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A<00:00:00.800><c> 90-year-old</c><00:00:02.080><c> cosmological</c><00:00:03.120><c> cold</c><00:00:03.520><c> case</c><00:00:04.160><c> may</c>

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A 90-year-old cosmological cold case may
 

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A 90-year-old cosmological cold case may
finally<00:00:05.279><c> have</c><00:00:05.520><c> been</c><00:00:05.759><c> solved.</c>

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finally have been solved.
 

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finally have been solved.
For<00:00:07.600><c> decades,</c><00:00:08.240><c> there</c><00:00:08.400><c> was</c><00:00:08.639><c> a</c><00:00:09.120><c> silent</c><00:00:09.679><c> operator</c>

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For decades, there was a silent operator
 

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For decades, there was a silent operator
lurking<00:00:10.960><c> in</c><00:00:11.120><c> the</c><00:00:11.280><c> shadows</c><00:00:11.599><c> of</c><00:00:11.759><c> the</c><00:00:11.920><c> universe.</c>

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lurking in the shadows of the universe.
 

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lurking in the shadows of the universe.
One<00:00:13.040><c> that</c><00:00:13.280><c> doesn't</c><00:00:13.679><c> emit</c><00:00:14.080><c> light</c><00:00:14.799><c> or</c><00:00:15.200><c> reflect</c>

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One that doesn't emit light or reflect
 

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One that doesn't emit light or reflect
it.<00:00:16.480><c> One</c><00:00:16.640><c> that</c><00:00:16.880><c> our</c><00:00:17.119><c> telescopes</c><00:00:17.920><c> can't</c><00:00:18.400><c> see</c>

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it. One that our telescopes can't see
 

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it. One that our telescopes can't see
despite<00:00:19.520><c> the</c><00:00:19.760><c> fact</c><00:00:19.920><c> that</c><00:00:20.160><c> there</c><00:00:20.320><c> is</c><00:00:20.800><c> six</c><00:00:21.119><c> times</c>

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despite the fact that there is six times
 

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despite the fact that there is six times
more<00:00:21.760><c> of</c><00:00:21.920><c> it</c><00:00:22.080><c> than</c><00:00:22.240><c> there</c><00:00:22.480><c> is</c><00:00:22.640><c> of</c><00:00:22.880><c> the</c><00:00:23.439><c> regular</c>

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more of it than there is of the regular
 

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more of it than there is of the regular
matter<00:00:24.320><c> that</c><00:00:24.640><c> makes</c><00:00:24.880><c> up</c><00:00:25.199><c> you</c><00:00:25.600><c> and</c><00:00:25.920><c> me.</c><00:00:27.039><c> What</c>

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matter that makes up you and me. What
 

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matter that makes up you and me. What
I'm<00:00:27.519><c> talking</c><00:00:27.760><c> about,</c><00:00:28.320><c> of</c><00:00:28.560><c> course,</c><00:00:29.199><c> is</c><00:00:29.519><c> dark</c>

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I'm talking about, of course, is dark
 

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I'm talking about, of course, is dark
matter.<00:00:31.199><c> It's</c><00:00:31.679><c> fundamental</c><00:00:32.320><c> to</c><00:00:32.559><c> our</c><00:00:32.880><c> models</c>

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matter. It's fundamental to our models
 

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matter. It's fundamental to our models
of<00:00:33.280><c> the</c><00:00:33.520><c> universe.</c><00:00:34.480><c> And</c><00:00:34.640><c> yet,</c><00:00:35.280><c> we</c><00:00:35.760><c> still</c><00:00:36.320><c> don't</c>

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of the universe. And yet, we still don't
 

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of the universe. And yet, we still don't
have<00:00:36.719><c> a</c><00:00:36.960><c> clue</c><00:00:37.440><c> what</c><00:00:37.760><c> it</c><00:00:38.000><c> is.</c><00:00:39.200><c> Physicists</c>

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have a clue what it is. Physicists
 

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have a clue what it is. Physicists
across<00:00:40.399><c> the</c><00:00:40.640><c> globe</c><00:00:40.960><c> are</c><00:00:41.200><c> using</c>

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across the globe are using
 

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across the globe are using
state-of-the-art<00:00:42.480><c> particle</c><00:00:43.040><c> accelerators.</c>

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state-of-the-art particle accelerators.
 

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state-of-the-art particle accelerators.
Underground<00:00:44.640><c> laboratories</c><00:00:45.280><c> and</c><00:00:45.520><c> telescopes</c>

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Underground laboratories and telescopes
 

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Underground laboratories and telescopes
in<00:00:46.640><c> an</c><00:00:46.800><c> attempt</c><00:00:47.120><c> to</c><00:00:47.280><c> detect</c><00:00:47.840><c> direct</c><00:00:48.320><c> evidence</c>

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in an attempt to detect direct evidence
 

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in an attempt to detect direct evidence
of<00:00:48.800><c> this</c><00:00:49.039><c> elusive</c><00:00:49.600><c> matter</c><00:00:50.320><c> with</c><00:00:50.800><c> zero</c>

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of this elusive matter with zero
 

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of this elusive matter with zero
success.

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success.
 

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success.
But<00:00:53.199><c> in</c><00:00:53.520><c> November</c><00:00:54.160><c> 2025,</c><00:00:55.199><c> a</c><00:00:55.520><c> paper</c><00:00:55.760><c> was</c>

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But in November 2025, a paper was
 

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But in November 2025, a paper was
published<00:00:56.719><c> that</c><00:00:57.280><c> rocked</c><00:00:57.840><c> the</c><00:00:58.079><c> scientific</c>

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published that rocked the scientific
 

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published that rocked the scientific
community.<00:01:00.000><c> Whilst</c><00:01:00.399><c> trolling</c><00:01:01.039><c> all</c><00:01:01.280><c> data</c><00:01:01.600><c> from</c>

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community. Whilst trolling all data from
 

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community. Whilst trolling all data from
the<00:01:01.920><c> Fermy</c><00:01:02.480><c> telescope,</c><00:01:03.440><c> a</c><00:01:03.680><c> researcher</c><00:01:04.320><c> may</c>

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the Fermy telescope, a researcher may
 

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the Fermy telescope, a researcher may
have<00:01:04.879><c> finally</c><00:01:05.280><c> captured</c><00:01:05.840><c> a</c><00:01:06.159><c> glimpse,</c><00:01:06.960><c> a</c>

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have finally captured a glimpse, a
 

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have finally captured a glimpse, a
telltale<00:01:08.159><c> signature</c><00:01:09.119><c> coming</c><00:01:09.520><c> from</c><00:01:09.920><c> inside</c>

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telltale signature coming from inside
 

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telltale signature coming from inside
the<00:01:10.799><c> Milky</c><00:01:11.200><c> Way.</c><00:01:12.560><c> But</c><00:01:12.799><c> how</c><00:01:12.960><c> can</c><00:01:13.119><c> we</c><00:01:13.360><c> be</c><00:01:13.520><c> sure</c>

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the Milky Way. But how can we be sure
 

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the Milky Way. But how can we be sure
it's<00:01:14.159><c> dark</c><00:01:14.560><c> matter</c><00:01:15.119><c> producing</c><00:01:15.600><c> this</c><00:01:15.840><c> signal?</c>

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it's dark matter producing this signal?
 

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it's dark matter producing this signal?
And<00:01:17.040><c> will</c><00:01:17.280><c> this</c><00:01:17.520><c> mystery</c><00:01:18.159><c> finally</c><00:01:18.640><c> help</c><00:01:18.880><c> us</c>

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And will this mystery finally help us
 

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And will this mystery finally help us
explain<00:01:19.840><c> what</c><00:01:20.240><c> dark</c><00:01:20.560><c> matter</c><00:01:20.960><c> is</c><00:01:21.520><c> after</c><00:01:21.920><c> all</c>

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explain what dark matter is after all
 

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explain what dark matter is after all
this<00:01:22.560><c> time?</c><00:01:23.840><c> I'm</c><00:01:24.080><c> Alex</c><00:01:24.479><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:25.200><c> and</c><00:01:25.439><c> you're</c>

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this time? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're
 

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this time? I'm Alex Mccoan and you're
watching<00:01:25.920><c> Astram.</c><00:01:26.880><c> Join</c><00:01:27.200><c> me</c><00:01:27.360><c> today</c><00:01:27.680><c> as</c><00:01:28.000><c> we</c>

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watching Astram. Join me today as we
 

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watching Astram. Join me today as we
probe<00:01:28.720><c> this</c><00:01:29.119><c> juicy</c><00:01:29.520><c> new</c><00:01:29.840><c> lead</c><00:01:30.320><c> and</c><00:01:30.720><c> answer</c><00:01:31.040><c> the</c>

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probe this juicy new lead and answer the
 

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probe this juicy new lead and answer the
question<00:01:31.680><c> that</c><00:01:32.000><c> I</c><00:01:32.320><c> know</c><00:01:32.560><c> you're</c><00:01:32.960><c> all</c>

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question that I know you're all
 

01:33.360 --> 01:39.830 align:start position:0%
question that I know you're all
thinking.<00:01:34.479><c> Did</c><00:01:34.720><c> we</c><00:01:35.119><c> just</c><00:01:35.360><c> see</c><00:01:35.920><c> dark</c><00:01:36.240><c> matter?</c>

01:39.830 --> 01:39.840 align:start position:0%
 
 

01:39.840 --> 01:42.069 align:start position:0%
 
This<00:01:40.159><c> is</c><00:01:40.560><c> Fritzviki,</c>

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This is Fritzviki,
 

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This is Fritzviki,
a<00:01:42.320><c> Swiss</c><00:01:42.560><c> astronomer</c><00:01:43.200><c> born</c><00:01:43.520><c> in</c><00:01:43.840><c> 1898</c><00:01:45.280><c> who</c>

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a Swiss astronomer born in 1898 who
 

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a Swiss astronomer born in 1898 who
spent<00:01:45.920><c> most</c><00:01:46.159><c> of</c><00:01:46.320><c> his</c><00:01:46.560><c> life</c><00:01:46.880><c> working</c><00:01:47.200><c> at</c><00:01:47.439><c> the</c>

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spent most of his life working at the
 

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spent most of his life working at the
California<00:01:48.320><c> Institute</c><00:01:48.799><c> of</c><00:01:48.960><c> Technology</c><00:01:49.600><c> in</c>

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California Institute of Technology in
 

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California Institute of Technology in
the<00:01:50.079><c> United</c><00:01:50.479><c> States</c><00:01:50.720><c> of</c><00:01:50.960><c> America.</c><00:01:52.000><c> His</c><00:01:52.399><c> time</c>

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the United States of America. His time
 

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the United States of America. His time
at<00:01:52.880><c> Caltech</c><00:01:53.520><c> began</c><00:01:53.920><c> as</c><00:01:54.240><c> part</c><00:01:54.479><c> of</c><00:01:54.640><c> a</c><00:01:54.880><c> research</c>

01:55.190 --> 01:55.200 align:start position:0%
at Caltech began as part of a research
 

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at Caltech began as part of a research
group<00:01:55.520><c> studying</c><00:01:55.920><c> the</c><00:01:56.079><c> physics</c><00:01:56.399><c> of</c><00:01:56.720><c> crystal</c>

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group studying the physics of crystal
 

01:57.200 --> 01:59.749 align:start position:0%
group studying the physics of crystal
structure,<00:01:58.000><c> but</c><00:01:58.240><c> he</c><00:01:58.479><c> was</c><00:01:58.640><c> soon</c><00:01:59.040><c> swept</c><00:01:59.439><c> up</c><00:01:59.600><c> in</c>

01:59.749 --> 01:59.759 align:start position:0%
structure, but he was soon swept up in
 

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structure, but he was soon swept up in
the<00:02:00.000><c> exciting,</c><00:02:00.880><c> newly</c><00:02:01.439><c> emerging</c><00:02:01.920><c> field</c><00:02:02.240><c> of</c>

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the exciting, newly emerging field of
 

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the exciting, newly emerging field of
cosmology.<00:02:03.920><c> Probing</c><00:02:04.399><c> the</c><00:02:04.560><c> mysteries</c><00:02:04.880><c> of</c><00:02:05.040><c> the</c>

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cosmology. Probing the mysteries of the
 

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cosmology. Probing the mysteries of the
cosmos<00:02:05.920><c> became</c><00:02:07.119><c> passion.</c><00:02:08.160><c> And</c><00:02:08.399><c> while</c><00:02:08.720><c> he</c><00:02:09.039><c> was</c>

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cosmos became passion. And while he was
 

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cosmos became passion. And while he was
well<00:02:09.599><c> known</c><00:02:09.840><c> for</c><00:02:10.080><c> having</c><00:02:10.319><c> an</c><00:02:10.560><c> eccentric</c>

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well known for having an eccentric
 

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well known for having an eccentric
personality,<00:02:12.239><c> his</c><00:02:12.560><c> biggest</c><00:02:12.959><c> legacies</c><00:02:13.599><c> were</c>

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personality, his biggest legacies were
 

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personality, his biggest legacies were
his<00:02:14.239><c> discoveries.</c>

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his discoveries.
 

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his discoveries.
His<00:02:16.239><c> research</c><00:02:16.560><c> into</c><00:02:16.879><c> the</c><00:02:17.040><c> origin</c><00:02:17.360><c> of</c><00:02:17.599><c> cosmic</c>

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His research into the origin of cosmic
 

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His research into the origin of cosmic
rays<00:02:18.879><c> led</c><00:02:19.200><c> to</c><00:02:19.360><c> his</c><00:02:19.760><c> conceptualization</c><00:02:21.040><c> and</c>

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rays led to his conceptualization and
 

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rays led to his conceptualization and
coining<00:02:22.000><c> of</c><00:02:22.319><c> the</c><00:02:22.480><c> term</c><00:02:22.959><c> supernova.</c>

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coining of the term supernova.
 

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coining of the term supernova.
He<00:02:24.800><c> cataloged</c><00:02:25.599><c> tens</c><00:02:26.080><c> of</c><00:02:26.400><c> thousands</c><00:02:26.879><c> of</c>

02:27.110 --> 02:27.120 align:start position:0%
He cataloged tens of thousands of
 

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He cataloged tens of thousands of
galaxies<00:02:27.920><c> and</c><00:02:28.160><c> over</c><00:02:28.400><c> the</c><00:02:28.640><c> span</c><00:02:28.879><c> of</c><00:02:29.040><c> his</c><00:02:29.200><c> career</c>

02:29.910 --> 02:29.920 align:start position:0%
galaxies and over the span of his career
 

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galaxies and over the span of his career
published<00:02:30.480><c> hundreds</c><00:02:30.879><c> of</c><00:02:31.040><c> papers</c><00:02:31.360><c> on</c><00:02:31.599><c> a</c><00:02:31.760><c> wide</c>

02:32.070 --> 02:32.080 align:start position:0%
published hundreds of papers on a wide
 

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published hundreds of papers on a wide
array<00:02:32.480><c> of</c><00:02:32.720><c> astronomical</c><00:02:33.440><c> subjects.</c><00:02:34.480><c> But</c>

02:34.710 --> 02:34.720 align:start position:0%
array of astronomical subjects. But
 

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array of astronomical subjects. But
despite<00:02:35.120><c> all</c><00:02:35.360><c> this,</c><00:02:36.000><c> he</c><00:02:36.319><c> is</c><00:02:36.560><c> best</c><00:02:36.879><c> known</c><00:02:37.440><c> as</c>

02:37.670 --> 02:37.680 align:start position:0%
despite all this, he is best known as
 

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despite all this, he is best known as
the<00:02:38.000><c> father</c><00:02:38.560><c> of</c><00:02:38.879><c> dark</c><00:02:39.200><c> matter.</c><00:02:40.640><c> In</c><00:02:40.959><c> 1933,</c><00:02:42.239><c> aged</c>

02:42.790 --> 02:42.800 align:start position:0%
the father of dark matter. In 1933, aged
 

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the father of dark matter. In 1933, aged
35,

02:44.550 --> 02:44.560 align:start position:0%
35,
 

02:44.560 --> 02:46.710 align:start position:0%
35,
was<00:02:44.800><c> measuring</c><00:02:45.200><c> the</c><00:02:45.440><c> red</c><00:02:45.760><c> shift</c><00:02:46.000><c> of</c><00:02:46.160><c> galaxies</c>

02:46.710 --> 02:46.720 align:start position:0%
was measuring the red shift of galaxies
 

02:46.720 --> 02:49.350 align:start position:0%
was measuring the red shift of galaxies
using<00:02:47.040><c> the</c><00:02:47.360><c> Mount</c><00:02:47.760><c> Wilson</c><00:02:48.239><c> telescope,</c><00:02:49.120><c> the</c>

02:49.350 --> 02:49.360 align:start position:0%
using the Mount Wilson telescope, the
 

02:49.360 --> 02:51.589 align:start position:0%
using the Mount Wilson telescope, the
very<00:02:49.599><c> same</c><00:02:49.760><c> that</c><00:02:50.080><c> Edwin</c><00:02:50.480><c> Hubble</c><00:02:50.959><c> had</c><00:02:51.200><c> used</c><00:02:51.440><c> to</c>

02:51.589 --> 02:51.599 align:start position:0%
very same that Edwin Hubble had used to
 

02:51.599 --> 02:54.309 align:start position:0%
very same that Edwin Hubble had used to
prove<00:02:51.920><c> our</c><00:02:52.239><c> universe</c><00:02:52.720><c> was</c><00:02:53.040><c> expanding</c><00:02:53.840><c> just</c><00:02:54.080><c> a</c>

