WEBVTT

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Do<00:00:01.120><c> aliens</c><00:00:01.920><c> exist?</c>

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Do aliens exist?
 

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Do aliens exist?
There<00:00:03.840><c> are</c><00:00:04.240><c> few</c><00:00:04.640><c> questions</c><00:00:05.040><c> of</c><00:00:05.359><c> more</c><00:00:05.680><c> profound</c>

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There are few questions of more profound
 

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There are few questions of more profound
importance<00:00:06.799><c> when</c><00:00:07.120><c> it</c><00:00:07.279><c> comes</c><00:00:07.440><c> to</c><00:00:07.680><c> our</c><00:00:08.000><c> place</c><00:00:08.160><c> in</c>

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importance when it comes to our place in
 

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importance when it comes to our place in
the<00:00:08.559><c> universe.</c><00:00:09.599><c> But</c><00:00:09.920><c> while</c><00:00:10.320><c> the</c><00:00:10.639><c> majority</c><00:00:11.040><c> of</c>

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the universe. But while the majority of
 

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the universe. But while the majority of
people<00:00:11.599><c> believe</c><00:00:11.920><c> alien</c><00:00:12.400><c> life</c><00:00:12.800><c> is</c><00:00:13.120><c> out</c><00:00:13.360><c> there,</c>

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people believe alien life is out there,
 

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people believe alien life is out there,
it's<00:00:14.400><c> a</c><00:00:14.639><c> lot</c><00:00:14.799><c> harder</c><00:00:15.120><c> to</c><00:00:15.280><c> pinpoint</c><00:00:16.000><c> exactly</c>

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it's a lot harder to pinpoint exactly
 

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it's a lot harder to pinpoint exactly
where.<00:00:18.000><c> At</c><00:00:18.000><c> least</c><00:00:18.400><c> that</c><00:00:18.720><c> was</c><00:00:18.880><c> the</c><00:00:19.119><c> case</c><00:00:19.760><c> until</c>

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where. At least that was the case until
 

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where. At least that was the case until
we<00:00:20.400><c> started</c><00:00:20.800><c> looking</c><00:00:21.359><c> at</c><00:00:21.520><c> the</c><00:00:21.760><c> Trappist</c><00:00:22.400><c> one</c>

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we started looking at the Trappist one
 

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we started looking at the Trappist one
star<00:00:23.199><c> system.</c><00:00:24.400><c> In</c><00:00:24.640><c> the</c><00:00:24.800><c> hunt</c><00:00:24.960><c> for</c><00:00:25.119><c> alien</c><00:00:25.519><c> life,</c>

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star system. In the hunt for alien life,
 

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star system. In the hunt for alien life,
there<00:00:26.320><c> are</c><00:00:26.560><c> few</c><00:00:27.119><c> better</c><00:00:27.519><c> candidates.</c><00:00:28.640><c> We</c><00:00:28.880><c> know</c>

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there are few better candidates. We know
 

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there are few better candidates. We know
that<00:00:29.359><c> Earthlike</c><00:00:29.920><c> planets</c><00:00:30.320><c> are</c><00:00:30.560><c> fertile</c>

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that Earthlike planets are fertile
 

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that Earthlike planets are fertile
ground<00:00:31.279><c> for</c><00:00:31.439><c> life.</c><00:00:32.239><c> After</c><00:00:32.559><c> all,</c><00:00:33.120><c> life</c><00:00:33.520><c> arose</c>

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ground for life. After all, life arose
 

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ground for life. After all, life arose
here.<00:00:35.040><c> So,</c><00:00:35.280><c> to</c><00:00:35.520><c> find</c><00:00:35.680><c> a</c><00:00:35.840><c> planetary</c><00:00:36.320><c> system</c>

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here. So, to find a planetary system
 

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here. So, to find a planetary system
that<00:00:36.960><c> is</c><00:00:37.360><c> seemingly</c><00:00:38.160><c> full</c><00:00:38.800><c> of</c><00:00:39.040><c> Earthlike</c>

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that is seemingly full of Earthlike
 

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that is seemingly full of Earthlike
planets<00:00:40.320><c> and</c><00:00:40.559><c> is</c><00:00:41.120><c> relatively</c><00:00:41.760><c> close</c><00:00:42.079><c> by,</c><00:00:43.120><c> it's</c>

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planets and is relatively close by, it's
 

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planets and is relatively close by, it's
no<00:00:43.920><c> wonder</c><00:00:44.239><c> that</c><00:00:44.399><c> scientists</c><00:00:44.960><c> are</c>

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no wonder that scientists are
 

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no wonder that scientists are
interested.

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interested.
 

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interested.
Those<00:00:47.200><c> researchers</c><00:00:47.840><c> have</c><00:00:48.079><c> now</c><00:00:48.320><c> turned</c>

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Those researchers have now turned
 

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Those researchers have now turned
humanity's<00:00:49.360><c> most</c><00:00:49.680><c> powerful</c><00:00:50.160><c> space</c><00:00:50.559><c> telescope</c>

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humanity's most powerful space telescope
 

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humanity's most powerful space telescope
on<00:00:51.360><c> the</c><00:00:51.520><c> Trappist</c><00:00:52.160><c> one</c><00:00:52.480><c> system.</c><00:00:53.520><c> So,</c><00:00:54.000><c> it's</c>

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on the Trappist one system. So, it's
 

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on the Trappist one system. So, it's
time<00:00:54.480><c> to</c><00:00:54.719><c> find</c><00:00:54.879><c> out</c><00:00:55.039><c> the</c><00:00:55.280><c> truth.</c><00:00:56.079><c> Has</c><00:00:56.480><c> Web</c>

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time to find out the truth. Has Web
 

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time to find out the truth. Has Web
confirmed<00:00:57.280><c> that</c><00:00:57.440><c> the</c><00:00:57.600><c> planets</c><00:00:57.920><c> of</c><00:00:58.079><c> the</c>

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confirmed that the planets of the
 

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confirmed that the planets of the
Trappist<00:00:58.719><c> One</c><00:00:58.960><c> system</c><00:00:59.359><c> are</c><00:00:59.680><c> conducive</c><00:01:00.239><c> to</c>

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Trappist One system are conducive to
 

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Trappist One system are conducive to
life<00:01:01.199><c> or</c><00:01:01.680><c> is</c><00:01:01.840><c> it</c><00:01:02.079><c> back</c><00:01:02.239><c> to</c><00:01:02.399><c> the</c><00:01:02.559><c> drawing</c><00:01:02.879><c> board?</c>

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life or is it back to the drawing board?
 

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life or is it back to the drawing board?
I'm<00:01:04.960><c> Alex</c><00:01:05.280><c> Mccoan</c><00:01:05.840><c> and</c><00:01:06.080><c> you're</c><00:01:06.240><c> watching</c>

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
 

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I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
Astramm.<00:01:07.360><c> And</c><00:01:07.520><c> together</c><00:01:07.920><c> in</c><00:01:08.159><c> this</c><00:01:08.400><c> supercut,</c>

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Astramm. And together in this supercut,
 

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Astramm. And together in this supercut,
we<00:01:09.360><c> will</c><00:01:09.520><c> go</c><00:01:09.760><c> through</c><00:01:10.240><c> every</c><00:01:10.720><c> planet</c><00:01:11.119><c> in</c><00:01:11.280><c> the</c>

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we will go through every planet in the
 

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we will go through every planet in the
Trappist<00:01:11.840><c> system</c><00:01:12.400><c> and</c><00:01:12.720><c> see</c><00:01:12.880><c> why</c><00:01:13.200><c> new</c><00:01:13.520><c> data</c><00:01:14.159><c> is</c>

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Trappist system and see why new data is
 

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Trappist system and see why new data is
narrowing<00:01:14.960><c> down</c><00:01:15.360><c> the</c><00:01:15.680><c> most</c><00:01:15.920><c> likely</c><00:01:16.400><c> places</c>

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narrowing down the most likely places
 

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narrowing down the most likely places
life<00:01:17.360><c> could</c><00:01:17.600><c> arise.</c>

01:22.870 --> 01:22.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

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Evaluating<00:01:23.439><c> a</c><00:01:23.600><c> star</c><00:01:23.920><c> system</c><00:01:24.159><c> for</c>

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Evaluating a star system for
 

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Evaluating a star system for
compatibility<00:01:25.200><c> with</c><00:01:25.439><c> life</c><00:01:25.840><c> is</c><00:01:26.240><c> tricky.</c>

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compatibility with life is tricky.
 

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compatibility with life is tricky.
Although<00:01:27.520><c> much</c><00:01:27.759><c> of</c><00:01:27.920><c> it</c><00:01:28.080><c> is</c><00:01:28.240><c> about</c><00:01:28.400><c> the</c><00:01:28.640><c> planets</c>

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Although much of it is about the planets
 

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Although much of it is about the planets
themselves,<00:01:29.840><c> a</c><00:01:30.080><c> large</c><00:01:30.400><c> portion</c><00:01:30.720><c> of</c><00:01:30.880><c> the</c>

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themselves, a large portion of the
 

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themselves, a large portion of the
conditions<00:01:31.600><c> depend</c><00:01:32.000><c> on</c><00:01:32.240><c> the</c><00:01:32.560><c> star</c><00:01:33.040><c> they're</c>

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conditions depend on the star they're
 

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conditions depend on the star they're
orbiting.<00:01:34.240><c> So,</c><00:01:34.479><c> let's</c><00:01:34.799><c> begin</c><00:01:35.200><c> at</c><00:01:35.520><c> the</c><00:01:35.759><c> heart</c>

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orbiting. So, let's begin at the heart
 

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orbiting. So, let's begin at the heart
of<00:01:36.240><c> the</c><00:01:36.479><c> Trappist</c><00:01:36.960><c> system,</c><00:01:37.600><c> Trappist</c><00:01:38.320><c> one</c>

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of the Trappist system, Trappist one
 

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of the Trappist system, Trappist one
itself.<00:01:40.079><c> The</c><00:01:40.320><c> ultra</c><00:01:40.640><c> cool</c><00:01:40.799><c> red</c><00:01:41.040><c> dwarf</c><00:01:41.360><c> star,</c><00:01:42.000><c> a</c>

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itself. The ultra cool red dwarf star, a
 

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itself. The ultra cool red dwarf star, a
star<00:01:42.479><c> which</c><00:01:42.720><c> is</c><00:01:42.960><c> just</c><00:01:43.200><c> a</c><00:01:43.520><c> little</c><00:01:43.680><c> bit</c><00:01:43.840><c> bigger</c>

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star which is just a little bit bigger
 

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star which is just a little bit bigger
than<00:01:44.320><c> Jupiter,</c><00:01:45.119><c> but</c><00:01:45.520><c> a</c><00:01:45.759><c> lot</c><00:01:46.000><c> more</c><00:01:46.240><c> massive.</c>

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than Jupiter, but a lot more massive.
 

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than Jupiter, but a lot more massive.
Red<00:01:47.520><c> dwarf</c><00:01:47.920><c> stars</c><00:01:48.240><c> are</c><00:01:48.399><c> the</c><00:01:48.560><c> most</c><00:01:48.720><c> common</c><00:01:49.040><c> type</c>

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Red dwarf stars are the most common type
 

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Red dwarf stars are the most common type
of<00:01:49.439><c> star</c><00:01:49.680><c> in</c><00:01:49.840><c> the</c><00:01:50.000><c> galaxy.</c><00:01:50.799><c> Even</c><00:01:51.200><c> our</c><00:01:51.600><c> closest</c>

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of star in the galaxy. Even our closest
 

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of star in the galaxy. Even our closest
neighbor,<00:01:52.479><c> Proxima</c><00:01:53.040><c> Centauri,</c><00:01:53.840><c> is</c><00:01:54.159><c> a</c><00:01:54.399><c> red</c>

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neighbor, Proxima Centauri, is a red
 

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neighbor, Proxima Centauri, is a red
dwarf,<00:01:55.680><c> as</c><00:01:56.000><c> are</c><00:01:56.640><c> 50</c><00:01:57.200><c> of</c><00:01:57.439><c> the</c><00:01:57.680><c> closest</c><00:01:58.159><c> 60</c><00:01:58.640><c> stars</c>

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dwarf, as are 50 of the closest 60 stars
 

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dwarf, as are 50 of the closest 60 stars
to<00:01:59.200><c> us.</c><00:02:00.479><c> Being</c><00:02:00.880><c> so</c><00:02:01.280><c> cool</c><00:02:01.680><c> means</c><00:02:01.920><c> they</c><00:02:02.159><c> are</c><00:02:02.479><c> very</c>

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to us. Being so cool means they are very
 

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to us. Being so cool means they are very
longived.<00:02:04.079><c> Stella</c><00:02:04.479><c> models</c><00:02:04.799><c> suggest</c><00:02:05.119><c> they</c>

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longived. Stella models suggest they
 

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longived. Stella models suggest they
could<00:02:05.600><c> exist</c><00:02:05.920><c> for</c><00:02:06.240><c> trillions</c><00:02:06.719><c> of</c><00:02:06.880><c> years,</c>

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could exist for trillions of years,
 

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could exist for trillions of years,
which<00:02:07.759><c> is</c><00:02:08.000><c> far</c><00:02:08.239><c> more</c><00:02:08.479><c> than</c><00:02:08.640><c> the</c><00:02:08.879><c> current</c><00:02:09.039><c> age</c>

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which is far more than the current age
 

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which is far more than the current age
of<00:02:09.440><c> the</c><00:02:09.599><c> universe.</c><00:02:10.879><c> Although</c><00:02:11.280><c> there</c><00:02:11.599><c> are</c><00:02:12.080><c> many</c>

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of the universe. Although there are many
 

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of the universe. Although there are many
known<00:02:12.720><c> red</c><00:02:12.959><c> dwarfs</c><00:02:13.360><c> with</c><00:02:13.680><c> exoplanets</c><00:02:14.400><c> around</c>

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known red dwarfs with exoplanets around
 

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known red dwarfs with exoplanets around
them,<00:02:15.280><c> typically</c><00:02:15.920><c> red</c><00:02:16.239><c> dwarfs</c><00:02:16.720><c> are</c><00:02:17.040><c> dubious</c>

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them, typically red dwarfs are dubious
 

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them, typically red dwarfs are dubious
candidates<00:02:18.080><c> to</c><00:02:18.239><c> have</c><00:02:18.480><c> life.</c><00:02:19.440><c> This</c><00:02:19.760><c> is</c><00:02:19.920><c> because</c>

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candidates to have life. This is because
 

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candidates to have life. This is because
the<00:02:20.480><c> Goldilock</c><00:02:21.120><c> zone</c><00:02:21.599><c> or</c><00:02:21.920><c> the</c><00:02:22.160><c> distance</c><00:02:22.400><c> from</c>

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the Goldilock zone or the distance from
 

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the Goldilock zone or the distance from
the<00:02:22.800><c> star</c><00:02:23.120><c> where</c><00:02:23.440><c> water</c><00:02:23.920><c> could</c><00:02:24.319><c> theoretically</c>

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the star where water could theoretically
 

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the star where water could theoretically
pull<00:02:25.360><c> on</c><00:02:25.599><c> the</c><00:02:25.760><c> planet's</c><00:02:26.080><c> surface</c><00:02:26.959><c> is</c>

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pull on the planet's surface is
 

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pull on the planet's surface is
extremely<00:02:28.000><c> close</c><00:02:28.160><c> to</c><00:02:28.319><c> the</c><00:02:28.480><c> parent</c><00:02:28.800><c> star.</c>

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extremely close to the parent star.
 

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extremely close to the parent star.
Meaning<00:02:30.080><c> any</c><00:02:30.480><c> exoplanets</c><00:02:31.280><c> orbiting</c><00:02:31.840><c> in</c><00:02:32.080><c> this</c>

02:32.309 --> 02:32.319 align:start position:0%
Meaning any exoplanets orbiting in this
 

02:32.319 --> 02:35.589 align:start position:0%
Meaning any exoplanets orbiting in this
zone<00:02:32.959><c> are</c><00:02:33.200><c> likely</c><00:02:33.840><c> tidily</c><00:02:34.400><c> locked.</c><00:02:35.360><c> This</c>

02:35.589 --> 02:35.599 align:start position:0%
zone are likely tidily locked. This
 

02:35.599 --> 02:37.190 align:start position:0%
zone are likely tidily locked. This
means<00:02:35.920><c> one</c><00:02:36.160><c> side</c><00:02:36.319><c> to</c><00:02:36.480><c> the</c><00:02:36.640><c> planet</c><00:02:36.959><c> would</c>

02:37.190 --> 02:37.200 align:start position:0%
means one side to the planet would
 

02:37.200 --> 02:39.509 align:start position:0%
means one side to the planet would
always<00:02:37.519><c> be</c><00:02:37.680><c> facing</c><00:02:38.000><c> the</c><00:02:38.239><c> star</c><00:02:38.879><c> and</c><00:02:39.120><c> the</c><00:02:39.280><c> other</c>

02:39.509 --> 02:39.519 align:start position:0%
always be facing the star and the other
 

02:39.519 --> 02:42.630 align:start position:0%
always be facing the star and the other
side<00:02:40.000><c> would</c><00:02:40.319><c> be</c><00:02:40.560><c> in</c><00:02:40.879><c> perpetual</c><00:02:41.599><c> night</c><00:02:42.319><c> and</c><00:02:42.480><c> the</c>

02:42.630 --> 02:42.640 align:start position:0%
side would be in perpetual night and the
 

02:42.640 --> 02:44.710 align:start position:0%
side would be in perpetual night and the
night<00:02:42.959><c> side</c><00:02:43.440><c> would</c><00:02:43.680><c> be</c><00:02:43.840><c> cold</c><00:02:44.160><c> enough</c><00:02:44.400><c> for</c>

02:44.710 --> 02:44.720 align:start position:0%
night side would be cold enough for
 

02:44.720 --> 02:48.150 align:start position:0%
night side would be cold enough for
gases<00:02:45.120><c> in</c><00:02:45.280><c> the</c><00:02:45.440><c> atmosphere</c><00:02:45.920><c> to</c><00:02:46.160><c> freeze.</c><00:02:47.519><c> Also,</c>

02:48.150 --> 02:48.160 align:start position:0%
gases in the atmosphere to freeze. Also,
 

02:48.160 --> 02:51.190 align:start position:0%
gases in the atmosphere to freeze. Also,
red<00:02:48.400><c> dwarf</c><00:02:48.720><c> stars</c><00:02:49.040><c> are</c><00:02:49.440><c> often</c><00:02:49.840><c> flare</c><00:02:50.319><c> stars</c><00:02:50.959><c> or</c>

02:51.190 --> 02:51.200 align:start position:0%
red dwarf stars are often flare stars or
 

02:51.200 --> 02:53.110 align:start position:0%
red dwarf stars are often flare stars or
stars<00:02:51.519><c> that</c><00:02:51.760><c> can</c><00:02:52.000><c> have</c><00:02:52.160><c> their</c><00:02:52.400><c> brightness</c>

02:53.110 --> 02:53.120 align:start position:0%
stars that can have their brightness
 

02:53.120 --> 02:56.309 align:start position:0%
stars that can have their brightness
increase<00:02:53.599><c> very</c><00:02:54.000><c> rapidly</c><00:02:54.879><c> to</c><00:02:55.360><c> magnitudes</c>

02:56.309 --> 02:56.319 align:start position:0%
increase very rapidly to magnitudes
 

02:56.319 --> 02:59.270 align:start position:0%
increase very rapidly to magnitudes
brighter<00:02:56.879><c> than</c><00:02:57.120><c> they</c><00:02:57.360><c> are</c><00:02:57.599><c> normally.</c><00:02:58.800><c> This</c><00:02:59.040><c> is</c>

02:59.270 --> 02:59.280 align:start position:0%
brighter than they are normally. This is
 

02:59.280 --> 03:01.750 align:start position:0%
brighter than they are normally. This is
similar<00:02:59.599><c> in</c><00:02:59.760><c> a</c><00:02:59.920><c> way</c><00:03:00.080><c> to</c><00:03:00.319><c> a</c><00:03:00.640><c> solar</c><00:03:00.959><c> flare</c><00:03:01.280><c> on</c><00:03:01.519><c> our</c>

03:01.750 --> 03:01.760 align:start position:0%
similar in a way to a solar flare on our
 

03:01.760 --> 03:05.350 align:start position:0%
similar in a way to a solar flare on our
sun,<00:03:02.239><c> but</c><00:03:02.560><c> on</c><00:03:02.720><c> a</c><00:03:02.959><c> much</c><00:03:03.440><c> grander</c><00:03:04.000><c> scale.</c><00:03:05.120><c> This</c>

03:05.350 --> 03:05.360 align:start position:0%
sun, but on a much grander scale. This
 

03:05.360 --> 03:07.430 align:start position:0%
sun, but on a much grander scale. This
variation<00:03:05.840><c> in</c><00:03:06.159><c> temperatures</c><00:03:06.560><c> and</c><00:03:06.879><c> radiation</c>

03:07.430 --> 03:07.440 align:start position:0%
variation in temperatures and radiation
 

03:07.440 --> 03:09.670 align:start position:0%
variation in temperatures and radiation
is<00:03:07.760><c> not</c><00:03:08.080><c> good</c><00:03:08.239><c> for</c><00:03:08.400><c> life</c><00:03:08.640><c> to</c><00:03:08.800><c> develop</c><00:03:09.200><c> on</c><00:03:09.440><c> any</c>

03:09.670 --> 03:09.680 align:start position:0%
is not good for life to develop on any
 

03:09.680 --> 03:12.790 align:start position:0%
is not good for life to develop on any
planets<00:03:10.080><c> nearby</c><00:03:11.120><c> or</c><00:03:11.519><c> for</c><00:03:11.760><c> planets</c><00:03:12.239><c> retaining</c>

03:12.790 --> 03:12.800 align:start position:0%
planets nearby or for planets retaining
 

03:12.800 --> 03:16.229 align:start position:0%
planets nearby or for planets retaining
their<00:03:12.959><c> atmospheres</c><00:03:13.840><c> during</c><00:03:14.319><c> a</c><00:03:14.560><c> huge</c><00:03:14.959><c> flare.</c>

03:16.229 --> 03:16.239 align:start position:0%
their atmospheres during a huge flare.
 

