.480> years<00:03:59.040> to<00:03:59.360> complete<00:03:59.760> its<00:04:00.080> orbit<00:04:00.400> of 02:20.471 --> 02:20.481 align:start position:0% million years to complete its orbit of 02:20.481 --> 02:23.591 align:start position:0% million years to complete its orbit of the<00:04:00.720> galaxy.<00:04:02.159> By<00:04:02.640> tracking<00:04:03.040> the<00:04:03.200> orbital 02:23.591 --> 02:23.601 align:start position:0% the galaxy. By tracking the orbital 02:23.601 --> 02:26.230 align:start position:0% the galaxy. By tracking the orbital motion<00:04:04.000> of<00:04:04.159> these<00:04:04.480> S<00:04:04.799> stars,<00:04:05.439> astronomers<00:04:06.080> can 02:26.230 --> 02:26.240 align:start position:0% motion of these S stars, astronomers can 02:26.240 --> 02:28.551 align:start position:0% motion of these S stars, astronomers can calculate<00:04:06.720> the<00:04:07.040> size<00:04:07.280> of<00:04:07.680> whatever<00:04:08.159> it<00:04:08.400> is 02:28.551 --> 02:28.561 align:start position:0% calculate the size of whatever it is 02:28.561 --> 02:29.991 align:start position:0% calculate the size of whatever it is that<00:04:08.879> is<00:04:09.040> sitting<00:04:09.280> at<00:04:09.439> the<00:04:09.599> heart<00:04:09.760> of<00:04:09.920> the 02:29.991 --> 02:30.001 align:start position:0% that is sitting at the heart of the 02:30.001 --> 02:32.951 align:start position:0% that is sitting at the heart of the Milky<00:04:10.400> Way.<00:04:11.360> In<00:04:11.599> fact,<00:04:11.840> the<00:04:12.080> researchers<00:04:12.640> who 02:32.951 --> 02:32.961 align:start position:0% Milky Way. In fact, the researchers who 02:32.961 --> 02:35.831 align:start position:0% Milky Way. In fact, the researchers who did<00:04:13.280> this<00:04:13.920> won<00:04:14.159> the<00:04:14.319> Nobel<00:04:14.879> Prize<00:04:15.200> in<00:04:15.519> physics 02:35.831 --> 02:35.841 align:start position:0% did this won the Nobel Prize in physics 02:35.841 --> 02:37.990 align:start position:0% did this won the Nobel Prize in physics in<00:04:16.239> 2020. 02:37.861 --> 02:40.731 align:start position:0% the galaxy where two independent teams led<00:05:56.880> by<00:05:57.039> Reinhardt<00:05:57.680> Gensel<00:05:58.320> at<00:05:58.479> the<00:05:58.639> Max<00:05:58.960> Plank 02:40.731 --> 02:40.741 align:start position:0% led by Reinhardt Gensel at the Max Plank 02:40.741 --> 02:44.571 align:start position:0% led by Reinhardt Gensel at the Max Plank Institute<00:05:59.919> and<00:06:00.479> Andrea<00:06:01.120> GZ<00:06:01.680> at<00:06:02.000> UCLA<00:06:03.120> found 02:44.571 --> 02:44.581 align:start position:0% Institute and Andrea GZ at UCLA found 02:44.581 --> 02:46.811 align:start position:0% Institute and Andrea GZ at UCLA found that<00:06:03.520> Sagittarius<00:06:04.160> A<00:06:04.400> star<00:06:04.720> has<00:06:04.880> a<00:06:05.039> mass<00:06:05.280> of 02:46.811 --> 02:46.821 align:start position:0% that Sagittarius A star has a mass of 02:46.821 --> 02:50.651 align:start position:0% that Sagittarius A star has a mass of around<00:06:06.080> 4.3<00:06:07.360> million<00:06:07.840> suns<00:06:08.800> and<00:06:09.039> it's 02:50.651 --> 02:50.661 align:start position:0% around 4.3 million suns and it's 02:50.661 --> 02:55.050 align:start position:0% around 4.3 million suns and it's confined<00:06:09.759> to<00:06:09.919> a<00:06:10.080> region<00:06:10.720> only<00:06:11.280> 23.5<00:06:12.639> to<00:06:13.120> 25 02:55.050 --> 02:55.060 align:start position:0% confined to a region only 23.5 to 25 02:55.060 --> 02:57.851 align:start position:0% confined to a region only 23.5 to 25 million<00:06:14.080> km<00:06:14.639> across<00:06:15.360> which<00:06:15.600> is<00:06:15.840> small<00:06:16.080> enough 02:57.851 --> 02:57.861 align:start position:0% million km across which is small enough 02:57.861 --> 03:01.291 align:start position:0% million km across which is small enough to<00:06:16.800> fit<00:06:17.199> within<00:06:17.759> the<00:06:18.000> orbit<00:06:18.319> of<00:06:18.479> Venus.<00:06:19.680> Their 03:01.291 --> 03:01.301 align:start position:0% to fit within the orbit of Venus. Their 03:01.301 --> 03:03.371 align:start position:0% to fit within the orbit of Venus. Their Nobel<00:06:20.479> prize<00:06:20.800> was<00:06:21.039> shared<00:06:21.360> with<00:06:21.680> Roger 03:03.371 --> 03:03.381 align:start position:0% Nobel prize was shared with Roger 03:03.381 --> 03:05.770 align:start position:0% Nobel prize was shared with Roger Penrose<00:06:22.880> who<00:06:23.120> provided<00:06:23.520> the<00:06:23.759> mathematical 03:05.770 --> 03:05.780 align:start position:0% Penrose who provided the mathematical 03:05.780 --> 03:08.011 align:start position:0% Penrose who provided the mathematical proof<00:06:24.800> that<00:06:25.039> black<00:06:25.280> holes<00:06:25.680> are<00:06:25.919> a<00:06:26.160> direct 03:08.011 --> 03:08.021 align:start position:0% proof that black holes are a direct 03:08.021 --> 03:10.411 align:start position:0% proof that black holes are a direct consequence<00:06:27.520> of<00:06:27.759> Albert<00:06:28.160> Einstein's<00:06:28.800> theory 03:10.411 --> 03:10.421 align:start position:0% consequence of Albert Einstein's theory 03:10.421 --> 03:12.651 align:start position:0% consequence of Albert Einstein's theory of<00:06:29.280> relativity.<00:06:30.720> It<00:06:30.880> seemed<00:06:31.120> that 03:12.651 --> 03:12.661 align:start position:0% of relativity. It seemed that 03:12.661 --> 03:15.050 align:start position:0% of relativity. It seemed that Sagittarius<00:06:32.080> A<00:06:32.319> star's<00:06:32.720> status<00:06:33.039> as<00:06:33.280> a<00:06:33.440> super 03:15.050 --> 03:15.060 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star's status as a super 03:15.060 --> 03:18.171 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star's status as a super massive<00:06:34.160> black<00:06:34.400> hole<00:06:34.960> was<00:06:35.280> cemented. 03:18.171 --> 03:18.181 align:start position:0% massive black hole was cemented. 03:18.181 --> 03:21.291 align:start position:0% massive black hole was cemented. But<00:06:37.199> detail<00:06:37.680> here<00:06:38.160> is<00:06:38.479> important<00:06:39.520> and<00:06:39.759> the 03:21.291 --> 03:21.301 align:start position:0% But detail here is important and the 03:21.301 --> 03:24.171 align:start position:0% But detail here is important and the official<00:06:40.400> citation<00:06:41.120> on<00:06:41.440> Gensel<00:06:42.000> and<00:06:42.240> GZ's 03:24.171 --> 03:24.181 align:start position:0% official citation on Gensel and GZ's 03:24.181 --> 03:27.291 align:start position:0% official citation on Gensel and GZ's Nobel<00:06:43.440> Prize<00:06:43.840> reads<00:06:44.479> for<00:06:44.720> the<00:06:44.960> discovery<00:06:45.440> of<00:06:45.680> a 03:27.291 --> 03:27.301 align:start position:0% Nobel Prize reads for the discovery of a 03:27.301 --> 03:30.731 align:start position:0% Nobel Prize reads for the discovery of a super<00:06:46.400> massive<00:06:47.360> compact<00:06:48.160> object<00:06:48.960> at<00:06:49.199> the 03:30.731 --> 03:30.741 align:start position:0% super massive compact object at the 03:30.741 --> 03:33.531 align:start position:0% super massive compact object at the center<00:06:49.680> of<00:06:49.919> our<00:06:50.240> galaxy.<00:06:51.360> And<00:06:51.680> whilst<00:06:52.000> the 03:33.531 --> 03:33.541 align:start position:0% center of our galaxy. And whilst the 03:33.541 --> 03:36.891 align:start position:0% center of our galaxy. And whilst the consensus<00:06:52.880> is<00:06:53.199> that<00:06:53.600> Sagittarius<00:06:54.400> A<00:06:54.720> star<00:06:55.199> is 03:36.891 --> 03:36.901 align:start position:0% consensus is that Sagittarius A star is 03:36.901 --> 03:40.011 align:start position:0% consensus is that Sagittarius A star is a<00:06:55.919> super<00:06:56.160> massive<00:06:56.560> black<00:06:56.800> hole,<00:06:57.600> it<00:06:57.840> has<00:06:58.080> not 03:40.011 --> 03:40.021 align:start position:0% a super massive black hole, it has not 03:40.021 --> 03:43.050 align:start position:0% a super massive black hole, it has not actually<00:06:59.120> been<00:06:59.360> proven<00:07:00.160> and<00:07:00.479> scientists<00:07:01.360> are 03:43.050 --> 03:43.060 align:start position:0% actually been proven and scientists are 03:43.060 --> 03:46.490 align:start position:0% actually been proven and scientists are still<00:07:02.240> testing<00:07:02.880> alternative<00:07:03.599> ideas.<00:07:04.960> In 03:46.490 --> 03:46.500 align:start position:0% still testing alternative ideas. In 03:46.500 --> 03:49.531 align:start position:0% still testing alternative ideas. In fact,<00:07:05.840> it's<00:07:06.319> never<00:07:06.639> been<00:07:06.880> the<00:07:07.280> only<00:07:07.680> possible 03:49.531 --> 03:49.541 align:start position:0% fact, it's never been the only possible 03:49.541 --> 03:51.930 align:start position:0% fact, it's never been the only possible explanation,<00:07:09.199> and<00:07:09.520> other<00:07:09.759> theories<00:07:10.319> have 03:51.930 --> 03:51.940 align:start position:0% explanation, and other theories have 03:51.940 --> 03:54.171 align:start position:0% explanation, and other theories have been<00:07:10.800> around<00:07:11.199> since<00:07:11.520> the<00:07:11.759> first<00:07:12.080> detection<00:07:12.639> of 03:54.171 --> 03:54.181 align:start position:0% been around since the first detection of 03:54.181 --> 03:57.291 align:start position:0% been around since the first detection of Sagittarius<00:07:13.599> A<00:07:13.840> stars<00:07:14.479> radio<00:07:14.880> signal.<00:07:15.840> But 03:57.291 --> 03:57.301 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A stars radio signal. But 03:57.301 --> 03:59.770 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A stars radio signal. But the<00:07:16.240> discourse<00:07:16.800> moved<00:07:17.120> to<00:07:17.360> the<00:07:17.520> fringes<00:07:18.080> as 03:59.770 --> 03:59.780 align:start position:0% the discourse moved to the fringes as 03:59.780 --> 04:01.930 align:start position:0% the discourse moved to the fringes as other<00:07:18.800> possibilities,<00:07:19.680> such<00:07:19.840> as<00:07:20.080> a<00:07:20.319> star 04:01.930 --> 04:01.940 align:start position:0% other possibilities, such as a star 04:01.940 --> 04:05.291 align:start position:0% other possibilities, such as a star cluster,<00:07:21.360> were<00:07:21.599> eliminated<00:07:22.400> as<00:07:22.720> the<00:07:22.960> SAR<00:07:23.520> data 04:05.291 --> 04:05.301 align:start position:0% cluster, were eliminated as the SAR data 04:05.301 --> 04:08.490 align:start position:0% cluster, were eliminated as the SAR data built<00:07:24.400> over<00:07:24.639> the<00:07:24.880> decades.<00:07:26.080> But<00:07:26.400> some<00:07:26.800> ideas 04:08.490 --> 04:08.500 align:start position:0% built over the decades. But some ideas 04:08.500 --> 04:12.971 align:start position:0% built over the decades. But some ideas remain<00:07:28.080> including<00:07:29.360> boson<00:07:30.160> star<00:07:30.639> models<00:07:31.440> which 04:12.971 --> 04:12.981 align:start position:0% remain including boson star models which 04:12.981 --> 04:16.011 align:start position:0% remain including boson star models which propose<00:07:32.080> that<00:07:32.400> Sagittarius<00:07:33.120> A<00:07:33.759> consists<00:07:34.240> of 04:16.011 --> 04:16.021 align:start position:0% propose that Sagittarius A consists of 04:16.021 --> 04:18.651 align:start position:0% propose that Sagittarius A consists of bzonic<00:07:35.440> particles, 04:18.651 --> 04:18.661 align:start position:0% bzonic particles, 04:18.661 --> 04:21.291 align:start position:0% bzonic particles, gravis<00:07:37.840> stars,<00:07:38.880> dark<00:07:39.199> matter<00:07:39.599> cores 04:21.291 --> 04:21.301 align:start position:0% gravis stars, dark matter cores 04:21.301 --> 04:23.691 align:start position:0% gravis stars, dark matter cores surrounded<00:07:40.479> by<00:07:40.639> a<00:07:40.880> shell<00:07:41.199> of<00:07:41.520> high<00:07:41.919> energy 04:23.691 --> 04:23.701 align:start position:0% surrounded by a shell of high energy 04:23.701 --> 04:27.930 align:start position:0% surrounded by a shell of high energy matter<00:07:43.520> and<00:07:44.319> compact<00:07:45.039> cores<00:07:45.919> which<00:07:46.160> are<00:07:46.319> made 04:27.930 --> 04:27.940 align:start position:0% matter and compact cores which are made 04:27.940 --> 04:30.731 align:start position:0% matter and compact cores which are made entirely<00:07:47.360> of<00:07:47.680> dark<00:07:48.000> matter. 04:30.731 --> 04:30.741 align:start position:0% entirely of dark matter. 04:30.741 --> 04:32.731 align:start position:0% entirely of dark matter. To<00:07:49.759> understand<00:07:50.160> why<00:07:50.400> these<00:07:50.720> ideas<00:07:51.120> have 04:32.731 --> 04:32.741 align:start position:0% To understand why these ideas have 04:32.741 --> 04:34.971 align:start position:0% To understand why these ideas have persevered<00:07:52.000> in<00:07:52.240> the<00:07:52.400> literature,<00:07:53.039> we<00:07:53.280> need<00:07:53.440> to 04:34.971 --> 04:34.981 align:start position:0% persevered in the literature, we need to 04:34.981 --> 04:36.811 align:start position:0% persevered in the literature, we need to consider<00:07:54.160> what<00:07:54.400> we<00:07:54.720> don't<00:07:54.960> know<00:07:55.199> about 04:36.811 --> 04:36.821 align:start position:0% consider what we don't know about 04:36.821 --> 04:40.011 align:start position:0% consider what we don't know about Sagittarius<00:07:56.240> A<00:07:56.479> star.<00:07:57.360> And<00:07:57.759> it's<00:07:58.080> here<00:07:58.479> we 04:40.011 --> 04:40.021 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star. And it's here we 04:40.021 --> 04:42.330 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star. And it's here we find<00:07:59.120> one<00:07:59.440> of<00:07:59.520> the<00:07:59.840> greatest<00:08:00.319> unsolved 04:42.330 --> 04:42.340 align:start position:0% find one of the greatest unsolved 04:42.340 --> 04:44.731 align:start position:0% find one of the greatest unsolved problems<00:08:01.520> in<00:08:01.759> astrophysics. 04:44.731 --> 04:44.741 align:start position:0% problems in astrophysics. 04:44.741 --> 04:49.210 align:start position:0% problems in astrophysics. How<00:08:03.840> do<00:08:04.560> super<00:08:04.960> massive<00:08:05.360> black<00:08:05.599> holes<00:08:06.400> form? 04:49.210 --> 04:49.220 align:start position:0% How do super massive black holes form? 04:49.220 --> 04:52.170 align:start position:0% How do super massive black holes form? Well,<00:08:08.240> here's<00:08:08.560> the<00:08:08.720> simple<00:08:09.039> truth.