WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:05.590 align:start position:0% astrophysics's biggest mysteries, the formation<00:01:36.240> of<00:01:36.640> super<00:01:36.960> massive<00:01:37.600> black<00:01:37.920> holes. 00:05.590 --> 00:05.600 align:start position:0% formation of super massive black holes. 00:05.600 --> 00:07.430 align:start position:0% formation of super massive black holes. Since<00:01:41.200> the<00:01:41.360> James<00:01:41.680> Webb<00:01:42.000> Space<00:01:42.240> Telescope 00:07.430 --> 00:07.440 align:start position:0% Since the James Webb Space Telescope 00:07.440 --> 00:10.310 align:start position:0% Since the James Webb Space Telescope launched<00:01:43.040> on<00:01:43.200> the<00:01:43.360> 25th<00:01:43.759> of<00:01:43.920> December,<00:01:44.400> 2021, 00:10.310 --> 00:10.320 align:start position:0% launched on the 25th of December, 2021, 00:10.320 --> 00:13.910 align:start position:0% launched on the 25th of December, 2021, it<00:01:45.840> has<00:01:46.079> completed<00:01:46.640> over<00:01:47.200> 32,000<00:01:48.640> hours<00:01:48.960> of 00:13.910 --> 00:13.920 align:start position:0% it has completed over 32,000 hours of 00:13.920 --> 00:17.189 align:start position:0% it has completed over 32,000 hours of observation<00:01:50.079> and<00:01:50.399> sent<00:01:50.640> back<00:01:50.960> more<00:01:51.200> than<00:01:51.680> 600 00:17.189 --> 00:17.199 align:start position:0% observation and sent back more than 600 00:17.199 --> 00:19.910 align:start position:0% observation and sent back more than 600 terab<00:01:53.040> of<00:01:53.280> data.<00:01:54.159> That's<00:01:54.399> enough<00:01:54.640> to<00:01:54.799> fill<00:01:55.040> the 00:19.910 --> 00:19.920 align:start position:0% terab of data. That's enough to fill the 00:19.920 --> 00:23.590 align:start position:0% terab of data. That's enough to fill the memory<00:01:55.520> of<00:01:55.759> more<00:01:56.000> than<00:01:56.320> 2,000<00:01:57.360> phones. 00:23.590 --> 00:23.600 align:start position:0% memory of more than 2,000 phones. 00:23.600 --> 00:26.550 align:start position:0% memory of more than 2,000 phones. And<00:01:59.360> within<00:01:59.920> these<00:02:00.399> tens<00:02:00.880> of<00:02:01.119> thousands<00:02:01.600> of 00:26.550 --> 00:26.560 align:start position:0% And within these tens of thousands of 00:26.560 --> 00:29.509 align:start position:0% And within these tens of thousands of images,<00:02:02.880> one<00:02:03.280> type<00:02:03.520> of<00:02:03.759> object<00:02:04.320> keeps 00:29.509 --> 00:29.519 align:start position:0% images, one type of object keeps 00:29.519 --> 00:32.149 align:start position:0% images, one type of object keeps cropping<00:02:05.200> up.<00:02:06.079> These<00:02:06.399> dots<00:02:06.799> were<00:02:06.960> first<00:02:07.200> seen 00:32.149 --> 00:32.159 align:start position:0% cropping up. These dots were first seen 00:32.159 --> 00:35.430 align:start position:0% cropping up. These dots were first seen in<00:02:07.680> the<00:02:07.920> Aigga<00:02:08.479> and<00:02:08.879> Fresco<00:02:09.599> surveys, 00:35.430 --> 00:35.440 align:start position:0% in the Aigga and Fresco surveys, 00:35.440 --> 00:37.270 align:start position:0% in the Aigga and Fresco surveys, observational<00:02:11.440> studies<00:02:11.920> hunting<00:02:12.319> for 00:37.270 --> 00:37.280 align:start position:0% observational studies hunting for 00:37.280 --> 00:40.230 align:start position:0% observational studies hunting for galaxies<00:02:13.120> at<00:02:13.440> extreme<00:02:14.000> distances.<00:02:15.280> Their 00:40.230 --> 00:40.240 align:start position:0% galaxies at extreme distances. Their 00:40.240 --> 00:41.830 align:start position:0% galaxies at extreme distances. Their purpose<00:02:15.840> was<00:02:16.000> to<00:02:16.239> examine<00:02:16.640> the<00:02:16.879> very 00:41.830 --> 00:41.840 align:start position:0% purpose was to examine the very 00:41.840 --> 00:44.550 align:start position:0% purpose was to examine the very beginnings<00:02:17.520> of<00:02:17.680> our<00:02:17.920> universe<00:02:18.640> some<00:02:19.280> 500 00:44.550 --> 00:44.560 align:start position:0% beginnings of our universe some 500 00:44.560 --> 00:47.430 align:start position:0% beginnings of our universe some 500 million<00:02:20.239> years<00:02:20.720> to<00:02:21.280> 1<00:02:21.599> billion<00:02:22.239> years 00:47.430 --> 00:47.440 align:start position:0% million years to 1 billion years 00:47.440 --> 00:50.470 align:start position:0% million years to 1 billion years following<00:02:23.120> the<00:02:23.360> Big<00:02:23.599> Bang.<00:02:24.879> As<00:02:25.120> James<00:02:25.440> Webb 00:50.470 --> 00:50.480 align:start position:0% following the Big Bang. As James Webb 00:50.480 --> 00:53.110 align:start position:0% following the Big Bang. As James Webb scanned<00:02:26.080> the<00:02:26.239> skies,<00:02:26.959> nearly<00:02:27.360> every<00:02:27.840> photo<00:02:28.160> it 00:53.110 --> 00:53.120 align:start position:0% scanned the skies, nearly every photo it 00:53.120 --> 00:55.750 align:start position:0% scanned the skies, nearly every photo it sent<00:02:28.560> back<00:02:28.720> of<00:02:28.879> this<00:02:29.200> era<00:02:29.520> revealed<00:02:29.920> the<00:02:30.239> same 00:55.750 --> 00:55.760 align:start position:0% sent back of this era revealed the same 00:55.760 --> 00:58.550 align:start position:0% sent back of this era revealed the same strange<00:02:31.520> object.<00:02:32.560> little<00:02:32.879> red<00:02:33.120> dots 00:58.550 --> 00:58.560 align:start position:0% strange object. little red dots 00:58.560 --> 01:01.669 align:start position:0% strange object. little red dots scattered<00:02:34.480> across<00:02:34.879> the<00:02:35.120> early<00:02:35.440> cosmos.<00:02:36.640> By 01:01.669 --> 01:01.679 align:start position:0% scattered across the early cosmos. By 01:01.679 --> 01:04.229 align:start position:0% scattered across the early cosmos. By 600<00:02:37.440> million<00:02:37.760> years<00:02:38.000> after<00:02:38.160> the<00:02:38.319> Big<00:02:38.560> Bang,<00:02:39.280> it 01:04.229 --> 01:04.239 align:start position:0% 600 million years after the Big Bang, it 01:04.239 --> 01:07.270 align:start position:0% 600 million years after the Big Bang, it seems<00:02:39.680> our<00:02:40.000> universe<00:02:40.480> was<00:02:40.959> filled<00:02:41.360> with<00:02:41.599> them. 01:07.270 --> 01:07.280 align:start position:0% seems our universe was filled with them. 01:07.280 --> 01:10.470 align:start position:0% seems our universe was filled with them. But<00:02:43.200> 1.5<00:02:43.920> billion<00:02:44.319> years<00:02:44.560> later,<00:02:45.440> they 01:10.470 --> 01:10.480 align:start position:0% But 1.5 billion years later, they 01:10.480 --> 01:13.029 align:start position:0% But 1.5 billion years later, they disappeared<00:02:46.800> completely. 01:13.029 --> 01:13.039 align:start position:0% disappeared completely. 01:13.039 --> 01:15.110 align:start position:0% disappeared completely. This<00:02:48.879> instantly<00:02:49.440> made<00:02:49.680> them<00:02:49.920> one<00:02:50.160> of<00:02:50.239> the 01:15.110 --> 01:15.120 align:start position:0% This instantly made them one of the 01:15.120 --> 01:17.830 align:start position:0% This instantly made them one of the biggest<00:02:50.800> mysteries<00:02:51.200> in<00:02:51.440> the<00:02:51.599> universe.<00:02:52.640> But 01:17.830 --> 01:17.840 align:start position:0% biggest mysteries in the universe. But 01:17.840 --> 01:20.870 align:start position:0% biggest mysteries in the universe. But what<00:02:53.360> do<00:02:53.440> we<00:02:53.599> know<00:02:53.760> about<00:02:53.920> them<00:02:54.239> so<00:02:54.560> far?<00:02:55.840> First 01:20.870 --> 01:20.880 align:start position:0% what do we know about them so far? First 01:20.880 --> 01:24.309 align:start position:0% what do we know about them so far? First up,<00:02:56.800> they<00:02:57.120> are<00:02:57.519> very<00:02:58.000> compact,<00:02:58.959> usually<00:02:59.360> no 01:24.309 --> 01:24.319 align:start position:0% up, they are very compact, usually no 01:24.319 --> 01:26.790 align:start position:0% up, they are very compact, usually no more<00:02:59.840> than<00:03:00.080> 500<00:03:00.640> light-years<00:03:01.120> across,<00:03:01.840> which 01:26.790 --> 01:26.800 align:start position:0% more than 500 light-years across, which 01:26.800 --> 01:29.270 align:start position:0% more than 500 light-years across, which is<00:03:02.159> about<00:03:02.560> 200<00:03:03.040> times<00:03:03.360> smaller<00:03:03.760> than<00:03:04.000> our<00:03:04.239> own 01:29.270 --> 01:29.280 align:start position:0% is about 200 times smaller than our own 01:29.280 --> 01:32.790 align:start position:0% is about 200 times smaller than our own galaxy.<00:03:05.920> They<00:03:06.239> burn<00:03:06.800> unusually<00:03:07.599> bright<00:03:07.840> for 01:32.790 --> 01:32.800 align:start position:0% galaxy. They burn unusually bright for 01:32.800 --> 01:35.430 align:start position:0% galaxy. They burn unusually bright for their<00:03:08.319> size,<00:03:08.879> and<00:03:09.120> are<00:03:09.440> very<00:03:09.760> red,<00:03:10.319> which<00:03:10.560> is 01:35.430 --> 01:35.440 align:start position:0% their size, and are very red, which is 01:35.440 --> 01:37.510 align:start position:0% their size, and are very red, which is why<00:03:10.959> they've<00:03:11.280> evaded<00:03:11.840> detection<00:03:12.319> for<00:03:12.560> so 01:37.510 --> 01:37.520 align:start position:0% why they've evaded detection for so 01:37.520 --> 01:41.270 align:start position:0% why they've evaded detection for so long.<00:03:13.599> Until<00:03:14.000> now,<00:03:14.640> we<00:03:14.959> literally<00:03:15.440> had<00:03:15.920> no<00:03:16.319> way 01:41.270 --> 01:41.280 align:start position:0% long. Until now, we literally had no way 01:41.280 --> 01:44.309 align:start position:0% long. Until now, we literally had no way to<00:03:16.800> see<00:03:17.040> them.<00:03:18.000> Hubble<00:03:18.480> was<00:03:18.720> calibrated<00:03:19.280> for 01:44.309 --> 01:44.319 align:start position:0% to see them. Hubble was calibrated for 01:44.319 --> 01:46.070 align:start position:0% to see them. Hubble was calibrated for shorter<00:03:20.000> wavelengths<00:03:20.480> than<00:03:20.720> we<00:03:20.879> are<00:03:21.120> seeing 01:46.070 --> 01:46.080 align:start position:0% shorter wavelengths than we are seeing 01:46.080 --> 01:48.390 align:start position:0% shorter wavelengths than we are seeing from<00:03:21.519> these<00:03:21.840> objects<00:03:22.560> and<00:03:22.800> other<00:03:23.120> telescopes 01:48.390 --> 01:48.400 align:start position:0% from these objects and other telescopes 01:48.400 --> 01:50.309 align:start position:0% from these objects and other telescopes didn't<00:03:23.920> have<00:03:24.080> the<00:03:24.400> power<00:03:24.879> needed<00:03:25.200> to<00:03:25.440> look 01:50.309 --> 01:50.319 align:start position:0% didn't have the power needed to look 01:50.319 --> 01:53.669 align:start position:0% didn't have the power needed to look that<00:03:25.920> far<00:03:26.080> back<00:03:26.319> in<00:03:26.560> time.<00:03:27.440> James<00:03:27.840> Web<00:03:28.400> is<00:03:28.640> the 01:53.669 --> 01:53.679 align:start position:0% that far back in time. James Web is the 01:53.679 --> 01:55.830 align:start position:0% that far back in time. James Web is the only<00:03:29.200> telescope<00:03:29.920> specifically<00:03:30.560> designed<00:03:30.879> to 01:55.830 --> 01:55.840 align:start position:0% only telescope specifically designed to 01:55.840 --> 01:57.750 align:start position:0% only telescope specifically designed to see<00:03:31.280> the<00:03:31.519> mid<00:03:31.760> infrared<00:03:32.319> wavelengths 01:57.750 --> 01:57.760 align:start position:0% see the mid infrared wavelengths 01:57.760 --> 02:00.869 align:start position:0% see the mid infrared wavelengths characteristic<00:03:33.840> of<00:03:34.159> these<00:03:34.480> little<00:03:34.720> red<00:03:35.040> dots. 02:00.869 --> 02:00.879 align:start position:0% characteristic of these little red dots. 02:00.879 --> 02:03.350 align:start position:0% characteristic of these little red dots. By<00:03:36.480> combining<00:03:36.959> data<00:03:37.280> from<00:03:37.519> its<00:03:37.840> near<00:03:38.080> infrared 02:03.350 --> 02:03.360 align:start position:0% By combining data from its near infrared 02:03.360 --> 02:05.830 align:start position:0% By combining data from its near infrared camera<00:03:39.040> and<00:03:39.440> mid-infrared<00:03:40.239> instrument, 02:05.830 --> 02:05.840 align:start position:0% camera and mid-infrared instrument, 02:05.840 --> 02:08.150 align:start position:0% camera and mid-infrared instrument, astronomers<00:03:41.760> caught<00:03:42.080> a<00:03:42.400> glimpse<00:03:42.959> of<00:03:43.120> these 02:08.150 --> 02:08.160 align:start position:0% astronomers caught a glimpse of these 02:08.160 --> 02:10.470 align:start position:0% astronomers caught a glimpse of these ancient<00:03:43.840> objects<00:03:44.239> for<00:03:44.480> the<00:03:44.640> first<00:03:44.879> time. 02:10.470 --> 02:10.480 align:start position:0% ancient objects for the first time. 02:10.480 --> 02:12.229 align:start position:0% ancient objects for the first time. Though<00:03:46.080> their<00:03:46.400> properties<00:03:47.040> wouldn't<00:03:47.280> be 02:12.229 --> 02:12.239 align:start position:0% Though their properties wouldn't be 02:12.239 --> 02:14.550 align:start position:0% Though their properties wouldn't be described<00:03:47.920> and<00:03:48.239> categorized<00:03:48.959> until<00:03:49.440> March 02:14.550 --> 02:14.560 align:start position:0% described and categorized until March 02:14.560 --> 02:17.910 align:start position:0% described and categorized until March 2024<00:03:50.959> in<00:03:51.120> a<00:03:51.360> breakthrough<00:03:51.840> paper<00:03:52.319> written<00:03:52.640> by 02:17.910 --> 02:17.920 align:start position:0% 2024 in a breakthrough paper written by 02:17.920 --> 02:20.550 align:start position:0% 2024 in a breakthrough paper written by Yorit<00:03:53.760> Mati<00:03:54.239> from<00:03:54.480> the<00:03:54.640> Institute<00:03:55.200> of<00:03:55.519> Science 02:20.550 --> 02:20.560 align:start position:0% Yorit Mati from the Institute of Science 02:20.560 --> 02:23.190 align:start position:0% Yorit Mati from the Institute of Science and<00:03:56.080> Technology,<00:03:56.720> Austria. 02:23.190 --> 02:23.200 align:start position:0% and Technology, Austria. 02:23.200 --> 02:25.830 align:start position:0% and Technology, Austria. Now,<00:03:58.879> as<00:03:59.200> many<00:03:59.439> of<00:03:59.599> you<00:03:59.760> will<00:04:00.080> already<00:04:00.400> know, 02:25.830 --> 02:25.840 align:start position:0% Now, as many of you will already know, 02:25.840 --> 02:28.149 align:start position:0% Now, as many of you will already know, the<00:04:01.360> older<00:04:01.760> the<00:04:02.000> object<00:04:02.400> we<00:04:02.640> are<00:04:02.799> looking<00:04:02.959> at, 02:28.149 --> 02:28.159 align:start position:0% the older the object we are looking at, 02:28.159 --> 02:30.309 align:start position:0% the older the object we are looking at, the<00:04:03.680> redder<00:04:04.080> it<00:04:04.319> appears<00:04:04.560> to<00:04:04.799> us.<00:04:05.280> It's 02:30.309 --> 02:30.319 align:start position:0% the redder it appears to us. It's 02:30.319 --> 02:32.869 align:start position:0% the redder it appears to us. It's classic<00:04:06.080> red<00:04:06.319> shift<00:04:06.560> in<00:04:06.799> action.<00:04:07.680> Since<00:04:07.920> the 02:32.869 --> 02:32.879 align:start position:0% classic red shift in action. Since the 02:32.879 --> 02:35.190 align:start position:0% classic red shift in action. Since the universe<00:04:08.480> is<00:04:08.720> expanding,<00:04:09.519> the<00:04:09.760> fabric<00:04:10.159> of 02:35.190 --> 02:35.200 align:start position:0% universe is expanding, the fabric of 02:35.200 --> 02:37.430 align:start position:0% universe is expanding, the fabric of space<00:04:10.799> and<00:04:11.280> all<00:04:11.519> the<00:04:11.680> light<00:04:12.000> passing<00:04:12.400> through 02:37.430 --> 02:37.440 align:start position:0% space and all the light passing through 02:37.440 --> 02:40.149 align:start position:0% space and all the light passing through it<00:04:13.200> gets<00:04:13.439> stretched<00:04:13.920> too.<00:04:14.720> The<00:04:14.959> wavelengths 02:40.149 --> 02:40.159 align:start position:0% it gets stretched too. The wavelengths 02:40.159 --> 02:42.710 align:start position:0% it gets stretched too. The wavelengths of<00:04:15.599> light<00:04:15.920> get<00:04:16.479> physically<00:04:17.120> elongated<00:04:17.759> on 02:42.710 --> 02:42.720 align:start position:0% of light get physically elongated on 02:42.720 --> 02:44.390 align:start position:0% of light get physically elongated on their<00:04:18.160> journey<00:04:18.799> and<00:04:19.040> the<00:04:19.199> longer<00:04:19.440> they 02:44.390 --> 02:44.400 align:start position:0% their journey and the longer they 02:44.400 --> 02:46.469 align:start position:0% their journey and the longer they travel,<00:04:20.160> the<00:04:20.400> more<00:04:20.560> they<00:04:20.799> get<00:04:20.959> stretched,<00:04:21.600> so 02:46.469 --> 02:46.479 align:start position:0% travel, the more they get stretched, so 02:46.479 --> 02:48.710 align:start position:0% travel, the more they get stretched, so the<00:04:22.000> redder<00:04:22.320> they<00:04:22.479> look.<00:04:23.520> But<00:04:23.759> when 02:48.710 --> 02:48.720 align:start position:0% the redder they look. But when 02:48.720 --> 02:50.870 align:start position:0% the redder they look. But when astronomers<00:04:24.800> broke<00:04:25.120> the<00:04:25.360> little<00:04:25.520> red<00:04:25.759> dots 02:50.870 --> 02:50.880 align:start position:0% astronomers broke the little red dots 02:50.880 --> 02:53.510 align:start position:0% astronomers broke the little red dots light<00:04:26.400> apart<00:04:26.880> into<00:04:27.120> a<00:04:27.360> spectrum,<00:04:28.320> they<00:04:28.560> found 02:53.510 --> 02:53.520 align:start position:0% light apart into a spectrum, they found 02:53.520 --> 02:55.830 align:start position:0% light apart into a spectrum, they found the<00:04:28.960> redness<00:04:29.440> runs<00:04:29.759> deeper<00:04:30.080> than<00:04:30.240> that.<00:04:30.960> The 02:55.830 --> 02:55.840 align:start position:0% the redness runs deeper than that. The 02:55.840 --> 02:58.550 align:start position:0% the redness runs deeper than that. The red<00:04:31.360> shift<00:04:31.759> alone<00:04:32.639> couldn't<00:04:33.120> account<00:04:33.440> for 02:58.550 --> 02:58.560 align:start position:0% red shift alone couldn't account for 02:58.560 --> 03:01.189 align:start position:0% red shift alone couldn't account for just<00:04:34.160> how<00:04:34.479> red<00:04:34.800> they<00:04:35.040> appeared.<00:04:36.240> The 03:01.189 --> 03:01.199 align:start position:0% just how red they appeared. The 03:01.199 --> 03:03.830 align:start position:0% just how red they appeared. The researchers<00:04:37.120> first<00:04:37.440> instinct<00:04:38.080> was<00:04:38.320> that<00:04:38.720> this 03:03.830 --> 03:03.840 align:start position:0% researchers first instinct was that this 03:03.840 --> 03:06.469 align:start position:0% researchers first instinct was that this may<00:04:39.360> be<00:04:39.440> caused<00:04:39.759> by<00:04:40.000> dust.<00:04:40.880> Dust<00:04:41.199> particles 03:06.469 --> 03:06.479 align:start position:0% may be caused by dust. Dust particles 03:06.479 --> 03:09.030 align:start position:0% may be caused by dust. Dust particles are<00:04:42.080> much<00:04:42.479> better<00:04:42.800> at<00:04:43.040> scattering<00:04:43.600> shorter, 03:09.030 --> 03:09.040 align:start position:0% are much better at scattering shorter, 03:09.040 --> 03:11.189 align:start position:0% are much better at scattering shorter, bluer<00:04:44.800> wavelengths<00:04:45.280> of<00:04:45.440> light<00:04:45.680> than<00:04:46.000> longer, 03:11.189 --> 03:11.199 align:start position:0% bluer wavelengths of light than longer, 03:11.199 --> 03:13.830 align:start position:0% bluer wavelengths of light than longer, redder<00:04:46.880> ones,<00:04:47.520> making<00:04:47.919> the<00:04:48.240> object<00:04:48.639> appear 03:13.830 --> 03:13.840 align:start position:0% redder ones, making the object appear 03:13.840 --> 03:16.070 align:start position:0% redder ones, making the object appear red.<00:04:49.919> The<00:04:50.080> same<00:04:50.320> thing<00:04:50.560> that<00:04:50.880> happens<00:04:51.199> to 03:16.070 --> 03:16.080 align:start position:0% red. The same thing that happens to 03:16.080 --> 03:17.990 align:start position:0% red. The same thing that happens to sunlight<00:04:51.840> hitting<00:04:52.160> Earth's<00:04:52.479> atmosphere<00:04:53.040> at 03:17.990 --> 03:18.000 align:start position:0% sunlight hitting Earth's atmosphere at 03:18.000 --> 03:20.550 align:start position:0% sunlight hitting Earth's atmosphere at sunset,<00:04:54.080> which<00:04:54.320> is<00:04:54.479> why<00:04:54.639> the<00:04:54.880> sun<00:04:55.120> looks<00:04:55.520> red 03:20.550 --> 03:20.560 align:start position:0% sunset, which is why the sun looks red 03:20.560 --> 03:23.030 align:start position:0% sunset, which is why the sun looks red in<00:04:56.080> the<00:04:56.240> evening.<00:04:57.280> But<00:04:57.440> to<00:04:57.680> be<00:04:57.759> sure,<00:04:58.080> the 03:23.030 --> 03:23.040 align:start position:0% in the evening. But to be sure, the 03:23.040 --> 03:25.030 align:start position:0% in the evening. But to be sure, the scientists<00:04:58.800> enlisted<00:04:59.360> the<00:04:59.520> help<00:04:59.759> of<00:04:59.919> another 03:25.030 --> 03:25.040 align:start position:0% scientists enlisted the help of another 03:25.040 --> 03:27.030 align:start position:0% scientists enlisted the help of another instrument,<00:05:01.120> the<00:05:01.360> near<00:05:01.759> infrared 03:27.030 --> 03:27.040 align:start position:0% instrument, the near infrared 03:27.040 --> 03:29.750 align:start position:0% instrument, the near infrared spectrograph,<00:05:03.360> and<00:05:03.520> what<00:05:03.759> they<00:05:04.000> saw<00:05:04.639> just 03:29.750 --> 03:29.760 align:start position:0% spectrograph, and what they saw just 03:29.760 --> 03:33.110 align:start position:0% spectrograph, and what they saw just confused<00:05:05.520> them<00:05:05.919> even<00:05:06.320> more.