03:16.239 --> 03:18.949 align:start position:0%
their atmospheres during a huge flare.
Travis<00:03:16.720><c> 1,</c><00:03:17.040><c> however,</c><00:03:17.920><c> while</c><00:03:18.319><c> being</c><00:03:18.560><c> a</c><00:03:18.800><c> red</c>

03:18.949 --> 03:18.959 align:start position:0%
Travis 1, however, while being a red
 

03:18.959 --> 03:21.670 align:start position:0%
Travis 1, however, while being a red
dwarf,<00:03:19.680><c> does</c><00:03:19.920><c> not</c><00:03:20.159><c> flare</c><00:03:20.480><c> up</c><00:03:20.640><c> as</c><00:03:20.959><c> much</c><00:03:21.120><c> as</c><00:03:21.360><c> its</c>

03:21.670 --> 03:21.680 align:start position:0%
dwarf, does not flare up as much as its
 

03:21.680 --> 03:24.869 align:start position:0%
dwarf, does not flare up as much as its
other<00:03:21.920><c> red</c><00:03:22.239><c> dwarf</c><00:03:22.640><c> cousins.</c><00:03:23.680><c> 30</c><00:03:24.080><c> times</c><00:03:24.480><c> less</c>

03:24.869 --> 03:24.879 align:start position:0%
other red dwarf cousins. 30 times less
 

03:24.879 --> 03:27.830 align:start position:0%
other red dwarf cousins. 30 times less
than<00:03:25.120><c> a</c><00:03:25.360><c> typical</c><00:03:25.680><c> red</c><00:03:26.000><c> dwarf</c><00:03:26.400><c> star.</c><00:03:27.360><c> Great</c><00:03:27.680><c> for</c>

03:27.830 --> 03:27.840 align:start position:0%
than a typical red dwarf star. Great for
 

03:27.840 --> 03:30.550 align:start position:0%
than a typical red dwarf star. Great for
the<00:03:28.080><c> chances</c><00:03:28.959><c> that</c><00:03:29.200><c> atmospheres</c><00:03:29.920><c> exist</c><00:03:30.319><c> on</c>

03:30.550 --> 03:30.560 align:start position:0%
the chances that atmospheres exist on
 

03:30.560 --> 03:37.110 align:start position:0%
the chances that atmospheres exist on
the<00:03:30.720><c> exoplanets</c><00:03:31.599><c> around</c><00:03:32.000><c> the</c><00:03:32.319><c> star.</c>

03:37.110 --> 03:37.120 align:start position:0%
 
 

03:37.120 --> 03:38.710 align:start position:0%
 
Although<00:03:37.440><c> the</c><00:03:37.680><c> star</c><00:03:37.920><c> was</c><00:03:38.159><c> first</c><00:03:38.400><c> discovered</c>

03:38.710 --> 03:38.720 align:start position:0%
Although the star was first discovered
 

03:38.720 --> 03:41.830 align:start position:0%
Although the star was first discovered
in<00:03:39.040><c> 1999,</c><00:03:40.239><c> its</c><00:03:40.560><c> full</c><00:03:40.879><c> planetary</c><00:03:41.440><c> lineup</c>

03:41.830 --> 03:41.840 align:start position:0%
in 1999, its full planetary lineup
 

03:41.840 --> 03:44.550 align:start position:0%
in 1999, its full planetary lineup
wasn't<00:03:42.159><c> revealed</c><00:03:42.480><c> until</c><00:03:43.120><c> 2017</c><00:03:44.080><c> when</c><00:03:44.319><c> it</c>

03:44.550 --> 03:44.560 align:start position:0%
wasn't revealed until 2017 when it
 

03:44.560 --> 03:46.710 align:start position:0%
wasn't revealed until 2017 when it
became<00:03:44.720><c> the</c><00:03:45.040><c> first</c><00:03:45.519><c> and</c><00:03:45.840><c> only</c><00:03:46.159><c> planetary</c>

03:46.710 --> 03:46.720 align:start position:0%
became the first and only planetary
 

03:46.720 --> 03:48.789 align:start position:0%
became the first and only planetary
system<00:03:46.959><c> to</c><00:03:47.200><c> be</c><00:03:47.360><c> discovered</c><00:03:47.760><c> by</c><00:03:48.000><c> the</c><00:03:48.159><c> Trappist</c>

03:48.789 --> 03:48.799 align:start position:0%
system to be discovered by the Trappist
 

03:48.799 --> 03:51.509 align:start position:0%
system to be discovered by the Trappist
optical<00:03:49.440><c> robotic</c><00:03:50.000><c> telescope.</c><00:03:51.280><c> This</c>

03:51.509 --> 03:51.519 align:start position:0%
optical robotic telescope. This
 

03:51.519 --> 03:54.070 align:start position:0%
optical robotic telescope. This
telescope<00:03:52.000><c> is</c><00:03:52.239><c> made</c><00:03:52.480><c> up</c><00:03:52.640><c> of</c><00:03:52.879><c> two</c><00:03:53.200><c> parts.</c>

03:54.070 --> 03:54.080 align:start position:0%
telescope is made up of two parts.
 

03:54.080 --> 03:56.789 align:start position:0%
telescope is made up of two parts.
Trappist<00:03:54.640><c> South</c><00:03:54.959><c> in</c><00:03:55.120><c> the</c><00:03:55.280><c> Chilean</c><00:03:55.920><c> Mountains</c>

03:56.789 --> 03:56.799 align:start position:0%
Trappist South in the Chilean Mountains
 

03:56.799 --> 03:59.350 align:start position:0%
Trappist South in the Chilean Mountains
and<00:03:57.120><c> Trappist</c><00:03:57.760><c> North</c><00:03:58.080><c> in</c><00:03:58.319><c> Morocco's</c><00:03:58.879><c> Atlas</c>

03:59.350 --> 03:59.360 align:start position:0%
and Trappist North in Morocco's Atlas
 

03:59.360 --> 04:03.110 align:start position:0%
and Trappist North in Morocco's Atlas
Mountains.<00:04:00.720><c> They</c><00:04:01.040><c> use</c><00:04:01.439><c> transit</c><00:04:02.000><c> photometry,</c>

04:03.110 --> 04:03.120 align:start position:0%
Mountains. They use transit photometry,
 

04:03.120 --> 04:04.949 align:start position:0%
Mountains. They use transit photometry,
a<00:04:03.360><c> technique</c><00:04:03.680><c> that</c><00:04:03.920><c> measures</c><00:04:04.400><c> periodic</c>

04:04.949 --> 04:04.959 align:start position:0%
a technique that measures periodic
 

04:04.959 --> 04:06.789 align:start position:0%
a technique that measures periodic
changes<00:04:05.280><c> in</c><00:04:05.439><c> the</c><00:04:05.680><c> brightness</c><00:04:05.920><c> of</c><00:04:06.080><c> a</c><00:04:06.239><c> star</c><00:04:06.560><c> to</c>

04:06.789 --> 04:06.799 align:start position:0%
changes in the brightness of a star to
 

04:06.799 --> 04:09.670 align:start position:0%
changes in the brightness of a star to
find<00:04:07.120><c> orbiting</c><00:04:07.680><c> planets.</c><00:04:08.640><c> In</c><00:04:08.879><c> other</c><00:04:09.120><c> words,</c>

04:09.670 --> 04:09.680 align:start position:0%
find orbiting planets. In other words,
 

04:09.680 --> 04:12.070 align:start position:0%
find orbiting planets. In other words,
if<00:04:09.920><c> a</c><00:04:10.080><c> planet</c><00:04:10.480><c> passes</c><00:04:10.959><c> between</c><00:04:11.360><c> us</c><00:04:11.680><c> and</c><00:04:11.920><c> the</c>

04:12.070 --> 04:12.080 align:start position:0%
if a planet passes between us and the
 

04:12.080 --> 04:14.630 align:start position:0%
if a planet passes between us and the
star,<00:04:12.799><c> then</c><00:04:13.040><c> some</c><00:04:13.200><c> of</c><00:04:13.360><c> its</c><00:04:13.599><c> light</c><00:04:13.840><c> is</c><00:04:14.080><c> blocked,</c>

04:14.630 --> 04:14.640 align:start position:0%
star, then some of its light is blocked,
 

04:14.640 --> 04:16.870 align:start position:0%
star, then some of its light is blocked,
and<00:04:14.879><c> so</c><00:04:15.040><c> we</c><00:04:15.280><c> detect</c><00:04:15.680><c> a</c><00:04:15.840><c> dip</c><00:04:16.079><c> in</c><00:04:16.320><c> the</c><00:04:16.479><c> stars</c>

04:16.870 --> 04:16.880 align:start position:0%
and so we detect a dip in the stars
 

04:16.880 --> 04:19.909 align:start position:0%
and so we detect a dip in the stars
apparent<00:04:17.359><c> output.</c><00:04:18.639><c> By</c><00:04:18.959><c> taking</c><00:04:19.440><c> multiple</c>

04:19.909 --> 04:19.919 align:start position:0%
apparent output. By taking multiple
 

04:19.919 --> 04:22.069 align:start position:0%
apparent output. By taking multiple
observations,<00:04:20.799><c> the</c><00:04:20.959><c> telescopes</c><00:04:21.600><c> were</c><00:04:21.840><c> able</c>

04:22.069 --> 04:22.079 align:start position:0%
observations, the telescopes were able
 

04:22.079 --> 04:24.550 align:start position:0%
observations, the telescopes were able
to<00:04:22.240><c> isolate</c><00:04:22.800><c> the</c><00:04:23.040><c> individual</c><00:04:23.680><c> orbits</c><00:04:24.240><c> of</c>

04:24.550 --> 04:24.560 align:start position:0%
to isolate the individual orbits of
 

04:24.560 --> 04:27.350 align:start position:0%
to isolate the individual orbits of
multiple<00:04:25.199><c> planets</c><00:04:25.680><c> around</c><00:04:26.000><c> Trappist</c><00:04:26.560><c> 1.</c>

04:27.350 --> 04:27.360 align:start position:0%
multiple planets around Trappist 1.
 

04:27.360 --> 04:29.430 align:start position:0%
multiple planets around Trappist 1.
Initially,<00:04:27.840><c> their</c><00:04:28.080><c> data</c><00:04:28.479><c> analysis</c><00:04:29.120><c> only</c>

04:29.430 --> 04:29.440 align:start position:0%
Initially, their data analysis only
 

04:29.440 --> 04:32.230 align:start position:0%
Initially, their data analysis only
found<00:04:29.680><c> the</c><00:04:30.080><c> three</c><00:04:30.479><c> innermost</c><00:04:31.120><c> planets,</c><00:04:31.919><c> but</c>

04:32.230 --> 04:32.240 align:start position:0%
found the three innermost planets, but
 

04:32.240 --> 04:34.150 align:start position:0%
found the three innermost planets, but
further<00:04:32.639><c> data</c><00:04:32.960><c> from</c><00:04:33.280><c> both</c><00:04:33.520><c> of</c><00:04:33.600><c> the</c><00:04:33.759><c> Trappist</c>

04:34.150 --> 04:34.160 align:start position:0%
further data from both of the Trappist
 

04:34.160 --> 04:36.070 align:start position:0%
further data from both of the Trappist
telescopes<00:04:34.880><c> as</c><00:04:35.120><c> well</c><00:04:35.199><c> as</c><00:04:35.360><c> the</c><00:04:35.520><c> Spitzer</c>

04:36.070 --> 04:36.080 align:start position:0%
telescopes as well as the Spitzer
 

04:36.080 --> 04:38.950 align:start position:0%
telescopes as well as the Spitzer
Infrared<00:04:36.560><c> Space</c><00:04:36.880><c> Telescope</c><00:04:37.840><c> took</c><00:04:38.240><c> this</c><00:04:38.479><c> total</c>

04:38.950 --> 04:38.960 align:start position:0%
Infrared Space Telescope took this total
 

04:38.960 --> 04:42.469 align:start position:0%
Infrared Space Telescope took this total
to<00:04:39.199><c> seven.</c><00:04:40.160><c> And</c><00:04:40.479><c> not</c><00:04:40.800><c> only</c><00:04:40.960><c> that,</c><00:04:41.759><c> but</c><00:04:42.000><c> they</c>

04:42.469 --> 04:42.479 align:start position:0%
to seven. And not only that, but they
 

04:42.479 --> 04:46.230 align:start position:0%
to seven. And not only that, but they
are<00:04:42.720><c> all</c><00:04:43.280><c> rocky</c><00:04:44.400><c> and</c><00:04:44.720><c> all,</c><00:04:45.280><c> at</c><00:04:45.280><c> least</c><00:04:45.680><c> roughly</c>

04:46.230 --> 04:46.240 align:start position:0%
are all rocky and all, at least roughly
 

04:46.240 --> 04:48.710 align:start position:0%
are all rocky and all, at least roughly
Earth-sized,<00:04:47.360><c> making</c><00:04:47.680><c> this</c><00:04:48.080><c> the</c><00:04:48.320><c> most</c>

04:48.710 --> 04:48.720 align:start position:0%
Earth-sized, making this the most
 

04:48.720 --> 04:52.390 align:start position:0%
Earth-sized, making this the most
Earthlike<00:04:49.440><c> planets</c><00:04:49.919><c> found</c><00:04:50.320><c> around</c><00:04:50.800><c> any</c><00:04:51.199><c> star.</c>

04:52.390 --> 04:52.400 align:start position:0%
Earthlike planets found around any star.
 

04:52.400 --> 04:55.189 align:start position:0%
Earthlike planets found around any star.
But<00:04:52.720><c> with</c><00:04:53.040><c> such</c><00:04:53.360><c> a</c><00:04:53.759><c> small</c><00:04:54.240><c> dim</c><00:04:54.639><c> star</c><00:04:54.880><c> at</c><00:04:55.040><c> the</c>

04:55.189 --> 04:55.199 align:start position:0%
But with such a small dim star at the
 

04:55.199 --> 04:57.270 align:start position:0%
But with such a small dim star at the
center,<00:04:55.919><c> is</c><00:04:56.080><c> there</c><00:04:56.320><c> really</c><00:04:56.560><c> any</c><00:04:56.800><c> hope</c><00:04:57.040><c> that</c>

04:57.270 --> 04:57.280 align:start position:0%
center, is there really any hope that
 

04:57.280 --> 05:02.870 align:start position:0%
center, is there really any hope that
they<00:04:57.600><c> could</c><00:04:57.919><c> be</c><00:04:58.080><c> habitable?</c>

05:02.870 --> 05:02.880 align:start position:0%
 
 

05:02.880 --> 05:05.430 align:start position:0%
 
Let's<00:05:03.280><c> now</c><00:05:03.680><c> talk</c><00:05:04.000><c> about</c><00:05:04.320><c> the</c><00:05:04.639><c> planets</c><00:05:05.199><c> of</c>

05:05.430 --> 05:05.440 align:start position:0%
Let's now talk about the planets of
 

05:05.440 --> 05:07.990 align:start position:0%
Let's now talk about the planets of
Trappist<00:05:06.000><c> one.</c><00:05:06.880><c> It</c><00:05:07.120><c> should</c><00:05:07.280><c> be</c><00:05:07.440><c> noted</c><00:05:07.759><c> that</c>

05:07.990 --> 05:08.000 align:start position:0%
Trappist one. It should be noted that
 

05:08.000 --> 05:10.070 align:start position:0%
Trappist one. It should be noted that
our<00:05:08.320><c> current</c><00:05:08.639><c> observations</c><00:05:09.360><c> aren't</c><00:05:09.759><c> going</c><00:05:09.919><c> to</c>

05:10.070 --> 05:10.080 align:start position:0%
our current observations aren't going to
 

05:10.080 --> 05:13.110 align:start position:0%
our current observations aren't going to
be<00:05:10.320><c> perfect</c><00:05:11.039><c> and</c><00:05:11.440><c> will</c><00:05:11.759><c> only</c><00:05:12.160><c> improve</c><00:05:12.560><c> as</c><00:05:12.880><c> time</c>

05:13.110 --> 05:13.120 align:start position:0%
be perfect and will only improve as time
 

05:13.120 --> 05:15.990 align:start position:0%
be perfect and will only improve as time
goes<00:05:13.360><c> on,</c><00:05:14.160><c> but</c><00:05:14.400><c> this</c><00:05:14.720><c> is</c><00:05:14.960><c> what</c><00:05:15.199><c> we</c><00:05:15.440><c> think</c><00:05:15.759><c> at</c>

05:15.990 --> 05:16.000 align:start position:0%
goes on, but this is what we think at
 

05:16.000 --> 05:18.550 align:start position:0%
goes on, but this is what we think at
this<00:05:16.240><c> point</c><00:05:16.479><c> in</c><00:05:16.720><c> time.</c>

05:18.550 --> 05:18.560 align:start position:0%
this point in time.
 

05:18.560 --> 05:20.950 align:start position:0%
this point in time.
Optimistically<00:05:19.360><c> speaking,</c><00:05:20.240><c> six</c><00:05:20.639><c> of</c><00:05:20.800><c> the</c>

05:20.950 --> 05:20.960 align:start position:0%
Optimistically speaking, six of the
 

05:20.960 --> 05:23.430 align:start position:0%
Optimistically speaking, six of the
seven<00:05:21.280><c> planets</c><00:05:21.600><c> within</c><00:05:22.000><c> Trappist</c><00:05:22.560><c> 1</c><00:05:22.960><c> orbit</c>

05:23.430 --> 05:23.440 align:start position:0%
seven planets within Trappist 1 orbit
 

05:23.440 --> 05:26.310 align:start position:0%
seven planets within Trappist 1 orbit
within<00:05:24.080><c> the</c><00:05:24.320><c> systems</c><00:05:24.720><c> Goldilock</c><00:05:25.280><c> zone.</c><00:05:26.000><c> These</c>

05:26.310 --> 05:26.320 align:start position:0%
within the systems Goldilock zone. These
 

05:26.320 --> 05:28.390 align:start position:0%
within the systems Goldilock zone. These
planets<00:05:26.720><c> are</c><00:05:26.960><c> so</c><00:05:27.199><c> close</c><00:05:27.440><c> together,</c><00:05:28.160><c> the</c>

05:28.390 --> 05:28.400 align:start position:0%
planets are so close together, the
 

05:28.400 --> 05:30.870 align:start position:0%
planets are so close together, the
furthest<00:05:28.800><c> out</c><00:05:29.039><c> planet</c><00:05:29.600><c> still</c><00:05:29.919><c> only</c><00:05:30.240><c> orbits</c><00:05:30.720><c> at</c>

05:30.870 --> 05:30.880 align:start position:0%
furthest out planet still only orbits at
 

05:30.880 --> 05:34.070 align:start position:0%
furthest out planet still only orbits at
roughly<00:05:31.440><c> 9</c><00:05:31.759><c> million</c><00:05:32.080><c> km</c><00:05:32.639><c> away</c><00:05:32.800><c> from</c><00:05:32.960><c> the</c><00:05:33.199><c> star.</c>

05:34.070 --> 05:34.080 align:start position:0%
roughly 9 million km away from the star.
 

05:34.080 --> 05:37.510 align:start position:0%
roughly 9 million km away from the star.
In<00:05:34.400><c> comparison,</c><00:05:35.440><c> Mercury</c><00:05:36.080><c> orbits</c><00:05:36.560><c> our</c><00:05:36.880><c> star</c>

05:37.510 --> 05:37.520 align:start position:0%
In comparison, Mercury orbits our star
 

05:37.520 --> 05:41.270 align:start position:0%
In comparison, Mercury orbits our star
at<00:05:37.919><c> 58</c><00:05:39.039><c> million</c><00:05:39.440><c> km.</c>

05:41.270 --> 05:41.280 align:start position:0%
at 58 million km.
 

05:41.280 --> 05:43.749 align:start position:0%
at 58 million km.
Trappist<00:05:41.759><c> 1b</c><00:05:42.240><c> is</c><00:05:42.479><c> the</c><00:05:42.720><c> closest</c><00:05:43.120><c> planet</c><00:05:43.440><c> to</c><00:05:43.600><c> the</c>

05:43.749 --> 05:43.759 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1b is the closest planet to the
 

05:43.759 --> 05:46.710 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1b is the closest planet to the
star<00:05:44.320><c> and</c><00:05:44.560><c> it</c><00:05:44.800><c> orbits</c><00:05:45.199><c> its</c><00:05:45.360><c> star</c><00:05:45.680><c> quickly.</c><00:05:46.560><c> A</c>

05:46.710 --> 05:46.720 align:start position:0%
star and it orbits its star quickly. A
 

05:46.720 --> 05:49.990 align:start position:0%
star and it orbits its star quickly. A
year<00:05:46.880><c> on</c><00:05:47.039><c> Trappist</c><00:05:47.520><c> 1b</c><00:05:47.919><c> lasts</c><00:05:48.320><c> only</c><00:05:48.639><c> 36</c><00:05:49.280><c> hours.</c>

05:49.990 --> 05:50.000 align:start position:0%
year on Trappist 1b lasts only 36 hours.
 