<00:08:10.080> We<00:08:10.479> don't 04:52.170 --> 04:52.180 align:start position:0% Well, here's the simple truth. We don't 04:52.180 --> 04:55.291 align:start position:0% Well, here's the simple truth. We don't know. 04:55.291 --> 04:55.301 align:start position:0% 04:55.301 --> 04:57.531 align:start position:0% Stellar<00:08:14.560> and<00:08:14.960> intermediate<00:08:15.680> mass<00:08:16.000> black 04:57.531 --> 04:57.541 align:start position:0% Stellar and intermediate mass black 04:57.541 --> 05:00.251 align:start position:0% Stellar and intermediate mass black holes,<00:08:16.720> which<00:08:17.120> range<00:08:17.520> from<00:08:17.840> a<00:08:18.240> few<00:08:18.400> times<00:08:18.720> the 05:00.251 --> 05:00.261 align:start position:0% holes, which range from a few times the 05:00.261 --> 05:03.610 align:start position:0% holes, which range from a few times the mass<00:08:19.120> of<00:08:19.280> our<00:08:19.520> sun<00:08:20.160> up<00:08:20.400> to<00:08:20.879> 100,000<00:08:22.000> solar 05:03.610 --> 05:03.620 align:start position:0% mass of our sun up to 100,000 solar 05:03.620 --> 05:06.971 align:start position:0% mass of our sun up to 100,000 solar masses,<00:08:23.360> form<00:08:23.759> when<00:08:24.000> a<00:08:24.240> massive<00:08:24.720> star<00:08:25.120> uses<00:08:25.440> up 05:06.971 --> 05:06.981 align:start position:0% masses, form when a massive star uses up 05:06.981 --> 05:09.691 align:start position:0% masses, form when a massive star uses up its<00:08:26.000> nuclear<00:08:26.479> fuel<00:08:27.039> and<00:08:27.360> collapses<00:08:27.919> in<00:08:28.160> on 05:09.691 --> 05:09.701 align:start position:0% its nuclear fuel and collapses in on 05:09.701 --> 05:12.170 align:start position:0% its nuclear fuel and collapses in on itself.<00:08:29.360> Under<00:08:29.680> certain<00:08:30.080> conditions, 05:12.170 --> 05:12.180 align:start position:0% itself. Under certain conditions, 05:12.180 --> 05:14.091 align:start position:0% itself. Under certain conditions, including<00:08:31.280> the<00:08:31.599> starting<00:08:31.919> mass<00:08:32.159> of<00:08:32.320> the<00:08:32.479> star 05:14.091 --> 05:14.101 align:start position:0% including the starting mass of the star 05:14.101 --> 05:16.330 align:start position:0% including the starting mass of the star relative<00:08:33.200> to<00:08:33.360> the<00:08:33.519> remaining<00:08:34.000> core,<00:08:34.800> these 05:16.330 --> 05:16.340 align:start position:0% relative to the remaining core, these 05:16.340 --> 05:18.731 align:start position:0% relative to the remaining core, these violent<00:08:35.519> deaths<00:08:36.000> leave<00:08:36.320> behind<00:08:36.880> a<00:08:37.200> black 05:18.731 --> 05:18.741 align:start position:0% violent deaths leave behind a black 05:18.741 --> 05:21.531 align:start position:0% violent deaths leave behind a black hole.<00:08:38.399> This<00:08:38.719> process<00:08:39.279> is<00:08:39.680> very<00:08:40.000> well 05:21.531 --> 05:21.541 align:start position:0% hole. This process is very well 05:21.541 --> 05:23.770 align:start position:0% hole. This process is very well understood<00:08:41.039> and<00:08:41.279> the<00:08:41.519> signatures<00:08:42.000> of<00:08:42.159> these 05:23.770 --> 05:23.780 align:start position:0% understood and the signatures of these 05:23.780 --> 05:26.731 align:start position:0% understood and the signatures of these black<00:08:42.719> holes<00:08:43.120> are<00:08:43.519> well<00:08:44.000> observed.<00:08:45.200> Some 05:26.731 --> 05:26.741 align:start position:0% black holes are well observed. Some 05:26.741 --> 05:28.570 align:start position:0% black holes are well observed. Some astronomers<00:08:46.080> estimate<00:08:46.480> that<00:08:46.720> there<00:08:46.959> may<00:08:47.120> be 05:28.570 --> 05:28.580 align:start position:0% astronomers estimate that there may be 05:28.580 --> 05:32.091 align:start position:0% astronomers estimate that there may be as<00:08:47.519> many<00:08:47.839> as<00:08:48.399> 1<00:08:48.880> billion<00:08:49.600> stellar<00:08:50.080> black<00:08:50.240> holes 05:32.091 --> 05:32.101 align:start position:0% as many as 1 billion stellar black holes 05:32.101 --> 05:35.451 align:start position:0% as many as 1 billion stellar black holes in<00:08:51.040> the<00:08:51.279> Milky<00:08:51.680> Way<00:08:52.000> alone.<00:08:53.200> But<00:08:53.440> Sagittarius 05:35.451 --> 05:35.461 align:start position:0% in the Milky Way alone. But Sagittarius 05:35.461 --> 05:37.611 align:start position:0% in the Milky Way alone. But Sagittarius a<00:08:54.399> star<00:08:54.800> is<00:08:55.040> a<00:08:55.360> completely<00:08:55.920> different 05:37.611 --> 05:37.621 align:start position:0% a star is a completely different 05:37.621 --> 05:41.931 align:start position:0% a star is a completely different category.<00:08:57.279> At<00:08:57.680> 4.3<00:08:58.720> million<00:08:59.360> solar<00:08:59.760> masses, 05:41.931 --> 05:41.941 align:start position:0% category. At 4.3 million solar masses, 05:41.941 --> 05:44.250 align:start position:0% category. At 4.3 million solar masses, it<00:09:00.800> is<00:09:01.120> far<00:09:01.440> too<00:09:01.760> large<00:09:02.000> to<00:09:02.240> have<00:09:02.399> formed<00:09:02.720> from 05:44.250 --> 05:44.260 align:start position:0% it is far too large to have formed from 05:44.260 --> 05:46.570 align:start position:0% it is far too large to have formed from the<00:09:03.120> collapse<00:09:03.440> of<00:09:03.680> any<00:09:03.920> known<00:09:04.320> star.<00:09:05.040> There 05:46.570 --> 05:46.580 align:start position:0% the collapse of any known star. There 05:46.580 --> 05:49.130 align:start position:0% the collapse of any known star. There simply<00:09:05.680> are<00:09:06.399> no<00:09:06.640> stars<00:09:07.040> massive<00:09:07.360> enough<00:09:07.600> to 05:49.130 --> 05:49.140 align:start position:0% simply are no stars massive enough to 05:49.140 --> 05:51.931 align:start position:0% simply are no stars massive enough to collapse<00:09:08.480> and<00:09:08.800> form<00:09:09.120> a<00:09:09.440> black<00:09:09.680> hole<00:09:10.080> of<00:09:10.399> this 05:51.931 --> 05:51.941 align:start position:0% collapse and form a black hole of this 05:51.941 --> 05:55.851 align:start position:0% collapse and form a black hole of this scale.<00:09:11.920> Once<00:09:12.240> more,<00:09:12.800> by<00:09:13.120> definition,<00:09:14.000> we 05:55.851 --> 05:55.861 align:start position:0% scale. Once more, by definition, we 05:55.861 --> 05:58.331 align:start position:0% scale. Once more, by definition, we cannot<00:09:14.959> observe<00:09:15.519> black<00:09:15.760> holes<00:09:16.160> directly. 05:58.331 --> 05:58.341 align:start position:0% cannot observe black holes directly. 05:58.341 --> 06:01.051 align:start position:0% cannot observe black holes directly. They<00:09:17.279> do<00:09:17.519> not<00:09:17.680> emit<00:09:18.160> light<00:09:18.720> and<00:09:19.040> photons<00:09:19.600> that 06:01.051 --> 06:01.061 align:start position:0% They do not emit light and photons that 06:01.061 --> 06:03.931 align:start position:0% They do not emit light and photons that cross<00:09:20.000> the<00:09:20.240> event<00:09:20.560> horizon<00:09:21.279> become<00:09:21.760> trapped. 06:03.931 --> 06:03.941 align:start position:0% cross the event horizon become trapped. 06:03.941 --> 06:06.651 align:start position:0% cross the event horizon become trapped. Their<00:09:22.880> existence<00:09:23.360> is<00:09:23.680> only<00:09:24.240> inferred<00:09:24.880> by<00:09:25.120> the 06:06.651 --> 06:06.661 align:start position:0% Their existence is only inferred by the 06:06.661 --> 06:09.291 align:start position:0% Their existence is only inferred by the effects<00:09:25.760> they<00:09:26.080> have<00:09:26.320> in<00:09:26.560> their<00:09:26.800> surroundings. 06:09.291 --> 06:09.301 align:start position:0% effects they have in their surroundings. 06:09.301 --> 06:11.690 align:start position:0% effects they have in their surroundings. And<00:09:28.320> this<00:09:28.560> leaves<00:09:28.800> the<00:09:29.040> door<00:09:29.360> a<00:09:29.600> jar<00:09:29.920> for 06:11.690 --> 06:11.700 align:start position:0% And this leaves the door a jar for 06:11.700 --> 06:14.651 align:start position:0% And this leaves the door a jar for alternative<00:09:31.040> theories.<00:09:32.000> and<00:09:32.240> an<00:09:32.480> elegant<00:09:32.959> one 06:14.651 --> 06:14.661 align:start position:0% alternative theories. and an elegant one 06:14.661 --> 06:18.250 align:start position:0% alternative theories. and an elegant one hit<00:09:33.600> the<00:09:33.839> headlines<00:09:34.320> in<00:09:34.640> February<00:09:35.200> 2026. 06:18.250 --> 06:18.260 align:start position:0% hit the headlines in February 2026. 06:18.260 --> 06:20.570 align:start position:0% hit the headlines in February 2026. Valentina<00:09:37.760> Kresby<00:09:38.399> at<00:09:38.640> Institute<00:09:39.120> of 06:20.570 --> 06:20.580 align:start position:0% Valentina Kresby at Institute of 06:20.580 --> 06:23.690 align:start position:0% Valentina Kresby at Institute of Astrophysics<00:09:40.080> La<00:09:40.240> Plata<00:09:40.800> in<00:09:41.040> Boros<00:09:41.519> Aries 06:23.690 --> 06:23.700 align:start position:0% Astrophysics La Plata in Boros Aries 06:23.700 --> 06:26.891 align:start position:0% Astrophysics La Plata in Boros Aries studies<00:09:42.800> dark<00:09:43.120> matter<00:09:43.600> at<00:09:43.920> galactic<00:09:44.560> scales. 06:26.891 --> 06:26.901 align:start position:0% studies dark matter at galactic scales. 06:26.901 --> 06:29.931 align:start position:0% studies dark matter at galactic scales. She<00:09:46.080> and<00:09:46.399> her<00:09:46.640> collaborators<00:09:47.760> statistically 06:29.931 --> 06:29.941 align:start position:0% She and her collaborators statistically 06:29.941 --> 06:32.011 align:start position:0% She and her collaborators statistically compared<00:09:49.120> an<00:09:49.519> alternative<00:09:50.160> black<00:09:50.399> hole 06:32.011 --> 06:32.021 align:start position:0% compared an alternative black hole 06:32.021 --> 06:34.810 align:start position:0% compared an alternative black hole model,<00:09:51.440> one<00:09:51.680> where<00:09:52.000> Sagittarius<00:09:52.640> A<00:09:52.959> star<00:09:53.279> is 06:34.810 --> 06:34.820 align:start position:0% model, one where Sagittarius A star is 06:34.820 --> 06:38.491 align:start position:0% model, one where Sagittarius A star is composed<00:09:53.920> of<00:09:54.080> a<00:09:54.320> dense<00:09:55.200> dark<00:09:55.680> matter<00:09:56.160> core<00:09:56.959> to 06:38.491 --> 06:38.501 align:start position:0% composed of a dense dark matter core to 06:38.501 --> 06:41.690 align:start position:0% composed of a dense dark matter core to the<00:09:57.360> observational<00:09:58.000> data<00:09:58.399> of<00:09:58.720> S2<00:09:59.440> and<00:09:59.839> five 06:41.690 --> 06:41.700 align:start position:0% the observational data of S2 and five 06:41.700 --> 06:45.531 align:start position:0% the observational data of S2 and five known<00:10:00.880> G<00:10:01.200> objects.<00:10:02.560> G<00:10:02.880> objects<00:10:03.360> are<00:10:03.600> a<00:10:03.920> unique 06:45.531 --> 06:45.541 align:start position:0% known G objects. G objects are a unique 06:45.541 --> 06:47.451 align:start position:0% known G objects. G objects are a unique class<00:10:04.560> of<00:10:04.720> objects<00:10:05.200> discovered<00:10:05.600> in<00:10:05.760> the<00:10:05.920> early 06:47.451 --> 06:47.461 align:start position:0% class of objects discovered in the early 06:47.461 --> 06:51.211 align:start position:0% class of objects discovered in the early 2000s.<00:10:07.200> They<00:10:07.519> behave<00:10:08.000> like<00:10:08.320> stars<00:10:09.200> but<00:10:09.680> look 06:51.211 --> 06:51.221 align:start position:0% 2000s. They behave like stars but look 06:51.221 --> 06:54.011 align:start position:0% 2000s. They behave like stars but look like<00:10:10.160> gas,<00:10:10.959> visibly<00:10:11.600> changing<00:10:12.000> shape<00:10:12.320> as<00:10:12.480> they 06:54.011 --> 06:54.021 align:start position:0% like gas, visibly changing shape as they 06:54.021 --> 06:56.491 align:start position:0% like gas, visibly changing shape as they move<00:10:12.880> closer<00:10:13.200> to<00:10:13.440> Sagittarius<00:10:14.160> A<00:10:14.399> star. 06:56.491 --> 06:56.501 align:start position:0% move closer to Sagittarius A star. 06:56.501 --> 06:58.491 align:start position:0% move closer to Sagittarius A star. distorting<00:10:15.920> under<00:10:16.240> the<00:10:16.399> influence<00:10:16.800> of<00:10:16.959> its 06:58.491 --> 06:58.501 align:start position:0% distorting under the influence of its 06:58.501 --> 07:01.211 align:start position:0% distorting under the influence of its intense<00:10:17.680> gravity.<00:10:18.800> It's<00:10:19.120> thought<00:10:19.360> they<00:10:19.680> could 07:01.211 --> 07:01.221 align:start position:0% intense gravity. It's thought they could 07:01.221 --> 07:04.731 align:start position:0% intense gravity. It's thought they could be<00:10:20.160> compact<00:10:20.800> dust<00:10:21.200> clouds<00:10:21.920> or<00:10:22.240> stars<00:10:22.959> cloaked 07:04.731 --> 07:04.741 align:start position:0% be compact dust clouds or stars cloaked 07:04.741 --> 07:08.491 align:start position:0% be compact dust clouds or stars cloaked in<00:10:23.760> a<00:10:24.000> thick<00:10:24.240> shroud<00:10:24.640> of<00:10:24.800> gas<00:10:25.040> and<00:10:25.200> dust.<00:10:26.560> This 07:08.491 --> 07:08.501 align:start position:0% in a thick shroud of gas and dust. This 07:08.501 --> 07:11.451 align:start position:0% in a thick shroud of gas and dust. This strange<00:10:28.160> shifting<00:10:28.800> morphology<00:10:29.600> would<00:10:29.920> need 07:11.451 --> 07:11.461 align:start position:0% strange shifting morphology would need 07:11.461 --> 07:13.531 align:start position:0% strange shifting morphology would need to<00:10:30.320> be<00:10:30.480> replicated<00:10:31.120> by<00:10:31.440> any<00:10:31.760> models 07:13.531 --> 07:13.541 align:start position:0% to be replicated by any models 07:13.541 --> 07:15.291 align:start position:0% to be replicated by any models challenging<00:10:32.720> the<00:10:32.959> super<00:10:33.200> massive<00:10:33.519> black<00:10:33.760> hole 07:15.291 --> 07:15.301 align:start position:0% challenging the super massive black hole 07:15.301 --> 07:17.370 align:start position:0% challenging the super massive black hole consensus.<00:10:35.040> And<00:10:35.200> that's<00:10:35.519> exactly<00:10:35.839> what 07:17.370 --> 07:17.380 align:start position:0% consensus. And that's exactly what 07:17.380 --> 07:20.091 align:start position:0% consensus. And that's exactly what Cresby<00:10:36.640> set<00:10:36.800> out<00:10:36.959> to<00:10:37.200> do.