WEBVTT

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The<00:00:01.439><c> gas</c><00:00:01.760><c> giant</c><00:00:02.159><c> Saturn</c><00:00:02.879><c> has</c><00:00:03.520><c> 292</c>

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The gas giant Saturn has 292
 

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The gas giant Saturn has 292
moons.

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moons.
 

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moons.
Yet<00:00:07.680><c> within</c><00:00:08.160><c> this</c><00:00:08.480><c> spectacularly</c><00:00:09.519><c> vast</c>

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Yet within this spectacularly vast
 

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Yet within this spectacularly vast
system,<00:00:10.800><c> there's</c><00:00:11.120><c> one</c><00:00:11.360><c> moon</c><00:00:11.840><c> that's</c>

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system, there's one moon that's
 

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system, there's one moon that's
instantly<00:00:12.800><c> recognizable.</c>

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instantly recognizable.
 

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instantly recognizable.
With<00:00:15.120><c> a</c><00:00:15.759><c> colossal</c><00:00:16.560><c> impact</c><00:00:17.039><c> crater</c><00:00:17.680><c> dominating</c>

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With a colossal impact crater dominating
 

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With a colossal impact crater dominating
its<00:00:18.560><c> surface,</c><00:00:19.520><c> Mimis</c><00:00:20.320><c> looks</c><00:00:20.640><c> more</c><00:00:20.960><c> like</c><00:00:21.199><c> the</c>

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its surface, Mimis looks more like the
 

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its surface, Mimis looks more like the
Death<00:00:21.840><c> Star</c><00:00:22.400><c> than</c><00:00:22.640><c> a</c><00:00:22.880><c> natural</c><00:00:23.519><c> icy</c><00:00:23.840><c> satellite.</c>

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Death Star than a natural icy satellite.
 

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Death Star than a natural icy satellite.
Its<00:00:26.320><c> ominous</c><00:00:26.720><c> crater</c><00:00:27.279><c> was</c><00:00:27.519><c> first</c><00:00:27.760><c> spotted</c>

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Its ominous crater was first spotted
 

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Its ominous crater was first spotted
when<00:00:28.320><c> the</c><00:00:28.480><c> Voyager</c><00:00:29.039><c> probe</c><00:00:29.359><c> sped</c><00:00:29.760><c> past</c><00:00:30.160><c> in</c>

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when the Voyager probe sped past in
 

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when the Voyager probe sped past in
1980.

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1980.
 

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1980.
Almost<00:00:32.559><c> instantly,</c><00:00:33.520><c> scientists</c><00:00:34.079><c> attributed</c>

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Almost instantly, scientists attributed
 

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Almost instantly, scientists attributed
it<00:00:34.880><c> to</c><00:00:35.120><c> an</c><00:00:35.440><c> ancient</c><00:00:36.000><c> collision</c><00:00:36.559><c> of</c><00:00:37.200><c> epic</c>

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it to an ancient collision of epic
 

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it to an ancient collision of epic
scale.<00:00:38.960><c> But</c><00:00:39.280><c> since</c><00:00:39.600><c> then,</c><00:00:40.239><c> the</c><00:00:40.480><c> moon</c><00:00:40.879><c> has</c>

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scale. But since then, the moon has
 

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scale. But since then, the moon has
hardly<00:00:41.760><c> changed.</c><00:00:42.960><c> Compared</c><00:00:43.360><c> with</c><00:00:43.440><c> the</c><00:00:43.600><c> likes</c>

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hardly changed. Compared with the likes
 

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hardly changed. Compared with the likes
of<00:00:44.000><c> the</c><00:00:44.239><c> active</c><00:00:44.640><c> moon</c><00:00:44.879><c> Enceladus</c><00:00:45.680><c> and</c><00:00:46.000><c> Titan,</c>

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of the active moon Enceladus and Titan,
 

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of the active moon Enceladus and Titan,
Mimis<00:00:47.920><c> almost</c><00:00:48.399><c> seems</c><00:00:48.879><c> boring,</c><00:00:49.920><c> relegated</c><00:00:50.640><c> to</c>

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Mimis almost seems boring, relegated to
 

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Mimis almost seems boring, relegated to
just<00:00:51.520><c> another</c><00:00:52.079><c> cosmic</c><00:00:52.640><c> fossil.</c><00:00:53.520><c> A</c><00:00:53.760><c> simple</c>

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just another cosmic fossil. A simple
 

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just another cosmic fossil. A simple
reminder<00:00:54.640><c> of</c><00:00:55.120><c> how</c><00:00:55.520><c> violent</c><00:00:56.079><c> the</c><00:00:56.320><c> early</c><00:00:56.640><c> solar</c>

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reminder of how violent the early solar
 

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reminder of how violent the early solar
system<00:00:57.440><c> must</c><00:00:57.680><c> have</c><00:00:57.920><c> been.</c>

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system must have been.
 

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system must have been.
That<00:01:00.000><c> is</c><00:01:00.719><c> until</c><00:01:01.359><c> 2024</c><00:01:02.800><c> when</c><00:01:03.120><c> scientists</c><00:01:03.680><c> found</c>

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That is until 2024 when scientists found
 

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That is until 2024 when scientists found
that<00:01:04.320><c> hidden</c><00:01:04.720><c> beneath</c><00:01:05.199><c> its</c><00:01:05.600><c> ancient</c><00:01:06.560><c> cratered</c>

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that hidden beneath its ancient cratered
 

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that hidden beneath its ancient cratered
shell<00:01:08.000><c> lies</c><00:01:08.400><c> something</c><00:01:08.960><c> that</c><00:01:09.360><c> simply</c>

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shell lies something that simply
 

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shell lies something that simply
shouldn't<00:01:10.640><c> exist.</c>

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shouldn't exist.
 

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shouldn't exist.
Mimis<00:01:13.360><c> is</c><00:01:13.680><c> not</c><00:01:14.080><c> dead.</c><00:01:15.040><c> It's</c><00:01:15.680><c> an</c><00:01:16.159><c> ocean</c><00:01:16.720><c> world.</c>

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Mimis is not dead. It's an ocean world.
 

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Mimis is not dead. It's an ocean world.
This<00:01:18.880><c> discovery</c><00:01:19.680><c> has</c><00:01:20.080><c> transformed</c><00:01:20.799><c> the</c><00:01:21.360><c> Death</c>

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This discovery has transformed the Death
 

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This discovery has transformed the Death
Star<00:01:22.080><c> Moon</c><00:01:22.720><c> from</c><00:01:22.960><c> a</c><00:01:23.119><c> celestial</c><00:01:23.759><c> curiosity</c>

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Star Moon from a celestial curiosity
 

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Star Moon from a celestial curiosity
into<00:01:25.360><c> one</c><00:01:25.600><c> of</c><00:01:25.680><c> the</c><00:01:25.840><c> most</c><00:01:26.320><c> important</c><00:01:26.880><c> objects</c>

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into one of the most important objects
 

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into one of the most important objects
in<00:01:27.600><c> our</c><00:01:27.920><c> search</c><00:01:28.159><c> for</c><00:01:28.400><c> life</c><00:01:28.640><c> beyond</c><00:01:29.119><c> Earth.</c><00:01:30.560><c> But</c>

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in our search for life beyond Earth. But
 

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in our search for life beyond Earth. But
how<00:01:31.600><c> did</c><00:01:32.079><c> we</c><00:01:32.400><c> get</c><00:01:32.720><c> Mimis</c><00:01:33.360><c> so</c><00:01:33.680><c> wrong?</c><00:01:34.640><c> And</c><00:01:34.799><c> just</c>

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how did we get Mimis so wrong? And just
 

01:35.200 --> 01:39.429 align:start position:0%
how did we get Mimis so wrong? And just
what<00:01:35.600><c> lies</c><00:01:36.159><c> beneath</c><00:01:36.560><c> its</c><00:01:36.799><c> surface?</c>

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what lies beneath its surface?
 

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what lies beneath its surface?
I'm<00:01:39.759><c> Alex</c><00:01:40.079><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:40.799><c> and</c><00:01:40.960><c> you're</c><00:01:41.200><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:42.479><c> Join</c><00:01:42.799><c> me</c><00:01:43.040><c> today</c><00:01:43.360><c> as</c><00:01:43.680><c> we</c><00:01:43.920><c> peel</c><00:01:44.320><c> back</c>

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Astramm. Join me today as we peel back
 

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Astramm. Join me today as we peel back
the<00:01:44.960><c> icy</c><00:01:45.200><c> crust</c><00:01:45.520><c> of</c><00:01:45.759><c> Saturn's</c><00:01:46.320><c> innermost</c><00:01:46.880><c> moon</c>

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the icy crust of Saturn's innermost moon
 

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the icy crust of Saturn's innermost moon
to<00:01:47.680><c> reveal</c><00:01:48.079><c> a</c><00:01:48.479><c> secret</c><00:01:48.960><c> ocean</c><00:01:49.520><c> hiding</c><00:01:50.000><c> in</c><00:01:50.240><c> the</c>

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to reveal a secret ocean hiding in the
 

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to reveal a secret ocean hiding in the
dark<00:01:51.439><c> and</c><00:01:51.680><c> delve</c><00:01:52.079><c> into</c><00:01:52.399><c> what</c><00:01:52.720><c> this</c><00:01:53.119><c> maritime</c>

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dark and delve into what this maritime
 

01:53.680 --> 01:56.469 align:start position:0%
dark and delve into what this maritime
discovery<00:01:54.240><c> on</c><00:01:54.479><c> Mimis</c><00:01:55.200><c> means</c><00:01:55.520><c> for</c><00:01:55.759><c> the</c><00:01:56.000><c> rest</c><00:01:56.320><c> of</c>

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discovery on Mimis means for the rest of
 

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discovery on Mimis means for the rest of
the<00:01:56.640><c> Saturn</c><00:01:57.119><c> system.</c>

02:00.950 --> 02:00.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

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Mimis<00:02:01.600><c> is</c><00:02:02.000><c> a</c><00:02:02.560><c> tiny</c><00:02:03.040><c> moon.</c><00:02:03.680><c> It</c><00:02:03.920><c> orbits</c><00:02:04.399><c> around</c>

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Mimis is a tiny moon. It orbits around
 

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Mimis is a tiny moon. It orbits around
186,000<00:02:06.479><c> km</c><00:02:07.119><c> from</c><00:02:07.360><c> its</c><00:02:07.520><c> host</c><00:02:07.759><c> planet</c><00:02:08.160><c> Saturn.</c>

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186,000 km from its host planet Saturn.
 

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186,000 km from its host planet Saturn.
And<00:02:09.200><c> with</c><00:02:09.440><c> a</c><00:02:09.599><c> mean</c><00:02:09.920><c> diameter</c><00:02:10.479><c> of</c><00:02:10.720><c> just</c><00:02:11.360><c> 400</c><00:02:12.080><c> km,</c>

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And with a mean diameter of just 400 km,
 

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And with a mean diameter of just 400 km,
it's<00:02:13.680><c> actually</c><00:02:14.080><c> the</c><00:02:14.400><c> smallest</c><00:02:14.959><c> astronomical</c>

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it's actually the smallest astronomical
 

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it's actually the smallest astronomical
body<00:02:16.080><c> we</c><00:02:16.400><c> know</c><00:02:16.560><c> of</c><00:02:17.040><c> to</c><00:02:17.360><c> have</c><00:02:17.520><c> pulled</c><00:02:17.840><c> itself</c>

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body we know of to have pulled itself
 

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body we know of to have pulled itself
into<00:02:18.480><c> a</c><00:02:18.640><c> spherical</c><00:02:19.200><c> shape</c><00:02:19.599><c> due</c><00:02:19.840><c> to</c><00:02:20.000><c> its</c><00:02:20.239><c> own</c>

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into a spherical shape due to its own
 

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into a spherical shape due to its own
gravity.

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gravity.
 

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gravity.
For<00:02:22.319><c> the</c><00:02:22.480><c> most</c><00:02:22.720><c> part,</c><00:02:23.280><c> Mimis</c><00:02:23.840><c> doesn't</c><00:02:24.000><c> seem</c>

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For the most part, Mimis doesn't seem
 

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For the most part, Mimis doesn't seem
that<00:02:24.480><c> special.</c><00:02:25.360><c> It's</c><00:02:25.599><c> not</c><00:02:25.920><c> overly</c><00:02:26.319><c> dissimilar</c>

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that special. It's not overly dissimilar
 

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that special. It's not overly dissimilar
to<00:02:27.200><c> many</c><00:02:27.440><c> of</c><00:02:27.680><c> Saturn's</c><00:02:28.160><c> other</c><00:02:28.560><c> midsized</c><00:02:29.200><c> moons</c>

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to many of Saturn's other midsized moons
 

02:29.680 --> 02:33.589 align:start position:0%
to many of Saturn's other midsized moons
like<00:02:30.080><c> Teis,</c><00:02:30.800><c> Thion,</c><00:02:31.599><c> and</c><00:02:31.760><c> Ria.</c><00:02:32.879><c> But</c><00:02:33.200><c> what</c>

02:33.589 --> 02:33.599 align:start position:0%
like Teis, Thion, and Ria. But what
 

02:33.599 --> 02:35.830 align:start position:0%
like Teis, Thion, and Ria. But what
makes<00:02:33.840><c> it</c><00:02:34.080><c> stand</c><00:02:34.319><c> apart</c><00:02:34.720><c> is</c><00:02:34.959><c> the</c><00:02:35.200><c> fact</c><00:02:35.360><c> that</c>

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makes it stand apart is the fact that
 

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makes it stand apart is the fact that
Mimis<00:02:36.319><c> is</c><00:02:36.480><c> a</c><00:02:36.640><c> world</c><00:02:36.879><c> whose</c><00:02:37.280><c> history</c><00:02:37.760><c> is</c><00:02:38.080><c> clear</c>

02:38.390 --> 02:38.400 align:start position:0%
Mimis is a world whose history is clear
 

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Mimis is a world whose history is clear
to<00:02:38.640><c> see</c><00:02:38.800><c> on</c><00:02:38.959><c> its</c><00:02:39.200><c> surface.</c><00:02:40.319><c> And</c><00:02:40.480><c> that</c><00:02:40.800><c> history</c>

02:41.190 --> 02:41.200 align:start position:0%
to see on its surface. And that history
 

02:41.200 --> 02:45.030 align:start position:0%
to see on its surface. And that history
is<00:02:41.519><c> one</c><00:02:41.760><c> of</c><00:02:42.080><c> unimaginable</c><00:02:43.120><c> violence.</c>

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is one of unimaginable violence.
 

02:45.040 --> 02:48.229 align:start position:0%
is one of unimaginable violence.
The<00:02:45.280><c> surface</c><00:02:45.760><c> is</c><00:02:46.239><c> heavily</c><00:02:46.800><c> cratered,</c><00:02:47.680><c> but</c><00:02:48.000><c> one</c>

02:48.229 --> 02:48.239 align:start position:0%
The surface is heavily cratered, but one
 

02:48.239 --> 02:51.830 align:start position:0%
The surface is heavily cratered, but one
feature<00:02:48.720><c> is</c><00:02:49.200><c> particularly</c><00:02:49.920><c> prominent.</c><00:02:51.280><c> Mimis</c>

02:51.830 --> 02:51.840 align:start position:0%
feature is particularly prominent. Mimis
 

02:51.840 --> 02:54.550 align:start position:0%
feature is particularly prominent. Mimis
is<00:02:52.000><c> dominated</c><00:02:52.560><c> by</c><00:02:52.800><c> the</c><00:02:53.040><c> Hersel</c><00:02:53.599><c> crater,</c><00:02:54.319><c> an</c>

02:54.550 --> 02:54.560 align:start position:0%
is dominated by the Hersel crater, an
 

02:54.560 --> 02:58.710 align:start position:0%
is dominated by the Hersel crater, an
impact<00:02:54.959><c> basin</c><00:02:56.400><c> 130</c><00:02:56.720><c> km</c><00:02:57.280><c> wide.</c>

02:58.710 --> 02:58.720 align:start position:0%
impact basin 130 km wide.
 

02:58.720 --> 03:01.430 align:start position:0%
impact basin 130 km wide.
To<00:02:58.959><c> put</c><00:02:59.120><c> that</c><00:02:59.440><c> in</c><00:02:59.680><c> perspective,</c><00:03:00.800><c> the</c><00:03:01.040><c> crater</c>

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To put that in perspective, the crater
 

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To put that in perspective, the crater
covers<00:03:01.840><c> nearly</c><00:03:02.480><c> 1/3</c><00:03:03.280><c> of</c><00:03:03.440><c> the</c><00:03:03.599><c> moon's</c>

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covers nearly 1/3 of the moon's
 

03:04.000 --> 03:07.030 align:start position:0%
covers nearly 1/3 of the moon's
diameter.<00:03:05.360><c> If</c><00:03:05.599><c> a</c><00:03:05.760><c> crater</c><00:03:06.159><c> of</c><00:03:06.400><c> the</c><00:03:06.640><c> same</c>

03:07.030 --> 03:07.040 align:start position:0%
diameter. If a crater of the same
 

03:07.040 --> 03:09.830 align:start position:0%
diameter. If a crater of the same
relative<00:03:07.519><c> scale</c><00:03:07.840><c> existed</c><00:03:08.319><c> on</c><00:03:08.640><c> Earth,</c><00:03:09.599><c> it</c>

03:09.830 --> 03:09.840 align:start position:0%
relative scale existed on Earth, it
 

03:09.840 --> 03:13.270 align:start position:0%
relative scale existed on Earth, it
would<00:03:10.000><c> be</c><00:03:10.159><c> more</c><00:03:10.400><c> than</c><00:03:10.800><c> 4,000</c><00:03:11.680><c> km</c><00:03:12.159><c> wide,</c><00:03:12.879><c> larger</c>

03:13.270 --> 03:13.280 align:start position:0%
would be more than 4,000 km wide, larger
 

03:13.280 --> 03:16.149 align:start position:0%
would be more than 4,000 km wide, larger
than<00:03:13.519><c> the</c><00:03:13.760><c> entire</c><00:03:14.400><c> continent</c><00:03:14.879><c> of</c><00:03:15.200><c> Australia</c>

03:16.149 --> 03:16.159 align:start position:0%
than the entire continent of Australia
 

03:16.159 --> 03:19.990 align:start position:0%
than the entire continent of Australia
with<00:03:16.480><c> walls</c><00:03:17.040><c> towering</c><00:03:17.599><c> more</c><00:03:17.840><c> than</c><00:03:18.959><c> 150</c><00:03:19.360><c> km</c>

03:19.990 --> 03:20.000 align:start position:0%
with walls towering more than 150 km
 

03:20.000 --> 03:22.070 align:start position:0%
with walls towering more than 150 km
into<00:03:20.319><c> the</c><00:03:20.560><c> sky.</c>

03:22.070 --> 03:22.080 align:start position:0%
into the sky.
 