02:54.309 --> 02:54.319 align:start position:0%
prove our universe was expanding just a
 

02:54.319 --> 02:56.790 align:start position:0%
prove our universe was expanding just a
few<00:02:54.480><c> years</c><00:02:54.800><c> before.</c><00:02:55.920><c> Red</c><00:02:56.239><c> shift</c><00:02:56.480><c> is</c><00:02:56.640><c> a</c>

02:56.790 --> 02:56.800 align:start position:0%
few years before. Red shift is a
 

02:56.800 --> 02:59.190 align:start position:0%
few years before. Red shift is a
phenomenon<00:02:57.519><c> whereby</c><00:02:58.080><c> the</c><00:02:58.400><c> light</c><00:02:58.640><c> from</c><00:02:58.959><c> a</c>

02:59.190 --> 02:59.200 align:start position:0%
phenomenon whereby the light from a
 

02:59.200 --> 03:01.110 align:start position:0%
phenomenon whereby the light from a
distant<00:02:59.599><c> object</c><00:03:00.000><c> is</c><00:03:00.239><c> stretched</c><00:03:00.720><c> on</c><00:03:00.879><c> its</c>

03:01.110 --> 03:01.120 align:start position:0%
distant object is stretched on its
 

03:01.120 --> 03:03.509 align:start position:0%
distant object is stretched on its
journey<00:03:01.519><c> from</c><00:03:01.840><c> source</c><00:03:02.239><c> to</c><00:03:02.480><c> observer.</c><00:03:03.360><c> The</c>

03:03.509 --> 03:03.519 align:start position:0%
journey from source to observer. The
 

03:03.519 --> 03:05.270 align:start position:0%
journey from source to observer. The
more<00:03:03.680><c> it's</c><00:03:03.920><c> stretched,</c><00:03:04.640><c> the</c><00:03:04.800><c> longer</c><00:03:05.120><c> the</c>

03:05.270 --> 03:05.280 align:start position:0%
more it's stretched, the longer the
 

03:05.280 --> 03:07.509 align:start position:0%
more it's stretched, the longer the
wavelength<00:03:05.840><c> becomes</c><00:03:06.560><c> and</c><00:03:06.800><c> the</c><00:03:07.040><c> redder</c><00:03:07.360><c> the</c>

03:07.509 --> 03:07.519 align:start position:0%
wavelength becomes and the redder the
 

03:07.519 --> 03:09.830 align:start position:0%
wavelength becomes and the redder the
light<00:03:07.760><c> appears.</c><00:03:08.720><c> This</c><00:03:08.959><c> indicates</c><00:03:09.440><c> that</c><00:03:09.680><c> the</c>

03:09.830 --> 03:09.840 align:start position:0%
light appears. This indicates that the
 

03:09.840 --> 03:12.710 align:start position:0%
light appears. This indicates that the
source<00:03:10.159><c> is</c><00:03:10.480><c> moving</c><00:03:10.959><c> away.</c>

03:12.710 --> 03:12.720 align:start position:0%
source is moving away.
 

03:12.720 --> 03:15.350 align:start position:0%
source is moving away.
Zeroing<00:03:13.360><c> in</c><00:03:13.599><c> on</c><00:03:13.840><c> a</c><00:03:14.080><c> small</c><00:03:14.400><c> patch</c><00:03:14.720><c> of</c><00:03:14.879><c> sky</c><00:03:15.120><c> in</c>

03:15.350 --> 03:15.360 align:start position:0%
Zeroing in on a small patch of sky in
 

03:15.360 --> 03:18.070 align:start position:0%
Zeroing in on a small patch of sky in
the<00:03:15.519><c> Coma</c><00:03:16.000><c> Baron's</c><00:03:16.879><c> constellation</c><00:03:17.599><c> near</c><00:03:17.840><c> the</c>

03:18.070 --> 03:18.080 align:start position:0%
the Coma Baron's constellation near the
 

03:18.080 --> 03:20.710 align:start position:0%
the Coma Baron's constellation near the
Milky<00:03:18.319><c> Way's</c><00:03:18.640><c> north</c><00:03:18.959><c> pole,</c><00:03:19.680><c> Ziki</c><00:03:20.239><c> spotted</c>

03:20.710 --> 03:20.720 align:start position:0%
Milky Way's north pole, Ziki spotted
 

03:20.720 --> 03:23.830 align:start position:0%
Milky Way's north pole, Ziki spotted
something<00:03:21.519><c> incredible.</c><00:03:22.800><c> Galaxies</c><00:03:23.360><c> within</c>

03:23.830 --> 03:23.840 align:start position:0%
something incredible. Galaxies within
 

03:23.840 --> 03:25.990 align:start position:0%
something incredible. Galaxies within
the<00:03:24.000><c> Coma</c><00:03:24.480><c> cluster</c><00:03:24.879><c> were</c><00:03:25.200><c> traveling</c><00:03:25.680><c> at</c>

03:25.990 --> 03:26.000 align:start position:0%
the Coma cluster were traveling at
 

03:26.000 --> 03:28.949 align:start position:0%
the Coma cluster were traveling at
speeds<00:03:26.400><c> that</c><00:03:26.720><c> seemed</c><00:03:27.200><c> impossible</c><00:03:28.319><c> given</c><00:03:28.720><c> the</c>

03:28.949 --> 03:28.959 align:start position:0%
speeds that seemed impossible given the
 

03:28.959 --> 03:31.430 align:start position:0%
speeds that seemed impossible given the
commonly<00:03:29.440><c> accepted</c><00:03:30.000><c> laws</c><00:03:30.239><c> of</c><00:03:30.400><c> physics.</c>

03:31.430 --> 03:31.440 align:start position:0%
commonly accepted laws of physics.
 

03:31.440 --> 03:33.110 align:start position:0%
commonly accepted laws of physics.
Sitting<00:03:31.760><c> at</c><00:03:31.920><c> his</c><00:03:32.080><c> desk,</c><00:03:32.480><c> he</c><00:03:32.640><c> began</c><00:03:32.879><c> to</c>

03:33.110 --> 03:33.120 align:start position:0%
Sitting at his desk, he began to
 

03:33.120 --> 03:35.030 align:start position:0%
Sitting at his desk, he began to
calculate<00:03:33.599><c> the</c><00:03:33.920><c> difference</c><00:03:34.159><c> in</c><00:03:34.400><c> velocities</c>

03:35.030 --> 03:35.040 align:start position:0%
calculate the difference in velocities
 

03:35.040 --> 03:37.589 align:start position:0%
calculate the difference in velocities
between<00:03:35.440><c> eight</c><00:03:35.760><c> of</c><00:03:35.920><c> the</c><00:03:36.080><c> galaxies.</c><00:03:37.200><c> It</c><00:03:37.440><c> was</c>

03:37.589 --> 03:37.599 align:start position:0%
between eight of the galaxies. It was
 

03:37.599 --> 03:42.229 align:start position:0%
between eight of the galaxies. It was
more<00:03:38.000><c> than</c><00:03:38.480><c> 2,000</c><00:03:39.599><c> km</c><00:03:40.480><c> per</c><00:03:40.799><c> second.</c><00:03:41.920><c> These</c>

03:42.229 --> 03:42.239 align:start position:0%
more than 2,000 km per second. These
 

03:42.239 --> 03:44.550 align:start position:0%
more than 2,000 km per second. These
galaxies<00:03:42.720><c> were</c><00:03:42.959><c> traveling</c><00:03:43.440><c> at</c><00:03:43.760><c> such</c><00:03:44.159><c> high</c>

03:44.550 --> 03:44.560 align:start position:0%
galaxies were traveling at such high
 

03:44.560 --> 03:47.030 align:start position:0%
galaxies were traveling at such high
speeds<00:03:45.200><c> that</c><00:03:45.440><c> this</c><00:03:45.680><c> cluster</c><00:03:46.319><c> should</c><00:03:46.720><c> have</c>

03:47.030 --> 03:47.040 align:start position:0%
speeds that this cluster should have
 

03:47.040 --> 03:50.630 align:start position:0%
speeds that this cluster should have
ripped<00:03:47.440><c> itself</c><00:03:47.920><c> limb</c><00:03:48.400><c> from</c><00:03:48.640><c> limb</c><00:03:49.200><c> long</c><00:03:49.440><c> ago.</c>

03:50.630 --> 03:50.640 align:start position:0%
ripped itself limb from limb long ago.
 

03:50.640 --> 03:52.789 align:start position:0%
ripped itself limb from limb long ago.
How<00:03:50.959><c> could</c><00:03:51.360><c> what</c><00:03:51.680><c> he</c><00:03:51.840><c> was</c><00:03:52.080><c> seeing</c><00:03:52.319><c> with</c><00:03:52.560><c> his</c>

03:52.789 --> 03:52.799 align:start position:0%
How could what he was seeing with his
 

03:52.799 --> 03:55.670 align:start position:0%
How could what he was seeing with his
very<00:03:53.120><c> eyes</c><00:03:53.920><c> be</c><00:03:54.159><c> reconciled</c><00:03:54.799><c> with</c><00:03:55.040><c> the</c><00:03:55.280><c> figures</c>

03:55.670 --> 03:55.680 align:start position:0%
very eyes be reconciled with the figures
 

03:55.680 --> 03:58.789 align:start position:0%
very eyes be reconciled with the figures
on<00:03:56.000><c> the</c><00:03:56.239><c> page?</c><00:03:57.360><c> Calculating</c><00:03:58.000><c> the</c><00:03:58.239><c> mass</c><00:03:58.480><c> of</c><00:03:58.640><c> the</c>

03:58.789 --> 03:58.799 align:start position:0%
on the page? Calculating the mass of the
 

03:58.799 --> 04:00.630 align:start position:0%
on the page? Calculating the mass of the
cluster,<00:03:59.599><c> Vicki</c><00:04:00.000><c> realized</c><00:04:00.319><c> that</c><00:04:00.480><c> the</c>

04:00.630 --> 04:00.640 align:start position:0%
cluster, Vicki realized that the
 

04:00.640 --> 04:02.390 align:start position:0%
cluster, Vicki realized that the
gravitational<00:04:01.200><c> pull</c><00:04:01.439><c> of</c><00:04:01.519><c> the</c><00:04:01.680><c> stars</c><00:04:01.920><c> and</c><00:04:02.159><c> gas</c>

04:02.390 --> 04:02.400 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull of the stars and gas
 

04:02.400 --> 04:04.630 align:start position:0%
gravitational pull of the stars and gas
alone<00:04:02.799><c> was</c><00:04:03.200><c> not</c><00:04:03.599><c> strong</c><00:04:03.840><c> enough</c><00:04:04.080><c> to</c><00:04:04.239><c> stop</c><00:04:04.480><c> the</c>

04:04.630 --> 04:04.640 align:start position:0%
alone was not strong enough to stop the
 

04:04.640 --> 04:06.949 align:start position:0%
alone was not strong enough to stop the
galaxies<00:04:05.120><c> from</c><00:04:05.280><c> escaping</c><00:04:05.840><c> one</c><00:04:06.080><c> another.</c><00:04:06.799><c> In</c>

04:06.949 --> 04:06.959 align:start position:0%
galaxies from escaping one another. In
 

04:06.959 --> 04:08.630 align:start position:0%
galaxies from escaping one another. In
fact,<00:04:07.280><c> he</c><00:04:07.519><c> worked</c><00:04:07.760><c> out</c><00:04:07.920><c> that</c><00:04:08.080><c> the</c><00:04:08.319><c> system</c>

04:08.630 --> 04:08.640 align:start position:0%
fact, he worked out that the system
 

04:08.640 --> 04:11.270 align:start position:0%
fact, he worked out that the system
needed<00:04:09.040><c> around</c><00:04:09.519><c> 10</c><00:04:09.920><c> times</c><00:04:10.400><c> more</c><00:04:10.640><c> mass</c><00:04:11.040><c> than</c>

04:11.270 --> 04:11.280 align:start position:0%
needed around 10 times more mass than
 

04:11.280 --> 04:14.949 align:start position:0%
needed around 10 times more mass than
had<00:04:11.519><c> been</c><00:04:11.760><c> observed</c><00:04:12.720><c> just</c><00:04:13.040><c> to</c><00:04:13.280><c> stay</c><00:04:13.599><c> together.</c>

04:14.949 --> 04:14.959 align:start position:0%
had been observed just to stay together.
 

04:14.959 --> 04:17.509 align:start position:0%
had been observed just to stay together.
He<00:04:15.200><c> concluded</c><00:04:15.680><c> that</c><00:04:16.079><c> something</c><00:04:16.560><c> more</c><00:04:17.040><c> must</c><00:04:17.359><c> be</c>

04:17.509 --> 04:17.519 align:start position:0%
He concluded that something more must be
 

04:17.519 --> 04:20.789 align:start position:0%
He concluded that something more must be
at<00:04:17.680><c> work,</c><00:04:18.479><c> something</c><00:04:19.120><c> dark,</c><00:04:20.079><c> enough</c><00:04:20.400><c> to</c><00:04:20.560><c> be</c>

04:20.789 --> 04:20.799 align:start position:0%
at work, something dark, enough to be
 

04:20.799 --> 04:23.590 align:start position:0%
at work, something dark, enough to be
concealed<00:04:21.280><c> from</c><00:04:21.600><c> view,</c><00:04:22.479><c> lurking</c><00:04:22.960><c> deep</c><00:04:23.280><c> within</c>

04:23.590 --> 04:23.600 align:start position:0%
concealed from view, lurking deep within
 

04:23.600 --> 04:25.990 align:start position:0%
concealed from view, lurking deep within
the<00:04:23.840><c> cluster</c><00:04:24.240><c> to</c><00:04:24.560><c> anchor</c><00:04:24.880><c> these</c><00:04:25.199><c> galaxies</c><00:04:25.759><c> in</c>

04:25.990 --> 04:26.000 align:start position:0%
the cluster to anchor these galaxies in
 

04:26.000 --> 04:27.270 align:start position:0%
the cluster to anchor these galaxies in
orbit.

04:27.270 --> 04:27.280 align:start position:0%
orbit.
 

04:27.280 --> 04:32.310 align:start position:0%
orbit.
What<00:04:27.840><c> was</c><00:04:28.479><c> this</c><00:04:29.040><c> dark</c><00:04:29.680><c> matter?</c>

04:32.310 --> 04:32.320 align:start position:0%
What was this dark matter?
 

04:32.320 --> 04:33.909 align:start position:0%
What was this dark matter?
The<00:04:32.479><c> question</c><00:04:32.720><c> of</c><00:04:32.880><c> dark</c><00:04:33.199><c> matter's</c><00:04:33.600><c> true</c>

04:33.909 --> 04:33.919 align:start position:0%
The question of dark matter's true
 

04:33.919 --> 04:35.510 align:start position:0%
The question of dark matter's true
identity<00:04:34.320><c> has</c><00:04:34.560><c> continued</c><00:04:34.960><c> to</c><00:04:35.199><c> plague</c>

04:35.510 --> 04:35.520 align:start position:0%
identity has continued to plague
 

04:35.520 --> 04:37.909 align:start position:0%
identity has continued to plague
cosmologists<00:04:36.320><c> since</c><00:04:36.720><c> Ziki's</c><00:04:37.360><c> study</c><00:04:37.600><c> on</c><00:04:37.759><c> the</c>

04:37.909 --> 04:37.919 align:start position:0%
cosmologists since Ziki's study on the
 

04:37.919 --> 04:41.270 align:start position:0%
cosmologists since Ziki's study on the
Koma<00:04:38.320><c> cluster</c><00:04:38.800><c> over</c><00:04:39.280><c> 90</c><00:04:39.680><c> years</c><00:04:39.919><c> ago.</c><00:04:40.960><c> Dark</c>

04:41.270 --> 04:41.280 align:start position:0%
Koma cluster over 90 years ago. Dark
 

04:41.280 --> 04:44.150 align:start position:0%
Koma cluster over 90 years ago. Dark
matter<00:04:41.680><c> was</c><00:04:41.919><c> so-called</c><00:04:43.040><c> because</c><00:04:43.360><c> of</c><00:04:43.520><c> its</c><00:04:43.840><c> very</c>

04:44.150 --> 04:44.160 align:start position:0%
matter was so-called because of its very
 

04:44.160 --> 04:46.710 align:start position:0%
matter was so-called because of its very
nature.<00:04:44.960><c> This</c><00:04:45.120><c> is</c><00:04:45.280><c> a</c><00:04:45.520><c> substance</c><00:04:45.919><c> that</c><00:04:46.240><c> doesn't</c>

04:46.710 --> 04:46.720 align:start position:0%
nature. This is a substance that doesn't
 

04:46.720 --> 04:49.670 align:start position:0%
nature. This is a substance that doesn't
interact<00:04:47.199><c> with</c><00:04:47.520><c> light.</c><00:04:48.400><c> This</c><00:04:48.720><c> is</c><00:04:48.800><c> a</c><00:04:49.120><c> problem</c>

04:49.670 --> 04:49.680 align:start position:0%
interact with light. This is a problem
 

04:49.680 --> 04:52.310 align:start position:0%
interact with light. This is a problem
because<00:04:50.160><c> light</c><00:04:50.479><c> is</c><00:04:50.720><c> the</c><00:04:51.040><c> primary</c><00:04:51.520><c> tool</c><00:04:51.919><c> we</c><00:04:52.160><c> use</c>

04:52.310 --> 04:52.320 align:start position:0%
because light is the primary tool we use
 

04:52.320 --> 04:54.870 align:start position:0%
because light is the primary tool we use
to<00:04:52.639><c> probe</c><00:04:52.960><c> our</c><00:04:53.280><c> universe</c><00:04:53.919><c> and</c><00:04:54.240><c> understand</c><00:04:54.639><c> how</c>

04:54.870 --> 04:54.880 align:start position:0%
to probe our universe and understand how
 

04:54.880 --> 04:58.390 align:start position:0%
to probe our universe and understand how
it<00:04:55.120><c> works</c><00:04:55.759><c> from</c><00:04:56.000><c> the</c><00:04:56.160><c> micro</c><00:04:56.800><c> to</c><00:04:57.040><c> the</c><00:04:57.199><c> macro.</c>

04:58.390 --> 04:58.400 align:start position:0%
it works from the micro to the macro.
 