<00:10:37.760> Her<00:10:38.079> aim<00:10:38.320> was<00:10:38.560> to 07:20.091 --> 07:20.101 align:start position:0% Cresby set out to do. Her aim was to 07:20.101 --> 07:22.570 align:start position:0% Cresby set out to do. Her aim was to determine<00:10:39.360> whether<00:10:39.680> a<00:10:39.920> dark<00:10:40.320> matter<00:10:40.720> core 07:22.570 --> 07:22.580 align:start position:0% determine whether a dark matter core 07:22.580 --> 07:25.531 align:start position:0% determine whether a dark matter core could<00:10:41.839> reproduce<00:10:42.399> the<00:10:42.640> behavior<00:10:42.959> of<00:10:43.279> S2<00:10:44.000> and 07:25.531 --> 07:25.541 align:start position:0% could reproduce the behavior of S2 and 07:25.541 --> 07:27.531 align:start position:0% could reproduce the behavior of S2 and the<00:10:44.480> G<00:10:44.720> objects<00:10:45.200> to<00:10:45.360> the<00:10:45.600> same<00:10:45.839> level<00:10:46.079> of 07:27.531 --> 07:27.541 align:start position:0% the G objects to the same level of 07:27.541 --> 07:30.171 align:start position:0% the G objects to the same level of precision<00:10:46.959> as<00:10:47.279> the<00:10:47.519> black<00:10:47.760> hole<00:10:48.079> model. 07:30.171 --> 07:30.181 align:start position:0% precision as the black hole model. 07:30.181 --> 07:32.250 align:start position:0% precision as the black hole model. Published<00:10:49.279> in<00:10:49.440> the<00:10:49.680> monthly<00:10:50.000> notices<00:10:50.560> of<00:10:50.800> the 07:32.250 --> 07:32.260 align:start position:0% Published in the monthly notices of the 07:32.260 --> 07:34.651 align:start position:0% Published in the monthly notices of the Royal<00:10:51.360> Astronomical<00:10:52.079> Society<00:10:52.560> in<00:10:52.880> February 07:34.651 --> 07:34.661 align:start position:0% Royal Astronomical Society in February 07:34.661 --> 07:39.051 align:start position:0% Royal Astronomical Society in February 2026,<00:10:54.640> the<00:10:54.880> results<00:10:55.360> were<00:10:56.160> remarkable.<00:10:57.440> A 07:39.051 --> 07:39.061 align:start position:0% 2026, the results were remarkable. A 07:39.061 --> 07:41.851 align:start position:0% 2026, the results were remarkable. A dense<00:10:58.160> core<00:10:58.480> of<00:10:58.720> dark<00:10:58.959> matter<00:10:59.360> in<00:10:59.680> this<00:10:59.920> model 07:41.851 --> 07:41.861 align:start position:0% dense core of dark matter in this model 07:41.861 --> 07:44.651 align:start position:0% dense core of dark matter in this model could<00:11:01.360> reproduce<00:11:01.839> the<00:11:02.079> orbits<00:11:02.800> with<00:11:03.040> less 07:44.651 --> 07:44.661 align:start position:0% could reproduce the orbits with less 07:44.661 --> 07:47.611 align:start position:0% could reproduce the orbits with less than<00:11:03.680> 1%<00:11:04.480> difference<00:11:05.120> to<00:11:05.360> the<00:11:05.519> black<00:11:05.839> hole 07:47.611 --> 07:47.621 align:start position:0% than 1% difference to the black hole 07:47.621 --> 07:48.810 align:start position:0% than 1% difference to the black hole model. 07:48.810 --> 07:48.820 align:start position:0% model. 07:48.820 --> 07:51.771 align:start position:0% model. What<00:11:07.920> this<00:11:08.240> means<00:11:08.959> is<00:11:09.200> that<00:11:09.440> you<00:11:09.680> cannot<00:11:10.240> tell 07:51.771 --> 07:51.781 align:start position:0% What this means is that you cannot tell 07:51.781 --> 07:54.331 align:start position:0% What this means is that you cannot tell the<00:11:10.800> difference<00:11:11.360> between<00:11:11.839> a<00:11:12.160> dark<00:11:12.560> matter 07:54.331 --> 07:54.341 align:start position:0% the difference between a dark matter 07:54.341 --> 07:56.570 align:start position:0% the difference between a dark matter core<00:11:13.680> and<00:11:13.920> a<00:11:14.160> black<00:11:14.399> hole<00:11:14.959> with<00:11:15.120> the 07:56.570 --> 07:56.580 align:start position:0% core and a black hole with the 07:56.580 --> 07:59.690 align:start position:0% core and a black hole with the observational<00:11:15.920> data<00:11:16.320> tested.<00:11:17.360> Both<00:11:17.920> have<00:11:18.160> the 07:59.690 --> 07:59.700 align:start position:0% observational data tested. Both have the 07:59.700 --> 08:03.130 align:start position:0% observational data tested. Both have the same<00:11:18.720> gravitational<00:11:19.440> effects<00:11:19.839> on<00:11:20.160> S2<00:11:21.120> and<00:11:21.519> the 08:03.130 --> 08:03.140 align:start position:0% same gravitational effects on S2 and the 08:03.140 --> 08:04.971 align:start position:0% same gravitational effects on S2 and the G<00:11:22.079> objects. 08:04.971 --> 08:04.981 align:start position:0% G objects. 08:04.981 --> 08:07.531 align:start position:0% G objects. Even<00:11:24.079> more<00:11:24.320> remarkable<00:11:25.200> is<00:11:25.440> that<00:11:25.680> this<00:11:25.920> model 08:07.531 --> 08:07.541 align:start position:0% Even more remarkable is that this model 08:07.541 --> 08:10.091 align:start position:0% Even more remarkable is that this model has<00:11:26.480> implications<00:11:27.360> far<00:11:27.760> beyond<00:11:28.240> the<00:11:28.480> nature 08:10.091 --> 08:10.101 align:start position:0% has implications far beyond the nature 08:10.101 --> 08:13.211 align:start position:0% has implications far beyond the nature of<00:11:29.040> Sagittarius<00:11:29.760> A<00:11:30.079> star.<00:11:30.959> Kresby<00:11:31.519> and<00:11:31.680> her 08:13.211 --> 08:13.221 align:start position:0% of Sagittarius A star. Kresby and her 08:13.221 --> 08:15.451 align:start position:0% of Sagittarius A star. Kresby and her international<00:11:32.560> collaborators<00:11:33.519> propose<00:11:33.920> that 08:15.451 --> 08:15.461 align:start position:0% international collaborators propose that 08:15.461 --> 08:17.931 align:start position:0% international collaborators propose that it<00:11:34.399> solves<00:11:34.959> another<00:11:35.519> huge<00:11:36.000> mystery<00:11:36.320> in 08:17.931 --> 08:17.941 align:start position:0% it solves another huge mystery in 08:17.941 --> 08:22.971 align:start position:0% it solves another huge mystery in physics.<00:11:37.600> What<00:11:37.920> dark<00:11:38.240> matter<00:11:38.959> is<00:11:39.440> made<00:11:39.680> of. 08:22.971 --> 08:22.981 align:start position:0% physics. What dark matter is made of. 08:22.981 --> 08:25.851 align:start position:0% physics. What dark matter is made of. To<00:11:42.000> understand<00:11:42.640> how<00:11:43.120> significant<00:11:43.760> this<00:11:44.000> is, 08:25.851 --> 08:25.861 align:start position:0% To understand how significant this is, 08:25.861 --> 08:28.491 align:start position:0% To understand how significant this is, we<00:11:44.800> first<00:11:45.040> need<00:11:45.200> to<00:11:45.440> take<00:11:45.600> a<00:11:46.000> small<00:11:46.320> detour<00:11:46.880> and 08:28.491 --> 08:28.501 align:start position:0% we first need to take a small detour and 08:28.501 --> 08:30.891 align:start position:0% we first need to take a small detour and unpack<00:11:47.680> what<00:11:48.000> we<00:11:48.160> currently<00:11:48.640> know<00:11:48.880> about<00:11:49.279> dark 08:30.891 --> 08:30.901 align:start position:0% unpack what we currently know about dark 08:30.901 --> 08:34.250 align:start position:0% unpack what we currently know about dark matter.<00:11:50.800> I'll<00:11:51.040> cover<00:11:51.360> it<00:11:51.600> in<00:11:51.920> summary<00:11:52.320> here, 08:31.463 --> 08:33.133 align:start position:0% observation of dark matter. Dark<00:12:00.000> matter<00:12:00.399> was<00:12:00.560> first<00:12:00.800> proposed<00:12:01.200> by 08:33.133 --> 08:33.143 align:start position:0% Dark matter was first proposed by 08:33.143 --> 08:36.573 align:start position:0% Dark matter was first proposed by Fritzviki<00:12:02.320> in<00:12:02.560> the<00:12:02.640> 1930s<00:12:03.600> after<00:12:03.920> he<00:12:04.240> observed 08:36.573 --> 08:36.583 align:start position:0% Fritzviki in the 1930s after he observed 08:36.583 --> 08:38.653 align:start position:0% Fritzviki in the 1930s after he observed that<00:12:05.040> galaxies<00:12:05.519> in<00:12:05.680> the<00:12:05.839> coma<00:12:06.160> cluster<00:12:06.639> were 08:38.653 --> 08:38.663 align:start position:0% that galaxies in the coma cluster were 08:38.663 --> 08:40.973 align:start position:0% that galaxies in the coma cluster were moving<00:12:07.360> too<00:12:07.680> fast<00:12:08.000> for<00:12:08.320> known<00:12:08.639> physics<00:12:08.959> to 08:40.973 --> 08:40.983 align:start position:0% moving too fast for known physics to 08:40.983 --> 08:43.453 align:start position:0% moving too fast for known physics to explain.<00:12:10.160> With<00:12:10.480> relative<00:12:10.959> speeds<00:12:11.279> of<00:12:11.519> more 08:43.453 --> 08:43.463 align:start position:0% explain. With relative speeds of more 08:43.463 --> 08:47.292 align:start position:0% explain. With relative speeds of more than<00:12:11.920> 2,000<00:12:12.800> km<00:12:13.360> a<00:12:13.680> second,<00:12:14.720> these<00:12:15.040> galaxies 08:47.292 --> 08:47.302 align:start position:0% than 2,000 km a second, these galaxies 08:47.302 --> 08:49.373 align:start position:0% than 2,000 km a second, these galaxies should<00:12:15.760> have<00:12:15.920> flung<00:12:16.320> themselves<00:12:16.800> apart<00:12:17.360> if 08:49.373 --> 08:49.383 align:start position:0% should have flung themselves apart if 08:49.383 --> 08:51.133 align:start position:0% should have flung themselves apart if the<00:12:17.760> gravity<00:12:18.160> holding<00:12:18.480> them<00:12:18.720> together<00:12:19.040> was 08:51.133 --> 08:51.143 align:start position:0% the gravity holding them together was 08:51.143 --> 08:54.013 align:start position:0% the gravity holding them together was proportional<00:12:20.000> to<00:12:20.240> the<00:12:20.399> matter<00:12:20.720> he<00:12:21.040> could<00:12:21.279> see. 08:54.013 --> 08:54.023 align:start position:0% proportional to the matter he could see. 08:54.023 --> 08:56.333 align:start position:0% proportional to the matter he could see. Something<00:12:22.720> else<00:12:23.200> was<00:12:23.440> adding<00:12:23.839> mass<00:12:24.160> to<00:12:24.320> the 08:56.333 --> 08:56.343 align:start position:0% Something else was adding mass to the 08:56.343 --> 09:00.013 align:start position:0% Something else was adding mass to the system<00:12:25.279> and<00:12:25.519> he<00:12:25.839> termed<00:12:26.160> it<00:12:26.639> dark<00:12:27.040> matter. 09:00.013 --> 09:00.023 align:start position:0% system and he termed it dark matter. 09:00.023 --> 09:02.172 align:start position:0% system and he termed it dark matter. Later<00:12:28.560> observations<00:12:29.200> saw<00:12:29.680> something<00:12:30.079> similar 09:02.172 --> 09:02.182 align:start position:0% Later observations saw something similar 09:02.182 --> 09:04.573 align:start position:0% Later observations saw something similar in<00:12:30.560> the<00:12:30.720> rotation<00:12:31.120> of<00:12:31.279> galaxies.<00:12:32.240> Stars<00:12:32.560> in 09:04.573 --> 09:04.583 align:start position:0% in the rotation of galaxies. Stars in 09:04.583 --> 09:06.973 align:start position:0% in the rotation of galaxies. Stars in their<00:12:33.040> outer<00:12:33.519> regions<00:12:34.079> orbit<00:12:34.399> at<00:12:34.639> speeds<00:12:34.880> that 09:06.973 --> 09:06.983 align:start position:0% their outer regions orbit at speeds that 09:06.983 --> 09:09.052 align:start position:0% their outer regions orbit at speeds that cannot<00:12:35.600> be<00:12:35.760> explained<00:12:36.240> by<00:12:36.480> visible<00:12:36.959> mass 09:09.052 --> 09:09.062 align:start position:0% cannot be explained by visible mass 09:09.062 --> 09:12.653 align:start position:0% cannot be explained by visible mass alone.<00:12:38.399> Dark<00:12:38.800> matter<00:12:39.440> must<00:12:39.839> be<00:12:40.160> providing<00:12:40.639> the 09:12.653 --> 09:12.663 align:start position:0% alone. Dark matter must be providing the 09:12.663 --> 09:14.893 align:start position:0% alone. Dark matter must be providing the extra<00:12:41.200> mass<00:12:41.440> to<00:12:41.680> maintain<00:12:42.000> these<00:12:42.320> velocities. 09:14.893 --> 09:14.903 align:start position:0% extra mass to maintain these velocities. 09:14.903 --> 09:18.172 align:start position:0% extra mass to maintain these velocities. And<00:12:43.279> it<00:12:43.440> turns<00:12:43.680> out<00:12:44.399> it<00:12:44.720> permeates<00:12:45.519> the<00:12:45.839> known 09:18.172 --> 09:18.182 align:start position:0% And it turns out it permeates the known 09:18.182 --> 09:19.693 align:start position:0% And it turns out it permeates the known universe. 09:19.693 --> 09:19.703 align:start position:0% universe. 09:19.703 --> 09:21.292 align:start position:0% universe. Closer<00:12:48.320> to<00:12:48.480> home,<00:12:48.800> it<00:12:48.959> is<00:12:49.040> thought<00:12:49.200> that<00:12:49.360> the 09:21.292 --> 09:21.302 align:start position:0% Closer to home, it is thought that the 09:21.302 --> 09:23.852 align:start position:0% Closer to home, it is thought that the Milky<00:12:49.839> Way<00:12:50.160> is<00:12:50.399> surrounded<00:12:50.800> by<00:12:51.040> a<00:12:51.279> dark<00:12:51.600> matter 09:23.852 --> 09:23.862 align:start position:0% Milky Way is surrounded by a dark matter 09:23.862 --> 09:26.893 align:start position:0% Milky Way is surrounded by a dark matter halo,<00:12:52.959> a<00:12:53.200> vast<00:12:53.680> and<00:12:54.000> disused<00:12:54.639> sphere 09:26.893 --> 09:26.903 align:start position:0% halo, a vast and disused sphere 09:26.903 --> 09:29.133 align:start position:0% halo, a vast and disused sphere stretching<00:12:55.680> far<00:12:56.000> beyond<00:12:56.399> the<00:12:56.639> visible<00:12:57.040> disc 09:29.133 --> 09:29.143 align:start position:0% stretching far beyond the visible disc 09:29.143 --> 09:33.052 align:start position:0% stretching far beyond the visible disc of<00:12:57.600> stars<00:12:58.000> and<00:12:58.240> gas.<00:12:59.519> So,<00:13:00.000> in<00:13:00.240> a<00:13:00.480> situation<00:13:01.040> not 09:33.052 --> 09:33.062 align:start position:0% of stars and gas. So, in a situation not 09:33.062 --> 09:34.732 align:start position:0% of stars and gas. So, in a situation not dissimilar<00:13:01.839> to<00:13:01.920> the<00:13:02.079> one<00:13:02.240> I<00:13:02.480> described 09:34.732 --> 09:34.742 align:start position:0% dissimilar to the one I described 09:34.742 --> 09:37.533 align:start position:0% dissimilar to the one I described earlier,<00:13:03.920> we<00:13:04.240> know<00:13:04.639> dark<00:13:04.959> matter<00:13:05.360> exists 09:37.533 --> 09:37.543 align:start position:0% earlier, we know dark matter exists 09:37.543 --> 09:39.612 align:start position:0% earlier, we know dark matter exists through<00:13:06.000> the<00:13:06.320> gravitational<00:13:07.200> effects<00:13:07.600> it 09:39.612 --> 09:39.622 align:start position:0% through the gravitational effects it 09:39.622 --> 09:42.493 align:start position:0% through the gravitational effects it has.