<00:05:07.440> The<00:05:07.680> near<00:05:08.080> spec 03:33.110 --> 03:33.120 align:start position:0% confused them even more. The near spec 03:33.120 --> 03:35.030 align:start position:0% confused them even more. The near spec aboard<00:05:08.639> the<00:05:08.800> James<00:05:09.199> Web<00:05:09.520> takes<00:05:09.840> the<00:05:10.000> light 03:35.030 --> 03:35.040 align:start position:0% aboard the James Web takes the light 03:35.040 --> 03:37.189 align:start position:0% aboard the James Web takes the light from<00:05:10.560> a<00:05:10.800> distant<00:05:11.120> object<00:05:11.440> and<00:05:11.759> splits<00:05:12.080> it<00:05:12.240> into 03:37.189 --> 03:37.199 align:start position:0% from a distant object and splits it into 03:37.199 --> 03:39.270 align:start position:0% from a distant object and splits it into its<00:05:12.720> component<00:05:13.120> wavelengths.<00:05:14.160> Different 03:39.270 --> 03:39.280 align:start position:0% its component wavelengths. Different 03:39.280 --> 03:41.270 align:start position:0% its component wavelengths. Different elements<00:05:15.039> absorb<00:05:15.520> light<00:05:15.840> at<00:05:16.160> specific 03:41.270 --> 03:41.280 align:start position:0% elements absorb light at specific 03:41.280 --> 03:43.110 align:start position:0% elements absorb light at specific wavelengths,<00:05:17.440> leaving<00:05:17.840> gaps<00:05:18.080> in<00:05:18.240> the 03:43.110 --> 03:43.120 align:start position:0% wavelengths, leaving gaps in the 03:43.120 --> 03:46.230 align:start position:0% wavelengths, leaving gaps in the spectrum<00:05:18.880> like<00:05:19.039> a<00:05:19.199> fingerprint.<00:05:20.320> So<00:05:20.880> if<00:05:21.120> there 03:46.230 --> 03:46.240 align:start position:0% spectrum like a fingerprint. So if there 03:46.240 --> 03:48.390 align:start position:0% spectrum like a fingerprint. So if there is<00:05:21.840> something<00:05:22.400> like<00:05:22.560> a<00:05:22.720> dust<00:05:23.039> cloud<00:05:23.440> between 03:48.390 --> 03:48.400 align:start position:0% is something like a dust cloud between 03:48.400 --> 03:50.950 align:start position:0% is something like a dust cloud between the<00:05:23.919> telescope<00:05:24.479> and<00:05:24.720> the<00:05:24.960> light<00:05:25.199> source,<00:05:25.919> not 03:50.950 --> 03:50.960 align:start position:0% the telescope and the light source, not 03:50.960 --> 03:52.629 align:start position:0% the telescope and the light source, not all<00:05:26.479> the<00:05:26.720> light<00:05:27.039> will<00:05:27.280> make<00:05:27.440> it<00:05:27.600> to<00:05:27.759> the 03:52.629 --> 03:52.639 align:start position:0% all the light will make it to the 03:52.639 --> 03:54.870 align:start position:0% all the light will make it to the instrument.<00:05:29.199> By<00:05:29.520> looking<00:05:29.680> at<00:05:29.919> which 03:54.870 --> 03:54.880 align:start position:0% instrument. By looking at which 03:54.880 --> 03:56.230 align:start position:0% instrument. By looking at which wavelengths<00:05:30.720> are<00:05:30.960> missing<00:05:31.199> from<00:05:31.360> the 03:56.230 --> 03:56.240 align:start position:0% wavelengths are missing from the 03:56.240 --> 03:58.870 align:start position:0% wavelengths are missing from the reading,<00:05:32.160> we<00:05:32.400> can<00:05:32.639> figure<00:05:32.880> out<00:05:33.280> what<00:05:33.600> the<00:05:33.840> dust 03:58.870 --> 03:58.880 align:start position:0% reading, we can figure out what the dust 03:58.880 --> 04:01.590 align:start position:0% reading, we can figure out what the dust cloud<00:05:34.479> is<00:05:34.720> made<00:05:34.880> of.<00:05:35.919> Researchers<00:05:36.560> noticed 04:01.590 --> 04:01.600 align:start position:0% cloud is made of. Researchers noticed 04:01.600 --> 04:03.349 align:start position:0% cloud is made of. Researchers noticed that<00:05:37.039> these<00:05:37.360> little<00:05:37.600> red<00:05:37.840> dots<00:05:38.080> were<00:05:38.320> emitting 04:03.349 --> 04:03.359 align:start position:0% that these little red dots were emitting 04:03.359 --> 04:06.629 align:start position:0% that these little red dots were emitting a<00:05:38.880> lot<00:05:39.039> of<00:05:39.199> blue<00:05:39.600> and<00:05:40.080> UV<00:05:40.479> light.<00:05:41.280> Lots<00:05:41.520> of<00:05:41.680> red 04:06.629 --> 04:06.639 align:start position:0% a lot of blue and UV light. Lots of red 04:06.639 --> 04:09.030 align:start position:0% a lot of blue and UV light. Lots of red and<00:05:42.160> infrared<00:05:42.639> light,<00:05:43.280> but<00:05:43.520> not<00:05:43.759> much<00:05:43.919> in<00:05:44.160> the 04:09.030 --> 04:09.040 align:start position:0% and infrared light, but not much in the 04:09.040 --> 04:12.870 align:start position:0% and infrared light, but not much in the middle.<00:05:45.199> The<00:05:45.440> result<00:05:46.160> is<00:05:46.400> a<00:05:46.720> highly<00:05:47.199> unusual 04:12.870 --> 04:12.880 align:start position:0% middle. The result is a highly unusual 04:12.880 --> 04:16.469 align:start position:0% middle. The result is a highly unusual V-shaped<00:05:49.120> spectral<00:05:49.759> energy<00:05:50.320> distribution. 04:16.469 --> 04:16.479 align:start position:0% V-shaped spectral energy distribution. 04:16.479 --> 04:18.150 align:start position:0% V-shaped spectral energy distribution. Nothing<00:05:52.240> we<00:05:52.479> knew<00:05:52.639> of<00:05:52.800> in<00:05:52.960> the<00:05:53.120> distant 04:18.150 --> 04:18.160 align:start position:0% Nothing we knew of in the distant 04:18.160 --> 04:20.390 align:start position:0% Nothing we knew of in the distant universe<00:05:53.919> was<00:05:54.160> associated<00:05:54.800> with<00:05:55.039> such<00:05:55.360> a 04:20.390 --> 04:20.400 align:start position:0% universe was associated with such a 04:20.400 --> 04:22.390 align:start position:0% universe was associated with such a spectral<00:05:56.160> signature. 04:22.390 --> 04:22.400 align:start position:0% spectral signature. 04:22.400 --> 04:27.430 align:start position:0% spectral signature. But<00:05:58.240> we<00:05:58.479> did<00:05:58.720> get<00:05:59.039> one<00:05:59.360> clue.<00:06:00.560> At<00:06:01.120> 364.6 04:27.430 --> 04:27.440 align:start position:0% But we did get one clue. At 364.6 04:27.440 --> 04:30.550 align:start position:0% But we did get one clue. At 364.6 6<00:06:03.039> nanome.<00:06:04.240> The<00:06:04.479> spectrum<00:06:05.280> shoots<00:06:05.600> up 04:30.550 --> 04:30.560 align:start position:0% 6 nanome. The spectrum shoots up 04:30.560 --> 04:33.110 align:start position:0% 6 nanome. The spectrum shoots up sharply.<00:06:06.960> For<00:06:07.199> some<00:06:07.440> reason,<00:06:07.840> light<00:06:08.160> with 04:33.110 --> 04:33.120 align:start position:0% sharply. For some reason, light with 04:33.120 --> 04:35.430 align:start position:0% sharply. For some reason, light with wavelengths<00:06:09.120> shorter<00:06:09.520> than<00:06:09.759> this<00:06:10.000> was<00:06:10.319> being 04:35.430 --> 04:35.440 align:start position:0% wavelengths shorter than this was being 04:35.440 --> 04:38.310 align:start position:0% wavelengths shorter than this was being readily<00:06:11.360> absorbed<00:06:12.319> and<00:06:12.639> longer<00:06:13.039> wavelength 04:38.310 --> 04:38.320 align:start position:0% readily absorbed and longer wavelength 04:38.320 --> 04:40.310 align:start position:0% readily absorbed and longer wavelength light<00:06:13.919> was<00:06:14.400> just<00:06:14.720> passing<00:06:15.120> through 04:40.310 --> 04:40.320 align:start position:0% light was just passing through 04:40.320 --> 04:43.189 align:start position:0% light was just passing through unobstructed.<00:06:17.039> This<00:06:17.440> is<00:06:17.600> a<00:06:17.840> well-known 04:43.189 --> 04:43.199 align:start position:0% unobstructed. This is a well-known 04:43.199 --> 04:45.909 align:start position:0% unobstructed. This is a well-known signature<00:06:19.199> and<00:06:19.360> it<00:06:19.600> even<00:06:19.840> has<00:06:20.000> its<00:06:20.240> own<00:06:20.479> name, 04:45.909 --> 04:45.919 align:start position:0% signature and it even has its own name, 04:45.919 --> 04:48.710 align:start position:0% signature and it even has its own name, a<00:06:21.520> bomber<00:06:22.000> break.<00:06:22.800> And<00:06:22.960> when<00:06:23.280> we<00:06:23.440> see<00:06:23.600> this<00:06:23.759> in 04:48.710 --> 04:48.720 align:start position:0% a bomber break. And when we see this in 04:48.720 --> 04:50.870 align:start position:0% a bomber break. And when we see this in a<00:06:24.160> galaxy,<00:06:24.800> there's<00:06:25.120> only<00:06:25.360> one<00:06:25.600> explanation 04:50.870 --> 04:50.880 align:start position:0% a galaxy, there's only one explanation 04:50.880 --> 04:55.990 align:start position:0% a galaxy, there's only one explanation for<00:06:26.479> it.<00:06:27.199> Young<00:06:27.919> hot<00:06:28.400> stars.<00:06:29.600> Lots<00:06:29.840> of<00:06:30.000> them. 04:55.990 --> 04:56.000 align:start position:0% for it. Young hot stars. Lots of them. 04:56.000 --> 04:58.390 align:start position:0% for it. Young hot stars. Lots of them. Scientists<00:06:32.000> thought<00:06:32.319> they<00:06:32.639> had<00:06:32.800> it.<00:06:33.360> Little 04:58.390 --> 04:58.400 align:start position:0% Scientists thought they had it. Little 04:58.400 --> 05:00.790 align:start position:0% Scientists thought they had it. Little red<00:06:33.919> dots<00:06:34.319> must<00:06:34.639> be<00:06:34.960> early<00:06:35.440> starburst 05:00.790 --> 05:00.800 align:start position:0% red dots must be early starburst 05:00.800 --> 05:03.349 align:start position:0% red dots must be early starburst galaxies.<00:06:37.120> It<00:06:37.440> certainly<00:06:37.919> would<00:06:38.160> have<00:06:38.319> been<00:06:38.479> a 05:03.349 --> 05:03.359 align:start position:0% galaxies. It certainly would have been a 05:03.359 --> 05:06.310 align:start position:0% galaxies. It certainly would have been a very<00:06:38.880> elegant<00:06:39.280> solution,<00:06:40.400> but<00:06:40.880> that's<00:06:41.199> rarely 05:06.310 --> 05:06.320 align:start position:0% very elegant solution, but that's rarely 05:06.320 --> 05:09.749 align:start position:0% very elegant solution, but that's rarely how<00:06:41.840> these<00:06:42.080> things<00:06:42.400> go. 05:09.749 --> 05:09.759 align:start position:0% how these things go. 05:09.759 --> 05:12.390 align:start position:0% how these things go. So,<00:06:45.600> theory<00:06:46.000> number<00:06:46.240> one<00:06:46.560> is<00:06:47.039> starburst 05:12.390 --> 05:12.400 align:start position:0% So, theory number one is starburst 05:12.400 --> 05:15.029 align:start position:0% So, theory number one is starburst galaxies.<00:06:48.560> Now,<00:06:49.120> this<00:06:49.360> starburst<00:06:49.919> galaxy 05:15.029 --> 05:15.039 align:start position:0% galaxies. Now, this starburst galaxy 05:15.039 --> 05:18.150 align:start position:0% galaxies. Now, this starburst galaxy theory<00:06:50.720> had<00:06:51.039> a<00:06:51.280> lot<00:06:51.440> going<00:06:51.600> for<00:06:51.840> it.<00:06:52.560> Hot<00:06:53.039> young 05:18.150 --> 05:18.160 align:start position:0% theory had a lot going for it. Hot young 05:18.160 --> 05:20.710 align:start position:0% theory had a lot going for it. Hot young stars<00:06:54.000> are<00:06:54.240> rich<00:06:54.400> in<00:06:54.639> hydrogen.<00:06:55.600> We'll<00:06:55.840> come 05:20.710 --> 05:20.720 align:start position:0% stars are rich in hydrogen. We'll come 05:20.720 --> 05:22.870 align:start position:0% stars are rich in hydrogen. We'll come back<00:06:56.160> to<00:06:56.319> the<00:06:56.479> chemistry<00:06:56.880> later,<00:06:57.600> but<00:06:57.919> this 05:22.870 --> 05:22.880 align:start position:0% back to the chemistry later, but this 05:22.880 --> 05:25.510 align:start position:0% back to the chemistry later, but this could<00:06:58.479> explain<00:06:58.880> the<00:06:59.120> strong<00:06:59.440> bomber<00:06:59.840> break.<00:07:00.560> A 05:25.510 --> 05:25.520 align:start position:0% could explain the strong bomber break. A 05:25.520 --> 05:27.430 align:start position:0% could explain the strong bomber break. A dense<00:07:01.280> stellar<00:07:01.680> population<00:07:02.160> would<00:07:02.400> explain 05:27.430 --> 05:27.440 align:start position:0% dense stellar population would explain 05:27.440 --> 05:29.590 align:start position:0% dense stellar population would explain the<00:07:02.960> brightness.<00:07:03.840> And<00:07:03.919> if<00:07:04.160> these<00:07:04.400> galaxies 05:29.590 --> 05:29.600 align:start position:0% the brightness. And if these galaxies 05:29.600 --> 05:32.070 align:start position:0% the brightness. And if these galaxies were<00:07:05.120> packed<00:07:05.520> with<00:07:05.759> dust,<00:07:06.560> as<00:07:06.800> starburst 05:32.070 --> 05:32.080 align:start position:0% were packed with dust, as starburst 05:32.080 --> 05:34.469 align:start position:0% were packed with dust, as starburst galaxies<00:07:07.840> often<00:07:08.240> are,<00:07:08.960> that<00:07:09.199> would<00:07:09.440> explain 05:34.469 --> 05:34.479 align:start position:0% galaxies often are, that would explain 05:34.479 --> 05:37.430 align:start position:0% galaxies often are, that would explain the<00:07:10.000> redness,<00:07:10.479> too.<00:07:11.440> It<00:07:11.599> was<00:07:11.759> almost<00:07:12.080> all<00:07:12.479> said 05:37.430 --> 05:37.440 align:start position:0% the redness, too. It was almost all said 05:37.440 --> 05:39.830 align:start position:0% the redness, too. It was almost all said and<00:07:12.880> done,<00:07:13.599> except<00:07:13.919> for<00:07:14.160> one<00:07:14.479> annoying 05:39.830 --> 05:39.840 align:start position:0% and done, except for one annoying 05:39.840 --> 05:43.590 align:start position:0% and done, except for one annoying detail.<00:07:16.000> The<00:07:16.240> maths<00:07:16.880> just<00:07:17.280> didn't<00:07:17.599> work. 05:43.590 --> 05:43.600 align:start position:0% detail. The maths just didn't work. 05:43.600 --> 05:45.270 align:start position:0% detail. The maths just didn't work. Researchers<00:07:19.520> soon<00:07:19.840> realized<00:07:20.240> they<00:07:20.479> were 05:45.270 --> 05:45.280 align:start position:0% Researchers soon realized they were 05:45.280 --> 05:47.909 align:start position:0% Researchers soon realized they were running<00:07:20.800> up<00:07:21.039> against<00:07:21.440> two<00:07:21.840> major<00:07:22.240> problems. 05:47.909 --> 05:47.919 align:start position:0% running up against two major problems. 05:47.919 --> 05:50.070 align:start position:0% running up against two major problems. The<00:07:23.440> first<00:07:23.759> was<00:07:24.160> how<00:07:24.400> much<00:07:24.639> dust<00:07:24.960> they<00:07:25.199> would 05:50.070 --> 05:50.080 align:start position:0% The first was how much dust they would 05:50.080 --> 05:52.710 align:start position:0% The first was how much dust they would need.<00:07:26.080> Dust<00:07:26.319> in<00:07:26.560> galaxies<00:07:27.120> comes<00:07:27.440> from<00:07:27.680> one 05:52.710 --> 05:52.720 align:start position:0% need. Dust in galaxies comes from one 05:52.720 --> 05:56.070 align:start position:0% need. Dust in galaxies comes from one main<00:07:28.240> source,<00:07:29.120> stars.<00:07:30.240> And<00:07:30.479> there's<00:07:30.800> a<00:07:31.039> very 05:56.070 --> 05:56.080 align:start position:0% main source, stars. And there's a very 05:56.080 --> 05:58.469 align:start position:0% main source, stars. And there's a very wellestablished<00:07:32.319> relationship<00:07:32.960> between<00:07:33.440> how 05:58.469 --> 05:58.479 align:start position:0% wellestablished relationship between how 05:58.479 --> 06:00.870 align:start position:0% wellestablished relationship between how many<00:07:33.919> stars<00:07:34.240> a<00:07:34.479> galaxy<00:07:34.880> contains<00:07:35.599> and<00:07:35.919> how 06:00.870 --> 06:00.880 align:start position:0% many stars a galaxy contains and how 06:00.880 --> 06:03.909 align:start position:0% many stars a galaxy contains and how much<00:07:36.400> dust<00:07:36.800> these<00:07:37.120> stars<00:07:37.520> can<00:07:37.680> produce.<00:07:38.960> In 06:03.909 --> 06:03.919 align:start position:0% much dust these stars can produce. In 06:03.919 --> 06:06.790 align:start position:0% much dust these stars can produce. In late<00:07:39.520> 2024,<00:07:40.479> Caitlyn<00:07:40.960> Casey<00:07:41.280> and<00:07:41.520> her<00:07:41.680> team<00:07:41.840> at 06:06.790 --> 06:06.800 align:start position:0% late 2024, Caitlyn Casey and her team at 06:06.800 --> 06:09.029 align:start position:0% late 2024, Caitlyn Casey and her team at the<00:07:42.240> University<00:07:42.639> of<00:07:42.880> Texas<00:07:43.280> in<00:07:43.520> Austin 06:09.029 --> 06:09.039 align:start position:0% the University of Texas in Austin 06:09.039 --> 06:10.790 align:start position:0% the University of Texas in Austin calculated<00:07:44.880> their<00:07:45.199> expected<00:07:45.680> stellar 06:10.790 --> 06:10.800 align:start position:0% calculated their expected stellar 06:10.800 --> 06:13.189 align:start position:0% calculated their expected stellar population<00:07:46.960> based<00:07:47.360> on<00:07:47.520> the<00:07:47.759> optical<00:07:48.240> light 06:13.189 --> 06:13.199 align:start position:0% population based on the optical light 06:13.199 --> 06:16.070 align:start position:0% population based on the optical light detected<00:07:49.039> from<00:07:49.440> the<00:07:49.599> little<00:07:49.840> red<00:07:50.160> dots.<00:07:51.199> But 06:16.070 --> 06:16.080 align:start position:0% detected from the little red dots. But 06:16.080 --> 06:18.070 align:start position:0% detected from the little red dots. But once<00:07:51.599> they<00:07:51.840> applied<00:07:52.240> the<00:07:52.479> star<00:07:52.880> to<00:07:53.039> dust 06:18.070 --> 06:18.080 align:start position:0% once they applied the star to dust 06:18.080 --> 06:21.270 align:start position:0% once they applied the star to dust ratio,<00:07:54.400> their<00:07:54.639> stomachs<00:07:55.120> dropped.<00:07:56.160> Their 06:21.270 --> 06:21.280 align:start position:0% ratio, their stomachs dropped. Their 06:21.280 --> 06:25.510 align:start position:0% ratio, their stomachs dropped. Their calculations<00:07:57.680> only<00:07:58.160> yielded<00:07:59.199> 1%<00:08:00.000> of<00:08:00.240> the<00:08:00.479> dust 06:25.510 --> 06:25.520 align:start position:0% calculations only yielded 1% of the dust 06:25.520 --> 06:27.510 align:start position:0% calculations only yielded 1% of the dust needed<00:08:01.120> to<00:08:01.440> explain<00:08:01.759> the<00:08:02.000> redness<00:08:02.400> they<00:08:02.639> were 06:27.510 --> 06:27.520 align:start position:0% needed to explain the redness they were 06:27.520 --> 06:30.870 align:start position:0% needed to explain the redness they were seeing.<00:08:03.759> And<00:08:03.919> now<00:08:04.400> a<00:08:04.639> shortfall<00:08:05.199> of<00:08:05.680> two 06:30.870 --> 06:30.880 align:start position:0% seeing. And now a shortfall of two 06:30.880 --> 06:33.749 align:start position:0% seeing. And now a shortfall of two orders<00:08:06.560> of<00:08:06.800> magnitude<00:08:07.759> could<00:08:08.080> only<00:08:08.400> mean<00:08:08.800> one 06:33.749 --> 06:33.759 align:start position:0% orders of magnitude could only mean one 06:33.759 --> 06:35.830 align:start position:0% orders of magnitude could only mean one of<00:08:09.280> two<00:08:09.599> things.<00:08:10.560> Either<00:08:10.879> the 06:35.830 --> 06:35.840 align:start position:0% of two things. Either the 06:35.840 --> 06:37.830 align:start position:0% of two things. Either the wellestablished<00:08:11.919> dust<00:08:12.160> formation<00:08:12.639> models 06:37.830 --> 06:37.840 align:start position:0% wellestablished dust formation models 06:37.840 --> 06:40.550 align:start position:0% wellestablished dust formation models are<00:08:13.440> wrong<00:08:14.240> or<00:08:14.479> the<00:08:14.720> main<00:08:15.039> light<00:08:15.280> source<00:08:15.680> of 06:40.550 --> 06:40.560 align:start position:0% are wrong or the main light source of 06:40.560 --> 06:44.230 align:start position:0% are wrong or the main light source of these<00:08:16.160> little<00:08:16.479> red<00:08:16.720> dots<00:08:17.440> wasn't<00:08:17.919> stars. 06:44.230 --> 06:44.240 align:start position:0% these little red dots wasn't stars. 06:44.240 --> 06:46.710 align:start position:0% these little red dots wasn't stars. The<00:08:19.759> second<00:08:20.000> problem<00:08:20.319> was<00:08:20.479> the<00:08:20.720> brightness. 06:46.710 --> 06:46.720 align:start position:0% The second problem was the brightness. 06:46.720 --> 06:48.469 align:start position:0% The second problem was the brightness. To<00:08:22.319> explain<00:08:22.639> the<00:08:22.879> overall<00:08:23.280> brightness<00:08:23.599> of 06:48.469 --> 06:48.479 align:start position:0% To explain the overall brightness of 06:48.479 --> 06:50.950 align:start position:0% To explain the overall brightness of little<00:08:24.000> red<00:08:24.240> dots<00:08:24.639> using<00:08:24.960> just<00:08:25.199> stars,<00:08:25.919> you'd 06:50.950 --> 06:50.960 align:start position:0% little red dots using just stars, you'd 06:50.960 --> 06:54.230 align:start position:0% little red dots using just stars, you'd need<00:08:26.720> an<00:08:27.120> impossibly<00:08:28.160> high<00:08:28.479> density<00:08:28.879> of<00:08:29.039> stars 06:54.230 --> 06:54.240 align:start position:0% need an impossibly high density of stars 06:54.240 --> 06:57.830 align:start position:0% need an impossibly high density of stars in<00:08:29.840> a<00:08:30.240> very<00:08:30.800> compact<00:08:31.360> region<00:08:31.680> of<00:08:31.840> space. 06:57.830 --> 06:57.840 align:start position:0% in a very compact region of space. 06:57.840 --> 07:01.030 align:start position:0% in a very compact region of space. They'd<00:08:33.519> only<00:08:33.839> be<00:08:34.080> a<00:08:34.479> few<00:08:34.959> astronomical<00:08:36.000> units 07:01.030 --> 07:01.040 align:start position:0% They'd only be a few astronomical units 07:01.040 --> 07:04.229 align:start position:0% They'd only be a few astronomical units apart,<00:08:37.360> but<00:08:37.919> this<00:08:38.159> close<00:08:38.479> together,<00:08:39.120> stars 07:04.229 --> 07:04.239 align:start position:0% apart, but this close together, stars 07:04.239 --> 07:06.869 align:start position:0% apart, but this close together, stars would<00:08:39.760> be<00:08:39.919> colliding<00:08:40.640> and<00:08:40.959> merging<00:08:41.680> all<00:08:41.919> the 07:06.869 --> 07:06.879 align:start position:0% would be colliding and merging all the 07:06.879 --> 07:09.430 align:start position:0% would be colliding and merging all the time,<00:08:42.800> and<00:08:43.039> the<00:08:43.279> gravitational<00:08:44.000> dynamics 07:09.430 --> 07:09.440 align:start position:0% time, and the gravitational dynamics 07:09.440 --> 07:12.390 align:start position:0% time, and the gravitational dynamics would<00:08:44.959> be<00:08:45.200> far<00:08:45.519> too<00:08:45.760> unstable.