04:58.400 --> 05:00.950 align:start position:0%
it works from the micro to the macro.
Dark<00:04:58.720><c> matter</c><00:04:59.199><c> doesn't</c><00:04:59.520><c> emit</c><00:04:59.919><c> light</c><00:05:00.639><c> nor</c>

05:00.950 --> 05:00.960 align:start position:0%
Dark matter doesn't emit light nor
 

05:00.960 --> 05:03.510 align:start position:0%
Dark matter doesn't emit light nor
reflect<00:05:01.360><c> it.</c><00:05:02.000><c> And</c><00:05:02.160><c> it</c><00:05:02.400><c> doesn't</c><00:05:02.720><c> even</c><00:05:03.040><c> absorb</c>

05:03.510 --> 05:03.520 align:start position:0%
reflect it. And it doesn't even absorb
 

05:03.520 --> 05:07.670 align:start position:0%
reflect it. And it doesn't even absorb
light<00:05:03.840><c> to</c><00:05:04.080><c> cast</c><00:05:04.400><c> a</c><00:05:04.639><c> shadow.</c><00:05:05.840><c> So</c><00:05:06.240><c> it</c><00:05:06.560><c> is</c><00:05:07.039><c> truly</c>

05:07.670 --> 05:07.680 align:start position:0%
light to cast a shadow. So it is truly
 

05:07.680 --> 05:10.710 align:start position:0%
light to cast a shadow. So it is truly
invisible.<00:05:08.880><c> And</c><00:05:09.039><c> like</c><00:05:09.360><c> Vicki,</c><00:05:10.000><c> we</c><00:05:10.320><c> instead</c>

05:10.710 --> 05:10.720 align:start position:0%
invisible. And like Vicki, we instead
 

05:10.720 --> 05:12.950 align:start position:0%
invisible. And like Vicki, we instead
have<00:05:10.960><c> to</c><00:05:11.120><c> observe</c><00:05:11.520><c> its</c><00:05:11.840><c> ghostly</c><00:05:12.320><c> effect</c><00:05:12.639><c> on</c>

05:12.950 --> 05:12.960 align:start position:0%
have to observe its ghostly effect on
 

05:12.960 --> 05:15.590 align:start position:0%
have to observe its ghostly effect on
objects<00:05:13.440><c> that</c><00:05:13.759><c> are</c><00:05:14.080><c> visible</c><00:05:14.400><c> to</c><00:05:14.639><c> us</c><00:05:15.120><c> in</c><00:05:15.360><c> order</c>

05:15.590 --> 05:15.600 align:start position:0%
objects that are visible to us in order
 

05:15.600 --> 05:18.070 align:start position:0%
objects that are visible to us in order
to<00:05:15.840><c> perceive</c><00:05:16.320><c> its</c><00:05:16.639><c> presence.</c>

05:18.070 --> 05:18.080 align:start position:0%
to perceive its presence.
 

05:18.080 --> 05:20.230 align:start position:0%
to perceive its presence.
We<00:05:18.320><c> know</c><00:05:18.479><c> dark</c><00:05:18.720><c> matter</c><00:05:19.039><c> is</c><00:05:19.280><c> there</c><00:05:19.600><c> and</c><00:05:19.840><c> that</c><00:05:20.080><c> it</c>

05:20.230 --> 05:20.240 align:start position:0%
We know dark matter is there and that it
 

05:20.240 --> 05:22.870 align:start position:0%
We know dark matter is there and that it
exerts<00:05:20.639><c> a</c><00:05:20.960><c> gravitational</c><00:05:21.759><c> force</c><00:05:22.160><c> on</c><00:05:22.479><c> visible</c>

05:22.870 --> 05:22.880 align:start position:0%
exerts a gravitational force on visible
 

05:22.880 --> 05:26.150 align:start position:0%
exerts a gravitational force on visible
matter.<00:05:23.840><c> But</c><00:05:24.000><c> we</c><00:05:24.240><c> don't</c><00:05:24.720><c> actually</c><00:05:25.120><c> know</c><00:05:25.759><c> what</c>

05:26.150 --> 05:26.160 align:start position:0%
matter. But we don't actually know what
 

05:26.160 --> 05:29.189 align:start position:0%
matter. But we don't actually know what
dark<00:05:26.479><c> matter</c><00:05:26.960><c> is.</c><00:05:28.000><c> The</c><00:05:28.240><c> two</c><00:05:28.479><c> leading</c><00:05:28.800><c> theories</c>

05:29.189 --> 05:29.199 align:start position:0%
dark matter is. The two leading theories
 

05:29.199 --> 05:32.230 align:start position:0%
dark matter is. The two leading theories
today<00:05:29.440><c> are</c><00:05:29.759><c> wimps</c><00:05:30.240><c> and</c><00:05:30.560><c> axons.</c><00:05:31.600><c> Though</c><00:05:31.840><c> we've</c>

05:32.230 --> 05:32.240 align:start position:0%
today are wimps and axons. Though we've
 

05:32.240 --> 05:34.390 align:start position:0%
today are wimps and axons. Though we've
not<00:05:32.479><c> yet</c><00:05:32.720><c> found</c><00:05:32.960><c> hard</c><00:05:33.360><c> evidence</c><00:05:33.759><c> for</c><00:05:34.080><c> either</c>

05:34.390 --> 05:34.400 align:start position:0%
not yet found hard evidence for either
 

05:34.400 --> 05:37.430 align:start position:0%
not yet found hard evidence for either
of<00:05:34.560><c> them</c><00:05:35.039><c> until</c><00:05:35.520><c> November</c><00:05:36.080><c> 2025,</c><00:05:36.880><c> that</c><00:05:37.120><c> is</c>

05:37.430 --> 05:37.440 align:start position:0%
of them until November 2025, that is
 

05:37.440 --> 05:39.430 align:start position:0%
of them until November 2025, that is
when<00:05:37.680><c> that</c><00:05:37.919><c> news</c><00:05:38.320><c> erupted</c><00:05:38.960><c> from</c><00:05:39.199><c> the</c>

05:39.430 --> 05:39.440 align:start position:0%
when that news erupted from the
 

05:39.440 --> 05:41.670 align:start position:0%
when that news erupted from the
University<00:05:39.919><c> of</c><00:05:40.160><c> Tokyo.</c>

05:41.670 --> 05:41.680 align:start position:0%
University of Tokyo.
 

05:41.680 --> 05:45.110 align:start position:0%
University of Tokyo.
Astrophysicist<00:05:42.639><c> Dr.</c><00:05:43.120><c> Tommonary</c><00:05:43.919><c> Tortani</c><00:05:44.800><c> had</c>

05:45.110 --> 05:45.120 align:start position:0%
Astrophysicist Dr. Tommonary Tortani had
 

05:45.120 --> 05:47.990 align:start position:0%
Astrophysicist Dr. Tommonary Tortani had
found<00:05:45.280><c> a</c><00:05:45.520><c> signal</c><00:05:46.160><c> never</c><00:05:46.720><c> identified</c><00:05:47.280><c> before</c>

05:47.990 --> 05:48.000 align:start position:0%
found a signal never identified before
 

05:48.000 --> 05:50.469 align:start position:0%
found a signal never identified before
emanating<00:05:48.639><c> from</c><00:05:48.800><c> the</c><00:05:49.039><c> Milky</c><00:05:49.360><c> Way</c><00:05:50.080><c> and</c><00:05:50.320><c> it</c>

05:50.469 --> 05:50.479 align:start position:0%
emanating from the Milky Way and it
 

05:50.479 --> 05:52.469 align:start position:0%
emanating from the Milky Way and it
appeared<00:05:50.800><c> to</c><00:05:50.960><c> have</c><00:05:51.120><c> the</c><00:05:51.360><c> properties</c><00:05:51.919><c> of</c><00:05:52.240><c> being</c>

05:52.469 --> 05:52.479 align:start position:0%
appeared to have the properties of being
 

05:52.479 --> 05:56.070 align:start position:0%
appeared to have the properties of being
produced<00:05:53.039><c> by</c><00:05:53.440><c> wimps.</c><00:05:54.880><c> Was</c><00:05:55.120><c> this</c><00:05:55.440><c> the</c><00:05:55.759><c> first</c>

05:56.070 --> 05:56.080 align:start position:0%
produced by wimps. Was this the first
 

05:56.080 --> 05:59.189 align:start position:0%
produced by wimps. Was this the first
observational<00:05:56.880><c> evidence</c><00:05:57.280><c> of</c><00:05:57.520><c> dark</c><00:05:57.919><c> matter?</c>

05:59.189 --> 05:59.199 align:start position:0%
observational evidence of dark matter?
 

05:59.199 --> 06:01.189 align:start position:0%
observational evidence of dark matter?
To<00:05:59.440><c> answer</c><00:05:59.680><c> this</c><00:05:59.919><c> question,</c><00:06:00.560><c> we</c><00:06:00.800><c> need</c><00:06:00.960><c> to</c>

06:01.189 --> 06:01.199 align:start position:0%
To answer this question, we need to
 

06:01.199 --> 06:05.510 align:start position:0%
To answer this question, we need to
understand<00:06:01.680><c> the</c><00:06:02.000><c> nature</c><00:06:02.720><c> of</c><00:06:03.039><c> a</c><00:06:03.360><c> wimp.</c><00:06:04.720><c> No,</c><00:06:05.280><c> we</c>

06:05.510 --> 06:05.520 align:start position:0%
understand the nature of a wimp. No, we
 

06:05.520 --> 06:07.830 align:start position:0%
understand the nature of a wimp. No, we
don't<00:06:05.759><c> think</c><00:06:05.919><c> they</c><00:06:06.240><c> are</c><00:06:06.400><c> particularly</c><00:06:07.039><c> shy</c><00:06:07.440><c> or</c>

06:07.830 --> 06:07.840 align:start position:0%
don't think they are particularly shy or
 

06:07.840 --> 06:10.390 align:start position:0%
don't think they are particularly shy or
cowardly<00:06:08.479><c> creatures,</c><00:06:09.280><c> but</c><00:06:09.520><c> they</c><00:06:09.759><c> have</c><00:06:10.240><c> been</c>

06:10.390 --> 06:10.400 align:start position:0%
cowardly creatures, but they have been
 

06:10.400 --> 06:11.990 align:start position:0%
cowardly creatures, but they have been
highly<00:06:10.800><c> successful</c><00:06:11.120><c> in</c><00:06:11.360><c> evading</c><00:06:11.759><c> our</c>

06:11.990 --> 06:12.000 align:start position:0%
highly successful in evading our
 

06:12.000 --> 06:14.629 align:start position:0%
highly successful in evading our
detection<00:06:12.479><c> so</c><00:06:12.720><c> far.</c><00:06:13.680><c> This</c><00:06:13.919><c> is</c><00:06:14.000><c> a</c><00:06:14.240><c> class</c><00:06:14.400><c> of</c>

06:14.629 --> 06:14.639 align:start position:0%
detection so far. This is a class of
 

06:14.639 --> 06:17.029 align:start position:0%
detection so far. This is a class of
particles<00:06:15.280><c> predicted</c><00:06:15.759><c> to</c><00:06:16.000><c> exist</c><00:06:16.319><c> within</c><00:06:16.800><c> an</c>

06:17.029 --> 06:17.039 align:start position:0%
particles predicted to exist within an
 

06:17.039 --> 06:18.550 align:start position:0%
particles predicted to exist within an
extension<00:06:17.440><c> of</c><00:06:17.600><c> the</c><00:06:17.759><c> standard</c><00:06:18.080><c> model</c><00:06:18.319><c> of</c>

06:18.550 --> 06:18.560 align:start position:0%
extension of the standard model of
 

06:18.560 --> 06:20.790 align:start position:0%
extension of the standard model of
particle<00:06:19.039><c> physics</c><00:06:19.520><c> known</c><00:06:19.840><c> as</c><00:06:20.479><c> super</c>

06:20.790 --> 06:20.800 align:start position:0%
particle physics known as super
 

06:20.800 --> 06:24.950 align:start position:0%
particle physics known as super
symmetry.<00:06:22.080><c> Wimps</c><00:06:22.720><c> being</c><00:06:23.440><c> weakly</c><00:06:24.000><c> interacting</c>

06:24.950 --> 06:24.960 align:start position:0%
symmetry. Wimps being weakly interacting
 

06:24.960 --> 06:27.430 align:start position:0%
symmetry. Wimps being weakly interacting
neither<00:06:25.360><c> absorb</c><00:06:25.759><c> nor</c><00:06:26.160><c> emit</c><00:06:26.479><c> light</c><00:06:27.039><c> and</c><00:06:27.199><c> they</c>

06:27.430 --> 06:27.440 align:start position:0%
neither absorb nor emit light and they
 

06:27.440 --> 06:29.029 align:start position:0%
neither absorb nor emit light and they
very<00:06:27.759><c> rarely</c><00:06:28.160><c> interact</c><00:06:28.560><c> with</c><00:06:28.800><c> other</c>

06:29.029 --> 06:29.039 align:start position:0%
very rarely interact with other
 

06:29.039 --> 06:30.469 align:start position:0%
very rarely interact with other
particles<00:06:29.600><c> other</c><00:06:29.919><c> than</c><00:06:30.080><c> through</c>

06:30.469 --> 06:30.479 align:start position:0%
particles other than through
 

06:30.479 --> 06:32.870 align:start position:0%
particles other than through
gravitational<00:06:31.199><c> attraction</c>

06:32.870 --> 06:32.880 align:start position:0%
gravitational attraction
 

06:32.880 --> 06:35.029 align:start position:0%
gravitational attraction
which<00:06:33.120><c> ticks</c><00:06:33.680><c> many</c><00:06:34.000><c> of</c><00:06:34.160><c> the</c><00:06:34.400><c> boxes</c><00:06:34.720><c> we're</c>

06:35.029 --> 06:35.039 align:start position:0%
which ticks many of the boxes we're
 

06:35.039 --> 06:36.550 align:start position:0%
which ticks many of the boxes we're
looking<00:06:35.199><c> for</c><00:06:35.440><c> when</c><00:06:35.680><c> it</c><00:06:35.840><c> comes</c><00:06:36.080><c> to</c><00:06:36.240><c> searching</c>

06:36.550 --> 06:36.560 align:start position:0%
looking for when it comes to searching
 

06:36.560 --> 06:39.189 align:start position:0%
looking for when it comes to searching
for<00:06:36.720><c> dark</c><00:06:37.039><c> matter.</c><00:06:38.160><c> These</c><00:06:38.400><c> properties</c><00:06:38.880><c> also</c>

06:39.189 --> 06:39.199 align:start position:0%
for dark matter. These properties also
 

06:39.199 --> 06:41.909 align:start position:0%
for dark matter. These properties also
make<00:06:39.440><c> them</c><00:06:39.680><c> very</c><00:06:40.160><c> challenging</c><00:06:40.720><c> to</c><00:06:40.960><c> observe.</c>

06:41.909 --> 06:41.919 align:start position:0%
make them very challenging to observe.
 

06:41.919 --> 06:44.070 align:start position:0%
make them very challenging to observe.
However,<00:06:42.400><c> there</c><00:06:42.639><c> is</c><00:06:42.880><c> a</c><00:06:43.120><c> way</c><00:06:43.360><c> in</c><00:06:43.600><c> which</c><00:06:43.840><c> we</c>

06:44.070 --> 06:44.080 align:start position:0%
However, there is a way in which we
 

06:44.080 --> 06:45.909 align:start position:0%
However, there is a way in which we
should<00:06:44.400><c> be</c><00:06:44.560><c> able</c><00:06:44.720><c> to</c><00:06:44.880><c> detect</c><00:06:45.199><c> the</c><00:06:45.440><c> presence</c><00:06:45.680><c> of</c>

06:45.909 --> 06:45.919 align:start position:0%
should be able to detect the presence of
 

06:45.919 --> 06:48.469 align:start position:0%
should be able to detect the presence of
wimps<00:06:46.800><c> and</c><00:06:47.120><c> this</c><00:06:47.360><c> is</c><00:06:47.600><c> through</c><00:06:47.840><c> a</c><00:06:48.080><c> process</c>

06:48.469 --> 06:48.479 align:start position:0%
wimps and this is through a process
 

06:48.479 --> 06:50.469 align:start position:0%
wimps and this is through a process
called<00:06:48.960><c> annihilation.</c>

06:50.469 --> 06:50.479 align:start position:0%
called annihilation.
 