<00:13:08.639> And<00:13:08.959> current<00:13:09.279> models<00:13:09.600> suggest<00:13:10.399> that 09:42.493 --> 09:42.503 align:start position:0% has. And current models suggest that 09:42.503 --> 09:46.573 align:start position:0% has. And current models suggest that dark<00:13:11.120> matter<00:13:11.760> makes<00:13:12.079> up<00:13:12.399> about<00:13:13.120> 85% 09:46.573 --> 09:46.583 align:start position:0% dark matter makes up about 85% 09:46.583 --> 09:49.533 align:start position:0% dark matter makes up about 85% of<00:13:15.040> the<00:13:15.279> matter<00:13:15.760> in<00:13:16.079> the<00:13:16.320> universe. 09:49.533 --> 09:49.543 align:start position:0% of the matter in the universe. 09:49.543 --> 09:52.013 align:start position:0% of the matter in the universe. But<00:13:18.160> we<00:13:18.480> don't<00:13:18.639> know<00:13:18.800> what<00:13:18.959> it's<00:13:19.200> made<00:13:19.360> of.<00:13:20.000> It 09:52.013 --> 09:52.023 align:start position:0% But we don't know what it's made of. It 09:52.023 --> 09:54.732 align:start position:0% But we don't know what it's made of. It doesn't<00:13:20.560> emit,<00:13:21.360> reflect,<00:13:21.920> or<00:13:22.160> absorb<00:13:22.639> light 09:54.732 --> 09:54.742 align:start position:0% doesn't emit, reflect, or absorb light 09:54.742 --> 09:58.172 align:start position:0% doesn't emit, reflect, or absorb light in<00:13:23.360> any<00:13:23.839> known<00:13:24.240> way,<00:13:24.959> and<00:13:25.200> it<00:13:25.440> has<00:13:25.680> not<00:13:26.000> yet 09:58.172 --> 09:58.182 align:start position:0% in any known way, and it has not yet 09:58.182 --> 10:01.052 align:start position:0% in any known way, and it has not yet been<00:13:26.639> directly<00:13:27.120> detected.<00:13:28.560> There<00:13:28.880> are<00:13:29.040> a 10:01.052 --> 10:01.062 align:start position:0% been directly detected. There are a 10:01.062 --> 10:02.732 align:start position:0% been directly detected. There are a number<00:13:29.519> of<00:13:29.680> candidates<00:13:30.079> in<00:13:30.320> the<00:13:30.399> race<00:13:30.639> to 10:02.732 --> 10:02.742 align:start position:0% number of candidates in the race to 10:02.742 --> 10:05.133 align:start position:0% number of candidates in the race to identify<00:13:31.279> dark<00:13:31.600> matter,<00:13:32.160> with<00:13:32.560> axons<00:13:33.200> and 10:05.133 --> 10:05.143 align:start position:0% identify dark matter, with axons and 10:05.143 --> 10:08.093 align:start position:0% identify dark matter, with axons and wimps<00:13:33.920> the<00:13:34.160> most<00:13:34.399> widely<00:13:34.880> studied. 10:08.093 --> 10:08.103 align:start position:0% wimps the most widely studied. 10:08.103 --> 10:10.093 align:start position:0% wimps the most widely studied. An<00:13:36.560> intriguing<00:13:37.120> paper<00:13:37.760> published<00:13:38.160> in 10:10.093 --> 10:10.103 align:start position:0% An intriguing paper published in 10:10.103 --> 10:13.773 align:start position:0% An intriguing paper published in November<00:13:38.800> 2025<00:13:40.079> may<00:13:40.320> have<00:13:40.560> found<00:13:40.880> a<00:13:41.200> telltale 10:13.773 --> 10:13.783 align:start position:0% November 2025 may have found a telltale 10:13.783 --> 10:15.933 align:start position:0% November 2025 may have found a telltale annihilation<00:13:42.800> signal<00:13:43.360> associated<00:13:43.920> with 10:15.933 --> 10:15.943 align:start position:0% annihilation signal associated with 10:15.943 --> 10:18.013 align:start position:0% annihilation signal associated with wimps<00:13:44.560> in<00:13:44.800> historic<00:13:45.200> data<00:13:45.440> from<00:13:45.600> the<00:13:45.839> Fmy 10:18.013 --> 10:18.023 align:start position:0% wimps in historic data from the Fmy 10:18.023 --> 10:21.292 align:start position:0% wimps in historic data from the Fmy telescope.<00:13:47.279> But<00:13:47.519> snags<00:13:48.000> remain<00:13:48.720> and<00:13:48.959> the<00:13:49.200> dark 10:21.292 --> 10:21.302 align:start position:0% telescope. But snags remain and the dark 10:21.302 --> 10:24.893 align:start position:0% telescope. But snags remain and the dark matter<00:13:49.920> question<00:13:50.720> is<00:13:51.120> still<00:13:51.440> open.<00:13:52.720> And<00:13:52.959> this 10:24.893 --> 10:24.903 align:start position:0% matter question is still open. And this 10:24.903 --> 10:26.973 align:start position:0% matter question is still open. And this is<00:13:53.279> where<00:13:53.440> the<00:13:53.680> team<00:13:53.920> at<00:13:54.160> La<00:13:54.399> Plattera<00:13:54.880> comes 10:26.973 --> 10:26.983 align:start position:0% is where the team at La Plattera comes 10:26.983 --> 10:30.333 align:start position:0% is where the team at La Plattera comes back<00:13:55.440> in.<00:13:56.320> They<00:13:56.639> propose<00:13:57.279> that<00:13:57.519> dark<00:13:57.839> matter 10:30.333 --> 10:30.343 align:start position:0% back in. They propose that dark matter 10:30.343 --> 10:33.933 align:start position:0% back in. They propose that dark matter consists<00:13:59.199> of<00:13:59.600> dark<00:14:00.240> fiance,<00:14:01.440> a<00:14:01.680> candidate 10:33.933 --> 10:33.943 align:start position:0% consists of dark fiance, a candidate 10:33.943 --> 10:36.333 align:start position:0% consists of dark fiance, a candidate that<00:14:02.399> is<00:14:02.639> not<00:14:03.040> expected<00:14:03.440> to<00:14:03.600> produce<00:14:04.160> any 10:36.333 --> 10:36.343 align:start position:0% that is not expected to produce any 10:36.343 --> 10:39.292 align:start position:0% that is not expected to produce any detectable<00:14:05.199> signals<00:14:05.760> at<00:14:06.079> all.<00:14:06.880> It's<00:14:07.040> an<00:14:07.279> idea 10:39.292 --> 10:39.302 align:start position:0% detectable signals at all. It's an idea 10:39.302 --> 10:40.732 align:start position:0% detectable signals at all. It's an idea that<00:14:07.760> was<00:14:07.920> first<00:14:08.160> put<00:14:08.399> forward<00:14:08.639> by 10:40.732 --> 10:40.742 align:start position:0% that was first put forward by 10:40.742 --> 10:44.333 align:start position:0% that was first put forward by astrophysicists<00:14:10.000> Rufini<00:14:10.800> and<00:14:11.279> Bonazola<00:14:12.320> in 10:44.333 --> 10:44.343 align:start position:0% astrophysicists Rufini and Bonazola in 10:44.343 --> 10:45.852 align:start position:0% astrophysicists Rufini and Bonazola in 1969 10:45.852 --> 10:45.862 align:start position:0% 1969 10:45.862 --> 10:48.253 align:start position:0% 1969 and<00:14:14.320> it's<00:14:14.720> been<00:14:14.959> fizzling<00:14:15.519> in<00:14:15.760> the<00:14:16.000> background 10:48.253 --> 10:48.263 align:start position:0% and it's been fizzling in the background 10:48.263 --> 10:51.773 align:start position:0% and it's been fizzling in the background ever<00:14:16.800> since.<00:14:17.920> Firmians<00:14:18.639> are<00:14:19.040> subatomic 10:51.773 --> 10:51.783 align:start position:0% ever since. Firmians are subatomic 10:51.783 --> 10:54.732 align:start position:0% ever since. Firmians are subatomic particles<00:14:20.959> including<00:14:21.440> electrons<00:14:22.000> and<00:14:22.240> quarks 10:54.732 --> 10:54.742 align:start position:0% particles including electrons and quarks 10:54.742 --> 10:57.773 align:start position:0% particles including electrons and quarks with<00:14:23.279> half<00:14:23.680> integer<00:14:24.240> spin<00:14:25.040> and<00:14:25.279> are<00:14:25.600> basic 10:57.773 --> 10:57.783 align:start position:0% with half integer spin and are basic 10:57.783 --> 11:00.573 align:start position:0% with half integer spin and are basic building<00:14:26.399> blocks<00:14:26.720> of<00:14:26.880> matter.<00:14:27.920> Of<00:14:28.240> crucial 11:00.573 --> 11:00.583 align:start position:0% building blocks of matter. Of crucial 11:00.583 --> 11:03.693 align:start position:0% building blocks of matter. Of crucial importance<00:14:29.279> for<00:14:29.519> us<00:14:30.240> is<00:14:30.560> that<00:14:30.800> they<00:14:31.120> obey<00:14:31.600> the 11:03.693 --> 11:03.703 align:start position:0% importance for us is that they obey the 11:03.703 --> 11:06.893 align:start position:0% importance for us is that they obey the poorly<00:14:32.399> exclusion<00:14:33.120> principle.<00:14:34.160> No<00:14:34.560> two 11:06.893 --> 11:06.903 align:start position:0% poorly exclusion principle. No two 11:06.903 --> 11:09.373 align:start position:0% poorly exclusion principle. No two identical<00:14:35.519> firmians<00:14:36.240> can<00:14:36.480> occupy<00:14:37.040> the<00:14:37.360> same 11:09.373 --> 11:09.383 align:start position:0% identical firmians can occupy the same 11:09.383 --> 11:12.172 align:start position:0% identical firmians can occupy the same quantum<00:14:38.160> state.<00:14:39.040> In<00:14:39.279> other<00:14:39.440> words,<00:14:40.000> they 11:12.172 --> 11:12.182 align:start position:0% quantum state. In other words, they 11:12.182 --> 11:14.893 align:start position:0% quantum state. In other words, they cannot<00:14:40.880> be<00:14:41.199> in<00:14:41.440> the<00:14:41.680> exact<00:14:42.079> same<00:14:42.399> location<00:14:42.800> in 11:14.893 --> 11:14.903 align:start position:0% cannot be in the exact same location in 11:14.903 --> 11:17.533 align:start position:0% cannot be in the exact same location in space<00:14:43.760> with<00:14:44.000> the<00:14:44.240> same<00:14:44.399> energy<00:14:45.040> and<00:14:45.360> the<00:14:45.600> same 11:17.533 --> 11:17.543 align:start position:0% space with the same energy and the same 11:17.543 --> 11:20.813 align:start position:0% space with the same energy and the same spin<00:14:46.560> at<00:14:46.800> the<00:14:47.040> same<00:14:47.279> time.<00:14:48.399> This<00:14:48.639> is<00:14:48.800> a 11:20.813 --> 11:20.823 align:start position:0% spin at the same time. This is a 11:20.823 --> 11:22.893 align:start position:0% spin at the same time. This is a fundamental<00:14:49.680> rule<00:14:49.920> of<00:14:50.160> quantum<00:14:50.560> mechanics 11:22.893 --> 11:22.903 align:start position:0% fundamental rule of quantum mechanics 11:22.903 --> 11:24.893 align:start position:0% fundamental rule of quantum mechanics and<00:14:51.360> a<00:14:51.600> key<00:14:51.839> reason<00:14:52.079> why<00:14:52.320> matter<00:14:52.800> doesn't 11:24.893 --> 11:24.903 align:start position:0% and a key reason why matter doesn't 11:24.903 --> 11:28.172 align:start position:0% and a key reason why matter doesn't collapse<00:14:53.519> in<00:14:53.680> on<00:14:53.839> itself<00:14:54.480> and<00:14:54.800> why<00:14:55.120> we<00:14:56.000> can't 11:28.172 --> 11:28.182 align:start position:0% collapse in on itself and why we can't 11:28.182 --> 11:31.292 align:start position:0% collapse in on itself and why we can't walk<00:14:56.720> through<00:14:57.040> solid<00:14:57.519> walls.<00:14:58.800> This<00:14:59.040> is<00:14:59.199> a 11:31.292 --> 11:31.302 align:start position:0% walk through solid walls. This is a 11:31.302 --> 11:33.612 align:start position:0% walk through solid walls. This is a property<00:14:59.920> they<00:15:00.240> share<00:15:00.639> with<00:15:00.880> the<00:15:01.120> proposed 11:33.612 --> 11:33.622 align:start position:0% property they share with the proposed 11:33.622 --> 11:36.653 align:start position:0% property they share with the proposed dark<00:15:02.320> theians.<00:15:03.440> They<00:15:03.680> are<00:15:03.839> posited<00:15:04.480> to<00:15:04.720> be 11:36.653 --> 11:36.663 align:start position:0% dark theians. They are posited to be 11:36.663 --> 11:39.373 align:start position:0% dark theians. They are posited to be elementary<00:15:05.440> particles<00:15:06.000> too,<00:15:06.560> but<00:15:06.880> they<00:15:07.120> only 11:39.373 --> 11:39.383 align:start position:0% elementary particles too, but they only 11:39.383 --> 11:41.292 align:start position:0% elementary particles too, but they only interact<00:15:08.000> with<00:15:08.240> the<00:15:08.399> rest<00:15:08.560> of<00:15:08.720> the<00:15:08.880> universe 11:41.292 --> 11:41.302 align:start position:0% interact with the rest of the universe 11:41.302 --> 11:42.813 align:start position:0% interact with the rest of the universe gravitationally, 11:42.813 --> 11:42.823 align:start position:0% gravitationally, 11:42.823 --> 11:44.813 align:start position:0% gravitationally, not<00:15:11.519> electromagnetically, 11:44.813 --> 11:44.823 align:start position:0% not electromagnetically, 11:44.823 --> 11:47.933 align:start position:0% not electromagnetically, making<00:15:13.440> them<00:15:13.920> dark.<00:15:15.120> Because<00:15:15.440> of<00:15:15.600> the<00:15:15.760> poorly 11:47.933 --> 11:47.943 align:start position:0% making them dark. Because of the poorly 11:47.943 --> 11:50.573 align:start position:0% making them dark. Because of the poorly exclusion<00:15:16.639> principle,<00:15:17.360> dark<00:15:17.760> theians<00:15:18.399> cannot 11:50.573 --> 11:50.583 align:start position:0% exclusion principle, dark theians cannot 11:50.583 --> 11:53.052 align:start position:0% exclusion principle, dark theians cannot be<00:15:19.040> infinitely<00:15:19.600> squeezed<00:15:20.079> together.<00:15:20.959> They 11:53.052 --> 11:53.062 align:start position:0% be infinitely squeezed together. They 11:53.062 --> 11:56.172 align:start position:0% be infinitely squeezed together. They push<00:15:21.680> back<00:15:22.079> and<00:15:22.399> resist<00:15:22.800> collapse.<00:15:23.839> So<00:15:24.079> they 11:56.172 --> 11:56.182 align:start position:0% push back and resist collapse. So they 11:56.182 --> 11:58.573 align:start position:0% push back and resist collapse. So they could<00:15:24.800> coalesce<00:15:25.440> and<00:15:26.000> under<00:15:26.320> the<00:15:26.480> right 11:58.573 --> 11:58.583 align:start position:0% could coalesce and under the right 11:58.583 --> 12:01.453 align:start position:0% could coalesce and under the right conditions<00:15:27.760> build<00:15:28.000> up<00:15:28.480> huge<00:15:29.040> amounts<00:15:29.519> of 12:01.453 --> 12:01.463 align:start position:0% conditions build up huge amounts of 12:01.463 --> 12:04.172 align:start position:0% conditions build up huge amounts of internal<00:15:30.160> pressure.<00:15:30.959> This<00:15:31.279> results<00:15:31.680> in<00:15:32.000> an 12:04.172 --> 12:04.182 align:start position:0% internal pressure. This results in an 12:04.182 --> 12:07.213 align:start position:0% internal pressure. This results in an ultra<00:15:32.800> dense<00:15:33.440> stable<00:15:33.920> object<00:15:34.639> which<00:15:35.120> in 12:07.213 --> 12:07.223 align:start position:0% ultra dense stable object which in 12:07.223 --> 12:10.573 align:start position:0% ultra dense stable object which in theory<00:15:36.160> could<00:15:36.639> reach<00:15:37.040> masses<00:15:37.680> similar<00:15:38.240> to<00:15:38.560> a 12:10.573 --> 12:10.583 align:start position:0% theory could reach masses similar to a 12:10.583 --> 12:13.693 align:start position:0% theory could reach masses similar to a super<00:15:39.199> massive<00:15:39.680> black<00:15:40.000> hole.