05:50.000 --> 05:51.830 align:start position:0%
year on Trappist 1b lasts only 36 hours.
It's<00:05:50.240><c> slightly</c><00:05:50.639><c> larger</c><00:05:50.880><c> than</c><00:05:51.120><c> Earth,</c><00:05:51.520><c> but</c>

05:51.830 --> 05:51.840 align:start position:0%
It's slightly larger than Earth, but
 

05:51.840 --> 05:53.830 align:start position:0%
It's slightly larger than Earth, but
with<00:05:52.000><c> the</c><00:05:52.240><c> same</c><00:05:52.400><c> mass,</c><00:05:53.120><c> meaning</c><00:05:53.440><c> surface</c>

05:53.830 --> 05:53.840 align:start position:0%
with the same mass, meaning surface
 

05:53.840 --> 05:56.790 align:start position:0%
with the same mass, meaning surface
gravity<00:05:54.320><c> would</c><00:05:54.560><c> be</c><00:05:54.800><c> about</c><00:05:55.280><c> 80%</c><00:05:55.919><c> of</c><00:05:56.080><c> Earth's,</c>

05:56.790 --> 05:56.800 align:start position:0%
gravity would be about 80% of Earth's,
 

05:56.800 --> 05:59.270 align:start position:0%
gravity would be about 80% of Earth's,
quite<00:05:57.039><c> similar</c><00:05:57.360><c> to</c><00:05:57.520><c> Venus.</c><00:05:58.560><c> It</c><00:05:58.800><c> was</c><00:05:58.880><c> initially</c>

05:59.270 --> 05:59.280 align:start position:0%
quite similar to Venus. It was initially
 

05:59.280 --> 06:02.629 align:start position:0%
quite similar to Venus. It was initially
thought<00:05:59.600><c> that</c><00:06:00.240><c> like</c><00:06:00.560><c> Venus,</c><00:06:01.280><c> it</c><00:06:01.600><c> also</c><00:06:02.080><c> had</c><00:06:02.400><c> an</c>

06:02.629 --> 06:02.639 align:start position:0%
thought that like Venus, it also had an
 

06:02.639 --> 06:04.550 align:start position:0%
thought that like Venus, it also had an
extremely<00:06:03.120><c> thick</c><00:06:03.440><c> atmosphere,</c><00:06:04.080><c> potentially</c>

06:04.550 --> 06:04.560 align:start position:0%
extremely thick atmosphere, potentially
 

06:04.560 --> 06:07.189 align:start position:0%
extremely thick atmosphere, potentially
full<00:06:04.880><c> of</c><00:06:05.120><c> CO2,</c><00:06:06.160><c> meaning</c><00:06:06.400><c> that</c><00:06:06.720><c> because</c><00:06:06.960><c> this</c>

06:07.189 --> 06:07.199 align:start position:0%
full of CO2, meaning that because this
 

06:07.199 --> 06:10.150 align:start position:0%
full of CO2, meaning that because this
planet<00:06:07.520><c> only</c><00:06:07.759><c> orbits</c><00:06:08.319><c> 1.7</c><00:06:09.120><c> million</c><00:06:09.520><c> km</c><00:06:10.000><c> from</c>

06:10.150 --> 06:10.160 align:start position:0%
planet only orbits 1.7 million km from
 

06:10.160 --> 06:13.350 align:start position:0%
planet only orbits 1.7 million km from
the<00:06:10.319><c> star,</c><00:06:11.039><c> it</c><00:06:11.199><c> would</c><00:06:11.360><c> have</c><00:06:11.600><c> been</c><00:06:12.080><c> really</c><00:06:12.479><c> hot.</c>

06:13.350 --> 06:13.360 align:start position:0%
the star, it would have been really hot.
 

06:13.360 --> 06:15.189 align:start position:0%
the star, it would have been really hot.
However,<00:06:13.840><c> new</c><00:06:14.080><c> data</c><00:06:14.319><c> from</c><00:06:14.479><c> the</c><00:06:14.639><c> James</c><00:06:14.880><c> Webb</c>

06:15.189 --> 06:15.199 align:start position:0%
However, new data from the James Webb
 

06:15.199 --> 06:17.590 align:start position:0%
However, new data from the James Webb
Space<00:06:15.440><c> Telescope</c><00:06:16.319><c> might</c><00:06:16.639><c> have</c><00:06:16.800><c> revised</c><00:06:17.280><c> our</c>

06:17.590 --> 06:17.600 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope might have revised our
 

06:17.600 --> 06:20.150 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope might have revised our
opinions.<00:06:18.720><c> The</c><00:06:18.880><c> James</c><00:06:19.120><c> Webb</c><00:06:19.440><c> Space</c><00:06:19.680><c> Telescope</c>

06:20.150 --> 06:20.160 align:start position:0%
opinions. The James Webb Space Telescope
 

06:20.160 --> 06:21.990 align:start position:0%
opinions. The James Webb Space Telescope
is<00:06:20.319><c> one</c><00:06:20.479><c> of</c><00:06:20.560><c> the</c><00:06:20.720><c> most</c><00:06:20.960><c> powerful</c><00:06:21.600><c> and</c>

06:21.990 --> 06:22.000 align:start position:0%
is one of the most powerful and
 

06:22.000 --> 06:24.469 align:start position:0%
is one of the most powerful and
sensitive<00:06:22.560><c> telescopes</c><00:06:23.120><c> to</c><00:06:23.360><c> date,</c><00:06:24.000><c> and</c><00:06:24.240><c> the</c>

06:24.469 --> 06:24.479 align:start position:0%
sensitive telescopes to date, and the
 

06:24.479 --> 06:26.710 align:start position:0%
sensitive telescopes to date, and the
teams<00:06:24.800><c> who</c><00:06:24.960><c> were</c><00:06:25.280><c> involved</c><00:06:25.840><c> with</c><00:06:26.160><c> developing</c>

06:26.710 --> 06:26.720 align:start position:0%
teams who were involved with developing
 

06:26.720 --> 06:29.189 align:start position:0%
teams who were involved with developing
the<00:06:26.960><c> telescope</c><00:06:27.840><c> were</c><00:06:28.080><c> rewarded</c><00:06:28.800><c> with</c>

06:29.189 --> 06:29.199 align:start position:0%
the telescope were rewarded with
 

06:29.199 --> 06:32.870 align:start position:0%
the telescope were rewarded with
guaranteed<00:06:30.000><c> observation</c><00:06:30.720><c> time.</c><00:06:31.919><c> One</c><00:06:32.240><c> group,</c>

06:32.870 --> 06:32.880 align:start position:0%
guaranteed observation time. One group,
 

06:32.880 --> 06:35.270 align:start position:0%
guaranteed observation time. One group,
the<00:06:33.199><c> deep</c><00:06:33.600><c> reconnaissance</c><00:06:34.240><c> of</c><00:06:34.400><c> exoplanet</c>

06:35.270 --> 06:35.280 align:start position:0%
the deep reconnaissance of exoplanet
 

06:35.280 --> 06:37.350 align:start position:0%
the deep reconnaissance of exoplanet
atmospheres<00:06:36.000><c> through</c><00:06:36.400><c> multi-instrument</c>

06:37.350 --> 06:37.360 align:start position:0%
atmospheres through multi-instrument
 

06:37.360 --> 06:40.230 align:start position:0%
atmospheres through multi-instrument
spectroscopy.<00:06:38.720><c> That's</c><00:06:38.880><c> right,</c><00:06:39.440><c> the</c><00:06:39.680><c> Dreams</c>

06:40.230 --> 06:40.240 align:start position:0%
spectroscopy. That's right, the Dreams
 

06:40.240 --> 06:42.870 align:start position:0%
spectroscopy. That's right, the Dreams
team<00:06:40.960><c> immediately</c><00:06:41.759><c> wanted</c><00:06:42.000><c> to</c><00:06:42.240><c> set</c><00:06:42.560><c> James</c>

06:42.870 --> 06:42.880 align:start position:0%
team immediately wanted to set James
 

06:42.880 --> 06:45.749 align:start position:0%
team immediately wanted to set James
Webb<00:06:43.280><c> sights</c><00:06:43.680><c> on</c><00:06:43.919><c> the</c><00:06:44.080><c> Trappist</c><00:06:44.639><c> One</c><00:06:44.880><c> system.</c>

06:45.749 --> 06:45.759 align:start position:0%
Webb sights on the Trappist One system.
 

06:45.759 --> 06:47.830 align:start position:0%
Webb sights on the Trappist One system.
The<00:06:45.919><c> James</c><00:06:46.240><c> Webb</c><00:06:46.560><c> Space</c><00:06:46.800><c> Telescope</c><00:06:47.360><c> is</c>

06:47.830 --> 06:47.840 align:start position:0%
The James Webb Space Telescope is
 

06:47.840 --> 06:51.270 align:start position:0%
The James Webb Space Telescope is
uniquely<00:06:48.479><c> sensitive</c><00:06:49.039><c> and</c><00:06:49.440><c> precise.</c><00:06:50.720><c> So</c><00:06:51.120><c> much</c>

06:51.270 --> 06:51.280 align:start position:0%
uniquely sensitive and precise. So much
 

06:51.280 --> 06:53.510 align:start position:0%
uniquely sensitive and precise. So much
so<00:06:51.759><c> that</c><00:06:52.000><c> it</c><00:06:52.240><c> can</c><00:06:52.400><c> detect</c><00:06:52.960><c> spectral</c>

06:53.510 --> 06:53.520 align:start position:0%
so that it can detect spectral
 

06:53.520 --> 06:55.830 align:start position:0%
so that it can detect spectral
signatures<00:06:54.160><c> from</c><00:06:54.479><c> the</c><00:06:54.720><c> thin</c><00:06:55.120><c> band</c><00:06:55.440><c> of</c><00:06:55.600><c> gas</c>

06:55.830 --> 06:55.840 align:start position:0%
signatures from the thin band of gas
 

06:55.840 --> 06:57.830 align:start position:0%
signatures from the thin band of gas
that<00:06:56.080><c> makes</c><00:06:56.319><c> up</c><00:06:56.479><c> the</c><00:06:56.720><c> atmospheres</c><00:06:57.280><c> of</c><00:06:57.520><c> these</c>

06:57.830 --> 06:57.840 align:start position:0%
that makes up the atmospheres of these
 

06:57.840 --> 07:00.790 align:start position:0%
that makes up the atmospheres of these
planets<00:06:58.639><c> a</c><00:06:58.880><c> whole</c><00:06:59.280><c> 40</c><00:06:59.759><c> lighty</c><00:07:00.080><c> years</c><00:07:00.319><c> from</c><00:07:00.560><c> our</c>

07:00.790 --> 07:00.800 align:start position:0%
planets a whole 40 lighty years from our
 

07:00.800 --> 07:03.510 align:start position:0%
planets a whole 40 lighty years from our
own.<00:07:01.759><c> It</c><00:07:02.000><c> does</c><00:07:02.240><c> this</c><00:07:02.400><c> thanks</c><00:07:02.720><c> to</c><00:07:02.880><c> a</c><00:07:03.039><c> technique</c>

07:03.510 --> 07:03.520 align:start position:0%
own. It does this thanks to a technique
 

07:03.520 --> 07:06.309 align:start position:0%
own. It does this thanks to a technique
called<00:07:03.919><c> transmission</c><00:07:04.800><c> spectroscopy.</c>

07:06.309 --> 07:06.319 align:start position:0%
called transmission spectroscopy.
 

07:06.319 --> 07:09.029 align:start position:0%
called transmission spectroscopy.
As<00:07:06.479><c> an</c><00:07:06.639><c> exoplanet</c><00:07:07.360><c> passes</c><00:07:07.840><c> its</c><00:07:08.080><c> mother</c><00:07:08.400><c> star,</c>

07:09.029 --> 07:09.039 align:start position:0%
As an exoplanet passes its mother star,
 

07:09.039 --> 07:11.430 align:start position:0%
As an exoplanet passes its mother star,
James<00:07:09.520><c> Web</c><00:07:09.919><c> not</c><00:07:10.240><c> only</c><00:07:10.479><c> measures</c><00:07:10.800><c> the</c><00:07:11.039><c> drop</c><00:07:11.199><c> in</c>

07:11.430 --> 07:11.440 align:start position:0%
James Web not only measures the drop in
 

07:11.440 --> 07:14.550 align:start position:0%
James Web not only measures the drop in
brightness<00:07:12.240><c> but</c><00:07:12.479><c> also</c><00:07:13.039><c> how</c><00:07:13.599><c> the</c><00:07:13.840><c> spectrum</c><00:07:14.319><c> of</c>

07:14.550 --> 07:14.560 align:start position:0%
brightness but also how the spectrum of
 

07:14.560 --> 07:17.350 align:start position:0%
brightness but also how the spectrum of
light<00:07:14.960><c> changes.</c><00:07:16.160><c> The</c><00:07:16.400><c> telescope's</c><00:07:17.039><c> near</c>

07:17.350 --> 07:17.360 align:start position:0%
light changes. The telescope's near
 

07:17.360 --> 07:20.230 align:start position:0%
light changes. The telescope's near
infrared<00:07:17.919><c> spectrometer</c><00:07:18.960><c> or</c><00:07:19.280><c> nearspec</c><00:07:20.080><c> for</c>

07:20.230 --> 07:20.240 align:start position:0%
infrared spectrometer or nearspec for
 

07:20.240 --> 07:22.150 align:start position:0%
infrared spectrometer or nearspec for
short<00:07:20.880><c> measures</c><00:07:21.280><c> the</c><00:07:21.520><c> wavelengths</c><00:07:22.000><c> of</c>

07:22.150 --> 07:22.160 align:start position:0%
short measures the wavelengths of
 

07:22.160 --> 07:23.909 align:start position:0%
short measures the wavelengths of
infrared<00:07:22.639><c> radiation</c><00:07:23.280><c> closest</c><00:07:23.599><c> to</c><00:07:23.759><c> the</c>

07:23.909 --> 07:23.919 align:start position:0%
infrared radiation closest to the
 

07:23.919 --> 07:26.870 align:start position:0%
infrared radiation closest to the
visible<00:07:24.319><c> spectrum.</c><00:07:25.440><c> Molecular</c><00:07:26.080><c> bonds</c><00:07:26.479><c> absorb</c>

07:26.870 --> 07:26.880 align:start position:0%
visible spectrum. Molecular bonds absorb
 

07:26.880 --> 07:29.270 align:start position:0%
visible spectrum. Molecular bonds absorb
energy<00:07:27.199><c> in</c><00:07:27.360><c> this</c><00:07:27.599><c> range</c><00:07:28.080><c> and</c><00:07:28.400><c> different</c><00:07:28.720><c> bonds</c>

07:29.270 --> 07:29.280 align:start position:0%
energy in this range and different bonds
 

07:29.280 --> 07:31.589 align:start position:0%
energy in this range and different bonds
like<00:07:29.599><c> this</c><00:07:30.080><c> carbon</c><00:07:30.560><c> hydrogen</c><00:07:31.120><c> bond</c><00:07:31.360><c> in</c>

07:31.589 --> 07:31.599 align:start position:0%
like this carbon hydrogen bond in
 

07:31.599 --> 07:34.790 align:start position:0%
like this carbon hydrogen bond in
methane<00:07:32.560><c> or</c><00:07:32.960><c> this</c><00:07:33.360><c> carbon</c><00:07:33.919><c> oxygen</c><00:07:34.479><c> double</c>

07:34.790 --> 07:34.800 align:start position:0%
methane or this carbon oxygen double
 

07:34.800 --> 07:37.830 align:start position:0%
methane or this carbon oxygen double
bond<00:07:35.120><c> in</c><00:07:35.360><c> carbon</c><00:07:35.680><c> dioxide</c><00:07:36.880><c> absorb</c><00:07:37.520><c> different</c>

07:37.830 --> 07:37.840 align:start position:0%
bond in carbon dioxide absorb different
 

07:37.840 --> 07:40.469 align:start position:0%
bond in carbon dioxide absorb different
wavelengths.<00:07:39.039><c> It</c><00:07:39.280><c> means</c><00:07:39.440><c> that</c><00:07:39.680><c> by</c><00:07:39.919><c> measuring</c>

07:40.469 --> 07:40.479 align:start position:0%
wavelengths. It means that by measuring
 

07:40.479 --> 07:42.469 align:start position:0%
wavelengths. It means that by measuring
which<00:07:40.800><c> wavelengths</c><00:07:41.440><c> are</c><00:07:41.599><c> absorbed</c><00:07:42.080><c> as</c><00:07:42.319><c> a</c>

07:42.469 --> 07:42.479 align:start position:0%
which wavelengths are absorbed as a
 

07:42.479 --> 07:44.870 align:start position:0%
which wavelengths are absorbed as a
planet<00:07:42.880><c> transits</c><00:07:43.360><c> its</c><00:07:43.599><c> star,</c><00:07:44.319><c> we</c><00:07:44.560><c> can</c><00:07:44.720><c> first</c>

07:44.870 --> 07:44.880 align:start position:0%
planet transits its star, we can first
 

07:44.880 --> 07:46.629 align:start position:0%
planet transits its star, we can first
of<00:07:45.039><c> all</c><00:07:45.280><c> work</c><00:07:45.599><c> out</c><00:07:45.919><c> if</c><00:07:46.160><c> there</c><00:07:46.319><c> is</c><00:07:46.479><c> an</c>

07:46.629 --> 07:46.639 align:start position:0%
of all work out if there is an
 

07:46.639 --> 07:49.909 align:start position:0%
of all work out if there is an
atmosphere<00:07:47.599><c> and</c><00:07:47.840><c> then</c><00:07:48.319><c> if</c><00:07:48.560><c> so,</c><00:07:49.280><c> determine</c>

07:49.909 --> 07:49.919 align:start position:0%
atmosphere and then if so, determine
 

07:49.919 --> 07:52.629 align:start position:0%
atmosphere and then if so, determine
which<00:07:50.240><c> gases</c><00:07:50.800><c> are</c><00:07:51.039><c> present.</c>

07:52.629 --> 07:52.639 align:start position:0%
which gases are present.
 

07:52.639 --> 07:55.350 align:start position:0%
which gases are present.
And<00:07:52.880><c> it's</c><00:07:53.280><c> been</c><00:07:53.680><c> particularly</c><00:07:54.479><c> easy</c><00:07:54.800><c> to</c><00:07:55.039><c> get</c><00:07:55.120><c> a</c>

07:55.350 --> 07:55.360 align:start position:0%
And it's been particularly easy to get a
 

07:55.360 --> 07:57.990 align:start position:0%
And it's been particularly easy to get a
read<00:07:55.599><c> at</c><00:07:55.759><c> Trappist</c><00:07:56.240><c> 1.</c><00:07:56.960><c> In</c><00:07:57.120><c> fact,</c><00:07:57.280><c> the</c><00:07:57.520><c> data</c><00:07:57.759><c> we</c>

07:57.990 --> 07:58.000 align:start position:0%
read at Trappist 1. In fact, the data we
 

07:58.000 --> 08:00.309 align:start position:0%
read at Trappist 1. In fact, the data we
have<00:07:58.240><c> is</c><00:07:58.560><c> 10</c><00:07:58.879><c> times</c><00:07:59.280><c> more</c><00:07:59.599><c> sensitive</c><00:08:00.080><c> than</c>

08:00.309 --> 08:00.319 align:start position:0%
have is 10 times more sensitive than
 

08:00.319 --> 08:04.309 align:start position:0%
have is 10 times more sensitive than
what<00:08:00.560><c> we</c><00:08:00.800><c> have</c><00:08:01.039><c> on</c><00:08:01.360><c> any</c><00:08:01.840><c> other</c><00:08:02.080><c> system.</c><00:08:03.280><c> Why?</c>

08:04.309 --> 08:04.319 align:start position:0%
what we have on any other system. Why?
 

08:04.319 --> 08:06.390 align:start position:0%
what we have on any other system. Why?
Counterintuitively,<00:08:05.599><c> it's</c><00:08:05.919><c> because</c><00:08:06.160><c> the</c>

08:06.390 --> 08:06.400 align:start position:0%
Counterintuitively, it's because the
 

08:06.400 --> 08:09.510 align:start position:0%
Counterintuitively, it's because the
star<00:08:06.720><c> is</c><00:08:07.039><c> relatively</c><00:08:07.599><c> dim.</c><00:08:08.639><c> The</c><00:08:08.960><c> light</c><00:08:09.199><c> a</c>

08:09.510 --> 08:09.520 align:start position:0%
star is relatively dim. The light a
 

08:09.520 --> 08:12.469 align:start position:0%
star is relatively dim. The light a
planet<00:08:09.840><c> obscures</c><00:08:10.720><c> causes</c><00:08:11.199><c> a</c><00:08:11.520><c> bigger</c><00:08:12.000><c> relative</c>

08:12.469 --> 08:12.479 align:start position:0%
planet obscures causes a bigger relative
 

08:12.479 --> 08:14.390 align:start position:0%
planet obscures causes a bigger relative
drop<00:08:12.639><c> in</c><00:08:12.879><c> apparent</c><00:08:13.280><c> brightness</c><00:08:13.599><c> of</c><00:08:13.759><c> this</c><00:08:14.000><c> star</c>

08:14.390 --> 08:14.400 align:start position:0%
drop in apparent brightness of this star
 

08:14.400 --> 08:16.309 align:start position:0%
drop in apparent brightness of this star
than<00:08:14.639><c> the</c><00:08:14.879><c> same</c><00:08:15.039><c> planet</c><00:08:15.440><c> passing</c><00:08:15.759><c> in</c><00:08:16.000><c> front</c><00:08:16.160><c> of</c>

08:16.309 --> 08:16.319 align:start position:0%
than the same planet passing in front of
 

08:16.319 --> 08:19.670 align:start position:0%
than the same planet passing in front of
a<00:08:16.720><c> large</c><00:08:17.280><c> bright</c><00:08:17.680><c> star.</c><00:08:18.560><c> A</c><00:08:18.800><c> bigger</c><00:08:19.120><c> difference</c>

08:19.670 --> 08:19.680 align:start position:0%
a large bright star. A bigger difference
 

08:19.680 --> 08:22.309 align:start position:0%
a large bright star. A bigger difference
is<00:08:20.080><c> easier</c><00:08:20.479><c> to</c><00:08:20.720><c> measure.</c>

08:22.309 --> 08:22.319 align:start position:0%
is easier to measure.
 