06:50.479 --> 06:53.029 align:start position:0%
called annihilation.
In<00:06:50.720><c> the</c><00:06:50.880><c> standard</c><00:06:51.199><c> model,</c><00:06:52.000><c> all</c><00:06:52.400><c> particles</c>

06:53.029 --> 06:53.039 align:start position:0%
In the standard model, all particles
 

06:53.039 --> 06:56.390 align:start position:0%
In the standard model, all particles
have<00:06:53.280><c> an</c><00:06:53.520><c> anti-particle</c><00:06:54.479><c> pair.</c><00:06:55.600><c> For</c><00:06:55.759><c> example,</c>

06:56.390 --> 06:56.400 align:start position:0%
have an anti-particle pair. For example,
 

06:56.400 --> 06:58.550 align:start position:0%
have an anti-particle pair. For example,
the<00:06:56.639><c> proton</c><00:06:57.199><c> has</c><00:06:57.600><c> its</c><00:06:57.840><c> antimatter</c>

06:58.550 --> 06:58.560 align:start position:0%
the proton has its antimatter
 

06:58.560 --> 07:01.589 align:start position:0%
the proton has its antimatter
counterpart,<00:06:59.440><c> an</c><00:07:00.000><c> anti-roton.</c>

07:01.589 --> 07:01.599 align:start position:0%
counterpart, an anti-roton.
 

07:01.599 --> 07:04.230 align:start position:0%
counterpart, an anti-roton.
Both<00:07:01.840><c> the</c><00:07:02.080><c> proton</c><00:07:02.560><c> and</c><00:07:02.960><c> anti-roton</c><00:07:03.840><c> have</c><00:07:04.080><c> the</c>

07:04.230 --> 07:04.240 align:start position:0%
Both the proton and anti-roton have the
 

07:04.240 --> 07:07.110 align:start position:0%
Both the proton and anti-roton have the
same<00:07:04.400><c> mass</c><00:07:05.120><c> but</c><00:07:05.360><c> possess</c><00:07:05.759><c> an</c><00:07:06.000><c> equal</c><00:07:06.479><c> and</c>

07:07.110 --> 07:07.120 align:start position:0%
same mass but possess an equal and
 

07:07.120 --> 07:10.150 align:start position:0%
same mass but possess an equal and
opposing<00:07:08.080><c> electric</c><00:07:08.560><c> charge.</c><00:07:09.759><c> Another</c>

07:10.150 --> 07:10.160 align:start position:0%
opposing electric charge. Another
 

07:10.160 --> 07:12.070 align:start position:0%
opposing electric charge. Another
example<00:07:10.560><c> is</c><00:07:10.800><c> the</c><00:07:11.039><c> negatively</c><00:07:11.599><c> charged</c>

07:12.070 --> 07:12.080 align:start position:0%
example is the negatively charged
 

07:12.080 --> 07:14.710 align:start position:0%
example is the negatively charged
electron<00:07:12.960><c> whose</c><00:07:13.280><c> pair</c><00:07:13.599><c> is</c><00:07:13.759><c> the</c><00:07:14.080><c> positively</c>

07:14.710 --> 07:14.720 align:start position:0%
electron whose pair is the positively
 

07:14.720 --> 07:17.749 align:start position:0%
electron whose pair is the positively
charged<00:07:15.440><c> posetron.</c><00:07:16.880><c> You</c><00:07:17.120><c> might</c><00:07:17.280><c> not</c><00:07:17.520><c> realize</c>

07:17.749 --> 07:17.759 align:start position:0%
charged posetron. You might not realize
 

07:17.759 --> 07:20.790 align:start position:0%
charged posetron. You might not realize
it,<00:07:18.000><c> but</c><00:07:18.319><c> antimatter</c><00:07:19.039><c> is</c><00:07:19.440><c> everywhere.</c><00:07:20.560><c> It's</c>

07:20.790 --> 07:20.800 align:start position:0%
it, but antimatter is everywhere. It's
 

07:20.800 --> 07:24.150 align:start position:0%
it, but antimatter is everywhere. It's
even<00:07:21.120><c> emitted</c><00:07:21.680><c> by</c><00:07:22.000><c> your</c><00:07:22.400><c> regular</c><00:07:22.880><c> banana.</c>

07:24.150 --> 07:24.160 align:start position:0%
even emitted by your regular banana.
 

07:24.160 --> 07:26.469 align:start position:0%
even emitted by your regular banana.
When<00:07:24.400><c> a</c><00:07:24.560><c> particle</c><00:07:25.039><c> meets</c><00:07:25.360><c> its</c><00:07:25.599><c> antiparticle,</c>

07:26.469 --> 07:26.479 align:start position:0%
When a particle meets its antiparticle,
 

07:26.479 --> 07:28.390 align:start position:0%
When a particle meets its antiparticle,
they<00:07:26.960><c> cancel</c><00:07:27.360><c> each</c><00:07:27.520><c> other</c><00:07:27.759><c> out</c><00:07:28.000><c> and</c>

07:28.390 --> 07:28.400 align:start position:0%
they cancel each other out and
 

07:28.400 --> 07:31.270 align:start position:0%
they cancel each other out and
annihilate,<00:07:29.520><c> releasing</c><00:07:30.000><c> a</c><00:07:30.319><c> signature</c><00:07:30.880><c> burst</c>

07:31.270 --> 07:31.280 align:start position:0%
annihilate, releasing a signature burst
 

07:31.280 --> 07:33.830 align:start position:0%
annihilate, releasing a signature burst
of<00:07:31.520><c> radiation,</c><00:07:32.560><c> often</c><00:07:32.960><c> in</c><00:07:33.120><c> the</c><00:07:33.280><c> form</c><00:07:33.599><c> of</c>

07:33.830 --> 07:33.840 align:start position:0%
of radiation, often in the form of
 

07:33.840 --> 07:36.790 align:start position:0%
of radiation, often in the form of
photons<00:07:34.479><c> and</c><00:07:34.720><c> gamma</c><00:07:35.039><c> rays.</c><00:07:36.160><c> The</c><00:07:36.400><c> energy</c>

07:36.790 --> 07:36.800 align:start position:0%
photons and gamma rays. The energy
 

07:36.800 --> 07:38.710 align:start position:0%
photons and gamma rays. The energy
profile<00:07:37.199><c> of</c><00:07:37.440><c> those</c><00:07:37.680><c> gamma</c><00:07:38.000><c> rays</c><00:07:38.319><c> can</c><00:07:38.560><c> be</c>

07:38.710 --> 07:38.720 align:start position:0%
profile of those gamma rays can be
 

07:38.720 --> 07:41.029 align:start position:0%
profile of those gamma rays can be
measured<00:07:39.280><c> and</c><00:07:39.520><c> is</c><00:07:39.759><c> related</c><00:07:40.160><c> to</c><00:07:40.400><c> the</c><00:07:40.560><c> mass</c><00:07:40.880><c> of</c>

07:41.029 --> 07:41.039 align:start position:0%
measured and is related to the mass of
 

07:41.039 --> 07:43.990 align:start position:0%
measured and is related to the mass of
the<00:07:41.360><c> original</c><00:07:41.840><c> particles.</c><00:07:43.199><c> We</c><00:07:43.520><c> believe</c><00:07:43.759><c> the</c>

07:43.990 --> 07:44.000 align:start position:0%
the original particles. We believe the
 

07:44.000 --> 07:46.309 align:start position:0%
the original particles. We believe the
mass<00:07:44.240><c> of</c><00:07:44.319><c> a</c><00:07:44.479><c> wimp</c><00:07:44.800><c> to</c><00:07:44.960><c> be</c><00:07:45.199><c> between</c><00:07:45.680><c> 10</c><00:07:46.000><c> and</c>

07:46.309 --> 07:46.319 align:start position:0%
mass of a wimp to be between 10 and
 

07:46.319 --> 07:49.110 align:start position:0%
mass of a wimp to be between 10 and
thousands<00:07:46.960><c> of</c><00:07:47.280><c> times</c><00:07:47.599><c> that</c><00:07:47.840><c> of</c><00:07:48.080><c> a</c><00:07:48.240><c> proton.</c>

07:49.110 --> 07:49.120 align:start position:0%
thousands of times that of a proton.
 

07:49.120 --> 07:51.430 align:start position:0%
thousands of times that of a proton.
Yes,<00:07:49.360><c> that's</c><00:07:49.759><c> quite</c><00:07:50.080><c> the</c><00:07:50.319><c> range.</c><00:07:51.039><c> And</c><00:07:51.280><c> the</c>

07:51.430 --> 07:51.440 align:start position:0%
Yes, that's quite the range. And the
 

07:51.440 --> 07:53.270 align:start position:0%
Yes, that's quite the range. And the
resulting<00:07:51.840><c> gamma</c><00:07:52.160><c> rays</c><00:07:52.560><c> would</c><00:07:52.800><c> have</c><00:07:52.960><c> a</c>

07:53.270 --> 07:53.280 align:start position:0%
resulting gamma rays would have a
 

07:53.280 --> 07:56.230 align:start position:0%
resulting gamma rays would have a
corresponding<00:07:54.160><c> energy</c><00:07:54.639><c> signature.</c><00:07:56.000><c> If</c>

07:56.230 --> 07:56.240 align:start position:0%
corresponding energy signature. If
 

07:56.240 --> 07:58.390 align:start position:0%
corresponding energy signature. If
another<00:07:56.720><c> eccentric</c><00:07:57.360><c> physicist</c><00:07:57.840><c> by</c><00:07:58.080><c> the</c><00:07:58.240><c> name</c>

07:58.390 --> 07:58.400 align:start position:0%
another eccentric physicist by the name
 

07:58.400 --> 08:00.550 align:start position:0%
another eccentric physicist by the name
of<00:07:58.639><c> Albert</c><00:07:59.039><c> Einstein</c><00:07:59.520><c> is</c><00:07:59.759><c> coming</c><00:08:00.000><c> to</c><00:08:00.160><c> mind</c><00:08:00.400><c> for</c>

08:00.550 --> 08:00.560 align:start position:0%
of Albert Einstein is coming to mind for
 

08:00.560 --> 08:02.629 align:start position:0%
of Albert Einstein is coming to mind for
you<00:08:00.800><c> right</c><00:08:00.960><c> now,</c><00:08:01.520><c> you'd</c><00:08:01.840><c> be</c><00:08:01.919><c> correct</c><00:08:02.240><c> to</c><00:08:02.400><c> make</c>

08:02.629 --> 08:02.639 align:start position:0%
you right now, you'd be correct to make
 

08:02.639 --> 08:05.189 align:start position:0%
you right now, you'd be correct to make
this<00:08:02.879><c> connection.</c><00:08:04.080><c> Einstein's</c><00:08:04.800><c> famous</c>

08:05.189 --> 08:05.199 align:start position:0%
this connection. Einstein's famous
 

08:05.199 --> 08:08.469 align:start position:0%
this connection. Einstein's famous
equation<00:08:05.840><c> E=</c><00:08:06.479><c> MC²</c><00:08:07.199><c> revealed</c><00:08:07.520><c> that</c><00:08:07.840><c> mass</c><00:08:08.160><c> and</c>

08:08.469 --> 08:08.479 align:start position:0%
equation E= MC² revealed that mass and
 

08:08.479 --> 08:10.950 align:start position:0%
equation E= MC² revealed that mass and
energy<00:08:09.120><c> are</c><00:08:09.360><c> interchangeable</c><00:08:10.560><c> and</c><00:08:10.800><c> the</c>

08:10.950 --> 08:10.960 align:start position:0%
energy are interchangeable and the
 

08:10.960 --> 08:13.589 align:start position:0%
energy are interchangeable and the
annihilation<00:08:11.599><c> of</c><00:08:11.840><c> a</c><00:08:12.000><c> pair</c><00:08:12.240><c> of</c><00:08:12.479><c> particles</c><00:08:13.360><c> is</c>

08:13.589 --> 08:13.599 align:start position:0%
annihilation of a pair of particles is
 

08:13.599 --> 08:15.749 align:start position:0%
annihilation of a pair of particles is
the<00:08:13.840><c> most</c><00:08:14.080><c> beautiful</c><00:08:14.560><c> and</c><00:08:14.879><c> fundamental</c>

08:15.749 --> 08:15.759 align:start position:0%
the most beautiful and fundamental
 

08:15.759 --> 08:18.869 align:start position:0%
the most beautiful and fundamental
example<00:08:16.240><c> of</c><00:08:16.560><c> this</c><00:08:16.800><c> formula</c><00:08:17.280><c> in</c><00:08:17.520><c> action.</c>

08:18.869 --> 08:18.879 align:start position:0%
example of this formula in action.
 

08:18.879 --> 08:22.230 align:start position:0%
example of this formula in action.
Anyway,<00:08:19.680><c> back</c><00:08:20.000><c> to</c><00:08:20.160><c> dark</c><00:08:20.479><c> matter.</c><00:08:21.440><c> Gamma</c><00:08:21.840><c> rays</c>

08:22.230 --> 08:22.240 align:start position:0%
Anyway, back to dark matter. Gamma rays
 

08:22.240 --> 08:23.990 align:start position:0%
Anyway, back to dark matter. Gamma rays
are<00:08:22.479><c> incredibly</c><00:08:23.120><c> helpful</c><00:08:23.520><c> clues</c><00:08:23.840><c> for</c>

08:23.990 --> 08:24.000 align:start position:0%
are incredibly helpful clues for
 

08:24.000 --> 08:26.469 align:start position:0%
are incredibly helpful clues for
astronomers.<00:08:25.120><c> Like</c><00:08:25.360><c> fingerprints</c><00:08:25.919><c> left</c><00:08:26.160><c> at</c><00:08:26.319><c> a</c>

08:26.469 --> 08:26.479 align:start position:0%
astronomers. Like fingerprints left at a
 

08:26.479 --> 08:28.469 align:start position:0%
astronomers. Like fingerprints left at a
crime<00:08:26.800><c> scene,</c><00:08:27.440><c> they</c><00:08:27.680><c> indicate</c><00:08:28.160><c> where</c>

08:28.469 --> 08:28.479 align:start position:0%
crime scene, they indicate where
 

08:28.479 --> 08:30.790 align:start position:0%
crime scene, they indicate where
activity<00:08:29.039><c> has</c><00:08:29.280><c> occurred</c><00:08:29.759><c> in</c><00:08:30.000><c> a</c><00:08:30.240><c> region</c><00:08:30.479><c> of</c><00:08:30.639><c> the</c>

08:30.790 --> 08:30.800 align:start position:0%
activity has occurred in a region of the
 

08:30.800 --> 08:34.310 align:start position:0%
activity has occurred in a region of the
galaxy<00:08:31.680><c> and</c><00:08:32.159><c> where</c><00:08:32.479><c> it</c><00:08:32.880><c> may</c><00:08:33.360><c> be</c><00:08:33.599><c> pertinent</c><00:08:34.080><c> to</c>

08:34.310 --> 08:34.320 align:start position:0%
galaxy and where it may be pertinent to
 

08:34.320 --> 08:37.509 align:start position:0%
galaxy and where it may be pertinent to
take<00:08:34.560><c> a</c><00:08:34.880><c> closer</c><00:08:35.279><c> look.</c><00:08:36.479><c> However,</c><00:08:36.880><c> both</c><00:08:37.120><c> gamma</c>

08:37.509 --> 08:37.519 align:start position:0%
take a closer look. However, both gamma
 

08:37.519 --> 08:39.990 align:start position:0%
take a closer look. However, both gamma
rays<00:08:37.839><c> and</c><00:08:38.080><c> fingerprints</c><00:08:38.800><c> can</c><00:08:39.039><c> be</c><00:08:39.200><c> left</c><00:08:39.440><c> by</c><00:08:39.680><c> a</c>

08:39.990 --> 08:40.000 align:start position:0%
rays and fingerprints can be left by a
 

08:40.000 --> 08:42.389 align:start position:0%
rays and fingerprints can be left by a
myriad<00:08:40.560><c> of</c><00:08:40.800><c> different</c><00:08:41.120><c> sources,</c><00:08:42.159><c> which</c>

08:42.389 --> 08:42.399 align:start position:0%
myriad of different sources, which
 

08:42.399 --> 08:45.590 align:start position:0%
myriad of different sources, which
creates<00:08:42.959><c> a</c><00:08:43.360><c> serious</c><00:08:43.760><c> issue.</c><00:08:44.800><c> Gamma</c><00:08:45.120><c> rays</c><00:08:45.440><c> are</c>

08:45.590 --> 08:45.600 align:start position:0%
creates a serious issue. Gamma rays are
 

08:45.600 --> 08:47.430 align:start position:0%
creates a serious issue. Gamma rays are
created<00:08:45.839><c> and</c><00:08:46.080><c> released</c><00:08:46.399><c> in</c><00:08:46.640><c> all</c><00:08:46.880><c> sorts</c><00:08:47.200><c> of</c>

08:47.430 --> 08:47.440 align:start position:0%
created and released in all sorts of
 

08:47.440 --> 08:49.750 align:start position:0%
created and released in all sorts of
astrophysical<00:08:48.240><c> processes,</c><00:08:49.200><c> from</c><00:08:49.360><c> the</c><00:08:49.519><c> hot</c>

08:49.750 --> 08:49.760 align:start position:0%
astrophysical processes, from the hot
 

08:49.760 --> 08:52.230 align:start position:0%
astrophysical processes, from the hot
accretion<00:08:50.320><c> discs</c><00:08:50.720><c> around</c><00:08:51.040><c> black</c><00:08:51.279><c> holes</c><00:08:52.000><c> to</c>

08:52.230 --> 08:52.240 align:start position:0%
accretion discs around black holes to
 

08:52.240 --> 08:55.030 align:start position:0%
accretion discs around black holes to
the<00:08:52.480><c> death</c><00:08:52.720><c> throws</c><00:08:53.200><c> of</c><00:08:53.279><c> a</c><00:08:53.440><c> dying</c><00:08:53.839><c> star.</c>

08:55.030 --> 08:55.040 align:start position:0%
the death throws of a dying star.
 