<00:08:47.120> What's<00:08:47.360> more, 07:12.390 --> 07:12.400 align:start position:0% would be far too unstable. What's more, 07:12.400 --> 07:14.470 align:start position:0% would be far too unstable. What's more, these<00:08:47.920> little<00:08:48.080> red<00:08:48.320> dots<00:08:48.880> don't<00:08:49.200> look<00:08:49.440> like 07:14.470 --> 07:14.480 align:start position:0% these little red dots don't look like 07:14.480 --> 07:16.870 align:start position:0% these little red dots don't look like normal<00:08:50.160> galaxies.<00:08:51.120> Usually,<00:08:51.519> we<00:08:51.760> can<00:08:51.920> see 07:16.870 --> 07:16.880 align:start position:0% normal galaxies. Usually, we can see 07:16.880 --> 07:19.350 align:start position:0% normal galaxies. Usually, we can see some<00:08:52.480> kind<00:08:52.720> of<00:08:52.959> internal<00:08:53.519> structure.<00:08:54.480> But 07:19.350 --> 07:19.360 align:start position:0% some kind of internal structure. But 07:19.360 --> 07:21.270 align:start position:0% some kind of internal structure. But even<00:08:54.880> though<00:08:55.040> James<00:08:55.360> Webb<00:08:55.760> has<00:08:55.920> the<00:08:56.160> highest 07:21.270 --> 07:21.280 align:start position:0% even though James Webb has the highest 07:21.280 --> 07:23.510 align:start position:0% even though James Webb has the highest resolution<00:08:57.040> of<00:08:57.360> any<00:08:57.600> telescope<00:08:58.160> we've<00:08:58.560> ever 07:23.510 --> 07:23.520 align:start position:0% resolution of any telescope we've ever 07:23.520 --> 07:26.229 align:start position:0% resolution of any telescope we've ever built,<00:08:59.600> the<00:08:59.839> little<00:09:00.080> red<00:09:00.320> dots<00:09:00.800> just<00:09:01.120> appear 07:26.229 --> 07:26.239 align:start position:0% built, the little red dots just appear 07:26.239 --> 07:29.830 align:start position:0% built, the little red dots just appear as<00:09:01.920> points<00:09:02.480> of<00:09:02.800> light.<00:09:03.839> Single<00:09:04.160> dots<00:09:04.720> in<00:09:04.959> the 07:29.830 --> 07:29.840 align:start position:0% as points of light. Single dots in the 07:29.840 --> 07:32.310 align:start position:0% as points of light. Single dots in the night<00:09:05.360> sky,<00:09:06.080> like<00:09:06.399> stars<00:09:06.880> appear<00:09:07.279> to<00:09:07.440> the 07:32.310 --> 07:32.320 align:start position:0% night sky, like stars appear to the 07:32.320 --> 07:35.430 align:start position:0% night sky, like stars appear to the naked<00:09:07.920> eye.<00:09:09.040> So<00:09:09.360> either<00:09:09.680> the<00:09:09.920> little<00:09:10.160> red<00:09:10.320> dots 07:35.430 --> 07:35.440 align:start position:0% naked eye. So either the little red dots 07:35.440 --> 07:38.549 align:start position:0% naked eye. So either the little red dots are<00:09:11.040> really<00:09:11.440> tiny<00:09:12.160> or<00:09:12.399> their<00:09:12.640> light<00:09:12.959> is<00:09:13.279> so 07:38.549 --> 07:38.559 align:start position:0% are really tiny or their light is so 07:38.559 --> 07:41.510 align:start position:0% are really tiny or their light is so dominated<00:09:14.480> by<00:09:14.720> a<00:09:14.959> single<00:09:15.680> central<00:09:16.160> source 07:41.510 --> 07:41.520 align:start position:0% dominated by a single central source 07:41.520 --> 07:44.150 align:start position:0% dominated by a single central source that<00:09:17.040> it<00:09:17.279> drowns<00:09:17.680> out<00:09:18.080> any<00:09:18.560> other<00:09:18.880> surrounding 07:44.150 --> 07:44.160 align:start position:0% that it drowns out any other surrounding 07:44.160 --> 07:46.790 align:start position:0% that it drowns out any other surrounding signature<00:09:19.920> that<00:09:20.240> might<00:09:20.480> exist.<00:09:21.600> Which<00:09:21.839> brings 07:46.790 --> 07:46.800 align:start position:0% signature that might exist. Which brings 07:46.800 --> 07:49.750 align:start position:0% signature that might exist. Which brings us<00:09:22.320> to<00:09:22.560> the<00:09:22.800> second<00:09:23.040> theory.<00:09:24.160> What<00:09:24.399> if<00:09:24.720> little 07:49.750 --> 07:49.760 align:start position:0% us to the second theory. What if little 07:49.760 --> 07:52.790 align:start position:0% us to the second theory. What if little red<00:09:25.279> dots<00:09:25.920> aren't<00:09:26.560> star-filled<00:09:27.279> galaxies<00:09:27.839> at 07:52.790 --> 07:52.800 align:start position:0% red dots aren't star-filled galaxies at 07:52.800 --> 07:55.350 align:start position:0% red dots aren't star-filled galaxies at all?<00:09:28.959> What<00:09:29.279> else<00:09:29.680> could<00:09:30.000> explain<00:09:30.399> their 07:55.350 --> 07:55.360 align:start position:0% all? What else could explain their 07:55.360 --> 07:58.310 align:start position:0% all? What else could explain their properties? 07:55.360 --> 07:59.190 align:start position:0% spotted by the James Web Space Telescope?<00:10:58.320> Well,<00:10:59.760> at<00:11:00.000> the<00:11:00.240> center<00:11:00.480> of<00:11:00.720> most 07:58.627 --> 07:58.637 align:start position:0% Telescope? Well, at the center of most 07:58.637 --> 08:01.187 align:start position:0% Telescope? Well, at the center of most galaxies,<00:11:01.680> you<00:11:01.920> can<00:11:02.079> find<00:11:02.399> a<00:11:02.800> super<00:11:03.120> massive 08:01.187 --> 08:01.197 align:start position:0% galaxies, you can find a super massive 08:01.197 --> 08:03.587 align:start position:0% galaxies, you can find a super massive black<00:11:03.839> hole<00:11:04.560> surrounded<00:11:05.120> by<00:11:05.360> an<00:11:05.519> accretion 08:03.587 --> 08:03.597 align:start position:0% black hole surrounded by an accretion 08:03.597 --> 08:06.707 align:start position:0% black hole surrounded by an accretion disc<00:11:06.320> of<00:11:06.560> gas<00:11:06.880> and<00:11:07.120> dust.<00:11:08.079> As<00:11:08.320> it<00:11:08.560> spirals 08:06.707 --> 08:06.717 align:start position:0% disc of gas and dust. As it spirals 08:06.717 --> 08:09.027 align:start position:0% disc of gas and dust. As it spirals inward,<00:11:09.680> the<00:11:09.920> gas<00:11:10.160> is<00:11:10.399> compressed<00:11:10.800> and<00:11:11.040> heated 08:09.027 --> 08:09.037 align:start position:0% inward, the gas is compressed and heated 08:09.037 --> 08:11.507 align:start position:0% inward, the gas is compressed and heated to<00:11:11.600> over<00:11:12.000> 12<00:11:12.399> million°, 08:11.507 --> 08:11.517 align:start position:0% to over 12 million°, 08:11.517 --> 08:14.866 align:start position:0% to over 12 million°, and<00:11:14.160> it<00:11:14.320> emits<00:11:14.800> a<00:11:15.120> powerful<00:11:15.600> glow.<00:11:16.560> Active 08:14.866 --> 08:14.876 align:start position:0% and it emits a powerful glow. Active 08:14.876 --> 08:16.866 align:start position:0% and it emits a powerful glow. Active black<00:11:17.519> holes<00:11:17.920> are<00:11:18.079> some<00:11:18.320> of<00:11:18.399> the<00:11:18.720> brightest 08:16.866 --> 08:16.876 align:start position:0% black holes are some of the brightest 08:16.876 --> 08:20.227 align:start position:0% black holes are some of the brightest objects<00:11:19.839> in<00:11:20.160> the<00:11:20.480> universe.<00:11:21.680> Could<00:11:22.000> they<00:11:22.399> be 08:20.227 --> 08:20.237 align:start position:0% objects in the universe. Could they be 08:20.237 --> 08:23.027 align:start position:0% objects in the universe. Could they be behind<00:11:23.279> little<00:11:23.680> red<00:11:23.920> dots? 08:23.027 --> 08:23.037 align:start position:0% behind little red dots? 08:23.037 --> 08:24.546 align:start position:0% behind little red dots? Surrounding<00:11:25.839> the<00:11:26.000> accretion<00:11:26.480> disc<00:11:26.720> of<00:11:26.800> a 08:24.546 --> 08:24.556 align:start position:0% Surrounding the accretion disc of a 08:24.556 --> 08:26.866 align:start position:0% Surrounding the accretion disc of a black<00:11:27.120> hole<00:11:27.519> is<00:11:27.760> a<00:11:27.920> donut-shaped<00:11:28.640> ring<00:11:28.800> of<00:11:28.959> gas 08:26.866 --> 08:26.876 align:start position:0% black hole is a donut-shaped ring of gas 08:26.876 --> 08:29.347 align:start position:0% black hole is a donut-shaped ring of gas called<00:11:29.600> a<00:11:29.839> Taurus.<00:11:30.959> If<00:11:31.200> you're<00:11:31.440> looking<00:11:31.600> at 08:29.347 --> 08:29.357 align:start position:0% called a Taurus. If you're looking at 08:29.357 --> 08:31.747 align:start position:0% called a Taurus. If you're looking at the<00:11:31.839> Taurus<00:11:32.240> side<00:11:32.560> on,<00:11:33.120> that<00:11:33.360> dust<00:11:33.760> sits 08:31.747 --> 08:31.757 align:start position:0% the Taurus side on, that dust sits 08:31.757 --> 08:34.147 align:start position:0% the Taurus side on, that dust sits between<00:11:34.560> you<00:11:34.880> and<00:11:35.120> the<00:11:35.279> bright<00:11:35.600> black<00:11:35.839> hole, 08:34.147 --> 08:34.157 align:start position:0% between you and the bright black hole, 08:34.157 --> 08:35.907 align:start position:0% between you and the bright black hole, absorbing<00:11:37.120> shorter<00:11:37.519> wavelengths<00:11:38.079> and 08:35.907 --> 08:35.917 align:start position:0% absorbing shorter wavelengths and 08:35.917 --> 08:38.387 align:start position:0% absorbing shorter wavelengths and letting<00:11:38.720> longer<00:11:39.200> red<00:11:39.600> and<00:11:39.839> infrared<00:11:40.480> ones 08:38.387 --> 08:38.397 align:start position:0% letting longer red and infrared ones 08:38.397 --> 08:41.666 align:start position:0% letting longer red and infrared ones through.<00:11:41.760> Sound<00:11:42.079> familiar?<00:11:43.200> little<00:11:43.440> red<00:11:43.680> dots 08:41.666 --> 08:41.676 align:start position:0% through. Sound familiar? little red dots 08:41.676 --> 08:44.707 align:start position:0% through. Sound familiar? little red dots as<00:11:44.399> black<00:11:44.640> holes<00:11:45.279> made<00:11:45.600> sense.<00:11:46.399> It<00:11:46.640> would<00:11:46.880> also 08:44.707 --> 08:44.717 align:start position:0% as black holes made sense. It would also 08:44.717 --> 08:46.866 align:start position:0% as black holes made sense. It would also explain<00:11:47.519> the<00:11:47.760> brightness,<00:11:48.640> point<00:11:48.959> source 08:46.866 --> 08:46.876 align:start position:0% explain the brightness, point source 08:46.876 --> 08:50.307 align:start position:0% explain the brightness, point source morphology,<00:11:50.240> and<00:11:50.560> reddish<00:11:51.040> color.<00:11:52.000> To<00:11:52.240> top<00:11:52.480> it 08:50.307 --> 08:50.317 align:start position:0% morphology, and reddish color. To top it 08:50.317 --> 08:52.467 align:start position:0% morphology, and reddish color. To top it all<00:11:52.880> off,<00:11:53.200> their<00:11:53.360> emissions<00:11:53.920> show<00:11:54.320> broad 08:52.467 --> 08:52.477 align:start position:0% all off, their emissions show broad 08:52.477 --> 08:55.106 align:start position:0% all off, their emissions show broad balmer<00:11:55.279> lines,<00:11:55.920> which<00:11:56.240> suggests<00:11:56.720> there<00:11:56.959> is<00:11:57.200> a 08:55.106 --> 08:55.116 align:start position:0% balmer lines, which suggests there is a 08:55.116 --> 08:57.106 align:start position:0% balmer lines, which suggests there is a lot<00:11:57.680> of<00:11:57.839> gas<00:11:58.240> spinning<00:11:58.640> at<00:11:58.959> thousands<00:11:59.360> of 08:57.106 --> 08:57.116 align:start position:0% lot of gas spinning at thousands of 08:57.116 --> 09:00.147 align:start position:0% lot of gas spinning at thousands of kilome/s<00:12:00.640> around<00:12:01.040> something<00:12:01.519> central. 09:00.147 --> 09:00.157 align:start position:0% kilome/s around something central. 09:00.157 --> 09:02.546 align:start position:0% kilome/s around something central. Orbiting<00:12:03.040> gas<00:12:03.440> moves<00:12:03.760> both<00:12:04.079> towards<00:12:04.560> and<00:12:04.720> away 09:02.546 --> 09:02.556 align:start position:0% Orbiting gas moves both towards and away 09:02.556 --> 09:04.787 align:start position:0% Orbiting gas moves both towards and away from<00:12:05.120> us<00:12:05.279> at<00:12:05.519> extreme<00:12:06.000> speeds.<00:12:06.720> The<00:12:06.959> light 09:04.787 --> 09:04.797 align:start position:0% from us at extreme speeds. The light 09:04.797 --> 09:07.187 align:start position:0% from us at extreme speeds. The light moving<00:12:07.519> away<00:12:07.760> from<00:12:07.920> us<00:12:08.160> is<00:12:08.399> redshifted<00:12:09.279> while 09:07.187 --> 09:07.197 align:start position:0% moving away from us is redshifted while 09:07.197 --> 09:09.267 align:start position:0% moving away from us is redshifted while the<00:12:09.760> light<00:12:10.079> moving<00:12:10.480> towards<00:12:10.959> us<00:12:11.279> is 09:09.267 --> 09:09.277 align:start position:0% the light moving towards us is 09:09.277 --> 09:10.866 align:start position:0% the light moving towards us is blueshifted. 09:10.866 --> 09:10.876 align:start position:0% blueshifted. 09:10.876 --> 09:13.187 align:start position:0% blueshifted. This<00:12:13.680> exaggerates<00:12:14.399> the<00:12:14.639> spectral<00:12:15.040> lines<00:12:15.360> in 09:13.187 --> 09:13.197 align:start position:0% This exaggerates the spectral lines in 09:13.197 --> 09:16.147 align:start position:0% This exaggerates the spectral lines in each<00:12:15.839> direction<00:12:16.639> broadening<00:12:17.200> their<00:12:17.519> profile. 09:16.147 --> 09:16.157 align:start position:0% each direction broadening their profile. 09:16.157 --> 09:18.147 align:start position:0% each direction broadening their profile. The<00:12:18.800> faster<00:12:19.200> the<00:12:19.360> orbital<00:12:19.839> velocity<00:12:20.240> of<00:12:20.399> the 09:18.147 --> 09:18.157 align:start position:0% The faster the orbital velocity of the 09:18.157 --> 09:21.907 align:start position:0% The faster the orbital velocity of the gas,<00:12:21.360> the<00:12:21.600> wider<00:12:22.079> that<00:12:22.399> broadening<00:12:22.959> becomes. 09:21.907 --> 09:21.917 align:start position:0% gas, the wider that broadening becomes. 09:21.917 --> 09:23.986 align:start position:0% gas, the wider that broadening becomes. And<00:12:24.560> this<00:12:24.720> is<00:12:24.959> exactly<00:12:25.360> what<00:12:25.600> we<00:12:25.839> would<00:12:26.079> expect 09:23.986 --> 09:23.996 align:start position:0% And this is exactly what we would expect 09:23.996 --> 09:26.387 align:start position:0% And this is exactly what we would expect from<00:12:26.720> a<00:12:27.040> massive<00:12:27.440> black<00:12:27.680> hole<00:12:28.079> feeding<00:12:28.560> on 09:26.387 --> 09:26.397 align:start position:0% from a massive black hole feeding on 09:26.397 --> 09:29.587 align:start position:0% from a massive black hole feeding on lots<00:12:29.040> of<00:12:29.200> gas.<00:12:30.560> So<00:12:30.800> far,<00:12:31.279> things<00:12:31.600> were<00:12:31.839> looking 09:29.587 --> 09:29.597 align:start position:0% lots of gas. So far, things were looking 09:29.597 --> 09:32.546 align:start position:0% lots of gas. So far, things were looking good<00:12:32.160> for<00:12:32.399> the<00:12:32.560> black<00:12:32.720> hole<00:12:33.040> theory.<00:12:34.000> That<00:12:34.320> was 09:32.546 --> 09:32.556 align:start position:0% good for the black hole theory. That was 09:32.556 --> 09:34.787 align:start position:0% good for the black hole theory. That was until<00:12:35.519> researchers<00:12:36.160> noticed<00:12:36.720> something 09:34.787 --> 09:34.797 align:start position:0% until researchers noticed something 09:34.797 --> 09:38.226 align:start position:0% until researchers noticed something vital<00:12:37.680> was<00:12:38.000> missing.<00:12:39.200> You<00:12:39.440> see,<00:12:39.839> as<00:12:40.160> far<00:12:40.240> as<00:12:40.399> we 09:38.226 --> 09:38.236 align:start position:0% vital was missing. You see, as far as we 09:38.236 --> 09:40.707 align:start position:0% vital was missing. You see, as far as we know,<00:12:41.120> active<00:12:41.519> black<00:12:41.760> holes<00:12:42.240> always<00:12:42.720> emit 09:40.707 --> 09:40.717 align:start position:0% know, active black holes always emit 09:40.717 --> 09:42.787 align:start position:0% know, active black holes always emit X-rays<00:12:43.600> from<00:12:43.760> their<00:12:43.920> accretion<00:12:44.399> discs.<00:12:45.040> But 09:42.787 --> 09:42.797 align:start position:0% X-rays from their accretion discs. But 09:42.797 --> 09:44.866 align:start position:0% X-rays from their accretion discs. But when<00:12:45.519> astronomers<00:12:46.160> measured<00:12:46.560> the<00:12:46.800> little<00:12:47.040> red 09:44.866 --> 09:44.876 align:start position:0% when astronomers measured the little red 09:44.876 --> 09:47.827 align:start position:0% when astronomers measured the little red dots,<00:12:48.160> they<00:12:48.399> found<00:12:48.639> no<00:12:48.959> trace<00:12:49.279> of<00:12:49.440> X-rays<00:12:50.000> at 09:47.827 --> 09:47.837 align:start position:0% dots, they found no trace of X-rays at 09:47.837 --> 09:51.587 align:start position:0% dots, they found no trace of X-rays at all.<00:12:51.360> This<00:12:51.680> was<00:12:51.839> a<00:12:52.160> devastating<00:12:52.800> blow<00:12:53.440> to<00:12:53.680> a 09:51.587 --> 09:51.597 align:start position:0% all. This was a devastating blow to a 09:51.597 --> 09:54.387 align:start position:0% all. This was a devastating blow to a promising<00:12:54.480> theory.<00:12:55.600> As<00:12:55.920> if<00:12:56.079> that<00:12:56.399> weren't 09:54.387 --> 09:54.397 align:start position:0% promising theory. As if that weren't 09:54.397 --> 09:56.707 align:start position:0% promising theory. As if that weren't enough,<00:12:57.279> there<00:12:57.440> was<00:12:57.600> one<00:12:57.760> more<00:12:58.000> problem.<00:12:58.880> The 09:56.707 --> 09:56.717 align:start position:0% enough, there was one more problem. The 09:56.717 --> 09:59.027 align:start position:0% enough, there was one more problem. The black<00:12:59.360> holes<00:12:59.760> seemed<00:13:00.320> too<00:13:00.639> big<00:13:01.040> for<00:13:01.279> the 09:59.027 --> 09:59.037 align:start position:0% black holes seemed too big for the 09:59.037 --> 10:01.507 align:start position:0% black holes seemed too big for the galaxies<00:13:02.000> they<00:13:02.240> were<00:13:02.399> in. 10:01.507 --> 10:01.517 align:start position:0% galaxies they were in. 10:01.517 --> 10:04.467 align:start position:0% galaxies they were in. In<00:13:04.240> the<00:13:04.720> local<00:13:05.120> universe,<00:13:05.920> black<00:13:06.240> holes<00:13:06.639> are 10:04.467 --> 10:04.477 align:start position:0% In the local universe, black holes are 10:04.477 --> 10:07.507 align:start position:0% In the local universe, black holes are usually<00:13:07.279> around<00:13:07.839> 0.1%<00:13:08.880> of<00:13:09.120> the<00:13:09.279> mass<00:13:09.600> of<00:13:09.760> the 10:07.507 --> 10:07.517 align:start position:0% usually around 0.1% of the mass of the 10:07.517 --> 10:10.307 align:start position:0% usually around 0.1% of the mass of the galaxy<00:13:10.399> around<00:13:10.720> them.<00:13:11.519> This<00:13:11.760> is<00:13:12.000> such<00:13:12.399> a 10:10.307 --> 10:10.317 align:start position:0% galaxy around them. This is such a 10:10.317 --> 10:12.787 align:start position:0% galaxy around them. This is such a consistently<00:13:13.519> observed<00:13:14.079> relationship.<00:13:14.959> We 10:12.787 --> 10:12.797 align:start position:0% consistently observed relationship. We 10:12.797 --> 10:14.947 align:start position:0% consistently observed relationship. We think<00:13:15.440> galaxies<00:13:16.000> and<00:13:16.240> their<00:13:16.480> black<00:13:16.720> holes 10:14.947 --> 10:14.957 align:start position:0% think galaxies and their black holes 10:14.957 --> 10:17.666 align:start position:0% think galaxies and their black holes must<00:13:17.680> co-evolve<00:13:18.480> together<00:13:19.120> using<00:13:19.519> some<00:13:19.760> kind 10:17.666 --> 10:17.676 align:start position:0% must co-evolve together using some kind 10:17.676 --> 10:19.827 align:start position:0% must co-evolve together using some kind of<00:13:20.399> feedback<00:13:20.880> loop<00:13:21.120> mechanism<00:13:21.680> that<00:13:22.000> keeps 10:19.827 --> 10:19.837 align:start position:0% of feedback loop mechanism that keeps 10:19.837 --> 10:22.307 align:start position:0% of feedback loop mechanism that keeps them<00:13:22.480> in<00:13:22.639> tight<00:13:22.959> check<00:13:23.279> with<00:13:23.440> each<00:13:23.680> other.<00:13:24.560> But 10:22.307 --> 10:22.317 align:start position:0% them in tight check with each other. But 10:22.317 --> 10:24.147 align:start position:0% them in tight check with each other. But when<00:13:24.959> researchers<00:13:25.600> started<00:13:25.920> looking<00:13:26.240> at 10:24.147 --> 10:24.157 align:start position:0% when researchers started looking at 10:24.157 --> 10:27.507 align:start position:0% when researchers started looking at little<00:13:26.880> red<00:13:27.200> dots,<00:13:27.839> they<00:13:28.160> noticed<00:13:28.639> they<00:13:29.519> had 10:27.507 --> 10:27.517 align:start position:0% little red dots, they noticed they had 10:27.517 --> 10:30.147 align:start position:0% little red dots, they noticed they had much<00:13:30.399> higher<00:13:31.040> black<00:13:31.279> hole<00:13:31.600> to<00:13:31.839> galaxy<00:13:32.160> mass 10:30.147 --> 10:30.157 align:start position:0% much higher black hole to galaxy mass 10:30.157 --> 10:32.467 align:start position:0% much higher black hole to galaxy mass ratios<00:13:32.959> than<00:13:33.200> we're<00:13:33.440> used<00:13:33.600> to,<00:13:34.160> closer<00:13:34.560> to 10:32.467 --> 10:32.477 align:start position:0% ratios than we're used to, closer to 10:32.477 --> 10:35.426 align:start position:0% ratios than we're used to, closer to 10%.<00:13:36.240> It<00:13:36.480> was<00:13:36.639> almost<00:13:36.959> as<00:13:37.200> though<00:13:37.360> the<00:13:37.680> black 10:35.426 --> 10:35.436 align:start position:0% 10%. It was almost as though the black 10:35.436 --> 10:38.226 align:start position:0% 10%. It was almost as though the black hole<00:13:38.160> had<00:13:38.480> somehow<00:13:39.200> grown<00:13:39.519> to<00:13:39.760> full<00:13:40.000> size 10:38.226 --> 10:38.236 align:start position:0% hole had somehow grown to full size 10:38.236 --> 10:39.986 align:start position:0% hole had somehow grown to full size before<00:13:40.959> the<00:13:41.120> surrounding<00:13:41.519> galaxy<00:13:42.000> had<00:13:42.240> the 10:39.986 --> 10:39.996 align:start position:0% before the surrounding galaxy had the 10:39.996 --> 10:43.267 align:start position:0% before the surrounding galaxy had the chance<00:13:42.639> to<00:13:42.800> catch<00:13:43.120> up.