<00:15:41.360> Proponents<00:15:41.760> of 12:13.693 --> 12:13.703 align:start position:0% super massive black hole. Proponents of 12:13.703 --> 12:15.612 align:start position:0% super massive black hole. Proponents of this<00:15:42.160> model<00:15:42.639> including<00:15:42.959> the<00:15:43.120> group<00:15:43.360> leader<00:15:43.600> at 12:15.612 --> 12:15.622 align:start position:0% this model including the group leader at 12:15.622 --> 12:19.773 align:start position:0% this model including the group leader at Llata,<00:15:44.800> Dr.<00:15:45.199> Carlos<00:15:45.839> Aguas,<00:15:47.040> suggest<00:15:47.440> that<00:15:47.680> a 12:19.773 --> 12:19.783 align:start position:0% Llata, Dr. Carlos Aguas, suggest that a 12:19.783 --> 12:23.052 align:start position:0% Llata, Dr. Carlos Aguas, suggest that a core<00:15:48.320> of<00:15:48.800> theionic<00:15:49.519> dark<00:15:49.839> matter<00:15:50.480> would<00:15:50.720> be<00:15:50.959> so 12:23.052 --> 12:23.062 align:start position:0% core of theionic dark matter would be so 12:23.062 --> 12:25.693 align:start position:0% core of theionic dark matter would be so dense<00:15:51.600> that<00:15:51.839> it<00:15:52.000> would<00:15:52.560> in<00:15:52.959> every<00:15:53.279> observable 12:25.693 --> 12:25.703 align:start position:0% dense that it would in every observable 12:25.703 --> 12:28.573 align:start position:0% dense that it would in every observable sense<00:15:54.800> be<00:15:55.040> indistinguishable<00:15:56.079> from<00:15:56.320> a<00:15:56.480> super 12:28.573 --> 12:28.583 align:start position:0% sense be indistinguishable from a super 12:28.583 --> 12:31.453 align:start position:0% sense be indistinguishable from a super massive<00:15:57.120> black<00:15:57.360> hole.<00:15:58.399> But<00:15:58.800> unlike<00:15:59.440> black 12:31.453 --> 12:31.463 align:start position:0% massive black hole. But unlike black 12:31.463 --> 12:34.653 align:start position:0% massive black hole. But unlike black holes,<00:16:00.480> such<00:16:00.880> cores<00:16:01.600> would<00:16:01.920> not<00:16:02.240> form<00:16:02.639> a 12:34.653 --> 12:34.663 align:start position:0% holes, such cores would not form a 12:34.663 --> 12:38.813 align:start position:0% holes, such cores would not form a singularity<00:16:04.240> nor<00:16:04.880> have<00:16:05.199> an<00:16:05.440> event<00:16:05.759> horizon. 12:38.813 --> 12:38.823 align:start position:0% singularity nor have an event horizon. 12:38.823 --> 12:41.852 align:start position:0% singularity nor have an event horizon. And<00:16:07.360> that's<00:16:07.680> not<00:16:07.839> all.<00:16:08.560> Fionic<00:16:09.199> dark<00:16:09.519> matter 12:41.852 --> 12:41.862 align:start position:0% And that's not all. Fionic dark matter 12:41.862 --> 12:44.893 align:start position:0% And that's not all. Fionic dark matter would<00:16:10.320> extend<00:16:10.959> beyond<00:16:11.519> a<00:16:11.839> compact<00:16:12.320> core, 12:44.893 --> 12:44.903 align:start position:0% would extend beyond a compact core, 12:44.903 --> 12:46.893 align:start position:0% would extend beyond a compact core, naturally<00:16:13.600> forming<00:16:14.079> a<00:16:14.399> distinctive 12:46.893 --> 12:46.903 align:start position:0% naturally forming a distinctive 12:46.903 --> 12:49.693 align:start position:0% naturally forming a distinctive structure<00:16:15.839> that<00:16:16.240> diffused<00:16:17.199> through<00:16:17.680> the 12:49.693 --> 12:49.703 align:start position:0% structure that diffused through the 12:49.703 --> 12:54.412 align:start position:0% structure that diffused through the galaxy<00:16:18.720> and<00:16:19.040> beyond<00:16:19.839> to<00:16:20.160> form<00:16:20.560> a<00:16:20.880> halo.<00:16:22.240> Put 12:54.412 --> 12:54.422 align:start position:0% galaxy and beyond to form a halo. Put 12:54.422 --> 12:57.133 align:start position:0% galaxy and beyond to form a halo. Put most<00:16:22.959> simply,<00:16:23.920> it's<00:16:24.240> proposed<00:16:24.959> that 12:57.133 --> 12:57.143 align:start position:0% most simply, it's proposed that 12:57.143 --> 13:00.412 align:start position:0% most simply, it's proposed that Sagittarius<00:16:26.320> A<00:16:26.639> star<00:16:27.360> and<00:16:27.680> the<00:16:28.000> dark<00:16:28.320> matter 13:00.412 --> 13:00.422 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star and the dark matter 13:00.422 --> 13:04.573 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star and the dark matter halo<00:16:29.519> are<00:16:29.839> not<00:16:30.399> two<00:16:30.800> separate<00:16:31.279> objects.<00:16:32.480> They 13:04.573 --> 13:04.583 align:start position:0% halo are not two separate objects. They 13:04.583 --> 13:07.852 align:start position:0% halo are not two separate objects. They are<00:16:33.120> two<00:16:33.440> parts<00:16:34.160> of<00:16:34.399> the<00:16:34.639> same<00:16:35.440> continuous 13:07.852 --> 13:07.862 align:start position:0% are two parts of the same continuous 13:07.862 --> 13:10.573 align:start position:0% are two parts of the same continuous structure<00:16:36.959> made<00:16:37.360> from<00:16:37.839> theionic<00:16:38.480> dark 13:10.573 --> 13:10.583 align:start position:0% structure made from theionic dark 13:10.583 --> 13:14.093 align:start position:0% structure made from theionic dark matter.<00:16:40.240> This<00:16:40.480> is<00:16:40.720> something<00:16:41.519> no<00:16:41.920> other 13:14.093 --> 13:14.103 align:start position:0% matter. This is something no other 13:14.103 --> 13:17.373 align:start position:0% matter. This is something no other Sagittarius<00:16:43.040> A<00:16:43.279> star<00:16:43.680> hypothesis<00:16:44.399> does.<00:16:45.279> In 13:17.373 --> 13:17.383 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star hypothesis does. In 13:17.383 --> 13:19.852 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star hypothesis does. In every<00:16:45.920> other<00:16:46.240> scenario,<00:16:47.040> the<00:16:47.279> compact<00:16:47.759> object 13:19.852 --> 13:19.862 align:start position:0% every other scenario, the compact object 13:19.862 --> 13:22.253 align:start position:0% every other scenario, the compact object and<00:16:48.240> the<00:16:48.399> dark<00:16:48.639> matter<00:16:48.959> halo<00:16:49.600> are<00:16:49.920> two 13:22.253 --> 13:22.263 align:start position:0% and the dark matter halo are two 13:22.263 --> 13:25.052 align:start position:0% and the dark matter halo are two distinct<00:16:51.199> structures.<00:16:52.320> This<00:16:52.480> is<00:16:52.639> the<00:16:52.959> only 13:25.052 --> 13:25.062 align:start position:0% distinct structures. This is the only 13:25.062 --> 13:27.612 align:start position:0% distinct structures. This is the only theory<00:16:53.759> that<00:16:54.079> unifies<00:16:54.800> what<00:16:55.040> we<00:16:55.279> see<00:16:55.440> in<00:16:55.680> the 13:27.612 --> 13:27.622 align:start position:0% theory that unifies what we see in the 13:27.622 --> 13:30.172 align:start position:0% theory that unifies what we see in the galactic<00:16:56.399> center<00:16:56.959> with<00:16:57.360> the<00:16:57.600> hypothesized 13:30.172 --> 13:30.182 align:start position:0% galactic center with the hypothesized 13:30.182 --> 13:32.493 align:start position:0% galactic center with the hypothesized dark<00:16:58.639> matter<00:16:59.040> structure<00:16:59.360> of<00:16:59.519> the<00:16:59.680> galaxy. 13:32.493 --> 13:32.503 align:start position:0% dark matter structure of the galaxy. 13:32.503 --> 13:35.933 align:start position:0% dark matter structure of the galaxy. It's<00:17:01.440> incredibly<00:17:02.160> elegant<00:17:02.880> and<00:17:03.440> rather 13:35.933 --> 13:35.943 align:start position:0% It's incredibly elegant and rather 13:35.943 --> 13:39.612 align:start position:0% It's incredibly elegant and rather convincing,<00:17:04.959> I<00:17:05.280> personally<00:17:05.839> think.<00:17:07.039> Now,<00:17:07.520> as 13:39.612 --> 13:39.622 align:start position:0% convincing, I personally think. Now, as 13:39.622 --> 13:41.773 align:start position:0% convincing, I personally think. Now, as we've<00:17:08.079> seen,<00:17:08.640> one<00:17:08.799> of<00:17:08.880> the<00:17:09.120> key<00:17:09.360> pieces<00:17:09.760> of 13:41.773 --> 13:41.783 align:start position:0% we've seen, one of the key pieces of 13:41.783 --> 13:44.173 align:start position:0% we've seen, one of the key pieces of evidence<00:17:10.400> for<00:17:10.640> dark<00:17:10.959> matter's<00:17:11.439> existence<00:17:12.079> is 13:44.173 --> 13:44.183 align:start position:0% evidence for dark matter's existence is 13:44.183 --> 13:46.653 align:start position:0% evidence for dark matter's existence is how<00:17:12.799> galaxies<00:17:13.520> and<00:17:13.760> the<00:17:13.919> stars<00:17:14.319> within<00:17:14.640> them 13:46.653 --> 13:46.663 align:start position:0% how galaxies and the stars within them 13:46.663 --> 13:49.692 align:start position:0% how galaxies and the stars within them rotate.<00:17:16.079> Something<00:17:16.400> is<00:17:16.640> adding<00:17:17.039> mass<00:17:17.600> and 13:49.692 --> 13:49.702 align:start position:0% rotate. Something is adding mass and 13:49.702 --> 13:52.493 align:start position:0% rotate. Something is adding mass and influencing<00:17:18.480> their<00:17:18.799> speed.<00:17:19.839> ESA's<00:17:20.319> Gaia 13:52.493 --> 13:52.503 align:start position:0% influencing their speed. ESA's Gaia 13:52.503 --> 13:55.133 align:start position:0% influencing their speed. ESA's Gaia mission<00:17:21.199> is<00:17:21.600> bringing<00:17:22.160> extraordinary<00:17:22.959> detail 13:55.133 --> 13:55.143 align:start position:0% mission is bringing extraordinary detail 13:55.143 --> 13:57.533 align:start position:0% mission is bringing extraordinary detail to<00:17:23.520> this<00:17:23.760> picture.<00:17:24.640> Its<00:17:24.959> aim<00:17:25.280> is<00:17:25.439> to 13:57.533 --> 13:57.543 align:start position:0% to this picture. Its aim is to 13:57.543 --> 13:59.852 align:start position:0% to this picture. Its aim is to accurately<00:17:26.319> measure<00:17:26.640> the<00:17:26.880> motion<00:17:27.199> of<00:17:27.679> 1 13:59.852 --> 13:59.862 align:start position:0% accurately measure the motion of 1 13:59.862 --> 14:02.332 align:start position:0% accurately measure the motion of 1 billion<00:17:28.640> stars<00:17:29.360> as<00:17:29.600> they<00:17:29.840> orbit<00:17:30.160> the<00:17:30.400> center 14:02.332 --> 14:02.342 align:start position:0% billion stars as they orbit the center 14:02.342 --> 14:05.053 align:start position:0% billion stars as they orbit the center of<00:17:30.720> the<00:17:30.880> galaxy<00:17:31.600> from<00:17:31.840> its<00:17:32.000> inner<00:17:32.320> regions<00:17:33.039> to 14:05.053 --> 14:05.063 align:start position:0% of the galaxy from its inner regions to 14:05.063 --> 14:07.692 align:start position:0% of the galaxy from its inner regions to the<00:17:33.440> outer<00:17:33.840> disc.<00:17:34.960> And<00:17:35.120> the<00:17:35.280> published<00:17:35.679> data 14:07.692 --> 14:07.702 align:start position:0% the outer disc. And the published data 14:07.702 --> 14:10.893 align:start position:0% the outer disc. And the published data in<00:17:36.160> 2022<00:17:37.280> brought<00:17:37.600> an<00:17:38.000> intriguing<00:17:38.640> twist<00:17:38.880> to 14:10.893 --> 14:10.903 align:start position:0% in 2022 brought an intriguing twist to 14:10.903 --> 14:13.853 align:start position:0% in 2022 brought an intriguing twist to this<00:17:39.280> tale<00:17:40.080> with<00:17:40.480> particular<00:17:41.200> importance<00:17:41.840> to 14:13.853 --> 14:13.863 align:start position:0% this tale with particular importance to 14:13.863 --> 14:17.053 align:start position:0% this tale with particular importance to the<00:17:42.240> theionic<00:17:42.960> dark<00:17:43.280> matter<00:17:43.760> model. 14:17.053 --> 14:17.063 align:start position:0% the theionic dark matter model. 14:17.063 --> 14:19.692 align:start position:0% the theionic dark matter model. Gaia<00:17:45.840> revealed<00:17:46.480> something<00:17:47.200> totally 14:19.692 --> 14:19.702 align:start position:0% Gaia revealed something totally 14:19.702 --> 14:22.173 align:start position:0% Gaia revealed something totally unexpected<00:17:48.799> at<00:17:49.039> the<00:17:49.200> outer<00:17:49.600> edges<00:17:50.000> of<00:17:50.240> the 14:22.173 --> 14:22.183 align:start position:0% unexpected at the outer edges of the 14:22.183 --> 14:25.533 align:start position:0% unexpected at the outer edges of the galaxy.<00:17:51.679> A<00:17:51.919> slowdown<00:17:52.640> in<00:17:52.880> the<00:17:53.039> rotation<00:17:53.600> of 14:25.533 --> 14:25.543 align:start position:0% galaxy. A slowdown in the rotation of 14:25.543 --> 14:29.692 align:start position:0% galaxy. A slowdown in the rotation of its<00:17:54.000> outer<00:17:54.400> arms<00:17:55.120> called<00:17:55.600> Kepleran<00:17:56.480> decline. 14:29.692 --> 14:29.702 align:start position:0% its outer arms called Kepleran decline. 14:29.702 --> 14:31.933 align:start position:0% its outer arms called Kepleran decline. This<00:17:58.320> presented<00:17:58.880> a<00:17:59.200> problem<00:17:59.679> for<00:17:59.919> the 14:31.933 --> 14:31.943 align:start position:0% This presented a problem for the 14:31.943 --> 14:34.653 align:start position:0% This presented a problem for the standard<00:18:00.480> picture<00:18:00.799> of<00:18:01.039> our<00:18:01.360> galaxy.<00:18:02.480> Most 14:34.653 --> 14:34.663 align:start position:0% standard picture of our galaxy. Most 14:34.663 --> 14:37.853 align:start position:0% standard picture of our galaxy. Most dark<00:18:03.200> matter<00:18:03.520> models<00:18:04.400> cannot<00:18:05.120> reproduce<00:18:05.760> this 14:37.853 --> 14:37.863 align:start position:0% dark matter models cannot reproduce this 14:37.863 --> 14:41.773 align:start position:0% dark matter models cannot reproduce this observation.<00:18:07.520> But<00:18:08.080> theionic<00:18:08.799> dark<00:18:09.120> matter, 14:41.773 --> 14:41.783 align:start position:0% observation. But theionic dark matter, 14:41.783 --> 14:44.013 align:start position:0% observation. But theionic dark matter, thanks<00:18:10.240> to<00:18:10.400> our<00:18:10.720> old<00:18:11.039> friend,<00:18:11.360> the<00:18:11.679> poorly 14:44.013 --> 14:44.023 align:start position:0% thanks to our old friend, the poorly 14:44.023 --> 14:47.053 align:start position:0% thanks to our old friend, the poorly exclusion<00:18:12.880> principle,<00:18:14.000> could<00:18:14.400> form<00:18:14.720> a<00:18:14.960> dark 14:47.053 --> 14:47.063 align:start position:0% exclusion principle, could form a dark 14:47.063 --> 14:49.213 align:start position:0% exclusion principle, could form a dark matter<00:18:15.520> halo<00:18:15.919> that<00:18:16.080> is<00:18:16.240> a<00:18:16.559> clearly<00:18:17.039> defined 14:49.213 --> 14:49.223 align:start position:0% matter halo that is a clearly defined 14:49.223 --> 14:52.013 align:start position:0% matter halo that is a clearly defined sphere.