08:22.319 --> 08:24.390 align:start position:0%
is easier to measure.
With<00:08:22.560><c> the</c><00:08:22.720><c> help</c><00:08:22.879><c> of</c><00:08:23.039><c> the</c><00:08:23.199><c> web</c><00:08:23.440><c> data,</c><00:08:24.000><c> spotting</c>

08:24.390 --> 08:24.400 align:start position:0%
With the help of the web data, spotting
 

08:24.400 --> 08:26.070 align:start position:0%
With the help of the web data, spotting
atmospheres<00:08:24.879><c> in</c><00:08:25.039><c> the</c><00:08:25.120><c> Trappist</c><00:08:25.599><c> one</c><00:08:25.759><c> system</c>

08:26.070 --> 08:26.080 align:start position:0%
atmospheres in the Trappist one system
 

08:26.080 --> 08:28.550 align:start position:0%
atmospheres in the Trappist one system
felt<00:08:26.479><c> less</c><00:08:26.720><c> like</c><00:08:26.879><c> a</c><00:08:27.039><c> slog</c><00:08:27.680><c> and</c><00:08:27.919><c> more</c><00:08:28.080><c> like</c><00:08:28.319><c> a</c>

08:28.550 --> 08:28.560 align:start position:0%
felt less like a slog and more like a
 

08:28.560 --> 08:30.869 align:start position:0%
felt less like a slog and more like a
game<00:08:29.120><c> with</c><00:08:29.520><c> scientists</c><00:08:30.000><c> spending</c><00:08:30.319><c> time</c><00:08:30.560><c> every</c>

08:30.869 --> 08:30.879 align:start position:0%
game with scientists spending time every
 

08:30.879 --> 08:32.790 align:start position:0%
game with scientists spending time every
day<00:08:31.120><c> trying</c><00:08:31.440><c> to</c><00:08:31.599><c> crack</c><00:08:31.840><c> the</c><00:08:32.080><c> code</c><00:08:32.320><c> on</c><00:08:32.560><c> which</c>

08:32.790 --> 08:32.800 align:start position:0%
day trying to crack the code on which
 

08:32.800 --> 08:35.029 align:start position:0%
day trying to crack the code on which
planets<00:08:33.360><c> could</c><00:08:33.599><c> be</c><00:08:33.760><c> habitable.</c><00:08:34.479><c> And</c><00:08:34.640><c> I</c><00:08:34.880><c> bet</c>

08:35.029 --> 08:35.039 align:start position:0%
planets could be habitable. And I bet
 

08:35.039 --> 08:37.110 align:start position:0%
planets could be habitable. And I bet
they<00:08:35.360><c> had</c><00:08:35.519><c> fun</c><00:08:35.760><c> with</c><00:08:36.000><c> it.</c><00:08:36.560><c> But</c><00:08:36.719><c> if</c><00:08:36.880><c> you're</c>

08:35.039 --> 08:41.189 align:start position:0%
Speaking of seeing, let's go back to
what<00:09:40.399><c> the</c><00:09:40.560><c> web</c><00:09:40.880><c> saw</c><00:09:41.200><c> on</c><00:09:41.440><c> Trappist</c><00:09:42.080><c> 1B.</c>

08:37.922 --> 08:37.932 align:start position:0%
 
 

08:37.932 --> 08:39.842 align:start position:0%
 
Thanks<00:09:46.560><c> to</c><00:09:46.640><c> the</c><00:09:46.800><c> James</c><00:09:47.120><c> Web</c><00:09:47.360><c> Space</c><00:09:47.600><c> Telescope,</c>

08:39.842 --> 08:39.852 align:start position:0%
Thanks to the James Web Space Telescope,
 

08:39.852 --> 08:42.322 align:start position:0%
Thanks to the James Web Space Telescope,
it<00:09:48.480><c> has</c><00:09:48.640><c> been</c><00:09:48.800><c> revealed</c><00:09:49.120><c> that</c><00:09:49.360><c> Trappist</c><00:09:49.839><c> 1b</c><00:09:50.399><c> is</c>

08:42.322 --> 08:42.332 align:start position:0%
it has been revealed that Trappist 1b is
 

08:42.332 --> 08:44.722 align:start position:0%
it has been revealed that Trappist 1b is
much<00:09:51.040><c> cooler</c><00:09:51.440><c> than</c><00:09:51.600><c> it</c><00:09:51.760><c> had</c><00:09:52.000><c> been</c><00:09:52.160><c> predicted.</c>

08:44.722 --> 08:44.732 align:start position:0%
much cooler than it had been predicted.
 

08:44.732 --> 08:46.962 align:start position:0%
much cooler than it had been predicted.
surface<00:09:53.519><c> temperatures</c><00:09:53.920><c> on</c><00:09:54.080><c> its</c><00:09:54.240><c> sunward</c><00:09:54.720><c> side</c>

08:46.962 --> 08:46.972 align:start position:0%
surface temperatures on its sunward side
 

08:46.972 --> 08:50.802 align:start position:0%
surface temperatures on its sunward side
only<00:09:55.680><c> reached</c><00:09:56.320><c> 227°</c><00:09:57.519><c> C,</c><00:09:58.399><c> which</c><00:09:58.800><c> essentially</c>

08:50.802 --> 08:50.812 align:start position:0%
only reached 227° C, which essentially
 

08:50.812 --> 08:53.362 align:start position:0%
only reached 227° C, which essentially
rules<00:09:59.519><c> out</c><00:09:59.760><c> any</c><00:10:00.160><c> significant</c><00:10:00.800><c> atmosphere.</c>

08:53.362 --> 08:53.372 align:start position:0%
rules out any significant atmosphere.
 

08:53.372 --> 08:56.322 align:start position:0%
rules out any significant atmosphere.
There<00:10:02.000><c> is</c><00:10:02.399><c> no</c><00:10:02.880><c> chance</c><00:10:03.120><c> of</c><00:10:03.360><c> life</c><00:10:03.680><c> on</c><00:10:04.080><c> this</c><00:10:04.399><c> bare</c>

08:56.322 --> 08:56.332 align:start position:0%
There is no chance of life on this bare
 

08:56.332 --> 09:00.082 align:start position:0%
There is no chance of life on this bare
rock.<00:10:05.920><c> But</c><00:10:06.080><c> what</c><00:10:06.320><c> of</c><00:10:06.480><c> the</c><00:10:06.720><c> other</c><00:10:06.959><c> planets?</c>

09:00.082 --> 09:00.092 align:start position:0%
rock. But what of the other planets?
 

09:00.092 --> 09:02.881 align:start position:0%
rock. But what of the other planets?
Trappist<00:10:09.120><c> 1C</c><00:10:09.600><c> is</c><00:10:09.839><c> the</c><00:10:10.000><c> next</c><00:10:10.160><c> planet</c><00:10:10.720><c> orbiting</c>

09:02.881 --> 09:02.891 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1C is the next planet orbiting
 

09:02.891 --> 09:06.082 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1C is the next planet orbiting
at<00:10:11.600><c> 2.4</c><00:10:12.320><c> million</c><00:10:12.640><c> km</c><00:10:13.120><c> away</c><00:10:13.360><c> from</c><00:10:13.519><c> the</c><00:10:13.680><c> star.</c>

09:06.082 --> 09:06.092 align:start position:0%
at 2.4 million km away from the star.
 

09:06.092 --> 09:09.441 align:start position:0%
at 2.4 million km away from the star.
Its<00:10:14.800><c> year</c><00:10:15.279><c> lasts</c><00:10:15.920><c> 58</c><00:10:16.480><c> hours.</c><00:10:17.360><c> At</c><00:10:17.680><c> this</c>

09:09.441 --> 09:09.451 align:start position:0%
Its year lasts 58 hours. At this
 

09:09.451 --> 09:11.522 align:start position:0%
Its year lasts 58 hours. At this
distance<00:10:18.160><c> out,</c><00:10:18.480><c> it</c><00:10:18.640><c> is</c><00:10:18.880><c> getting</c><00:10:19.200><c> about</c><00:10:19.680><c> two</c>

09:11.522 --> 09:11.532 align:start position:0%
distance out, it is getting about two
 

09:11.532 --> 09:13.762 align:start position:0%
distance out, it is getting about two
times<00:10:20.320><c> the</c><00:10:20.480><c> starlight</c><00:10:21.040><c> Earth</c><00:10:21.360><c> gets</c><00:10:21.600><c> from</c><00:10:21.839><c> our</c>

09:13.762 --> 09:13.772 align:start position:0%
times the starlight Earth gets from our
 

09:13.772 --> 09:16.962 align:start position:0%
times the starlight Earth gets from our
sun.<00:10:23.040><c> Its</c><00:10:23.360><c> size</c><00:10:23.680><c> and</c><00:10:23.920><c> mass</c><00:10:24.320><c> are</c><00:10:24.480><c> about</c><00:10:24.800><c> 10%</c>

09:16.962 --> 09:16.972 align:start position:0%
sun. Its size and mass are about 10%
 

09:16.972 --> 09:19.441 align:start position:0%
sun. Its size and mass are about 10%
more<00:10:25.519><c> than</c><00:10:25.760><c> Earth,</c><00:10:26.480><c> which</c><00:10:26.800><c> means</c><00:10:27.120><c> it</c><00:10:27.360><c> has</c><00:10:27.600><c> a</c>

09:19.441 --> 09:19.451 align:start position:0%
more than Earth, which means it has a
 

09:19.451 --> 09:21.762 align:start position:0%
more than Earth, which means it has a
very<00:10:28.079><c> similar</c><00:10:28.399><c> gravity</c><00:10:28.800><c> to</c><00:10:28.959><c> Earth.</c><00:10:29.680><c> It</c><00:10:29.920><c> is</c>

09:21.762 --> 09:21.772 align:start position:0%
very similar gravity to Earth. It is
 

09:21.772 --> 09:24.082 align:start position:0%
very similar gravity to Earth. It is
very<00:10:30.560><c> similar</c><00:10:30.880><c> to</c><00:10:31.120><c> Trappist</c><00:10:31.600><c> 1b</c><00:10:32.079><c> in</c><00:10:32.320><c> that</c>

09:24.082 --> 09:24.092 align:start position:0%
very similar to Trappist 1b in that
 

09:24.092 --> 09:26.482 align:start position:0%
very similar to Trappist 1b in that
scientists<00:10:33.120><c> initially</c><00:10:33.680><c> believed</c><00:10:34.079><c> it</c><00:10:34.320><c> to</c><00:10:34.560><c> also</c>

09:26.482 --> 09:26.492 align:start position:0%
scientists initially believed it to also
 

09:26.492 --> 09:29.441 align:start position:0%
scientists initially believed it to also
have<00:10:35.120><c> a</c><00:10:35.360><c> thick</c><00:10:35.920><c> water</c><00:10:36.320><c> vapor</c><00:10:36.640><c> atmosphere.</c>

09:29.441 --> 09:29.451 align:start position:0%
have a thick water vapor atmosphere.
 

09:29.451 --> 09:31.922 align:start position:0%
have a thick water vapor atmosphere.
However,<00:10:38.560><c> once</c><00:10:38.880><c> again,</c><00:10:39.360><c> the</c><00:10:39.519><c> James</c><00:10:39.920><c> Web</c><00:10:40.079><c> Space</c>

09:31.922 --> 09:31.932 align:start position:0%
However, once again, the James Web Space
 

09:31.932 --> 09:34.402 align:start position:0%
However, once again, the James Web Space
Telescope<00:10:40.880><c> revealed</c><00:10:41.279><c> a</c><00:10:41.680><c> much</c><00:10:42.000><c> cooler</c><00:10:42.399><c> surface</c>

09:34.402 --> 09:34.412 align:start position:0%
Telescope revealed a much cooler surface
 

09:34.412 --> 09:36.082 align:start position:0%
Telescope revealed a much cooler surface
temperature<00:10:43.200><c> than</c><00:10:43.440><c> expected.</c>

09:36.082 --> 09:36.092 align:start position:0%
temperature than expected.
 

09:36.092 --> 09:38.642 align:start position:0%
temperature than expected.
Interestingly,<00:10:45.519><c> the</c><00:10:45.839><c> coolest</c><00:10:46.560><c> rocky</c>

09:38.642 --> 09:38.652 align:start position:0%
Interestingly, the coolest rocky
 

09:38.652 --> 09:41.282 align:start position:0%
Interestingly, the coolest rocky
exoplanet<00:10:47.839><c> ever</c><00:10:48.160><c> categorized</c><00:10:49.120><c> based</c><00:10:49.440><c> on</c>

09:41.282 --> 09:41.292 align:start position:0%
exoplanet ever categorized based on
 

09:41.292 --> 09:43.842 align:start position:0%
exoplanet ever categorized based on
thermal<00:10:50.079><c> readings.</c><00:10:51.040><c> This</c><00:10:51.279><c> means</c><00:10:51.519><c> that</c><00:10:51.920><c> once</c>

09:43.842 --> 09:43.852 align:start position:0%
thermal readings. This means that once
 

09:43.852 --> 09:46.082 align:start position:0%
thermal readings. This means that once
again,<00:10:52.800><c> there</c><00:10:53.040><c> is</c><00:10:53.200><c> either</c><00:10:53.600><c> no</c><00:10:53.839><c> atmosphere</c><00:10:54.320><c> on</c>

09:46.082 --> 09:46.092 align:start position:0%
again, there is either no atmosphere on
 

09:46.092 --> 09:48.881 align:start position:0%
again, there is either no atmosphere on
Trappist<00:10:54.959><c> 1C</c><00:10:55.760><c> or</c><00:10:56.079><c> a</c><00:10:56.320><c> carbon</c><00:10:56.720><c> dioxide</c>

09:48.881 --> 09:48.891 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1C or a carbon dioxide
 

09:48.891 --> 09:50.962 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1C or a carbon dioxide
atmosphere<00:10:57.760><c> that's</c><00:10:58.160><c> even</c><00:10:58.560><c> thinner</c><00:10:59.040><c> than</c><00:10:59.200><c> the</c>

09:50.962 --> 09:50.972 align:start position:0%
atmosphere that's even thinner than the
 

09:50.972 --> 09:53.922 align:start position:0%
atmosphere that's even thinner than the
one<00:10:59.519><c> on</c><00:10:59.680><c> Mars</c><00:11:00.160><c> with</c><00:11:00.560><c> no</c><00:11:00.880><c> clouds.</c><00:11:01.839><c> So,</c><00:11:02.079><c> it's</c>

09:53.922 --> 09:53.932 align:start position:0%
one on Mars with no clouds. So, it's
 

09:53.932 --> 09:56.082 align:start position:0%
one on Mars with no clouds. So, it's
likely<00:11:02.480><c> that</c><00:11:02.720><c> Trappist</c><00:11:03.200><c> 1C</c><00:11:03.680><c> was</c><00:11:03.839><c> formed</c><00:11:04.240><c> with</c>

09:56.082 --> 09:56.092 align:start position:0%
likely that Trappist 1C was formed with
 

09:56.092 --> 09:58.722 align:start position:0%
likely that Trappist 1C was formed with
little<00:11:04.800><c> water</c><00:11:05.519><c> as</c><00:11:05.760><c> otherwise</c><00:11:06.640><c> some</c><00:11:06.880><c> might</c>

09:58.722 --> 09:58.732 align:start position:0%
little water as otherwise some might
 

09:58.732 --> 10:00.082 align:start position:0%
little water as otherwise some might
have<00:11:07.360><c> become</c><00:11:07.600><c> water</c><00:11:07.920><c> vapor</c><00:11:08.240><c> in</c><00:11:08.399><c> the</c>

10:00.082 --> 10:00.092 align:start position:0%
have become water vapor in the
 

10:00.092 --> 10:02.082 align:start position:0%
have become water vapor in the
atmosphere<00:11:08.880><c> at</c><00:11:09.040><c> these</c><00:11:09.279><c> temperatures</c><00:11:10.079><c> and</c>

10:02.082 --> 10:02.092 align:start position:0%
atmosphere at these temperatures and
 

10:02.092 --> 10:04.802 align:start position:0%
atmosphere at these temperatures and
scientists<00:11:11.040><c> don't</c><00:11:11.279><c> see</c><00:11:11.519><c> any.</c>

10:04.802 --> 10:04.812 align:start position:0%
scientists don't see any.
 

10:04.812 --> 10:08.561 align:start position:0%
scientists don't see any.
Next<00:11:13.600><c> is</c><00:11:14.160><c> Trappist</c><00:11:14.800><c> 1D.</c><00:11:15.839><c> Only</c><00:11:16.079><c> an</c><00:11:16.320><c> extra</c><00:11:16.640><c> 1</c>

10:08.561 --> 10:08.571 align:start position:0%
Next is Trappist 1D. Only an extra 1
 

10:08.571 --> 10:11.441 align:start position:0%
Next is Trappist 1D. Only an extra 1
million<00:11:17.279><c> km</c><00:11:17.839><c> further</c><00:11:18.079><c> out</c><00:11:18.240><c> than</c><00:11:18.399><c> Trappist</c><00:11:18.880><c> 1C.</c>

10:11.441 --> 10:11.451 align:start position:0%
million km further out than Trappist 1C.
 

10:11.451 --> 10:15.202 align:start position:0%
million km further out than Trappist 1C.
1<00:11:20.079><c> year</c><00:11:20.399><c> lasts</c><00:11:20.800><c> only</c><00:11:21.279><c> 97</c><00:11:21.920><c> hours.</c><00:11:22.800><c> Trappist</c><00:11:23.200><c> 1D</c>

10:15.202 --> 10:15.212 align:start position:0%
1 year lasts only 97 hours. Trappist 1D
 

10:15.212 --> 10:17.202 align:start position:0%
1 year lasts only 97 hours. Trappist 1D
is<00:11:23.839><c> kind</c><00:11:24.000><c> of</c><00:11:24.160><c> like</c><00:11:24.320><c> a</c><00:11:24.560><c> mix</c><00:11:24.800><c> between</c><00:11:25.120><c> Earth</c><00:11:25.440><c> and</c>

10:17.202 --> 10:17.212 align:start position:0%
is kind of like a mix between Earth and
 

10:17.212 --> 10:20.561 align:start position:0%
is kind of like a mix between Earth and
Mars<00:11:26.240><c> as</c><00:11:26.480><c> it</c><00:11:26.640><c> is</c><00:11:27.040><c> 30%</c><00:11:27.680><c> smaller</c><00:11:28.000><c> than</c><00:11:28.160><c> Earth</c><00:11:28.560><c> and</c>

10:20.561 --> 10:20.571 align:start position:0%
Mars as it is 30% smaller than Earth and
 

10:20.571 --> 10:23.362 align:start position:0%
Mars as it is 30% smaller than Earth and
only<00:11:29.360><c> 30%</c><00:11:29.920><c> as</c><00:11:30.160><c> massive,</c><00:11:30.959><c> meaning</c><00:11:31.200><c> the</c><00:11:31.440><c> surface</c>

10:23.362 --> 10:23.372 align:start position:0%
only 30% as massive, meaning the surface
 

10:23.372 --> 10:26.561 align:start position:0%
only 30% as massive, meaning the surface
gravity<00:11:32.240><c> is</c><00:11:32.640><c> little</c><00:11:32.959><c> under</c><00:11:33.360><c> half</c><00:11:33.760><c> of</c><00:11:34.000><c> Earth's.</c>

10:26.561 --> 10:26.571 align:start position:0%
gravity is little under half of Earth's.
 