08:55.040 --> 08:57.990 align:start position:0%
the death throws of a dying star.
So,<00:08:55.440><c> how</c><00:08:55.760><c> can</c><00:08:56.240><c> we</c><00:08:56.480><c> detect</c><00:08:56.880><c> the</c><00:08:57.200><c> true</c><00:08:57.519><c> signal</c><00:08:57.839><c> of</c>

08:57.990 --> 08:58.000 align:start position:0%
So, how can we detect the true signal of
 

08:58.000 --> 09:00.470 align:start position:0%
So, how can we detect the true signal of
dark<00:08:58.240><c> matter</c><00:08:58.880><c> if</c><00:08:59.200><c> it</c><00:08:59.360><c> is</c><00:08:59.600><c> the</c><00:08:59.760><c> annihilation</c><00:09:00.320><c> of</c>

09:00.470 --> 09:00.480 align:start position:0%
dark matter if it is the annihilation of
 

09:00.480 --> 09:03.910 align:start position:0%
dark matter if it is the annihilation of
wimps<00:09:01.200><c> in</c><00:09:01.519><c> such</c><00:09:01.760><c> a</c><00:09:02.000><c> maelstrom?</c>

09:03.910 --> 09:03.920 align:start position:0%
wimps in such a maelstrom?
 

09:03.920 --> 09:07.590 align:start position:0%
wimps in such a maelstrom?
Well,<00:09:04.480><c> it</c><00:09:04.720><c> takes</c><00:09:05.040><c> a</c><00:09:05.279><c> new</c><00:09:05.839><c> and</c><00:09:06.320><c> honestly</c><00:09:06.959><c> quite</c>

09:07.590 --> 09:07.600 align:start position:0%
Well, it takes a new and honestly quite
 

09:07.600 --> 09:10.949 align:start position:0%
Well, it takes a new and honestly quite
painstaking<00:09:08.480><c> approach.</c>

09:10.949 --> 09:10.959 align:start position:0%
painstaking approach.
 

09:10.959 --> 09:14.389 align:start position:0%
painstaking approach.
In<00:09:11.200><c> early</c><00:09:11.600><c> 2024,</c><00:09:12.720><c> Dr.</c><00:09:13.040><c> Tortani</c><00:09:13.920><c> began</c>

09:14.389 --> 09:14.399 align:start position:0%
In early 2024, Dr. Tortani began
 

09:14.399 --> 09:16.710 align:start position:0%
In early 2024, Dr. Tortani began
dredging<00:09:15.040><c> through</c><00:09:15.279><c> the</c><00:09:15.440><c> Fermy</c><00:09:15.920><c> telescope's</c>

09:16.710 --> 09:16.720 align:start position:0%
dredging through the Fermy telescope's
 

09:16.720 --> 09:19.509 align:start position:0%
dredging through the Fermy telescope's
enormous<00:09:17.360><c> back</c><00:09:17.680><c> catalog</c><00:09:18.480><c> for</c><00:09:18.720><c> clues</c><00:09:19.200><c> in</c>

09:19.509 --> 09:19.519 align:start position:0%
enormous back catalog for clues in
 

09:19.519 --> 09:22.310 align:start position:0%
enormous back catalog for clues in
solving<00:09:19.839><c> this</c><00:09:20.160><c> dark</c><00:09:20.480><c> matter</c><00:09:20.880><c> conundrum.</c><00:09:22.080><c> The</c>

09:22.310 --> 09:22.320 align:start position:0%
solving this dark matter conundrum. The
 

09:22.320 --> 09:24.310 align:start position:0%
solving this dark matter conundrum. The
Fermy<00:09:22.720><c> telescope</c><00:09:23.200><c> is</c><00:09:23.360><c> an</c><00:09:23.600><c> incredible</c><00:09:24.080><c> piece</c>

09:24.310 --> 09:24.320 align:start position:0%
Fermy telescope is an incredible piece
 

09:24.320 --> 09:26.630 align:start position:0%
Fermy telescope is an incredible piece
of<00:09:24.480><c> hardware</c><00:09:25.120><c> designed</c><00:09:25.519><c> to</c><00:09:25.680><c> spot</c><00:09:26.000><c> gamma</c><00:09:26.399><c> ray</c>

09:26.630 --> 09:26.640 align:start position:0%
of hardware designed to spot gamma ray
 

09:26.640 --> 09:29.350 align:start position:0%
of hardware designed to spot gamma ray
bursts<00:09:26.959><c> in</c><00:09:27.200><c> distant</c><00:09:27.519><c> galaxies.</c><00:09:28.640><c> And</c><00:09:28.800><c> while</c><00:09:29.040><c> I</c>

09:26.640 --> 09:30.070 align:start position:0%
astron 5 at checkout get 5% off their
purchase.<00:10:45.519><c> Now,</c><00:10:45.920><c> just</c><00:10:46.079><c> like</c><00:10:46.320><c> Borders</c><00:10:46.880><c> galaxy,</c>

09:29.753 --> 09:29.763 align:start position:0%
purchase. Now, just like Borders galaxy,
 

09:29.763 --> 09:33.032 align:start position:0%
purchase. Now, just like Borders galaxy,
our<00:10:48.000><c> own</c><00:10:48.160><c> Milky</c><00:10:48.560><c> Way</c><00:10:48.880><c> is</c><00:10:49.120><c> a</c><00:10:49.360><c> spiral,</c><00:10:50.079><c> flat</c><00:10:50.640><c> and</c>

09:33.032 --> 09:33.042 align:start position:0%
our own Milky Way is a spiral, flat and
 

09:33.042 --> 09:36.313 align:start position:0%
our own Milky Way is a spiral, flat and
wide.<00:10:52.079><c> The</c><00:10:52.399><c> gravitational</c><00:10:53.200><c> geography</c><00:10:53.680><c> of</c><00:10:53.920><c> our</c>

09:36.313 --> 09:36.323 align:start position:0%
wide. The gravitational geography of our
 

09:36.323 --> 09:38.472 align:start position:0%
wide. The gravitational geography of our
galaxy<00:10:54.720><c> dictates</c><00:10:55.200><c> that</c><00:10:55.440><c> the</c><00:10:55.680><c> majority</c><00:10:56.160><c> of</c>

09:38.472 --> 09:38.482 align:start position:0%
galaxy dictates that the majority of
 

09:38.482 --> 09:40.633 align:start position:0%
galaxy dictates that the majority of
visible<00:10:56.800><c> matter</c><00:10:57.200><c> is</c><00:10:57.519><c> concentrated</c><00:10:58.160><c> in</c><00:10:58.399><c> the</c>

09:40.633 --> 09:40.643 align:start position:0%
visible matter is concentrated in the
 

09:40.643 --> 09:43.273 align:start position:0%
visible matter is concentrated in the
galactic<00:10:59.120><c> plane.</c><00:11:00.000><c> From</c><00:11:00.240><c> the</c><00:11:00.320><c> outer</c><00:11:00.640><c> tendrils</c>

09:43.273 --> 09:43.283 align:start position:0%
galactic plane. From the outer tendrils
 

09:43.283 --> 09:45.993 align:start position:0%
galactic plane. From the outer tendrils
of<00:11:01.279><c> the</c><00:11:01.440><c> spiral</c><00:11:01.920><c> arms</c><00:11:02.560><c> to</c><00:11:02.800><c> the</c><00:11:02.959><c> densely</c><00:11:03.519><c> packed</c>

09:45.993 --> 09:46.003 align:start position:0%
of the spiral arms to the densely packed
 

09:46.003 --> 09:49.352 align:start position:0%
of the spiral arms to the densely packed
galactic<00:11:04.480><c> center,</c><00:11:05.600><c> all</c><00:11:06.000><c> manner</c><00:11:06.399><c> of</c><00:11:06.560><c> stars,</c>

09:49.352 --> 09:49.362 align:start position:0%
galactic center, all manner of stars,
 

09:49.362 --> 09:51.673 align:start position:0%
galactic center, all manner of stars,
planets,<00:11:07.839><c> and</c><00:11:08.079><c> our</c><00:11:08.399><c> Bmouth</c><00:11:08.959><c> super</c><00:11:09.200><c> massive</c>

09:51.673 --> 09:51.683 align:start position:0%
planets, and our Bmouth super massive
 

09:51.683 --> 09:54.873 align:start position:0%
planets, and our Bmouth super massive
black<00:11:09.839><c> hole</c><00:11:10.399><c> Sagittarius</c><00:11:11.200><c> A</c><00:11:11.440><c> star</c><00:11:12.320><c> make</c><00:11:12.560><c> up</c>

09:54.873 --> 09:54.883 align:start position:0%
black hole Sagittarius A star make up
 

09:54.883 --> 09:57.912 align:start position:0%
black hole Sagittarius A star make up
our<00:11:13.120><c> home</c><00:11:13.440><c> galaxy.</c><00:11:14.880><c> Naturally,</c><00:11:15.360><c> this</c><00:11:15.600><c> means</c>

09:57.912 --> 09:57.922 align:start position:0%
our home galaxy. Naturally, this means
 

09:57.922 --> 09:59.993 align:start position:0%
our home galaxy. Naturally, this means
that<00:11:16.079><c> the</c><00:11:16.240><c> majority</c><00:11:16.640><c> of</c><00:11:16.880><c> sources</c><00:11:17.279><c> of</c><00:11:17.600><c> high</c>

09:59.993 --> 10:00.003 align:start position:0%
that the majority of sources of high
 

10:00.003 --> 10:03.513 align:start position:0%
that the majority of sources of high
energy<00:11:18.320><c> radiation</c><00:11:19.200><c> that</c><00:11:19.440><c> is</c><00:11:19.839><c> gamma</c><00:11:20.240><c> rays</c><00:11:21.120><c> are</c>

10:03.513 --> 10:03.523 align:start position:0%
energy radiation that is gamma rays are
 

10:03.523 --> 10:06.233 align:start position:0%
energy radiation that is gamma rays are
located<00:11:21.920><c> in</c><00:11:22.160><c> the</c><00:11:22.320><c> plane</c><00:11:22.720><c> too.</c><00:11:23.600><c> But</c><00:11:23.760><c> when</c><00:11:24.000><c> we</c>

10:06.233 --> 10:06.243 align:start position:0%
located in the plane too. But when we
 

10:06.243 --> 10:08.393 align:start position:0%
located in the plane too. But when we
observe<00:11:24.560><c> the</c><00:11:24.800><c> movement</c><00:11:25.120><c> of</c><00:11:25.360><c> stars</c><00:11:25.760><c> and</c><00:11:26.000><c> gas</c>

10:08.393 --> 10:08.403 align:start position:0%
observe the movement of stars and gas
 

10:08.403 --> 10:10.793 align:start position:0%
observe the movement of stars and gas
around<00:11:26.640><c> the</c><00:11:26.880><c> galaxy,</c><00:11:27.920><c> this</c><00:11:28.160><c> indicates</c><00:11:28.560><c> that</c>

10:10.793 --> 10:10.803 align:start position:0%
around the galaxy, this indicates that
 

10:10.803 --> 10:13.352 align:start position:0%
around the galaxy, this indicates that
the<00:11:28.880><c> dark</c><00:11:29.120><c> matter</c><00:11:29.519><c> has</c><00:11:29.760><c> a</c><00:11:30.000><c> different</c><00:11:30.320><c> shape.</c>

10:13.352 --> 10:13.362 align:start position:0%
the dark matter has a different shape.
 

10:13.362 --> 10:15.833 align:start position:0%
the dark matter has a different shape.
It<00:11:31.440><c> is</c><00:11:31.839><c> not</c><00:11:32.399><c> concentrated</c><00:11:32.959><c> in</c><00:11:33.200><c> the</c><00:11:33.279><c> galactic</c>

10:15.833 --> 10:15.843 align:start position:0%
It is not concentrated in the galactic
 

10:15.843 --> 10:18.953 align:start position:0%
It is not concentrated in the galactic
plane<00:11:34.079><c> as</c><00:11:34.240><c> we</c><00:11:34.480><c> might</c><00:11:34.800><c> expect,</c><00:11:35.600><c> but</c><00:11:35.839><c> it</c><00:11:36.079><c> extends</c>

10:18.953 --> 10:18.963 align:start position:0%
plane as we might expect, but it extends
 

10:18.963 --> 10:21.513 align:start position:0%
plane as we might expect, but it extends
around<00:11:37.360><c> the</c><00:11:37.600><c> Milky</c><00:11:37.920><c> Way</c><00:11:38.560><c> in</c><00:11:38.800><c> a</c><00:11:39.040><c> sphere</c>

10:21.513 --> 10:21.523 align:start position:0%
around the Milky Way in a sphere
 

10:21.523 --> 10:25.273 align:start position:0%
around the Milky Way in a sphere
structure<00:11:40.000><c> termed</c><00:11:40.399><c> the</c><00:11:40.640><c> halo.</c><00:11:41.920><c> By</c><00:11:42.160><c> scraping</c>

10:25.273 --> 10:25.283 align:start position:0%
structure termed the halo. By scraping
 

10:25.283 --> 10:28.393 align:start position:0%
structure termed the halo. By scraping
15<00:11:43.760><c> years</c><00:11:44.240><c> worth</c><00:11:44.480><c> of</c><00:11:44.640><c> Fmy</c><00:11:45.040><c> data</c><00:11:45.680><c> and</c><00:11:45.920><c> blocking</c>

10:28.393 --> 10:28.403 align:start position:0%
15 years worth of Fmy data and blocking
 

10:28.403 --> 10:30.953 align:start position:0%
15 years worth of Fmy data and blocking
out<00:11:46.480><c> the</c><00:11:46.720><c> blinding</c><00:11:47.519><c> gammaray</c><00:11:48.160><c> rich</c><00:11:48.480><c> center</c><00:11:48.720><c> of</c>

10:30.953 --> 10:30.963 align:start position:0%
out the blinding gammaray rich center of
 

10:30.963 --> 10:33.833 align:start position:0%
out the blinding gammaray rich center of
the<00:11:49.040><c> galaxy</c><00:11:49.440><c> from</c><00:11:49.680><c> his</c><00:11:49.920><c> study,</c><00:11:50.560><c> Dr.</c><00:11:50.880><c> Totani</c>

10:33.833 --> 10:33.843 align:start position:0%
the galaxy from his study, Dr. Totani
 

10:33.843 --> 10:36.553 align:start position:0%
the galaxy from his study, Dr. Totani
has<00:11:52.079><c> been</c><00:11:52.240><c> able</c><00:11:52.560><c> to</c><00:11:52.800><c> diligently</c><00:11:53.440><c> remove</c><00:11:54.079><c> known</c>

10:36.553 --> 10:36.563 align:start position:0%
has been able to diligently remove known
 

10:36.563 --> 10:38.713 align:start position:0%
has been able to diligently remove known
astrophysical<00:11:55.279><c> producers</c><00:11:55.680><c> of</c><00:11:55.839><c> gamma</c><00:11:56.240><c> rays</c>

10:38.713 --> 10:38.723 align:start position:0%
astrophysical producers of gamma rays
 

10:38.723 --> 10:42.233 align:start position:0%
astrophysical producers of gamma rays
from<00:11:56.880><c> the</c><00:11:57.120><c> background</c><00:11:58.079><c> source</c><00:11:58.560><c> by</c><00:11:59.120><c> source.</c>

10:42.233 --> 10:42.243 align:start position:0%
from the background source by source.
 

10:42.243 --> 10:44.793 align:start position:0%
from the background source by source.
What<00:12:00.399><c> was</c><00:12:00.640><c> left</c><00:12:01.200><c> has</c><00:12:01.600><c> flawed</c><00:12:02.079><c> the</c><00:12:02.240><c> scientific</c>

10:44.793 --> 10:44.803 align:start position:0%
What was left has flawed the scientific
 

10:44.803 --> 10:48.633 align:start position:0%
What was left has flawed the scientific
community<00:12:03.519><c> and</c><00:12:03.839><c> me.</c><00:12:04.720><c> Honestly,</c><00:12:05.519><c> this</c><00:12:05.839><c> is</c><00:12:06.240><c> so</c>

10:48.633 --> 10:48.643 align:start position:0%
community and me. Honestly, this is so
 

10:48.643 --> 10:52.712 align:start position:0%
community and me. Honestly, this is so
exciting.<00:12:07.920><c> A</c><00:12:08.160><c> unique</c><00:12:08.800><c> pattern</c><00:12:09.279><c> of</c><00:12:09.519><c> gamma</c><00:12:09.920><c> rays</c>

10:52.712 --> 10:52.722 align:start position:0%
exciting. A unique pattern of gamma rays
 

10:52.722 --> 10:55.433 align:start position:0%
exciting. A unique pattern of gamma rays
in<00:12:10.880><c> the</c><00:12:11.040><c> ghostly</c><00:12:11.519><c> shape</c><00:12:11.839><c> of</c><00:12:12.079><c> the</c><00:12:12.320><c> Milky</c><00:12:12.720><c> Ways</c>

10:55.433 --> 10:55.443 align:start position:0%
in the ghostly shape of the Milky Ways
 

10:55.443 --> 10:58.953 align:start position:0%
in the ghostly shape of the Milky Ways
predicted<00:12:14.240><c> dark</c><00:12:14.560><c> matter</c><00:12:14.959><c> halo.</c><00:12:16.320><c> But</c><00:12:16.560><c> Dr.</c>

10:58.953 --> 10:58.963 align:start position:0%
predicted dark matter halo. But Dr.
 