<00:13:44.240> Both<00:13:44.639> the<00:13:45.040> star-based 10:43.267 --> 10:43.277 align:start position:0% chance to catch up. Both the star-based 10:43.277 --> 10:45.587 align:start position:0% chance to catch up. Both the star-based galaxy<00:13:46.160> and<00:13:46.639> active<00:13:47.120> black<00:13:47.279> hole<00:13:47.600> theories 10:45.587 --> 10:45.597 align:start position:0% galaxy and active black hole theories 10:45.597 --> 10:48.067 align:start position:0% galaxy and active black hole theories had<00:13:48.240> their<00:13:48.480> merits,<00:13:49.519> but<00:13:49.760> neither<00:13:50.240> could 10:48.067 --> 10:48.077 align:start position:0% had their merits, but neither could 10:48.077 --> 10:50.147 align:start position:0% had their merits, but neither could fully<00:13:50.880> explain<00:13:51.440> what<00:13:51.760> was<00:13:51.920> going<00:13:52.160> on<00:13:52.399> with 10:50.147 --> 10:50.157 align:start position:0% fully explain what was going on with 10:50.157 --> 10:53.587 align:start position:0% fully explain what was going on with these<00:13:52.959> little<00:13:53.200> red<00:13:53.519> dots.<00:13:54.880> Astrophysicist 10:53.587 --> 10:53.597 align:start position:0% these little red dots. Astrophysicist 10:53.597 --> 10:56.147 align:start position:0% these little red dots. Astrophysicist Fabio<00:13:56.639> Pakuki<00:13:57.279> at<00:13:57.440> the<00:13:57.519> Harvard<00:13:57.920> Smithsonian 10:56.147 --> 10:56.157 align:start position:0% Fabio Pakuki at the Harvard Smithsonian 10:56.157 --> 10:58.147 align:start position:0% Fabio Pakuki at the Harvard Smithsonian Center<00:13:58.800> for<00:13:58.959> Astrophysics<00:13:59.920> explained<00:14:00.320> the 10:58.147 --> 10:58.157 align:start position:0% Center for Astrophysics explained the 10:58.157 --> 11:01.267 align:start position:0% Center for Astrophysics explained the dilemma<00:14:01.120> perfectly.<00:14:02.399> If<00:14:02.720> they<00:14:03.199> little<00:14:03.440> red 11:01.267 --> 11:01.277 align:start position:0% dilemma perfectly. If they little red 11:01.277 --> 11:04.226 align:start position:0% dilemma perfectly. If they little red dots<00:14:04.399> contain<00:14:04.880> black<00:14:05.199> holes,<00:14:06.079> those<00:14:06.399> black 11:04.226 --> 11:04.236 align:start position:0% dots contain black holes, those black 11:04.236 --> 11:06.467 align:start position:0% dots contain black holes, those black holes<00:14:07.040> are<00:14:07.440> enormous<00:14:08.079> for<00:14:08.320> such<00:14:08.560> small 11:06.467 --> 11:06.477 align:start position:0% holes are enormous for such small 11:06.477 --> 11:08.707 align:start position:0% holes are enormous for such small galaxies.<00:14:09.920> But<00:14:10.079> if<00:14:10.240> they<00:14:10.399> only<00:14:10.639> contain 11:08.707 --> 11:08.717 align:start position:0% galaxies. But if they only contain 11:08.717 --> 11:11.587 align:start position:0% galaxies. But if they only contain stars,<00:14:12.000> the<00:14:12.240> galaxies<00:14:12.800> are<00:14:13.040> too<00:14:13.360> compact<00:14:13.760> to 11:11.587 --> 11:11.597 align:start position:0% stars, the galaxies are too compact to 11:11.597 --> 11:13.747 align:start position:0% stars, the galaxies are too compact to contain<00:14:14.399> all<00:14:14.560> of<00:14:14.720> them,<00:14:15.279> reaching<00:14:15.760> stellar 11:13.747 --> 11:13.757 align:start position:0% contain all of them, reaching stellar 11:13.757 --> 11:16.947 align:start position:0% contain all of them, reaching stellar densities<00:14:16.720> that<00:14:17.040> are<00:14:17.279> unthinkable. 11:16.947 --> 11:16.957 align:start position:0% densities that are unthinkable. 11:16.957 --> 11:19.106 align:start position:0% densities that are unthinkable. So<00:14:19.600> if<00:14:19.839> little<00:14:20.079> red<00:14:20.320> dots<00:14:20.639> are<00:14:20.800> not<00:14:21.120> young 11:19.106 --> 11:19.116 align:start position:0% So if little red dots are not young 11:19.116 --> 11:21.507 align:start position:0% So if little red dots are not young galaxies<00:14:22.000> of<00:14:22.240> hot<00:14:22.480> stars,<00:14:23.279> and<00:14:23.440> they're<00:14:23.680> not 11:21.507 --> 11:21.517 align:start position:0% galaxies of hot stars, and they're not 11:21.517 --> 11:25.347 align:start position:0% galaxies of hot stars, and they're not black<00:14:24.240> holes,<00:14:25.360> what<00:14:25.760> could<00:14:26.000> they<00:14:26.240> be?<00:14:27.360> Is<00:14:27.519> it 11:25.347 --> 11:25.357 align:start position:0% black holes, what could they be? Is it 11:25.357 --> 11:27.907 align:start position:0% black holes, what could they be? Is it possible<00:14:28.240> we've<00:14:28.560> stumbled<00:14:29.040> upon<00:14:29.440> an<00:14:29.680> entirely 11:27.907 --> 11:27.917 align:start position:0% possible we've stumbled upon an entirely 11:27.917 --> 11:30.947 align:start position:0% possible we've stumbled upon an entirely new<00:14:30.639> type<00:14:30.959> of<00:14:31.199> cosmic<00:14:31.680> object,<00:14:32.560> one<00:14:32.800> unlike 11:30.947 --> 11:30.957 align:start position:0% new type of cosmic object, one unlike 11:30.957 --> 11:34.866 align:start position:0% new type of cosmic object, one unlike anything<00:14:33.920> we've<00:14:34.320> ever<00:14:34.639> seen<00:14:34.959> before? 11:34.866 --> 11:34.876 align:start position:0% anything we've ever seen before? 11:34.876 --> 11:37.027 align:start position:0% anything we've ever seen before? This<00:14:37.519> was<00:14:37.920> exactly<00:14:38.399> the<00:14:38.639> question.<00:14:39.040> Anna 11:37.027 --> 11:37.037 align:start position:0% This was exactly the question. Anna 11:37.037 --> 11:39.027 align:start position:0% This was exactly the question. Anna Degraphth<00:14:39.920> and<00:14:40.160> her<00:14:40.399> team<00:14:40.800> set<00:14:41.040> out<00:14:41.199> to 11:39.027 --> 11:39.037 align:start position:0% Degraphth and her team set out to 11:39.037 --> 11:42.546 align:start position:0% Degraphth and her team set out to answer.<00:14:42.639> Degraph<00:14:43.360> is<00:14:43.680> an<00:14:44.000> astrophysicist<00:14:44.800> at 11:42.546 --> 11:42.556 align:start position:0% answer. Degraph is an astrophysicist at 11:42.556 --> 11:44.467 align:start position:0% answer. Degraph is an astrophysicist at the<00:14:45.120> Center<00:14:45.360> for<00:14:45.519> Astrophysics<00:14:46.320> Harvard<00:14:46.639> and 11:44.467 --> 11:44.477 align:start position:0% the Center for Astrophysics Harvard and 11:44.477 --> 11:47.106 align:start position:0% the Center for Astrophysics Harvard and Smithsonian<00:14:47.839> with<00:14:48.079> a<00:14:48.399> particular<00:14:49.120> interest 11:47.106 --> 11:47.116 align:start position:0% Smithsonian with a particular interest 11:47.116 --> 11:49.587 align:start position:0% Smithsonian with a particular interest in<00:14:49.760> the<00:14:50.000> most<00:14:50.240> extreme<00:14:50.880> objects<00:14:51.360> in<00:14:51.519> the<00:14:51.680> early 11:49.587 --> 11:49.597 align:start position:0% in the most extreme objects in the early 11:49.597 --> 11:52.147 align:start position:0% in the most extreme objects in the early universe,<00:14:52.720> the<00:14:52.959> things<00:14:53.199> that<00:14:53.600> sit<00:14:54.000> furthest 11:52.147 --> 11:52.157 align:start position:0% universe, the things that sit furthest 11:52.157 --> 11:55.027 align:start position:0% universe, the things that sit furthest outside<00:14:54.959> the<00:14:55.199> expected<00:14:55.680> distributions.<00:14:57.040> So, 11:55.027 --> 11:55.037 align:start position:0% outside the expected distributions. So, 11:55.037 --> 11:57.907 align:start position:0% outside the expected distributions. So, she<00:14:57.839> designed<00:14:58.240> a<00:14:58.480> survey<00:14:59.040> to<00:14:59.360> go<00:14:59.519> after<00:14:59.920> them 11:57.907 --> 11:57.917 align:start position:0% she designed a survey to go after them 11:57.917 --> 12:01.587 align:start position:0% she designed a survey to go after them directly.<00:15:01.519> The<00:15:01.839> red<00:15:02.240> unknowns<00:15:03.519> bright 12:01.587 --> 12:01.597 align:start position:0% directly. The red unknowns bright 12:01.597 --> 12:05.747 align:start position:0% directly. The red unknowns bright infrared<00:15:04.959> extragalactic<00:15:06.240> or<00:15:06.639> rubies<00:15:07.360> survey 12:05.747 --> 12:05.757 align:start position:0% infrared extragalactic or rubies survey 12:05.757 --> 12:08.786 align:start position:0% infrared extragalactic or rubies survey was<00:15:08.399> a<00:15:08.639> deliberate<00:15:09.279> hunt<00:15:09.760> for<00:15:10.079> the<00:15:10.320> reddest, 12:08.786 --> 12:08.796 align:start position:0% was a deliberate hunt for the reddest, 12:08.796 --> 12:12.467 align:start position:0% was a deliberate hunt for the reddest, brightest,<00:15:12.160> rarest<00:15:12.880> objects<00:15:13.360> in<00:15:13.680> the<00:15:13.839> sky. 12:12.467 --> 12:12.477 align:start position:0% brightest, rarest objects in the sky. 12:12.477 --> 12:15.267 align:start position:0% brightest, rarest objects in the sky. During<00:15:15.360> 2024,<00:15:16.399> the<00:15:16.560> graph's<00:15:16.959> team<00:15:17.279> spent 12:15.267 --> 12:15.277 align:start position:0% During 2024, the graph's team spent 12:15.277 --> 12:18.147 align:start position:0% During 2024, the graph's team spent nearly<00:15:18.240> 60<00:15:18.720> hours<00:15:19.040> of<00:15:19.279> web<00:15:19.600> time<00:15:20.000> obtaining 12:18.147 --> 12:18.157 align:start position:0% nearly 60 hours of web time obtaining 12:18.157 --> 12:21.907 align:start position:0% nearly 60 hours of web time obtaining spectra<00:15:21.120> for<00:15:21.600> 300<00:15:22.320> red<00:15:22.639> sources,<00:15:23.519> of<00:15:23.760> which 12:21.907 --> 12:21.917 align:start position:0% spectra for 300 red sources, of which 12:21.917 --> 12:25.106 align:start position:0% spectra for 300 red sources, of which they<00:15:24.560> think<00:15:25.120> 30<00:15:25.519> to<00:15:25.839> 50<00:15:26.399> were<00:15:26.639> the<00:15:26.800> mysterious 12:25.106 --> 12:25.116 align:start position:0% they think 30 to 50 were the mysterious 12:25.116 --> 12:28.067 align:start position:0% they think 30 to 50 were the mysterious little<00:15:27.839> red<00:15:28.160> dots.<00:15:29.440> This<00:15:29.680> made<00:15:29.920> it<00:15:30.079> the 12:28.067 --> 12:28.077 align:start position:0% little red dots. This made it the 12:28.077 --> 12:30.786 align:start position:0% little red dots. This made it the largest<00:15:31.040> ever<00:15:31.600> spectroscopic<00:15:32.560> sample<00:15:32.959> of 12:30.786 --> 12:30.796 align:start position:0% largest ever spectroscopic sample of 12:30.796 --> 12:33.027 align:start position:0% largest ever spectroscopic sample of these<00:15:33.440> dots<00:15:33.839> at<00:15:34.079> its<00:15:34.320> time<00:15:34.480> of<00:15:34.720> publication<00:15:35.199> in 12:33.027 --> 12:33.037 align:start position:0% these dots at its time of publication in 12:33.037 --> 12:36.307 align:start position:0% these dots at its time of publication in March<00:15:35.839> 2025.<00:15:37.120> The<00:15:37.360> objects<00:15:37.839> ranged<00:15:38.240> in<00:15:38.399> age 12:36.307 --> 12:36.317 align:start position:0% March 2025. The objects ranged in age 12:36.317 --> 12:40.786 align:start position:0% March 2025. The objects ranged in age from<00:15:39.279> 650<00:15:40.240> million<00:15:40.880> to<00:15:41.279> 1.5<00:15:42.399> billion<00:15:42.880> years 12:40.786 --> 12:40.796 align:start position:0% from 650 million to 1.5 billion years 12:40.796 --> 12:43.986 align:start position:0% from 650 million to 1.5 billion years after<00:15:43.519> the<00:15:43.680> Big<00:15:43.920> Bang.<00:15:45.279> But<00:15:45.519> while<00:15:45.839> she<00:15:46.079> hoped 12:43.986 --> 12:43.996 align:start position:0% after the Big Bang. But while she hoped 12:43.996 --> 12:46.707 align:start position:0% after the Big Bang. But while she hoped her<00:15:46.720> survey<00:15:47.120> would<00:15:47.360> bring<00:15:47.839> calm<00:15:48.240> clarity<00:15:48.800> and 12:46.707 --> 12:46.717 align:start position:0% her survey would bring calm clarity and 12:46.717 --> 12:49.267 align:start position:0% her survey would bring calm clarity and definitive<00:15:49.680> answers<00:15:50.000> to<00:15:50.160> the<00:15:50.399> field,<00:15:51.199> it<00:15:51.440> did 12:49.267 --> 12:49.277 align:start position:0% definitive answers to the field, it did 12:49.277 --> 12:52.307 align:start position:0% definitive answers to the field, it did of<00:15:51.920> course<00:15:52.399> the<00:15:52.720> exact<00:15:53.199> opposite. 12:52.307 --> 12:52.317 align:start position:0% of course the exact opposite. 12:52.317 --> 12:55.187 align:start position:0% of course the exact opposite. Rubies<00:15:55.360> revealed<00:15:55.920> that<00:15:56.240> these<00:15:56.639> bright<00:15:57.199> red 12:55.187 --> 12:55.197 align:start position:0% Rubies revealed that these bright red 12:55.197 --> 12:58.387 align:start position:0% Rubies revealed that these bright red objects<00:15:58.240> are<00:15:58.560> far<00:15:59.040> more<00:15:59.440> diverse<00:15:59.839> than<00:16:00.240> anyone 12:58.387 --> 12:58.397 align:start position:0% objects are far more diverse than anyone 12:58.397 --> 13:00.866 align:start position:0% objects are far more diverse than anyone initially<00:16:01.279> imagined.<00:16:02.480> Even<00:16:02.800> though<00:16:03.040> they 13:00.866 --> 13:00.876 align:start position:0% initially imagined. Even though they 13:00.876 --> 13:02.947 align:start position:0% initially imagined. Even though they seemed<00:16:03.680> similar<00:16:04.160> when<00:16:04.480> imaged, 13:02.947 --> 13:02.957 align:start position:0% seemed similar when imaged, 13:02.957 --> 13:04.947 align:start position:0% seemed similar when imaged, spectroscopic<00:16:06.240> data<00:16:06.560> showed<00:16:06.880> they<00:16:07.120> were 13:04.947 --> 13:04.957 align:start position:0% spectroscopic data showed they were 13:04.957 --> 13:07.507 align:start position:0% spectroscopic data showed they were actually<00:16:08.240> several<00:16:08.880> different<00:16:09.279> types<00:16:09.680> of 13:07.507 --> 13:07.517 align:start position:0% actually several different types of 13:07.517 --> 13:10.467 align:start position:0% actually several different types of objects,<00:16:10.720> such<00:16:10.959> as<00:16:11.519> dusty<00:16:12.079> galaxies<00:16:12.560> still 13:10.467 --> 13:10.477 align:start position:0% objects, such as dusty galaxies still 13:10.477 --> 13:13.346 align:start position:0% objects, such as dusty galaxies still forming<00:16:13.279> stars,<00:16:14.160> other<00:16:14.480> galaxies<00:16:15.120> that<00:16:15.519> may 13:13.346 --> 13:13.356 align:start position:0% forming stars, other galaxies that may 13:13.356 --> 13:15.346 align:start position:0% forming stars, other galaxies that may have<00:16:15.920> stopped<00:16:16.240> forming<00:16:16.639> stars<00:16:16.959> surprisingly 13:15.346 --> 13:15.356 align:start position:0% have stopped forming stars surprisingly 13:15.356 --> 13:18.226 align:start position:0% have stopped forming stars surprisingly early,<00:16:18.560> and<00:16:18.880> active<00:16:19.279> black<00:16:19.519> holes<00:16:20.000> powering 13:18.226 --> 13:18.236 align:start position:0% early, and active black holes powering 13:18.236 --> 13:21.267 align:start position:0% early, and active black holes powering galactic<00:16:21.199> nuclei.<00:16:22.240> It<00:16:22.480> seemed<00:16:23.120> no<00:16:23.279> matter 13:21.267 --> 13:21.277 align:start position:0% galactic nuclei. It seemed no matter 13:21.277 --> 13:23.666 align:start position:0% galactic nuclei. It seemed no matter which<00:16:24.000> side<00:16:24.320> of<00:16:24.480> the<00:16:24.800> starburst<00:16:25.440> galaxy 13:23.666 --> 13:23.676 align:start position:0% which side of the starburst galaxy 13:23.676 --> 13:26.147 align:start position:0% which side of the starburst galaxy versus<00:16:26.480> black<00:16:26.800> hole<00:16:27.040> debate<00:16:27.440> you<00:16:27.600> were<00:16:27.759> on, 13:26.147 --> 13:26.157 align:start position:0% versus black hole debate you were on, 13:26.157 --> 13:29.986 align:start position:0% versus black hole debate you were on, you<00:16:28.800> were<00:16:29.519> harshly<00:16:30.639> right.<00:16:31.680> But<00:16:31.839> within<00:16:32.160> that 13:29.986 --> 13:29.996 align:start position:0% you were harshly right. But within that 13:29.996 --> 13:32.147 align:start position:0% you were harshly right. But within that sample,<00:16:32.959> there<00:16:33.199> was<00:16:33.360> a<00:16:33.600> subset<00:16:34.000> that<00:16:34.240> didn't 13:32.147 --> 13:32.157 align:start position:0% sample, there was a subset that didn't 13:32.157 --> 13:35.187 align:start position:0% sample, there was a subset that didn't fit<00:16:34.959> any<00:16:35.279> of<00:16:35.519> these<00:16:35.759> categories.<00:16:37.120> Objects 13:35.187 --> 13:35.197 align:start position:0% fit any of these categories. Objects 13:35.197 --> 13:37.587 align:start position:0% fit any of these categories. Objects with<00:16:37.920> the<00:16:38.160> V-shaped<00:16:38.720> spectra,<00:16:39.440> the<00:16:39.680> broad 13:37.587 --> 13:37.597 align:start position:0% with the V-shaped spectra, the broad 13:37.597 --> 13:39.587 align:start position:0% with the V-shaped spectra, the broad emission<00:16:40.480> lines,<00:16:41.120> the<00:16:41.360> point<00:16:41.680> source 13:39.587 --> 13:39.597 align:start position:0% emission lines, the point source 13:39.597 --> 13:42.067 align:start position:0% emission lines, the point source morphology,<00:16:43.199> all<00:16:43.440> the<00:16:43.600> signatures<00:16:44.079> that<00:16:44.320> had 13:42.067 --> 13:42.077 align:start position:0% morphology, all the signatures that had 13:42.077 --> 13:44.627 align:start position:0% morphology, all the signatures that had resisted<00:16:44.959> explanation<00:16:45.600> from<00:16:45.839> the<00:16:46.000> beginning. 13:44.627 --> 13:44.637 align:start position:0% resisted explanation from the beginning. 13:44.637 --> 13:48.627 align:start position:0% resisted explanation from the beginning. And<00:16:47.279> then<00:16:47.839> in<00:16:48.160> July<00:16:48.800> 2024,<00:16:50.079> the<00:16:50.320> team<00:16:50.639> stumbled 13:48.627 --> 13:48.637 align:start position:0% And then in July 2024, the team stumbled 13:48.637 --> 13:52.147 align:start position:0% And then in July 2024, the team stumbled upon<00:16:51.440> a<00:16:51.759> little<00:16:52.000> red<00:16:52.240> dot<00:16:52.880> 11.9<00:16:53.920> billion 13:52.147 --> 13:52.157 align:start position:0% upon a little red dot 11.9 billion 13:52.157 --> 13:54.546 align:start position:0% upon a little red dot 11.9 billion lighty<00:16:54.800> years<00:16:55.120> away<00:16:55.759> with<00:16:56.000> a<00:16:56.160> spectrum<00:16:56.639> so 13:54.546 --> 13:54.556 align:start position:0% lighty years away with a spectrum so 13:54.556 --> 13:57.986 align:start position:0% lighty years away with a spectrum so extreme<00:16:57.839> it<00:16:58.079> stopped<00:16:58.399> them<00:16:58.639> in<00:16:58.880> their<00:16:59.120> tracks. 13:57.986 --> 13:57.996 align:start position:0% extreme it stopped them in their tracks. 13:57.996 --> 14:01.346 align:start position:0% extreme it stopped them in their tracks. They<00:17:00.720> called<00:17:00.959> it<00:17:01.440> the<00:17:01.759> cliff.<00:17:02.880> To<00:17:03.199> understand 14:01.346 --> 14:01.356 align:start position:0% They called it the cliff. To understand 14:01.356 --> 14:04.307 align:start position:0% They called it the cliff. To understand why<00:17:04.240> the<00:17:04.480> cliff<00:17:04.959> was<00:17:05.199> so<00:17:05.520> important,<00:17:06.319> you<00:17:06.559> need 14:04.307 --> 14:04.317 align:start position:0% why the cliff was so important, you need 14:04.317 --> 14:06.467 align:start position:0% why the cliff was so important, you need to<00:17:06.880> understand<00:17:07.360> what<00:17:07.600> the<00:17:07.919> bomber<00:17:08.319> breaks<00:17:08.640> we 14:06.467 --> 14:06.477 align:start position:0% to understand what the bomber breaks we 14:06.477 --> 14:09.747 align:start position:0% to understand what the bomber breaks we saw<00:17:09.039> earlier<00:17:09.839> are<00:17:10.160> really<00:17:10.559> telling<00:17:10.799> you. 14:09.747 --> 14:09.757 align:start position:0% saw earlier are really telling you. 14:09.757 --> 14:12.947 align:start position:0% saw earlier are really telling you. Think<00:17:12.400> of<00:17:13.120> electrons<00:17:13.760> around<00:17:14.000> an<00:17:14.240> atom<00:17:14.959> like 14:12.947 --> 14:12.957 align:start position:0% Think of electrons around an atom like 14:12.957 --> 14:15.587 align:start position:0% Think of electrons around an atom like fixed<00:17:15.760> rungs<00:17:16.160> on<00:17:16.400> a<00:17:16.559> ladder.<00:17:17.360> They<00:17:17.600> can<00:17:17.760> only 14:15.587 --> 14:15.597 align:start position:0% fixed rungs on a ladder. They can only 14:15.597 --> 14:18.626 align:start position:0% fixed rungs on a ladder. They can only exist<00:17:18.400> at<00:17:18.720> specific<00:17:19.360> energy<00:17:19.760> levels.<00:17:20.640> When<00:17:20.880> a 14:18.626 --> 14:18.636 align:start position:0% exist at specific energy levels. When a 14:18.636 --> 14:21.187 align:start position:0% exist at specific energy levels. When a photon<00:17:21.520> comes<00:17:21.760> along<00:17:22.480> carrying<00:17:23.039> just<00:17:23.360> the 14:21.187 --> 14:21.197 align:start position:0% photon comes along carrying just the 14:21.197 --> 14:23.107 align:start position:0% photon comes along carrying just the right<00:17:23.839> amount<00:17:24.160> of<00:17:24.319> energy<00:17:24.720> to<00:17:25.039> push<00:17:25.280> an 14:23.107 --> 14:23.117 align:start position:0% right amount of energy to push an 14:23.117 --> 14:25.666 align:start position:0% right amount of energy to push an electron<00:17:26.079> up<00:17:26.240> a<00:17:26.400> rung,<00:17:27.039> that<00:17:27.280> photon<00:17:27.760> gets 14:25.666 --> 14:25.676 align:start position:0% electron up a rung, that photon gets 14:25.676 --> 14:28.947 align:start position:0% electron up a rung, that photon gets absorbed<00:17:28.799> and<00:17:29.039> the<00:17:29.200> electron<00:17:29.840> gets<00:17:30.160> excited. 