03:22.080 --> 03:25.190 align:start position:0%
into the sky.
To<00:03:22.319><c> help</c><00:03:22.480><c> you</c><00:03:22.720><c> imagine</c><00:03:23.440><c> just</c><00:03:23.840><c> how</c><00:03:24.400><c> crazy</c><00:03:24.879><c> that</c>

03:25.190 --> 03:25.200 align:start position:0%
To help you imagine just how crazy that
 

03:25.200 --> 03:28.869 align:start position:0%
To help you imagine just how crazy that
is,<00:03:25.920><c> think</c><00:03:26.159><c> of</c><00:03:26.319><c> this.</c><00:03:27.280><c> Mount</c><00:03:27.680><c> Everest</c><00:03:28.400><c> doesn't</c>

03:28.869 --> 03:28.879 align:start position:0%
is, think of this. Mount Everest doesn't
 

03:28.879 --> 03:32.550 align:start position:0%
is, think of this. Mount Everest doesn't
even<00:03:29.280><c> quite</c><00:03:29.680><c> stretch</c><00:03:30.080><c> to</c><00:03:30.480><c> 9</c><00:03:30.879><c> kilometers.</c>

03:32.550 --> 03:32.560 align:start position:0%
even quite stretch to 9 kilometers.
 

03:32.560 --> 03:35.110 align:start position:0%
even quite stretch to 9 kilometers.
The<00:03:32.799><c> impact</c><00:03:33.120><c> that</c><00:03:33.599><c> created</c><00:03:34.080><c> this</c><00:03:34.319><c> epic</c><00:03:34.720><c> crater</c>

03:35.110 --> 03:35.120 align:start position:0%
The impact that created this epic crater
 

03:35.120 --> 03:37.430 align:start position:0%
The impact that created this epic crater
was<00:03:35.360><c> a</c><00:03:35.599><c> cataclysmic</c><00:03:36.400><c> event</c><00:03:36.799><c> that</c><00:03:37.120><c> brought</c>

03:37.430 --> 03:37.440 align:start position:0%
was a cataclysmic event that brought
 

03:37.440 --> 03:40.630 align:start position:0%
was a cataclysmic event that brought
Mimis<00:03:37.920><c> to</c><00:03:38.080><c> the</c><00:03:38.319><c> very</c><00:03:38.720><c> brink</c><00:03:39.120><c> of</c><00:03:39.360><c> destruction.</c>

03:40.630 --> 03:40.640 align:start position:0%
Mimis to the very brink of destruction.
 

03:40.640 --> 03:43.030 align:start position:0%
Mimis to the very brink of destruction.
Simulations<00:03:41.440><c> suggest</c><00:03:41.840><c> that</c><00:03:42.159><c> if</c><00:03:42.480><c> the</c><00:03:42.640><c> impact</c>

03:43.030 --> 03:43.040 align:start position:0%
Simulations suggest that if the impact
 

03:43.040 --> 03:45.750 align:start position:0%
Simulations suggest that if the impact
had<00:03:43.360><c> been</c><00:03:43.680><c> just</c><00:03:43.920><c> a</c><00:03:44.319><c> little</c><00:03:44.640><c> bit</c><00:03:44.879><c> larger</c><00:03:45.519><c> or</c>

03:45.750 --> 03:45.760 align:start position:0%
had been just a little bit larger or
 

03:45.760 --> 03:49.350 align:start position:0%
had been just a little bit larger or
moving<00:03:46.480><c> slightly</c><00:03:47.120><c> faster,</c><00:03:48.159><c> Mimis</c><00:03:48.720><c> would</c><00:03:49.040><c> have</c>

03:49.350 --> 03:49.360 align:start position:0%
moving slightly faster, Mimis would have
 

03:49.360 --> 03:51.750 align:start position:0%
moving slightly faster, Mimis would have
shattered<00:03:50.000><c> completely,</c><00:03:50.879><c> reduced</c><00:03:51.280><c> to</c><00:03:51.440><c> just</c>

03:51.750 --> 03:51.760 align:start position:0%
shattered completely, reduced to just
 

03:51.760 --> 03:54.550 align:start position:0%
shattered completely, reduced to just
another<00:03:52.239><c> ring</c><00:03:52.480><c> of</c><00:03:52.640><c> debris</c><00:03:53.040><c> orbiting</c><00:03:53.599><c> Saturn.</c>

03:54.550 --> 03:54.560 align:start position:0%
another ring of debris orbiting Saturn.
 

03:54.560 --> 03:56.550 align:start position:0%
another ring of debris orbiting Saturn.
Luckily<00:03:55.040><c> for</c><00:03:55.280><c> us</c><00:03:55.519><c> though,</c><00:03:56.000><c> the</c><00:03:56.239><c> moon</c>

03:56.550 --> 03:56.560 align:start position:0%
Luckily for us though, the moon
 

03:56.560 --> 03:58.070 align:start position:0%
Luckily for us though, the moon
survived.

03:58.070 --> 03:58.080 align:start position:0%
survived.
 

03:58.080 --> 04:00.309 align:start position:0%
survived.
Shock<00:03:58.400><c> waves</c><00:03:58.720><c> from</c><00:03:58.959><c> the</c><00:03:59.120><c> impact</c><00:03:59.760><c> traveled</c>

04:00.309 --> 04:00.319 align:start position:0%
Shock waves from the impact traveled
 

04:00.319 --> 04:02.789 align:start position:0%
Shock waves from the impact traveled
through<00:04:00.640><c> the</c><00:04:00.879><c> moon's</c><00:04:01.280><c> core</c><00:04:01.840><c> and</c><00:04:02.159><c> focused</c><00:04:02.560><c> on</c>

04:02.789 --> 04:02.799 align:start position:0%
through the moon's core and focused on
 

04:02.799 --> 04:05.509 align:start position:0%
through the moon's core and focused on
the<00:04:03.040><c> exact</c><00:04:03.519><c> opposite</c><00:04:04.000><c> side,</c><00:04:04.400><c> the</c><00:04:04.720><c> antipodal</c>

04:05.509 --> 04:05.519 align:start position:0%
the exact opposite side, the antipodal
 

04:05.519 --> 04:07.670 align:start position:0%
the exact opposite side, the antipodal
point,<00:04:06.080><c> where</c><00:04:06.319><c> they</c><00:04:06.640><c> ripped</c><00:04:07.040><c> the</c><00:04:07.280><c> crust</c>

04:07.670 --> 04:07.680 align:start position:0%
point, where they ripped the crust
 

04:07.680 --> 04:10.630 align:start position:0%
point, where they ripped the crust
apart,<00:04:08.480><c> creating</c><00:04:08.879><c> a</c><00:04:09.280><c> complex</c><00:04:09.920><c> network</c><00:04:10.319><c> of</c>

04:10.630 --> 04:10.640 align:start position:0%
apart, creating a complex network of
 

04:10.640 --> 04:14.390 align:start position:0%
apart, creating a complex network of
canyons<00:04:11.200><c> and</c><00:04:11.439><c> fractures</c><00:04:12.080><c> known</c><00:04:12.319><c> as</c><00:04:12.720><c> kasmata.</c>

04:14.390 --> 04:14.400 align:start position:0%
canyons and fractures known as kasmata.
 

04:14.400 --> 04:16.789 align:start position:0%
canyons and fractures known as kasmata.
For<00:04:14.720><c> decades,</c><00:04:15.360><c> planetary</c><00:04:15.840><c> scientists</c><00:04:16.479><c> looked</c>

04:16.789 --> 04:16.799 align:start position:0%
For decades, planetary scientists looked
 

04:16.799 --> 04:19.590 align:start position:0%
For decades, planetary scientists looked
at<00:04:17.040><c> this</c><00:04:17.280><c> battered</c><00:04:17.759><c> surface</c><00:04:18.479><c> and</c><00:04:18.799><c> concluded</c>

04:19.590 --> 04:19.600 align:start position:0%
at this battered surface and concluded
 

04:19.600 --> 04:23.830 align:start position:0%
at this battered surface and concluded
that<00:04:19.919><c> Mimis</c><00:04:20.560><c> must</c><00:04:20.880><c> be</c><00:04:21.199><c> frozen</c><00:04:21.759><c> solid.</c><00:04:23.040><c> A</c><00:04:23.280><c> warm,</c>

04:23.830 --> 04:23.840 align:start position:0%
that Mimis must be frozen solid. A warm,
 

04:23.840 --> 04:26.230 align:start position:0%
that Mimis must be frozen solid. A warm,
slushy<00:04:24.400><c> interior</c><00:04:24.960><c> would</c><00:04:25.199><c> have</c><00:04:25.440><c> relaxed</c><00:04:25.919><c> over</c>

04:26.230 --> 04:26.240 align:start position:0%
slushy interior would have relaxed over
 

04:26.240 --> 04:29.110 align:start position:0%
slushy interior would have relaxed over
time,<00:04:26.960><c> smoothing</c><00:04:27.440><c> out</c><00:04:27.600><c> the</c><00:04:27.840><c> crater</c><00:04:28.240><c> walls</c><00:04:28.639><c> and</c>

04:29.110 --> 04:29.120 align:start position:0%
time, smoothing out the crater walls and
 

04:29.120 --> 04:31.510 align:start position:0%
time, smoothing out the crater walls and
erasing<00:04:29.600><c> the</c><00:04:29.759><c> scars.</c><00:04:30.800><c> The</c><00:04:31.040><c> fact</c><00:04:31.120><c> that</c><00:04:31.280><c> the</c>

04:31.510 --> 04:31.520 align:start position:0%
erasing the scars. The fact that the
 

04:31.520 --> 04:35.030 align:start position:0%
erasing the scars. The fact that the
Hersel<00:04:32.000><c> crater</c><00:04:32.400><c> still</c><00:04:32.800><c> stands</c><00:04:33.680><c> with</c><00:04:34.000><c> walls</c><00:04:34.639><c> 5</c>

04:35.030 --> 04:35.040 align:start position:0%
Hersel crater still stands with walls 5
 

04:35.040 --> 04:37.830 align:start position:0%
Hersel crater still stands with walls 5
km<00:04:35.680><c> high</c><00:04:36.160><c> and</c><00:04:36.400><c> a</c><00:04:36.639><c> central</c><00:04:36.960><c> peak</c><00:04:37.280><c> reaching</c><00:04:37.680><c> up</c>

04:37.830 --> 04:37.840 align:start position:0%
km high and a central peak reaching up
 

04:37.840 --> 04:41.110 align:start position:0%
km high and a central peak reaching up
to<00:04:38.000><c> 6</c><00:04:38.320><c> km</c><00:04:39.280><c> suggests</c><00:04:39.759><c> that</c><00:04:39.919><c> the</c><00:04:40.160><c> ice</c><00:04:40.479><c> shell</c><00:04:40.800><c> was</c>

04:41.110 --> 04:41.120 align:start position:0%
to 6 km suggests that the ice shell was
 

04:41.120 --> 04:44.310 align:start position:0%
to 6 km suggests that the ice shell was
rigid<00:04:41.919><c> and</c><00:04:42.400><c> immensely</c><00:04:43.120><c> thick,</c><00:04:43.840><c> supporting</c>

04:44.310 --> 04:44.320 align:start position:0%
rigid and immensely thick, supporting
 

04:44.320 --> 04:46.710 align:start position:0%
rigid and immensely thick, supporting
these<00:04:44.720><c> massive</c><00:04:45.199><c> structures</c><00:04:45.759><c> for</c><00:04:46.080><c> billions</c><00:04:46.560><c> of</c>

04:46.710 --> 04:46.720 align:start position:0%
these massive structures for billions of
 

04:46.720 --> 04:49.590 align:start position:0%
these massive structures for billions of
years.<00:04:47.360><c> Essentially,</c><00:04:48.800><c> everything</c><00:04:49.280><c> was</c>

04:49.590 --> 04:49.600 align:start position:0%
years. Essentially, everything was
 

04:49.600 --> 04:52.870 align:start position:0%
years. Essentially, everything was
pointing<00:04:49.919><c> to</c><00:04:50.160><c> Mimis</c><00:04:50.880><c> being</c><00:04:51.360><c> a</c><00:04:51.840><c> geologically</c>

04:52.870 --> 04:52.880 align:start position:0%
pointing to Mimis being a geologically
 

04:52.880 --> 04:55.830 align:start position:0%
pointing to Mimis being a geologically
dead<00:04:53.280><c> world.</c><00:04:54.320><c> That</c><00:04:54.639><c> is</c><00:04:54.960><c> until</c><00:04:55.360><c> scientists</c>

04:55.830 --> 04:55.840 align:start position:0%
dead world. That is until scientists
 

04:55.840 --> 04:57.749 align:start position:0%
dead world. That is until scientists
found<00:04:56.080><c> something</c><00:04:56.479><c> strange</c><00:04:56.960><c> happening</c><00:04:57.360><c> on</c><00:04:57.600><c> the</c>

04:57.749 --> 04:57.759 align:start position:0%
found something strange happening on the
 

04:57.759 --> 05:00.870 align:start position:0%
found something strange happening on the
surface.

05:00.870 --> 05:00.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:00.880 --> 05:02.550 align:start position:0%
 
Their<00:05:01.120><c> clue</c><00:05:01.360><c> that</c><00:05:01.600><c> they'd</c><00:05:02.000><c> got</c><00:05:02.240><c> something</c>

05:02.550 --> 05:02.560 align:start position:0%
Their clue that they'd got something
 

05:02.560 --> 05:04.950 align:start position:0%
Their clue that they'd got something
wrong<00:05:02.960><c> came</c><00:05:03.280><c> later</c><00:05:04.000><c> through</c><00:05:04.240><c> the</c><00:05:04.400><c> Cassini</c>

05:04.950 --> 05:04.960 align:start position:0%
wrong came later through the Cassini
 

05:04.960 --> 05:07.270 align:start position:0%
wrong came later through the Cassini
mission.<00:05:05.680><c> This</c><00:05:05.919><c> makes</c><00:05:06.160><c> sense.</c><00:05:06.880><c> Reviewing</c>

05:07.270 --> 05:07.280 align:start position:0%
mission. This makes sense. Reviewing
 

05:07.280 --> 05:09.029 align:start position:0%
mission. This makes sense. Reviewing
information<00:05:07.680><c> is</c><00:05:08.000><c> the</c><00:05:08.160><c> best</c><00:05:08.320><c> way</c><00:05:08.479><c> to</c><00:05:08.639><c> see</c><00:05:08.800><c> if</c>

05:09.029 --> 05:09.039 align:start position:0%
information is the best way to see if
 

05:09.039 --> 05:11.110 align:start position:0%
information is the best way to see if
your<00:05:09.280><c> initial</c><00:05:09.600><c> assumptions</c><00:05:10.160><c> are</c><00:05:10.320><c> mistaken.</c>

05:09.039 --> 05:11.828 align:start position:0%
to all Brilliant has on offer. Plus,
there's<00:06:27.199><c> a</c><00:06:27.360><c> 30-day</c><00:06:27.919><c> free</c><00:06:28.160><c> trial.</c><00:06:29.039><c> For</c><00:06:29.280><c> Mimis</c>

05:11.212 --> 05:11.222 align:start position:0%
there's a 30-day free trial. For Mimis
 

05:11.222 --> 05:12.893 align:start position:0%
there's a 30-day free trial. For Mimis
though,<00:06:30.080><c> there</c><00:06:30.319><c> was</c><00:06:30.400><c> no</c><00:06:30.639><c> learning</c><00:06:30.960><c> platform</c>

05:12.893 --> 05:12.903 align:start position:0%
though, there was no learning platform
 

05:12.903 --> 05:14.413 align:start position:0%
though, there was no learning platform
to<00:06:31.600><c> show</c><00:06:31.840><c> scientists</c><00:06:32.240><c> where</c><00:06:32.479><c> they'd</c><00:06:32.720><c> gone</c>

05:14.413 --> 05:14.423 align:start position:0%
to show scientists where they'd gone
 

05:14.423 --> 05:16.652 align:start position:0%
to show scientists where they'd gone
wrong.<00:06:33.680><c> They</c><00:06:33.919><c> had</c><00:06:34.080><c> to</c><00:06:34.240><c> figure</c><00:06:34.400><c> it</c><00:06:34.639><c> out</c><00:06:34.880><c> with</c>

05:16.652 --> 05:16.662 align:start position:0%
wrong. They had to figure it out with
 

05:16.662 --> 05:18.652 align:start position:0%
wrong. They had to figure it out with
Cassini.

05:18.652 --> 05:18.662 align:start position:0%
Cassini.
 

05:18.662 --> 05:22.333 align:start position:0%
Cassini.
In<00:06:37.600><c> 2010,</c><00:06:38.560><c> NASA's</c><00:06:39.120><c> Cassini</c><00:06:39.600><c> spacecraft</c><00:06:40.400><c> swept</c>

05:22.333 --> 05:22.343 align:start position:0%
In 2010, NASA's Cassini spacecraft swept
 

05:22.343 --> 05:24.813 align:start position:0%
In 2010, NASA's Cassini spacecraft swept
past<00:06:41.199><c> Mimis</c><00:06:41.840><c> and</c><00:06:42.160><c> turned</c><00:06:42.479><c> its</c><00:06:42.880><c> composite</c>

05:24.813 --> 05:24.823 align:start position:0%
past Mimis and turned its composite
 

05:24.823 --> 05:27.372 align:start position:0%
past Mimis and turned its composite
infrared<00:06:43.840><c> spectrometer</c><00:06:44.800><c> towards</c><00:06:45.280><c> the</c><00:06:45.440><c> moon</c>

05:27.372 --> 05:27.382 align:start position:0%
infrared spectrometer towards the moon
 

05:27.382 --> 05:30.333 align:start position:0%
infrared spectrometer towards the moon
to<00:06:46.160><c> map</c><00:06:46.479><c> its</c><00:06:46.720><c> surface</c><00:06:47.120><c> temperature.</c>

05:30.333 --> 05:30.343 align:start position:0%
to map its surface temperature.
 

05:30.343 --> 05:32.573 align:start position:0%
to map its surface temperature.
Scientists<00:06:49.520><c> expected</c><00:06:49.919><c> to</c><00:06:50.160><c> see</c><00:06:50.319><c> a</c><00:06:50.720><c> smooth</c>

05:32.573 --> 05:32.583 align:start position:0%
Scientists expected to see a smooth
 

05:32.583 --> 05:34.573 align:start position:0%
Scientists expected to see a smooth
gradient,<00:06:51.840><c> warmest</c><00:06:52.319><c> at</c><00:06:52.479><c> the</c><00:06:52.560><c> equator</c><00:06:52.960><c> where</c>

05:34.573 --> 05:34.583 align:start position:0%
gradient, warmest at the equator where
 

05:34.583 --> 05:37.613 align:start position:0%
gradient, warmest at the equator where
the<00:06:53.280><c> sun</c><00:06:53.520><c> was</c><00:06:53.680><c> overhead</c><00:06:54.560><c> and</c><00:06:54.880><c> fading</c><00:06:55.360><c> to</c><00:06:55.600><c> cold</c>

05:37.613 --> 05:37.623 align:start position:0%
the sun was overhead and fading to cold
 

05:37.623 --> 05:39.613 align:start position:0%
the sun was overhead and fading to cold
near<00:06:56.400><c> the</c><00:06:56.639><c> poles.</c>

05:39.613 --> 05:39.623 align:start position:0%
near the poles.
 