10:26.571 --> 10:28.482 align:start position:0%
gravity is little under half of Earth's.
It<00:11:35.200><c> is</c><00:11:35.360><c> found</c><00:11:35.680><c> on</c><00:11:35.920><c> the</c><00:11:36.160><c> inner</c><00:11:36.480><c> part</c><00:11:36.640><c> of</c><00:11:36.720><c> the</c>

10:28.482 --> 10:28.492 align:start position:0%
It is found on the inner part of the
 

10:28.492 --> 10:31.042 align:start position:0%
It is found on the inner part of the
Goldilock<00:11:37.519><c> zone,</c><00:11:38.160><c> meaning</c><00:11:38.560><c> at</c><00:11:38.800><c> this</c><00:11:39.040><c> point</c><00:11:39.200><c> in</c>

10:31.042 --> 10:31.052 align:start position:0%
Goldilock zone, meaning at this point in
 

10:31.052 --> 10:33.121 align:start position:0%
Goldilock zone, meaning at this point in
the<00:11:39.600><c> star</c><00:11:39.920><c> system,</c><00:11:40.560><c> the</c><00:11:40.800><c> surface</c><00:11:41.120><c> temperature</c>

10:33.121 --> 10:33.131 align:start position:0%
the star system, the surface temperature
 

10:33.131 --> 10:35.922 align:start position:0%
the star system, the surface temperature
is<00:11:41.760><c> now</c><00:11:42.000><c> cool</c><00:11:42.320><c> enough</c><00:11:42.720><c> for</c><00:11:43.120><c> water</c><00:11:43.440><c> to</c><00:11:43.680><c> pull</c><00:11:44.079><c> on</c>

10:35.922 --> 10:35.932 align:start position:0%
is now cool enough for water to pull on
 

10:35.932 --> 10:39.602 align:start position:0%
is now cool enough for water to pull on
the<00:11:44.560><c> surface.</c><00:11:45.680><c> It</c><00:11:45.920><c> only</c><00:11:46.160><c> receives</c><00:11:46.720><c> 4.3%</c><00:11:47.760><c> more</c>

10:39.602 --> 10:39.612 align:start position:0%
the surface. It only receives 4.3% more
 

10:39.612 --> 10:41.602 align:start position:0%
the surface. It only receives 4.3% more
starlight<00:11:48.399><c> than</c><00:11:48.640><c> Earth.</c><00:11:49.200><c> And</c><00:11:49.440><c> combine</c><00:11:49.760><c> this</c>

10:41.602 --> 10:41.612 align:start position:0%
starlight than Earth. And combine this
 

10:41.612 --> 10:44.242 align:start position:0%
starlight than Earth. And combine this
with<00:11:50.240><c> stellar</c><00:11:50.640><c> flares</c><00:11:51.040><c> from</c><00:11:51.200><c> the</c><00:11:51.360><c> star.</c><00:11:52.240><c> It</c><00:11:52.399><c> is</c>

10:44.242 --> 10:44.252 align:start position:0%
with stellar flares from the star. It is
 

10:44.252 --> 10:46.482 align:start position:0%
with stellar flares from the star. It is
likely<00:11:52.959><c> to</c><00:11:53.200><c> still</c><00:11:53.440><c> be</c><00:11:53.680><c> pretty</c><00:11:54.000><c> toasty</c><00:11:54.480><c> for</c><00:11:54.640><c> our</c>

10:46.482 --> 10:46.492 align:start position:0%
likely to still be pretty toasty for our
 

10:46.492 --> 10:48.802 align:start position:0%
likely to still be pretty toasty for our
standards.<00:11:56.079><c> According</c><00:11:56.399><c> to</c><00:11:56.480><c> the</c><00:11:56.640><c> James</c><00:11:56.959><c> Web</c>

10:48.802 --> 10:48.812 align:start position:0%
standards. According to the James Web
 

10:48.812 --> 10:51.522 align:start position:0%
standards. According to the James Web
Space<00:11:57.440><c> Telescope</c><00:11:57.920><c> data,</c><00:11:58.560><c> Trappis</c><00:11:59.040><c> 1D</c><00:11:59.600><c> does</c>

10:51.522 --> 10:51.532 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope data, Trappis 1D does
 

10:51.532 --> 10:54.402 align:start position:0%
Space Telescope data, Trappis 1D does
not<00:12:00.320><c> have</c><00:12:00.640><c> an</c><00:12:00.880><c> Earthlike</c><00:12:01.440><c> atmosphere.</c><00:12:02.480><c> No</c>

10:54.402 --> 10:54.412 align:start position:0%
not have an Earthlike atmosphere. No
 

10:54.412 --> 10:56.881 align:start position:0%
not have an Earthlike atmosphere. No
water,<00:12:03.360><c> methane,</c><00:12:03.839><c> or</c><00:12:04.079><c> carbon</c><00:12:04.399><c> dioxide</c><00:12:05.040><c> have</c>

10:56.881 --> 10:56.891 align:start position:0%
water, methane, or carbon dioxide have
 

10:56.891 --> 10:59.522 align:start position:0%
water, methane, or carbon dioxide have
so<00:12:05.519><c> far</c><00:12:05.839><c> been</c><00:12:06.079><c> detected.</c><00:12:07.200><c> But</c><00:12:07.360><c> this</c><00:12:07.600><c> does</c><00:12:07.760><c> not</c>

10:59.522 --> 10:59.532 align:start position:0%
so far been detected. But this does not
 

10:59.532 --> 11:02.561 align:start position:0%
so far been detected. But this does not
rule<00:12:08.320><c> all</c><00:12:08.720><c> possible</c><00:12:09.200><c> atmospheres</c><00:12:09.920><c> out.</c><00:12:10.720><c> There</c>

11:02.561 --> 11:02.571 align:start position:0%
rule all possible atmospheres out. There
 

11:02.571 --> 11:04.962 align:start position:0%
rule all possible atmospheres out. There
are<00:12:11.120><c> some</c><00:12:11.360><c> indications</c><00:12:11.839><c> that</c><00:12:12.079><c> Trappist</c><00:12:12.560><c> 1D</c>

11:04.962 --> 11:04.972 align:start position:0%
are some indications that Trappist 1D
 

11:04.972 --> 11:07.282 align:start position:0%
are some indications that Trappist 1D
could<00:12:13.760><c> have</c><00:12:14.160><c> a</c><00:12:14.399><c> volatile</c><00:12:15.120><c> layer</c><00:12:15.279><c> on</c><00:12:15.519><c> the</c>

11:07.282 --> 11:07.292 align:start position:0%
could have a volatile layer on the
 

11:07.292 --> 11:10.482 align:start position:0%
could have a volatile layer on the
surface.<00:12:16.480><c> Perhaps</c><00:12:16.959><c> an</c><00:12:17.279><c> ocean</c><00:12:18.079><c> hidden</c><00:12:18.480><c> beneath</c>

11:10.482 --> 11:10.492 align:start position:0%
surface. Perhaps an ocean hidden beneath
 

11:10.492 --> 11:13.441 align:start position:0%
surface. Perhaps an ocean hidden beneath
a<00:12:19.120><c> thick,</c><00:12:19.760><c> obscuring</c><00:12:20.399><c> atmosphere</c><00:12:21.120><c> that</c><00:12:21.519><c> could</c>

11:13.441 --> 11:13.451 align:start position:0%
a thick, obscuring atmosphere that could
 

11:13.451 --> 11:16.001 align:start position:0%
a thick, obscuring atmosphere that could
be<00:12:22.079><c> throwing</c><00:12:22.480><c> off</c><00:12:22.720><c> Web's</c><00:12:23.120><c> readings.</c><00:12:24.000><c> And</c><00:12:24.240><c> this</c>

11:16.001 --> 11:16.011 align:start position:0%
be throwing off Web's readings. And this
 

11:16.011 --> 11:18.001 align:start position:0%
be throwing off Web's readings. And this
is<00:12:24.560><c> where</c><00:12:24.800><c> oceans</c><00:12:25.120><c> and</c><00:12:25.360><c> atmospheres</c><00:12:26.000><c> become</c>

11:18.001 --> 11:18.011 align:start position:0%
is where oceans and atmospheres become
 

11:18.011 --> 11:20.802 align:start position:0%
is where oceans and atmospheres become
very<00:12:26.800><c> important</c><00:12:27.760><c> because</c><00:12:28.160><c> as</c><00:12:28.399><c> I</c><00:12:28.639><c> mentioned</c>

11:20.802 --> 11:20.812 align:start position:0%
very important because as I mentioned
 

11:20.812 --> 11:23.121 align:start position:0%
very important because as I mentioned
all<00:12:29.440><c> these</c><00:12:29.680><c> planets</c><00:12:30.000><c> are</c><00:12:30.160><c> tidily</c><00:12:30.720><c> locked.</c>

11:23.121 --> 11:23.131 align:start position:0%
all these planets are tidily locked.
 

11:23.131 --> 11:25.441 align:start position:0%
all these planets are tidily locked.
Meaning<00:12:31.839><c> a</c><00:12:32.160><c> thin</c><00:12:32.480><c> atmosphere</c><00:12:33.040><c> or</c><00:12:33.519><c> no</c>

11:25.441 --> 11:25.451 align:start position:0%
Meaning a thin atmosphere or no
 

11:25.451 --> 11:27.522 align:start position:0%
Meaning a thin atmosphere or no
atmosphere<00:12:34.720><c> means</c><00:12:35.040><c> that</c><00:12:35.279><c> one</c><00:12:35.440><c> side</c><00:12:35.600><c> of</c><00:12:35.760><c> the</c>

11:27.522 --> 11:27.532 align:start position:0%
atmosphere means that one side of the
 

11:27.532 --> 11:29.842 align:start position:0%
atmosphere means that one side of the
planet<00:12:36.320><c> could</c><00:12:36.639><c> be</c><00:12:36.800><c> scorched</c><00:12:37.519><c> and</c><00:12:37.760><c> the</c><00:12:38.000><c> other</c>

11:29.842 --> 11:29.852 align:start position:0%
planet could be scorched and the other
 

11:29.852 --> 11:32.402 align:start position:0%
planet could be scorched and the other
side<00:12:38.639><c> would</c><00:12:38.880><c> be</c><00:12:39.120><c> freezing</c><00:12:40.000><c> much</c><00:12:40.320><c> like</c><00:12:40.560><c> what</c>

11:32.402 --> 11:32.412 align:start position:0%
side would be freezing much like what
 

11:32.412 --> 11:35.362 align:start position:0%
side would be freezing much like what
happens<00:12:41.120><c> with</c><00:12:41.440><c> Mercury.</c><00:12:42.880><c> Venus</c><00:12:43.360><c> on</c><00:12:43.519><c> the</c><00:12:43.600><c> other</c>

11:35.362 --> 11:35.372 align:start position:0%
happens with Mercury. Venus on the other
 

11:35.372 --> 11:37.362 align:start position:0%
happens with Mercury. Venus on the other
hand<00:12:44.079><c> has</c><00:12:44.399><c> a</c><00:12:44.639><c> thick</c><00:12:44.959><c> atmosphere</c><00:12:45.440><c> which</c>

11:37.362 --> 11:37.372 align:start position:0%
hand has a thick atmosphere which
 

11:37.372 --> 11:39.681 align:start position:0%
hand has a thick atmosphere which
circulates<00:12:46.320><c> the</c><00:12:46.560><c> heat</c><00:12:46.800><c> around</c><00:12:47.120><c> the</c><00:12:47.360><c> planet</c>

11:39.681 --> 11:39.691 align:start position:0%
circulates the heat around the planet
 

11:39.691 --> 11:42.561 align:start position:0%
circulates the heat around the planet
meaning<00:12:48.480><c> day</c><00:12:48.880><c> or</c><00:12:49.120><c> night</c><00:12:49.760><c> the</c><00:12:50.079><c> temperature</c><00:12:50.560><c> is</c>

11:42.561 --> 11:42.571 align:start position:0%
meaning day or night the temperature is
 

11:42.571 --> 11:46.642 align:start position:0%
meaning day or night the temperature is
the<00:12:51.200><c> same.</c><00:12:52.480><c> So</c><00:12:52.720><c> if</c><00:12:52.959><c> Trappist</c><00:12:53.440><c> 1d</c><00:12:54.000><c> has</c><00:12:54.320><c> only</c><00:12:54.720><c> a</c>

11:46.642 --> 11:46.652 align:start position:0%
the same. So if Trappist 1d has only a
 

11:46.652 --> 11:49.362 align:start position:0%
the same. So if Trappist 1d has only a
thin<00:12:55.360><c> atmosphere</c><00:12:56.000><c> or</c><00:12:56.399><c> small</c><00:12:56.800><c> ocean,</c><00:12:57.519><c> the</c>

11:49.362 --> 11:49.372 align:start position:0%
thin atmosphere or small ocean, the
 

11:49.372 --> 11:51.282 align:start position:0%
thin atmosphere or small ocean, the
chances<00:12:58.079><c> are</c><00:12:58.320><c> that</c><00:12:58.639><c> one</c><00:12:58.880><c> side</c><00:12:59.040><c> of</c><00:12:59.200><c> the</c><00:12:59.360><c> planet</c>

11:51.282 --> 11:51.292 align:start position:0%
chances are that one side of the planet
 

11:51.292 --> 11:53.522 align:start position:0%
chances are that one side of the planet
would<00:12:59.920><c> be</c><00:13:00.000><c> devoid</c><00:13:00.399><c> of</c><00:13:00.639><c> anything</c><00:13:00.880><c> but</c><00:13:01.200><c> rock.</c>

11:53.522 --> 11:53.532 align:start position:0%
would be devoid of anything but rock.
 

11:53.532 --> 11:56.642 align:start position:0%
would be devoid of anything but rock.
The<00:13:02.079><c> other</c><00:13:02.320><c> side</c><00:13:02.720><c> might</c><00:13:02.959><c> be</c><00:13:03.120><c> covered</c><00:13:03.440><c> in</c><00:13:03.760><c> ices.</c>

11:56.642 --> 11:56.652 align:start position:0%
The other side might be covered in ices.
 

11:56.652 --> 11:58.881 align:start position:0%
The other side might be covered in ices.
There<00:13:05.279><c> might</c><00:13:05.440><c> be</c><00:13:05.680><c> a</c><00:13:06.240><c> small</c><00:13:06.800><c> band</c><00:13:07.040><c> of</c>

11:58.881 --> 11:58.891 align:start position:0%
There might be a small band of
 

11:58.891 --> 12:01.202 align:start position:0%
There might be a small band of
habitability<00:13:08.000><c> along</c><00:13:08.240><c> the</c><00:13:08.399><c> twilight</c><00:13:08.880><c> zone,</c>

12:01.202 --> 12:01.212 align:start position:0%
habitability along the twilight zone,
 

12:01.212 --> 12:03.762 align:start position:0%
habitability along the twilight zone,
but<00:13:09.920><c> that</c><00:13:10.160><c> would</c><00:13:10.320><c> be</c><00:13:10.480><c> it.</c><00:13:11.120><c> With</c><00:13:11.360><c> a</c><00:13:11.600><c> large</c><00:13:11.839><c> ocean</c>

12:03.762 --> 12:03.772 align:start position:0%
but that would be it. With a large ocean
 

12:03.772 --> 12:05.681 align:start position:0%
but that would be it. With a large ocean
or<00:13:12.399><c> atmosphere,</c><00:13:13.120><c> the</c><00:13:13.279><c> planet</c><00:13:13.600><c> might</c><00:13:13.839><c> be</c><00:13:13.920><c> able</c>

12:05.681 --> 12:05.691 align:start position:0%
or atmosphere, the planet might be able
 

12:05.691 --> 12:07.842 align:start position:0%
or atmosphere, the planet might be able
to<00:13:14.240><c> distribute</c><00:13:14.560><c> the</c><00:13:14.800><c> heat</c><00:13:15.120><c> much</c><00:13:15.440><c> better,</c>

12:07.842 --> 12:07.852 align:start position:0%
to distribute the heat much better,
 

12:07.852 --> 12:10.642 align:start position:0%
to distribute the heat much better,
meaning<00:13:16.560><c> it</c><00:13:16.800><c> could</c><00:13:17.040><c> be</c><00:13:17.200><c> habitable</c><00:13:17.839><c> all</c><00:13:18.160><c> over.</c>

12:10.642 --> 12:10.652 align:start position:0%
meaning it could be habitable all over.
 

12:10.652 --> 12:12.722 align:start position:0%
meaning it could be habitable all over.
As<00:13:19.200><c> much</c><00:13:19.360><c> as</c><00:13:19.519><c> we</c><00:13:19.839><c> understand</c><00:13:20.320><c> habitability</c>

12:12.722 --> 12:12.732 align:start position:0%
As much as we understand habitability
 

12:12.732 --> 12:16.001 align:start position:0%
As much as we understand habitability
anyway,<00:13:22.480><c> this</c><00:13:22.720><c> planet</c><00:13:23.120><c> may</c><00:13:23.360><c> well</c><00:13:23.680><c> be</c><00:13:23.839><c> an</c><00:13:24.079><c> ocean</c>

12:16.001 --> 12:16.011 align:start position:0%
anyway, this planet may well be an ocean
 

12:16.011 --> 12:18.881 align:start position:0%
anyway, this planet may well be an ocean
world<00:13:24.880><c> with</c><00:13:25.120><c> over</c><00:13:25.519><c> 250</c><00:13:26.399><c> times</c><00:13:26.720><c> the</c><00:13:26.959><c> amount</c><00:13:27.120><c> of</c>

12:18.881 --> 12:18.891 align:start position:0%
world with over 250 times the amount of
 

12:18.891 --> 12:20.722 align:start position:0%
world with over 250 times the amount of
water,<00:13:27.600><c> more</c><00:13:27.839><c> than</c><00:13:28.000><c> Earth's</c><00:13:28.399><c> oceans,</c>

12:20.722 --> 12:20.732 align:start position:0%
water, more than Earth's oceans,
 

12:20.732 --> 12:22.082 align:start position:0%
water, more than Earth's oceans,
although<00:13:29.440><c> other</c><00:13:29.680><c> studies</c><00:13:29.920><c> have</c><00:13:30.160><c> suggested</c>

12:22.082 --> 12:22.092 align:start position:0%
although other studies have suggested
 

12:22.092 --> 12:23.681 align:start position:0%
although other studies have suggested
the<00:13:30.639><c> atmosphere</c><00:13:31.120><c> could</c><00:13:31.279><c> be</c><00:13:31.440><c> more</c><00:13:31.600><c> similar</c><00:13:31.920><c> to</c>

12:23.681 --> 12:23.691 align:start position:0%
the atmosphere could be more similar to
 

12:23.691 --> 12:26.561 align:start position:0%
the atmosphere could be more similar to
Venus's.<00:13:33.040><c> Conversely,</c><00:13:34.079><c> there</c><00:13:34.320><c> could</c><00:13:34.480><c> be</c><00:13:34.720><c> no</c>

12:26.561 --> 12:26.571 align:start position:0%
Venus's. Conversely, there could be no
 

12:26.571 --> 12:29.922 align:start position:0%
Venus's. Conversely, there could be no
atmosphere<00:13:35.440><c> there</c><00:13:35.680><c> at</c><00:13:35.920><c> all.</c><00:13:36.560><c> The</c><00:13:36.720><c> JWST</c><00:13:38.079><c> has</c>

12:29.922 --> 12:29.932 align:start position:0%
atmosphere there at all. The JWST has
 

12:29.932 --> 12:31.922 align:start position:0%
atmosphere there at all. The JWST has
not<00:13:38.639><c> been</c><00:13:38.880><c> able</c><00:13:39.040><c> to</c><00:13:39.200><c> rule</c><00:13:39.440><c> this</c><00:13:39.680><c> one</c><00:13:39.839><c> out</c>

12:31.922 --> 12:31.932 align:start position:0%
not been able to rule this one out
 

12:31.932 --> 12:34.802 align:start position:0%
not been able to rule this one out
either<00:13:40.639><c> way.</c><00:13:42.079><c> Next,</c><00:13:42.399><c> let's</c><00:13:42.639><c> take</c><00:13:42.800><c> a</c><00:13:42.880><c> look</c><00:13:43.040><c> at</c>

12:34.802 --> 12:34.812 align:start position:0%
either way. Next, let's take a look at
 

12:34.812 --> 12:39.202 align:start position:0%
either way. Next, let's take a look at
Trappist<00:13:43.760><c> 1F.</c>

12:39.202 --> 12:39.212 align:start position:0%
 
 

12:39.212 --> 12:41.362 align:start position:0%
 
From<00:13:47.920><c> Trappist</c><00:13:48.399><c> 1</c><00:13:48.639><c> F</c><00:13:48.800><c> and</c><00:13:48.959><c> beyond,</c><00:13:49.360><c> we</c><00:13:49.600><c> are</c>

12:41.362 --> 12:41.372 align:start position:0%
From Trappist 1 F and beyond, we are
 

12:41.372 --> 12:43.681 align:start position:0%
From Trappist 1 F and beyond, we are
still<00:13:50.000><c> in</c><00:13:50.240><c> the</c><00:13:50.399><c> Goldilock</c><00:13:50.959><c> zone,</c><00:13:51.440><c> but</c><00:13:51.680><c> it</c><00:13:51.920><c> is</c>

12:43.681 --> 12:43.691 align:start position:0%
still in the Goldilock zone, but it is
 

12:43.691 --> 12:45.522 align:start position:0%
still in the Goldilock zone, but it is
starting<00:13:52.399><c> to</c><00:13:52.560><c> get</c><00:13:52.880><c> much</c><00:13:53.200><c> cooler</c><00:13:53.519><c> at</c><00:13:53.760><c> this</c>

12:45.522 --> 12:45.532 align:start position:0%
starting to get much cooler at this
 

12:45.532 --> 12:48.241 align:start position:0%
starting to get much cooler at this
distance.<00:13:54.800><c> Trappist</c><00:13:55.200><c> 1F</c><00:13:55.680><c> orbits</c><00:13:56.079><c> a</c><00:13:56.320><c> distance</c>

12:48.241 --> 12:48.251 align:start position:0%
distance. Trappist 1F orbits a distance
 

12:48.251 --> 12:51.522 align:start position:0%
distance. Trappist 1F orbits a distance
of<00:13:56.959><c> 5.8</c><00:13:57.920><c> million</c><00:13:58.240><c> km</c><00:13:58.720><c> from</c><00:13:58.880><c> the</c><00:13:59.040><c> star</c><00:13:59.519><c> and</c><00:13:59.680><c> a</c>

12:51.522 --> 12:51.532 align:start position:0%
of 5.8 million km from the star and a
 

12:51.532 --> 12:55.441 align:start position:0%
of 5.8 million km from the star and a
year<00:14:00.320><c> takes</c><00:14:00.800><c> 220</c><00:14:01.600><c> hours</c><00:14:02.160><c> or</c><00:14:02.399><c> roughly</c><00:14:02.720><c> 9</c><00:14:03.040><c> days.</c>

12:55.441 --> 12:55.451 align:start position:0%
year takes 220 hours or roughly 9 days.
 