14:28.947 --> 14:28.957 align:start position:0% absorbed and the electron gets excited. 14:28.957 --> 14:31.107 align:start position:0% absorbed and the electron gets excited. Every<00:17:31.679> element<00:17:32.160> has<00:17:32.320> a<00:17:32.559> unique<00:17:32.960> electron 14:31.107 --> 14:31.117 align:start position:0% Every element has a unique electron 14:31.117 --> 14:33.587 align:start position:0% Every element has a unique electron configuration.<00:17:34.559> So<00:17:34.799> each<00:17:35.039> element<00:17:35.440> absorbs 14:33.587 --> 14:33.597 align:start position:0% configuration. So each element absorbs 14:33.597 --> 14:36.547 align:start position:0% configuration. So each element absorbs photons<00:17:36.640> at<00:17:37.039> unique<00:17:37.520> wavelengths.<00:17:38.640> This<00:17:38.799> is 14:36.547 --> 14:36.557 align:start position:0% photons at unique wavelengths. This is 14:36.557 --> 14:39.747 align:start position:0% photons at unique wavelengths. This is why<00:17:39.280> spectroscopy<00:17:40.160> works<00:17:40.640> as<00:17:40.960> such<00:17:41.360> a<00:17:41.600> precise 14:39.747 --> 14:39.757 align:start position:0% why spectroscopy works as such a precise 14:39.757 --> 14:42.707 align:start position:0% why spectroscopy works as such a precise fingerprinting<00:17:42.880> tool.<00:17:43.919> For<00:17:44.080> example,<00:17:44.880> for 14:42.707 --> 14:42.717 align:start position:0% fingerprinting tool. For example, for 14:42.717 --> 14:45.907 align:start position:0% fingerprinting tool. For example, for hydrogen,<00:17:46.240> 364.6 14:45.907 --> 14:45.917 align:start position:0% hydrogen, 364.6 14:45.917 --> 14:49.266 align:start position:0% hydrogen, 364.6 nanome<00:17:49.280> is<00:17:49.679> the<00:17:49.919> critical<00:17:50.400> wavelength.<00:17:51.360> It 14:49.266 --> 14:49.276 align:start position:0% nanome is the critical wavelength. It 14:49.276 --> 14:51.506 align:start position:0% nanome is the critical wavelength. It corresponds<00:17:52.160> to<00:17:52.400> the<00:17:52.640> exact<00:17:53.039> energy<00:17:53.520> required 14:51.506 --> 14:51.516 align:start position:0% corresponds to the exact energy required 14:51.516 --> 14:53.587 align:start position:0% corresponds to the exact energy required to<00:17:54.160> liberate<00:17:54.559> an<00:17:54.799> electron<00:17:55.280> from<00:17:55.440> the<00:17:55.679> second 14:53.587 --> 14:53.597 align:start position:0% to liberate an electron from the second 14:53.597 --> 14:56.067 align:start position:0% to liberate an electron from the second energy<00:17:56.400> level<00:17:56.880> completely.<00:17:58.080> Longer 14:56.067 --> 14:56.077 align:start position:0% energy level completely. Longer 14:56.077 --> 14:58.707 align:start position:0% energy level completely. Longer wavelengths<00:17:59.120> are<00:17:59.679> lower<00:18:00.000> energy.<00:18:00.720> Shorter 14:58.707 --> 14:58.717 align:start position:0% wavelengths are lower energy. Shorter 14:58.717 --> 15:01.266 align:start position:0% wavelengths are lower energy. Shorter wavelengths<00:18:01.679> are<00:18:01.919> higher<00:18:02.320> energy.<00:18:03.120> So<00:18:03.440> any 15:01.266 --> 15:01.276 align:start position:0% wavelengths are higher energy. So any 15:01.276 --> 15:03.907 align:start position:0% wavelengths are higher energy. So any photon<00:18:04.160> with<00:18:04.400> a<00:18:04.559> wavelength<00:18:05.200> shorter<00:18:05.919> or 15:03.907 --> 15:03.917 align:start position:0% photon with a wavelength shorter or 15:03.917 --> 15:06.947 align:start position:0% photon with a wavelength shorter or equal<00:18:06.640> to<00:18:07.440> 364.6 15:06.947 --> 15:06.957 align:start position:0% equal to 364.6 15:06.957 --> 15:09.827 align:start position:0% equal to 364.6 nanome<00:18:10.320> has<00:18:10.640> enough<00:18:10.880> energy<00:18:11.280> to<00:18:11.679> ionize<00:18:12.000> the 15:09.827 --> 15:09.837 align:start position:0% nanome has enough energy to ionize the 15:09.837 --> 15:12.067 align:start position:0% nanome has enough energy to ionize the hydrogen<00:18:12.799> from<00:18:12.960> that<00:18:13.200> level<00:18:13.679> and<00:18:14.000> will<00:18:14.320> be 15:12.067 --> 15:12.077 align:start position:0% hydrogen from that level and will be 15:12.077 --> 15:14.707 align:start position:0% hydrogen from that level and will be absorbed.<00:18:15.440> Any<00:18:15.679> photon<00:18:16.160> with<00:18:16.400> a<00:18:16.720> longer 15:14.707 --> 15:14.717 align:start position:0% absorbed. Any photon with a longer 15:14.717 --> 15:16.947 align:start position:0% absorbed. Any photon with a longer wavelength<00:18:17.840> isn't<00:18:18.320> energetic<00:18:18.880> enough<00:18:19.120> to 15:16.947 --> 15:16.957 align:start position:0% wavelength isn't energetic enough to 15:16.957 --> 15:19.827 align:start position:0% wavelength isn't energetic enough to bring<00:18:19.600> about<00:18:19.919> this<00:18:20.160> change.<00:18:21.200> That's<00:18:21.600> why<00:18:22.000> the 15:19.827 --> 15:19.837 align:start position:0% bring about this change. That's why the 15:19.837 --> 15:22.146 align:start position:0% bring about this change. That's why the presence<00:18:22.559> of<00:18:22.720> a<00:18:22.880> bomber<00:18:23.280> break<00:18:23.760> tells<00:18:24.080> you 15:22.146 --> 15:22.156 align:start position:0% presence of a bomber break tells you 15:22.156 --> 15:24.547 align:start position:0% presence of a bomber break tells you that<00:18:24.880> there's<00:18:25.280> hydrogen<00:18:26.000> between<00:18:26.480> a<00:18:26.720> light 15:24.547 --> 15:24.557 align:start position:0% that there's hydrogen between a light 15:24.557 --> 15:27.107 align:start position:0% that there's hydrogen between a light source<00:18:27.440> and<00:18:27.760> your<00:18:28.000> telescope. 15:27.107 --> 15:27.117 align:start position:0% source and your telescope. 15:27.117 --> 15:30.307 align:start position:0% source and your telescope. Usually<00:18:30.320> a<00:18:30.640> messy<00:18:31.280> complex<00:18:31.840> object<00:18:32.240> like<00:18:32.480> a 15:30.307 --> 15:30.317 align:start position:0% Usually a messy complex object like a 15:30.317 --> 15:33.987 align:start position:0% Usually a messy complex object like a galaxy<00:18:33.440> exhibits<00:18:33.919> a<00:18:34.160> smeared<00:18:35.120> gradual<00:18:35.679> break 15:33.987 --> 15:33.997 align:start position:0% galaxy exhibits a smeared gradual break 15:33.997 --> 15:35.587 align:start position:0% galaxy exhibits a smeared gradual break because<00:18:36.720> stars<00:18:37.120> of<00:18:37.280> different<00:18:37.600> temperatures 15:35.587 --> 15:35.597 align:start position:0% because stars of different temperatures 15:35.597 --> 15:37.506 align:start position:0% because stars of different temperatures and<00:18:38.240> densities<00:18:38.720> are<00:18:39.039> sending<00:18:39.360> their<00:18:39.600> lights 15:37.506 --> 15:37.516 align:start position:0% and densities are sending their lights 15:37.516 --> 15:40.467 align:start position:0% and densities are sending their lights through<00:18:40.160> gases<00:18:40.720> of<00:18:41.039> varying<00:18:41.520> densities.<00:18:42.640> The 15:40.467 --> 15:40.477 align:start position:0% through gases of varying densities. The 15:40.477 --> 15:42.787 align:start position:0% through gases of varying densities. The sharper<00:18:43.200> the<00:18:43.360> break,<00:18:44.000> the<00:18:44.240> more<00:18:44.480> pure<00:18:44.880> the 15:42.787 --> 15:42.797 align:start position:0% sharper the break, the more pure the 15:42.797 --> 15:45.187 align:start position:0% sharper the break, the more pure the hydrogen<00:18:45.679> atmosphere<00:18:46.240> you're<00:18:46.559> dealing<00:18:46.799> with. 15:45.187 --> 15:45.197 align:start position:0% hydrogen atmosphere you're dealing with. 15:45.197 --> 15:48.467 align:start position:0% hydrogen atmosphere you're dealing with. But<00:18:47.760> a<00:18:48.000> near<00:18:48.559> vertical<00:18:49.120> break<00:18:49.600> like<00:18:49.840> the<00:18:50.080> cliff 15:48.467 --> 15:48.477 align:start position:0% But a near vertical break like the cliff 15:48.477 --> 15:51.506 align:start position:0% But a near vertical break like the cliff is<00:18:51.280> twice<00:18:51.760> as<00:18:52.080> strong<00:18:52.480> as<00:18:52.720> that<00:18:52.960> of<00:18:53.360> any 15:51.506 --> 15:51.516 align:start position:0% is twice as strong as that of any 15:51.516 --> 15:54.547 align:start position:0% is twice as strong as that of any ancient<00:18:54.400> cosmic<00:18:54.880> body<00:18:55.280> previously<00:18:55.919> observed. 15:54.547 --> 15:54.557 align:start position:0% ancient cosmic body previously observed. 15:54.557 --> 15:58.787 align:start position:0% ancient cosmic body previously observed. which<00:18:57.200> is<00:18:57.440> why<00:18:57.760> it's<00:18:58.400> so<00:18:59.200> intriguing. 15:58.787 --> 15:58.797 align:start position:0% which is why it's so intriguing. 15:58.797 --> 16:01.187 align:start position:0% which is why it's so intriguing. The<00:19:01.520> extreme<00:19:02.240> properties<00:19:02.640> of<00:19:02.799> the<00:19:03.039> cliff 16:01.187 --> 16:01.197 align:start position:0% The extreme properties of the cliff 16:01.197 --> 16:03.187 align:start position:0% The extreme properties of the cliff forced<00:19:03.919> us<00:19:04.160> to<00:19:04.400> go<00:19:04.640> back<00:19:04.880> to<00:19:05.039> the<00:19:05.280> drawing 16:03.187 --> 16:03.197 align:start position:0% forced us to go back to the drawing 16:03.197 --> 16:06.227 align:start position:0% forced us to go back to the drawing board<00:19:06.160> and<00:19:06.480> come<00:19:06.640> up<00:19:06.960> with<00:19:07.440> entirely<00:19:08.160> new 16:06.227 --> 16:06.237 align:start position:0% board and come up with entirely new 16:06.237 --> 16:09.506 align:start position:0% board and come up with entirely new models.<00:19:09.360> The<00:19:09.520> graph<00:19:09.840> admitted,<00:19:10.960> "It<00:19:11.360> seems 16:09.506 --> 16:09.516 align:start position:0% models. The graph admitted, "It seems 16:09.516 --> 16:11.907 align:start position:0% models. The graph admitted, "It seems this<00:19:12.480> little<00:19:12.799> red<00:19:13.039> dot<00:19:13.440> was<00:19:13.760> sending<00:19:14.000> mixed 16:11.907 --> 16:11.917 align:start position:0% this little red dot was sending mixed 16:11.917 --> 16:14.626 align:start position:0% this little red dot was sending mixed signals.<00:19:15.280> On<00:19:15.520> one<00:19:15.679> hand,<00:19:16.000> spectra<00:19:16.480> analysis 16:14.626 --> 16:14.636 align:start position:0% signals. On one hand, spectra analysis 16:14.636 --> 16:16.467 align:start position:0% signals. On one hand, spectra analysis appeared<00:19:17.440> to<00:19:17.600> suggest<00:19:17.919> the<00:19:18.160> object<00:19:18.480> behind 16:16.467 --> 16:16.477 align:start position:0% appeared to suggest the object behind 16:16.477 --> 16:18.467 align:start position:0% appeared to suggest the object behind the<00:19:19.120> cliff<00:19:19.600> was<00:19:19.840> a<00:19:20.000> super<00:19:20.320> massive<00:19:20.640> black 16:18.467 --> 16:18.477 align:start position:0% the cliff was a super massive black 16:18.477 --> 16:21.107 align:start position:0% the cliff was a super massive black hole.<00:19:21.760> On<00:19:22.000> the<00:19:22.160> other<00:19:22.320> hand,<00:19:22.720> the<00:19:22.960> dramatic 16:21.107 --> 16:21.117 align:start position:0% hole. On the other hand, the dramatic 16:21.117 --> 16:24.227 align:start position:0% hole. On the other hand, the dramatic balmer<00:19:23.919> break<00:19:24.480> indicated<00:19:25.120> a<00:19:25.520> huge<00:19:26.000> amount<00:19:26.400> of 16:24.227 --> 16:24.237 align:start position:0% balmer break indicated a huge amount of 16:24.237 --> 16:26.467 align:start position:0% balmer break indicated a huge amount of relatively<00:19:27.440> homogeneous<00:19:28.160> hydrogen<00:19:28.640> gas 16:26.467 --> 16:26.477 align:start position:0% relatively homogeneous hydrogen gas 16:26.477 --> 16:28.867 align:start position:0% relatively homogeneous hydrogen gas around<00:19:29.200> it<00:19:29.679> like<00:19:29.840> you'd<00:19:30.160> expect<00:19:30.480> of<00:19:30.720> a<00:19:30.960> very 16:28.867 --> 16:28.877 align:start position:0% around it like you'd expect of a very 16:28.877 --> 16:32.947 align:start position:0% around it like you'd expect of a very young<00:19:31.679> star.<00:19:33.120> Could<00:19:33.440> this<00:19:33.679> be<00:19:34.320> an<00:19:34.640> entirely 16:32.947 --> 16:32.957 align:start position:0% young star. Could this be an entirely 16:32.957 --> 16:36.707 align:start position:0% young star. Could this be an entirely new<00:19:35.840> type<00:19:36.160> of<00:19:36.400> object?<00:19:37.520> One<00:19:37.919> that<00:19:38.240> was<00:19:38.480> somehow 16:36.707 --> 16:36.717 align:start position:0% new type of object? One that was somehow 16:36.717 --> 16:40.547 align:start position:0% new type of object? One that was somehow both<00:19:39.600> black<00:19:39.840> hole<00:19:40.400> and<00:19:41.039> star<00:19:41.520> at<00:19:41.760> once? 16:40.547 --> 16:40.557 align:start position:0% both black hole and star at once? 16:40.557 --> 16:43.506 align:start position:0% both black hole and star at once? Degraphth<00:19:43.919> thought<00:19:44.240> so.<00:19:45.120> She<00:19:45.360> dubbed<00:19:45.679> the 16:43.506 --> 16:43.516 align:start position:0% Degraphth thought so. She dubbed the 16:43.516 --> 16:47.107 align:start position:0% Degraphth thought so. She dubbed the object<00:19:46.480> a<00:19:46.880> black<00:19:47.200> hole<00:19:47.760> star. 16:47.107 --> 16:47.117 align:start position:0% object a black hole star. 16:47.117 --> 16:49.907 align:start position:0% object a black hole star. A<00:19:49.760> black<00:19:49.919> hole<00:19:50.240> star.<00:19:50.799> unsurprisingly<00:19:52.000> has 16:49.907 --> 16:49.917 align:start position:0% A black hole star. unsurprisingly has 16:49.917 --> 16:52.467 align:start position:0% A black hole star. unsurprisingly has characteristics<00:19:52.960> of<00:19:53.200> both<00:19:53.679> black<00:19:54.000> holes<00:19:54.480> and 16:52.467 --> 16:52.477 align:start position:0% characteristics of both black holes and 16:52.477 --> 16:56.146 align:start position:0% characteristics of both black holes and stars.<00:19:56.080> They're<00:19:56.400> shrouded<00:19:57.039> in<00:19:57.679> giant<00:19:58.080> spheres 16:56.146 --> 16:56.156 align:start position:0% stars. They're shrouded in giant spheres 16:56.156 --> 16:59.187 align:start position:0% stars. They're shrouded in giant spheres of<00:19:58.960> hot,<00:19:59.520> dense<00:19:59.919> gas,<00:20:00.559> which<00:20:00.880> makes<00:20:01.120> them<00:20:01.360> look 16:59.187 --> 16:59.197 align:start position:0% of hot, dense gas, which makes them look 16:59.197 --> 17:01.187 align:start position:0% of hot, dense gas, which makes them look like<00:20:01.840> the<00:20:02.000> atmospheres<00:20:02.640> of<00:20:02.880> traditional 17:01.187 --> 17:01.197 align:start position:0% like the atmospheres of traditional 17:01.197 --> 17:04.386 align:start position:0% like the atmospheres of traditional fusionpowered<00:20:04.559> stars.<00:20:05.679> But<00:20:05.919> instead<00:20:06.480> of 17:04.386 --> 17:04.396 align:start position:0% fusionpowered stars. But instead of 17:04.396 --> 17:06.947 align:start position:0% fusionpowered stars. But instead of running<00:20:07.039> on<00:20:07.280> fusion,<00:20:08.160> they're<00:20:08.480> powered<00:20:08.880> by 17:06.947 --> 17:06.957 align:start position:0% running on fusion, they're powered by 17:06.957 --> 17:09.027 align:start position:0% running on fusion, they're powered by super<00:20:09.760> massive<00:20:10.160> black<00:20:10.400> holes,<00:20:10.880> accreating 17:09.027 --> 17:09.037 align:start position:0% super massive black holes, accreating 17:09.037 --> 17:11.987 align:start position:0% super massive black holes, accreating matter<00:20:12.000> at<00:20:12.400> breakneck<00:20:13.120> speeds,<00:20:14.000> converting 17:11.987 --> 17:11.997 align:start position:0% matter at breakneck speeds, converting 17:11.997 --> 17:14.707 align:start position:0% matter at breakneck speeds, converting it<00:20:14.559> to<00:20:14.799> energy<00:20:15.520> and<00:20:15.840> releasing<00:20:16.320> light<00:20:16.720> as<00:20:16.960> a 17:14.707 --> 17:14.717 align:start position:0% it to energy and releasing light as a 17:14.717 --> 17:16.067 align:start position:0% it to energy and releasing light as a result. 17:16.067 --> 17:16.077 align:start position:0% result. 17:16.077 --> 17:18.227 align:start position:0% result. But<00:20:18.720> where<00:20:19.039> does<00:20:19.280> all<00:20:19.600> that<00:20:19.840> hydrogen<00:20:20.480> come 17:18.227 --> 17:18.237 align:start position:0% But where does all that hydrogen come 17:18.237 --> 17:20.307 align:start position:0% But where does all that hydrogen come from?<00:20:21.360> And<00:20:21.520> if<00:20:21.679> there<00:20:21.919> really<00:20:22.160> was<00:20:22.400> a<00:20:22.559> black 17:20.307 --> 17:20.317 align:start position:0% from? And if there really was a black 17:20.317 --> 17:22.547 align:start position:0% from? And if there really was a black hole<00:20:22.960> at<00:20:23.200> the<00:20:23.360> center,<00:20:24.080> why<00:20:24.320> were<00:20:24.480> there<00:20:24.640> no 17:22.547 --> 17:22.557 align:start position:0% hole at the center, why were there no 17:22.557 --> 17:24.867 align:start position:0% hole at the center, why were there no X-rays?<00:20:26.160> Although<00:20:26.480> perhaps<00:20:26.799> the<00:20:27.039> biggest 17:24.867 --> 17:24.877 align:start position:0% X-rays? Although perhaps the biggest 17:24.877 --> 17:28.146 align:start position:0% X-rays? Although perhaps the biggest question<00:20:27.600> is<00:20:28.159> how<00:20:28.480> are<00:20:28.640> they<00:20:28.880> made? 17:28.146 --> 17:28.156 align:start position:0% question is how are they made? 17:28.156 --> 17:30.307 align:start position:0% question is how are they made? The<00:20:30.799> universe<00:20:31.200> seems<00:20:31.520> to<00:20:31.679> be<00:20:31.840> made<00:20:32.000> up<00:20:32.240> of<00:20:32.480> an 17:30.307 --> 17:30.317 align:start position:0% The universe seems to be made up of an 17:30.317 --> 17:33.027 align:start position:0% The universe seems to be made up of an invisible<00:20:33.360> infrastructure<00:20:34.080> of<00:20:34.400> dark<00:20:34.720> matter, 17:33.027 --> 17:33.037 align:start position:0% invisible infrastructure of dark matter, 17:33.037 --> 17:36.307 align:start position:0% invisible infrastructure of dark matter, spinning<00:20:35.919> scaffolds<00:20:36.720> called<00:20:37.120> halos.<00:20:38.400> You<00:20:38.559> can 17:36.307 --> 17:36.317 align:start position:0% spinning scaffolds called halos. You can 17:36.317 --> 17:38.467 align:start position:0% spinning scaffolds called halos. You can think<00:20:38.880> of<00:20:39.039> them<00:20:39.280> as<00:20:39.679> being<00:20:40.000> embedded<00:20:40.480> in<00:20:40.720> an 17:38.467 --> 17:38.477 align:start position:0% think of them as being embedded in an 17:38.477 --> 17:40.386 align:start position:0% think of them as being embedded in an interconnected<00:20:41.520> web,<00:20:42.159> one<00:20:42.320> that<00:20:42.480> looks 17:40.386 --> 17:40.396 align:start position:0% interconnected web, one that looks 17:40.396 --> 17:42.227 align:start position:0% interconnected web, one that looks surprisingly<00:20:43.440> similar<00:20:43.679> to<00:20:43.840> the<00:20:44.080> networks<00:20:44.480> of 17:42.227 --> 17:42.237 align:start position:0% surprisingly similar to the networks of 17:42.237 --> 17:44.626 align:start position:0% surprisingly similar to the networks of neurons<00:20:45.039> in<00:20:45.280> your<00:20:45.440> brain.<00:20:46.320> We<00:20:46.640> can't<00:20:46.880> see 17:44.626 --> 17:44.636 align:start position:0% neurons in your brain. We can't see 17:44.636 --> 17:46.707 align:start position:0% neurons in your brain. We can't see these<00:20:47.360> scaffolds,<00:20:48.159> but<00:20:48.400> we<00:20:48.559> can<00:20:48.720> map<00:20:48.960> them 17:46.707 --> 17:46.717 align:start position:0% these scaffolds, but we can map them 17:46.717 --> 17:48.947 align:start position:0% these scaffolds, but we can map them with<00:20:49.440> gravitational<00:20:50.080> lensing,<00:20:50.880> and<00:20:51.120> they 17:48.947 --> 17:48.957 align:start position:0% with gravitational lensing, and they 17:48.957 --> 17:50.467 align:start position:0% with gravitational lensing, and they seem<00:20:51.520> to<00:20:51.679> indicate<00:20:52.080> the<00:20:52.320> parts<00:20:52.559> of<00:20:52.720> the 17:50.467 --> 17:50.477 align:start position:0% seem to indicate the parts of the 17:50.477 --> 17:53.667 align:start position:0% seem to indicate the parts of the universe<00:20:53.280> where<00:20:53.600> galaxies<00:20:54.240> form.<00:20:55.520> Most<00:20:55.760> dark 17:53.667 --> 17:53.677 align:start position:0% universe where galaxies form. Most dark 17:53.677 --> 17:56.146 align:start position:0% universe where galaxies form. Most dark matter<00:20:56.320> halos<00:20:56.799> spin<00:20:57.039> relatively<00:20:57.679> fast,<00:20:58.320> which 17:56.146 --> 17:56.156 align:start position:0% matter halos spin relatively fast, which 17:56.156 --> 17:58.067 align:start position:0% matter halos spin relatively fast, which causes<00:20:58.880> the<00:20:59.120> gas<00:20:59.360> and<00:20:59.520> matter<00:20:59.760> inside<00:21:00.080> them<00:21:00.320> to 17:58.067 --> 17:58.077 align:start position:0% causes the gas and matter inside them to 17:58.077 --> 18:00.146 align:start position:0% causes the gas and matter inside them to spread<00:21:00.799> outward,<00:21:01.520> like<00:21:01.679> the<00:21:01.840> swings<00:21:02.240> on<00:21:02.400> a 18:00.146 --> 18:00.156 align:start position:0% spread outward, like the swings on a 18:00.156 --> 18:02.227 align:start position:0% spread outward, like the swings on a carnival<00:21:02.960> ride,<00:21:03.440> stretching<00:21:04.000> further<00:21:04.400> out 18:02.227 --> 18:02.237 align:start position:0% carnival ride, stretching further out 18:02.237 --> 18:05.746 align:start position:0% carnival ride, stretching further out the<00:21:04.880> faster<00:21:05.280> they<00:21:05.520> spin.<00:21:06.640> But<00:21:07.039> a<00:21:07.360> very<00:21:07.760> small 18:05.746 --> 18:05.756 align:start position:0% the faster they spin. But a very small 18:05.756 --> 18:09.107 align:start position:0% the faster they spin. But a very small fraction<00:21:08.480> of<00:21:08.640> halos<00:21:09.200> spin<00:21:09.760> extremely<00:21:10.559> slowly. 