05:39.623 --> 05:43.693 align:start position:0%
near the poles.
Instead,<00:06:58.960><c> they</c><00:06:59.280><c> found</c><00:07:00.319><c> Pac-Man.</c><00:07:01.599><c> Yes,</c><00:07:01.919><c> you</c>

05:43.693 --> 05:43.703 align:start position:0%
Instead, they found Pac-Man. Yes, you
 

05:43.703 --> 05:46.333 align:start position:0%
Instead, they found Pac-Man. Yes, you
heard<00:07:02.560><c> me</c><00:07:02.800><c> correctly.</c><00:07:03.840><c> The</c><00:07:04.080><c> thermal</c><00:07:04.560><c> map</c>

05:46.333 --> 05:46.343 align:start position:0%
heard me correctly. The thermal map
 

05:46.343 --> 05:49.372 align:start position:0%
heard me correctly. The thermal map
revealed<00:07:05.360><c> a</c><00:07:05.759><c> sharp</c><00:07:06.400><c> V-shaped</c><00:07:07.280><c> boundary</c><00:07:07.759><c> on</c>

05:49.372 --> 05:49.382 align:start position:0%
revealed a sharp V-shaped boundary on
 

05:49.382 --> 05:52.092 align:start position:0%
revealed a sharp V-shaped boundary on
the<00:07:08.080><c> moon's</c><00:07:08.560><c> leading</c><00:07:08.960><c> hemisphere.</c><00:07:10.240><c> Inside</c>

05:52.092 --> 05:52.102 align:start position:0%
the moon's leading hemisphere. Inside
 

05:52.102 --> 05:54.573 align:start position:0%
the moon's leading hemisphere. Inside
the<00:07:11.120><c> mouth</c><00:07:11.440><c> of</c><00:07:11.599><c> the</c><00:07:11.759><c> shape,</c><00:07:12.319><c> the</c><00:07:12.639><c> temperatures</c>

05:54.573 --> 05:54.583 align:start position:0%
the mouth of the shape, the temperatures
 

05:54.583 --> 05:58.813 align:start position:0%
the mouth of the shape, the temperatures
dropped<00:07:13.360><c> to</c><00:07:13.520><c> an</c><00:07:13.759><c> icy</c><00:07:14.160><c> -</c><00:07:15.120><c> 196°</c><00:07:16.000><c> C,</c><00:07:16.880><c> while</c><00:07:17.120><c> the</c>

05:58.813 --> 05:58.823 align:start position:0%
dropped to an icy - 196° C, while the
 

05:58.823 --> 06:01.133 align:start position:0%
dropped to an icy - 196° C, while the
surrounding<00:07:17.759><c> regions</c><00:07:18.479><c> were</c><00:07:18.720><c> a</c><00:07:18.960><c> relatively</c>

06:01.133 --> 06:01.143 align:start position:0%
surrounding regions were a relatively
 

06:01.143 --> 06:04.813 align:start position:0%
surrounding regions were a relatively
balmy<00:07:20.319><c> -</c><00:07:21.280><c> 181°.</c>

06:04.813 --> 06:04.823 align:start position:0%
balmy - 181°.
 

06:04.823 --> 06:07.372 align:start position:0%
balmy - 181°.
It<00:07:23.680><c> was</c><00:07:23.840><c> a</c><00:07:24.160><c> thermal</c><00:07:24.639><c> footprint</c><00:07:25.199><c> that</c><00:07:25.520><c> looked</c>

06:07.372 --> 06:07.382 align:start position:0%
It was a thermal footprint that looked
 

06:07.382 --> 06:10.333 align:start position:0%
It was a thermal footprint that looked
exactly<00:07:26.400><c> like</c><00:07:26.639><c> the</c><00:07:26.960><c> 1980s</c><00:07:27.759><c> arcade</c><00:07:28.400><c> icon</c>

06:10.333 --> 06:10.343 align:start position:0%
exactly like the 1980s arcade icon
 

06:10.343 --> 06:13.453 align:start position:0%
exactly like the 1980s arcade icon
eating<00:07:29.280><c> a</c><00:07:29.440><c> dot.</c><00:07:30.240><c> The</c><00:07:30.400><c> dot</c><00:07:30.800><c> in</c><00:07:31.039><c> this</c><00:07:31.280><c> case</c><00:07:31.759><c> being</c>

06:13.453 --> 06:13.463 align:start position:0%
eating a dot. The dot in this case being
 

06:13.463 --> 06:17.613 align:start position:0%
eating a dot. The dot in this case being
the<00:07:32.240><c> Hersel</c><00:07:32.720><c> crater.</c><00:07:34.160><c> Even</c><00:07:34.639><c> more</c><00:07:34.960><c> surprising</c>

06:17.613 --> 06:17.623 align:start position:0%
the Hersel crater. Even more surprising
 

06:17.623 --> 06:20.413 align:start position:0%
the Hersel crater. Even more surprising
when<00:07:36.400><c> you</c><00:07:36.560><c> look</c><00:07:36.639><c> at</c><00:07:36.800><c> Mimis</c><00:07:37.360><c> invisible</c><00:07:38.080><c> light.</c>

06:20.413 --> 06:20.423 align:start position:0%
when you look at Mimis invisible light.
 

06:20.423 --> 06:23.133 align:start position:0%
when you look at Mimis invisible light.
This<00:07:39.199><c> difference</c><00:07:40.000><c> completely</c><00:07:40.639><c> disappears.</c>

06:23.133 --> 06:23.143 align:start position:0%
This difference completely disappears.
 

06:23.143 --> 06:25.932 align:start position:0%
This difference completely disappears.
The<00:07:41.919><c> surface</c><00:07:42.319><c> looks</c><00:07:42.720><c> totally</c><00:07:43.280><c> uniform.</c>

06:25.932 --> 06:25.942 align:start position:0%
The surface looks totally uniform.
 

06:25.942 --> 06:28.333 align:start position:0%
The surface looks totally uniform.
Nothing<00:07:44.880><c> at</c><00:07:45.199><c> all</c><00:07:45.520><c> correlates</c><00:07:46.080><c> to</c><00:07:46.240><c> the</c><00:07:46.400><c> anomaly</c>

06:28.333 --> 06:28.343 align:start position:0%
Nothing at all correlates to the anomaly
 

06:28.343 --> 06:31.932 align:start position:0%
Nothing at all correlates to the anomaly
we<00:07:47.120><c> observe.</c><00:07:48.479><c> This</c><00:07:48.720><c> led</c><00:07:49.120><c> astronomer</c><00:07:49.759><c> Dr.</c><00:07:50.160><c> John</c>

06:31.932 --> 06:31.942 align:start position:0%
we observe. This led astronomer Dr. John
 

06:31.942 --> 06:34.333 align:start position:0%
we observe. This led astronomer Dr. John
Spencer<00:07:51.039><c> to</c><00:07:51.280><c> playfully</c><00:07:51.759><c> joke</c><00:07:52.080><c> that</c><00:07:52.319><c> Mimis</c>

06:34.333 --> 06:34.343 align:start position:0%
Spencer to playfully joke that Mimis
 

06:34.343 --> 06:36.492 align:start position:0%
Spencer to playfully joke that Mimis
might<00:07:53.199><c> actually</c><00:07:53.680><c> be</c><00:07:53.919><c> the</c><00:07:54.080><c> Death</c><00:07:54.400><c> Star</c><00:07:54.879><c> and</c>

06:36.492 --> 06:36.502 align:start position:0%
might actually be the Death Star and
 

06:36.502 --> 06:38.813 align:start position:0%
might actually be the Death Star and
that<00:07:55.280><c> Darth</c><00:07:55.599><c> Vader</c><00:07:56.080><c> simply</c><00:07:56.400><c> applied</c><00:07:56.800><c> a</c><00:07:57.039><c> clever</c>

06:38.813 --> 06:38.823 align:start position:0%
that Darth Vader simply applied a clever
 

06:38.823 --> 06:41.212 align:start position:0%
that Darth Vader simply applied a clever
coat<00:07:57.599><c> of</c><00:07:57.840><c> paint</c><00:07:58.080><c> to</c><00:07:58.319><c> fool</c><00:07:58.639><c> our</c><00:07:59.039><c> visible</c><00:07:59.440><c> light</c>

06:41.212 --> 06:41.222 align:start position:0%
coat of paint to fool our visible light
 

06:41.222 --> 06:43.133 align:start position:0%
coat of paint to fool our visible light
cameras,<00:08:00.560><c> hiding</c><00:08:00.960><c> the</c><00:08:01.120><c> truth</c><00:08:01.440><c> from</c>

06:43.133 --> 06:43.143 align:start position:0%
cameras, hiding the truth from
 

06:43.143 --> 06:45.052 align:start position:0%
cameras, hiding the truth from
everything<00:08:02.080><c> except</c><00:08:02.400><c> the</c><00:08:02.639><c> prying</c><00:08:03.039><c> infrared</c>

06:45.052 --> 06:45.062 align:start position:0%
everything except the prying infrared
 

06:45.062 --> 06:47.133 align:start position:0%
everything except the prying infrared
eyes<00:08:03.840><c> of</c><00:08:04.160><c> Cassini.</c>

06:47.133 --> 06:47.143 align:start position:0%
eyes of Cassini.
 

06:47.143 --> 06:50.413 align:start position:0%
eyes of Cassini.
Now,<00:08:06.400><c> this</c><00:08:06.720><c> thermal</c><00:08:07.280><c> anomaly</c><00:08:07.919><c> wasn't</c><00:08:08.479><c> exactly</c>

06:50.413 --> 06:50.423 align:start position:0%
Now, this thermal anomaly wasn't exactly
 

06:50.423 --> 06:53.212 align:start position:0%
Now, this thermal anomaly wasn't exactly
a<00:08:09.280><c> sign</c><00:08:09.440><c> of</c><00:08:09.599><c> internal</c><00:08:10.080><c> heat,</c><00:08:10.800><c> but</c><00:08:11.120><c> rather</c><00:08:11.520><c> a</c>

06:53.212 --> 06:53.222 align:start position:0%
a sign of internal heat, but rather a
 

06:53.222 --> 06:55.453 align:start position:0%
a sign of internal heat, but rather a
sign<00:08:12.000><c> of</c><00:08:12.160><c> how</c><00:08:12.479><c> Mimis</c><00:08:13.039><c> interacts</c><00:08:13.520><c> with</c><00:08:13.759><c> its</c>

06:55.453 --> 06:55.463 align:start position:0%
sign of how Mimis interacts with its
 

06:55.463 --> 06:58.652 align:start position:0%
sign of how Mimis interacts with its
environment.<00:08:15.120><c> You</c><00:08:15.360><c> see,</c><00:08:15.680><c> Mimis</c><00:08:16.240><c> orbits</c><00:08:16.800><c> right</c>

06:58.652 --> 06:58.662 align:start position:0%
environment. You see, Mimis orbits right
 

06:58.662 --> 07:01.533 align:start position:0%
environment. You see, Mimis orbits right
inside<00:08:17.919><c> Saturn's</c><00:08:18.479><c> radiation</c><00:08:18.960><c> belts.</c><00:08:19.840><c> The</c>

07:01.533 --> 07:01.543 align:start position:0%
inside Saturn's radiation belts. The
 

07:01.543 --> 07:04.013 align:start position:0%
inside Saturn's radiation belts. The
moon<00:08:20.319><c> is</c><00:08:20.639><c> constantly</c><00:08:21.280><c> bombarded</c><00:08:21.919><c> by</c><00:08:22.160><c> high</c>

07:04.013 --> 07:04.023 align:start position:0%
moon is constantly bombarded by high
 

07:04.023 --> 07:05.853 align:start position:0%
moon is constantly bombarded by high
energy<00:08:22.960><c> electrons</c><00:08:23.520><c> trapped</c><00:08:23.840><c> in</c><00:08:24.000><c> Saturn's</c>

07:05.853 --> 07:05.863 align:start position:0%
energy electrons trapped in Saturn's
 

07:05.863 --> 07:08.652 align:start position:0%
energy electrons trapped in Saturn's
magnetic<00:08:24.879><c> field.</c><00:08:25.759><c> These</c><00:08:26.080><c> electrons</c><00:08:26.720><c> slam</c>

07:08.652 --> 07:08.662 align:start position:0%
magnetic field. These electrons slam
 

07:08.662 --> 07:10.973 align:start position:0%
magnetic field. These electrons slam
into<00:08:27.440><c> the</c><00:08:27.599><c> leading</c><00:08:27.919><c> face</c><00:08:28.160><c> of</c><00:08:28.319><c> Mimis,</c><00:08:29.039><c> welding</c>

07:10.973 --> 07:10.983 align:start position:0%
into the leading face of Mimis, welding
 

07:10.983 --> 07:13.773 align:start position:0%
into the leading face of Mimis, welding
the<00:08:29.759><c> powdery</c><00:08:30.240><c> snow</c><00:08:30.560><c> regalith</c><00:08:31.360><c> into</c><00:08:31.840><c> hard</c>

07:13.773 --> 07:13.783 align:start position:0%
the powdery snow regalith into hard
 

07:13.783 --> 07:16.172 align:start position:0%
the powdery snow regalith into hard
packed<00:08:32.640><c> ice</c><00:08:32.959><c> crystals,</c><00:08:33.839><c> a</c><00:08:34.080><c> process</c>

07:16.172 --> 07:16.182 align:start position:0%
packed ice crystals, a process
 

07:16.182 --> 07:18.253 align:start position:0%
packed ice crystals, a process
calledining.

07:18.253 --> 07:18.263 align:start position:0%
calledining.
 

07:18.263 --> 07:21.292 align:start position:0%
calledining.
Now,<00:08:37.440><c> this</c><00:08:37.680><c> hard</c><00:08:38.080><c> ice</c><00:08:38.479><c> has</c><00:08:38.800><c> high</c><00:08:39.360><c> thermal</c>

07:21.292 --> 07:21.302 align:start position:0%
Now, this hard ice has high thermal
 

07:21.302 --> 07:24.172 align:start position:0%
Now, this hard ice has high thermal
inertia.<00:08:41.039><c> That</c><00:08:41.279><c> means</c><00:08:41.519><c> that</c><00:08:42.000><c> just</c><00:08:42.320><c> like</c><00:08:42.479><c> a</c>

07:24.172 --> 07:24.182 align:start position:0%
inertia. That means that just like a
 

07:24.182 --> 07:26.412 align:start position:0%
inertia. That means that just like a
dense<00:08:42.959><c> rock</c><00:08:43.279><c> on</c><00:08:43.440><c> Earth,</c><00:08:44.000><c> it</c><00:08:44.240><c> absorbs</c><00:08:44.720><c> heat</c>

07:26.412 --> 07:26.422 align:start position:0%
dense rock on Earth, it absorbs heat
 

07:26.422 --> 07:29.053 align:start position:0%
dense rock on Earth, it absorbs heat
during<00:08:45.200><c> the</c><00:08:45.440><c> day</c><00:08:45.920><c> and</c><00:08:46.399><c> conducts</c><00:08:46.800><c> it</c><00:08:47.200><c> deep</c>

07:29.053 --> 07:29.063 align:start position:0%
during the day and conducts it deep
 

07:29.063 --> 07:32.173 align:start position:0%
during the day and conducts it deep
underground,<00:08:48.720><c> leaving</c><00:08:48.959><c> the</c><00:08:49.200><c> surface</c><00:08:49.680><c> cool.</c>

07:32.173 --> 07:32.183 align:start position:0%
underground, leaving the surface cool.
 

07:32.183 --> 07:35.292 align:start position:0%
underground, leaving the surface cool.
At<00:08:50.959><c> night,</c><00:08:51.600><c> that</c><00:08:51.920><c> stored</c><00:08:52.320><c> heat</c><00:08:52.800><c> radiates</c><00:08:53.519><c> back</c>

07:35.292 --> 07:35.302 align:start position:0%
At night, that stored heat radiates back
 

07:35.302 --> 07:38.653 align:start position:0%
At night, that stored heat radiates back
out.<00:08:54.959><c> The</c><00:08:55.440><c> mouth</c><00:08:55.839><c> of</c><00:08:56.080><c> Pac-Man</c><00:08:56.800><c> on</c><00:08:57.040><c> the</c>

07:38.653 --> 07:38.663 align:start position:0%
out. The mouth of Pac-Man on the
 

07:38.663 --> 07:40.893 align:start position:0%
out. The mouth of Pac-Man on the
trailing<00:08:57.680><c> side</c><00:08:58.240><c> is</c><00:08:58.640><c> sheltered</c><00:08:59.040><c> from</c><00:08:59.200><c> this</c>

07:40.893 --> 07:40.903 align:start position:0%
trailing side is sheltered from this
 

07:40.903 --> 07:42.813 align:start position:0%
trailing side is sheltered from this
bombardment,<00:09:00.320><c> so</c><00:09:00.480><c> the</c><00:09:00.720><c> surface</c><00:09:01.040><c> there</c>

07:42.813 --> 07:42.823 align:start position:0%
bombardment, so the surface there
 

07:42.823 --> 07:45.773 align:start position:0%
bombardment, so the surface there
remains<00:09:01.839><c> relatively</c><00:09:02.480><c> fluffy</c><00:09:02.959><c> and</c><00:09:03.279><c> powdery,</c>

07:45.773 --> 07:45.783 align:start position:0%
remains relatively fluffy and powdery,
 

07:45.783 --> 07:48.093 align:start position:0%
remains relatively fluffy and powdery,
acting<00:09:04.640><c> like</c><00:09:04.880><c> an</c><00:09:05.120><c> insulator</c><00:09:05.839><c> that</c><00:09:06.160><c> heats</c><00:09:06.480><c> up</c>

07:48.093 --> 07:48.103 align:start position:0%
acting like an insulator that heats up
 

07:48.103 --> 07:50.732 align:start position:0%
acting like an insulator that heats up
quickly<00:09:06.959><c> in</c><00:09:07.120><c> the</c><00:09:07.279><c> sun,</c><00:09:07.760><c> but</c><00:09:08.080><c> holds</c><00:09:08.480><c> no</c><00:09:08.720><c> heat</c><00:09:09.040><c> at</c>

07:50.732 --> 07:50.742 align:start position:0%
quickly in the sun, but holds no heat at
 

07:50.742 --> 07:52.253 align:start position:0%
quickly in the sun, but holds no heat at
night.