<00:18:18.480> It<00:18:18.720> would<00:18:18.960> have<00:18:19.120> a<00:18:19.440> sharper<00:18:19.840> boundary 14:52.013 --> 14:52.023 align:start position:0% sphere. It would have a sharper boundary 14:52.023 --> 14:54.572 align:start position:0% sphere. It would have a sharper boundary than<00:18:20.559> other<00:18:20.799> dark<00:18:21.120> matter<00:18:21.440> candidates.<00:18:22.559> And 14:54.572 --> 14:54.582 align:start position:0% than other dark matter candidates. And 14:54.582 --> 14:56.812 align:start position:0% than other dark matter candidates. And this<00:18:23.280> would<00:18:23.600> naturally<00:18:24.160> lead<00:18:24.400> to<00:18:24.559> the<00:18:24.799> drop 14:56.812 --> 14:56.822 align:start position:0% this would naturally lead to the drop 14:56.822 --> 15:00.332 align:start position:0% this would naturally lead to the drop off<00:18:25.280> in<00:18:25.600> speed<00:18:26.080> observed<00:18:26.640> by<00:18:26.880> Gaia.<00:18:28.160> In<00:18:28.400> other 15:00.332 --> 15:00.342 align:start position:0% off in speed observed by Gaia. In other 15:00.342 --> 15:03.933 align:start position:0% off in speed observed by Gaia. In other words,<00:18:29.200> Gaia<00:18:29.760> is<00:18:30.080> not<00:18:30.320> just<00:18:30.559> mapping<00:18:30.960> stars. 15:03.933 --> 15:03.943 align:start position:0% words, Gaia is not just mapping stars. 15:03.943 --> 15:07.053 align:start position:0% words, Gaia is not just mapping stars. It's<00:18:32.640> tracing<00:18:33.200> the<00:18:33.520> distribution<00:18:34.000> of<00:18:34.320> gravity 15:07.053 --> 15:07.063 align:start position:0% It's tracing the distribution of gravity 15:07.063 --> 15:10.173 align:start position:0% It's tracing the distribution of gravity across<00:18:35.760> the<00:18:36.000> Milky<00:18:36.400> Way.<00:18:37.520> There<00:18:37.840> are<00:18:38.080> other 15:10.173 --> 15:10.183 align:start position:0% across the Milky Way. There are other 15:10.183 --> 15:11.933 align:start position:0% across the Milky Way. There are other observations<00:18:38.880> that<00:18:39.120> can<00:18:39.280> show<00:18:39.440> us<00:18:39.679> gravity's 15:11.933 --> 15:11.943 align:start position:0% observations that can show us gravity's 15:11.943 --> 15:14.013 align:start position:0% observations that can show us gravity's effects<00:18:40.400> in<00:18:40.640> our<00:18:40.799> galaxy.<00:18:41.600> And<00:18:41.840> the<00:18:42.000> most 15:14.013 --> 15:14.023 align:start position:0% effects in our galaxy. And the most 15:14.023 --> 15:16.413 align:start position:0% effects in our galaxy. And the most well-known<00:18:42.960> takes<00:18:43.280> us<00:18:43.440> back<00:18:43.679> to<00:18:44.080> where<00:18:44.320> it<00:18:44.480> is 15:16.413 --> 15:16.423 align:start position:0% well-known takes us back to where it is 15:16.423 --> 15:19.133 align:start position:0% well-known takes us back to where it is strongest,<00:18:45.600> the<00:18:45.919> extreme<00:18:46.640> environment 15:19.133 --> 15:19.143 align:start position:0% strongest, the extreme environment 15:19.143 --> 15:22.093 align:start position:0% strongest, the extreme environment around<00:18:47.840> Sagittarius<00:18:48.640> A<00:18:48.960> star.<00:18:50.000> This 15:22.093 --> 15:22.103 align:start position:0% around Sagittarius A star. This 15:22.103 --> 15:24.253 align:start position:0% around Sagittarius A star. This enigmatic<00:18:51.039> image<00:18:51.280> from<00:18:51.440> the<00:18:51.600> event<00:18:52.000> horizon 15:24.253 --> 15:24.263 align:start position:0% enigmatic image from the event horizon 15:24.263 --> 15:28.013 align:start position:0% enigmatic image from the event horizon telescope<00:18:53.360> published<00:18:53.760> in<00:18:54.160> 2022<00:18:55.360> was<00:18:55.679> widely 15:28.013 --> 15:28.023 align:start position:0% telescope published in 2022 was widely 15:28.023 --> 15:30.893 align:start position:0% telescope published in 2022 was widely described<00:18:56.720> as<00:18:56.960> the<00:18:57.280> first<00:18:57.679> direct<00:18:58.160> image<00:18:58.799> of 15:30.893 --> 15:30.903 align:start position:0% described as the first direct image of 15:30.903 --> 15:35.053 align:start position:0% described as the first direct image of our<00:18:59.600> black<00:18:59.919> hole<00:19:00.320> shadow.<00:19:01.679> Again,<00:19:02.480> the<00:19:02.720> devil 15:35.053 --> 15:35.063 align:start position:0% our black hole shadow. Again, the devil 15:35.063 --> 15:38.493 align:start position:0% our black hole shadow. Again, the devil is<00:19:03.520> in<00:19:03.679> the<00:19:03.919> detail<00:19:04.240> here.<00:19:05.360> What<00:19:05.600> the<00:19:05.919> EHT 15:38.493 --> 15:38.503 align:start position:0% is in the detail here. What the EHT 15:38.503 --> 15:41.213 align:start position:0% is in the detail here. What the EHT image<00:19:07.039> shows<00:19:07.679> is<00:19:08.080> glowing<00:19:08.559> hot<00:19:08.880> matter 15:41.213 --> 15:41.223 align:start position:0% image shows is glowing hot matter 15:41.223 --> 15:44.493 align:start position:0% image shows is glowing hot matter circulating<00:19:10.160> Sagittarius<00:19:10.880> A<00:19:11.120> star<00:19:12.000> bent<00:19:12.400> into 15:44.493 --> 15:44.503 align:start position:0% circulating Sagittarius A star bent into 15:44.503 --> 15:47.692 align:start position:0% circulating Sagittarius A star bent into a<00:19:12.960> ring<00:19:13.280> by<00:19:13.520> the<00:19:13.760> object's<00:19:14.400> extreme<00:19:15.120> gravity, 15:47.692 --> 15:47.702 align:start position:0% a ring by the object's extreme gravity, 15:47.702 --> 15:50.572 align:start position:0% a ring by the object's extreme gravity, which<00:19:16.240> is<00:19:16.640> consistent<00:19:17.200> with<00:19:17.360> a<00:19:17.600> black<00:19:17.840> hole. 15:50.572 --> 15:50.582 align:start position:0% which is consistent with a black hole. 15:50.582 --> 15:52.812 align:start position:0% which is consistent with a black hole. We're<00:19:19.039> also<00:19:19.360> seeing<00:19:19.600> a<00:19:19.840> shadow<00:19:20.320> against<00:19:20.799> the 15:52.812 --> 15:52.822 align:start position:0% We're also seeing a shadow against the 15:52.822 --> 15:56.253 align:start position:0% We're also seeing a shadow against the surrounding<00:19:21.600> glowing<00:19:22.080> gas.<00:19:23.200> In<00:19:23.440> a<00:19:23.679> 2024 15:56.253 --> 15:56.263 align:start position:0% surrounding glowing gas. In a 2024 15:56.263 --> 15:58.893 align:start position:0% surrounding glowing gas. In a 2024 publication,<00:19:25.440> Agues<00:19:26.080> and<00:19:26.320> his<00:19:26.640> team 15:58.893 --> 15:58.903 align:start position:0% publication, Agues and his team 15:58.903 --> 16:01.692 align:start position:0% publication, Agues and his team demonstrated<00:19:27.760> that<00:19:28.000> a<00:19:28.240> dense<00:19:28.799> fionic<00:19:29.600> dark 16:01.692 --> 16:01.702 align:start position:0% demonstrated that a dense fionic dark 16:01.702 --> 16:04.653 align:start position:0% demonstrated that a dense fionic dark matter<00:19:30.320> core<00:19:31.120> could<00:19:31.520> mimic<00:19:31.919> this<00:19:32.160> shadow 16:04.653 --> 16:04.663 align:start position:0% matter core could mimic this shadow 16:04.663 --> 16:06.733 align:start position:0% matter core could mimic this shadow because<00:19:33.200> its<00:19:33.440> extreme<00:19:33.919> gravity<00:19:34.320> would<00:19:34.559> bend 16:06.733 --> 16:06.743 align:start position:0% because its extreme gravity would bend 16:06.743 --> 16:09.373 align:start position:0% because its extreme gravity would bend light<00:19:35.440> just<00:19:35.679> as<00:19:36.000> strongly,<00:19:36.880> producing<00:19:37.360> an 16:09.373 --> 16:09.383 align:start position:0% light just as strongly, producing an 16:09.383 --> 16:12.173 align:start position:0% light just as strongly, producing an image<00:19:38.240> almost<00:19:38.720> indistinguishable<00:19:39.760> from<00:19:40.080> the 16:12.173 --> 16:12.183 align:start position:0% image almost indistinguishable from the 16:12.183 --> 16:14.332 align:start position:0% image almost indistinguishable from the black<00:19:40.640> hole<00:19:40.880> scenario<00:19:41.600> with<00:19:42.160> current 16:14.332 --> 16:14.342 align:start position:0% black hole scenario with current 16:14.342 --> 16:17.533 align:start position:0% black hole scenario with current instrumentation.<00:19:44.000> As<00:19:44.240> Kresby<00:19:44.799> describes<00:19:45.280> it, 16:17.533 --> 16:17.543 align:start position:0% instrumentation. As Kresby describes it, 16:17.543 --> 16:20.253 align:start position:0% instrumentation. As Kresby describes it, our<00:19:46.160> model<00:19:46.720> not<00:19:47.039> only<00:19:47.280> explains<00:19:47.760> the<00:19:48.000> orbits 16:20.253 --> 16:20.263 align:start position:0% our model not only explains the orbits 16:20.263 --> 16:23.293 align:start position:0% our model not only explains the orbits of<00:19:48.799> stars<00:19:49.360> and<00:19:49.600> the<00:19:49.760> galaxy's<00:19:50.320> rotation,<00:19:51.360> but 16:23.293 --> 16:23.303 align:start position:0% of stars and the galaxy's rotation, but 16:23.303 --> 16:25.533 align:start position:0% of stars and the galaxy's rotation, but it<00:19:51.760> is<00:19:51.919> also<00:19:52.400> consistent<00:19:52.880> with<00:19:53.039> the<00:19:53.280> famous 16:25.533 --> 16:25.543 align:start position:0% it is also consistent with the famous 16:25.543 --> 16:28.973 align:start position:0% it is also consistent with the famous black<00:19:54.000> hole<00:19:54.400> shadow<00:19:54.799> image.<00:19:56.160> The<00:19:56.400> dense<00:19:56.799> dark 16:28.973 --> 16:28.983 align:start position:0% black hole shadow image. The dense dark 16:28.983 --> 16:31.533 align:start position:0% black hole shadow image. The dense dark matter<00:19:57.600> core<00:19:58.000> can<00:19:58.240> mimic<00:19:58.640> the<00:19:58.880> shadow<00:19:59.520> because 16:31.533 --> 16:31.543 align:start position:0% matter core can mimic the shadow because 16:31.543 --> 16:34.493 align:start position:0% matter core can mimic the shadow because it<00:20:00.000> bends<00:20:00.400> light<00:20:00.720> so<00:20:01.120> strongly,<00:20:02.000> creating<00:20:02.400> a 16:34.493 --> 16:34.503 align:start position:0% it bends light so strongly, creating a 16:34.503 --> 16:36.653 align:start position:0% it bends light so strongly, creating a central<00:20:03.200> darkness<00:20:03.679> surrounded<00:20:04.240> by<00:20:04.400> a<00:20:04.640> bright 16:36.653 --> 16:36.663 align:start position:0% central darkness surrounded by a bright 16:36.663 --> 16:40.093 align:start position:0% central darkness surrounded by a bright ring.<00:20:05.840> And<00:20:06.000> if<00:20:06.160> it<00:20:06.400> turns<00:20:06.640> out<00:20:06.880> to<00:20:07.120> be<00:20:07.360> true, 16:40.093 --> 16:40.103 align:start position:0% ring. And if it turns out to be true, 16:40.103 --> 16:42.332 align:start position:0% ring. And if it turns out to be true, this<00:20:08.559> theory<00:20:09.039> comes<00:20:09.360> with<00:20:09.600> some<00:20:09.919> other 16:42.332 --> 16:42.342 align:start position:0% this theory comes with some other 16:42.342 --> 16:44.812 align:start position:0% this theory comes with some other exciting<00:20:11.440> implications. 16:44.812 --> 16:44.822 align:start position:0% exciting implications. 16:44.822 --> 16:46.173 align:start position:0% exciting implications. Thanks<00:20:13.280> to<00:20:13.440> the<00:20:13.520> James<00:20:13.840> Webb<00:20:14.160> Space 16:46.173 --> 16:46.183 align:start position:0% Thanks to the James Webb Space 16:46.183 --> 16:48.733 align:start position:0% Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope,<00:20:15.120> astronomers<00:20:15.760> are<00:20:16.000> able<00:20:16.320> to<00:20:16.480> peer 16:48.733 --> 16:48.743 align:start position:0% Telescope, astronomers are able to peer 16:48.743 --> 16:51.213 align:start position:0% Telescope, astronomers are able to peer deep<00:20:17.280> into<00:20:17.600> the<00:20:17.840> past,<00:20:18.400> imaging<00:20:18.880> galaxies 16:51.213 --> 16:51.223 align:start position:0% deep into the past, imaging galaxies 16:51.223 --> 16:53.213 align:start position:0% deep into the past, imaging galaxies whose<00:20:19.760> light<00:20:20.000> has<00:20:20.240> taken<00:20:20.559> so<00:20:20.799> long<00:20:20.960> to<00:20:21.200> reach 16:53.213 --> 16:53.223 align:start position:0% whose light has taken so long to reach 16:53.223 --> 16:54.973 align:start position:0% whose light has taken so long to reach us<00:20:21.760> that<00:20:22.000> we're<00:20:22.240> seeing<00:20:22.480> them<00:20:22.720> as<00:20:22.960> they 16:54.973 --> 16:54.983 align:start position:0% us that we're seeing them as they 16:54.983 --> 16:57.133 align:start position:0% us that we're seeing them as they existed<00:20:23.679> less<00:20:23.919> than<00:20:24.080> a<00:20:24.320> billion<00:20:24.720> years<00:20:25.039> after 16:57.133 --> 16:57.143 align:start position:0% existed less than a billion years after 16:57.143 --> 16:59.773 align:start position:0% existed less than a billion years after the<00:20:25.520> Big<00:20:25.760> Bang.<00:20:26.880> Something<00:20:27.280> interesting<00:20:27.760> has 16:59.773 --> 16:59.783 align:start position:0% the Big Bang. Something interesting has 16:59.783 --> 17:01.213 align:start position:0% the Big Bang. Something interesting has been<00:20:28.159> found<00:20:28.400> in<00:20:28.640> the<00:20:28.799> center<00:20:29.039> of<00:20:29.200> some<00:20:29.360> of 17:01.213 --> 17:01.223 align:start position:0% been found in the center of some of 17:01.223 --> 17:04.893 align:start position:0% been found in the center of some of these<00:20:29.760> galaxies<00:20:30.640> called<00:20:31.200> little<00:20:31.600> red<00:20:32.000> dots. 17:04.893 --> 17:04.903 align:start position:0% these galaxies called little red dots. 17:04.903 --> 17:07.213 align:start position:0% these galaxies called little red dots. These<00:20:33.360> are<00:20:33.520> thought<00:20:33.760> to<00:20:33.919> be<00:20:34.080> compact<00:20:34.640> masses, 17:07.213 --> 17:07.223 align:start position:0% These are thought to be compact masses, 17:07.223 --> 17:10.093 align:start position:0% These are thought to be compact masses, hundreds<00:20:36.000> of<00:20:36.320> millions<00:20:36.880> or<00:20:37.200> even<00:20:37.600> billions<00:20:38.080> of 17:10.093 --> 17:10.103 align:start position:0% hundreds of millions or even billions of 17:10.103 --> 17:13.773 align:start position:0% hundreds of millions or even billions of solar<00:20:38.640> masses<00:20:39.039> in<00:20:39.280> size.