18:09.107 --> 18:09.117 align:start position:0% fraction of halos spin extremely slowly. 18:09.117 --> 18:12.067 align:start position:0% fraction of halos spin extremely slowly. And<00:21:11.679> in<00:21:12.000> those<00:21:12.559> low<00:21:12.880> spin<00:21:13.280> halos,<00:21:14.000> the<00:21:14.159> gas 18:12.067 --> 18:12.077 align:start position:0% And in those low spin halos, the gas 18:12.077 --> 18:15.187 align:start position:0% And in those low spin halos, the gas doesn't<00:21:14.799> spread.<00:21:15.679> It<00:21:15.919> stays<00:21:16.240> dense,<00:21:16.960> compact, 18:15.187 --> 18:15.197 align:start position:0% doesn't spread. It stays dense, compact, 18:15.197 --> 18:18.787 align:start position:0% doesn't spread. It stays dense, compact, and<00:21:17.919> concentrated.<00:21:19.280> We<00:21:19.600> think<00:21:20.159> newborn<00:21:20.880> black 18:18.787 --> 18:18.797 align:start position:0% and concentrated. We think newborn black 18:18.797 --> 18:21.587 align:start position:0% and concentrated. We think newborn black hole<00:21:21.520> stars<00:21:22.320> could<00:21:22.799> form<00:21:23.200> in<00:21:23.440> places<00:21:23.760> like 18:21.587 --> 18:21.597 align:start position:0% hole stars could form in places like 18:21.597 --> 18:24.067 align:start position:0% hole stars could form in places like these<00:21:24.720> where<00:21:24.960> enough<00:21:25.360> hydrogen<00:21:25.919> is<00:21:26.159> still 18:24.067 --> 18:24.077 align:start position:0% these where enough hydrogen is still 18:24.077 --> 18:26.307 align:start position:0% these where enough hydrogen is still present<00:21:26.799> to<00:21:26.960> give<00:21:27.120> us<00:21:27.280> the<00:21:27.520> properties<00:21:27.919> we<00:21:28.159> see 18:26.307 --> 18:26.317 align:start position:0% present to give us the properties we see 18:26.317 --> 18:29.347 align:start position:0% present to give us the properties we see in<00:21:29.039> little<00:21:29.360> red<00:21:29.600> dots.<00:21:30.799> As<00:21:31.039> for<00:21:31.200> the<00:21:31.360> missing 18:29.347 --> 18:29.357 align:start position:0% in little red dots. As for the missing 18:29.357 --> 18:32.146 align:start position:0% in little red dots. As for the missing X-rays,<00:21:32.720> they're<00:21:32.960> not<00:21:33.200> missing<00:21:33.520> at<00:21:33.679> all.<00:21:34.320> They 18:32.146 --> 18:32.156 align:start position:0% X-rays, they're not missing at all. They 18:32.156 --> 18:35.266 align:start position:0% X-rays, they're not missing at all. They are<00:21:34.799> trapped.<00:21:35.760> In<00:21:36.000> a<00:21:36.159> black<00:21:36.400> hole<00:21:36.799> star,<00:21:37.440> the 18:35.266 --> 18:35.276 align:start position:0% are trapped. In a black hole star, the 18:35.276 --> 18:37.266 align:start position:0% are trapped. In a black hole star, the surrounding<00:21:38.240> hydrogen<00:21:38.799> envelope<00:21:39.280> would<00:21:39.520> be 18:37.266 --> 18:37.276 align:start position:0% surrounding hydrogen envelope would be 18:37.276 --> 18:40.626 align:start position:0% surrounding hydrogen envelope would be so<00:21:39.919> dense<00:21:40.559> that<00:21:40.880> even<00:21:41.360> high<00:21:41.840> energy<00:21:42.400> X-rays 18:40.626 --> 18:40.636 align:start position:0% so dense that even high energy X-rays 18:40.636 --> 18:42.467 align:start position:0% so dense that even high energy X-rays couldn't<00:21:43.280> punch<00:21:43.600> through<00:21:43.760> it.<00:21:44.320> they<00:21:44.640> would 18:42.467 --> 18:42.477 align:start position:0% couldn't punch through it. they would 18:42.477 --> 18:45.907 align:start position:0% couldn't punch through it. they would get<00:21:45.200> absorbed<00:21:45.840> by<00:21:46.080> the<00:21:46.320> gas<00:21:46.720> and<00:21:47.039> remitted<00:21:47.760> as 18:45.907 --> 18:45.917 align:start position:0% get absorbed by the gas and remitted as 18:45.917 --> 18:49.347 align:start position:0% get absorbed by the gas and remitted as thermal<00:21:48.720> energy<00:21:49.600> and<00:21:49.919> the<00:21:50.400> red<00:21:50.799> optical<00:21:51.360> light 18:49.347 --> 18:49.357 align:start position:0% thermal energy and the red optical light 18:49.357 --> 18:51.667 align:start position:0% thermal energy and the red optical light we<00:21:52.080> see<00:21:52.240> instead. 18:51.667 --> 18:51.677 align:start position:0% we see instead. 18:51.677 --> 18:53.907 align:start position:0% we see instead. Okay,<00:21:54.880> but<00:21:55.200> what<00:21:55.520> about<00:21:55.679> all<00:21:55.919> the<00:21:56.080> other 18:53.907 --> 18:53.917 align:start position:0% Okay, but what about all the other 18:53.917 --> 18:55.987 align:start position:0% Okay, but what about all the other unanswered<00:21:56.960> questions?<00:21:57.679> The<00:21:57.840> strange 18:55.987 --> 18:55.997 align:start position:0% unanswered questions? The strange 18:55.997 --> 18:58.707 align:start position:0% unanswered questions? The strange V-shaped<00:21:59.120> spectral<00:21:59.520> energy<00:22:00.000> distributions 18:58.707 --> 18:58.717 align:start position:0% V-shaped spectral energy distributions 18:58.717 --> 19:01.107 align:start position:0% V-shaped spectral energy distributions or<00:22:01.280> the<00:22:01.520> missing<00:22:01.919> dust<00:22:02.559> and<00:22:02.720> the<00:22:02.960> black<00:22:03.120> holes 19:01.107 --> 19:01.117 align:start position:0% or the missing dust and the black holes 19:01.117 --> 19:03.746 align:start position:0% or the missing dust and the black holes too<00:22:03.760> big<00:22:04.000> for<00:22:04.159> their<00:22:04.400> own<00:22:04.640> galaxies.<00:22:05.760> How<00:22:05.919> does 19:03.746 --> 19:03.756 align:start position:0% too big for their own galaxies. How does 19:03.756 --> 19:06.067 align:start position:0% too big for their own galaxies. How does the<00:22:06.320> black<00:22:06.559> hole<00:22:06.880> star<00:22:07.360> tackle<00:22:08.000> these 19:06.067 --> 19:06.077 align:start position:0% the black hole star tackle these 19:06.077 --> 19:07.667 align:start position:0% the black hole star tackle these challenges? 19:07.667 --> 19:07.677 align:start position:0% challenges? 19:07.677 --> 19:10.787 align:start position:0% challenges? Lucky<00:22:10.480> for<00:22:10.640> us,<00:22:11.200> astronomer<00:22:12.000> Rohan<00:22:12.480> Naidu<00:22:12.960> of 19:10.787 --> 19:10.797 align:start position:0% Lucky for us, astronomer Rohan Naidu of 19:10.797 --> 19:14.307 align:start position:0% Lucky for us, astronomer Rohan Naidu of MIT<00:22:13.679> and<00:22:13.840> his<00:22:14.080> team<00:22:14.640> have<00:22:14.880> some<00:22:15.120> ideas. 19:14.307 --> 19:14.317 align:start position:0% MIT and his team have some ideas. 19:14.317 --> 19:16.867 align:start position:0% MIT and his team have some ideas. In<00:22:16.960> 2025,<00:22:17.840> they<00:22:18.080> were<00:22:18.320> studying<00:22:18.640> an<00:22:18.880> object 19:16.867 --> 19:16.877 align:start position:0% In 2025, they were studying an object 19:16.877 --> 19:18.867 align:start position:0% In 2025, they were studying an object they<00:22:19.600> also<00:22:19.919> referred<00:22:20.240> to<00:22:20.400> as<00:22:20.559> a<00:22:20.720> black<00:22:20.960> hole 19:18.867 --> 19:18.877 align:start position:0% they also referred to as a black hole 19:18.877 --> 19:21.266 align:start position:0% they also referred to as a black hole star<00:22:21.919> and<00:22:22.159> found<00:22:22.400> it<00:22:22.559> to<00:22:22.799> have<00:22:23.039> a<00:22:23.280> thick 19:21.266 --> 19:21.276 align:start position:0% star and found it to have a thick 19:21.276 --> 19:23.987 align:start position:0% star and found it to have a thick hydrogen<00:22:24.240> gas<00:22:24.559> envelope<00:22:25.360> about<00:22:25.919> 40 19:23.987 --> 19:23.997 align:start position:0% hydrogen gas envelope about 40 19:23.997 --> 19:27.347 align:start position:0% hydrogen gas envelope about 40 astronomical<00:22:27.120> units<00:22:27.520> wide<00:22:28.400> plus<00:22:28.799> one<00:22:29.360> of<00:22:29.600> the 19:27.347 --> 19:27.357 align:start position:0% astronomical units wide plus one of the 19:27.357 --> 19:29.827 align:start position:0% astronomical units wide plus one of the strongest<00:22:30.320> bomber<00:22:30.720> breaks<00:22:31.280> ever<00:22:31.760> witnessed 19:29.827 --> 19:29.837 align:start position:0% strongest bomber breaks ever witnessed 19:29.837 --> 19:33.427 align:start position:0% strongest bomber breaks ever witnessed at<00:22:32.559> any<00:22:32.880> red<00:22:33.200> shift.<00:22:34.240> Naidu<00:22:34.960> argued<00:22:35.520> the<00:22:35.679> black 19:33.427 --> 19:33.437 align:start position:0% at any red shift. Naidu argued the black 19:33.437 --> 19:36.707 align:start position:0% at any red shift. Naidu argued the black hole<00:22:36.159> star<00:22:36.480> is<00:22:36.799> a<00:22:37.039> two<00:22:37.520> component<00:22:38.159> object.<00:22:38.880> A 19:36.707 --> 19:36.717 align:start position:0% hole star is a two component object. A 19:36.717 --> 19:38.707 align:start position:0% hole star is a two component object. A black<00:22:39.280> hole<00:22:39.600> star<00:22:39.919> which<00:22:40.320> produces<00:22:40.799> broad 19:38.707 --> 19:38.717 align:start position:0% black hole star which produces broad 19:38.717 --> 19:41.347 align:start position:0% black hole star which produces broad emission<00:22:41.520> lines,<00:22:42.159> a<00:22:42.400> strong<00:22:42.640> balma<00:22:43.200> break, 19:41.347 --> 19:41.357 align:start position:0% emission lines, a strong balma break, 19:41.357 --> 19:43.987 align:start position:0% emission lines, a strong balma break, point<00:22:44.080> source<00:22:44.480> compactness<00:22:45.039> of<00:22:45.280> light<00:22:46.159> and 19:43.987 --> 19:43.997 align:start position:0% point source compactness of light and 19:43.997 --> 19:46.947 align:start position:0% point source compactness of light and strong<00:22:46.880> red<00:22:47.200> emissions<00:22:48.240> and<00:22:48.480> a<00:22:48.640> star<00:22:48.960> forming 19:46.947 --> 19:46.957 align:start position:0% strong red emissions and a star forming 19:46.957 --> 19:48.787 align:start position:0% strong red emissions and a star forming host<00:22:49.600> galaxy<00:22:50.000> that<00:22:50.240> produces<00:22:50.799> narrow 19:48.787 --> 19:48.797 align:start position:0% host galaxy that produces narrow 19:48.797 --> 19:51.987 align:start position:0% host galaxy that produces narrow emission<00:22:51.679> lines<00:22:52.000> in<00:22:52.159> the<00:22:52.400> UV<00:22:52.799> spectrum.<00:22:53.919> Taken 19:51.987 --> 19:51.997 align:start position:0% emission lines in the UV spectrum. Taken 19:51.997 --> 19:54.067 align:start position:0% emission lines in the UV spectrum. Taken together,<00:22:55.120> this<00:22:55.360> compact<00:22:55.840> object<00:22:56.240> would 19:54.067 --> 19:54.077 align:start position:0% together, this compact object would 19:54.077 --> 19:56.227 align:start position:0% together, this compact object would produce<00:22:56.799> a<00:22:57.039> V-shaped<00:22:57.760> spectral<00:22:58.240> energy 19:56.227 --> 19:56.237 align:start position:0% produce a V-shaped spectral energy 19:56.237 --> 19:59.107 align:start position:0% produce a V-shaped spectral energy distribution<00:22:59.840> just<00:23:00.159> like<00:23:00.480> what<00:23:00.799> we<00:23:00.960> see<00:23:01.200> from 19:59.107 --> 19:59.117 align:start position:0% distribution just like what we see from 19:59.117 --> 20:01.587 align:start position:0% distribution just like what we see from little<00:23:01.760> red<00:23:02.000> dots.<00:23:02.960> The<00:23:03.120> low<00:23:03.360> energy<00:23:03.760> red 20:01.587 --> 20:01.597 align:start position:0% little red dots. The low energy red 20:01.597 --> 20:03.667 align:start position:0% little red dots. The low energy red emissions<00:23:04.320> from<00:23:04.480> the<00:23:04.640> black<00:23:04.799> hole<00:23:05.120> star<00:23:05.679> and 20:03.667 --> 20:03.677 align:start position:0% emissions from the black hole star and 20:03.677 --> 20:05.587 align:start position:0% emissions from the black hole star and high<00:23:06.320> energy<00:23:06.799> UV<00:23:07.280> emissions<00:23:07.679> from<00:23:07.840> the 20:05.587 --> 20:05.597 align:start position:0% high energy UV emissions from the 20:05.597 --> 20:08.787 align:start position:0% high energy UV emissions from the surrounding<00:23:08.400> host<00:23:08.799> galaxy<00:23:09.679> superimpose<00:23:10.880> to 20:08.787 --> 20:08.797 align:start position:0% surrounding host galaxy superimpose to 20:08.797 --> 20:12.227 align:start position:0% surrounding host galaxy superimpose to create<00:23:11.600> one<00:23:12.159> unusual<00:23:12.880> spectrum.<00:23:14.240> The<00:23:14.400> object 20:12.227 --> 20:12.237 align:start position:0% create one unusual spectrum. The object 20:12.237 --> 20:14.146 align:start position:0% create one unusual spectrum. The object Naidu<00:23:15.039> and<00:23:15.200> his<00:23:15.360> team<00:23:15.520> were<00:23:15.679> studying<00:23:16.240> wasn't 20:14.146 --> 20:14.156 align:start position:0% Naidu and his team were studying wasn't 20:14.156 --> 20:16.467 align:start position:0% Naidu and his team were studying wasn't a<00:23:16.799> little<00:23:17.039> red<00:23:17.280> dot<00:23:17.520> itself.<00:23:18.480> But<00:23:18.640> by 20:16.467 --> 20:16.477 align:start position:0% a little red dot itself. But by 20:16.477 --> 20:18.547 align:start position:0% a little red dot itself. But by examining<00:23:19.360> it<00:23:19.679> they<00:23:20.000> concluded<00:23:20.400> that<00:23:20.720> black 20:18.547 --> 20:18.557 align:start position:0% examining it they concluded that black 20:18.557 --> 20:21.347 align:start position:0% examining it they concluded that black hole<00:23:21.280> stars<00:23:22.080> when<00:23:22.400> embedded<00:23:22.960> in<00:23:23.360> brighter 20:21.347 --> 20:21.357 align:start position:0% hole stars when embedded in brighter 20:21.357 --> 20:24.307 align:start position:0% hole stars when embedded in brighter host<00:23:24.080> galaxies<00:23:25.039> produce<00:23:25.679> the<00:23:25.919> little<00:23:26.159> red<00:23:26.400> dot 20:24.307 --> 20:24.317 align:start position:0% host galaxies produce the little red dot 20:24.317 --> 20:26.867 align:start position:0% host galaxies produce the little red dot properties<00:23:27.200> we've<00:23:27.520> seen.<00:23:28.720> The<00:23:28.960> remaining 20:26.867 --> 20:26.877 align:start position:0% properties we've seen. The remaining 20:26.877 --> 20:29.667 align:start position:0% properties we've seen. The remaining issues<00:23:29.760> of<00:23:30.000> dust<00:23:30.480> and<00:23:30.960> overly<00:23:31.440> massive<00:23:31.840> black 20:29.667 --> 20:29.677 align:start position:0% issues of dust and overly massive black 20:29.677 --> 20:32.386 align:start position:0% issues of dust and overly massive black holes<00:23:32.720> go<00:23:32.960> hand<00:23:33.120> in<00:23:33.360> hand.<00:23:34.159> Under<00:23:34.480> the<00:23:34.640> black 20:32.386 --> 20:32.396 align:start position:0% holes go hand in hand. Under the black 20:32.396 --> 20:34.467 align:start position:0% holes go hand in hand. Under the black hole<00:23:35.120> star<00:23:35.440> model,<00:23:36.000> little<00:23:36.240> red<00:23:36.480> dots 20:34.467 --> 20:34.477 align:start position:0% hole star model, little red dots 20:34.477 --> 20:36.547 align:start position:0% hole star model, little red dots wouldn't<00:23:37.200> have<00:23:37.280> any<00:23:37.520> dust<00:23:37.840> at<00:23:38.000> all.<00:23:38.640> They're 20:36.547 --> 20:36.557 align:start position:0% wouldn't have any dust at all. They're 20:36.557 --> 20:38.547 align:start position:0% wouldn't have any dust at all. They're red<00:23:39.440> due<00:23:39.600> to<00:23:39.760> the<00:23:39.919> opacity<00:23:40.480> and<00:23:40.799> the 20:38.547 --> 20:38.557 align:start position:0% red due to the opacity and the 20:38.557 --> 20:41.266 align:start position:0% red due to the opacity and the surrounding<00:23:41.440> dense<00:23:41.840> gas.<00:23:42.799> Since<00:23:43.120> there's<00:23:43.440> no 20:41.266 --> 20:41.276 align:start position:0% surrounding dense gas. Since there's no 20:41.276 --> 20:43.587 align:start position:0% surrounding dense gas. Since there's no dust<00:23:43.919> to<00:23:44.159> worry<00:23:44.320> about,<00:23:45.120> there's<00:23:45.360> no<00:23:45.600> shortage 20:43.587 --> 20:43.597 align:start position:0% dust to worry about, there's no shortage 20:43.597 --> 20:45.987 align:start position:0% dust to worry about, there's no shortage to<00:23:46.240> account<00:23:46.559> for.<00:23:47.440> And<00:23:47.600> the<00:23:47.760> over<00:23:48.080> massive 20:45.987 --> 20:45.997 align:start position:0% to account for. And the over massive 20:45.997 --> 20:47.907 align:start position:0% to account for. And the over massive black<00:23:48.640> hole<00:23:48.880> problem<00:23:49.200> is<00:23:49.440> also<00:23:49.840> connected<00:23:50.159> to 20:47.907 --> 20:47.917 align:start position:0% black hole problem is also connected to 20:47.917 --> 20:50.227 align:start position:0% black hole problem is also connected to this<00:23:50.480> dense<00:23:50.799> cloud.<00:23:51.679> The<00:23:51.919> standard<00:23:52.240> way<00:23:52.400> to 20:50.227 --> 20:50.237 align:start position:0% this dense cloud. The standard way to 20:50.237 --> 20:52.227 align:start position:0% this dense cloud. The standard way to calculate<00:23:53.120> a<00:23:53.440> black<00:23:53.600> hole's<00:23:53.919> mass<00:23:54.240> is<00:23:54.480> to 20:52.227 --> 20:52.237 align:start position:0% calculate a black hole's mass is to 20:52.237 --> 20:53.987 align:start position:0% calculate a black hole's mass is to measure<00:23:54.960> how<00:23:55.200> broad<00:23:55.440> its<00:23:55.679> emission<00:23:56.080> lines 20:53.987 --> 20:53.997 align:start position:0% measure how broad its emission lines 20:53.997 --> 20:56.707 align:start position:0% measure how broad its emission lines are.<00:23:57.120> Broader<00:23:57.600> lines<00:23:58.000> mean<00:23:58.400> faster<00:23:58.880> moving 20:56.707 --> 20:56.717 align:start position:0% are. Broader lines mean faster moving 20:56.717 --> 20:59.107 align:start position:0% are. Broader lines mean faster moving gas,<00:23:59.760> which<00:24:00.080> means<00:24:00.320> a<00:24:00.559> more<00:24:00.799> massive<00:24:01.280> black 20:59.107 --> 20:59.117 align:start position:0% gas, which means a more massive black 20:59.117 --> 21:02.386 align:start position:0% gas, which means a more massive black hole.<00:24:02.320> But<00:24:02.480> in<00:24:02.720> a<00:24:02.880> black<00:24:03.039> hole<00:24:03.440> star,<00:24:04.240> photons 21:02.386 --> 21:02.396 align:start position:0% hole. But in a black hole star, photons 21:02.396 --> 21:04.626 align:start position:0% hole. But in a black hole star, photons don't<00:24:05.120> travel<00:24:05.520> cleanly<00:24:06.000> outward.<00:24:06.799> They 21:04.626 --> 21:04.636 align:start position:0% don't travel cleanly outward. They 21:04.636 --> 21:06.787 align:start position:0% don't travel cleanly outward. They bounce<00:24:07.520> repeatedly<00:24:08.159> through<00:24:08.400> the<00:24:08.640> thick<00:24:08.960> gas 21:06.787 --> 21:06.797 align:start position:0% bounce repeatedly through the thick gas 21:06.797 --> 21:09.027 align:start position:0% bounce repeatedly through the thick gas envelope.<00:24:10.080> With<00:24:10.400> every<00:24:10.640> collision,<00:24:11.200> their 21:09.027 --> 21:09.037 align:start position:0% envelope. With every collision, their 21:09.037 --> 21:11.347 align:start position:0% envelope. With every collision, their wavelength<00:24:12.080> shifts<00:24:12.480> slightly.<00:24:13.520> The 21:11.347 --> 21:11.357 align:start position:0% wavelength shifts slightly. The 21:11.357 --> 21:13.347 align:start position:0% wavelength shifts slightly. The cumulative<00:24:14.400> effect<00:24:14.960> produces<00:24:15.440> emission 21:13.347 --> 21:13.357 align:start position:0% cumulative effect produces emission 21:13.357 --> 21:15.187 align:start position:0% cumulative effect produces emission lines<00:24:16.080> that<00:24:16.240> appear<00:24:16.640> broader<00:24:17.120> than<00:24:17.360> they 21:15.187 --> 21:15.197 align:start position:0% lines that appear broader than they 21:15.197 --> 21:17.187 align:start position:0% lines that appear broader than they should<00:24:17.760> be,<00:24:18.400> leading<00:24:18.799> scientists<00:24:19.279> to 21:17.187 --> 21:17.197 align:start position:0% should be, leading scientists to 21:17.197 --> 21:19.506 align:start position:0% should be, leading scientists to overestimate<00:24:20.400> their<00:24:20.720> mass.<00:24:21.600> When 21:19.506 --> 21:19.516 align:start position:0% overestimate their mass. When 21:19.516 --> 21:21.506 align:start position:0% overestimate their mass. When researchers<00:24:22.559> corrected<00:24:23.039> for<00:24:23.279> this,<00:24:23.760> the 21:21.506 --> 21:21.516 align:start position:0% researchers corrected for this, the 21:21.516 --> 21:23.667 align:start position:0% researchers corrected for this, the estimated<00:24:24.400> black<00:24:24.640> hole<00:24:24.880> masses<00:24:25.360> dropped<00:24:25.760> by 21:23.667 --> 21:23.677 align:start position:0% estimated black hole masses dropped by 21:23.677 --> 21:26.146 align:start position:0% estimated black hole masses dropped by orders<00:24:26.480> of<00:24:26.640> magnitude,<00:24:27.600> bringing<00:24:27.919> them<00:24:28.159> more 21:26.146 --> 21:26.156 align:start position:0% orders of magnitude, bringing them more 21:26.156 --> 21:29.427 align:start position:0% orders of magnitude, bringing them more in<00:24:28.799> line<00:24:28.960> with<00:24:29.120> the<00:24:29.360> expected<00:24:30.240> 0.1%<00:24:31.360> galaxy 21:29.427 --> 21:29.437 align:start position:0% in line with the expected 0.1% galaxy 21:29.437 --> 21:32.787 align:start position:0% in line with the expected 0.1% galaxy mass<00:24:32.240> we<00:24:32.559> see<00:24:32.960> in<00:24:33.200> our<00:24:33.440> cosmic<00:24:33.919> neighborhood. 21:32.787 --> 21:32.797 align:start position:0% mass we see in our cosmic neighborhood. 