12:55.451 --> 12:58.241 align:start position:0%
year takes 220 hours or roughly 9 days.
Its<00:14:04.079><c> size</c><00:14:04.480><c> is</c><00:14:04.800><c> very</c><00:14:05.040><c> Earthlike,</c><00:14:06.079><c> although</c><00:14:06.399><c> it</c>

12:58.241 --> 12:58.251 align:start position:0%
Its size is very Earthlike, although it
 

12:58.251 --> 13:00.561 align:start position:0%
Its size is very Earthlike, although it
is<00:14:06.800><c> less</c><00:14:07.040><c> dense,</c><00:14:07.839><c> meaning</c><00:14:08.160><c> surface</c><00:14:08.560><c> gravity</c>

13:00.561 --> 13:00.571 align:start position:0%
is less dense, meaning surface gravity
 

13:00.571 --> 13:03.522 align:start position:0%
is less dense, meaning surface gravity
would<00:14:09.199><c> be</c><00:14:09.360><c> about</c><00:14:09.680><c> 80%</c><00:14:10.240><c> of</c><00:14:10.480><c> Earth's.</c><00:14:11.600><c> The</c><00:14:11.760><c> most</c>

13:03.522 --> 13:03.532 align:start position:0%
would be about 80% of Earth's. The most
 

13:03.532 --> 13:04.881 align:start position:0%
would be about 80% of Earth's. The most
recent<00:14:12.240><c> studies</c><00:14:12.480><c> on</c><00:14:12.639><c> this</c><00:14:12.800><c> planet</c><00:14:13.120><c> have</c>

13:04.881 --> 13:04.891 align:start position:0%
recent studies on this planet have
 

13:04.891 --> 13:06.962 align:start position:0%
recent studies on this planet have
suggested<00:14:13.680><c> that</c><00:14:13.920><c> its</c><00:14:14.160><c> low</c><00:14:14.399><c> density</c><00:14:14.880><c> means</c><00:14:15.199><c> it</c>

13:06.962 --> 13:06.972 align:start position:0%
suggested that its low density means it
 

13:06.972 --> 13:10.162 align:start position:0%
suggested that its low density means it
is<00:14:15.519><c> likely</c><00:14:15.839><c> to</c><00:14:16.000><c> be</c><00:14:16.320><c> 20%</c><00:14:16.959><c> water</c><00:14:17.839><c> which</c><00:14:18.079><c> at</c><00:14:18.320><c> this</c>

13:10.162 --> 13:10.172 align:start position:0%
is likely to be 20% water which at this
 

13:10.172 --> 13:12.001 align:start position:0%
is likely to be 20% water which at this
distance<00:14:18.880><c> from</c><00:14:19.040><c> the</c><00:14:19.199><c> star</c><00:14:19.519><c> would</c><00:14:19.760><c> cause</c><00:14:20.000><c> a</c>

13:12.001 --> 13:12.011 align:start position:0%
distance from the star would cause a
 

13:12.011 --> 13:14.642 align:start position:0%
distance from the star would cause a
massive<00:14:20.959><c> greenhouse</c><00:14:21.519><c> effect</c><00:14:22.320><c> meaning</c><00:14:22.720><c> the</c>

13:14.642 --> 13:14.652 align:start position:0%
massive greenhouse effect meaning the
 

13:14.652 --> 13:17.602 align:start position:0%
massive greenhouse effect meaning the
water<00:14:23.360><c> would</c><00:14:23.600><c> be</c><00:14:23.760><c> in</c><00:14:24.000><c> gaseous</c><00:14:24.560><c> form.</c><00:14:25.600><c> This</c><00:14:25.839><c> is</c>

13:17.602 --> 13:17.612 align:start position:0%
water would be in gaseous form. This is
 

13:17.612 --> 13:20.241 align:start position:0%
water would be in gaseous form. This is
known<00:14:26.320><c> as</c><00:14:26.560><c> a</c><00:14:26.880><c> steam</c><00:14:27.360><c> world</c><00:14:28.000><c> and</c><00:14:28.240><c> would</c>

13:20.241 --> 13:20.251 align:start position:0%
known as a steam world and would
 

13:20.251 --> 13:22.642 align:start position:0%
known as a steam world and would
probably<00:14:29.199><c> be</c><00:14:29.360><c> no</c><00:14:29.600><c> more</c><00:14:29.760><c> habitable</c><00:14:30.480><c> than</c><00:14:30.720><c> the</c>

13:22.642 --> 13:22.652 align:start position:0%
probably be no more habitable than the
 

13:22.652 --> 13:25.282 align:start position:0%
probably be no more habitable than the
ice<00:14:31.440><c> or</c><00:14:31.760><c> gas</c><00:14:32.079><c> giants</c><00:14:32.480><c> of</c><00:14:32.639><c> our</c><00:14:32.880><c> solar</c><00:14:33.199><c> system</c>

13:25.282 --> 13:25.292 align:start position:0%
ice or gas giants of our solar system
 

13:25.292 --> 13:27.202 align:start position:0%
ice or gas giants of our solar system
due<00:14:33.839><c> to</c><00:14:34.000><c> the</c><00:14:34.240><c> high</c><00:14:34.480><c> pressure</c><00:14:34.880><c> and</c><00:14:35.199><c> temperature</c>

13:27.202 --> 13:27.212 align:start position:0%
due to the high pressure and temperature
 

13:27.212 --> 13:30.162 align:start position:0%
due to the high pressure and temperature
on<00:14:35.760><c> the</c><00:14:35.920><c> surface</c><00:14:36.800><c> likely</c><00:14:37.440><c> in</c><00:14:37.680><c> the</c><00:14:37.839><c> hundreds</c><00:14:38.320><c> of</c>

13:30.162 --> 13:30.172 align:start position:0%
on the surface likely in the hundreds of
 

13:30.172 --> 13:32.241 align:start position:0%
on the surface likely in the hundreds of
degrees.

13:32.241 --> 13:32.251 align:start position:0%
degrees.
 

13:32.251 --> 13:34.881 align:start position:0%
degrees.
Trappis<00:14:41.120><c> 1g</c><00:14:41.920><c> is</c><00:14:42.160><c> slightly</c><00:14:42.480><c> bigger</c><00:14:42.720><c> than</c><00:14:42.880><c> Earth</c>

13:34.881 --> 13:34.891 align:start position:0%
Trappis 1g is slightly bigger than Earth
 

13:34.891 --> 13:38.001 align:start position:0%
Trappis 1g is slightly bigger than Earth
and<00:14:43.600><c> orbits</c><00:14:44.000><c> at</c><00:14:44.160><c> 7</c><00:14:44.480><c> million</c><00:14:44.800><c> km,</c><00:14:45.600><c> taking</c><00:14:46.000><c> 12</c>

13:38.001 --> 13:38.011 align:start position:0%
and orbits at 7 million km, taking 12
 

13:38.011 --> 13:40.482 align:start position:0%
and orbits at 7 million km, taking 12
days<00:14:46.639><c> to</c><00:14:46.800><c> do</c><00:14:47.040><c> so.</c><00:14:47.839><c> There</c><00:14:48.079><c> hasn't</c><00:14:48.399><c> been</c><00:14:48.639><c> too</c>

13:40.482 --> 13:40.492 align:start position:0%
days to do so. There hasn't been too
 

13:40.492 --> 13:42.162 align:start position:0%
days to do so. There hasn't been too
much<00:14:49.120><c> information</c><00:14:49.600><c> discovered</c><00:14:50.079><c> about</c><00:14:50.320><c> this</c>

13:42.162 --> 13:42.172 align:start position:0%
much information discovered about this
 

13:42.172 --> 13:45.121 align:start position:0%
much information discovered about this
planet<00:14:51.279><c> other</c><00:14:51.519><c> than</c><00:14:52.000><c> water</c><00:14:52.560><c> has</c><00:14:52.880><c> again</c><00:14:53.279><c> been</c>

13:45.121 --> 13:45.131 align:start position:0%
planet other than water has again been
 

13:45.131 --> 13:47.282 align:start position:0%
planet other than water has again been
found<00:14:53.760><c> on</c><00:14:54.000><c> it.</c><00:14:54.560><c> This</c><00:14:54.720><c> planet</c><00:14:55.120><c> is</c><00:14:55.279><c> still</c><00:14:55.519><c> found</c>

13:47.282 --> 13:47.292 align:start position:0%
found on it. This planet is still found
 

13:47.292 --> 13:49.602 align:start position:0%
found on it. This planet is still found
in<00:14:55.839><c> the</c><00:14:56.000><c> Goldilock</c><00:14:56.560><c> zone,</c><00:14:57.040><c> although</c><00:14:57.600><c> right</c><00:14:57.839><c> on</c>

13:49.602 --> 13:49.612 align:start position:0%
in the Goldilock zone, although right on
 

13:49.612 --> 13:52.241 align:start position:0%
in the Goldilock zone, although right on
the<00:14:58.240><c> far</c><00:14:58.480><c> edge.</c><00:14:59.279><c> So,</c><00:14:59.600><c> it</c><00:14:59.839><c> is</c><00:15:00.079><c> still</c><00:15:00.399><c> a</c>

13:52.241 --> 13:52.251 align:start position:0%
the far edge. So, it is still a
 

13:52.251 --> 13:54.482 align:start position:0%
the far edge. So, it is still a
candidate<00:15:01.040><c> for</c><00:15:01.279><c> habitability.</c>

13:54.482 --> 13:54.492 align:start position:0%
candidate for habitability.
 

13:54.492 --> 13:58.722 align:start position:0%
candidate for habitability.
And<00:15:03.120><c> lastly,</c><00:15:04.000><c> Trappist</c><00:15:04.639><c> 1H.</c><00:15:05.920><c> It</c><00:15:06.160><c> orbits</c><00:15:06.639><c> at</c>

13:58.722 --> 13:58.732 align:start position:0%
And lastly, Trappist 1H. It orbits at
 

13:58.732 --> 14:02.642 align:start position:0%
And lastly, Trappist 1H. It orbits at
9.3<00:15:08.160><c> million</c><00:15:08.480><c> km</c><00:15:09.199><c> and</c><00:15:09.519><c> takes</c><00:15:10.000><c> 19</c><00:15:10.399><c> days</c><00:15:10.639><c> to</c><00:15:10.880><c> do</c>

14:02.642 --> 14:02.652 align:start position:0%
9.3 million km and takes 19 days to do
 

14:02.652 --> 14:04.722 align:start position:0%
9.3 million km and takes 19 days to do
so.<00:15:11.839><c> It's</c><00:15:12.079><c> the</c><00:15:12.240><c> smallest</c><00:15:12.639><c> of</c><00:15:12.800><c> the</c><00:15:12.880><c> known</c>

14:04.722 --> 14:04.732 align:start position:0%
so. It's the smallest of the known
 

14:04.732 --> 14:06.962 align:start position:0%
so. It's the smallest of the known
exoplanets<00:15:13.760><c> in</c><00:15:13.920><c> the</c><00:15:14.079><c> system</c><00:15:14.639><c> and</c><00:15:14.880><c> also</c><00:15:15.199><c> the</c>

14:06.962 --> 14:06.972 align:start position:0%
exoplanets in the system and also the
 

14:06.972 --> 14:09.042 align:start position:0%
exoplanets in the system and also the
least<00:15:15.600><c> dense,</c><00:15:16.320><c> meaning</c><00:15:16.720><c> it</c><00:15:16.880><c> gravity</c><00:15:17.279><c> is</c>

14:09.042 --> 14:09.052 align:start position:0%
least dense, meaning it gravity is
 

14:09.052 --> 14:11.922 align:start position:0%
least dense, meaning it gravity is
comparable<00:15:17.920><c> to</c><00:15:18.160><c> our</c><00:15:18.399><c> moons.</c><00:15:19.360><c> Due</c><00:15:19.600><c> to</c><00:15:19.760><c> the</c><00:15:20.000><c> cool</c>

14:11.922 --> 14:11.932 align:start position:0%
comparable to our moons. Due to the cool
 

14:11.932 --> 14:14.001 align:start position:0%
comparable to our moons. Due to the cool
nature<00:15:20.480><c> of</c><00:15:20.639><c> the</c><00:15:20.720><c> host</c><00:15:21.040><c> star,</c><00:15:21.680><c> being</c><00:15:21.920><c> this</c><00:15:22.160><c> far</c>

14:14.001 --> 14:14.011 align:start position:0%
nature of the host star, being this far
 

14:14.011 --> 14:16.642 align:start position:0%
nature of the host star, being this far
out<00:15:22.639><c> means</c><00:15:22.800><c> the</c><00:15:23.040><c> planet</c><00:15:23.279><c> is</c><00:15:23.519><c> likely</c><00:15:24.079><c> icy</c><00:15:24.480><c> as</c><00:15:24.800><c> it</c>

14:16.642 --> 14:16.652 align:start position:0%
out means the planet is likely icy as it
 

14:16.652 --> 14:19.762 align:start position:0%
out means the planet is likely icy as it
does<00:15:25.360><c> have</c><00:15:25.680><c> water.</c><00:15:26.639><c> Theoretically,</c><00:15:27.519><c> it</c><00:15:27.839><c> could</c>

14:19.762 --> 14:19.772 align:start position:0%
does have water. Theoretically, it could
 

14:19.772 --> 14:22.241 align:start position:0%
does have water. Theoretically, it could
also<00:15:28.480><c> have</c><00:15:28.880><c> liquid</c><00:15:29.360><c> water</c><00:15:29.600><c> on</c><00:15:29.839><c> the</c><00:15:29.920><c> surface</c><00:15:30.399><c> if</c>

14:22.241 --> 14:22.251 align:start position:0%
also have liquid water on the surface if
 

14:22.251 --> 14:24.561 align:start position:0%
also have liquid water on the surface if
it<00:15:30.800><c> had</c><00:15:30.959><c> a</c><00:15:31.120><c> hydrogen-rich</c><00:15:31.920><c> atmosphere</c><00:15:32.560><c> to</c><00:15:32.800><c> act</c>

14:24.561 --> 14:24.571 align:start position:0%
it had a hydrogen-rich atmosphere to act
 

14:24.571 --> 14:27.522 align:start position:0%
it had a hydrogen-rich atmosphere to act
as<00:15:33.120><c> a</c><00:15:33.279><c> greenhouse</c><00:15:33.680><c> gas.</c><00:15:34.560><c> But</c><00:15:34.800><c> again,</c><00:15:35.519><c> little</c>

14:27.522 --> 14:27.532 align:start position:0%
as a greenhouse gas. But again, little
 

14:27.532 --> 14:30.881 align:start position:0%
as a greenhouse gas. But again, little
is<00:15:36.160><c> known</c><00:15:36.480><c> about</c><00:15:36.720><c> this</c><00:15:36.959><c> planet.</c><00:15:38.399><c> So,</c><00:15:38.880><c> we've</c>

14:30.881 --> 14:30.891 align:start position:0%
is known about this planet. So, we've
 

14:30.891 --> 14:32.642 align:start position:0%
is known about this planet. So, we've
reached<00:15:39.519><c> the</c><00:15:39.760><c> edge</c><00:15:40.000><c> of</c><00:15:40.160><c> the</c><00:15:40.320><c> Trappist</c><00:15:40.880><c> one</c>

14:32.642 --> 14:32.652 align:start position:0%
reached the edge of the Trappist one
 

14:32.652 --> 14:35.042 align:start position:0%
reached the edge of the Trappist one
system.<00:15:41.839><c> Could</c><00:15:42.079><c> this</c><00:15:42.320><c> system</c><00:15:42.800><c> really</c><00:15:43.199><c> be</c>

14:35.042 --> 14:35.052 align:start position:0%
system. Could this system really be
 

14:35.052 --> 14:38.082 align:start position:0%
system. Could this system really be
habitable?<00:15:44.720><c> Well,</c><00:15:45.279><c> it</c><00:15:45.519><c> depends</c><00:15:45.839><c> on</c><00:15:46.079><c> a</c><00:15:46.320><c> number</c>

14:38.082 --> 14:38.092 align:start position:0%
habitable? Well, it depends on a number
 

14:38.092 --> 14:40.082 align:start position:0%
habitable? Well, it depends on a number
of<00:15:46.639><c> factors.</c><00:15:47.600><c> But</c><00:15:47.760><c> while</c><00:15:48.079><c> some</c><00:15:48.240><c> of</c><00:15:48.320><c> these</c>

14:40.082 --> 14:40.092 align:start position:0%
of factors. But while some of these
 

14:40.092 --> 14:42.642 align:start position:0%
of factors. But while some of these
exoplanet<00:15:49.199><c> candidates</c><00:15:49.600><c> are</c><00:15:49.839><c> unlikely,</c>

14:42.642 --> 14:42.652 align:start position:0%
exoplanet candidates are unlikely,
 

14:42.652 --> 14:45.762 align:start position:0%
exoplanet candidates are unlikely,
others<00:15:51.519><c> so</c><00:15:51.839><c> far</c><00:15:52.160><c> remain</c><00:15:52.560><c> promising.</c><00:15:53.759><c> Water</c>

14:45.762 --> 14:45.772 align:start position:0%
others so far remain promising. Water
 

14:45.772 --> 14:48.482 align:start position:0%
others so far remain promising. Water
has<00:15:54.480><c> been</c><00:15:54.639><c> detected</c><00:15:55.120><c> on</c><00:15:55.360><c> some.</c><00:15:56.079><c> The</c><00:15:56.320><c> host</c><00:15:56.639><c> star</c>

14:48.482 --> 14:48.492 align:start position:0%
has been detected on some. The host star
 

14:48.492 --> 14:50.962 align:start position:0%
has been detected on some. The host star
is<00:15:57.040><c> a</c><00:15:57.199><c> red</c><00:15:57.440><c> dwarf,</c><00:15:57.920><c> but</c><00:15:58.320><c> not</c><00:15:58.560><c> a</c><00:15:58.720><c> very</c><00:15:58.959><c> active</c>

14:50.962 --> 14:50.972 align:start position:0%
is a red dwarf, but not a very active
 

14:50.972 --> 14:53.361 align:start position:0%
is a red dwarf, but not a very active
one.<00:16:00.079><c> If</c><00:16:00.320><c> these</c><00:16:00.560><c> exoplanets</c><00:16:01.279><c> have</c><00:16:01.519><c> strong</c>

14:53.361 --> 14:53.371 align:start position:0%
one. If these exoplanets have strong
 

14:53.371 --> 14:55.922 align:start position:0%
one. If these exoplanets have strong
enough<00:16:02.079><c> magnetic</c><00:16:02.639><c> fields,</c><00:16:03.519><c> they</c><00:16:03.759><c> could</c>

14:55.922 --> 14:55.932 align:start position:0%
enough magnetic fields, they could
 

14:55.932 --> 14:59.202 align:start position:0%
enough magnetic fields, they could
deflect<00:16:04.880><c> a</c><00:16:05.199><c> lot</c><00:16:05.440><c> of</c><00:16:05.680><c> the</c><00:16:05.839><c> solar</c><00:16:06.240><c> wind.</c><00:16:07.360><c> They</c>

14:59.202 --> 14:59.212 align:start position:0%
deflect a lot of the solar wind. They
 

14:59.212 --> 15:01.602 align:start position:0%
deflect a lot of the solar wind. They
are<00:16:07.759><c> also</c><00:16:08.160><c> all</c><00:16:08.480><c> roughly</c><00:16:08.959><c> Earth-sized</c><00:16:09.600><c> with</c>

15:01.602 --> 15:01.612 align:start position:0%
are also all roughly Earth-sized with
 

15:01.612 --> 15:04.402 align:start position:0%
are also all roughly Earth-sized with
similar<00:16:10.399><c> gravities</c><00:16:10.959><c> and</c><00:16:11.199><c> densities.</c><00:16:12.399><c> Not</c><00:16:12.560><c> a</c>

15:04.402 --> 15:04.412 align:start position:0%
similar gravities and densities. Not a
 

15:04.412 --> 15:06.722 align:start position:0%
similar gravities and densities. Not a
huge<00:16:13.120><c> factor</c><00:16:13.440><c> for</c><00:16:13.680><c> life,</c><00:16:14.160><c> but</c><00:16:14.399><c> we</c><00:16:14.639><c> know</c><00:16:14.880><c> it</c>

15:06.722 --> 15:06.732 align:start position:0%
huge factor for life, but we know it
 

15:06.732 --> 15:09.842 align:start position:0%
huge factor for life, but we know it
worked<00:16:15.360><c> here.</c><00:16:16.560><c> And</c><00:16:16.800><c> lastly,</c><00:16:17.680><c> although</c><00:16:17.920><c> these</c>

15:09.842 --> 15:09.852 align:start position:0%
worked here. And lastly, although these
 

15:09.852 --> 15:12.482 align:start position:0%
worked here. And lastly, although these
planets<00:16:18.639><c> are</c><00:16:18.880><c> tightly</c><00:16:19.440><c> locked,</c><00:16:20.320><c> they</c><00:16:20.639><c> may</c>

15:12.482 --> 15:12.492 align:start position:0%
planets are tightly locked, they may
 

15:12.492 --> 15:14.642 align:start position:0%
planets are tightly locked, they may
still<00:16:21.199><c> have</c><00:16:21.440><c> mechanisms</c><00:16:22.160><c> for</c><00:16:22.480><c> evenly</c>

15:14.642 --> 15:14.652 align:start position:0%
still have mechanisms for evenly
 

15:14.652 --> 15:18.082 align:start position:0%
still have mechanisms for evenly
distributing<00:16:23.600><c> the</c><00:16:23.839><c> heat</c><00:16:24.240><c> across</c><00:16:24.639><c> the</c><00:16:24.880><c> planet.</c>

15:18.082 --> 15:18.092 align:start position:0%
distributing the heat across the planet.
 