07:52.253 --> 07:52.263 align:start position:0%
night.
 

07:52.263 --> 07:54.173 align:start position:0%
night.
This<00:09:11.120><c> solved</c><00:09:11.440><c> the</c><00:09:11.600><c> mystery</c><00:09:12.000><c> of</c><00:09:12.160><c> the</c><00:09:12.320><c> thermal</c>

07:54.173 --> 07:54.183 align:start position:0%
This solved the mystery of the thermal
 

07:54.183 --> 07:57.852 align:start position:0%
This solved the mystery of the thermal
map.<00:09:13.519><c> But</c><00:09:13.760><c> in</c><00:09:14.000><c> doing</c><00:09:14.240><c> so,</c><00:09:15.120><c> it</c><00:09:15.440><c> also</c><00:09:15.839><c> reinforced</c>

07:57.852 --> 07:57.862 align:start position:0%
map. But in doing so, it also reinforced
 

07:57.862 --> 08:00.412 align:start position:0%
map. But in doing so, it also reinforced
the<00:09:16.640><c> idea</c><00:09:16.880><c> that</c><00:09:17.279><c> Mimis</c><00:09:17.839><c> was</c><00:09:18.160><c> a</c><00:09:18.480><c> passive</c>

08:00.412 --> 08:00.422 align:start position:0%
the idea that Mimis was a passive
 

08:00.422 --> 08:03.213 align:start position:0%
the idea that Mimis was a passive
object.<00:09:19.760><c> The</c><00:09:19.920><c> anomaly</c><00:09:20.399><c> was</c><00:09:20.640><c> due</c><00:09:20.880><c> to</c><00:09:21.200><c> surface</c>

08:03.213 --> 08:03.223 align:start position:0%
object. The anomaly was due to surface
 

08:03.223 --> 08:06.253 align:start position:0%
object. The anomaly was due to surface
effects<00:09:22.399><c> rather</c><00:09:22.720><c> than</c><00:09:22.959><c> anything</c><00:09:23.360><c> internal.</c>

08:06.253 --> 08:06.263 align:start position:0%
effects rather than anything internal.
 

08:06.263 --> 08:08.253 align:start position:0%
effects rather than anything internal.
But<00:09:25.120><c> whilst</c><00:09:25.440><c> Mimis</c><00:09:26.000><c> is</c><00:09:26.160><c> known</c><00:09:26.399><c> for</c><00:09:26.560><c> its</c>

08:08.253 --> 08:08.263 align:start position:0%
But whilst Mimis is known for its
 

08:08.263 --> 08:10.732 align:start position:0%
But whilst Mimis is known for its
surface<00:09:27.200><c> features,</c><00:09:28.160><c> it's</c><00:09:28.480><c> governed</c><00:09:29.040><c> by</c>

08:10.732 --> 08:10.742 align:start position:0%
surface features, it's governed by
 

08:10.742 --> 08:13.693 align:start position:0%
surface features, it's governed by
something<00:09:29.680><c> else.</c><00:09:30.640><c> Its</c><00:09:31.040><c> gravitational</c><00:09:31.839><c> dance</c>

08:13.693 --> 08:13.703 align:start position:0%
something else. Its gravitational dance
 

08:13.703 --> 08:16.412 align:start position:0%
something else. Its gravitational dance
with<00:09:32.480><c> Saturn.</c><00:09:33.360><c> An</c><00:09:33.600><c> interaction</c><00:09:34.080><c> that</c><00:09:34.560><c> creates</c>

08:16.412 --> 08:16.422 align:start position:0%
with Saturn. An interaction that creates
 

08:16.422 --> 08:18.653 align:start position:0%
with Saturn. An interaction that creates
one<00:09:35.200><c> of</c><00:09:35.279><c> the</c><00:09:35.440><c> most</c><00:09:35.760><c> famous</c><00:09:36.320><c> features</c><00:09:36.800><c> in</c><00:09:37.040><c> the</c>

08:18.653 --> 08:18.663 align:start position:0%
one of the most famous features in the
 

08:18.663 --> 08:22.893 align:start position:0%
one of the most famous features in the
solar<00:09:37.519><c> system.</c>

08:22.893 --> 08:22.903 align:start position:0%
 
 

08:22.903 --> 08:24.333 align:start position:0%
 
If<00:09:41.680><c> you</c><00:09:41.839><c> look</c><00:09:41.920><c> at</c><00:09:42.160><c> Saturn</c><00:09:42.480><c> through</c><00:09:42.720><c> a</c>

08:24.333 --> 08:24.343 align:start position:0%
If you look at Saturn through a
 

08:24.343 --> 08:26.893 align:start position:0%
If you look at Saturn through a
telescope,<00:09:43.519><c> you'll</c><00:09:43.839><c> see</c><00:09:44.160><c> its</c><00:09:44.560><c> glorious</c><00:09:45.120><c> ring</c>

08:26.893 --> 08:26.903 align:start position:0%
telescope, you'll see its glorious ring
 

08:26.903 --> 08:29.613 align:start position:0%
telescope, you'll see its glorious ring
system.<00:09:46.399><c> And</c><00:09:46.720><c> if</c><00:09:47.040><c> your</c><00:09:47.200><c> telescope</c><00:09:47.680><c> is</c><00:09:47.920><c> good</c>

08:29.613 --> 08:29.623 align:start position:0%
system. And if your telescope is good
 

08:29.623 --> 08:32.732 align:start position:0%
system. And if your telescope is good
enough,<00:09:48.880><c> you'll</c><00:09:49.200><c> see</c><00:09:49.440><c> a</c><00:09:49.839><c> dark</c><00:09:50.320><c> gap</c><00:09:50.800><c> splitting</c>

08:32.732 --> 08:32.742 align:start position:0%
enough, you'll see a dark gap splitting
 

08:32.742 --> 08:36.013 align:start position:0%
enough, you'll see a dark gap splitting
the<00:09:51.519><c> rings</c><00:09:51.839><c> in</c><00:09:52.080><c> two.</c><00:09:52.959><c> This</c><00:09:53.279><c> is</c><00:09:53.680><c> the</c><00:09:53.920><c> Cassini</c>

08:36.013 --> 08:36.023 align:start position:0%
the rings in two. This is the Cassini
 

08:36.023 --> 08:39.773 align:start position:0%
the rings in two. This is the Cassini
division,<00:09:55.360><c> a</c><00:09:55.680><c> 4,800</c><00:09:56.880><c> km</c><00:09:57.279><c> wide</c><00:09:57.519><c> chasm</c>

08:39.773 --> 08:39.783 align:start position:0%
division, a 4,800 km wide chasm
 

08:39.783 --> 08:43.053 align:start position:0%
division, a 4,800 km wide chasm
separating<00:09:58.800><c> the</c><00:09:59.040><c> A-</c><00:09:59.360><c> ring</c><00:09:59.680><c> from</c><00:09:59.920><c> the</c><00:10:00.160><c> B-</c><00:10:00.399><c> ring.</c>

08:43.053 --> 08:43.063 align:start position:0%
separating the A- ring from the B- ring.
 

08:43.063 --> 08:46.253 align:start position:0%
separating the A- ring from the B- ring.
This<00:10:01.920><c> gap</c><00:10:02.240><c> exists</c><00:10:03.200><c> largely</c><00:10:04.000><c> because</c><00:10:04.480><c> of</c>

08:46.253 --> 08:46.263 align:start position:0%
This gap exists largely because of
 

08:46.263 --> 08:48.013 align:start position:0%
This gap exists largely because of
Mimis.

08:48.013 --> 08:48.023 align:start position:0%
Mimis.
 

08:48.023 --> 08:50.653 align:start position:0%
Mimis.
Mimis<00:10:07.040><c> orbit</c><00:10:07.360><c> Saturn</c><00:10:07.760><c> once</c><00:10:08.080><c> every</c><00:10:08.480><c> 22</c><00:10:08.959><c> hours</c>

08:50.653 --> 08:50.663 align:start position:0%
Mimis orbit Saturn once every 22 hours
 

08:50.663 --> 08:53.693 align:start position:0%
Mimis orbit Saturn once every 22 hours
and<00:10:09.519><c> 36</c><00:10:10.080><c> minutes</c><00:10:10.800><c> and</c><00:10:11.120><c> particles</c><00:10:11.760><c> orbiting</c>

08:53.693 --> 08:53.703 align:start position:0%
and 36 minutes and particles orbiting
 

08:53.703 --> 08:55.613 align:start position:0%
and 36 minutes and particles orbiting
within<00:10:12.640><c> the</c><00:10:12.880><c> inner</c><00:10:13.200><c> edge</c><00:10:13.360><c> of</c><00:10:13.440><c> the</c><00:10:13.600><c> Cassini</c>

08:55.613 --> 08:55.623 align:start position:0%
within the inner edge of the Cassini
 

08:55.623 --> 08:58.412 align:start position:0%
within the inner edge of the Cassini
division<00:10:14.720><c> circle</c><00:10:15.120><c> Saturn</c><00:10:15.600><c> exactly</c><00:10:16.160><c> twice</c><00:10:16.880><c> for</c>

08:58.412 --> 08:58.422 align:start position:0%
division circle Saturn exactly twice for
 

08:58.422 --> 09:02.412 align:start position:0%
division circle Saturn exactly twice for
every<00:10:17.200><c> one</c><00:10:17.440><c> orbit</c><00:10:17.760><c> of</c><00:10:17.920><c> Mimis.</c><00:10:18.959><c> This</c><00:10:19.200><c> is</c><00:10:19.519><c> a</c><00:10:20.000><c> 21</c>

09:02.412 --> 09:02.422 align:start position:0%
every one orbit of Mimis. This is a 21
 

09:02.422 --> 09:05.053 align:start position:0%
every one orbit of Mimis. This is a 21
orbital<00:10:21.519><c> resonance.</c><00:10:22.640><c> Every</c><00:10:22.880><c> time</c><00:10:23.120><c> Mimis</c>

09:05.053 --> 09:05.063 align:start position:0%
orbital resonance. Every time Mimis
 

09:05.063 --> 09:06.893 align:start position:0%
orbital resonance. Every time Mimis
completes<00:10:23.920><c> an</c><00:10:24.160><c> orbit,</c><00:10:24.560><c> it</c><00:10:24.720><c> tugs</c><00:10:25.040><c> on</c><00:10:25.279><c> these</c>

09:06.893 --> 09:06.903 align:start position:0%
completes an orbit, it tugs on these
 

09:06.903 --> 09:09.053 align:start position:0%
completes an orbit, it tugs on these
ring<00:10:25.760><c> particles</c><00:10:26.160><c> at</c><00:10:26.399><c> the</c><00:10:26.640><c> exact</c><00:10:27.040><c> same</c><00:10:27.360><c> point</c>

09:09.053 --> 09:09.063 align:start position:0%
ring particles at the exact same point
 

09:09.063 --> 09:12.093 align:start position:0%
ring particles at the exact same point
in<00:10:27.920><c> their</c><00:10:28.240><c> path.</c><00:10:29.120><c> It's</c><00:10:29.440><c> like</c><00:10:29.680><c> pushing</c><00:10:30.160><c> a</c><00:10:30.399><c> child</c>

09:12.093 --> 09:12.103 align:start position:0%
in their path. It's like pushing a child
 

09:12.103 --> 09:14.573 align:start position:0%
in their path. It's like pushing a child
on<00:10:30.880><c> a</c><00:10:31.040><c> swing.</c><00:10:31.760><c> If</c><00:10:32.000><c> you</c><00:10:32.240><c> push</c><00:10:32.480><c> at</c><00:10:32.800><c> the</c><00:10:32.959><c> right</c>

09:14.573 --> 09:14.583 align:start position:0%
on a swing. If you push at the right
 

09:14.583 --> 09:17.053 align:start position:0%
on a swing. If you push at the right
moment<00:10:33.600><c> every</c><00:10:33.839><c> time,</c><00:10:34.399><c> the</c><00:10:34.640><c> swing</c><00:10:34.959><c> goes</c><00:10:35.200><c> higher</c>

09:17.053 --> 09:17.063 align:start position:0%
moment every time, the swing goes higher
 

09:17.063 --> 09:20.573 align:start position:0%
moment every time, the swing goes higher
and<00:10:35.920><c> higher.</c><00:10:36.959><c> Mimis'</c><00:10:37.600><c> gravity</c><00:10:38.240><c> adds</c><00:10:38.640><c> energy</c>

09:20.573 --> 09:20.583 align:start position:0%
and higher. Mimis' gravity adds energy
 

09:20.583 --> 09:22.813 align:start position:0%
and higher. Mimis' gravity adds energy
to<00:10:39.279><c> these</c><00:10:39.600><c> particles,</c><00:10:40.560><c> stretching</c><00:10:41.120><c> their</c>

09:22.813 --> 09:22.823 align:start position:0%
to these particles, stretching their
 

09:22.823 --> 09:25.292 align:start position:0%
to these particles, stretching their
orbits<00:10:41.760><c> into</c><00:10:42.160><c> ellipses</c><00:10:42.880><c> until</c><00:10:43.200><c> they</c><00:10:43.440><c> collide</c>

09:25.292 --> 09:25.302 align:start position:0%
orbits into ellipses until they collide
 

09:25.302 --> 09:28.013 align:start position:0%
orbits into ellipses until they collide
with<00:10:44.000><c> other</c><00:10:44.320><c> particles</c><00:10:45.120><c> or</c><00:10:45.519><c> are</c><00:10:45.760><c> ejected</c><00:10:46.320><c> from</c>

09:28.013 --> 09:28.023 align:start position:0%
with other particles or are ejected from
 

09:28.023 --> 09:30.173 align:start position:0%
with other particles or are ejected from
the<00:10:46.720><c> gap</c><00:10:47.120><c> entirely.</c>

09:30.173 --> 09:30.183 align:start position:0%
the gap entirely.
 

09:30.183 --> 09:32.893 align:start position:0%
the gap entirely.
For<00:10:49.040><c> years</c><00:10:49.680><c> before</c><00:10:50.160><c> Voyager</c><00:10:50.720><c> flew</c><00:10:50.959><c> past</c><00:10:51.200><c> in</c>

09:32.893 --> 09:32.903 align:start position:0%
For years before Voyager flew past in
 

09:32.903 --> 09:35.773 align:start position:0%
For years before Voyager flew past in
1980,<00:10:52.160><c> revealing</c><00:10:52.560><c> the</c><00:10:52.800><c> Hershel</c><00:10:53.279><c> crater,</c><00:10:54.079><c> this</c>

09:35.773 --> 09:35.783 align:start position:0%
1980, revealing the Hershel crater, this
 

09:35.783 --> 09:38.013 align:start position:0%
1980, revealing the Hershel crater, this
resonance<00:10:54.880><c> was</c><00:10:55.120><c> the</c><00:10:55.360><c> primary</c><00:10:55.760><c> claim</c><00:10:56.079><c> to</c><00:10:56.320><c> fame</c>

09:38.013 --> 09:38.023 align:start position:0%
resonance was the primary claim to fame
 

09:38.023 --> 09:40.573 align:start position:0%
resonance was the primary claim to fame
for<00:10:56.800><c> Memphis.</c><00:10:57.760><c> It</c><00:10:58.000><c> was</c><00:10:58.160><c> the</c><00:10:58.399><c> Shepherd</c><00:10:58.800><c> of</c><00:10:58.959><c> the</c>

09:40.573 --> 09:40.583 align:start position:0%
for Memphis. It was the Shepherd of the
 

09:40.583 --> 09:42.893 align:start position:0%
for Memphis. It was the Shepherd of the
Rings,<00:10:59.760><c> the</c><00:11:00.000><c> gravitational</c><00:11:00.720><c> influence</c><00:11:01.200><c> that</c>

09:42.893 --> 09:42.903 align:start position:0%
Rings, the gravitational influence that
 

09:42.903 --> 09:45.852 align:start position:0%
Rings, the gravitational influence that
kept<00:11:01.680><c> the</c><00:11:01.920><c> Cassini</c><00:11:02.480><c> division</c><00:11:02.959><c> clear.</c><00:11:04.079><c> But</c>

09:45.852 --> 09:45.862 align:start position:0%
kept the Cassini division clear. But
 

09:45.862 --> 09:47.693 align:start position:0%
kept the Cassini division clear. But
recent<00:11:04.800><c> simulations</c><00:11:05.440><c> have</c><00:11:05.680><c> suggested</c><00:11:06.000><c> that</c>

09:47.693 --> 09:47.703 align:start position:0%
recent simulations have suggested that
 

09:47.703 --> 09:50.093 align:start position:0%
recent simulations have suggested that
Mimis<00:11:06.800><c> didn't</c><00:11:07.040><c> just</c><00:11:07.360><c> clear</c><00:11:07.680><c> a</c><00:11:07.920><c> pre-existing</c>

09:50.093 --> 09:50.103 align:start position:0%
Mimis didn't just clear a pre-existing
 

09:50.103 --> 09:53.933 align:start position:0%
Mimis didn't just clear a pre-existing
gap.<00:11:09.600><c> Instead,</c><00:11:10.560><c> it</c><00:11:10.880><c> may</c><00:11:11.120><c> have</c><00:11:11.360><c> acted</c><00:11:11.839><c> more</c>

09:53.933 --> 09:53.943 align:start position:0%
gap. Instead, it may have acted more
 

09:53.943 --> 09:56.253 align:start position:0%
gap. Instead, it may have acted more
like<00:11:12.640><c> a</c><00:11:12.959><c> snow</c><00:11:13.200><c> plow.</c>

09:56.253 --> 09:56.263 align:start position:0%
like a snow plow.
 