10:58.963 --> 11:01.273 align:start position:0%
predicted dark matter halo. But Dr.
Totani's<00:12:17.519><c> research</c><00:12:17.920><c> takes</c><00:12:18.320><c> this</c><00:12:18.480><c> theory</c>

11:01.273 --> 11:01.283 align:start position:0%
Totani's research takes this theory
 

11:01.283 --> 11:04.553 align:start position:0%
Totani's research takes this theory
another<00:12:19.680><c> step</c><00:12:20.000><c> further.</c><00:12:21.279><c> Not</c><00:12:21.680><c> only</c><00:12:22.240><c> were</c>

11:04.553 --> 11:04.563 align:start position:0%
another step further. Not only were
 

11:04.563 --> 11:06.233 align:start position:0%
another step further. Not only were
these<00:12:22.800><c> gamma</c><00:12:23.120><c> rays</c><00:12:23.440><c> revealed</c><00:12:23.760><c> to</c><00:12:23.920><c> be</c>

11:06.233 --> 11:06.243 align:start position:0%
these gamma rays revealed to be
 

11:06.243 --> 11:08.313 align:start position:0%
these gamma rays revealed to be
populating<00:12:24.720><c> the</c><00:12:24.959><c> correct</c><00:12:25.279><c> shape</c><00:12:25.839><c> and</c>

11:08.313 --> 11:08.323 align:start position:0%
populating the correct shape and
 

11:08.323 --> 11:11.032 align:start position:0%
populating the correct shape and
structure<00:12:26.800><c> to</c><00:12:27.040><c> be</c><00:12:27.279><c> the</c><00:12:27.440><c> dark</c><00:12:27.760><c> matter</c><00:12:28.079><c> halo,</c>

11:11.032 --> 11:11.042 align:start position:0%
structure to be the dark matter halo,
 

11:11.042 --> 11:13.673 align:start position:0%
structure to be the dark matter halo,
but<00:12:29.200><c> they</c><00:12:29.440><c> had</c><00:12:29.680><c> an</c><00:12:30.000><c> energy</c><00:12:30.480><c> spectrum</c><00:12:31.040><c> peaking</c>

11:13.673 --> 11:13.683 align:start position:0%
but they had an energy spectrum peaking
 

11:13.683 --> 11:17.433 align:start position:0%
but they had an energy spectrum peaking
at<00:12:32.079><c> 20</c><00:12:32.720><c> giga</c><00:12:33.279><c> electron</c><00:12:33.839><c> volts.</c>

11:17.433 --> 11:17.443 align:start position:0%
at 20 giga electron volts.
 

11:17.443 --> 11:19.753 align:start position:0%
at 20 giga electron volts.
This<00:12:35.680><c> is</c><00:12:35.920><c> in</c><00:12:36.240><c> the</c><00:12:36.480><c> suitable</c><00:12:36.959><c> range</c><00:12:37.360><c> to</c><00:12:37.600><c> be</c>

11:19.753 --> 11:19.763 align:start position:0%
This is in the suitable range to be
 

11:19.763 --> 11:22.873 align:start position:0%
This is in the suitable range to be
caused<00:12:38.079><c> by</c><00:12:38.399><c> WIMP</c><00:12:38.880><c> annihilation.</c><00:12:40.320><c> If</c><00:12:40.560><c> this</c>

11:22.873 --> 11:22.883 align:start position:0%
caused by WIMP annihilation. If this
 

11:22.883 --> 11:26.712 align:start position:0%
caused by WIMP annihilation. If this
gammaray<00:12:41.440><c> signal</c><00:12:41.920><c> is</c><00:12:42.399><c> from</c><00:12:42.639><c> wimps,</c><00:12:43.680><c> it</c><00:12:44.079><c> cannot</c>

11:26.712 --> 11:26.722 align:start position:0%
gammaray signal is from wimps, it cannot
 

11:26.722 --> 11:28.712 align:start position:0%
gammaray signal is from wimps, it cannot
be<00:12:45.040><c> underestimated.</c>

11:28.712 --> 11:28.722 align:start position:0%
be underestimated.
 

11:28.722 --> 11:31.673 align:start position:0%
be underestimated.
This<00:12:47.200><c> observation</c><00:12:48.160><c> will</c><00:12:48.639><c> have</c><00:12:48.959><c> changed</c><00:12:49.279><c> the</c>

11:31.673 --> 11:31.683 align:start position:0%
This observation will have changed the
 

11:31.683 --> 11:34.633 align:start position:0%
This observation will have changed the
face<00:12:49.920><c> of</c><00:12:50.240><c> physics</c><00:12:50.959><c> forever.</c>

11:34.633 --> 11:34.643 align:start position:0%
face of physics forever.
 

11:34.643 --> 11:37.592 align:start position:0%
face of physics forever.
But<00:12:52.720><c> before</c><00:12:53.040><c> we</c><00:12:53.279><c> can</c><00:12:53.440><c> be</c><00:12:53.839><c> absolutely</c><00:12:54.720><c> sure,</c>

11:37.592 --> 11:37.602 align:start position:0%
But before we can be absolutely sure,
 

11:37.602 --> 11:39.993 align:start position:0%
But before we can be absolutely sure,
there<00:12:55.680><c> are</c><00:12:55.920><c> still</c><00:12:56.079><c> a</c><00:12:56.399><c> few</c><00:12:56.720><c> puzzling</c><00:12:57.279><c> parts</c><00:12:57.680><c> of</c>

11:39.993 --> 11:40.003 align:start position:0%
there are still a few puzzling parts of
 

11:40.003 --> 11:42.953 align:start position:0%
there are still a few puzzling parts of
this<00:12:58.160><c> case</c><00:12:58.480><c> to</c><00:12:58.720><c> solve.</c><00:12:59.920><c> Firstly,</c><00:13:00.399><c> we're</c><00:13:00.639><c> still</c>

11:42.953 --> 11:42.963 align:start position:0%
this case to solve. Firstly, we're still
 

11:42.963 --> 11:45.032 align:start position:0%
this case to solve. Firstly, we're still
getting<00:13:01.120><c> to</c><00:13:01.279><c> grips</c><00:13:01.600><c> with</c><00:13:01.760><c> exactly</c><00:13:02.320><c> how</c><00:13:02.639><c> much</c>

11:45.032 --> 11:45.042 align:start position:0%
getting to grips with exactly how much
 

11:45.042 --> 11:47.912 align:start position:0%
getting to grips with exactly how much
mass<00:13:03.360><c> wimps</c><00:13:03.839><c> do</c><00:13:04.079><c> have</c><00:13:04.639><c> and</c><00:13:04.959><c> therefore</c><00:13:05.519><c> the</c>

11:47.912 --> 11:47.922 align:start position:0%
mass wimps do have and therefore the
 

11:47.922 --> 11:50.393 align:start position:0%
mass wimps do have and therefore the
energy<00:13:06.240><c> signature</c><00:13:06.880><c> expected</c><00:13:07.440><c> to</c><00:13:07.680><c> be</c><00:13:07.839><c> produced</c>

11:50.393 --> 11:50.403 align:start position:0%
energy signature expected to be produced
 

11:50.403 --> 11:53.513 align:start position:0%
energy signature expected to be produced
during<00:13:08.720><c> annihilation.</c><00:13:10.079><c> After</c><00:13:10.399><c> all,</c><00:13:11.040><c> they</c><00:13:11.279><c> are</c>

11:53.513 --> 11:53.523 align:start position:0%
during annihilation. After all, they are
 

11:53.523 --> 11:56.313 align:start position:0%
during annihilation. After all, they are
still<00:13:11.760><c> only</c><00:13:12.240><c> theoretical</c><00:13:13.040><c> particles.</c><00:13:14.000><c> And</c>

11:56.313 --> 11:56.323 align:start position:0%
still only theoretical particles. And
 

11:56.323 --> 11:58.313 align:start position:0%
still only theoretical particles. And
while<00:13:14.480><c> teams</c><00:13:14.800><c> at</c><00:13:15.040><c> particle</c><00:13:15.519><c> accelerators</c>

11:58.313 --> 11:58.323 align:start position:0%
while teams at particle accelerators
 

11:58.323 --> 11:59.833 align:start position:0%
while teams at particle accelerators
around<00:13:16.480><c> the</c><00:13:16.720><c> world</c><00:13:16.959><c> continue</c><00:13:17.360><c> to</c><00:13:17.600><c> have</c>

11:59.833 --> 11:59.843 align:start position:0%
around the world continue to have
 

11:59.843 --> 12:01.193 align:start position:0%
around the world continue to have
success<00:13:18.079><c> in</c><00:13:18.320><c> constraining</c><00:13:18.880><c> their</c>

12:01.193 --> 12:01.203 align:start position:0%
success in constraining their
 

12:01.203 --> 12:03.753 align:start position:0%
success in constraining their
properties,<00:13:20.000><c> we're</c><00:13:20.240><c> so</c><00:13:20.560><c> far</c><00:13:20.880><c> limited</c><00:13:21.360><c> in</c>

12:03.753 --> 12:03.763 align:start position:0%
properties, we're so far limited in
 

12:03.763 --> 12:06.152 align:start position:0%
properties, we're so far limited in
working<00:13:22.000><c> with</c><00:13:22.240><c> the</c><00:13:22.560><c> rather</c><00:13:23.040><c> wide</c><00:13:23.440><c> range</c><00:13:23.839><c> I</c>

12:06.152 --> 12:06.162 align:start position:0%
working with the rather wide range I
 

12:06.162 --> 12:08.073 align:start position:0%
working with the rather wide range I
mentioned<00:13:24.399><c> earlier.</c><00:13:25.360><c> There</c><00:13:25.600><c> are</c><00:13:25.760><c> also</c>

12:08.073 --> 12:08.083 align:start position:0%
mentioned earlier. There are also
 

12:08.083 --> 12:10.472 align:start position:0%
mentioned earlier. There are also
concerns<00:13:26.480><c> over</c><00:13:26.720><c> the</c><00:13:26.959><c> population</c><00:13:27.600><c> density</c><00:13:28.160><c> of</c>

12:10.472 --> 12:10.482 align:start position:0%
concerns over the population density of
 

12:10.482 --> 12:11.993 align:start position:0%
concerns over the population density of
wimps<00:13:28.880><c> required</c><00:13:29.279><c> to</c><00:13:29.440><c> produce</c><00:13:29.680><c> an</c>

12:11.993 --> 12:12.003 align:start position:0%
wimps required to produce an
 

12:12.003 --> 12:14.073 align:start position:0%
wimps required to produce an
annihilation<00:13:30.560><c> signal</c><00:13:30.959><c> as</c><00:13:31.200><c> strong</c><00:13:31.440><c> as</c><00:13:31.680><c> the</c><00:13:31.839><c> one</c>

12:14.073 --> 12:14.083 align:start position:0%
annihilation signal as strong as the one
 

12:14.083 --> 12:17.032 align:start position:0%
annihilation signal as strong as the one
measured<00:13:32.320><c> in</c><00:13:32.480><c> Dr.</c><00:13:32.720><c> Tatani's</c><00:13:33.440><c> study.</c><00:13:34.480><c> Wimps</c>

12:17.032 --> 12:17.042 align:start position:0%
measured in Dr. Tatani's study. Wimps
 

12:17.042 --> 12:19.433 align:start position:0%
measured in Dr. Tatani's study. Wimps
are<00:13:35.200><c> relics</c><00:13:36.000><c> created</c><00:13:36.399><c> from</c><00:13:36.720><c> particles</c>

12:19.433 --> 12:19.443 align:start position:0%
are relics created from particles
 

12:19.443 --> 12:21.673 align:start position:0%
are relics created from particles
present<00:13:37.680><c> at</c><00:13:37.839><c> the</c><00:13:38.000><c> big</c><00:13:38.160><c> bang.</c><00:13:38.880><c> And</c><00:13:39.040><c> by</c><00:13:39.279><c> studying</c>

12:21.673 --> 12:21.683 align:start position:0%
present at the big bang. And by studying
 

12:21.683 --> 12:23.833 align:start position:0%
present at the big bang. And by studying
the<00:13:39.839><c> early</c><00:13:40.079><c> universe</c><00:13:40.560><c> through</c><00:13:40.959><c> evidence</c><00:13:41.519><c> like</c>

12:23.833 --> 12:23.843 align:start position:0%
the early universe through evidence like
 

12:23.843 --> 12:26.233 align:start position:0%
the early universe through evidence like
the<00:13:42.000><c> cosmic</c><00:13:42.399><c> microwave</c><00:13:42.959><c> background,</c><00:13:43.839><c> we</c><00:13:44.079><c> have</c>

12:26.233 --> 12:26.243 align:start position:0%
the cosmic microwave background, we have
 

12:26.243 --> 12:28.152 align:start position:0%
the cosmic microwave background, we have
a<00:13:44.399><c> good</c><00:13:44.639><c> sense</c><00:13:44.880><c> of</c><00:13:45.120><c> the</c><00:13:45.279><c> numbers</c><00:13:45.600><c> of</c><00:13:45.760><c> each</c>

12:28.152 --> 12:28.162 align:start position:0%
a good sense of the numbers of each
 

12:28.162 --> 12:30.712 align:start position:0%
a good sense of the numbers of each
particle<00:13:46.639><c> we</c><00:13:47.040><c> expect</c><00:13:47.360><c> to</c><00:13:47.600><c> be</c><00:13:47.760><c> populating</c><00:13:48.399><c> the</c>

12:30.712 --> 12:30.722 align:start position:0%
particle we expect to be populating the
 

12:30.722 --> 12:33.833 align:start position:0%
particle we expect to be populating the
universe<00:13:49.040><c> today.</c><00:13:50.240><c> The</c><00:13:50.480><c> signal</c><00:13:50.800><c> seems</c><00:13:51.200><c> like</c><00:13:51.440><c> a</c>

12:33.833 --> 12:33.843 align:start position:0%
universe today. The signal seems like a
 

12:33.843 --> 12:36.313 align:start position:0%
universe today. The signal seems like a
much<00:13:52.160><c> denser</c><00:13:52.800><c> collection</c><00:13:53.200><c> of</c><00:13:53.360><c> WIMPs</c><00:13:53.760><c> than</c><00:13:54.000><c> we</c>

12:36.313 --> 12:36.323 align:start position:0%
much denser collection of WIMPs than we
 

12:36.323 --> 12:38.152 align:start position:0%
much denser collection of WIMPs than we
would<00:13:54.480><c> expect</c><00:13:54.800><c> to</c><00:13:54.959><c> be</c><00:13:55.120><c> possible</c><00:13:55.519><c> from</c><00:13:55.839><c> this</c>

12:38.152 --> 12:38.162 align:start position:0%
would expect to be possible from this
 

12:38.162 --> 12:40.953 align:start position:0%
would expect to be possible from this
evidence<00:13:56.800><c> and</c><00:13:57.360><c> particle</c><00:13:58.000><c> physics</c><00:13:58.399><c> models</c>

12:40.953 --> 12:40.963 align:start position:0%
evidence and particle physics models
 

12:40.963 --> 12:44.393 align:start position:0%
evidence and particle physics models
thus<00:13:59.279><c> far.</c><00:14:00.320><c> But</c><00:14:00.959><c> this</c><00:14:01.279><c> field</c><00:14:01.519><c> of</c><00:14:01.760><c> research</c><00:14:02.079><c> is</c>

12:44.393 --> 12:44.403 align:start position:0%
thus far. But this field of research is
 

12:44.403 --> 12:46.873 align:start position:0%
thus far. But this field of research is
one<00:14:02.480><c> that</c><00:14:02.880><c> can't</c><00:14:03.199><c> afford</c><00:14:03.839><c> to</c><00:14:04.160><c> ignore</c><00:14:04.480><c> new</c>

12:46.873 --> 12:46.883 align:start position:0%
one that can't afford to ignore new
 

12:46.883 --> 12:50.073 align:start position:0%
one that can't afford to ignore new
leads.<00:14:05.680><c> And</c><00:14:05.920><c> right</c><00:14:06.160><c> now,</c><00:14:06.720><c> WIMP</c><00:14:07.040><c> annihilation</c>

12:50.073 --> 12:50.083 align:start position:0%
leads. And right now, WIMP annihilation
 

12:50.083 --> 12:53.193 align:start position:0%
leads. And right now, WIMP annihilation
and<00:14:08.240><c> therefore</c><00:14:08.800><c> dark</c><00:14:09.199><c> matter</c><00:14:10.160><c> is</c><00:14:10.480><c> a</c><00:14:10.800><c> strong</c>

12:53.193 --> 12:53.203 align:start position:0%
and therefore dark matter is a strong
 

12:53.203 --> 12:55.833 align:start position:0%
and therefore dark matter is a strong
contender<00:14:11.760><c> for</c><00:14:12.079><c> what</c><00:14:12.320><c> this</c><00:14:12.639><c> gammaray</c><00:14:13.279><c> signal</c>

12:55.833 --> 12:55.843 align:start position:0%
contender for what this gammaray signal
 

12:55.843 --> 13:00.393 align:start position:0%
contender for what this gammaray signal
might<00:14:14.079><c> be.</c><00:14:15.120><c> Some</c><00:14:15.519><c> even</c><00:14:15.839><c> argue</c><00:14:16.480><c> the</c><00:14:16.800><c> strongest.</c>

13:00.393 --> 13:00.403 align:start position:0%
might be. Some even argue the strongest.
 