15:18.092 --> 15:20.162 align:start position:0%
distributing the heat across the planet.
But<00:16:26.800><c> you</c><00:16:27.120><c> might</c><00:16:27.279><c> have</c><00:16:27.440><c> noticed</c><00:16:27.839><c> earlier</c><00:16:28.240><c> that</c>

15:20.162 --> 15:20.172 align:start position:0%
But you might have noticed earlier that
 

15:20.172 --> 15:22.241 align:start position:0%
But you might have noticed earlier that
I<00:16:28.720><c> missed</c><00:16:28.959><c> a</c><00:16:29.199><c> letter.</c><00:16:29.680><c> I</c><00:16:29.920><c> went</c><00:16:30.079><c> straight</c><00:16:30.320><c> from</c>

15:22.241 --> 15:22.251 align:start position:0%
I missed a letter. I went straight from
 

15:22.251 --> 15:26.241 align:start position:0%
I missed a letter. I went straight from
Trappist<00:16:31.120><c> 1D</c><00:16:31.839><c> to</c><00:16:32.160><c> F.</c><00:16:33.279><c> That</c><00:16:33.600><c> is</c><00:16:33.759><c> because</c><00:16:34.320><c> I</c>

15:26.241 --> 15:26.251 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1D to F. That is because I
 

15:26.251 --> 15:28.082 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1D to F. That is because I
saved<00:16:34.959><c> our</c><00:16:35.360><c> best</c><00:16:35.680><c> candidate</c><00:16:36.160><c> for</c><00:16:36.320><c> a</c>

15:28.082 --> 15:28.092 align:start position:0%
saved our best candidate for a
 

15:28.092 --> 15:30.881 align:start position:0%
saved our best candidate for a
life-supporting<00:16:37.279><c> planet</c><00:16:37.920><c> until</c><00:16:38.320><c> last.</c>

15:30.881 --> 15:30.891 align:start position:0%
life-supporting planet until last.
 

15:30.891 --> 15:36.722 align:start position:0%
life-supporting planet until last.
Trappist<00:16:40.160><c> 1E.</c>

15:36.722 --> 15:36.732 align:start position:0%
 
 

15:36.732 --> 15:40.082 align:start position:0%
 
Trappis<00:16:45.680><c> 1E</c><00:16:46.079><c> orbits</c><00:16:46.639><c> only</c><00:16:47.199><c> 113th</c><00:16:48.160><c> of</c>

15:40.082 --> 15:40.092 align:start position:0%
Trappis 1E orbits only 113th of
 

15:40.092 --> 15:42.722 align:start position:0%
Trappis 1E orbits only 113th of
Mercury's<00:16:48.959><c> orbit</c><00:16:49.680><c> which</c><00:16:50.000><c> means</c><00:16:50.399><c> it</c><00:16:50.639><c> orbital</c>

15:42.722 --> 15:42.732 align:start position:0%
Mercury's orbit which means it orbital
 

15:42.732 --> 15:44.962 align:start position:0%
Mercury's orbit which means it orbital
distance<00:16:51.519><c> is</c><00:16:51.920><c> right</c><00:16:52.320><c> in</c><00:16:52.560><c> the</c><00:16:52.720><c> middle</c><00:16:52.959><c> of</c><00:16:53.199><c> the</c>

15:44.962 --> 15:44.972 align:start position:0%
distance is right in the middle of the
 

15:44.972 --> 15:47.042 align:start position:0%
distance is right in the middle of the
predicted<00:16:53.920><c> habitable</c><00:16:54.399><c> zone</c><00:16:55.040><c> where</c><00:16:55.279><c> it</c>

15:47.042 --> 15:47.052 align:start position:0%
predicted habitable zone where it
 

15:47.052 --> 15:49.681 align:start position:0%
predicted habitable zone where it
receives<00:16:55.920><c> about</c><00:16:56.399><c> 2/3</c><00:16:57.120><c> of</c><00:16:57.279><c> the</c><00:16:57.440><c> energy</c><00:16:57.680><c> that</c><00:16:57.920><c> we</c>

15:49.681 --> 15:49.691 align:start position:0%
receives about 2/3 of the energy that we
 

15:49.691 --> 15:51.922 align:start position:0%
receives about 2/3 of the energy that we
do<00:16:58.240><c> from</c><00:16:58.399><c> our</c><00:16:58.639><c> sun</c><00:16:59.519><c> and</c><00:16:59.680><c> that</c><00:16:59.920><c> is</c><00:17:00.079><c> why</c>

15:51.922 --> 15:51.932 align:start position:0%
do from our sun and that is why
 

15:51.932 --> 15:54.322 align:start position:0%
do from our sun and that is why
scientists<00:17:00.959><c> are</c><00:17:01.199><c> so</c><00:17:01.759><c> curious</c><00:17:02.240><c> about</c><00:17:02.480><c> this</c>

15:54.322 --> 15:54.332 align:start position:0%
scientists are so curious about this
 

15:54.332 --> 15:57.202 align:start position:0%
scientists are so curious about this
planet<00:17:03.839><c> using</c><00:17:04.240><c> James</c><00:17:04.640><c> web</c><00:17:04.880><c> space</c><00:17:05.120><c> telescope</c>

15:57.202 --> 15:57.212 align:start position:0%
planet using James web space telescope
 

15:57.212 --> 15:58.801 align:start position:0%
planet using James web space telescope
measurements<00:17:06.160><c> the</c><00:17:06.400><c> team</c><00:17:06.640><c> have</c><00:17:06.880><c> already</c>

15:58.801 --> 15:58.811 align:start position:0%
measurements the team have already
 

15:58.811 --> 16:01.441 align:start position:0%
measurements the team have already
discounted<00:17:07.760><c> Trappis</c><00:17:08.160><c> 1</c><00:17:08.480><c> C</c><00:17:08.720><c> and</c><00:17:09.039><c> D</c><00:17:09.360><c> from</c><00:17:09.600><c> having</c>

16:01.441 --> 16:01.451 align:start position:0%
discounted Trappis 1 C and D from having
 

16:01.451 --> 16:03.921 align:start position:0%
discounted Trappis 1 C and D from having
atmospheres<00:17:11.120><c> but</c><00:17:11.360><c> the</c><00:17:11.600><c> results</c><00:17:12.000><c> from</c>

16:03.921 --> 16:03.931 align:start position:0%
atmospheres but the results from
 

16:03.931 --> 16:06.882 align:start position:0%
atmospheres but the results from
observations<00:17:12.880><c> of</c><00:17:13.120><c> Trappis</c><00:17:13.600><c> 1E</c><00:17:14.720><c> a</c><00:17:14.959><c> rocky</c>

16:06.882 --> 16:06.892 align:start position:0%
observations of Trappis 1E a rocky
 

16:06.892 --> 16:09.681 align:start position:0%
observations of Trappis 1E a rocky
planet<00:17:15.679><c> around</c><00:17:16.160><c> 0.9</c><00:17:17.199><c> times</c><00:17:17.439><c> the</c><00:17:17.679><c> size</c><00:17:17.919><c> of</c>

16:09.681 --> 16:09.691 align:start position:0%
planet around 0.9 times the size of
 

16:09.691 --> 16:12.722 align:start position:0%
planet around 0.9 times the size of
Earth<00:17:18.720><c> was</c><00:17:18.959><c> so</c><00:17:19.280><c> intriguing</c><00:17:20.240><c> the</c><00:17:20.559><c> scientists</c>

16:12.722 --> 16:12.732 align:start position:0%
Earth was so intriguing the scientists
 

16:12.732 --> 16:15.041 align:start position:0%
Earth was so intriguing the scientists
couldn't<00:17:21.600><c> ignore</c><00:17:21.919><c> them.</c><00:17:22.720><c> It</c><00:17:22.959><c> looked</c><00:17:23.199><c> like</c>

16:15.041 --> 16:15.051 align:start position:0%
couldn't ignore them. It looked like
 

16:15.051 --> 16:17.521 align:start position:0%
couldn't ignore them. It looked like
this<00:17:23.839><c> planet</c><00:17:24.319><c> may</c><00:17:24.799><c> in</c><00:17:25.039><c> fact</c><00:17:25.520><c> have</c><00:17:25.679><c> an</c>

16:17.521 --> 16:17.531 align:start position:0%
this planet may in fact have an
 

16:17.531 --> 16:20.161 align:start position:0%
this planet may in fact have an
atmosphere<00:17:26.880><c> and</c><00:17:27.120><c> that</c><00:17:27.360><c> was</c><00:17:27.679><c> more</c><00:17:28.000><c> than</c><00:17:28.160><c> enough</c>

16:20.161 --> 16:20.171 align:start position:0%
atmosphere and that was more than enough
 

16:20.171 --> 16:22.482 align:start position:0%
atmosphere and that was more than enough
evidence<00:17:28.880><c> for</c><00:17:29.120><c> the</c><00:17:29.280><c> Dreams</c><00:17:29.760><c> team</c><00:17:30.240><c> to</c><00:17:30.480><c> decide</c>

16:22.482 --> 16:22.492 align:start position:0%
evidence for the Dreams team to decide
 

16:22.492 --> 16:25.122 align:start position:0%
evidence for the Dreams team to decide
to<00:17:31.039><c> use</c><00:17:31.280><c> up</c><00:17:31.760><c> all</c><00:17:32.160><c> their</c><00:17:32.480><c> guaranteed</c><00:17:33.200><c> James</c>

16:25.122 --> 16:25.132 align:start position:0%
to use up all their guaranteed James
 

16:25.132 --> 16:28.641 align:start position:0%
to use up all their guaranteed James
Webb<00:17:33.840><c> time</c><00:17:34.480><c> trying</c><00:17:34.799><c> to</c><00:17:35.039><c> find</c><00:17:35.440><c> more.</c>

16:28.641 --> 16:28.651 align:start position:0%
Webb time trying to find more.
 

16:28.651 --> 16:31.842 align:start position:0%
Webb time trying to find more.
So<00:17:37.280><c> far</c><00:17:37.760><c> they've</c><00:17:38.160><c> seen</c><00:17:38.720><c> four</c><00:17:39.200><c> Trappist</c><00:17:39.760><c> 1e</c>

16:31.842 --> 16:31.852 align:start position:0%
So far they've seen four Trappist 1e
 

16:31.852 --> 16:34.482 align:start position:0%
So far they've seen four Trappist 1e
transits<00:17:40.799><c> with</c><00:17:40.960><c> James</c><00:17:41.280><c> Webb.</c><00:17:42.240><c> But</c><00:17:42.400><c> what</c><00:17:42.640><c> did</c>

16:34.482 --> 16:34.492 align:start position:0%
transits with James Webb. But what did
 

16:34.492 --> 16:37.362 align:start position:0%
transits with James Webb. But what did
they<00:17:43.120><c> find?</c>

16:37.362 --> 16:37.372 align:start position:0%
they find?
 

16:37.372 --> 16:39.682 align:start position:0%
they find?
Well,<00:17:46.240><c> we</c><00:17:46.480><c> can</c><00:17:46.640><c> start</c><00:17:46.880><c> by</c><00:17:47.120><c> discounting</c><00:17:47.679><c> a</c><00:17:47.919><c> few</c>

16:39.682 --> 16:39.692 align:start position:0%
Well, we can start by discounting a few
 

16:39.692 --> 16:42.482 align:start position:0%
Well, we can start by discounting a few
possibilities.<00:17:49.360><c> We</c><00:17:49.600><c> now</c><00:17:49.919><c> know</c><00:17:50.080><c> that</c><00:17:50.320><c> Trappist</c>

16:42.482 --> 16:42.492 align:start position:0%
possibilities. We now know that Trappist
 

16:42.492 --> 16:44.802 align:start position:0%
possibilities. We now know that Trappist
1E<00:17:51.600><c> does</c><00:17:51.919><c> not</c><00:17:52.080><c> have</c><00:17:52.320><c> a</c><00:17:52.480><c> primordial</c>

16:44.802 --> 16:44.812 align:start position:0%
1E does not have a primordial
 

16:44.812 --> 16:48.002 align:start position:0%
1E does not have a primordial
atmosphere,<00:17:54.160><c> one</c><00:17:54.480><c> a</c><00:17:54.799><c> planet</c><00:17:55.120><c> is</c><00:17:55.280><c> born</c><00:17:55.600><c> with.</c>

16:48.002 --> 16:48.012 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, one a planet is born with.
 

16:48.012 --> 16:50.482 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, one a planet is born with.
These<00:17:56.799><c> are</c><00:17:57.039><c> usually</c><00:17:57.600><c> dominated</c><00:17:58.160><c> by</c><00:17:58.559><c> light</c>

16:50.482 --> 16:50.492 align:start position:0%
These are usually dominated by light
 

16:50.492 --> 16:53.281 align:start position:0%
These are usually dominated by light
gases<00:17:59.280><c> like</c><00:17:59.600><c> helium</c><00:18:00.000><c> and</c><00:18:00.320><c> hydrogen,</c><00:18:01.200><c> which</c>

16:53.281 --> 16:53.291 align:start position:0%
gases like helium and hydrogen, which
 

16:53.291 --> 16:55.682 align:start position:0%
gases like helium and hydrogen, which
haven't<00:18:01.919><c> been</c><00:18:02.160><c> detected.</c><00:18:03.280><c> They</c><00:18:03.520><c> were</c><00:18:03.679><c> likely</c>

16:55.682 --> 16:55.692 align:start position:0%
haven't been detected. They were likely
 

16:55.692 --> 16:57.682 align:start position:0%
haven't been detected. They were likely
stripped<00:18:04.400><c> away</c><00:18:04.559><c> by</c><00:18:04.799><c> the</c><00:18:04.960><c> stars</c><00:18:05.280><c> radiation</c>

16:57.682 --> 16:57.692 align:start position:0%
stripped away by the stars radiation
 

16:57.692 --> 17:00.641 align:start position:0%
stripped away by the stars radiation
early<00:18:06.400><c> on</c><00:18:06.640><c> in</c><00:18:06.880><c> its</c><00:18:07.120><c> life.</c><00:18:08.000><c> nor</c><00:18:08.480><c> does</c><00:18:08.640><c> it</c><00:18:08.799><c> seem</c>

17:00.641 --> 17:00.651 align:start position:0%
early on in its life. nor does it seem
 

17:00.651 --> 17:02.882 align:start position:0%
early on in its life. nor does it seem
to<00:18:09.280><c> have</c><00:18:09.440><c> a</c><00:18:09.679><c> carbon</c><00:18:10.160><c> dioxide</c><00:18:10.799><c> dominant</c>

17:02.882 --> 17:02.892 align:start position:0%
to have a carbon dioxide dominant
 

17:02.892 --> 17:04.962 align:start position:0%
to have a carbon dioxide dominant
atmosphere<00:18:11.760><c> like</c><00:18:12.000><c> Venus,</c><00:18:12.559><c> which</c><00:18:12.880><c> is</c><00:18:13.039><c> thick</c>

17:04.962 --> 17:04.972 align:start position:0%
atmosphere like Venus, which is thick
 

17:04.972 --> 17:07.922 align:start position:0%
atmosphere like Venus, which is thick
and<00:18:13.600><c> dense.</c><00:18:14.960><c> An</c><00:18:15.200><c> atmosphere</c><00:18:15.679><c> like</c><00:18:15.919><c> that</c><00:18:16.160><c> of</c>

17:07.922 --> 17:07.932 align:start position:0%
and dense. An atmosphere like that of
 

17:07.932 --> 17:11.362 align:start position:0%
and dense. An atmosphere like that of
Mars,<00:18:16.960><c> which</c><00:18:17.280><c> is</c><00:18:17.520><c> thin</c><00:18:17.840><c> and</c><00:18:18.240><c> sparse,</c><00:18:19.039><c> is</c><00:18:19.360><c> also</c>

17:11.362 --> 17:11.372 align:start position:0%
Mars, which is thin and sparse, is also
 

17:11.372 --> 17:14.082 align:start position:0%
Mars, which is thin and sparse, is also
unlikely<00:18:20.320><c> given</c><00:18:20.640><c> the</c><00:18:20.880><c> recent</c><00:18:21.200><c> measurements.</c>

17:14.082 --> 17:14.092 align:start position:0%
unlikely given the recent measurements.
 

17:14.092 --> 17:16.722 align:start position:0%
unlikely given the recent measurements.
Believe<00:18:22.720><c> it</c><00:18:22.960><c> or</c><00:18:23.120><c> not,</c><00:18:23.840><c> all</c><00:18:24.080><c> of</c><00:18:24.240><c> this</c><00:18:24.559><c> is</c><00:18:24.880><c> good</c>

17:16.722 --> 17:16.732 align:start position:0%
Believe it or not, all of this is good
 

17:16.732 --> 17:19.362 align:start position:0%
Believe it or not, all of this is good
news,<00:18:25.919><c> as</c><00:18:26.160><c> it's</c><00:18:26.400><c> unlikely</c><00:18:26.880><c> that</c><00:18:27.200><c> any</c><00:18:27.440><c> of</c><00:18:27.520><c> these</c>

17:19.362 --> 17:19.372 align:start position:0%
news, as it's unlikely that any of these
 

17:19.372 --> 17:21.922 align:start position:0%
news, as it's unlikely that any of these
atmospheres<00:18:28.480><c> could</c><00:18:28.799><c> support</c><00:18:29.120><c> life.</c><00:18:29.919><c> Well,</c>

17:21.922 --> 17:21.932 align:start position:0%
atmospheres could support life. Well,
 

17:21.932 --> 17:24.562 align:start position:0%
atmospheres could support life. Well,
not<00:18:30.480><c> as</c><00:18:30.720><c> we</c><00:18:30.960><c> know</c><00:18:31.120><c> it</c><00:18:31.360><c> anyway.</c><00:18:32.480><c> So,</c><00:18:32.720><c> what</c>

17:24.562 --> 17:24.572 align:start position:0%
not as we know it anyway. So, what
 

17:24.572 --> 17:27.842 align:start position:0%
not as we know it anyway. So, what
atmosphere<00:18:33.840><c> does</c><00:18:34.240><c> it</c><00:18:34.480><c> have?</c>

17:27.842 --> 17:27.852 align:start position:0%
atmosphere does it have?
 

17:27.852 --> 17:31.202 align:start position:0%
atmosphere does it have?
Well,<00:18:36.880><c> here's</c><00:18:37.200><c> the</c><00:18:37.360><c> big</c><00:18:37.520><c> one.</c><00:18:38.400><c> There</c><00:18:38.799><c> could</c><00:18:39.120><c> be</c>

17:31.202 --> 17:31.212 align:start position:0%
Well, here's the big one. There could be
 

17:31.212 --> 17:34.082 align:start position:0%
Well, here's the big one. There could be
an<00:18:40.000><c> Earthlike</c><00:18:40.799><c> atmosphere,</c><00:18:41.679><c> one</c><00:18:42.000><c> dominated</c>

17:34.082 --> 17:34.092 align:start position:0%
an Earthlike atmosphere, one dominated
 

17:34.092 --> 17:36.802 align:start position:0%
an Earthlike atmosphere, one dominated
by<00:18:42.720><c> a</c><00:18:43.039><c> heavier</c><00:18:43.440><c> gas</c><00:18:43.760><c> such</c><00:18:43.919><c> as</c><00:18:44.160><c> nitrogen,</c><00:18:45.039><c> with</c>

17:36.802 --> 17:36.812 align:start position:0%
by a heavier gas such as nitrogen, with
 

17:36.812 --> 17:39.682 align:start position:0%
by a heavier gas such as nitrogen, with
a<00:18:45.440><c> strong</c><00:18:45.760><c> greenhouse</c><00:18:46.320><c> effect</c><00:18:46.720><c> from</c><00:18:47.200><c> water,</c>

17:39.682 --> 17:39.692 align:start position:0%
a strong greenhouse effect from water,
 

17:39.692 --> 17:42.562 align:start position:0%
a strong greenhouse effect from water,
carbon<00:18:48.480><c> dioxide,</c><00:18:49.200><c> or</c><00:18:49.440><c> methane.</c><00:18:50.480><c> Such</c><00:18:50.799><c> an</c>

17:42.562 --> 17:42.572 align:start position:0%
carbon dioxide, or methane. Such an
 

17:42.572 --> 17:44.641 align:start position:0%
carbon dioxide, or methane. Such an
atmosphere<00:18:51.520><c> with</c><00:18:51.760><c> a</c><00:18:52.000><c> surface</c><00:18:52.480><c> pressure</c><00:18:52.799><c> of</c>

17:44.641 --> 17:44.651 align:start position:0%
atmosphere with a surface pressure of
 

17:44.651 --> 17:47.762 align:start position:0%
atmosphere with a surface pressure of
around<00:18:53.360><c> one</c><00:18:53.679><c> bar,</c><00:18:54.400><c> equivalent</c><00:18:54.960><c> to</c><00:18:55.120><c> Earth's,</c>

17:47.762 --> 17:47.772 align:start position:0%
around one bar, equivalent to Earth's,
 

17:47.772 --> 17:50.002 align:start position:0%
around one bar, equivalent to Earth's,
may<00:18:56.400><c> be</c><00:18:56.640><c> able</c><00:18:56.880><c> to</c><00:18:57.120><c> sustain</c><00:18:57.760><c> enough</c><00:18:58.080><c> heat</c>

17:50.002 --> 17:50.012 align:start position:0%
may be able to sustain enough heat
 

17:50.012 --> 17:52.242 align:start position:0%
may be able to sustain enough heat
transfer<00:18:58.799><c> to</c><00:18:59.039><c> the</c><00:18:59.200><c> dark</c><00:18:59.520><c> side</c><00:18:59.760><c> of</c><00:18:59.919><c> the</c><00:19:00.080><c> planet</c>

17:52.242 --> 17:52.252 align:start position:0%
transfer to the dark side of the planet
 

17:52.252 --> 17:55.762 align:start position:0%
transfer to the dark side of the planet
to<00:19:00.880><c> allow</c><00:19:01.360><c> a</c><00:19:01.679><c> global</c><00:19:02.240><c> surface</c><00:19:02.720><c> ocean</c><00:19:03.679><c> despite</c>

17:55.762 --> 17:55.772 align:start position:0%
to allow a global surface ocean despite
 

17:55.772 --> 17:58.482 align:start position:0%
to allow a global surface ocean despite
it<00:19:04.400><c> being</c><00:19:04.640><c> tidily</c><00:19:05.200><c> locked.</c>

17:58.482 --> 17:58.492 align:start position:0%
it being tidily locked.
 