09:56.263 --> 09:58.412 align:start position:0%
like a snow plow.
Standard<00:11:15.279><c> planetary</c><00:11:15.760><c> system</c><00:11:16.079><c> models</c><00:11:16.480><c> suggest</c>

09:58.412 --> 09:58.422 align:start position:0%
Standard planetary system models suggest
 

09:58.422 --> 10:01.693 align:start position:0%
Standard planetary system models suggest
moons<00:11:17.440><c> migrate</c><00:11:18.000><c> outward</c><00:11:18.560><c> over</c><00:11:18.880><c> time.</c><00:11:19.760><c> But</c><00:11:20.000><c> in</c>

10:01.693 --> 10:01.703 align:start position:0%
moons migrate outward over time. But in
 

10:01.703 --> 10:04.972 align:start position:0%
moons migrate outward over time. But in
2019,<00:11:21.200><c> when</c><00:11:21.519><c> researchers</c><00:11:22.399><c> Kevin</c><00:11:22.800><c> Bailey</c><00:11:23.279><c> and</c>

10:04.972 --> 10:04.982 align:start position:0%
2019, when researchers Kevin Bailey and
 

10:04.982 --> 10:07.373 align:start position:0%
2019, when researchers Kevin Bailey and
Benoir<00:11:24.000><c> Noyel</c><00:11:24.720><c> were</c><00:11:24.959><c> attempting</c><00:11:25.279><c> to</c><00:11:25.519><c> explain</c>

10:07.373 --> 10:07.383 align:start position:0%
Benoir Noyel were attempting to explain
 

10:07.383 --> 10:09.693 align:start position:0%
Benoir Noyel were attempting to explain
why<00:11:26.079><c> the</c><00:11:26.240><c> Cassini</c><00:11:26.720><c> division</c><00:11:27.040><c> was</c><00:11:27.200><c> so</c><00:11:27.440><c> wide,</c>

10:09.693 --> 10:09.703 align:start position:0%
why the Cassini division was so wide,
 

10:09.703 --> 10:12.013 align:start position:0%
why the Cassini division was so wide,
they<00:11:28.560><c> found</c><00:11:29.040><c> this</c><00:11:29.440><c> couldn't</c><00:11:29.839><c> be</c><00:11:30.000><c> the</c><00:11:30.240><c> case</c>

10:12.013 --> 10:12.023 align:start position:0%
they found this couldn't be the case
 

10:12.023 --> 10:15.373 align:start position:0%
they found this couldn't be the case
here.<00:11:31.920><c> Their</c><00:11:32.160><c> theory</c><00:11:32.720><c> instead</c><00:11:33.200><c> suggests</c><00:11:33.680><c> that</c>

10:15.373 --> 10:15.383 align:start position:0%
here. Their theory instead suggests that
 

10:15.383 --> 10:18.573 align:start position:0%
here. Their theory instead suggests that
Mimis<00:11:34.480><c> migrated</c><00:11:35.200><c> inward</c><00:11:35.920><c> towards</c><00:11:36.399><c> Saturn</c>

10:18.573 --> 10:18.583 align:start position:0%
Mimis migrated inward towards Saturn
 

10:18.583 --> 10:21.773 align:start position:0%
Mimis migrated inward towards Saturn
somewhere<00:11:37.600><c> between</c><00:11:38.160><c> 4</c><00:11:38.800><c> and</c><00:11:39.120><c> 11</c><00:11:39.680><c> million</c><00:11:40.160><c> years</c>

10:21.773 --> 10:21.783 align:start position:0%
somewhere between 4 and 11 million years
 

10:21.783 --> 10:25.532 align:start position:0%
somewhere between 4 and 11 million years
ago.<00:11:41.360><c> As</c><00:11:41.600><c> it</c><00:11:41.760><c> did</c><00:11:41.920><c> so,</c><00:11:42.640><c> its</c><00:11:43.040><c> resonance</c><00:11:43.760><c> moved</c>

10:25.532 --> 10:25.542 align:start position:0%
ago. As it did so, its resonance moved
 

10:25.542 --> 10:28.493 align:start position:0%
ago. As it did so, its resonance moved
with<00:11:44.320><c> it,</c><00:11:44.880><c> pushing</c><00:11:45.279><c> ring</c><00:11:45.680><c> particles</c><00:11:46.240><c> aside</c>

10:28.493 --> 10:28.503 align:start position:0%
with it, pushing ring particles aside
 

10:28.503 --> 10:30.333 align:start position:0%
with it, pushing ring particles aside
and<00:11:47.279><c> carving</c><00:11:47.680><c> out</c><00:11:47.839><c> the</c><00:11:48.079><c> division</c><00:11:48.560><c> over</c>

10:30.333 --> 10:30.343 align:start position:0%
and carving out the division over
 

10:30.343 --> 10:33.053 align:start position:0%
and carving out the division over
millions<00:11:49.279><c> of</c><00:11:49.519><c> years.</c><00:11:50.640><c> This</c><00:11:50.880><c> interaction</c><00:11:51.360><c> is</c>

10:33.053 --> 10:33.063 align:start position:0%
millions of years. This interaction is
 

10:33.063 --> 10:35.532 align:start position:0%
millions of years. This interaction is
crucial<00:11:52.240><c> because</c><00:11:52.480><c> it</c><00:11:52.720><c> tells</c><00:11:52.959><c> us</c><00:11:53.200><c> that</c><00:11:53.519><c> Mimis</c>

10:35.532 --> 10:35.542 align:start position:0%
crucial because it tells us that Mimis
 

10:35.542 --> 10:38.813 align:start position:0%
crucial because it tells us that Mimis
is<00:11:54.320><c> not</c><00:11:54.959><c> dynamically</c><00:11:55.680><c> static.</c><00:11:56.480><c> Its</c><00:11:56.720><c> orbit</c>

10:38.813 --> 10:38.823 align:start position:0%
is not dynamically static. Its orbit
 

10:38.823 --> 10:41.852 align:start position:0%
is not dynamically static. Its orbit
changes.<00:11:58.800><c> And</c><00:11:59.040><c> it</c><00:11:59.279><c> was</c><00:11:59.519><c> this</c><00:11:59.839><c> orbital</c>

10:41.852 --> 10:41.862 align:start position:0%
changes. And it was this orbital
 

10:41.862 --> 10:44.333 align:start position:0%
changes. And it was this orbital
movement,<00:12:01.279><c> specifically</c><00:12:01.760><c> the</c><00:12:02.079><c> way</c><00:12:02.320><c> Mimis</c>

10:44.333 --> 10:44.343 align:start position:0%
movement, specifically the way Mimis
 

10:44.343 --> 10:46.813 align:start position:0%
movement, specifically the way Mimis
wobbles,<00:12:03.760><c> that</c><00:12:04.000><c> led</c><00:12:04.320><c> to</c><00:12:04.480><c> the</c><00:12:04.720><c> most</c><00:12:05.040><c> recent</c>

10:46.813 --> 10:46.823 align:start position:0%
wobbles, that led to the most recent
 

10:46.823 --> 10:51.053 align:start position:0%
wobbles, that led to the most recent
revelation<00:12:06.000><c> about</c><00:12:06.320><c> this</c><00:12:06.560><c> tiny</c><00:12:06.959><c> world.</c>

10:51.053 --> 10:51.063 align:start position:0%
revelation about this tiny world.
 

10:51.063 --> 10:52.972 align:start position:0%
revelation about this tiny world.
Before<00:12:09.920><c> we</c><00:12:10.160><c> get</c><00:12:10.320><c> into</c><00:12:10.639><c> exactly</c><00:12:11.120><c> what</c>

10:52.972 --> 10:52.982 align:start position:0%
Before we get into exactly what
 

10:52.982 --> 10:55.532 align:start position:0%
Before we get into exactly what
scientists<00:12:12.000><c> found</c><00:12:12.320><c> about</c><00:12:12.639><c> Mimis,</c><00:12:13.360><c> we</c><00:12:13.680><c> have</c><00:12:13.839><c> to</c>

10:55.532 --> 10:55.542 align:start position:0%
scientists found about Mimis, we have to
 

10:55.542 --> 10:57.693 align:start position:0%
scientists found about Mimis, we have to
address<00:12:14.480><c> an</c><00:12:14.720><c> elephant</c><00:12:15.120><c> in</c><00:12:15.279><c> the</c><00:12:15.440><c> room.</c>

10:57.693 --> 10:57.703 align:start position:0%
address an elephant in the room.
 

10:57.703 --> 10:59.613 align:start position:0%
address an elephant in the room.
Enceladus.

10:59.613 --> 10:59.623 align:start position:0%
Enceladus.
 

10:59.623 --> 11:02.653 align:start position:0%
Enceladus.
Enceladus<00:12:19.040><c> is</c><00:12:19.519><c> Mimis'</c><00:12:20.240><c> neighbor.</c><00:12:20.959><c> It's</c>

11:02.653 --> 11:02.663 align:start position:0%
Enceladus is Mimis' neighbor. It's
 

11:02.663 --> 11:04.893 align:start position:0%
Enceladus is Mimis' neighbor. It's
roughly<00:12:21.519><c> the</c><00:12:21.760><c> same</c><00:12:22.000><c> size,</c><00:12:22.720><c> composed</c><00:12:23.120><c> of</c>

11:04.893 --> 11:04.903 align:start position:0%
roughly the same size, composed of
 

11:04.903 --> 11:07.373 align:start position:0%
roughly the same size, composed of
similar<00:12:23.839><c> materials,</c><00:12:24.720><c> and</c><00:12:24.959><c> orbits</c><00:12:25.519><c> just</c>

11:07.373 --> 11:07.383 align:start position:0%
similar materials, and orbits just
 

11:07.383 --> 11:10.173 align:start position:0%
similar materials, and orbits just
outside<00:12:26.480><c> Mimis,</c><00:12:27.360><c> but</c><00:12:27.600><c> Enceladus</c><00:12:28.399><c> is</c>

11:10.173 --> 11:10.183 align:start position:0%
outside Mimis, but Enceladus is
 

11:10.183 --> 11:13.053 align:start position:0%
outside Mimis, but Enceladus is
spectacular.<00:12:30.079><c> It</c><00:12:30.320><c> has</c><00:12:30.720><c> tiger</c><00:12:31.279><c> stripe</c>

11:13.053 --> 11:13.063 align:start position:0%
spectacular. It has tiger stripe
 

11:13.063 --> 11:15.213 align:start position:0%
spectacular. It has tiger stripe
fractures<00:12:32.000><c> at</c><00:12:32.240><c> its</c><00:12:32.399><c> south</c><00:12:32.639><c> pole</c><00:12:32.959><c> that</c><00:12:33.279><c> blast</c>

11:15.213 --> 11:15.223 align:start position:0%
fractures at its south pole that blast
 

11:15.223 --> 11:17.693 align:start position:0%
fractures at its south pole that blast
gizes<00:12:34.240><c> of</c><00:12:34.399><c> water</c><00:12:34.720><c> vapor</c><00:12:35.120><c> into</c><00:12:35.440><c> space,</c>

11:17.693 --> 11:17.703 align:start position:0%
gizes of water vapor into space,
 

11:17.703 --> 11:20.813 align:start position:0%
gizes of water vapor into space,
creating<00:12:36.880><c> Saturn's</c><00:12:37.440><c> earring.</c><00:12:38.639><c> And</c><00:12:38.880><c> we</c><00:12:39.120><c> now</c>

11:20.813 --> 11:20.823 align:start position:0%
creating Saturn's earring. And we now
 

11:20.823 --> 11:23.852 align:start position:0%
creating Saturn's earring. And we now
know<00:12:39.760><c> Enceladus</c><00:12:40.560><c> has</c><00:12:40.800><c> a</c><00:12:41.120><c> global</c><00:12:41.600><c> subsurface</c>

11:23.852 --> 11:23.862 align:start position:0%
know Enceladus has a global subsurface
 

11:23.862 --> 11:26.253 align:start position:0%
know Enceladus has a global subsurface
ocean<00:12:42.880><c> that</c><00:12:43.120><c> is</c><00:12:43.360><c> warm</c><00:12:43.839><c> and</c><00:12:44.240><c> potentially</c>

11:26.253 --> 11:26.263 align:start position:0%
ocean that is warm and potentially
 

11:26.263 --> 11:28.493 align:start position:0%
ocean that is warm and potentially
habitable.<00:12:45.760><c> I</c><00:12:46.000><c> have</c><00:12:46.079><c> another</c><00:12:46.399><c> video</c><00:12:46.639><c> on</c><00:12:46.880><c> the</c>

11:28.493 --> 11:28.503 align:start position:0%
habitable. I have another video on the
 

11:28.503 --> 11:30.493 align:start position:0%
habitable. I have another video on the
latest<00:12:47.360><c> discoveries</c><00:12:48.000><c> here</c><00:12:48.399><c> if</c><00:12:48.639><c> you</c><00:12:48.800><c> want</c><00:12:48.880><c> to</c>

11:30.493 --> 11:30.503 align:start position:0%
latest discoveries here if you want to
 

11:30.503 --> 11:33.773 align:start position:0%
latest discoveries here if you want to
take<00:12:49.120><c> a</c><00:12:49.360><c> look.</c><00:12:50.560><c> The</c><00:12:50.880><c> problem</c><00:12:51.279><c> is</c><00:12:52.079><c> that</c>

11:33.773 --> 11:33.783 align:start position:0%
take a look. The problem is that
 

11:33.783 --> 11:35.613 align:start position:0%
take a look. The problem is that
according<00:12:52.720><c> to</c><00:12:52.959><c> standard</c><00:12:53.360><c> tidal</c><00:12:53.760><c> heating</c>

11:35.613 --> 11:35.623 align:start position:0%
according to standard tidal heating
 

11:35.623 --> 11:38.972 align:start position:0%
according to standard tidal heating
models,<00:12:55.040><c> Mimis</c><00:12:55.839><c> should</c><00:12:56.079><c> be</c><00:12:56.240><c> the</c><00:12:56.399><c> active</c><00:12:56.800><c> one.</c>

11:38.972 --> 11:38.982 align:start position:0%
models, Mimis should be the active one.
 

11:38.982 --> 11:41.532 align:start position:0%
models, Mimis should be the active one.
Mimis<00:12:58.000><c> is</c><00:12:58.320><c> closer</c><00:12:58.639><c> to</c><00:12:58.800><c> Saturn</c><00:12:59.120><c> than</c><00:12:59.279><c> Enceladus</c>

11:41.532 --> 11:41.542 align:start position:0%
Mimis is closer to Saturn than Enceladus
 

11:41.542 --> 11:44.493 align:start position:0%
Mimis is closer to Saturn than Enceladus
and<00:13:00.320><c> its</c><00:13:00.560><c> orbit</c><00:13:00.959><c> is</c><00:13:01.360><c> much</c><00:13:01.680><c> more</c><00:13:01.920><c> eccentric.</c>

11:44.493 --> 11:44.503 align:start position:0%
and its orbit is much more eccentric.
 

11:44.503 --> 11:46.333 align:start position:0%
and its orbit is much more eccentric.
Both<00:13:03.360><c> of</c><00:13:03.440><c> these</c><00:13:03.680><c> factors</c><00:13:04.079><c> mean</c><00:13:04.320><c> that</c><00:13:04.480><c> tidal</c>

11:46.333 --> 11:46.343 align:start position:0%
Both of these factors mean that tidal
 

11:46.343 --> 11:48.972 align:start position:0%
Both of these factors mean that tidal
heating,<00:13:05.519><c> the</c><00:13:05.920><c> friction</c><00:13:06.399><c> generated</c><00:13:06.959><c> inside</c><00:13:07.279><c> a</c>

11:48.972 --> 11:48.982 align:start position:0%
heating, the friction generated inside a
 

11:48.982 --> 11:50.732 align:start position:0%
heating, the friction generated inside a
moon<00:13:07.680><c> as</c><00:13:07.839><c> it</c><00:13:08.000><c> gets</c><00:13:08.240><c> stretched</c><00:13:08.639><c> and</c><00:13:08.880><c> squeezed</c>

11:50.732 --> 11:50.742 align:start position:0%
moon as it gets stretched and squeezed
 

11:50.742 --> 11:54.493 align:start position:0%
moon as it gets stretched and squeezed
by<00:13:09.519><c> gravity</c><00:13:10.560><c> should</c><00:13:10.959><c> be</c><00:13:11.200><c> much</c><00:13:11.600><c> stronger.</c><00:13:12.800><c> The</c>

11:54.493 --> 11:54.503 align:start position:0%
by gravity should be much stronger. The
 

11:54.503 --> 11:56.013 align:start position:0%
by gravity should be much stronger. The
math<00:13:13.360><c> says</c><00:13:13.600><c> that</c><00:13:13.760><c> Mima</c><00:13:14.240><c> should</c><00:13:14.399><c> be</c>

11:56.013 --> 11:56.023 align:start position:0%
math says that Mima should be
 

11:56.023 --> 11:58.813 align:start position:0%
math says that Mima should be
experiencing<00:13:15.600><c> significantly</c><00:13:16.560><c> more</c><00:13:16.880><c> tidal</c>

11:58.813 --> 11:58.823 align:start position:0%
experiencing significantly more tidal
 

11:58.823 --> 12:00.813 align:start position:0%
experiencing significantly more tidal
heating<00:13:17.680><c> than</c><00:13:17.839><c> Enceladus.</c>

12:00.813 --> 12:00.823 align:start position:0%
heating than Enceladus.
 

12:00.823 --> 12:04.653 align:start position:0%
heating than Enceladus.
So<00:13:20.000><c> why</c><00:13:20.240><c> was</c><00:13:20.560><c> Enceladus</c><00:13:21.279><c> melting</c><00:13:22.079><c> while</c><00:13:22.480><c> Mimis</c>

12:04.653 --> 12:04.663 align:start position:0%
So why was Enceladus melting while Mimis
 

12:04.663 --> 12:07.852 align:start position:0%
So why was Enceladus melting while Mimis
looked<00:13:23.519><c> like</c><00:13:23.680><c> a</c><00:13:23.920><c> frozen</c><00:13:24.399><c> block</c><00:13:24.639><c> of</c><00:13:24.800><c> ice?</c><00:13:26.079><c> This</c>

12:07.852 --> 12:07.862 align:start position:0%
looked like a frozen block of ice? This
 

12:07.862 --> 12:10.732 align:start position:0%
looked like a frozen block of ice? This
is<00:13:26.639><c> what</c><00:13:26.959><c> researchers</c><00:13:27.920><c> have</c><00:13:28.160><c> long</c><00:13:28.639><c> called</c><00:13:28.959><c> the</c>

12:10.732 --> 12:10.742 align:start position:0%
is what researchers have long called the
 

12:10.742 --> 12:14.253 align:start position:0%
is what researchers have long called the
Mimis<00:13:29.920><c> paradox.</c><00:13:31.279><c> The</c><00:13:31.519><c> prevailing</c><00:13:32.079><c> theory</c><00:13:32.560><c> was</c>

12:14.253 --> 12:14.263 align:start position:0%
Mimis paradox. The prevailing theory was
 

12:14.263 --> 12:17.613 align:start position:0%
Mimis paradox. The prevailing theory was
that<00:13:33.040><c> Mimis</c><00:13:33.680><c> was</c><00:13:34.000><c> simply</c><00:13:34.480><c> too</c><00:13:34.880><c> cold.</c><00:13:35.760><c> If</c><00:13:36.000><c> a</c>

12:17.613 --> 12:17.623 align:start position:0%
that Mimis was simply too cold. If a
 

12:17.623 --> 12:20.092 align:start position:0%
that Mimis was simply too cold. If a
moon<00:13:36.399><c> freezes</c><00:13:36.880><c> solid,</c><00:13:37.519><c> its</c><00:13:37.839><c> ice</c><00:13:38.160><c> becomes</c>

12:20.092 --> 12:20.102 align:start position:0%
moon freezes solid, its ice becomes
 

12:20.102 --> 12:23.053 align:start position:0%
moon freezes solid, its ice becomes
rigid<00:13:39.040><c> and</c><00:13:39.360><c> it</c><00:13:39.600><c> can't</c><00:13:39.920><c> flex.</c><00:13:40.959><c> This</c><00:13:41.200><c> means</c><00:13:41.440><c> that</c>

12:23.053 --> 12:23.063 align:start position:0%
rigid and it can't flex. This means that
 

12:23.063 --> 12:25.532 align:start position:0%
rigid and it can't flex. This means that
it<00:13:41.839><c> doesn't</c><00:13:42.160><c> generate</c><00:13:42.560><c> friction.</c><00:13:43.440><c> Instead,</c>

12:25.532 --> 12:25.542 align:start position:0%
it doesn't generate friction. Instead,
 

12:25.542 --> 12:28.653 align:start position:0%
it doesn't generate friction. Instead,
entering<00:13:44.560><c> a</c><00:13:44.800><c> state</c><00:13:44.959><c> of</c><00:13:45.200><c> high</c><00:13:45.600><c> Q</c><00:13:46.160><c> or</c><00:13:46.720><c> quality</c>

12:28.653 --> 12:28.663 align:start position:0%
entering a state of high Q or quality
 

12:28.663 --> 12:32.412 align:start position:0%
entering a state of high Q or quality
factor,<00:13:48.000><c> which</c><00:13:48.480><c> implies</c><00:13:49.040><c> low</c><00:13:49.360><c> dissipation.</c>

12:32.412 --> 12:32.422 align:start position:0%
factor, which implies low dissipation.
 