<00:20:40.400> And<00:20:40.880> it's<00:20:41.520> very 17:13.773 --> 17:13.783 align:start position:0% solar masses in size. And it's very 17:13.783 --> 17:17.293 align:start position:0% solar masses in size. And it's very difficult<00:20:42.480> to<00:20:42.720> explain<00:20:43.600> what<00:20:43.919> they<00:20:44.240> are.<00:20:45.200> How 17:17.293 --> 17:17.303 align:start position:0% difficult to explain what they are. How 17:17.303 --> 17:20.733 align:start position:0% difficult to explain what they are. How could<00:20:46.080> something<00:20:46.559> so<00:20:47.039> large<00:20:47.600> form<00:20:48.159> in<00:20:48.480> such<00:20:48.720> a 17:20.733 --> 17:20.743 align:start position:0% could something so large form in such a 17:20.743 --> 17:23.373 align:start position:0% could something so large form in such a short<00:20:49.280> time<00:20:49.520> scale?<00:20:50.640> Since<00:20:50.960> their<00:20:51.200> discovery 17:23.373 --> 17:23.383 align:start position:0% short time scale? Since their discovery 17:23.383 --> 17:25.133 align:start position:0% short time scale? Since their discovery a<00:20:51.840> few<00:20:52.000> years<00:20:52.159> ago,<00:20:52.640> there<00:20:52.880> have<00:20:53.039> been 17:25.133 --> 17:25.143 align:start position:0% a few years ago, there have been 17:25.143 --> 17:27.692 align:start position:0% a few years ago, there have been hundreds<00:20:53.840> of<00:20:54.000> papers<00:20:54.720> and<00:20:55.120> almost<00:20:55.440> as<00:20:55.679> many 17:27.692 --> 17:27.702 align:start position:0% hundreds of papers and almost as many 17:27.702 --> 17:30.253 align:start position:0% hundreds of papers and almost as many theories<00:20:56.320> that<00:20:56.559> attempt<00:20:56.880> to<00:20:57.039> explain<00:20:57.440> them. 17:30.253 --> 17:30.263 align:start position:0% theories that attempt to explain them. 17:30.263 --> 17:33.133 align:start position:0% theories that attempt to explain them. Fermionic<00:20:59.440> dark<00:20:59.760> matter<00:21:00.159> cores<00:21:00.880> fit 17:33.133 --> 17:33.143 align:start position:0% Fermionic dark matter cores fit 17:33.143 --> 17:36.013 align:start position:0% Fermionic dark matter cores fit remarkably<00:21:02.080> well<00:21:02.400> here<00:21:02.799> too<00:21:03.440> because<00:21:03.840> they 17:36.013 --> 17:36.023 align:start position:0% remarkably well here too because they 17:36.023 --> 17:38.812 align:start position:0% remarkably well here too because they could<00:21:04.480> be<00:21:04.720> established<00:21:05.600> far<00:21:06.000> earlier<00:21:06.559> in<00:21:06.880> the 17:38.812 --> 17:38.822 align:start position:0% could be established far earlier in the 17:38.822 --> 17:41.452 align:start position:0% could be established far earlier in the history<00:21:07.280> of<00:21:07.440> the<00:21:07.679> universe<00:21:08.400> than<00:21:08.960> a<00:21:09.280> super 17:41.452 --> 17:41.462 align:start position:0% history of the universe than a super 17:41.462 --> 17:44.332 align:start position:0% history of the universe than a super massive<00:21:10.159> black<00:21:10.400> hole.<00:21:11.679> In<00:21:11.919> the<00:21:12.080> dense 17:44.332 --> 17:44.342 align:start position:0% massive black hole. In the dense 17:44.342 --> 17:46.253 align:start position:0% massive black hole. In the dense conditions<00:21:12.960> of<00:21:13.120> the<00:21:13.280> early<00:21:13.600> universe, 17:46.253 --> 17:46.263 align:start position:0% conditions of the early universe, 17:46.263 --> 17:48.413 align:start position:0% conditions of the early universe, theionic<00:21:15.120> dark<00:21:15.440> matter<00:21:15.919> would<00:21:16.240> have<00:21:16.480> been 17:48.413 --> 17:48.423 align:start position:0% theionic dark matter would have been 17:48.423 --> 17:51.373 align:start position:0% theionic dark matter would have been able<00:21:16.880> to<00:21:17.120> clump<00:21:17.520> together<00:21:18.240> to<00:21:18.480> form<00:21:18.960> compact 17:51.373 --> 17:51.383 align:start position:0% able to clump together to form compact 17:51.383 --> 17:54.253 align:start position:0% able to clump together to form compact configurations<00:21:20.799> without<00:21:21.200> needing<00:21:21.760> any<00:21:22.159> other 17:54.253 --> 17:54.263 align:start position:0% configurations without needing any other 17:54.263 --> 17:56.812 align:start position:0% configurations without needing any other starting<00:21:22.880> point<00:21:23.200> such<00:21:23.440> as<00:21:23.600> stars<00:21:24.000> at<00:21:24.240> all. 17:56.812 --> 17:56.822 align:start position:0% starting point such as stars at all. 17:56.822 --> 17:59.053 align:start position:0% starting point such as stars at all. which<00:21:25.280> would<00:21:25.520> explain<00:21:26.000> why<00:21:26.320> we<00:21:26.640> can<00:21:26.799> see 17:59.053 --> 17:59.063 align:start position:0% which would explain why we can see 17:59.063 --> 18:02.332 align:start position:0% which would explain why we can see extremely<00:21:28.159> massive<00:21:28.559> objects<00:21:29.200> so<00:21:29.520> early<00:21:30.159> in 18:02.332 --> 18:02.342 align:start position:0% extremely massive objects so early in 18:02.342 --> 18:05.773 align:start position:0% extremely massive objects so early in the<00:21:30.799> historical<00:21:31.520> cosmic<00:21:32.000> record.<00:21:33.200> But<00:21:33.679> before 18:05.773 --> 18:05.783 align:start position:0% the historical cosmic record. But before 18:05.783 --> 18:08.253 align:start position:0% the historical cosmic record. But before I<00:21:34.159> get<00:21:34.320> too<00:21:34.640> far<00:21:34.799> ahead<00:21:35.039> of<00:21:35.280> myself,<00:21:36.159> let's 18:08.253 --> 18:08.263 align:start position:0% I get too far ahead of myself, let's 18:08.263 --> 18:11.773 align:start position:0% I get too far ahead of myself, let's take<00:21:36.799> stock<00:21:37.039> for<00:21:37.280> a<00:21:37.440> moment.<00:21:38.320> We<00:21:38.640> have<00:21:39.039> SAR<00:21:39.679> and 18:11.773 --> 18:11.783 align:start position:0% take stock for a moment. We have SAR and 18:11.783 --> 18:15.053 align:start position:0% take stock for a moment. We have SAR and G<00:21:40.400> object<00:21:40.880> orbits,<00:21:41.760> the<00:21:41.919> GIA<00:21:42.320> rotation<00:21:42.799> curve, 18:15.053 --> 18:15.063 align:start position:0% G object orbits, the GIA rotation curve, 18:15.063 --> 18:18.493 align:start position:0% G object orbits, the GIA rotation curve, and<00:21:43.520> the<00:21:43.679> EHT<00:21:44.320> shadow.<00:21:45.360> A<00:21:45.600> thermionic<00:21:46.400> dark 18:18.493 --> 18:18.503 align:start position:0% and the EHT shadow. A thermionic dark 18:18.503 --> 18:20.973 align:start position:0% and the EHT shadow. A thermionic dark matter<00:21:47.120> model<00:21:47.679> can<00:21:48.000> reproduce<00:21:48.559> these<00:21:48.880> current 18:20.973 --> 18:20.983 align:start position:0% matter model can reproduce these current 18:20.983 --> 18:24.812 align:start position:0% matter model can reproduce these current observations<00:21:49.919> with<00:21:50.559> striking<00:21:51.280> accuracy.<00:21:52.720> But 18:24.812 --> 18:24.822 align:start position:0% observations with striking accuracy. But 18:24.822 --> 18:26.493 align:start position:0% observations with striking accuracy. But as<00:21:53.280> the<00:21:53.440> teams<00:21:53.760> are<00:21:53.919> quick<00:21:54.080> to<00:21:54.320> point<00:21:54.480> out 18:26.493 --> 18:26.503 align:start position:0% as the teams are quick to point out 18:26.503 --> 18:29.773 align:start position:0% as the teams are quick to point out themselves,<00:21:55.520> their<00:21:55.840> theory<00:21:56.240> is<00:21:56.640> not<00:21:57.039> proven 18:29.773 --> 18:29.783 align:start position:0% themselves, their theory is not proven 18:29.783 --> 18:32.413 align:start position:0% themselves, their theory is not proven and<00:21:58.240> their<00:21:58.559> work<00:21:58.960> has<00:21:59.360> not<00:21:59.840> shown<00:22:00.159> the<00:22:00.400> black 18:32.413 --> 18:32.423 align:start position:0% and their work has not shown the black 18:32.423 --> 18:34.973 align:start position:0% and their work has not shown the black hole<00:22:00.960> model<00:22:01.280> to<00:22:01.440> be<00:22:01.600> wrong<00:22:02.000> or<00:22:02.480> shifted<00:22:02.960> the 18:34.973 --> 18:34.983 align:start position:0% hole model to be wrong or shifted the 18:34.983 --> 18:38.093 align:start position:0% hole model to be wrong or shifted the consensus<00:22:03.760> view.<00:22:04.880> It<00:22:05.120> is<00:22:05.360> still<00:22:05.840> considered 18:38.093 --> 18:38.103 align:start position:0% consensus view. It is still considered 18:38.103 --> 18:41.053 align:start position:0% consensus view. It is still considered most<00:22:06.640> likely<00:22:07.039> that<00:22:07.280> Sagittarius<00:22:08.000> A<00:22:08.240> star<00:22:08.640> is<00:22:09.039> a 18:41.053 --> 18:41.063 align:start position:0% most likely that Sagittarius A star is a 18:41.063 --> 18:43.932 align:start position:0% most likely that Sagittarius A star is a super<00:22:09.600> massive<00:22:09.919> black<00:22:10.159> hole.<00:22:11.200> But<00:22:11.840> what 18:43.932 --> 18:43.942 align:start position:0% super massive black hole. But what 18:43.942 --> 18:47.053 align:start position:0% super massive black hole. But what Kresby<00:22:13.120> Arguas<00:22:14.159> and<00:22:14.400> their<00:22:14.640> collaborators 18:47.053 --> 18:47.063 align:start position:0% Kresby Arguas and their collaborators 18:47.063 --> 18:50.332 align:start position:0% Kresby Arguas and their collaborators have<00:22:15.600> done<00:22:16.400> is<00:22:16.640> shown<00:22:16.880> that<00:22:17.120> a<00:22:17.440> firmionic<00:22:18.240> dark 18:50.332 --> 18:50.342 align:start position:0% have done is shown that a firmionic dark 18:50.342 --> 18:53.213 align:start position:0% have done is shown that a firmionic dark matter<00:22:18.960> model<00:22:19.840> cannot<00:22:20.400> be<00:22:20.559> ruled<00:22:20.880> out<00:22:21.120> by 18:53.213 --> 18:53.223 align:start position:0% matter model cannot be ruled out by 18:53.223 --> 18:55.932 align:start position:0% matter model cannot be ruled out by current<00:22:21.760> data<00:22:22.480> and<00:22:22.720> it<00:22:22.960> deserves<00:22:23.440> a<00:22:23.760> closer 18:55.932 --> 18:55.942 align:start position:0% current data and it deserves a closer 18:55.942 --> 18:59.533 align:start position:0% current data and it deserves a closer look.<00:22:25.120> And<00:22:25.520> beyond<00:22:26.159> our<00:22:26.640> current<00:22:27.280> abilities 18:59.533 --> 18:59.543 align:start position:0% look. And beyond our current abilities 18:59.543 --> 19:02.893 align:start position:0% look. And beyond our current abilities to<00:22:28.000> detect,<00:22:28.960> there<00:22:29.280> is<00:22:29.679> a<00:22:30.000> signature<00:22:30.640> unique 19:02.893 --> 19:02.903 align:start position:0% to detect, there is a signature unique 19:02.903 --> 19:05.373 align:start position:0% to detect, there is a signature unique to<00:22:31.360> black<00:22:31.600> holes<00:22:32.159> that<00:22:32.559> could<00:22:32.880> help<00:22:33.200> settle 19:05.373 --> 19:05.383 align:start position:0% to black holes that could help settle 19:05.383 --> 19:07.213 align:start position:0% to black holes that could help settle the<00:22:33.760> matter. 19:07.213 --> 19:07.223 align:start position:0% the matter. 19:07.223 --> 19:09.773 align:start position:0% the matter. around<00:22:35.760> a<00:22:36.000> true<00:22:36.320> black<00:22:36.559> hole.<00:22:37.280> The<00:22:37.520> intense 19:09.773 --> 19:09.783 align:start position:0% around a true black hole. The intense 19:09.783 --> 19:12.173 align:start position:0% around a true black hole. The intense gravity<00:22:38.400> near<00:22:38.720> the<00:22:38.880> event<00:22:39.200> horizon<00:22:39.760> can<00:22:40.000> force 19:12.173 --> 19:12.183 align:start position:0% gravity near the event horizon can force 19:12.183 --> 19:15.373 align:start position:0% gravity near the event horizon can force photons<00:22:41.039> to<00:22:41.360> spiral<00:22:41.919> multiple<00:22:42.559> times<00:22:43.039> before 19:15.373 --> 19:15.383 align:start position:0% photons to spiral multiple times before 19:15.383 --> 19:17.613 align:start position:0% photons to spiral multiple times before they<00:22:43.919> disappear<00:22:44.480> beyond<00:22:44.799> it,<00:22:45.360> never<00:22:45.600> to 19:17.613 --> 19:17.623 align:start position:0% they disappear beyond it, never to 19:17.623 --> 19:20.973 align:start position:0% they disappear beyond it, never to emerge<00:22:46.240> again.<00:22:47.440> This<00:22:47.760> phenomenon<00:22:48.720> called 19:20.973 --> 19:20.983 align:start position:0% emerge again. This phenomenon called 19:20.983 --> 19:23.853 align:start position:0% emerge again. This phenomenon called photon<00:22:49.679> rings<00:22:50.559> would<00:22:50.799> not<00:22:51.120> exist<00:22:51.600> around<00:22:51.840> a 19:23.853 --> 19:23.863 align:start position:0% photon rings would not exist around a 19:23.863 --> 19:26.733 align:start position:0% photon rings would not exist around a dark<00:22:52.400> matter<00:22:52.799> core<00:22:53.440> because<00:22:53.840> dark<00:22:54.240> firmians 19:26.733 --> 19:26.743 align:start position:0% dark matter core because dark firmians 19:26.743 --> 19:28.973 align:start position:0% dark matter core because dark firmians would<00:22:55.280> resist<00:22:55.840> being<00:22:56.159> squeezed<00:22:56.640> into<00:22:56.960> a 19:28.973 --> 19:28.983 align:start position:0% would resist being squeezed into a 19:28.983 --> 19:31.692 align:start position:0% would resist being squeezed into a singularity<00:22:57.840> in<00:22:58.080> the<00:22:58.240> first<00:22:58.480> place.<00:22:59.360> The<00:22:59.679> dark 19:31.692 --> 19:31.702 align:start position:0% singularity in the first place. The dark 19:31.702 --> 19:34.332 align:start position:0% singularity in the first place. The dark matter<00:23:00.320> core<00:23:00.640> remains<00:23:01.039> a<00:23:01.360> stable,<00:23:02.159> dense 19:34.332 --> 19:34.342 align:start position:0% matter core remains a stable, dense 19:34.342 --> 19:37.533 align:start position:0% matter core remains a stable, dense sphere<00:23:03.360> rather<00:23:03.760> than<00:23:03.919> a<00:23:04.159> bottomless<00:23:04.720> pit. 19:37.533 --> 19:37.543 align:start position:0% sphere rather than a bottomless pit. 19:37.543 --> 19:39.692 align:start position:0% sphere rather than a bottomless pit. Without<00:23:06.080> the<00:23:06.240> event<00:23:06.640> horizon,<00:23:07.360> light<00:23:07.679> is 19:39.692 --> 19:39.702 align:start position:0% Without the event horizon, light is 19:39.702 --> 19:41.932 align:start position:0% Without the event horizon, light is simply<00:23:08.320> bent<00:23:08.720> by<00:23:08.880> the<00:23:09.039> core's<00:23:09.440> gravity<00:23:09.840> and 19:41.932 --> 19:41.942 align:start position:0% simply bent by the core's gravity and 19:41.942 --> 19:44.413 align:start position:0% simply bent by the core's gravity and flies<00:23:10.640> away<00:23:11.360> rather<00:23:11.679> than<00:23:11.919> getting<00:23:12.240> trapped 19:44.413 --> 19:44.423 align:start position:0% flies away rather than getting trapped 19:44.423 --> 19:46.413 align:start position:0% flies away rather than getting trapped in<00:23:12.799> the<00:23:12.960> endless<00:23:13.440> loops<00:23:13.760> that<00:23:14.000> create<00:23:14.320> a 19:46.413 --> 19:46.423 align:start position:0% in the endless loops that create a 19:46.423 --> 19:49.692 align:start position:0% in the endless loops that create a photon<00:23:15.120> ring.