21:32.797 --> 21:34.707 align:start position:0% mass we see in our cosmic neighborhood. Black<00:24:35.440> hole<00:24:35.679> stars<00:24:36.240> sound<00:24:36.640> like<00:24:36.799> something 21:34.707 --> 21:34.717 align:start position:0% Black hole stars sound like something 21:34.717 --> 21:37.427 align:start position:0% Black hole stars sound like something out<00:24:37.360> of<00:24:37.520> science<00:24:37.760> fiction,<00:24:38.720> but<00:24:39.520> they 21:37.427 --> 21:37.437 align:start position:0% out of science fiction, but they 21:37.437 --> 21:39.587 align:start position:0% out of science fiction, but they elegantly<00:24:40.480> solve<00:24:40.880> the<00:24:41.200> biggest<00:24:41.520> hurdles 21:39.587 --> 21:39.597 align:start position:0% elegantly solve the biggest hurdles 21:39.597 --> 21:41.347 align:start position:0% elegantly solve the biggest hurdles we've<00:24:42.400> encountered<00:24:42.960> with<00:24:43.120> the<00:24:43.360> little<00:24:43.520> red 21:41.347 --> 21:41.357 align:start position:0% we've encountered with the little red 21:41.357 --> 21:44.386 align:start position:0% we've encountered with the little red dots.<00:24:44.799> And<00:24:45.039> the<00:24:45.279> craziest<00:24:45.840> part<00:24:46.000> of<00:24:46.240> all<00:24:46.480> this 21:44.386 --> 21:44.396 align:start position:0% dots. And the craziest part of all this 21:44.396 --> 21:47.506 align:start position:0% dots. And the craziest part of all this is<00:24:47.039> that<00:24:47.279> they<00:24:47.520> were<00:24:47.679> predicted<00:24:48.640> 16<00:24:49.200> years<00:24:49.440> ago 21:47.506 --> 21:47.516 align:start position:0% is that they were predicted 16 years ago 21:47.516 --> 21:50.146 align:start position:0% is that they were predicted 16 years ago by<00:24:50.320> theoretical<00:24:50.960> astrophysicist<00:24:52.080> Mitchell 21:50.146 --> 21:50.156 align:start position:0% by theoretical astrophysicist Mitchell 21:50.156 --> 21:51.827 align:start position:0% by theoretical astrophysicist Mitchell Begelman<00:24:53.200> from<00:24:53.440> the<00:24:53.600> University<00:24:54.000> of 21:51.827 --> 21:51.837 align:start position:0% Begelman from the University of 21:51.837 --> 21:55.907 align:start position:0% Begelman from the University of Colorado.<00:24:55.600> In<00:24:55.840> a<00:24:56.080> 2008<00:24:56.960> paper,<00:24:57.600> Begelman 21:55.907 --> 21:55.917 align:start position:0% Colorado. In a 2008 paper, Begelman 21:55.917 --> 21:58.626 align:start position:0% Colorado. In a 2008 paper, Begelman proposed<00:24:58.960> something<00:24:59.360> called<00:24:59.840> quasy<00:25:00.320> stars. 21:58.626 --> 21:58.636 align:start position:0% proposed something called quasy stars. 21:58.636 --> 22:00.787 align:start position:0% proposed something called quasy stars. His<00:25:01.360> model<00:25:01.679> described<00:25:02.159> a<00:25:02.320> black<00:25:02.480> hole<00:25:02.799> forming 22:00.787 --> 22:00.797 align:start position:0% His model described a black hole forming 22:00.797 --> 22:03.187 align:start position:0% His model described a black hole forming from<00:25:03.440> a<00:25:03.679> stellar<00:25:04.080> remnant<00:25:04.559> or<00:25:04.880> small<00:25:05.279> seed 22:03.187 --> 22:03.197 align:start position:0% from a stellar remnant or small seed 22:03.197 --> 22:06.067 align:start position:0% from a stellar remnant or small seed inside<00:25:05.919> a<00:25:06.159> dense<00:25:06.480> gas<00:25:06.799> cloud.<00:25:07.600> Then<00:25:08.159> rather 22:06.067 --> 22:06.077 align:start position:0% inside a dense gas cloud. Then rather 22:06.077 --> 22:07.347 align:start position:0% inside a dense gas cloud. Then rather than<00:25:08.640> the<00:25:08.799> surrounding<00:25:09.200> envelope 22:07.347 --> 22:07.357 align:start position:0% than the surrounding envelope 22:07.357 --> 22:10.227 align:start position:0% than the surrounding envelope dispersing,<00:25:10.799> it<00:25:10.960> would<00:25:11.120> stay<00:25:11.360> bound.<00:25:12.400> The 22:10.227 --> 22:10.237 align:start position:0% dispersing, it would stay bound. The 22:10.237 --> 22:12.707 align:start position:0% dispersing, it would stay bound. The black<00:25:12.880> hole<00:25:13.279> sits<00:25:13.600> at<00:25:13.760> the<00:25:13.919> core<00:25:14.320> feeding 22:12.707 --> 22:12.717 align:start position:0% black hole sits at the core feeding 22:12.717 --> 22:15.347 align:start position:0% black hole sits at the core feeding while<00:25:15.360> the<00:25:15.600> outer<00:25:15.919> envelope<00:25:16.480> glows<00:25:17.279> not<00:25:17.520> from 22:15.347 --> 22:15.357 align:start position:0% while the outer envelope glows not from 22:15.357 --> 22:17.667 align:start position:0% while the outer envelope glows not from nuclear<00:25:18.240> fusion<00:25:18.559> like<00:25:18.720> a<00:25:18.960> normal<00:25:19.200> star<00:25:19.760> but 22:17.667 --> 22:17.677 align:start position:0% nuclear fusion like a normal star but 22:17.677 --> 22:19.746 align:start position:0% nuclear fusion like a normal star but purely<00:25:20.480> from<00:25:20.720> the<00:25:20.880> energy<00:25:21.200> of<00:25:21.360> the<00:25:21.520> black<00:25:21.760> hole 22:19.746 --> 22:19.756 align:start position:0% purely from the energy of the black hole 22:19.756 --> 22:22.626 align:start position:0% purely from the energy of the black hole consuming<00:25:22.799> gas<00:25:23.200> at<00:25:23.440> its<00:25:23.679> center.<00:25:24.559> From<00:25:24.799> the 22:22.626 --> 22:22.636 align:start position:0% consuming gas at its center. From the 22:22.636 --> 22:25.027 align:start position:0% consuming gas at its center. From the outside<00:25:25.440> it<00:25:25.600> would<00:25:25.840> look<00:25:26.080> like<00:25:26.480> a<00:25:26.799> single 22:25.027 --> 22:25.037 align:start position:0% outside it would look like a single 22:25.037 --> 22:28.787 align:start position:0% outside it would look like a single enormous<00:25:28.159> star<00:25:29.120> but<00:25:29.440> inside<00:25:30.159> it's<00:25:30.559> actually<00:25:30.960> a 22:28.787 --> 22:28.797 align:start position:0% enormous star but inside it's actually a 22:28.797 --> 22:32.146 align:start position:0% enormous star but inside it's actually a super<00:25:31.520> massive<00:25:32.000> black<00:25:32.320> hole.<00:25:33.279> Hence<00:25:34.159> black 22:32.146 --> 22:32.156 align:start position:0% super massive black hole. Hence black 22:32.156 --> 22:35.427 align:start position:0% super massive black hole. Hence black hole<00:25:35.039> star<00:25:35.760> or<00:25:36.000> as<00:25:36.159> he<00:25:36.400> called<00:25:36.640> it<00:25:37.120> a<00:25:37.279> quasi 22:35.427 --> 22:35.437 align:start position:0% hole star or as he called it a quasi 22:35.437 --> 22:38.227 align:start position:0% hole star or as he called it a quasi star.<00:25:39.039> Begelman's<00:25:39.679> model<00:25:39.919> predicted<00:25:40.320> that<00:25:40.480> a 22:38.227 --> 22:38.237 align:start position:0% star. Begelman's model predicted that a 22:38.237 --> 22:40.067 align:start position:0% star. Begelman's model predicted that a black<00:25:40.799> hole<00:25:41.120> in<00:25:41.360> this<00:25:41.600> configuration<00:25:42.240> could 22:40.067 --> 22:40.077 align:start position:0% black hole in this configuration could 22:40.077 --> 22:42.947 align:start position:0% black hole in this configuration could grow<00:25:42.720> at<00:25:43.120> extraordinary<00:25:44.000> rates,<00:25:44.799> reaching 22:42.947 --> 22:42.957 align:start position:0% grow at extraordinary rates, reaching 22:42.957 --> 22:45.427 align:start position:0% grow at extraordinary rates, reaching thousands<00:25:45.919> of<00:25:46.080> solar<00:25:46.480> masses<00:25:46.960> in<00:25:47.279> just<00:25:47.440> a<00:25:47.679> few 22:45.427 --> 22:45.437 align:start position:0% thousands of solar masses in just a few 22:45.437 --> 22:47.987 align:start position:0% thousands of solar masses in just a few million<00:25:48.159> years.<00:25:48.880> While<00:25:49.120> the<00:25:49.360> envelope<00:25:49.919> slowly 22:47.987 --> 22:47.997 align:start position:0% million years. While the envelope slowly 22:47.997 --> 22:50.787 align:start position:0% million years. While the envelope slowly cools,<00:25:51.440> eventually<00:25:52.000> it<00:25:52.240> hits<00:25:52.559> a<00:25:52.799> temperature 22:50.787 --> 22:50.797 align:start position:0% cools, eventually it hits a temperature 22:50.797 --> 22:53.427 align:start position:0% cools, eventually it hits a temperature floor<00:25:53.520> of<00:25:53.679> around<00:25:54.080> 4,000<00:25:54.720> Kelvin.<00:25:55.440> And<00:25:55.600> at 22:53.427 --> 22:53.437 align:start position:0% floor of around 4,000 Kelvin. And at 22:53.437 --> 22:56.227 align:start position:0% floor of around 4,000 Kelvin. And at that<00:25:56.000> point,<00:25:56.720> radiation<00:25:57.279> pressure<00:25:57.679> wins.<00:25:58.480> The 22:56.227 --> 22:56.237 align:start position:0% that point, radiation pressure wins. The 22:56.237 --> 22:59.347 align:start position:0% that point, radiation pressure wins. The envelope<00:25:59.200> gets<00:25:59.679> blown<00:26:00.080> away.<00:26:00.720> The<00:26:00.960> quasi<00:26:01.440> star 22:59.347 --> 22:59.357 align:start position:0% envelope gets blown away. The quasi star 22:59.357 --> 23:02.947 align:start position:0% envelope gets blown away. The quasi star phase<00:26:02.240> ends,<00:26:03.120> and<00:26:03.440> what<00:26:03.760> remains<00:26:04.240> is<00:26:04.480> a<00:26:04.720> naked 23:02.947 --> 23:02.957 align:start position:0% phase ends, and what remains is a naked 23:02.957 --> 23:06.227 align:start position:0% phase ends, and what remains is a naked black<00:26:05.600> hole.<00:26:06.720> Begelman<00:26:07.360> argued<00:26:07.919> that<00:26:08.240> rather 23:06.227 --> 23:06.237 align:start position:0% black hole. Begelman argued that rather 23:06.237 --> 23:09.347 align:start position:0% black hole. Begelman argued that rather than<00:26:08.960> a<00:26:09.279> type<00:26:09.520> of<00:26:09.840> object,<00:26:10.480> quasi<00:26:10.960> stars<00:26:11.440> could 23:09.347 --> 23:09.357 align:start position:0% than a type of object, quasi stars could 23:09.357 --> 23:12.386 align:start position:0% than a type of object, quasi stars could be<00:26:12.000> a<00:26:12.320> brief<00:26:12.640> phase<00:26:13.440> early<00:26:13.840> in<00:26:14.080> a<00:26:14.240> black<00:26:14.400> hole's 23:12.386 --> 23:12.396 align:start position:0% be a brief phase early in a black hole's 23:12.396 --> 23:15.266 align:start position:0% be a brief phase early in a black hole's life<00:26:15.200> lasting<00:26:15.679> only<00:26:15.919> a<00:26:16.159> few<00:26:16.400> million<00:26:16.720> years. 23:15.266 --> 23:15.276 align:start position:0% life lasting only a few million years. 23:15.276 --> 23:17.506 align:start position:0% life lasting only a few million years. He<00:26:18.000> even<00:26:18.240> suggested<00:26:18.720> that<00:26:18.960> if<00:26:19.200> a<00:26:19.440> black<00:26:19.600> hole 23:17.506 --> 23:17.516 align:start position:0% He even suggested that if a black hole 23:17.516 --> 23:19.667 align:start position:0% He even suggested that if a black hole were<00:26:20.159> later<00:26:20.400> to<00:26:20.720> encounter<00:26:21.279> another<00:26:21.679> episode 23:19.667 --> 23:19.677 align:start position:0% were later to encounter another episode 23:19.677 --> 23:22.386 align:start position:0% were later to encounter another episode of<00:26:22.320> extremely<00:26:22.880> high<00:26:23.200> gas<00:26:23.520> inflow,<00:26:24.400> similar 23:22.386 --> 23:22.396 align:start position:0% of extremely high gas inflow, similar 23:22.396 --> 23:24.626 align:start position:0% of extremely high gas inflow, similar conditions<00:26:25.440> could<00:26:25.840> theoretically<00:26:26.640> arise 23:24.626 --> 23:24.636 align:start position:0% conditions could theoretically arise 23:24.636 --> 23:26.787 align:start position:0% conditions could theoretically arise again,<00:26:27.840> raising<00:26:28.320> the<00:26:28.559> intriguing 23:26.787 --> 23:26.797 align:start position:0% again, raising the intriguing 23:26.797 --> 23:29.266 align:start position:0% again, raising the intriguing possibility<00:26:30.000> that<00:26:30.320> some<00:26:30.559> black<00:26:30.799> holes<00:26:31.360> might 23:29.266 --> 23:29.276 align:start position:0% possibility that some black holes might 23:29.276 --> 23:32.067 align:start position:0% possibility that some black holes might pass<00:26:32.000> through<00:26:32.400> quasi<00:26:32.880> starlike<00:26:33.520> phases<00:26:34.240> more 23:32.067 --> 23:32.077 align:start position:0% pass through quasi starlike phases more 23:32.077 --> 23:34.787 align:start position:0% pass through quasi starlike phases more than<00:26:34.720> once<00:26:35.120> across<00:26:35.600> their<00:26:35.840> lifetimes.<00:26:36.960> This 23:34.787 --> 23:34.797 align:start position:0% than once across their lifetimes. This 23:34.797 --> 23:37.107 align:start position:0% than once across their lifetimes. This could<00:26:37.440> explain<00:26:38.080> why<00:26:38.400> the<00:26:38.640> little<00:26:38.880> red<00:26:39.039> dots 23:37.107 --> 23:37.117 align:start position:0% could explain why the little red dots 23:37.117 --> 23:39.987 align:start position:0% could explain why the little red dots vanish<00:26:40.000> from<00:26:40.240> sight<00:26:40.880> 1.5<00:26:41.600> billion<00:26:42.080> years 23:39.987 --> 23:39.997 align:start position:0% vanish from sight 1.5 billion years 23:39.997 --> 23:42.547 align:start position:0% vanish from sight 1.5 billion years after<00:26:42.720> the<00:26:42.880> Big<00:26:43.120> Bang.<00:26:43.840> Perhaps<00:26:44.320> the<00:26:44.640> perfect 23:42.547 --> 23:42.557 align:start position:0% after the Big Bang. Perhaps the perfect 23:42.557 --> 23:44.866 align:start position:0% after the Big Bang. Perhaps the perfect conditions<00:26:45.440> for<00:26:45.679> high<00:26:45.919> gas<00:26:46.240> inflow<00:26:46.799> are<00:26:47.120> just 23:44.866 --> 23:44.876 align:start position:0% conditions for high gas inflow are just 23:44.876 --> 23:46.626 align:start position:0% conditions for high gas inflow are just not<00:26:47.520> satisfied<00:26:48.159> this<00:26:48.400> late<00:26:48.640> in<00:26:48.880> the 23:46.626 --> 23:46.636 align:start position:0% not satisfied this late in the 23:46.636 --> 23:49.746 align:start position:0% not satisfied this late in the universe's<00:26:49.600> lifetime.<00:26:51.039> Could<00:26:51.440> we<00:26:51.919> be 23:49.746 --> 23:49.756 align:start position:0% universe's lifetime. Could we be 23:49.756 --> 23:51.746 align:start position:0% universe's lifetime. Could we be confirming<00:26:52.720> observationally<00:26:53.840> what 23:51.746 --> 23:51.756 align:start position:0% confirming observationally what 23:51.756 --> 23:54.626 align:start position:0% confirming observationally what Beagelman<00:26:54.880> has<00:26:55.200> already<00:26:55.600> known<00:26:56.159> for<00:26:56.480> close<00:26:56.720> to 23:54.626 --> 23:54.636 align:start position:0% Beagelman has already known for close to 23:54.636 --> 23:57.746 align:start position:0% Beagelman has already known for close to two<00:26:57.360> decades? 23:57.746 --> 23:57.756 align:start position:0% two decades? 23:57.756 --> 23:59.746 align:start position:0% two decades? It<00:27:00.400> probably<00:27:00.799> goes<00:27:01.039> without<00:27:01.360> saying,<00:27:01.919> but 23:59.746 --> 23:59.756 align:start position:0% It probably goes without saying, but 23:59.756 --> 24:01.427 align:start position:0% It probably goes without saying, but despite<00:27:02.559> the<00:27:02.880> black<00:27:03.120> hole<00:27:03.520> star 24:01.427 --> 24:01.437 align:start position:0% despite the black hole star 24:01.437 --> 24:04.067 align:start position:0% despite the black hole star breakthrough,<00:27:04.640> there<00:27:04.880> is<00:27:05.120> still<00:27:05.440> a<00:27:05.840> lot<00:27:06.240> of 24:04.067 --> 24:04.077 align:start position:0% breakthrough, there is still a lot of 24:04.077 --> 24:06.547 align:start position:0% breakthrough, there is still a lot of uncertainty<00:27:07.039> in<00:27:07.279> this<00:27:07.440> field.<00:27:08.320> papers<00:27:08.720> are 24:06.547 --> 24:06.557 align:start position:0% uncertainty in this field. papers are 24:06.557 --> 24:08.707 align:start position:0% uncertainty in this field. papers are being<00:27:09.279> published<00:27:09.840> faster<00:27:10.320> than<00:27:10.640> researchers 24:08.707 --> 24:08.717 align:start position:0% being published faster than researchers 24:08.717 --> 24:11.506 align:start position:0% being published faster than researchers can<00:27:11.360> read<00:27:11.600> them<00:27:12.159> with<00:27:12.640> hundreds<00:27:13.360> coming<00:27:13.679> out 24:11.506 --> 24:11.516 align:start position:0% can read them with hundreds coming out 24:11.516 --> 24:14.227 align:start position:0% can read them with hundreds coming out in<00:27:14.240> just<00:27:14.480> the<00:27:14.720> last<00:27:14.960> 2<00:27:15.200> years<00:27:15.440> alone.<00:27:16.400> For 24:14.227 --> 24:14.237 align:start position:0% in just the last 2 years alone. For 24:14.237 --> 24:15.987 align:start position:0% in just the last 2 years alone. For right<00:27:16.880> now,<00:27:17.360> the<00:27:17.520> black<00:27:17.760> hole<00:27:18.159> star 24:15.987 --> 24:15.997 align:start position:0% right now, the black hole star 24:15.997 --> 24:17.746 align:start position:0% right now, the black hole star interpretation<00:27:19.120> seems<00:27:19.440> like<00:27:19.600> the<00:27:19.760> best<00:27:19.919> fit 24:17.746 --> 24:17.756 align:start position:0% interpretation seems like the best fit 24:17.756 --> 24:20.227 align:start position:0% interpretation seems like the best fit to<00:27:20.320> the<00:27:20.480> data<00:27:20.720> we<00:27:20.960> currently<00:27:21.360> have,<00:27:22.080> but<00:27:22.400> it 24:20.227 --> 24:20.237 align:start position:0% to the data we currently have, but it 24:20.237 --> 24:22.787 align:start position:0% to the data we currently have, but it hasn't<00:27:23.039> been<00:27:23.360> confirmed<00:27:23.840> yet.<00:27:24.799> There<00:27:25.039> are 24:22.787 --> 24:22.797 align:start position:0% hasn't been confirmed yet. There are 24:22.797 --> 24:24.866 align:start position:0% hasn't been confirmed yet. There are still<00:27:25.600> plenty<00:27:26.080> of<00:27:26.240> open<00:27:26.640> questions<00:27:26.960> that<00:27:27.120> the 24:24.866 --> 24:24.876 align:start position:0% still plenty of open questions that the 24:24.876 --> 24:27.427 align:start position:0% still plenty of open questions that the theory<00:27:27.760> doesn't<00:27:28.240> cleanly<00:27:28.720> answer.<00:27:29.600> For 24:27.427 --> 24:27.437 align:start position:0% theory doesn't cleanly answer. For 24:27.437 --> 24:30.067 align:start position:0% theory doesn't cleanly answer. For instance,<00:27:30.640> how<00:27:31.039> common<00:27:31.440> is<00:27:31.679> the<00:27:31.840> black<00:27:32.159> hole 24:30.067 --> 24:30.077 align:start position:0% instance, how common is the black hole 24:30.077 --> 24:32.947 align:start position:0% instance, how common is the black hole star<00:27:32.799> phase?<00:27:34.000> How<00:27:34.240> long<00:27:34.559> does<00:27:34.720> it<00:27:34.960> typically 24:32.947 --> 24:32.957 align:start position:0% star phase? How long does it typically 24:32.957 --> 24:36.307 align:start position:0% star phase? How long does it typically last?<00:27:36.000> What<00:27:36.400> triggers<00:27:36.799> it?<00:27:37.760> We<00:27:38.159> don't<00:27:38.400> know 24:36.307 --> 24:36.317 align:start position:0% last? What triggers it? We don't know 24:36.317 --> 24:38.947 align:start position:0% last? What triggers it? We don't know exactly<00:27:39.200> how<00:27:39.440> the<00:27:39.600> envelope<00:27:40.080> forms<00:27:40.559> or<00:27:40.960> what 24:38.947 --> 24:38.957 align:start position:0% exactly how the envelope forms or what 24:38.957 --> 24:41.667 align:start position:0% exactly how the envelope forms or what determines<00:27:42.000> when<00:27:42.240> it<00:27:42.400> disperses.<00:27:43.600> The<00:27:43.840> life 24:41.667 --> 24:41.677 align:start position:0% determines when it disperses. The life 24:41.677 --> 24:43.827 align:start position:0% determines when it disperses. The life cycle<00:27:44.400> of<00:27:44.640> a<00:27:44.799> black<00:27:44.960> hole<00:27:45.279> star,<00:27:45.760> if<00:27:46.000> that's 24:43.827 --> 24:43.837 align:start position:0% cycle of a black hole star, if that's 24:43.837 --> 24:46.547 align:start position:0% cycle of a black hole star, if that's what<00:27:46.400> these<00:27:46.720> objects<00:27:47.200> are,<00:27:48.159> is<00:27:48.480> still 24:46.547 --> 24:46.557 align:start position:0% what these objects are, is still 24:46.557 --> 24:49.027 align:start position:0% what these objects are, is still unmapped<00:27:49.520> territory.<00:27:50.720> But<00:27:50.880> what<00:27:51.120> makes 24:49.027 --> 24:49.037 align:start position:0% unmapped territory. But what makes 24:49.037 --> 24:51.746 align:start position:0% unmapped territory. But what makes little<00:27:51.760> red<00:27:52.000> dots<00:27:52.640> genuinely<00:27:53.360> significant 24:51.746 --> 24:51.756 align:start position:0% little red dots genuinely significant 24:51.756 --> 24:54.787 align:start position:0% little red dots genuinely significant beyond<00:27:54.640> the<00:27:55.120> immediate<00:27:55.679> mystery<00:27:56.559> is<00:27:56.880> what 24:54.787 --> 24:54.797 align:start position:0% beyond the immediate mystery is what 24:54.797 --> 24:56.947 align:start position:0% beyond the immediate mystery is what they<00:27:57.440> might<00:27:57.679> represent<00:27:58.240> in<00:27:58.480> the<00:27:58.640> larger<00:27:59.120> story 24:56.947 --> 24:56.957 align:start position:0% they might represent in the larger story 24:56.957 --> 24:59.506 align:start position:0% they might represent in the larger story of<00:27:59.600> how<00:28:00.000> the<00:28:00.240> universe<00:28:00.720> came<00:28:00.960> to<00:28:01.120> look<00:28:01.600> the<00:28:01.840> way 24:59.506 --> 24:59.516 align:start position:0% of how the universe came to look the way 24:59.516 --> 25:02.947 align:start position:0% of how the universe came to look the way it<00:28:02.240> does.<00:28:03.520> One<00:28:03.840> of<00:28:03.919> the<00:28:04.159> deepest<00:28:04.720> unsolved 25:02.947 --> 25:02.957 align:start position:0% it does. One of the deepest unsolved 25:02.957 --> 25:05.827 align:start position:0% it does. One of the deepest unsolved mysteries<00:28:05.760> in<00:28:06.159> astrophysics<00:28:07.200> is<00:28:07.520> the<00:28:07.760> origin 25:05.827 --> 25:05.837 align:start position:0% mysteries in astrophysics is the origin 25:05.837 --> 25:08.707 align:start position:0% mysteries in astrophysics is the origin of<00:28:08.480> super<00:28:08.799> massive<00:28:09.200> black<00:28:09.360> holes.