12:32.422 --> 12:35.373 align:start position:0%
factor, which implies low dissipation.
Imagine<00:13:51.519><c> hitting</c><00:13:51.920><c> a</c><00:13:52.160><c> bell.</c><00:13:52.880><c> The</c><00:13:53.120><c> energy</c><00:13:53.440><c> isn't</c>

12:35.373 --> 12:35.383 align:start position:0%
Imagine hitting a bell. The energy isn't
 

12:35.383 --> 12:39.613 align:start position:0%
Imagine hitting a bell. The energy isn't
absorbed.<00:13:55.040><c> Instead,</c><00:13:55.600><c> the</c><00:13:55.839><c> bell</c><00:13:56.160><c> rings.</c>

12:39.613 --> 12:39.623 align:start position:0%
absorbed. Instead, the bell rings.
 

12:39.623 --> 12:42.412 align:start position:0%
absorbed. Instead, the bell rings.
Enceladus,<00:13:59.199><c> for</c><00:13:59.440><c> whatever</c><00:13:59.920><c> reason,</c><00:14:00.639><c> stayed</c>

12:42.412 --> 12:42.422 align:start position:0%
Enceladus, for whatever reason, stayed
 

12:42.422 --> 12:45.133 align:start position:0%
Enceladus, for whatever reason, stayed
warm<00:14:01.279><c> and</c><00:14:01.519><c> slushy,</c><00:14:02.399><c> allowing</c><00:14:02.800><c> the</c><00:14:03.040><c> tides</c><00:14:03.440><c> to</c>

12:45.133 --> 12:45.143 align:start position:0%
warm and slushy, allowing the tides to
 

12:45.143 --> 12:47.613 align:start position:0%
warm and slushy, allowing the tides to
keep<00:14:03.920><c> adding</c><00:14:04.320><c> energy</c><00:14:04.639><c> to</c><00:14:04.800><c> its</c><00:14:05.040><c> interior.</c>

12:47.613 --> 12:47.623 align:start position:0%
keep adding energy to its interior.
 

12:47.623 --> 12:50.333 align:start position:0%
keep adding energy to its interior.
Mimis,<00:14:06.800><c> on</c><00:14:06.959><c> the</c><00:14:07.040><c> other</c><00:14:07.199><c> hand,</c><00:14:07.600><c> we</c><00:14:07.839><c> assumed,</c>

12:50.333 --> 12:50.343 align:start position:0%
Mimis, on the other hand, we assumed,
 

12:50.343 --> 12:53.213 align:start position:0%
Mimis, on the other hand, we assumed,
missed<00:14:09.279><c> its</c><00:14:09.600><c> window.</c><00:14:10.160><c> It</c><00:14:10.399><c> froze</c><00:14:10.800><c> early</c><00:14:11.360><c> and</c>

12:53.213 --> 12:53.223 align:start position:0%
missed its window. It froze early and
 

12:53.223 --> 12:55.373 align:start position:0%
missed its window. It froze early and
stayed<00:14:12.160><c> frozen.</c>

12:55.373 --> 12:55.383 align:start position:0%
stayed frozen.
 

12:55.383 --> 12:58.493 align:start position:0%
stayed frozen.
But<00:14:14.240><c> that</c><00:14:14.639><c> isn't</c><00:14:15.040><c> the</c><00:14:15.279><c> end</c><00:14:15.360><c> of</c><00:14:15.519><c> the</c><00:14:15.680><c> story.</c><00:14:16.720><c> In</c>

12:58.493 --> 12:58.503 align:start position:0%
But that isn't the end of the story. In
 

12:58.503 --> 13:00.732 align:start position:0%
But that isn't the end of the story. In
2014,<00:14:17.839><c> researchers</c><00:14:18.480><c> noticed</c><00:14:18.880><c> something</c>

13:00.732 --> 13:00.742 align:start position:0%
2014, researchers noticed something
 

13:00.742 --> 13:03.453 align:start position:0%
2014, researchers noticed something
wasn't<00:14:19.680><c> quite</c><00:14:20.000><c> right.</c><00:14:20.880><c> They</c><00:14:21.199><c> measured</c><00:14:21.600><c> the</c>

13:03.453 --> 13:03.463 align:start position:0%
wasn't quite right. They measured the
 

13:03.463 --> 13:06.412 align:start position:0%
wasn't quite right. They measured the
vibration<00:14:22.560><c> of</c><00:14:22.720><c> Mimis,</c><00:14:23.519><c> the</c><00:14:23.760><c> slight</c><00:14:24.240><c> wobble</c><00:14:24.720><c> it</c>

13:06.412 --> 13:06.422 align:start position:0%
vibration of Mimis, the slight wobble it
 

13:06.422 --> 13:09.532 align:start position:0%
vibration of Mimis, the slight wobble it
experiences<00:14:25.600><c> as</c><00:14:25.839><c> it</c><00:14:26.000><c> rotates.</c><00:14:27.120><c> This</c><00:14:27.440><c> wobble</c>

13:09.532 --> 13:09.542 align:start position:0%
experiences as it rotates. This wobble
 

13:09.542 --> 13:12.253 align:start position:0%
experiences as it rotates. This wobble
was<00:14:28.399><c> almost</c><00:14:29.120><c> twice</c><00:14:29.600><c> as</c><00:14:29.920><c> big</c><00:14:30.240><c> as</c><00:14:30.480><c> it</c><00:14:30.639><c> should</c>

13:12.253 --> 13:12.263 align:start position:0%
was almost twice as big as it should
 

13:12.263 --> 13:15.373 align:start position:0%
was almost twice as big as it should
have<00:14:30.959><c> been</c><00:14:31.120><c> for</c><00:14:31.360><c> a</c><00:14:31.600><c> solid</c><00:14:31.920><c> body.</c><00:14:33.279><c> Now,</c><00:14:33.519><c> at</c><00:14:33.760><c> the</c>

13:15.373 --> 13:15.383 align:start position:0%
have been for a solid body. Now, at the
 

13:15.383 --> 13:17.693 align:start position:0%
have been for a solid body. Now, at the
time,<00:14:34.160><c> there</c><00:14:34.399><c> were</c><00:14:34.639><c> two</c><00:14:34.959><c> possibilities.</c>

13:17.693 --> 13:17.703 align:start position:0%
time, there were two possibilities.
 

13:17.703 --> 13:20.333 align:start position:0%
time, there were two possibilities.
Either<00:14:36.720><c> Memphis</c><00:14:37.199><c> had</c><00:14:37.440><c> a</c><00:14:37.760><c> strangely</c><00:14:38.480><c> shaped</c>

13:20.333 --> 13:20.343 align:start position:0%
Either Memphis had a strangely shaped
 

13:20.343 --> 13:23.532 align:start position:0%
Either Memphis had a strangely shaped
core,<00:14:39.519><c> elongated</c><00:14:40.240><c> like</c><00:14:40.399><c> a</c><00:14:40.639><c> rugby</c><00:14:41.040><c> ball,</c><00:14:41.839><c> or</c>

13:23.532 --> 13:23.542 align:start position:0%
core, elongated like a rugby ball, or
 

13:23.542 --> 13:25.373 align:start position:0%
core, elongated like a rugby ball, or
its<00:14:42.320><c> ice</c><00:14:42.560><c> shell</c><00:14:42.959><c> was</c><00:14:43.279><c> physically</c>

13:25.373 --> 13:25.383 align:start position:0%
its ice shell was physically
 

13:25.383 --> 13:28.013 align:start position:0%
its ice shell was physically
disconnected<00:14:44.639><c> from</c><00:14:44.880><c> its</c><00:14:45.120><c> core,</c><00:14:45.920><c> sliding</c>

13:28.013 --> 13:28.023 align:start position:0%
disconnected from its core, sliding
 

13:28.023 --> 13:31.532 align:start position:0%
disconnected from its core, sliding
around<00:14:46.959><c> on</c><00:14:47.279><c> top</c><00:14:47.440><c> of</c><00:14:47.680><c> a</c><00:14:48.000><c> liquid</c><00:14:48.720><c> layer.</c><00:14:49.680><c> Most</c>

13:31.532 --> 13:31.542 align:start position:0%
around on top of a liquid layer. Most
 

13:31.542 --> 13:34.412 align:start position:0%
around on top of a liquid layer. Most
scientists<00:14:50.800><c> bet</c><00:14:51.199><c> on</c><00:14:51.440><c> the</c><00:14:51.600><c> rugby</c><00:14:52.000><c> ball,</c><00:14:52.639><c> an</c>

13:34.412 --> 13:34.422 align:start position:0%
scientists bet on the rugby ball, an
 

13:34.422 --> 13:36.493 align:start position:0%
scientists bet on the rugby ball, an
ocean<00:14:53.279><c> just</c><00:14:53.519><c> didn't</c><00:14:53.839><c> make</c><00:14:54.079><c> sense</c><00:14:54.560><c> given</c><00:14:54.800><c> the</c>

13:36.493 --> 13:36.503 align:start position:0%
ocean just didn't make sense given the
 

13:36.503 --> 13:43.053 align:start position:0%
ocean just didn't make sense given the
thick<00:14:55.600><c> ancient</c><00:14:56.000><c> crust.</c><00:14:57.360><c> But</c><00:14:57.600><c> then</c><00:14:58.000><c> came</c><00:14:58.880><c> 2024.</c>

13:43.053 --> 13:43.063 align:start position:0%
thick ancient crust. But then came 2024.
 

13:43.063 --> 13:45.773 align:start position:0%
thick ancient crust. But then came 2024.
In<00:15:01.920><c> February</c><00:15:02.240><c> of</c><00:15:02.480><c> 2024,</c><00:15:03.279><c> a</c><00:15:03.519><c> study</c><00:15:03.839><c> published</c>

13:45.773 --> 13:45.783 align:start position:0%
In February of 2024, a study published
 

13:45.783 --> 13:48.333 align:start position:0%
In February of 2024, a study published
in<00:15:04.560><c> Nature</c><00:15:04.880><c> Astronomy</c><00:15:05.760><c> put</c><00:15:06.000><c> the</c><00:15:06.240><c> debate</c><00:15:06.560><c> to</c>

13:48.333 --> 13:48.343 align:start position:0%
in Nature Astronomy put the debate to
 

13:48.343 --> 13:52.732 align:start position:0%
in Nature Astronomy put the debate to
rest.<00:15:07.839><c> A</c><00:15:08.160><c> team</c><00:15:08.399><c> led</c><00:15:08.800><c> by</c><00:15:09.199><c> Valerie</c><00:15:09.839><c> Le</c><00:15:10.800><c> analyzed</c>

13:52.732 --> 13:52.742 align:start position:0%
rest. A team led by Valerie Le analyzed
 

13:52.742 --> 13:55.213 align:start position:0%
rest. A team led by Valerie Le analyzed
the<00:15:11.440><c> drift</c><00:15:11.760><c> of</c><00:15:11.920><c> Mimis'</c><00:15:12.560><c> orbit</c><00:15:12.959><c> using</c><00:15:13.360><c> data</c>

13:55.213 --> 13:55.223 align:start position:0%
the drift of Mimis' orbit using data
 

13:55.223 --> 13:58.573 align:start position:0%
the drift of Mimis' orbit using data
from<00:15:14.000><c> the</c><00:15:14.240><c> entire</c><00:15:14.880><c> 13-year</c><00:15:15.440><c> Cassini</c><00:15:15.920><c> mission.</c>

13:58.573 --> 13:58.583 align:start position:0%
from the entire 13-year Cassini mission.
 

13:58.583 --> 14:01.213 align:start position:0%
from the entire 13-year Cassini mission.
Just<00:15:17.360><c> as</c><00:15:17.600><c> Mimis</c><00:15:18.160><c> pushes</c><00:15:18.560><c> on</c><00:15:18.720><c> the</c><00:15:18.880><c> rings,</c><00:15:19.519><c> the</c>

14:01.213 --> 14:01.223 align:start position:0%
Just as Mimis pushes on the rings, the
 

14:01.223 --> 14:03.933 align:start position:0%
Just as Mimis pushes on the rings, the
rings<00:15:20.079><c> and</c><00:15:20.320><c> Saturn</c><00:15:20.959><c> push</c><00:15:21.360><c> back,</c><00:15:22.000><c> causing</c>

14:03.933 --> 14:03.943 align:start position:0%
rings and Saturn push back, causing
 

14:03.943 --> 14:07.373 align:start position:0%
rings and Saturn push back, causing
Mimis'<00:15:23.040><c> orbit</c><00:15:23.680><c> to</c><00:15:24.160><c> process.</c><00:15:25.199><c> Essentially,</c>

14:07.373 --> 14:07.383 align:start position:0%
Mimis' orbit to process. Essentially,
 

14:07.383 --> 14:10.253 align:start position:0%
Mimis' orbit to process. Essentially,
the<00:15:26.240><c> oval</c><00:15:26.639><c> of</c><00:15:26.880><c> his</c><00:15:27.040><c> orbit</c><00:15:27.760><c> slowly</c><00:15:28.240><c> rotates</c>

14:10.253 --> 14:10.263 align:start position:0%
the oval of his orbit slowly rotates
 

14:10.263 --> 14:12.652 align:start position:0%
the oval of his orbit slowly rotates
around<00:15:29.199><c> Saturn.</c><00:15:30.320><c> The</c><00:15:30.639><c> rate</c><00:15:30.800><c> of</c><00:15:30.959><c> this</c>

14:12.652 --> 14:12.662 align:start position:0%
around Saturn. The rate of this
 

14:12.662 --> 14:14.732 align:start position:0%
around Saturn. The rate of this
procession<00:15:31.920><c> depends</c><00:15:32.399><c> heavily</c><00:15:32.800><c> on</c><00:15:33.040><c> the</c>

14:14.732 --> 14:14.742 align:start position:0%
procession depends heavily on the
 

14:14.742 --> 14:17.453 align:start position:0%
procession depends heavily on the
distribution<00:15:33.839><c> of</c><00:15:34.079><c> mass</c><00:15:34.320><c> inside</c><00:15:34.639><c> the</c><00:15:34.880><c> moon.</c>

14:17.453 --> 14:17.463 align:start position:0%
distribution of mass inside the moon.
 

14:17.463 --> 14:19.373 align:start position:0%
distribution of mass inside the moon.
When<00:15:36.240><c> the</c><00:15:36.399><c> researchers</c><00:15:36.959><c> plugged</c><00:15:37.360><c> the</c><00:15:37.600><c> data</c>

14:19.373 --> 14:19.383 align:start position:0%
When the researchers plugged the data
 

14:19.383 --> 14:22.333 align:start position:0%
When the researchers plugged the data
into<00:15:38.320><c> their</c><00:15:38.560><c> models,</c><00:15:39.199><c> the</c><00:15:39.519><c> rugby</c><00:15:40.000><c> ball</c><00:15:40.480><c> core</c>

14:22.333 --> 14:22.343 align:start position:0%
into their models, the rugby ball core
 

14:22.343 --> 14:25.453 align:start position:0%
into their models, the rugby ball core
theory<00:15:41.600><c> fell</c><00:15:41.920><c> apart.</c><00:15:43.120><c> It</c><00:15:43.360><c> couldn't</c><00:15:43.680><c> explain</c>

14:25.453 --> 14:25.463 align:start position:0%
theory fell apart. It couldn't explain
 

14:25.463 --> 14:27.773 align:start position:0%
theory fell apart. It couldn't explain
the<00:15:44.240><c> so-called</c><00:15:44.880><c> orbital</c><00:15:45.360><c> drift</c><00:15:45.760><c> I</c><00:15:46.079><c> just</c>

14:27.773 --> 14:27.783 align:start position:0%
the so-called orbital drift I just
 

14:27.783 --> 14:30.813 align:start position:0%
the so-called orbital drift I just
described.<00:15:47.519><c> There</c><00:15:47.760><c> was</c><00:15:48.320><c> only</c><00:15:48.639><c> one</c><00:15:49.040><c> solution</c>

14:30.813 --> 14:30.823 align:start position:0%
described. There was only one solution
 

14:30.823 --> 14:34.893 align:start position:0%
described. There was only one solution
that<00:15:49.680><c> fit</c><00:15:50.000><c> the</c><00:15:50.240><c> data</c><00:15:50.639><c> perfectly.</c><00:15:51.759><c> Mimis</c><00:15:52.399><c> has</c><00:15:53.199><c> a</c>

14:34.893 --> 14:34.903 align:start position:0%
that fit the data perfectly. Mimis has a
 

14:34.903 --> 14:38.652 align:start position:0%
that fit the data perfectly. Mimis has a
global<00:15:54.160><c> subsurface</c><00:15:55.120><c> ocean,</c><00:15:56.399><c> but</c><00:15:56.720><c> this</c><00:15:56.880><c> isn't</c>

14:38.652 --> 14:38.662 align:start position:0%
global subsurface ocean, but this isn't
 

14:38.662 --> 14:40.893 align:start position:0%
global subsurface ocean, but this isn't
an<00:15:57.519><c> ocean</c><00:15:57.920><c> like</c><00:15:58.079><c> the</c><00:15:58.320><c> one</c><00:15:58.480><c> on</c><00:15:58.720><c> Europa</c><00:15:59.279><c> or</c>

14:40.893 --> 14:40.903 align:start position:0%
an ocean like the one on Europa or
 

14:40.903 --> 14:44.253 align:start position:0%
an ocean like the one on Europa or
Enceladus.<00:16:00.720><c> It's</c><00:16:01.040><c> what</c><00:16:01.279><c> I'm</c><00:16:01.600><c> going</c><00:16:01.759><c> to</c><00:16:02.000><c> call</c><00:16:02.320><c> a</c>