<00:23:16.400> Imaging<00:23:16.880> such<00:23:17.120> a<00:23:17.360> structure 19:49.692 --> 19:49.702 align:start position:0% photon ring. Imaging such a structure 19:49.702 --> 19:52.653 align:start position:0% photon ring. Imaging such a structure around<00:23:18.320> Sagittarius<00:23:19.039> A<00:23:19.280> star<00:23:19.919> is<00:23:20.320> actively 19:52.653 --> 19:52.663 align:start position:0% around Sagittarius A star is actively 19:52.663 --> 19:55.293 align:start position:0% around Sagittarius A star is actively being<00:23:21.120> worked<00:23:21.440> towards.<00:23:22.320> NASA's<00:23:22.880> black<00:23:23.120> hole 19:55.293 --> 19:55.303 align:start position:0% being worked towards. NASA's black hole 19:55.303 --> 19:57.932 align:start position:0% being worked towards. NASA's black hole explorer<00:23:24.080> mission<00:23:24.400> aims<00:23:24.720> to<00:23:24.960> launch<00:23:25.360> a<00:23:25.679> new 19:57.932 --> 19:57.942 align:start position:0% explorer mission aims to launch a new 19:57.942 --> 20:00.332 align:start position:0% explorer mission aims to launch a new space-based<00:23:26.799> radio<00:23:27.280> telescope<00:23:28.080> which<00:23:28.320> would 20:00.332 --> 20:00.342 align:start position:0% space-based radio telescope which would 20:00.342 --> 20:02.973 align:start position:0% space-based radio telescope which would link<00:23:28.960> directly<00:23:29.679> to<00:23:29.919> the<00:23:30.159> next<00:23:30.400> generation 20:02.973 --> 20:02.983 align:start position:0% link directly to the next generation 20:02.983 --> 20:04.493 align:start position:0% link directly to the next generation EHT. 20:04.493 --> 20:04.503 align:start position:0% EHT. 20:04.503 --> 20:06.653 align:start position:0% EHT. Such<00:23:33.039> an<00:23:33.200> endeavor<00:23:33.600> would<00:23:33.840> create<00:23:34.159> a<00:23:34.480> virtual 20:06.653 --> 20:06.663 align:start position:0% Such an endeavor would create a virtual 20:06.663 --> 20:09.613 align:start position:0% Such an endeavor would create a virtual telescope<00:23:35.600> larger<00:23:36.000> than<00:23:36.240> Earth,<00:23:37.360> but<00:23:37.600> it 20:09.613 --> 20:09.623 align:start position:0% telescope larger than Earth, but it 20:09.623 --> 20:11.932 align:start position:0% telescope larger than Earth, but it could<00:23:38.080> be<00:23:38.320> decades<00:23:38.880> before<00:23:39.360> this<00:23:39.679> comes<00:23:40.000> to 20:11.932 --> 20:11.942 align:start position:0% could be decades before this comes to 20:11.942 --> 20:15.213 align:start position:0% could be decades before this comes to fruition.<00:23:41.440> In<00:23:41.679> the<00:23:41.760> meantime,<00:23:42.480> the<00:23:42.880> gravity 20:15.213 --> 20:15.223 align:start position:0% fruition. In the meantime, the gravity 20:15.223 --> 20:18.973 align:start position:0% fruition. In the meantime, the gravity interpherometer<00:23:44.320> at<00:23:44.559> the<00:23:44.799> VLTI<00:23:46.000> in<00:23:46.240> Chile<00:23:46.880> is 20:18.973 --> 20:18.983 align:start position:0% interpherometer at the VLTI in Chile is 20:18.983 --> 20:21.373 align:start position:0% interpherometer at the VLTI in Chile is being<00:23:47.520> continuously<00:23:48.240> developed.<00:23:49.200> This 20:21.373 --> 20:21.383 align:start position:0% being continuously developed. This 20:21.383 --> 20:23.853 align:start position:0% being continuously developed. This interferometer<00:23:50.720> is<00:23:51.039> already<00:23:51.520> tracking<00:23:51.840> the 20:23.853 --> 20:23.863 align:start position:0% interferometer is already tracking the 20:23.863 --> 20:26.733 align:start position:0% interferometer is already tracking the perisenter<00:23:52.799> procession<00:23:53.280> of<00:23:53.600> S2's<00:23:54.159> orbit, 20:26.733 --> 20:26.743 align:start position:0% perisenter procession of S2's orbit, 20:26.743 --> 20:28.572 align:start position:0% perisenter procession of S2's orbit, measuring<00:23:55.440> the<00:23:55.679> subtle<00:23:56.080> changes<00:23:56.480> in<00:23:56.640> its 20:28.572 --> 20:28.582 align:start position:0% measuring the subtle changes in its 20:28.582 --> 20:30.413 align:start position:0% measuring the subtle changes in its orbital<00:23:57.280> path<00:23:57.600> with<00:23:57.840> each<00:23:58.080> loop<00:23:58.400> around 20:30.413 --> 20:30.423 align:start position:0% orbital path with each loop around 20:30.423 --> 20:33.293 align:start position:0% orbital path with each loop around Sagittarius<00:23:59.360> A<00:23:59.679> star.<00:24:00.559> The<00:24:00.880> direction<00:24:01.280> of 20:33.293 --> 20:33.303 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star. The direction of 20:33.303 --> 20:36.893 align:start position:0% Sagittarius A star. The direction of this<00:24:01.760> shift<00:24:02.320> and<00:24:02.559> by<00:24:02.880> how<00:24:03.200> much<00:24:04.080> could<00:24:04.559> provide 20:36.893 --> 20:36.903 align:start position:0% this shift and by how much could provide 20:36.903 --> 20:38.973 align:start position:0% this shift and by how much could provide further<00:24:05.520> constraints<00:24:06.000> for<00:24:06.240> competing<00:24:06.799> models 20:38.973 --> 20:38.983 align:start position:0% further constraints for competing models 20:38.983 --> 20:41.293 align:start position:0% further constraints for competing models to<00:24:07.440> be<00:24:07.520> tested<00:24:07.919> against.<00:24:08.880> At<00:24:09.120> the<00:24:09.280> other<00:24:09.360> end 20:41.293 --> 20:41.303 align:start position:0% to be tested against. At the other end 20:41.303 --> 20:43.213 align:start position:0% to be tested against. At the other end of<00:24:09.679> the<00:24:09.840> scale,<00:24:10.400> direct<00:24:10.880> detection 20:43.213 --> 20:43.223 align:start position:0% of the scale, direct detection 20:43.223 --> 20:45.853 align:start position:0% of the scale, direct detection experiments<00:24:12.159> like<00:24:12.400> the<00:24:12.880> neon<00:24:13.360> experiment<00:24:13.840> in 20:45.853 --> 20:45.863 align:start position:0% experiments like the neon experiment in 20:45.863 --> 20:48.493 align:start position:0% experiments like the neon experiment in South<00:24:14.400> Korea<00:24:15.200> are<00:24:15.520> beginning<00:24:15.919> to<00:24:16.159> hunt<00:24:16.400> for 20:48.493 --> 20:48.503 align:start position:0% South Korea are beginning to hunt for 20:48.503 --> 20:50.493 align:start position:0% South Korea are beginning to hunt for dark<00:24:17.200> fian. 20:50.493 --> 20:50.503 align:start position:0% dark fian. 20:50.503 --> 20:52.893 align:start position:0% dark fian. Researchers<00:24:19.279> are<00:24:19.440> looking<00:24:19.760> for<00:24:20.080> the<00:24:20.559> minute 20:52.893 --> 20:52.903 align:start position:0% Researchers are looking for the minute 20:52.903 --> 20:54.893 align:start position:0% Researchers are looking for the minute traces<00:24:21.600> of<00:24:21.840> energy<00:24:22.240> resulting<00:24:22.720> from<00:24:22.880> a 20:54.893 --> 20:54.903 align:start position:0% traces of energy resulting from a 20:54.903 --> 20:57.452 align:start position:0% traces of energy resulting from a collision<00:24:23.520> between<00:24:23.840> a<00:24:24.159> passing<00:24:24.640> particle<00:24:25.279> and 20:57.452 --> 20:57.462 align:start position:0% collision between a passing particle and 20:57.462 --> 21:00.173 align:start position:0% collision between a passing particle and an<00:24:26.000> electron.<00:24:27.039> If<00:24:27.279> signals<00:24:27.760> like<00:24:27.919> this<00:24:28.159> are 21:00.173 --> 21:00.183 align:start position:0% an electron. If signals like this are 21:00.183 --> 21:03.293 align:start position:0% an electron. If signals like this are detected,<00:24:29.440> they<00:24:29.760> could<00:24:30.240> offer<00:24:30.720> vital<00:24:31.200> clues 21:03.293 --> 21:03.303 align:start position:0% detected, they could offer vital clues 21:03.303 --> 21:05.452 align:start position:0% detected, they could offer vital clues about<00:24:31.760> the<00:24:31.919> properties<00:24:32.240> of<00:24:32.400> dark<00:24:32.720> matter<00:24:33.360> and 21:05.452 --> 21:05.462 align:start position:0% about the properties of dark matter and 21:05.462 --> 21:09.052 align:start position:0% about the properties of dark matter and help<00:24:33.919> us<00:24:34.159> understand<00:24:34.720> what<00:24:35.039> it's<00:24:35.360> made<00:24:35.520> of. 21:09.052 --> 21:09.062 align:start position:0% help us understand what it's made of. 21:09.062 --> 21:10.973 align:start position:0% help us understand what it's made of. What<00:24:37.520> I<00:24:37.760> find<00:24:38.000> so<00:24:38.240> fascinating<00:24:38.720> about<00:24:38.880> the 21:10.973 --> 21:10.983 align:start position:0% What I find so fascinating about the 21:10.983 --> 21:14.093 align:start position:0% What I find so fascinating about the Fionic<00:24:39.760> dark<00:24:40.000> matter<00:24:40.400> hypothesis<00:24:41.520> is<00:24:42.000> its 21:14.093 --> 21:14.103 align:start position:0% Fionic dark matter hypothesis is its 21:14.103 --> 21:17.213 align:start position:0% Fionic dark matter hypothesis is its elegance.<00:24:43.360> For<00:24:43.679> decades,<00:24:44.640> two<00:24:44.960> of<00:24:45.200> the 21:17.213 --> 21:17.223 align:start position:0% elegance. For decades, two of the 21:17.223 --> 21:19.052 align:start position:0% elegance. For decades, two of the deepest<00:24:45.840> mysteries<00:24:46.240> in<00:24:46.480> physics<00:24:46.880> have<00:24:47.120> been 21:19.052 --> 21:19.062 align:start position:0% deepest mysteries in physics have been 21:19.062 --> 21:22.013 align:start position:0% deepest mysteries in physics have been treated<00:24:47.600> as<00:24:48.159> entirely<00:24:48.880> unrelated.<00:24:50.000> The 21:22.013 --> 21:22.023 align:start position:0% treated as entirely unrelated. The 21:22.023 --> 21:23.853 align:start position:0% treated as entirely unrelated. The nature<00:24:50.559> of<00:24:50.720> the<00:24:50.880> super<00:24:51.200> massive<00:24:51.600> object<00:24:51.919> at 21:23.853 --> 21:23.863 align:start position:0% nature of the super massive object at 21:23.863 --> 21:25.692 align:start position:0% nature of the super massive object at the<00:24:52.240> heart<00:24:52.400> of<00:24:52.480> the<00:24:52.640> Milky<00:24:52.960> Way<00:24:53.520> and<00:24:53.679> the 21:25.692 --> 21:25.702 align:start position:0% the heart of the Milky Way and the 21:25.702 --> 21:27.692 align:start position:0% the heart of the Milky Way and the nature<00:24:54.159> of<00:24:54.400> dark<00:24:54.720> matter<00:24:55.039> that<00:24:55.279> makes<00:24:55.440> up<00:24:55.679> most 21:27.692 --> 21:27.702 align:start position:0% nature of dark matter that makes up most 21:27.702 --> 21:31.133 align:start position:0% nature of dark matter that makes up most of<00:24:56.080> the<00:24:56.240> universe.<00:24:57.279> The<00:24:57.600> LLA<00:24:58.320> team<00:24:58.720> and<00:24:59.039> their 21:31.133 --> 21:31.143 align:start position:0% of the universe. The LLA team and their 21:31.143 --> 21:33.853 align:start position:0% of the universe. The LLA team and their international<00:25:00.159> collaborators<00:25:01.360> propose<00:25:01.840> that 21:33.853 --> 21:33.863 align:start position:0% international collaborators propose that 21:33.863 --> 21:37.373 align:start position:0% international collaborators propose that these<00:25:02.400> problems<00:25:03.200> are<00:25:03.520> one<00:25:03.919> and<00:25:04.159> the<00:25:04.400> same<00:25:05.039> and 21:37.373 --> 21:37.383 align:start position:0% these problems are one and the same and 21:37.383 --> 21:40.572 align:start position:0% these problems are one and the same and it's<00:25:06.000> compelling.<00:25:07.120> If<00:25:07.440> they<00:25:07.600> are<00:25:07.840> correct,<00:25:08.559> it 21:40.572 --> 21:40.582 align:start position:0% it's compelling. If they are correct, it 21:40.582 --> 21:42.572 align:start position:0% it's compelling. If they are correct, it would<00:25:09.039> change<00:25:09.360> our<00:25:09.679> understanding<00:25:10.320> of 21:42.572 --> 21:42.582 align:start position:0% would change our understanding of 21:42.582 --> 21:45.373 align:start position:0% would change our understanding of Sagittarius<00:25:11.520> a<00:25:11.840> star<00:25:12.320> and<00:25:12.640> the<00:25:12.960> universe 21:45.373 --> 21:45.383 align:start position:0% Sagittarius a star and the universe 21:45.383 --> 21:48.332 align:start position:0% Sagittarius a star and the universe itself.<00:25:14.880> It's<00:25:15.120> a<00:25:15.279> bold<00:25:15.600> claim<00:25:16.159> and<00:25:16.400> the 21:48.332 --> 21:48.342 align:start position:0% itself. It's a bold claim and the 21:48.342 --> 21:50.493 align:start position:0% itself. It's a bold claim and the consensus<00:25:17.120> still<00:25:17.440> points<00:25:17.840> overwhelmingly 21:50.493 --> 21:50.503 align:start position:0% consensus still points overwhelmingly 21:50.503 --> 21:53.373 align:start position:0% consensus still points overwhelmingly towards<00:25:19.200> a<00:25:19.600> super<00:25:19.840> massive<00:25:20.240> black<00:25:20.480> hole.<00:25:21.360> But 21:53.373 --> 21:53.383 align:start position:0% towards a super massive black hole. But 21:53.383 --> 21:56.893 align:start position:0% towards a super massive black hole. But both<00:25:22.159> are<00:25:22.559> far<00:25:22.880> from<00:25:23.200> proven,<00:25:24.240> reminding<00:25:24.720> us 21:56.893 --> 21:56.903 align:start position:0% both are far from proven, reminding us 21:56.903 --> 21:58.733 align:start position:0% both are far from proven, reminding us that<00:25:25.360> some<00:25:25.600> of<00:25:25.679> the<00:25:25.840> most<00:25:26.159> fundamental 21:58.733 --> 21:58.743 align:start position:0% that some of the most fundamental 21:58.743 --> 22:01.932 align:start position:0% that some of the most fundamental questions<00:25:27.440> remain<00:25:27.919> open<00:25:28.880> even<00:25:29.200> at<00:25:29.600> the<00:25:29.840> center 22:01.932 --> 22:01.942 align:start position:0% questions remain open even at the center 22:01.942 --> 22:06.653 align:start position:0% questions remain open even at the center of<00:25:30.480> our<00:25:30.880> own<00:25:31.520> galaxy.