13:00.403 --> 13:03.113 align:start position:0%
might be. Some even argue the strongest.
But<00:14:18.720><c> given</c><00:14:19.040><c> we've</c><00:14:19.360><c> never</c><00:14:19.519><c> seen</c><00:14:19.680><c> a</c><00:14:19.839><c> wimp,</c><00:14:20.639><c> many</c>

13:03.113 --> 13:03.123 align:start position:0%
But given we've never seen a wimp, many
 

13:03.123 --> 13:05.753 align:start position:0%
But given we've never seen a wimp, many
are<00:14:21.440><c> ering</c><00:14:21.680><c> on</c><00:14:21.839><c> the</c><00:14:22.000><c> side</c><00:14:22.160><c> of</c><00:14:22.320><c> caution.</c>

13:05.753 --> 13:05.763 align:start position:0%
are ering on the side of caution.
 

13:05.763 --> 13:07.912 align:start position:0%
are ering on the side of caution.
Professor<00:14:24.160><c> Carlos</c><00:14:24.639><c> Frank,</c><00:14:25.199><c> a</c><00:14:25.360><c> lifetime</c>

13:07.912 --> 13:07.922 align:start position:0%
Professor Carlos Frank, a lifetime
 

13:07.922 --> 13:09.993 align:start position:0%
Professor Carlos Frank, a lifetime
researcher<00:14:26.320><c> of</c><00:14:26.480><c> dark</c><00:14:26.800><c> matter</c><00:14:27.199><c> and</c><00:14:27.519><c> one</c><00:14:27.680><c> of</c><00:14:27.760><c> the</c>

13:09.993 --> 13:10.003 align:start position:0%
researcher of dark matter and one of the
 

13:10.003 --> 13:12.233 align:start position:0%
researcher of dark matter and one of the
originators<00:14:28.560><c> of</c><00:14:28.720><c> the</c><00:14:28.959><c> leading</c><00:14:29.600><c> old</c><00:14:29.839><c> dark</c>

13:12.233 --> 13:12.243 align:start position:0%
originators of the leading old dark
 

13:12.243 --> 13:14.393 align:start position:0%
originators of the leading old dark
matter<00:14:30.560><c> theory,</c><00:14:31.040><c> including</c><00:14:31.519><c> wimps,</c><00:14:32.160><c> has</c>

13:14.393 --> 13:14.403 align:start position:0%
matter theory, including wimps, has
 

13:14.403 --> 13:16.152 align:start position:0%
matter theory, including wimps, has
likened<00:14:32.880><c> finding</c><00:14:33.199><c> the</c><00:14:33.440><c> source</c><00:14:33.680><c> of</c><00:14:33.839><c> dark</c>

13:16.152 --> 13:16.162 align:start position:0%
likened finding the source of dark
 

13:16.162 --> 13:18.873 align:start position:0%
likened finding the source of dark
matter<00:14:34.480><c> in</c><00:14:34.800><c> significance</c><00:14:35.360><c> to</c><00:14:35.600><c> humanity</c><00:14:36.480><c> as</c>

13:18.873 --> 13:18.883 align:start position:0%
matter in significance to humanity as
 

13:18.883 --> 13:21.592 align:start position:0%
matter in significance to humanity as
Charles<00:14:37.120><c> Darwin's</c><00:14:37.760><c> theory</c><00:14:38.000><c> of</c><00:14:38.240><c> evolution.</c>

13:21.592 --> 13:21.602 align:start position:0%
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
 

13:21.602 --> 13:23.673 align:start position:0%
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
It's<00:14:39.920><c> not</c><00:14:40.160><c> something</c><00:14:40.639><c> you</c><00:14:40.959><c> claim</c><00:14:41.199><c> to</c><00:14:41.440><c> have</c>

13:23.673 --> 13:23.683 align:start position:0%
It's not something you claim to have
 

13:23.683 --> 13:27.272 align:start position:0%
It's not something you claim to have
found<00:14:42.240><c> unless</c><00:14:42.639><c> you</c><00:14:42.959><c> really</c><00:14:43.440><c> are</c><00:14:43.760><c> sure.</c>

13:27.272 --> 13:27.282 align:start position:0%
found unless you really are sure.
 

13:27.282 --> 13:29.673 align:start position:0%
found unless you really are sure.
So<00:14:45.600><c> scientists</c><00:14:46.160><c> are</c><00:14:46.320><c> excitedly</c><00:14:47.040><c> working</c><00:14:47.360><c> to</c>

13:29.673 --> 13:29.683 align:start position:0%
So scientists are excitedly working to
 

13:29.683 --> 13:31.753 align:start position:0%
So scientists are excitedly working to
help<00:14:47.920><c> better</c><00:14:48.320><c> determine</c><00:14:48.800><c> the</c><00:14:49.040><c> factors</c><00:14:49.440><c> that</c>

13:31.753 --> 13:31.763 align:start position:0%
help better determine the factors that
 

13:31.763 --> 13:34.393 align:start position:0%
help better determine the factors that
could<00:14:49.920><c> be</c><00:14:50.079><c> at</c><00:14:50.320><c> play</c><00:14:50.720><c> in</c><00:14:50.880><c> Totani</c><00:14:51.519><c> signal</c><00:14:52.079><c> so</c>

13:34.393 --> 13:34.403 align:start position:0%
could be at play in Totani signal so
 

13:34.403 --> 13:36.793 align:start position:0%
could be at play in Totani signal so
that<00:14:52.480><c> they</c><00:14:52.720><c> can</c><00:14:52.880><c> untangle</c><00:14:53.519><c> the</c><00:14:53.760><c> snags</c><00:14:54.399><c> and</c>

13:36.793 --> 13:36.803 align:start position:0%
that they can untangle the snags and
 

13:36.803 --> 13:40.313 align:start position:0%
that they can untangle the snags and
gain<00:14:54.959><c> a</c><00:14:55.199><c> more</c><00:14:55.519><c> definitive</c><00:14:56.160><c> answer.</c><00:14:57.600><c> One</c><00:14:57.920><c> thing</c>

13:40.313 --> 13:40.323 align:start position:0%
gain a more definitive answer. One thing
 

13:40.323 --> 13:42.873 align:start position:0%
gain a more definitive answer. One thing
is<00:14:58.560><c> for</c><00:14:58.800><c> sure</c><00:14:59.040><c> though,</c><00:14:59.680><c> the</c><00:14:59.920><c> more</c><00:15:00.079><c> we</c><00:15:00.320><c> discover</c>

13:42.873 --> 13:42.883 align:start position:0%
is for sure though, the more we discover
 

13:42.883 --> 13:45.352 align:start position:0%
is for sure though, the more we discover
at<00:15:01.040><c> the</c><00:15:01.199><c> Rubicon</c><00:15:01.839><c> of</c><00:15:02.000><c> this</c><00:15:02.320><c> fantastical</c>

13:45.352 --> 13:45.362 align:start position:0%
at the Rubicon of this fantastical
 

13:45.362 --> 13:47.833 align:start position:0%
at the Rubicon of this fantastical
microworld<00:15:04.000><c> of</c><00:15:04.480><c> quantum</c><00:15:04.959><c> and</c><00:15:05.279><c> particle</c>

13:47.833 --> 13:47.843 align:start position:0%
microworld of quantum and particle
 

13:47.843 --> 13:50.233 align:start position:0%
microworld of quantum and particle
physics<00:15:06.560><c> and</c><00:15:06.800><c> the</c><00:15:07.040><c> vast</c><00:15:07.440><c> expanse</c><00:15:07.920><c> of</c>

13:50.233 --> 13:50.243 align:start position:0%
physics and the vast expanse of
 

13:50.243 --> 13:52.793 align:start position:0%
physics and the vast expanse of
cosmology<00:15:08.720><c> and</c><00:15:09.040><c> general</c><00:15:09.440><c> relativity,</c><00:15:10.480><c> the</c>

13:52.793 --> 13:52.803 align:start position:0%
cosmology and general relativity, the
 

13:52.803 --> 13:54.712 align:start position:0%
cosmology and general relativity, the
closer<00:15:11.040><c> we</c><00:15:11.199><c> get</c><00:15:11.360><c> to</c><00:15:11.600><c> solving</c><00:15:11.920><c> the</c><00:15:12.240><c> biggest</c>

13:54.712 --> 13:54.722 align:start position:0%
closer we get to solving the biggest
 

13:54.722 --> 13:57.113 align:start position:0%
closer we get to solving the biggest
mystery<00:15:12.959><c> of</c><00:15:13.199><c> our</c><00:15:13.519><c> universe</c><00:15:13.920><c> in</c><00:15:14.240><c> unifying</c><00:15:14.720><c> the</c>

13:57.113 --> 13:57.123 align:start position:0%
mystery of our universe in unifying the
 

13:57.123 --> 14:01.193 align:start position:0%
mystery of our universe in unifying the
two.<00:15:16.240><c> So,</c><00:15:17.040><c> is</c><00:15:17.279><c> this</c><00:15:17.600><c> enough</c><00:15:17.920><c> to</c><00:15:18.399><c> lay</c><00:15:18.480><c> this</c><00:15:18.720><c> cold</c>

14:01.193 --> 14:01.203 align:start position:0%
two. So, is this enough to lay this cold
 

14:01.203 --> 14:05.592 align:start position:0%
two. So, is this enough to lay this cold
case<00:15:19.440><c> to</c><00:15:19.680><c> rest?</c><00:15:20.800><c> Unfortunately,</c><00:15:22.160><c> not</c><00:15:22.480><c> yet.</c>

14:05.592 --> 14:05.602 align:start position:0%
case to rest? Unfortunately, not yet.
 

14:05.602 --> 14:08.633 align:start position:0%
case to rest? Unfortunately, not yet.
While<00:15:23.920><c> this</c><00:15:24.240><c> is</c><00:15:24.720><c> brilliant</c><00:15:25.279><c> new</c><00:15:25.519><c> evidence</c><00:15:26.320><c> and</c>

14:08.633 --> 14:08.643 align:start position:0%
While this is brilliant new evidence and
 

14:08.643 --> 14:10.793 align:start position:0%
While this is brilliant new evidence and
a<00:15:26.720><c> well-needed</c><00:15:27.440><c> reinjjection</c><00:15:28.079><c> of</c><00:15:28.240><c> energy</c><00:15:28.560><c> in</c>

14:10.793 --> 14:10.803 align:start position:0%
a well-needed reinjjection of energy in
 

14:10.803 --> 14:13.032 align:start position:0%
a well-needed reinjjection of energy in
what<00:15:28.959><c> has</c><00:15:29.120><c> been</c><00:15:29.279><c> a</c><00:15:29.600><c> relatively</c><00:15:30.320><c> stale</c><00:15:30.720><c> search</c>

14:13.032 --> 14:13.042 align:start position:0%
what has been a relatively stale search
 

14:13.042 --> 14:15.433 align:start position:0%
what has been a relatively stale search
for<00:15:31.199><c> dark</c><00:15:31.440><c> matter</c><00:15:31.760><c> of</c><00:15:32.000><c> late,</c><00:15:32.639><c> there</c><00:15:32.880><c> is</c><00:15:33.040><c> still</c>

14:15.433 --> 14:15.443 align:start position:0%
for dark matter of late, there is still
 

14:15.443 --> 14:17.673 align:start position:0%
for dark matter of late, there is still
more<00:15:33.680><c> work</c><00:15:33.920><c> to</c><00:15:34.160><c> do</c><00:15:34.399><c> before</c><00:15:34.639><c> we</c><00:15:34.880><c> can</c><00:15:35.120><c> close</c><00:15:35.360><c> the</c>

14:17.673 --> 14:17.683 align:start position:0%
more work to do before we can close the
 

14:17.683 --> 14:21.193 align:start position:0%
more work to do before we can close the
case<00:15:35.920><c> file</c><00:15:36.240><c> on</c><00:15:36.399><c> WIMPs.</c><00:15:37.600><c> If</c><00:15:37.839><c> WIMPs</c><00:15:38.560><c> really</c><00:15:38.880><c> are</c>

14:21.193 --> 14:21.203 align:start position:0%
case file on WIMPs. If WIMPs really are
 

14:21.203 --> 14:23.513 align:start position:0%
case file on WIMPs. If WIMPs really are
at<00:15:39.360><c> work</c><00:15:39.680><c> here,</c><00:15:40.240><c> we</c><00:15:40.480><c> would</c><00:15:40.639><c> expect</c><00:15:40.880><c> to</c><00:15:41.120><c> see</c>

14:23.513 --> 14:23.523 align:start position:0%
at work here, we would expect to see
 

14:23.523 --> 14:25.912 align:start position:0%
at work here, we would expect to see
similar<00:15:41.839><c> gammaray</c><00:15:42.399><c> signals</c><00:15:42.800><c> in</c><00:15:43.120><c> our</c><00:15:43.440><c> dwarf</c>

14:25.912 --> 14:25.922 align:start position:0%
similar gammaray signals in our dwarf
 

14:25.922 --> 14:29.592 align:start position:0%
similar gammaray signals in our dwarf
galaxy<00:15:44.320><c> neighbors</c><00:15:45.040><c> and</c><00:15:45.360><c> beyond.</c><00:15:46.560><c> So,</c><00:15:47.199><c> what</c>

14:29.592 --> 14:29.602 align:start position:0%
galaxy neighbors and beyond. So, what
 

14:29.602 --> 14:31.753 align:start position:0%
galaxy neighbors and beyond. So, what
can<00:15:47.839><c> we</c><00:15:48.079><c> do</c><00:15:48.320><c> next?</c>

14:31.753 --> 14:31.763 align:start position:0%
can we do next?
 

14:31.763 --> 14:33.993 align:start position:0%
can we do next?
The<00:15:49.920><c> latest</c><00:15:50.320><c> investigator</c><00:15:51.040><c> on</c><00:15:51.199><c> the</c><00:15:51.440><c> scene</c><00:15:51.680><c> is</c>

14:33.993 --> 14:34.003 align:start position:0%
The latest investigator on the scene is
 

14:34.003 --> 14:37.113 align:start position:0%
The latest investigator on the scene is
the<00:15:52.079><c> new</c><00:15:52.399><c> Vera</c><00:15:52.880><c> Rubin</c><00:15:53.360><c> Observatory</c><00:15:53.920><c> in</c><00:15:54.160><c> Chile.</c>

14:37.113 --> 14:37.123 align:start position:0%
the new Vera Rubin Observatory in Chile.
 

14:37.123 --> 14:39.272 align:start position:0%
the new Vera Rubin Observatory in Chile.
Vera<00:15:55.440><c> Rubin</c><00:15:55.839><c> was</c><00:15:56.000><c> a</c><00:15:56.160><c> prolific</c><00:15:56.639><c> researcher</c><00:15:57.040><c> in</c>

14:39.272 --> 14:39.282 align:start position:0%
Vera Rubin was a prolific researcher in
 

14:39.282 --> 14:41.832 align:start position:0%
Vera Rubin was a prolific researcher in
the<00:15:57.360><c> field</c><00:15:57.519><c> of</c><00:15:57.680><c> dark</c><00:15:57.920><c> matter.</c><00:15:58.639><c> In</c><00:15:58.800><c> the</c><00:15:58.959><c> 1970s,</c>

14:41.832 --> 14:41.842 align:start position:0%
the field of dark matter. In the 1970s,
 

14:41.842 --> 14:43.912 align:start position:0%
the field of dark matter. In the 1970s,
she<00:16:00.079><c> discovered</c><00:16:00.560><c> the</c><00:16:00.880><c> effect</c><00:16:01.120><c> of</c><00:16:01.279><c> dark</c><00:16:01.519><c> matter</c>

14:43.912 --> 14:43.922 align:start position:0%
she discovered the effect of dark matter
 

14:43.922 --> 14:45.993 align:start position:0%
she discovered the effect of dark matter
on<00:16:02.000><c> the</c><00:16:02.160><c> velocities</c><00:16:02.639><c> of</c><00:16:02.959><c> individual</c><00:16:03.519><c> star</c>

14:45.993 --> 14:46.003 align:start position:0%
on the velocities of individual star
 

14:46.003 --> 14:48.793 align:start position:0%
on the velocities of individual star
populations<00:16:04.480><c> in</c><00:16:04.720><c> over</c><00:16:05.040><c> 60</c><00:16:05.360><c> galaxies.</c><00:16:06.320><c> And</c><00:16:06.480><c> it</c>

14:48.793 --> 14:48.803 align:start position:0%
populations in over 60 galaxies. And it
 

14:48.803 --> 14:51.032 align:start position:0%
populations in over 60 galaxies. And it
was<00:16:07.040><c> Vera's</c><00:16:07.600><c> work</c><00:16:07.759><c> on</c><00:16:08.079><c> categorizing</c><00:16:08.720><c> these</c>

14:51.032 --> 14:51.042 align:start position:0%
was Vera's work on categorizing these
 

14:51.042 --> 14:52.553 align:start position:0%
was Vera's work on categorizing these
effects<00:16:09.519><c> that</c><00:16:09.759><c> brought</c><00:16:10.079><c> serious</c>

14:52.553 --> 14:52.563 align:start position:0%
effects that brought serious
 

14:52.563 --> 14:54.313 align:start position:0%
effects that brought serious
consideration<00:16:11.120><c> to</c><00:16:11.279><c> the</c><00:16:11.440><c> theory</c><00:16:11.839><c> for</c><00:16:12.079><c> the</c>