14:44.253 --> 14:44.263 align:start position:0%
Enceladus. It's what I'm going to call a
 

14:44.263 --> 14:47.292 align:start position:0%
Enceladus. It's what I'm going to call a
stealth<00:16:03.360><c> ocean.</c><00:16:04.399><c> It</c><00:16:04.639><c> lies</c><00:16:04.959><c> beneath</c><00:16:05.360><c> an</c><00:16:05.519><c> ice</c>

14:47.292 --> 14:47.302 align:start position:0%
stealth ocean. It lies beneath an ice
 

14:47.302 --> 14:51.053 align:start position:0%
stealth ocean. It lies beneath an ice
shell<00:16:06.079><c> that</c><00:16:06.240><c> is</c><00:16:06.639><c> 20</c><00:16:07.040><c> to</c><00:16:07.440><c> 30</c><00:16:07.680><c> km</c><00:16:08.240><c> thick.</c><00:16:09.199><c> What's</c>

14:51.053 --> 14:51.063 align:start position:0%
shell that is 20 to 30 km thick. What's
 

14:51.063 --> 14:53.053 align:start position:0%
shell that is 20 to 30 km thick. What's
particularly<00:16:10.320><c> interesting</c><00:16:10.880><c> is</c><00:16:11.120><c> that</c><00:16:11.360><c> the</c>

14:53.053 --> 14:53.063 align:start position:0%
particularly interesting is that the
 

14:53.063 --> 14:54.732 align:start position:0%
particularly interesting is that the
researchers<00:16:12.160><c> believe</c><00:16:12.399><c> this</c><00:16:12.639><c> ocean</c><00:16:13.040><c> is</c>

14:54.732 --> 14:54.742 align:start position:0%
researchers believe this ocean is
 

14:54.742 --> 14:57.773 align:start position:0%
researchers believe this ocean is
incredibly<00:16:14.000><c> young.</c><00:16:14.959><c> The</c><00:16:15.279><c> model</c><00:16:15.600><c> suggests</c><00:16:16.079><c> it</c>

14:57.773 --> 14:57.783 align:start position:0%
incredibly young. The model suggests it
 

14:57.783 --> 15:01.053 align:start position:0%
incredibly young. The model suggests it
formed<00:16:16.639><c> between</c><00:16:17.040><c> just</c><00:16:17.440><c> 2</c><00:16:18.000><c> and</c><00:16:18.399><c> 25</c><00:16:19.199><c> million</c>

15:01.053 --> 15:01.063 align:start position:0%
formed between just 2 and 25 million
 

15:01.063 --> 15:03.933 align:start position:0%
formed between just 2 and 25 million
years<00:16:19.839><c> ago.</c><00:16:21.040><c> This</c><00:16:21.279><c> young</c><00:16:21.600><c> age</c><00:16:21.839><c> of</c><00:16:22.000><c> the</c><00:16:22.160><c> ocean</c>

15:03.933 --> 15:03.943 align:start position:0%
years ago. This young age of the ocean
 

15:03.943 --> 15:06.333 align:start position:0%
years ago. This young age of the ocean
is<00:16:22.880><c> crucial.</c><00:16:23.519><c> In</c><00:16:23.759><c> fact,</c><00:16:24.000><c> it</c><00:16:24.320><c> explains</c>

15:06.333 --> 15:06.343 align:start position:0%
is crucial. In fact, it explains
 

15:06.343 --> 15:09.773 align:start position:0%
is crucial. In fact, it explains
everything.<00:16:26.079><c> The</c><00:16:26.320><c> ocean</c><00:16:26.720><c> is</c><00:16:26.959><c> so</c><00:16:27.279><c> new</c><00:16:27.839><c> that</c><00:16:28.079><c> the</c>

15:09.773 --> 15:09.783 align:start position:0%
everything. The ocean is so new that the
 

15:09.783 --> 15:12.412 align:start position:0%
everything. The ocean is so new that the
heat<00:16:28.720><c> hasn't</c><00:16:29.199><c> had</c><00:16:29.440><c> time</c><00:16:29.759><c> to</c><00:16:30.079><c> radiate</c><00:16:30.639><c> through</c>

15:12.412 --> 15:12.422 align:start position:0%
heat hasn't had time to radiate through
 

15:12.422 --> 15:15.292 align:start position:0%
heat hasn't had time to radiate through
the<00:16:31.199><c> thick</c><00:16:31.759><c> ancient</c><00:16:32.240><c> crust.</c><00:16:33.199><c> Essentially,</c>

15:15.292 --> 15:15.302 align:start position:0%
the thick ancient crust. Essentially,
 

15:15.302 --> 15:18.333 align:start position:0%
the thick ancient crust. Essentially,
the<00:16:34.079><c> moon</c><00:16:34.399><c> is</c><00:16:34.639><c> melting</c><00:16:35.040><c> from</c><00:16:35.279><c> the</c><00:16:35.519><c> inside</c><00:16:36.079><c> out,</c>

15:18.333 --> 15:18.343 align:start position:0%
the moon is melting from the inside out,
 

15:18.343 --> 15:20.333 align:start position:0%
the moon is melting from the inside out,
and<00:16:37.120><c> features</c><00:16:37.519><c> that</c><00:16:37.759><c> formed</c><00:16:38.160><c> long</c><00:16:38.399><c> before</c><00:16:38.639><c> the</c>

15:20.333 --> 15:20.343 align:start position:0%
and features that formed long before the
 

15:20.343 --> 15:23.133 align:start position:0%
and features that formed long before the
ocean<00:16:39.199><c> formed,</c><00:16:39.680><c> like</c><00:16:39.920><c> the</c><00:16:40.240><c> Hersel</c><00:16:40.800><c> crater,</c>

15:23.133 --> 15:23.143 align:start position:0%
ocean formed, like the Hersel crater,
 

15:23.143 --> 15:25.852 align:start position:0%
ocean formed, like the Hersel crater,
haven't<00:16:42.079><c> yet</c><00:16:42.560><c> been</c><00:16:42.800><c> impacted.</c><00:16:44.160><c> This</c>

15:25.852 --> 15:25.862 align:start position:0%
haven't yet been impacted. This
 

15:25.862 --> 15:28.732 align:start position:0%
haven't yet been impacted. This
discovery<00:16:44.880><c> resolves</c><00:16:45.440><c> the</c><00:16:45.600><c> Mimis</c><00:16:46.240><c> paradox.</c>

15:28.732 --> 15:28.742 align:start position:0%
discovery resolves the Mimis paradox.
 

15:28.742 --> 15:32.092 align:start position:0%
discovery resolves the Mimis paradox.
Mimis<00:16:47.920><c> isn't</c><00:16:48.320><c> dead.</c><00:16:49.279><c> It's</c><00:16:49.600><c> just</c><00:16:50.000><c> late</c><00:16:50.240><c> to</c><00:16:50.480><c> the</c>

15:32.092 --> 15:32.102 align:start position:0%
Mimis isn't dead. It's just late to the
 

15:32.102 --> 15:34.893 align:start position:0%
Mimis isn't dead. It's just late to the
party.<00:16:51.759><c> You</c><00:16:52.000><c> might</c><00:16:52.240><c> even</c><00:16:52.560><c> say</c><00:16:52.800><c> it's</c><00:16:53.120><c> an</c>

15:34.893 --> 15:34.903 align:start position:0%
party. You might even say it's an
 

15:34.903 --> 15:38.573 align:start position:0%
party. You might even say it's an
Enceladus<00:16:54.240><c> in</c><00:16:54.560><c> waiting.</c><00:16:56.000><c> Given</c><00:16:56.480><c> enough</c><00:16:56.800><c> time,</c>

15:38.573 --> 15:38.583 align:start position:0%
Enceladus in waiting. Given enough time,
 

15:38.583 --> 15:40.253 align:start position:0%
Enceladus in waiting. Given enough time,
the<00:16:57.360><c> ocean</c><00:16:57.600><c> will</c><00:16:57.839><c> continue</c><00:16:58.160><c> to</c><00:16:58.320><c> eat</c><00:16:58.480><c> away</c><00:16:58.720><c> at</c>

15:40.253 --> 15:40.263 align:start position:0%
the ocean will continue to eat away at
 

15:40.263 --> 15:42.813 align:start position:0%
the ocean will continue to eat away at
the<00:16:58.959><c> ice</c><00:16:59.199><c> shell.</c><00:16:59.920><c> In</c><00:17:00.160><c> a</c><00:17:00.399><c> few</c><00:17:00.560><c> million</c><00:17:00.880><c> years,</c>

15:42.813 --> 15:42.823 align:start position:0%
the ice shell. In a few million years,
 

15:42.823 --> 15:45.613 align:start position:0%
the ice shell. In a few million years,
the<00:17:01.600><c> stresses</c><00:17:02.079><c> will</c><00:17:02.320><c> become</c><00:17:02.880><c> too</c><00:17:03.199><c> great.</c><00:17:03.920><c> The</c>

15:45.613 --> 15:45.623 align:start position:0%
the stresses will become too great. The
 

15:45.623 --> 15:48.813 align:start position:0%
the stresses will become too great. The
crust<00:17:04.559><c> will</c><00:17:04.880><c> crack</c><00:17:05.600><c> and</c><00:17:05.919><c> Mimis</c><00:17:06.559><c> might</c><00:17:07.039><c> begin</c>

15:48.813 --> 15:48.823 align:start position:0%
crust will crack and Mimis might begin
 

15:48.823 --> 15:51.213 align:start position:0%
crust will crack and Mimis might begin
to<00:17:07.600><c> spray</c><00:17:08.000><c> its</c><00:17:08.319><c> own</c><00:17:08.799><c> gizers</c><00:17:09.360><c> into</c><00:17:09.600><c> the</c>

15:51.213 --> 15:51.223 align:start position:0%
to spray its own gizers into the
 

15:51.223 --> 15:55.613 align:start position:0%
to spray its own gizers into the
Saturnian<00:17:10.480><c> skies.</c>

15:55.613 --> 15:55.623 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:55.623 --> 15:58.093 align:start position:0%
 
Now,<00:17:14.799><c> the</c><00:17:15.039><c> realization</c><00:17:15.439><c> that</c><00:17:15.679><c> Mimis</c><00:17:16.240><c> has</c><00:17:16.480><c> a</c>

15:58.093 --> 15:58.103 align:start position:0%
Now, the realization that Mimis has a
 

15:58.103 --> 16:00.252 align:start position:0%
Now, the realization that Mimis has a
young<00:17:16.959><c> ocean</c><00:17:17.600><c> leads</c><00:17:17.919><c> to</c><00:17:18.079><c> all</c><00:17:18.319><c> sorts</c><00:17:18.640><c> of</c>

16:00.252 --> 16:00.262 align:start position:0%
young ocean leads to all sorts of
 

16:00.262 --> 16:02.813 align:start position:0%
young ocean leads to all sorts of
fascinating<00:17:19.439><c> possibilities.</c><00:17:20.559><c> But</c><00:17:20.799><c> there</c><00:17:20.959><c> is</c>

16:02.813 --> 16:02.823 align:start position:0%
fascinating possibilities. But there is
 

16:02.823 --> 16:06.492 align:start position:0%
fascinating possibilities. But there is
one<00:17:21.839><c> gaping</c><00:17:22.480><c> question.</c><00:17:23.600><c> Where</c><00:17:24.000><c> did</c><00:17:24.559><c> it</c><00:17:24.799><c> come</c>

16:06.492 --> 16:06.502 align:start position:0%
one gaping question. Where did it come
 

16:06.502 --> 16:08.012 align:start position:0%
one gaping question. Where did it come
from?

16:08.012 --> 16:08.022 align:start position:0%
from?
 

16:08.022 --> 16:10.012 align:start position:0%
from?
It<00:17:26.799><c> turns</c><00:17:27.039><c> out</c><00:17:27.520><c> that</c><00:17:27.760><c> the</c><00:17:28.000><c> most</c><00:17:28.160><c> likely</c>

16:10.012 --> 16:10.022 align:start position:0%
It turns out that the most likely
 

16:10.022 --> 16:12.173 align:start position:0%
It turns out that the most likely
culprit<00:17:29.039><c> is</c><00:17:29.360><c> actually</c><00:17:29.760><c> its</c><00:17:30.080><c> orbital</c>

16:12.173 --> 16:12.183 align:start position:0%
culprit is actually its orbital
 

16:12.183 --> 16:14.973 align:start position:0%
culprit is actually its orbital
instability.<00:17:32.160><c> At</c><00:17:32.400><c> some</c><00:17:32.640><c> point</c><00:17:32.799><c> in</c><00:17:33.039><c> the</c><00:17:33.200><c> recent</c>

16:14.973 --> 16:14.983 align:start position:0%
instability. At some point in the recent
 

16:14.983 --> 16:17.933 align:start position:0%
instability. At some point in the recent
past,<00:17:34.160><c> perhaps</c><00:17:34.559><c> just</c><00:17:34.880><c> 10</c><00:17:35.200><c> million</c><00:17:35.600><c> years</c><00:17:35.760><c> ago,</c>

16:17.933 --> 16:17.943 align:start position:0%
past, perhaps just 10 million years ago,
 

16:17.943 --> 16:20.653 align:start position:0%
past, perhaps just 10 million years ago,
Mimis<00:17:37.039><c> likely</c><00:17:37.440><c> entered</c><00:17:37.840><c> a</c><00:17:38.080><c> chaotic</c><00:17:38.640><c> resonance</c>

16:20.653 --> 16:20.663 align:start position:0%
Mimis likely entered a chaotic resonance
 

16:20.663 --> 16:24.333 align:start position:0%
Mimis likely entered a chaotic resonance
with<00:17:39.440><c> another</c><00:17:39.760><c> moon,</c><00:17:40.480><c> possibly</c><00:17:40.960><c> Teisi.</c>

16:24.333 --> 16:24.343 align:start position:0%
with another moon, possibly Teisi.
 

16:24.343 --> 16:26.252 align:start position:0%
with another moon, possibly Teisi.
This<00:17:43.120><c> interaction</c><00:17:43.679><c> would</c><00:17:44.000><c> have</c><00:17:44.240><c> pumped</c><00:17:44.559><c> up</c>

16:26.252 --> 16:26.262 align:start position:0%
This interaction would have pumped up
 

16:26.262 --> 16:28.813 align:start position:0%
This interaction would have pumped up
Mimis'<00:17:45.360><c> orbital</c><00:17:45.760><c> eccentricity,</c><00:17:46.880><c> stretching</c>

16:28.813 --> 16:28.823 align:start position:0%
Mimis' orbital eccentricity, stretching
 

16:28.823 --> 16:31.372 align:start position:0%
Mimis' orbital eccentricity, stretching
its<00:17:47.600><c> orbit</c><00:17:48.000><c> into</c><00:17:48.320><c> an</c><00:17:48.559><c> even</c><00:17:48.960><c> more</c><00:17:49.440><c> extreme</c>

16:31.372 --> 16:31.382 align:start position:0%
its orbit into an even more extreme
 

16:31.382 --> 16:34.573 align:start position:0%
its orbit into an even more extreme
oval.<00:17:50.880><c> As</c><00:17:51.200><c> Mimis</c><00:17:51.600><c> swung</c><00:17:52.000><c> closer</c><00:17:52.320><c> to</c><00:17:52.720><c> and</c>

16:34.573 --> 16:34.583 align:start position:0%
oval. As Mimis swung closer to and
 

16:34.583 --> 16:37.453 align:start position:0%
oval. As Mimis swung closer to and
further<00:17:53.520><c> from</c><00:17:53.840><c> Saturn,</c><00:17:54.640><c> the</c><00:17:54.880><c> immense</c><00:17:55.280><c> tides</c>

16:37.453 --> 16:37.463 align:start position:0%
further from Saturn, the immense tides
 

16:37.463 --> 16:39.293 align:start position:0%
further from Saturn, the immense tides
were<00:17:56.240><c> now</c><00:17:56.559><c> powerful</c><00:17:56.960><c> enough</c><00:17:57.200><c> that</c><00:17:57.440><c> they</c><00:17:57.600><c> began</c>

16:39.293 --> 16:39.303 align:start position:0%
were now powerful enough that they began
 

16:39.303 --> 16:42.653 align:start position:0%
were now powerful enough that they began
to<00:17:58.080><c> flex</c><00:17:58.480><c> the</c><00:17:58.720><c> moon's</c><00:17:59.280><c> solid</c><00:17:59.840><c> interior.</c><00:18:00.960><c> The</c>

16:42.653 --> 16:42.663 align:start position:0%
to flex the moon's solid interior. The
 

16:42.663 --> 16:45.293 align:start position:0%
to flex the moon's solid interior. The
friction<00:18:01.679><c> generated</c><00:18:02.160><c> heat,</c><00:18:02.880><c> enough</c><00:18:03.280><c> heat</c><00:18:03.600><c> to</c>

16:45.293 --> 16:45.303 align:start position:0%
friction generated heat, enough heat to
 

16:45.303 --> 16:49.293 align:start position:0%
friction generated heat, enough heat to
melt<00:18:04.080><c> the</c><00:18:04.320><c> ice</c><00:18:04.880><c> and</c><00:18:05.200><c> create</c><00:18:05.520><c> a</c><00:18:05.840><c> global</c><00:18:06.400><c> sea.</c>

16:49.293 --> 16:49.303 align:start position:0%
melt the ice and create a global sea.
 