<00:28:10.559> We<00:28:10.880> know 25:08.707 --> 25:08.717 align:start position:0% of super massive black holes. We know 25:08.717 --> 25:10.707 align:start position:0% of super massive black holes. We know they<00:28:11.360> exist<00:28:11.600> at<00:28:11.840> the<00:28:12.000> center<00:28:12.159> of<00:28:12.320> almost<00:28:12.720> every 25:10.707 --> 25:10.717 align:start position:0% they exist at the center of almost every 25:10.717 --> 25:14.307 align:start position:0% they exist at the center of almost every large<00:28:13.360> galaxy,<00:28:14.080> including<00:28:14.480> our<00:28:14.799> own.<00:28:15.760> We<00:28:16.080> know 25:14.307 --> 25:14.317 align:start position:0% large galaxy, including our own. We know 25:14.317 --> 25:16.626 align:start position:0% large galaxy, including our own. We know some<00:28:16.960> of<00:28:17.120> them<00:28:17.360> were<00:28:17.679> already<00:28:18.399> billions<00:28:18.799> of 25:16.626 --> 25:16.636 align:start position:0% some of them were already billions of 25:16.636 --> 25:19.107 align:start position:0% some of them were already billions of solar<00:28:19.360> masses<00:28:19.840> just<00:28:20.080> a<00:28:20.320> few<00:28:20.640> hundred<00:28:21.120> million 25:19.107 --> 25:19.117 align:start position:0% solar masses just a few hundred million 25:19.117 --> 25:21.746 align:start position:0% solar masses just a few hundred million years<00:28:21.760> after<00:28:22.000> the<00:28:22.240> Big<00:28:22.480> Bang,<00:28:23.200> which<00:28:23.520> is<00:28:23.679> just 25:21.746 --> 25:21.756 align:start position:0% years after the Big Bang, which is just 25:21.756 --> 25:24.227 align:start position:0% years after the Big Bang, which is just too<00:28:24.480> fast<00:28:24.799> to<00:28:25.039> seem<00:28:25.440> possible.<00:28:26.320> The 25:24.227 --> 25:24.237 align:start position:0% too fast to seem possible. The 25:24.237 --> 25:25.827 align:start position:0% too fast to seem possible. The conventional<00:28:27.200> pathway<00:28:27.600> to<00:28:27.840> black<00:28:28.000> hole 25:25.827 --> 25:25.837 align:start position:0% conventional pathway to black hole 25:25.837 --> 25:27.587 align:start position:0% conventional pathway to black hole formation<00:28:28.720> predicts<00:28:29.200> objects<00:28:29.600> should<00:28:29.840> be 25:27.587 --> 25:27.597 align:start position:0% formation predicts objects should be 25:27.597 --> 25:30.787 align:start position:0% formation predicts objects should be about<00:28:30.480> 10<00:28:30.880> to<00:28:31.520> 100<00:28:32.080> solar<00:28:32.399> masses<00:28:32.799> by<00:28:33.039> that 25:30.787 --> 25:30.797 align:start position:0% about 10 to 100 solar masses by that 25:30.797 --> 25:33.986 align:start position:0% about 10 to 100 solar masses by that point<00:28:33.440> in<00:28:33.679> time.<00:28:34.799> The<00:28:35.039> black<00:28:35.200> hole<00:28:35.600> star<00:28:35.919> model 25:33.986 --> 25:33.996 align:start position:0% point in time. The black hole star model 25:33.996 --> 25:36.547 align:start position:0% point in time. The black hole star model offers<00:28:36.799> a<00:28:37.039> potential<00:28:37.600> way<00:28:38.320> out<00:28:38.559> of<00:28:38.720> this 25:36.547 --> 25:36.557 align:start position:0% offers a potential way out of this 25:36.557 --> 25:39.827 align:start position:0% offers a potential way out of this paradox.<00:28:39.760> And<00:28:40.000> it<00:28:40.159> works<00:28:40.480> on<00:28:40.960> two<00:28:41.279> fronts. 25:39.827 --> 25:39.837 align:start position:0% paradox. And it works on two fronts. 25:39.837 --> 25:42.386 align:start position:0% paradox. And it works on two fronts. Firstly,<00:28:42.720> as<00:28:42.880> we<00:28:43.200> discussed,<00:28:44.000> the<00:28:44.240> broadening 25:42.386 --> 25:42.396 align:start position:0% Firstly, as we discussed, the broadening 25:42.396 --> 25:44.227 align:start position:0% Firstly, as we discussed, the broadening we<00:28:45.039> see<00:28:45.200> in<00:28:45.360> the<00:28:45.440> emission<00:28:45.840> lines<00:28:46.240> could<00:28:46.480> be 25:44.227 --> 25:44.237 align:start position:0% we see in the emission lines could be 25:44.237 --> 25:46.787 align:start position:0% we see in the emission lines could be exaggerated<00:28:47.440> due<00:28:47.679> to<00:28:47.919> photon<00:28:48.399> scattering, 25:46.787 --> 25:46.797 align:start position:0% exaggerated due to photon scattering, 25:46.797 --> 25:49.027 align:start position:0% exaggerated due to photon scattering, making<00:28:49.520> the<00:28:49.679> black<00:28:49.919> hole<00:28:50.240> seem<00:28:50.640> more<00:28:51.039> massive 25:49.027 --> 25:49.037 align:start position:0% making the black hole seem more massive 25:49.037 --> 25:51.746 align:start position:0% making the black hole seem more massive than<00:28:51.679> it<00:28:51.840> is<00:28:52.080> by<00:28:52.240> a<00:28:52.480> factor<00:28:52.720> of<00:28:52.880> about<00:28:53.279> 100<00:28:53.840> to 25:51.746 --> 25:51.756 align:start position:0% than it is by a factor of about 100 to 25:51.756 --> 25:54.787 align:start position:0% than it is by a factor of about 100 to 300.<00:28:55.360> And<00:28:55.600> secondly,<00:28:56.399> super<00:28:56.640> massive<00:28:57.039> black 25:54.787 --> 25:54.797 align:start position:0% 300. And secondly, super massive black 25:54.797 --> 25:57.107 align:start position:0% 300. And secondly, super massive black holes<00:28:57.760> might<00:28:58.080> not<00:28:58.480> be<00:28:58.640> restricted<00:28:59.120> by<00:28:59.360> the 25:57.107 --> 25:57.117 align:start position:0% holes might not be restricted by the 25:57.117 --> 26:00.227 align:start position:0% holes might not be restricted by the speed<00:28:59.840> limit<00:29:00.080> we<00:29:00.320> once<00:29:00.640> thought.<00:29:01.919> See,<00:29:02.399> black 26:00.227 --> 26:00.237 align:start position:0% speed limit we once thought. See, black 26:00.237 --> 26:02.626 align:start position:0% speed limit we once thought. See, black holes<00:29:03.120> have<00:29:03.360> a<00:29:03.679> natural<00:29:04.080> ceiling<00:29:04.399> on<00:29:04.559> how<00:29:04.799> fast 26:02.626 --> 26:02.636 align:start position:0% holes have a natural ceiling on how fast 26:02.636 --> 26:04.707 align:start position:0% holes have a natural ceiling on how fast they<00:29:05.279> can<00:29:05.440> feed,<00:29:06.000> called<00:29:06.240> the<00:29:06.559> Edington 26:04.707 --> 26:04.717 align:start position:0% they can feed, called the Edington 26:04.717 --> 26:07.266 align:start position:0% they can feed, called the Edington limit.<00:29:07.919> It's<00:29:08.240> set<00:29:08.480> by<00:29:08.640> the<00:29:08.799> pressure<00:29:09.200> of<00:29:09.440> their 26:07.266 --> 26:07.276 align:start position:0% limit. It's set by the pressure of their 26:07.276 --> 26:09.266 align:start position:0% limit. It's set by the pressure of their own<00:29:09.919> radiation<00:29:10.559> pushing<00:29:11.039> back<00:29:11.279> against 26:09.266 --> 26:09.276 align:start position:0% own radiation pushing back against 26:09.276 --> 26:11.667 align:start position:0% own radiation pushing back against infalling<00:29:12.399> gas.<00:29:13.279> But<00:29:13.440> dense<00:29:13.840> enough 26:11.667 --> 26:11.677 align:start position:0% infalling gas. But dense enough 26:11.677 --> 26:13.667 align:start position:0% infalling gas. But dense enough surroundings<00:29:14.640> can<00:29:14.880> push<00:29:15.120> that<00:29:15.360> limit<00:29:15.679> higher 26:13.667 --> 26:13.677 align:start position:0% surroundings can push that limit higher 26:13.677 --> 26:15.986 align:start position:0% surroundings can push that limit higher than<00:29:16.240> initial<00:29:16.720> predictions<00:29:17.200> suggest.<00:29:18.159> The 26:15.986 --> 26:15.996 align:start position:0% than initial predictions suggest. The 26:15.996 --> 26:17.266 align:start position:0% than initial predictions suggest. The fact<00:29:18.480> that<00:29:18.720> black<00:29:18.880> hole<00:29:19.200> stars<00:29:19.520> are 26:17.266 --> 26:17.276 align:start position:0% fact that black hole stars are 26:17.276 --> 26:19.907 align:start position:0% fact that black hole stars are surrounded<00:29:20.080> by<00:29:20.399> dense<00:29:20.799> hydrogen<00:29:21.360> atmospheres 26:19.907 --> 26:19.917 align:start position:0% surrounded by dense hydrogen atmospheres 26:19.917 --> 26:21.587 align:start position:0% surrounded by dense hydrogen atmospheres makes<00:29:22.559> them<00:29:22.880> exactly<00:29:23.360> the<00:29:23.679> kind<00:29:23.840> of 26:21.587 --> 26:21.597 align:start position:0% makes them exactly the kind of 26:21.597 --> 26:23.587 align:start position:0% makes them exactly the kind of environment<00:29:24.480> that<00:29:24.799> could<00:29:24.960> allow<00:29:25.360> black<00:29:25.600> holes 26:23.587 --> 26:23.597 align:start position:0% environment that could allow black holes 26:23.597 --> 26:25.667 align:start position:0% environment that could allow black holes to<00:29:26.240> bypass<00:29:26.799> their<00:29:27.120> Endington<00:29:27.600> limit 26:25.667 --> 26:25.677 align:start position:0% to bypass their Endington limit 26:25.677 --> 26:28.467 align:start position:0% to bypass their Endington limit entirely.<00:29:29.120> Since<00:29:29.520> the<00:29:29.760> limit<00:29:30.320> shifts<00:29:30.640> from 26:28.467 --> 26:28.477 align:start position:0% entirely. Since the limit shifts from 26:28.477 --> 26:30.146 align:start position:0% entirely. Since the limit shifts from being<00:29:31.120> calculated<00:29:31.600> from<00:29:31.840> the<00:29:32.000> black<00:29:32.240> hole 26:30.146 --> 26:30.156 align:start position:0% being calculated from the black hole 26:30.156 --> 26:32.626 align:start position:0% being calculated from the black hole mass<00:29:32.880> alone<00:29:33.440> to<00:29:33.679> being<00:29:33.919> calculated<00:29:34.559> on<00:29:34.799> the 26:32.626 --> 26:32.636 align:start position:0% mass alone to being calculated on the 26:32.636 --> 26:35.347 align:start position:0% mass alone to being calculated on the entire<00:29:35.600> envelope's<00:29:36.320> mass,<00:29:36.880> which<00:29:37.120> is<00:29:37.440> much 26:35.347 --> 26:35.357 align:start position:0% entire envelope's mass, which is much 26:35.357 --> 26:37.746 align:start position:0% entire envelope's mass, which is much larger,<00:29:38.799> the<00:29:39.039> findings<00:29:39.440> surrounding<00:29:40.000> black 26:37.746 --> 26:37.756 align:start position:0% larger, the findings surrounding black 26:37.756 --> 26:39.907 align:start position:0% larger, the findings surrounding black hole<00:29:40.480> stars<00:29:40.880> indicate<00:29:41.440> super<00:29:41.760> massive<00:29:42.159> black 26:39.907 --> 26:39.917 align:start position:0% hole stars indicate super massive black 26:39.917 --> 26:43.506 align:start position:0% hole stars indicate super massive black holes<00:29:42.960> might<00:29:43.440> be<00:29:44.000> smaller<00:29:44.559> than<00:29:44.880> expected<00:29:45.600> and 26:43.506 --> 26:43.516 align:start position:0% holes might be smaller than expected and 26:43.516 --> 26:46.227 align:start position:0% holes might be smaller than expected and able<00:29:46.240> to<00:29:46.399> grow<00:29:46.880> faster<00:29:47.279> than<00:29:47.440> we<00:29:47.679> thought.<00:29:48.320> A 26:46.227 --> 26:46.237 align:start position:0% able to grow faster than we thought. A 26:46.237 --> 26:48.067 align:start position:0% able to grow faster than we thought. A possibility<00:29:49.200> that<00:29:49.440> excites<00:29:49.919> scientists 26:48.067 --> 26:48.077 align:start position:0% possibility that excites scientists 26:48.077 --> 26:50.146 align:start position:0% possibility that excites scientists working<00:29:50.799> with<00:29:51.039> their<00:29:51.279> growth<00:29:51.600> models<00:29:52.240> since 26:50.146 --> 26:50.156 align:start position:0% working with their growth models since 26:50.156 --> 26:52.386 align:start position:0% working with their growth models since it<00:29:52.799> seems<00:29:53.120> to<00:29:53.279> ease<00:29:53.600> the<00:29:53.760> unresolved<00:29:54.320> tension 26:52.386 --> 26:52.396 align:start position:0% it seems to ease the unresolved tension 26:52.396 --> 26:55.907 align:start position:0% it seems to ease the unresolved tension slightly.<00:29:55.840> And<00:29:56.080> an<00:29:56.320> even<00:29:56.640> bigger<00:29:57.200> question<00:29:57.440> is 26:55.907 --> 26:55.917 align:start position:0% slightly. And an even bigger question is 26:55.917 --> 26:58.067 align:start position:0% slightly. And an even bigger question is where<00:29:58.640> did<00:29:58.880> these<00:29:59.200> black<00:29:59.440> holes<00:29:59.760> come<00:29:59.919> from<00:30:00.159> so 26:58.067 --> 26:58.077 align:start position:0% where did these black holes come from so 26:58.077 --> 27:01.347 align:start position:0% where did these black holes come from so early<00:30:00.799> in<00:30:01.039> the<00:30:01.200> universe?<00:30:02.159> So<00:30:02.480> far,<00:30:02.960> the<00:30:03.360> only 27:01.347 --> 27:01.357 align:start position:0% early in the universe? So far, the only 27:01.357 --> 27:03.506 align:start position:0% early in the universe? So far, the only pathway<00:30:04.240> we've<00:30:04.640> directly<00:30:05.200> observed<00:30:05.679> is 27:03.506 --> 27:03.516 align:start position:0% pathway we've directly observed is 27:03.516 --> 27:05.427 align:start position:0% pathway we've directly observed is through<00:30:06.240> stellar<00:30:06.640> collapse,<00:30:07.200> which<00:30:07.440> takes 27:05.427 --> 27:05.437 align:start position:0% through stellar collapse, which takes 27:05.437 --> 27:08.067 align:start position:0% through stellar collapse, which takes billions<00:30:08.320> of<00:30:08.480> years.<00:30:09.440> But<00:30:09.679> these<00:30:10.000> little<00:30:10.240> red 27:08.067 --> 27:08.077 align:start position:0% billions of years. But these little red 27:08.077 --> 27:10.866 align:start position:0% billions of years. But these little red dots<00:30:10.880> already<00:30:11.279> existed<00:30:12.000> 600<00:30:12.640> million<00:30:13.039> years 27:10.866 --> 27:10.876 align:start position:0% dots already existed 600 million years 27:10.876 --> 27:13.347 align:start position:0% dots already existed 600 million years in<00:30:13.760> and<00:30:14.080> are<00:30:14.320> far<00:30:14.640> too<00:30:14.880> massive<00:30:15.120> to<00:30:15.360> have<00:30:15.520> grown 27:13.347 --> 27:13.357 align:start position:0% in and are far too massive to have grown 27:13.357 --> 27:15.587 align:start position:0% in and are far too massive to have grown from<00:30:16.000> stellar<00:30:16.399> mass<00:30:16.640> seeds<00:30:17.120> in<00:30:17.440> that<00:30:17.679> amount 27:15.587 --> 27:15.597 align:start position:0% from stellar mass seeds in that amount 27:15.597 --> 27:19.827 align:start position:0% from stellar mass seeds in that amount of<00:30:18.159> time.<00:30:19.279> So<00:30:19.600> what<00:30:19.919> happened?<00:30:21.360> Well,<00:30:22.000> in 27:19.827 --> 27:19.837 align:start position:0% of time. So what happened? Well, in 27:19.837 --> 27:22.467 align:start position:0% of time. So what happened? Well, in theory,<00:30:23.120> massive<00:30:23.520> clouds<00:30:23.919> of<00:30:24.080> primordial<00:30:24.640> gas 27:22.467 --> 27:22.477 align:start position:0% theory, massive clouds of primordial gas 27:22.477 --> 27:24.467 align:start position:0% theory, massive clouds of primordial gas in<00:30:25.039> the<00:30:25.200> early<00:30:25.440> universe<00:30:26.159> under<00:30:26.399> the<00:30:26.640> right 27:24.467 --> 27:24.477 align:start position:0% in the early universe under the right 27:24.477 --> 27:26.866 align:start position:0% in the early universe under the right conditions<00:30:27.679> could<00:30:27.919> collapse<00:30:28.399> directly<00:30:28.960> into 27:26.866 --> 27:26.876 align:start position:0% conditions could collapse directly into 27:26.876 --> 27:29.347 align:start position:0% conditions could collapse directly into a<00:30:29.520> black<00:30:29.679> hole<00:30:30.080> without<00:30:30.559> ever<00:30:30.880> forming<00:30:31.279> a<00:30:31.440> star 27:29.347 --> 27:29.357 align:start position:0% a black hole without ever forming a star 27:29.357 --> 27:32.067 align:start position:0% a black hole without ever forming a star at<00:30:32.000> all.<00:30:32.880> These<00:30:33.279> direct<00:30:33.760> collapse<00:30:34.240> black 27:32.067 --> 27:32.077 align:start position:0% at all. These direct collapse black 27:32.077 --> 27:34.227 align:start position:0% at all. These direct collapse black holes<00:30:34.880> are<00:30:35.039> a<00:30:35.200> wellestablished<00:30:36.000> theoretical 27:34.227 --> 27:34.237 align:start position:0% holes are a wellestablished theoretical 27:34.237 --> 27:36.547 align:start position:0% holes are a wellestablished theoretical concept,<00:30:37.360> but<00:30:37.520> we've<00:30:37.840> never<00:30:38.159> actually<00:30:38.559> seen 27:36.547 --> 27:36.557 align:start position:0% concept, but we've never actually seen 27:36.557 --> 27:39.427 align:start position:0% concept, but we've never actually seen observational<00:30:39.679> evidence<00:30:40.000> of<00:30:40.240> it.<00:30:41.200> Could<00:30:41.520> the 27:39.427 --> 27:39.437 align:start position:0% observational evidence of it. Could the 27:39.437 --> 27:41.587 align:start position:0% observational evidence of it. Could the little<00:30:42.080> red<00:30:42.320> dots<00:30:42.799> be<00:30:42.960> the<00:30:43.279> first<00:30:43.600> sightings 27:41.587 --> 27:41.597 align:start position:0% little red dots be the first sightings 27:41.597 --> 27:44.227 align:start position:0% little red dots be the first sightings of<00:30:44.159> such<00:30:44.399> a<00:30:44.559> phenomenon?<00:30:45.760> Only<00:30:46.080> time<00:30:46.320> will 27:44.227 --> 27:44.237 align:start position:0% of such a phenomenon? Only time will 27:44.237 --> 27:47.587 align:start position:0% of such a phenomenon? Only time will tell.<00:30:47.840> For<00:30:48.080> now,<00:30:48.720> the<00:30:48.960> focus<00:30:49.279> of<00:30:49.520> little<00:30:49.760> red 27:47.587 --> 27:47.597 align:start position:0% tell. For now, the focus of little red 27:47.597 --> 27:50.227 align:start position:0% tell. For now, the focus of little red dot<00:30:50.320> research<00:30:50.960> is<00:30:51.200> on<00:30:51.600> building<00:30:52.080> out<00:30:52.320> the 27:50.227 --> 27:50.237 align:start position:0% dot research is on building out the 27:50.237 --> 27:52.386 align:start position:0% dot research is on building out the basics.<00:30:53.520> Measuring<00:30:53.919> the<00:30:54.159> temperatures, 27:52.386 --> 27:52.396 align:start position:0% basics. Measuring the temperatures, 27:52.396 --> 27:54.067 align:start position:0% basics. Measuring the temperatures, luminosities,<00:30:55.760> and<00:30:56.000> surface 27:54.067 --> 27:54.077 align:start position:0% luminosities, and surface 27:54.077 --> 27:56.227 align:start position:0% luminosities, and surface characteristics<00:30:57.200> of<00:30:57.520> little<00:30:57.760> red<00:30:58.000> dots<00:30:58.399> with 27:56.227 --> 27:56.237 align:start position:0% characteristics of little red dots with 27:56.237 --> 27:58.386 align:start position:0% characteristics of little red dots with enough<00:30:58.960> precision<00:30:59.679> to<00:31:00.000> construct<00:31:00.399> something 27:58.386 --> 27:58.396 align:start position:0% enough precision to construct something 27:58.396 --> 28:00.947 align:start position:0% enough precision to construct something like<00:31:01.120> the<00:31:01.440> life<00:31:01.760> cycle<00:31:02.080> chart<00:31:02.640> we<00:31:02.960> have<00:31:03.120> for 28:00.947 --> 28:00.957 align:start position:0% like the life cycle chart we have for 28:00.957 --> 28:03.587 align:start position:0% like the life cycle chart we have for ordinary<00:31:03.840> stars.<00:31:04.720> We've<00:31:05.120> never<00:31:05.440> had<00:31:05.600> one<00:31:05.760> for 28:03.587 --> 28:03.597 align:start position:0% ordinary stars. We've never had one for 28:03.597 --> 28:06.146 align:start position:0% ordinary stars. We've never had one for black<00:31:06.159> holes,<00:31:06.799> and<00:31:07.039> little<00:31:07.279> red<00:31:07.520> dots<00:31:08.080> might 28:06.146 --> 28:06.156 align:start position:0% black holes, and little red dots might 28:06.156 --> 28:09.587 align:start position:0% black holes, and little red dots might finally<00:31:09.279> make<00:31:09.520> it<00:31:09.760> possible.<00:31:10.880> Ultimately, 28:09.587 --> 28:09.597 align:start position:0% finally make it possible. Ultimately, 28:09.597 --> 28:12.707 align:start position:0% finally make it possible. Ultimately, science<00:31:12.559> is<00:31:12.799> the<00:31:13.039> pursuit<00:31:13.360> of<00:31:13.520> truth.<00:31:14.399> If<00:31:14.720> one 28:12.707 --> 28:12.717 align:start position:0% science is the pursuit of truth. If one 28:12.717 --> 28:14.947 align:start position:0% science is the pursuit of truth. If one new<00:31:15.360> discovery<00:31:15.919> calls<00:31:16.399> old<00:31:16.720> models<00:31:17.039> into 28:14.947 --> 28:14.957 align:start position:0% new discovery calls old models into 28:14.957 --> 28:17.027 align:start position:0% new discovery calls old models into question,<00:31:18.159> it's<00:31:18.399> worth<00:31:18.720> throwing<00:31:19.039> the<00:31:19.200> old 28:17.027 --> 28:17.037 align:start position:0% question, it's worth throwing the old 28:17.037 --> 28:19.427 align:start position:0% question, it's worth throwing the old playbook<00:31:19.840> out,<00:31:20.559> no<00:31:20.559> matter<00:31:21.120> the<00:31:21.360> mountain<00:31:21.679> of 28:19.427 --> 28:19.437 align:start position:0% playbook out, no matter the mountain of 28:19.437 --> 28:21.587 align:start position:0% playbook out, no matter the mountain of work<00:31:22.080> it<00:31:22.320> creates,<00:31:23.039> if<00:31:23.279> it<00:31:23.440> means<00:31:23.760> getting 28:21.587 --> 28:21.597 align:start position:0% work it creates, if it means getting 28:21.597 --> 28:23.907 align:start position:0% work it creates, if it means getting closer<00:31:24.320> to<00:31:24.559> understanding<00:31:25.279> the<00:31:25.679> true<00:31:26.000> nature 28:23.907 --> 28:23.917 align:start position:0% closer to understanding the true nature 28:23.917 --> 28:28.547 align:start position:0% closer to understanding the true nature of<00:31:26.640> our<00:31:27.120> universe. 28:23.917 --> 28:23.927 align:start position:0% clicks. Thanks so much for considering 28:23.917 --> 28:28.277 align:start position:0% clicks. Thanks so much for considering it.<00:32:03.679> I'll<00:32:04.000> see<00:32:04.080> you<00:32:04.240> next<00:32:04.480> time.