14:54.313 --> 14:54.323 align:start position:0%
consideration to the theory for the
 

14:54.323 --> 14:57.352 align:start position:0%
consideration to the theory for the
first<00:16:12.480><c> time.</c><00:16:13.600><c> This</c><00:16:13.920><c> was</c><00:16:14.079><c> a</c><00:16:14.320><c> pivotal</c><00:16:14.800><c> moment</c><00:16:15.040><c> in</c>

14:57.352 --> 14:57.362 align:start position:0%
first time. This was a pivotal moment in
 

14:57.362 --> 14:59.032 align:start position:0%
first time. This was a pivotal moment in
convincing<00:16:15.680><c> the</c><00:16:15.920><c> scientific</c><00:16:16.320><c> community</c><00:16:16.639><c> that</c>

14:59.032 --> 14:59.042 align:start position:0%
convincing the scientific community that
 

14:59.042 --> 15:01.513 align:start position:0%
convincing the scientific community that
dark<00:16:17.279><c> matter</c><00:16:17.600><c> was</c><00:16:17.759><c> a</c><00:16:17.920><c> real</c><00:16:18.480><c> and</c><00:16:18.800><c> a</c><00:16:18.959><c> valuable</c>

15:01.513 --> 15:01.523 align:start position:0%
dark matter was a real and a valuable
 

15:01.523 --> 15:04.073 align:start position:0%
dark matter was a real and a valuable
thing<00:16:19.600><c> to</c><00:16:19.839><c> study.</c><00:16:20.639><c> The</c><00:16:20.880><c> observatory</c><00:16:21.519><c> of</c><00:16:21.759><c> her</c>

15:04.073 --> 15:04.083 align:start position:0%
thing to study. The observatory of her
 

15:04.083 --> 15:07.592 align:start position:0%
thing to study. The observatory of her
namesake<00:16:22.800><c> came</c><00:16:23.040><c> online</c><00:16:23.440><c> in</c><00:16:23.680><c> June</c><00:16:24.000><c> 2025</c><00:16:25.199><c> and</c>

15:07.592 --> 15:07.602 align:start position:0%
namesake came online in June 2025 and
 

15:07.602 --> 15:09.673 align:start position:0%
namesake came online in June 2025 and
data<00:16:25.839><c> sets</c><00:16:26.079><c> from</c><00:16:26.320><c> the</c><00:16:26.560><c> first</c><00:16:26.959><c> schedule</c><00:16:27.360><c> of</c>

15:09.673 --> 15:09.683 align:start position:0%
data sets from the first schedule of
 

15:09.683 --> 15:12.073 align:start position:0%
data sets from the first schedule of
observing<00:16:28.480><c> are</c><00:16:28.800><c> expected</c><00:16:29.199><c> for</c><00:16:29.440><c> release</c><00:16:29.759><c> in</c>

15:12.073 --> 15:12.083 align:start position:0%
observing are expected for release in
 

15:12.083 --> 15:13.673 align:start position:0%
observing are expected for release in
2026.

15:13.673 --> 15:13.683 align:start position:0%
2026.
 

15:13.683 --> 15:16.073 align:start position:0%
2026.
through<00:16:31.920><c> taking</c><00:16:32.560><c> hundreds</c><00:16:33.040><c> of</c><00:16:33.199><c> images</c><00:16:33.600><c> of</c><00:16:33.759><c> the</c>

15:16.073 --> 15:16.083 align:start position:0%
through taking hundreds of images of the
 

15:16.083 --> 15:18.472 align:start position:0%
through taking hundreds of images of the
southern<00:16:34.320><c> hemisphere</c><00:16:34.959><c> sky</c><00:16:35.440><c> each</c><00:16:35.759><c> night,</c>

15:18.472 --> 15:18.482 align:start position:0%
southern hemisphere sky each night,
 

15:18.482 --> 15:21.912 align:start position:0%
southern hemisphere sky each night,
amounting<00:16:36.959><c> to</c><00:16:37.680><c> 20</c><00:16:38.079><c> terabytes</c><00:16:38.880><c> of</c><00:16:39.040><c> data,</c><00:16:39.680><c> or</c>

15:21.912 --> 15:21.922 align:start position:0%
amounting to 20 terabytes of data, or
 

15:21.922 --> 15:24.953 align:start position:0%
amounting to 20 terabytes of data, or
the<00:16:40.000><c> equivalent</c><00:16:40.480><c> of</c><00:16:41.120><c> 78</c><00:16:41.839><c> standard</c><00:16:42.320><c> iPhone</c>

15:24.953 --> 15:24.963 align:start position:0%
the equivalent of 78 standard iPhone
 

15:24.963 --> 15:27.832 align:start position:0%
the equivalent of 78 standard iPhone
17s.<00:16:43.759><c> The</c><00:16:44.000><c> Reuben</c><00:16:44.560><c> Observatory</c><00:16:45.199><c> hopes</c><00:16:45.519><c> to</c>

15:27.832 --> 15:27.842 align:start position:0%
17s. The Reuben Observatory hopes to
 

15:27.842 --> 15:30.633 align:start position:0%
17s. The Reuben Observatory hopes to
uncover<00:16:46.240><c> objects</c><00:16:46.880><c> never</c><00:16:47.360><c> before</c><00:16:47.759><c> seen</c><00:16:48.079><c> in</c><00:16:48.320><c> our</c>

15:30.633 --> 15:30.643 align:start position:0%
uncover objects never before seen in our
 

15:30.643 --> 15:33.272 align:start position:0%
uncover objects never before seen in our
night<00:16:48.800><c> sky.</c><00:16:50.079><c> At</c><00:16:50.320><c> the</c><00:16:50.480><c> end</c><00:16:50.560><c> of</c><00:16:50.720><c> the</c><00:16:50.880><c> first</c>

15:33.272 --> 15:33.282 align:start position:0%
night sky. At the end of the first
 

15:33.282 --> 15:36.393 align:start position:0%
night sky. At the end of the first
10-year<00:16:51.680><c> survey,</c><00:16:52.639><c> this</c><00:16:52.959><c> raw</c><00:16:53.360><c> image</c><00:16:53.759><c> data</c><00:16:54.079><c> is</c>

15:36.393 --> 15:36.403 align:start position:0%
10-year survey, this raw image data is
 

15:36.403 --> 15:38.633 align:start position:0%
10-year survey, this raw image data is
expected<00:16:54.639><c> to</c><00:16:54.880><c> sum</c><00:16:55.040><c> up</c><00:16:55.279><c> to</c><00:16:55.440><c> more</c><00:16:55.600><c> than</c><00:16:56.000><c> 60</c>

15:38.633 --> 15:38.643 align:start position:0%
expected to sum up to more than 60
 

15:38.643 --> 15:43.113 align:start position:0%
expected to sum up to more than 60
pabytes<00:16:57.519><c> or</c><00:16:58.160><c> 60</c><00:16:58.800><c> million</c><00:16:59.360><c> gigabytes</c><00:17:00.480><c> in</c><00:17:00.720><c> a</c>

15:43.113 --> 15:43.123 align:start position:0%
pabytes or 60 million gigabytes in a
 

15:43.123 --> 15:45.592 align:start position:0%
pabytes or 60 million gigabytes in a
monster<00:17:01.519><c> effort</c><00:17:01.839><c> to</c><00:17:02.079><c> reveal</c><00:17:02.560><c> these</c><00:17:02.959><c> secrets</c>

15:45.592 --> 15:45.602 align:start position:0%
monster effort to reveal these secrets
 

15:45.602 --> 15:47.833 align:start position:0%
monster effort to reveal these secrets
of<00:17:03.839><c> our</c><00:17:04.160><c> universe.</c>

15:47.833 --> 15:47.843 align:start position:0%
of our universe.
 

15:47.843 --> 15:51.112 align:start position:0%
of our universe.
Dark<00:17:06.079><c> matter</c><00:17:06.559><c> makes</c><00:17:06.799><c> up</c><00:17:07.039><c> more</c><00:17:07.280><c> than</c><00:17:07.679><c> 80%</c><00:17:08.720><c> of</c>

15:51.112 --> 15:51.122 align:start position:0%
Dark matter makes up more than 80% of
 

15:51.122 --> 15:53.512 align:start position:0%
Dark matter makes up more than 80% of
all<00:17:09.360><c> the</c><00:17:09.520><c> matter</c><00:17:09.839><c> we</c><00:17:10.160><c> know,</c><00:17:10.799><c> and</c><00:17:10.959><c> it</c><00:17:11.199><c> is</c>

15:53.512 --> 15:53.522 align:start position:0%
all the matter we know, and it is
 

15:53.522 --> 15:55.593 align:start position:0%
all the matter we know, and it is
fundamental<00:17:12.160><c> to</c><00:17:12.400><c> the</c><00:17:12.559><c> very</c><00:17:12.799><c> fabric</c><00:17:13.120><c> of</c><00:17:13.280><c> our</c>

15:55.593 --> 15:55.603 align:start position:0%
fundamental to the very fabric of our
 

15:55.603 --> 15:58.313 align:start position:0%
fundamental to the very fabric of our
existence.<00:17:14.640><c> Its</c><00:17:14.959><c> gravitational</c><00:17:15.600><c> influence</c>

15:58.313 --> 15:58.323 align:start position:0%
existence. Its gravitational influence
 

15:58.323 --> 16:00.553 align:start position:0%
existence. Its gravitational influence
enabled<00:17:16.720><c> the</c><00:17:16.880><c> formation</c><00:17:17.280><c> of</c><00:17:17.520><c> the</c><00:17:17.760><c> first</c><00:17:18.160><c> baby</c>

16:00.553 --> 16:00.563 align:start position:0%
enabled the formation of the first baby
 

16:00.563 --> 16:03.272 align:start position:0%
enabled the formation of the first baby
stars<00:17:18.880><c> and</c><00:17:19.039><c> galaxies</c><00:17:19.520><c> at</c><00:17:19.760><c> the</c><00:17:19.839><c> cosmic</c><00:17:20.240><c> dawn.</c>

16:03.272 --> 16:03.282 align:start position:0%
stars and galaxies at the cosmic dawn.
 

16:03.282 --> 16:05.833 align:start position:0%
stars and galaxies at the cosmic dawn.
It<00:17:21.520><c> sculpted</c><00:17:22.000><c> our</c><00:17:22.400><c> cosmos</c><00:17:22.959><c> to</c><00:17:23.199><c> look</c><00:17:23.439><c> the</c><00:17:23.679><c> way</c>

16:05.833 --> 16:05.843 align:start position:0%
It sculpted our cosmos to look the way
 

16:05.843 --> 16:08.392 align:start position:0%
It sculpted our cosmos to look the way
it<00:17:24.000><c> does</c><00:17:24.240><c> today.</c><00:17:25.120><c> And</c><00:17:25.360><c> dark</c><00:17:25.679><c> matter</c><00:17:26.000><c> will</c>

16:08.392 --> 16:08.402 align:start position:0%
it does today. And dark matter will
 

16:08.402 --> 16:10.473 align:start position:0%
it does today. And dark matter will
continue<00:17:26.720><c> to</c><00:17:26.959><c> influence</c><00:17:27.439><c> the</c><00:17:27.600><c> fate</c><00:17:27.919><c> of</c><00:17:28.079><c> our</c>

16:10.473 --> 16:10.483 align:start position:0%
continue to influence the fate of our
 

16:10.483 --> 16:13.752 align:start position:0%
continue to influence the fate of our
future,<00:17:28.799><c> too.</c><00:17:29.919><c> This</c><00:17:30.320><c> new</c><00:17:30.720><c> study</c><00:17:31.200><c> presenting</c>

16:13.752 --> 16:13.762 align:start position:0%
future, too. This new study presenting
 

16:13.762 --> 16:15.833 align:start position:0%
future, too. This new study presenting
the<00:17:32.000><c> first</c><00:17:32.320><c> indications</c><00:17:32.960><c> of</c><00:17:33.120><c> the</c><00:17:33.280><c> presence</c><00:17:33.600><c> of</c>

16:15.833 --> 16:15.843 align:start position:0%
the first indications of the presence of
 

16:15.843 --> 16:18.632 align:start position:0%
the first indications of the presence of
wimps<00:17:34.160><c> in</c><00:17:34.320><c> our</c><00:17:34.640><c> galaxy</c><00:17:35.440><c> is</c><00:17:35.679><c> the</c><00:17:35.919><c> most</c><00:17:36.080><c> exciting</c>

16:18.632 --> 16:18.642 align:start position:0%
wimps in our galaxy is the most exciting
 

16:18.642 --> 16:20.632 align:start position:0%
wimps in our galaxy is the most exciting
development<00:17:37.120><c> in</c><00:17:37.440><c> the</c><00:17:37.600><c> observational</c><00:17:38.320><c> search</c>

16:20.632 --> 16:20.642 align:start position:0%
development in the observational search
 

16:20.642 --> 16:23.112 align:start position:0%
development in the observational search
for<00:17:38.720><c> dark</c><00:17:38.960><c> matter</c><00:17:39.280><c> for</c><00:17:39.520><c> decades.</c><00:17:40.400><c> I</c><00:17:40.720><c> can't</c>

16:23.112 --> 16:23.122 align:start position:0%
for dark matter for decades. I can't
 

16:23.122 --> 16:25.593 align:start position:0%
for dark matter for decades. I can't
wait<00:17:41.360><c> to</c><00:17:41.600><c> see</c><00:17:42.080><c> the</c><00:17:42.400><c> fresh</c><00:17:42.799><c> research</c><00:17:43.200><c> that</c>

16:25.593 --> 16:25.603 align:start position:0%
wait to see the fresh research that
 

16:25.603 --> 16:28.313 align:start position:0%
wait to see the fresh research that
stems<00:17:43.840><c> from</c><00:17:44.080><c> it.</c><00:17:44.799><c> In</c><00:17:45.039><c> Switzerland</c><00:17:45.760><c> and</c><00:17:46.000><c> South</c>

16:28.313 --> 16:28.323 align:start position:0%
stems from it. In Switzerland and South
 

16:28.323 --> 16:31.833 align:start position:0%
stems from it. In Switzerland and South
Dakota,<00:17:47.120><c> from</c><00:17:47.360><c> Chile</c><00:17:47.919><c> to</c><00:17:48.240><c> low</c><00:17:48.559><c> Earth</c><00:17:48.880><c> orbit,</c>

16:31.833 --> 16:31.843 align:start position:0%
Dakota, from Chile to low Earth orbit,
 

16:31.843 --> 16:34.233 align:start position:0%
Dakota, from Chile to low Earth orbit,
brilliant<00:17:50.240><c> human</c><00:17:50.559><c> minds</c><00:17:50.960><c> are</c><00:17:51.200><c> on</c><00:17:51.440><c> the</c><00:17:51.600><c> case</c><00:17:51.919><c> to</c>

16:34.233 --> 16:34.243 align:start position:0%
brilliant human minds are on the case to
 

16:34.243 --> 16:36.953 align:start position:0%
brilliant human minds are on the case to
find<00:17:52.400><c> the</c><00:17:52.720><c> true</c><00:17:53.120><c> nature</c><00:17:53.440><c> of</c><00:17:53.679><c> dark</c><00:17:54.000><c> matter,</c>

16:36.953 --> 16:36.963 align:start position:0%
find the true nature of dark matter,
 

16:36.963 --> 16:40.553 align:start position:0%
find the true nature of dark matter,
elusive<00:17:55.440><c> wimps</c><00:17:56.080><c> or</c><00:17:56.320><c> not.</c><00:17:57.120><c> So</c><00:17:57.440><c> stay</c><00:17:57.679><c> tuned</c>

16:40.553 --> 16:40.563 align:start position:0%
elusive wimps or not. So stay tuned
 

16:40.563 --> 16:42.953 align:start position:0%
elusive wimps or not. So stay tuned
because<00:17:58.960><c> we</c><00:17:59.280><c> might</c><00:17:59.520><c> just</c><00:17:59.760><c> be</c><00:17:59.919><c> on</c><00:18:00.080><c> the</c><00:18:00.240><c> cusp</c><00:18:00.640><c> of</c>

16:42.953 --> 16:42.963 align:start position:0%
because we might just be on the cusp of
 

16:42.963 --> 16:46.153 align:start position:0%
because we might just be on the cusp of
a<00:18:01.120><c> dark</c><00:18:01.520><c> revolution.</c><00:18:02.640><c> And</c><00:18:02.960><c> isn't</c><00:18:03.280><c> it</c><00:18:03.520><c> a</c><00:18:03.679><c> thrill</c>

16:46.153 --> 16:46.163 align:start position:0%
a dark revolution. And isn't it a thrill
 

16:46.163 --> 16:50.553 align:start position:0%
a dark revolution. And isn't it a thrill
to<00:18:04.400><c> watch</c><00:18:04.640><c> it</c><00:18:04.880><c> unfold?</c>

16:50.553 --> 16:50.563 align:start position:0%
 
 

16:50.563 --> 16:53.033 align:start position:0%
 
There's<00:18:08.720><c> a</c><00:18:08.960><c> reason</c><00:18:09.120><c> these</c><00:18:09.679><c> educational</c><00:18:10.559><c> mini</c>

16:50.563 --> 16:50.573 align:start position:0%
Patreon through the link below. We would
 

16:50.563 --> 16:53.523 align:start position:0%
Patreon through the link below. We would
love<00:18:43.039><c> to</c><00:18:43.200><c> have</c><00:18:43.440><c> you.</c>