16:49.303 --> 16:51.293 align:start position:0%
melt the ice and create a global sea.
And<00:18:08.080><c> then</c><00:18:08.480><c> there's</c><00:18:08.799><c> the</c><00:18:09.120><c> even</c><00:18:09.440><c> bigger</c>

16:51.293 --> 16:51.303 align:start position:0%
And then there's the even bigger
 

16:51.303 --> 16:53.293 align:start position:0%
And then there's the even bigger
question<00:18:10.320><c> I</c><00:18:10.640><c> just</c><00:18:10.880><c> know</c><00:18:11.120><c> you've</c><00:18:11.520><c> all</c><00:18:11.679><c> been</c>

16:53.293 --> 16:53.303 align:start position:0%
question I just know you've all been
 

16:53.303 --> 16:56.573 align:start position:0%
question I just know you've all been
waiting<00:18:12.160><c> to</c><00:18:12.320><c> ask</c><00:18:12.559><c> me.</c><00:18:13.600><c> Could</c><00:18:13.919><c> this</c><00:18:14.400><c> be</c><00:18:14.720><c> another</c>

16:56.573 --> 16:56.583 align:start position:0%
waiting to ask me. Could this be another
 

16:56.583 --> 16:59.372 align:start position:0%
waiting to ask me. Could this be another
potential<00:18:15.679><c> place</c><00:18:16.160><c> beyond</c><00:18:16.640><c> Earth</c><00:18:17.200><c> to</c><00:18:17.520><c> look</c><00:18:17.679><c> for</c>

16:59.372 --> 16:59.382 align:start position:0%
potential place beyond Earth to look for
 

16:59.382 --> 17:04.012 align:start position:0%
potential place beyond Earth to look for
life?<00:18:19.200><c> Sadly,</c><00:18:20.400><c> this</c><00:18:20.720><c> ocean</c><00:18:21.280><c> is</c><00:18:21.600><c> likely</c><00:18:22.000><c> to</c><00:18:22.240><c> be</c>

17:04.012 --> 17:04.022 align:start position:0%
life? Sadly, this ocean is likely to be
 

17:04.022 --> 17:07.132 align:start position:0%
life? Sadly, this ocean is likely to be
a<00:18:22.960><c> fleeting</c><00:18:23.600><c> phenomenon.</c><00:18:24.720><c> The</c><00:18:24.960><c> very</c><00:18:25.200><c> act</c><00:18:25.440><c> of</c>

17:07.132 --> 17:07.142 align:start position:0%
a fleeting phenomenon. The very act of
 

17:07.142 --> 17:09.533 align:start position:0%
a fleeting phenomenon. The very act of
sloshing<00:18:26.240><c> water</c><00:18:26.640><c> around</c><00:18:26.960><c> inside</c><00:18:27.360><c> the</c><00:18:27.600><c> moon</c>

17:09.533 --> 17:09.543 align:start position:0%
sloshing water around inside the moon
 

17:09.543 --> 17:12.733 align:start position:0%
sloshing water around inside the moon
dissipates<00:18:28.720><c> energy.</c><00:18:29.600><c> This</c><00:18:29.840><c> acts</c><00:18:30.160><c> as</c><00:18:30.320><c> a</c><00:18:30.559><c> break,</c>

17:12.733 --> 17:12.743 align:start position:0%
dissipates energy. This acts as a break,
 

17:12.743 --> 17:15.533 align:start position:0%
dissipates energy. This acts as a break,
circularizing<00:18:32.160><c> the</c><00:18:32.400><c> orbit.</c><00:18:33.280><c> As</c><00:18:33.520><c> the</c><00:18:33.679><c> orbit</c>

17:15.533 --> 17:15.543 align:start position:0%
circularizing the orbit. As the orbit
 

17:15.543 --> 17:17.773 align:start position:0%
circularizing the orbit. As the orbit
becomes<00:18:34.480><c> more</c><00:18:34.720><c> circular,</c><00:18:35.520><c> the</c><00:18:35.840><c> tidal</c>

17:17.773 --> 17:17.783 align:start position:0%
becomes more circular, the tidal
 

17:17.783 --> 17:20.012 align:start position:0%
becomes more circular, the tidal
stretching<00:18:36.880><c> stops</c><00:18:37.520><c> and</c><00:18:37.760><c> the</c><00:18:37.919><c> heat</c><00:18:38.240><c> source</c>

17:20.012 --> 17:20.022 align:start position:0%
stretching stops and the heat source
 

17:20.022 --> 17:22.813 align:start position:0%
stretching stops and the heat source
turns<00:18:38.880><c> off.</c><00:18:39.679><c> This</c><00:18:39.919><c> is</c><00:18:40.080><c> also</c><00:18:40.640><c> how</c><00:18:40.799><c> we</c><00:18:41.039><c> know</c><00:18:41.200><c> that</c>

17:22.813 --> 17:22.823 align:start position:0%
turns off. This is also how we know that
 

17:22.823 --> 17:25.693 align:start position:0%
turns off. This is also how we know that
the<00:18:41.600><c> ocean</c><00:18:42.000><c> must</c><00:18:42.400><c> be</c><00:18:42.640><c> new.</c><00:18:43.440><c> If</c><00:18:43.679><c> it</c><00:18:43.919><c> was</c>

17:25.693 --> 17:25.703 align:start position:0%
the ocean must be new. If it was
 

17:25.703 --> 17:29.053 align:start position:0%
the ocean must be new. If it was
ancient,<00:18:45.039><c> Mimis'</c><00:18:45.679><c> orbit</c><00:18:46.160><c> would</c><00:18:46.640><c> already</c><00:18:47.360><c> be</c>

17:29.053 --> 17:29.063 align:start position:0%
ancient, Mimis' orbit would already be
 

17:29.063 --> 17:32.093 align:start position:0%
ancient, Mimis' orbit would already be
circular.<00:18:48.880><c> Our</c><00:18:49.200><c> best</c><00:18:49.440><c> guesses</c><00:18:49.919><c> put</c><00:18:50.160><c> this</c><00:18:50.320><c> cool</c>

17:32.093 --> 17:32.103 align:start position:0%
circular. Our best guesses put this cool
 

17:32.103 --> 17:34.333 align:start position:0%
circular. Our best guesses put this cool
down<00:18:50.880><c> happening</c><00:18:51.360><c> somewhere</c><00:18:51.840><c> on</c><00:18:52.000><c> the</c><00:18:52.240><c> scale</c><00:18:52.480><c> of</c>

17:34.333 --> 17:34.343 align:start position:0%
down happening somewhere on the scale of
 

17:34.343 --> 17:37.213 align:start position:0%
down happening somewhere on the scale of
millions<00:18:53.280><c> of</c><00:18:53.440><c> years.</c><00:18:54.480><c> But</c><00:18:54.640><c> who</c><00:18:54.880><c> knows</c><00:18:55.520><c> that</c>

17:37.213 --> 17:37.223 align:start position:0%
millions of years. But who knows that
 

17:37.223 --> 17:39.533 align:start position:0%
millions of years. But who knows that
may<00:18:56.080><c> or</c><00:18:56.480><c> may</c><00:18:56.799><c> not</c><00:18:57.039><c> be</c><00:18:57.200><c> long</c><00:18:57.440><c> enough</c><00:18:57.600><c> for</c><00:18:57.840><c> life</c>

17:39.533 --> 17:39.543 align:start position:0%
may or may not be long enough for life
 

17:39.543 --> 17:41.533 align:start position:0%
may or may not be long enough for life
to<00:18:58.320><c> get</c><00:18:58.480><c> going.</c>

17:41.533 --> 17:41.543 align:start position:0%
to get going.
 

17:41.543 --> 17:43.613 align:start position:0%
to get going.
We<00:19:00.320><c> are</c><00:19:00.559><c> lucky</c><00:19:00.880><c> to</c><00:19:01.200><c> be</c><00:19:01.280><c> living</c><00:19:01.520><c> in</c><00:19:01.679><c> the</c><00:19:01.919><c> brief</c>

17:43.613 --> 17:43.623 align:start position:0%
We are lucky to be living in the brief
 

17:43.623 --> 17:46.573 align:start position:0%
We are lucky to be living in the brief
window<00:19:02.480><c> where</c><00:19:02.720><c> Mimis</c><00:19:03.200><c> is</c><00:19:03.360><c> an</c><00:19:03.600><c> ocean</c><00:19:04.080><c> world.</c><00:19:04.880><c> As</c>

17:46.573 --> 17:46.583 align:start position:0%
window where Mimis is an ocean world. As
 

17:46.583 --> 17:49.132 align:start position:0%
window where Mimis is an ocean world. As
its<00:19:05.360><c> orbit</c><00:19:05.760><c> settles</c><00:19:06.240><c> down,</c><00:19:06.799><c> the</c><00:19:07.039><c> ocean</c><00:19:07.280><c> will</c>

17:49.132 --> 17:49.142 align:start position:0%
its orbit settles down, the ocean will
 

17:49.142 --> 17:52.333 align:start position:0%
its orbit settles down, the ocean will
eventually<00:19:08.480><c> begin</c><00:19:08.799><c> to</c><00:19:09.039><c> refreeze</c><00:19:10.160><c> and</c><00:19:10.559><c> this</c>

17:52.333 --> 17:52.343 align:start position:0%
eventually begin to refreeze and this
 

17:52.343 --> 17:55.693 align:start position:0%
eventually begin to refreeze and this
refreezing<00:19:11.760><c> will</c><00:19:12.000><c> be</c><00:19:12.240><c> destructive.</c><00:19:13.440><c> As</c><00:19:13.760><c> water</c>

17:55.693 --> 17:55.703 align:start position:0%
refreezing will be destructive. As water
 

17:55.703 --> 17:58.893 align:start position:0%
refreezing will be destructive. As water
turns<00:19:14.559><c> to</c><00:19:14.720><c> ice,</c><00:19:15.280><c> it</c><00:19:15.520><c> expands.</c><00:19:16.640><c> This</c><00:19:16.880><c> expansion</c>

17:58.893 --> 17:58.903 align:start position:0%
turns to ice, it expands. This expansion
 

17:58.903 --> 18:01.213 align:start position:0%
turns to ice, it expands. This expansion
will<00:19:17.679><c> push</c><00:19:18.000><c> outward</c><00:19:18.400><c> on</c><00:19:18.559><c> the</c><00:19:18.720><c> crust,</c><00:19:19.360><c> likely</c>

18:01.213 --> 18:01.223 align:start position:0%
will push outward on the crust, likely
 

18:01.223 --> 18:03.453 align:start position:0%
will push outward on the crust, likely
shattering<00:19:20.320><c> it</c><00:19:20.640><c> and</c><00:19:20.960><c> creating</c><00:19:21.440><c> massive</c>

18:03.453 --> 18:03.463 align:start position:0%
shattering it and creating massive
 

18:03.463 --> 18:05.773 align:start position:0%
shattering it and creating massive
canyons<00:19:22.559><c> similar</c><00:19:22.960><c> to</c><00:19:23.200><c> those</c><00:19:23.440><c> we</c><00:19:23.679><c> see</c><00:19:23.840><c> on</c>

18:05.773 --> 18:05.783 align:start position:0%
canyons similar to those we see on
 

18:05.783 --> 18:08.333 align:start position:0%
canyons similar to those we see on
Sharon<00:19:24.799><c> or</c><00:19:25.120><c> Dioni.</c>

18:08.333 --> 18:08.343 align:start position:0%
Sharon or Dioni.
 

18:08.343 --> 18:10.973 align:start position:0%
Sharon or Dioni.
It<00:19:27.120><c> turns</c><00:19:27.360><c> out</c><00:19:27.760><c> that</c><00:19:28.000><c> the</c><00:19:28.160><c> mimis</c><00:19:28.640><c> we</c><00:19:28.799><c> see</c><00:19:28.960><c> today</c>

18:10.973 --> 18:10.983 align:start position:0%
It turns out that the mimis we see today
 

18:10.983 --> 18:14.173 align:start position:0%
It turns out that the mimis we see today
is<00:19:29.760><c> a</c><00:19:30.080><c> snapshot</c><00:19:30.799><c> of</c><00:19:30.960><c> a</c><00:19:31.200><c> world</c><00:19:31.440><c> in</c><00:19:31.679><c> transition.</c>

18:14.173 --> 18:14.183 align:start position:0%
is a snapshot of a world in transition.
 

18:14.183 --> 18:16.492 align:start position:0%
is a snapshot of a world in transition.
A<00:19:32.960><c> change</c><00:19:33.200><c> that</c><00:19:33.440><c> will</c><00:19:33.760><c> eventually</c><00:19:34.480><c> destroy</c>

18:16.492 --> 18:16.502 align:start position:0%
A change that will eventually destroy
 

18:16.502 --> 18:20.893 align:start position:0%
A change that will eventually destroy
the<00:19:35.280><c> moon</c><00:19:35.760><c> as</c><00:19:36.000><c> we</c><00:19:36.240><c> know</c><00:19:36.400><c> it.</c>

18:20.893 --> 18:20.903 align:start position:0%
 
 

18:20.903 --> 18:23.372 align:start position:0%
 
The<00:19:39.679><c> story</c><00:19:39.919><c> of</c><00:19:40.160><c> Mimis</c><00:19:40.559><c> is</c><00:19:40.720><c> a</c><00:19:41.039><c> humbling</c><00:19:41.600><c> lesson</c>

18:23.372 --> 18:23.382 align:start position:0%
The story of Mimis is a humbling lesson
 

18:23.382 --> 18:26.012 align:start position:0%
The story of Mimis is a humbling lesson
in<00:19:42.160><c> planetary</c><00:19:42.640><c> science.</c><00:19:43.520><c> For</c><00:19:43.840><c> centuries,</c><00:19:44.320><c> we</c>

18:26.012 --> 18:26.022 align:start position:0%
in planetary science. For centuries, we
 

18:26.022 --> 18:28.653 align:start position:0%
in planetary science. For centuries, we
saw<00:19:44.880><c> a</c><00:19:45.200><c> cratered</c><00:19:45.760><c> gray</c><00:19:46.080><c> wasteland</c><00:19:46.880><c> and</c>

18:28.653 --> 18:28.663 align:start position:0%
saw a cratered gray wasteland and
 

18:28.663 --> 18:31.533 align:start position:0%
saw a cratered gray wasteland and
assumed<00:19:47.679><c> it</c><00:19:47.919><c> was</c><00:19:48.080><c> devoid</c><00:19:48.559><c> of</c><00:19:48.720><c> activity.</c><00:19:49.760><c> We</c>

18:31.533 --> 18:31.543 align:start position:0%
assumed it was devoid of activity. We
 

18:31.543 --> 18:34.252 align:start position:0%
assumed it was devoid of activity. We
saw<00:19:50.480><c> the</c><00:19:50.720><c> Death</c><00:19:50.960><c> Star</c><00:19:51.520><c> and</c><00:19:51.760><c> assumed</c><00:19:52.160><c> it</c><00:19:52.400><c> was</c><00:19:52.559><c> a</c>

18:34.252 --> 18:34.262 align:start position:0%
saw the Death Star and assumed it was a
 

18:34.262 --> 18:36.973 align:start position:0%
saw the Death Star and assumed it was a
bringer<00:19:53.120><c> of</c><00:19:53.360><c> destruction,</c><00:19:54.320><c> not</c><00:19:54.559><c> a</c><00:19:54.799><c> cradle</c><00:19:55.280><c> of</c>

18:36.973 --> 18:36.983 align:start position:0%
bringer of destruction, not a cradle of
 

18:36.983 --> 18:39.213 align:start position:0%
bringer of destruction, not a cradle of
potential<00:19:56.080><c> habitability.</c>

18:39.213 --> 18:39.223 align:start position:0%
potential habitability.
 

18:39.223 --> 18:41.693 align:start position:0%
potential habitability.
But<00:19:58.000><c> nature</c><00:19:58.400><c> is</c><00:19:58.640><c> far</c><00:19:58.960><c> more</c><00:19:59.280><c> creative</c><00:19:59.760><c> than</c><00:20:00.000><c> our</c>

18:41.693 --> 18:41.703 align:start position:0%
But nature is far more creative than our
 

18:41.703 --> 18:43.853 align:start position:0%
But nature is far more creative than our
assumptions.<00:20:01.280><c> The</c><00:20:01.520><c> confirmation</c><00:20:02.000><c> of</c><00:20:02.160><c> an</c>

18:43.853 --> 18:43.863 align:start position:0%
assumptions. The confirmation of an
 

18:43.863 --> 18:45.773 align:start position:0%
assumptions. The confirmation of an
ocean<00:20:02.640><c> on</c><00:20:02.799><c> Mimis</c><00:20:03.280><c> suggests</c><00:20:03.600><c> that</c><00:20:03.840><c> liquid</c>

18:45.773 --> 18:45.783 align:start position:0%
ocean on Mimis suggests that liquid
 

18:45.783 --> 18:48.012 align:start position:0%
ocean on Mimis suggests that liquid
water<00:20:04.640><c> might</c><00:20:04.960><c> be</c><00:20:05.200><c> far</c><00:20:05.520><c> more</c><00:20:05.840><c> common</c><00:20:06.160><c> than</c><00:20:06.320><c> we</c>

18:48.012 --> 18:48.022 align:start position:0%
water might be far more common than we
 

18:48.022 --> 18:51.372 align:start position:0%
water might be far more common than we
ever<00:20:06.880><c> dared</c><00:20:07.200><c> to</c><00:20:07.440><c> dream.</c><00:20:08.640><c> If</c><00:20:08.880><c> a</c><00:20:09.200><c> small</c>

18:51.372 --> 18:51.382 align:start position:0%
ever dared to dream. If a small
 

18:51.382 --> 18:53.853 align:start position:0%
ever dared to dream. If a small
unassuming<00:20:10.640><c> world</c><00:20:10.960><c> like</c><00:20:11.120><c> Mimis</c><00:20:11.600><c> can</c><00:20:11.760><c> hide</c><00:20:12.080><c> a</c>

18:53.853 --> 18:53.863 align:start position:0%
unassuming world like Mimis can hide a
 

18:53.863 --> 18:56.492 align:start position:0%
unassuming world like Mimis can hide a
global<00:20:12.960><c> ocean,</c><00:20:14.000><c> what</c><00:20:14.240><c> about</c><00:20:14.400><c> the</c><00:20:14.559><c> moons</c><00:20:14.880><c> of</c>

18:56.492 --> 18:56.502 align:start position:0%
global ocean, what about the moons of
 

18:56.502 --> 18:58.733 align:start position:0%
global ocean, what about the moons of
Uranus?<00:20:15.919><c> What</c><00:20:16.160><c> about</c><00:20:16.320><c> the</c><00:20:16.559><c> objects</c><00:20:16.960><c> in</c><00:20:17.120><c> the</c>

18:58.733 --> 18:58.743 align:start position:0%
Uranus? What about the objects in the
 

18:58.743 --> 19:01.613 align:start position:0%
Uranus? What about the objects in the
Kyper<00:20:17.760><c> belt?</c><00:20:18.799><c> Mimis</c><00:20:19.280><c> has</c><00:20:19.440><c> taught</c><00:20:19.679><c> us</c><00:20:19.840><c> that</c>

19:01.613 --> 19:01.623 align:start position:0%
Kyper belt? Mimis has taught us that
 

19:01.623 --> 19:03.693 align:start position:0%
Kyper belt? Mimis has taught us that
even<00:20:20.480><c> the</c><00:20:20.799><c> dead</c><00:20:21.120><c> worlds</c><00:20:21.679><c> might</c><00:20:21.919><c> have</c><00:20:22.080><c> a</c>

19:03.693 --> 19:03.703 align:start position:0%
even the dead worlds might have a
 

19:03.703 --> 19:06.492 align:start position:0%
even the dead worlds might have a
heartbeat.<00:20:23.360><c> We</c><00:20:23.760><c> just</c><00:20:24.160><c> have</c><00:20:24.320><c> to</c><00:20:24.480><c> look</c><00:20:24.720><c> close</c>

19:06.492 --> 19:06.502 align:start position:0%
heartbeat. We just have to look close
 

19:06.502 --> 19:13.372 align:start position:0%
heartbeat. We just have to look close
enough<00:20:25.360><c> to</c><00:20:25.600><c> find</c><00:20:25.840><c> it.</c>