17:58.492 --> 18:01.042 align:start position:0%
it being tidily locked.
Were<00:19:07.200><c> this</c><00:19:07.520><c> confirmed,</c><00:19:08.640><c> that</c><00:19:08.880><c> would</c><00:19:09.120><c> make</c>

18:01.042 --> 18:01.052 align:start position:0%
Were this confirmed, that would make
 

18:01.052 --> 18:03.842 align:start position:0%
Were this confirmed, that would make
headlines<00:19:10.000><c> the</c><00:19:10.400><c> world</c><00:19:10.720><c> over.</c>

18:03.842 --> 18:03.852 align:start position:0%
headlines the world over.
 

18:03.852 --> 18:07.122 align:start position:0%
headlines the world over.
However,<00:19:12.720><c> that</c><00:19:13.200><c> might</c><00:19:13.679><c> be</c><00:19:13.919><c> too</c><00:19:14.240><c> much</c><00:19:14.400><c> to</c><00:19:14.720><c> ask.</c>

18:07.122 --> 18:07.132 align:start position:0%
However, that might be too much to ask.
 

18:07.132 --> 18:09.842 align:start position:0%
However, that might be too much to ask.
The<00:19:15.760><c> data</c><00:19:16.160><c> instead</c><00:19:16.960><c> slightly</c><00:19:17.520><c> favors</c><00:19:18.000><c> the</c>

18:09.842 --> 18:09.852 align:start position:0%
The data instead slightly favors the
 

18:09.852 --> 18:12.802 align:start position:0%
The data instead slightly favors the
idea<00:19:18.400><c> that</c><00:19:18.640><c> Trappist</c><00:19:19.200><c> 1e</c><00:19:19.679><c> is</c><00:19:19.840><c> a</c><00:19:20.080><c> cold</c><00:19:20.480><c> planet</c>

18:12.802 --> 18:12.812 align:start position:0%
idea that Trappist 1e is a cold planet
 

18:12.812 --> 18:15.442 align:start position:0%
idea that Trappist 1e is a cold planet
without<00:19:21.679><c> a</c><00:19:21.919><c> global</c><00:19:22.320><c> ocean.</c>

18:15.442 --> 18:15.452 align:start position:0%
without a global ocean.
 

18:15.452 --> 18:17.682 align:start position:0%
without a global ocean.
Instead,<00:19:24.480><c> high</c><00:19:24.720><c> levels</c><00:19:24.960><c> of</c><00:19:25.120><c> methane</c><00:19:25.679><c> could</c><00:19:25.919><c> be</c>

18:17.682 --> 18:17.692 align:start position:0%
Instead, high levels of methane could be
 

18:17.692 --> 18:20.482 align:start position:0%
Instead, high levels of methane could be
creating<00:19:26.559><c> a</c><00:19:26.880><c> reverse</c><00:19:27.440><c> greenhouse</c><00:19:28.000><c> effect.</c>

18:20.482 --> 18:20.492 align:start position:0%
creating a reverse greenhouse effect.
 

18:20.492 --> 18:22.802 align:start position:0%
creating a reverse greenhouse effect.
Trappist<00:19:29.440><c> 1</c><00:19:29.760><c> has</c><00:19:30.000><c> a</c><00:19:30.240><c> surface</c><00:19:30.559><c> temperature</c><00:19:30.960><c> of</c>

18:22.802 --> 18:22.812 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1 has a surface temperature of
 

18:22.812 --> 18:25.682 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1 has a surface temperature of
about<00:19:31.760><c> 2,300°,</c>

18:25.682 --> 18:25.692 align:start position:0%
about 2,300°,
 

18:25.692 --> 18:29.842 align:start position:0%
about 2,300°,
much<00:19:34.400><c> cooler</c><00:19:34.720><c> than</c><00:19:34.960><c> our</c><00:19:35.200><c> sun's</c><00:19:35.760><c> 5,500°,</c>

18:29.842 --> 18:29.852 align:start position:0%
much cooler than our sun's 5,500°,
 

18:29.852 --> 18:32.401 align:start position:0%
much cooler than our sun's 5,500°,
and<00:19:38.640><c> more</c><00:19:38.960><c> of</c><00:19:39.120><c> the</c><00:19:39.280><c> energy</c><00:19:39.600><c> it</c><00:19:39.840><c> outputs</c><00:19:40.559><c> is</c>

18:32.401 --> 18:32.411 align:start position:0%
and more of the energy it outputs is
 

18:32.411 --> 18:34.322 align:start position:0%
and more of the energy it outputs is
shifted<00:19:41.200><c> to</c><00:19:41.520><c> the</c><00:19:41.760><c> near</c><00:19:42.160><c> infrared</c>

18:34.322 --> 18:34.332 align:start position:0%
shifted to the near infrared
 

18:34.332 --> 18:37.042 align:start position:0%
shifted to the near infrared
wavelengths.<00:19:43.919><c> Atmospheric</c><00:19:44.559><c> methane</c><00:19:45.120><c> can</c>

18:37.042 --> 18:37.052 align:start position:0%
wavelengths. Atmospheric methane can
 

18:37.052 --> 18:38.962 align:start position:0%
wavelengths. Atmospheric methane can
absorb<00:19:45.840><c> that</c><00:19:46.160><c> energy</c><00:19:46.559><c> before</c><00:19:46.799><c> it</c><00:19:47.039><c> even</c>

18:38.962 --> 18:38.972 align:start position:0%
absorb that energy before it even
 

18:38.972 --> 18:41.362 align:start position:0%
absorb that energy before it even
reaches<00:19:47.760><c> the</c><00:19:47.919><c> surface</c><00:19:48.240><c> of</c><00:19:48.400><c> the</c><00:19:48.559><c> planet,</c><00:19:49.280><c> then</c>

18:41.362 --> 18:41.372 align:start position:0%
reaches the surface of the planet, then
 

18:41.372 --> 18:43.842 align:start position:0%
reaches the surface of the planet, then
remit<00:19:50.240><c> it</c><00:19:50.400><c> into</c><00:19:50.720><c> space,</c><00:19:51.360><c> resulting</c><00:19:51.840><c> in</c><00:19:52.080><c> a</c>

18:43.842 --> 18:43.852 align:start position:0%
remit it into space, resulting in a
 

18:43.852 --> 18:46.802 align:start position:0%
remit it into space, resulting in a
cooler<00:19:52.640><c> atmosphere.</c><00:19:53.840><c> For</c><00:19:54.080><c> the</c><00:19:54.240><c> tidily</c><00:19:54.799><c> locked</c>

18:46.802 --> 18:46.812 align:start position:0%
cooler atmosphere. For the tidily locked
 

18:46.812 --> 18:49.842 align:start position:0%
cooler atmosphere. For the tidily locked
Trappist<00:19:55.760><c> 1E,</c><00:19:56.720><c> this</c><00:19:56.960><c> would</c><00:19:57.200><c> mean</c><00:19:57.440><c> that</c><00:19:57.760><c> liquid</c>

18:49.842 --> 18:49.852 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1E, this would mean that liquid
 

18:49.852 --> 18:52.242 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1E, this would mean that liquid
water<00:19:58.720><c> may</c><00:19:59.039><c> only</c><00:19:59.440><c> exist</c><00:19:59.840><c> on</c><00:20:00.000><c> the</c><00:20:00.240><c> surface</c><00:20:00.480><c> of</c>

18:52.242 --> 18:52.252 align:start position:0%
water may only exist on the surface of
 

18:52.252 --> 18:54.322 align:start position:0%
water may only exist on the surface of
the<00:20:00.799><c> planet</c><00:20:01.200><c> that</c><00:20:01.520><c> permanently</c><00:20:02.160><c> faces</c><00:20:02.480><c> the</c>

18:54.322 --> 18:54.332 align:start position:0%
the planet that permanently faces the
 

18:54.332 --> 18:58.322 align:start position:0%
the planet that permanently faces the
star.<00:20:03.679><c> No</c><00:20:04.080><c> global</c><00:20:04.559><c> ocean</c><00:20:04.960><c> here.</c><00:20:06.240><c> But</c><00:20:06.400><c> that's</c>

18:58.322 --> 18:58.332 align:start position:0%
star. No global ocean here. But that's
 

18:58.332 --> 19:00.161 align:start position:0%
star. No global ocean here. But that's
not<00:20:06.960><c> necessarily</c><00:20:07.520><c> bad</c><00:20:07.840><c> news</c><00:20:08.000><c> for</c><00:20:08.240><c> life</c>

19:00.161 --> 19:00.171 align:start position:0%
not necessarily bad news for life
 

19:00.171 --> 19:03.042 align:start position:0%
not necessarily bad news for life
either.<00:20:09.360><c> Such</c><00:20:09.760><c> conditions</c><00:20:10.400><c> could</c><00:20:10.799><c> satisfy</c>

19:03.042 --> 19:03.052 align:start position:0%
either. Such conditions could satisfy
 

19:03.052 --> 19:06.482 align:start position:0%
either. Such conditions could satisfy
Darwin's<00:20:12.320><c> warm</c><00:20:12.799><c> little</c><00:20:13.200><c> pond</c><00:20:13.760><c> hypothesis</c><00:20:14.559><c> of</c>

19:06.482 --> 19:06.492 align:start position:0%
Darwin's warm little pond hypothesis of
 

19:06.492 --> 19:08.962 align:start position:0%
Darwin's warm little pond hypothesis of
the<00:20:15.120><c> origin</c><00:20:15.440><c> of</c><00:20:15.679><c> life.</c><00:20:16.480><c> And</c><00:20:16.720><c> atmospheric</c>

19:08.962 --> 19:08.972 align:start position:0%
the origin of life. And atmospheric
 

19:08.972 --> 19:11.922 align:start position:0%
the origin of life. And atmospheric
modeling<00:20:17.919><c> has</c><00:20:18.240><c> backed</c><00:20:18.559><c> this</c><00:20:18.799><c> up.</c><00:20:19.600><c> Simulation</c>

19:11.922 --> 19:11.932 align:start position:0%
modeling has backed this up. Simulation
 

19:11.932 --> 19:14.482 align:start position:0%
modeling has backed this up. Simulation
suggests<00:20:20.720><c> that</c><00:20:20.960><c> even</c><00:20:21.200><c> if</c><00:20:21.520><c> Trappist</c><00:20:22.080><c> 1e</c><00:20:22.640><c> has</c>

19:14.482 --> 19:14.492 align:start position:0%
suggests that even if Trappist 1e has
 

19:14.492 --> 19:17.521 align:start position:0%
suggests that even if Trappist 1e has
limited<00:20:23.360><c> water,</c><00:20:24.160><c> or</c><00:20:24.320><c> if</c><00:20:24.559><c> what</c><00:20:24.880><c> water</c><00:20:25.200><c> there</c><00:20:25.440><c> is</c>

19:17.521 --> 19:17.531 align:start position:0%
limited water, or if what water there is
 

19:17.531 --> 19:19.281 align:start position:0%
limited water, or if what water there is
is<00:20:26.320><c> locked</c><00:20:26.640><c> on</c><00:20:26.799><c> the</c><00:20:26.880><c> dark</c><00:20:27.120><c> side</c><00:20:27.360><c> of</c><00:20:27.440><c> the</c>

19:19.281 --> 19:19.291 align:start position:0%
is locked on the dark side of the
 

19:19.291 --> 19:21.842 align:start position:0%
is locked on the dark side of the
planet,<00:20:28.400><c> it</c><00:20:28.640><c> could</c><00:20:28.960><c> still</c><00:20:29.280><c> have</c><00:20:29.520><c> a</c><00:20:29.840><c> stable</c>

19:21.842 --> 19:21.852 align:start position:0%
planet, it could still have a stable
 

19:21.852 --> 19:24.882 align:start position:0%
planet, it could still have a stable
atmosphere.<00:20:31.600><c> Although</c><00:20:32.400><c> this</c><00:20:32.640><c> may</c><00:20:32.880><c> lead</c><00:20:33.039><c> to</c>

19:24.882 --> 19:24.892 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Although this may lead to
 

19:24.892 --> 19:27.922 align:start position:0%
atmosphere. Although this may lead to
what's<00:20:33.520><c> known</c><00:20:33.840><c> as</c><00:20:34.320><c> Terminator</c><00:20:35.039><c> habitability,</c>

19:27.922 --> 19:27.932 align:start position:0%
what's known as Terminator habitability,
 

19:27.932 --> 19:30.322 align:start position:0%
what's known as Terminator habitability,
where<00:20:36.559><c> life</c><00:20:36.880><c> could</c><00:20:37.200><c> only</c><00:20:37.520><c> find</c><00:20:37.760><c> a</c><00:20:37.919><c> home</c><00:20:38.240><c> across</c>

19:30.322 --> 19:30.332 align:start position:0%
where life could only find a home across
 

19:30.332 --> 19:33.602 align:start position:0%
where life could only find a home across
a<00:20:39.039><c> dynamic</c><00:20:39.679><c> band</c><00:20:40.240><c> in</c><00:20:40.559><c> perpetual</c><00:20:41.280><c> twilight</c>

19:33.602 --> 19:33.612 align:start position:0%
a dynamic band in perpetual twilight
 

19:33.612 --> 19:36.962 align:start position:0%
a dynamic band in perpetual twilight
that<00:20:42.320><c> separates</c><00:20:42.799><c> day</c><00:20:43.120><c> from</c><00:20:43.360><c> night.</c><00:20:44.720><c> But</c><00:20:45.039><c> water</c>

19:36.962 --> 19:36.972 align:start position:0%
that separates day from night. But water
 

19:36.972 --> 19:39.682 align:start position:0%
that separates day from night. But water
on<00:20:45.520><c> the</c><00:20:45.679><c> surface</c><00:20:46.000><c> isn't</c><00:20:46.400><c> the</c><00:20:46.640><c> only</c><00:20:46.880><c> option.</c><00:20:47.840><c> We</c>

19:39.682 --> 19:39.692 align:start position:0%
on the surface isn't the only option. We
 

19:39.692 --> 19:42.482 align:start position:0%
on the surface isn't the only option. We
know<00:20:48.320><c> Trappist</c><00:20:48.799><c> 1e</c><00:20:49.280><c> is</c><00:20:49.440><c> rocky,</c><00:20:50.240><c> but</c><00:20:50.480><c> not</c><00:20:50.720><c> much</c>

19:42.482 --> 19:42.492 align:start position:0%
know Trappist 1e is rocky, but not much
 

19:42.492 --> 19:45.122 align:start position:0%
know Trappist 1e is rocky, but not much
more<00:20:51.120><c> than</c><00:20:51.280><c> that.</c><00:20:52.159><c> It</c><00:20:52.400><c> may</c><00:20:52.559><c> be</c><00:20:52.720><c> an</c><00:20:53.120><c> icy</c>

19:45.122 --> 19:45.132 align:start position:0%
more than that. It may be an icy
 

19:45.132 --> 19:47.521 align:start position:0%
more than that. It may be an icy
volcanic<00:20:54.080><c> planet</c><00:20:54.400><c> with</c><00:20:54.559><c> a</c><00:20:54.720><c> subsurface</c><00:20:55.280><c> ocean</c>

19:47.521 --> 19:47.531 align:start position:0%
volcanic planet with a subsurface ocean
 

19:47.531 --> 19:50.082 align:start position:0%
volcanic planet with a subsurface ocean
like<00:20:56.159><c> we</c><00:20:56.400><c> find</c><00:20:56.559><c> on</c><00:20:56.880><c> Europa</c><00:20:57.360><c> and</c><00:20:57.520><c> Enceladus</c><00:20:58.240><c> in</c>

19:50.082 --> 19:50.092 align:start position:0%
like we find on Europa and Enceladus in
 

19:50.092 --> 19:52.722 align:start position:0%
like we find on Europa and Enceladus in
our<00:20:58.640><c> own</c><00:20:58.880><c> solar</c><00:20:59.200><c> system.</c><00:21:00.080><c> Life</c><00:21:00.400><c> on</c><00:21:00.640><c> Earth</c><00:21:00.880><c> is</c>

19:52.722 --> 19:52.732 align:start position:0%
our own solar system. Life on Earth is
 

19:52.732 --> 19:54.722 align:start position:0%
our own solar system. Life on Earth is
believed<00:21:01.440><c> by</c><00:21:01.679><c> some</c><00:21:02.000><c> to</c><00:21:02.320><c> have</c><00:21:02.480><c> formed</c><00:21:02.799><c> near</c>

19:54.722 --> 19:54.732 align:start position:0%
believed by some to have formed near
 

19:54.732 --> 19:56.802 align:start position:0%
believed by some to have formed near
deep<00:21:03.440><c> sea</c><00:21:03.679><c> vents</c><00:21:04.080><c> and</c><00:21:04.320><c> the</c><00:21:04.480><c> same</c><00:21:04.640><c> process</c>

19:56.802 --> 19:56.812 align:start position:0%
deep sea vents and the same process
 

19:56.812 --> 19:59.761 align:start position:0%
deep sea vents and the same process
could<00:21:05.600><c> happen</c><00:21:05.919><c> on</c><00:21:06.240><c> 1E.</c>

19:59.761 --> 19:59.771 align:start position:0%
could happen on 1E.
 

19:59.771 --> 20:02.482 align:start position:0%
could happen on 1E.
No<00:21:08.240><c> matter</c><00:21:08.640><c> where</c><00:21:08.960><c> on</c><00:21:09.200><c> Trappist</c><00:21:09.679><c> 1E</c><00:21:10.240><c> water</c><00:21:10.640><c> may</c>

20:02.482 --> 20:02.492 align:start position:0%
No matter where on Trappist 1E water may
 

20:02.492 --> 20:05.602 align:start position:0%
No matter where on Trappist 1E water may
be,<00:21:11.600><c> life</c><00:21:11.919><c> is</c><00:21:12.159><c> possible.</c><00:21:13.200><c> There's</c><00:21:13.520><c> an</c><00:21:13.679><c> energy</c>

20:05.602 --> 20:05.612 align:start position:0%
be, life is possible. There's an energy
 

20:05.612 --> 20:07.922 align:start position:0%
be, life is possible. There's an energy
source<00:21:14.480><c> and</c><00:21:14.799><c> potentially</c><00:21:15.600><c> an</c><00:21:15.840><c> atmosphere</c>

20:07.922 --> 20:07.932 align:start position:0%
source and potentially an atmosphere
 

20:07.932 --> 20:09.682 align:start position:0%
source and potentially an atmosphere
that<00:21:16.559><c> provides</c><00:21:16.960><c> the</c><00:21:17.200><c> building</c><00:21:17.520><c> blocks</c><00:21:17.840><c> for</c>

20:09.682 --> 20:09.692 align:start position:0%
that provides the building blocks for
 

20:09.692 --> 20:13.602 align:start position:0%
that provides the building blocks for
life.<00:21:18.960><c> But</c><00:21:19.280><c> there</c><00:21:19.600><c> is</c><00:21:20.000><c> one</c><00:21:20.320><c> issue.</c><00:21:21.520><c> Although</c>

20:13.602 --> 20:13.612 align:start position:0%
life. But there is one issue. Although
 

20:13.612 --> 20:15.362 align:start position:0%
life. But there is one issue. Although
all<00:21:22.240><c> these</c><00:21:22.559><c> things</c><00:21:22.799><c> are</c><00:21:22.960><c> possible,</c>

20:15.362 --> 20:15.372 align:start position:0%
all these things are possible,
 

20:15.372 --> 20:17.761 align:start position:0%
all these things are possible,
scientists<00:21:24.320><c> can't</c><00:21:24.720><c> completely</c><00:21:25.440><c> rule</c><00:21:25.760><c> out</c><00:21:25.919><c> the</c>

20:17.761 --> 20:17.771 align:start position:0%
scientists can't completely rule out the
 

20:17.771 --> 20:20.962 align:start position:0%
scientists can't completely rule out the
possibility<00:21:26.799><c> that</c><00:21:26.960><c> Trappist</c><00:21:27.520><c> 1e</c><00:21:28.159><c> is</c><00:21:28.320><c> a</c><00:21:28.640><c> cold,</c>

20:20.962 --> 20:20.972 align:start position:0%
possibility that Trappist 1e is a cold,
 

20:20.972 --> 20:23.521 align:start position:0%
possibility that Trappist 1e is a cold,
barren,<00:21:30.080><c> and</c><00:21:30.320><c> airless</c><00:21:30.799><c> marble</c><00:21:31.440><c> with</c><00:21:31.679><c> no</c>

20:23.521 --> 20:23.531 align:start position:0%
barren, and airless marble with no
 

20:23.531 --> 20:26.641 align:start position:0%
barren, and airless marble with no
atmosphere<00:21:32.480><c> at</c><00:21:32.720><c> all.</c><00:21:33.760><c> So,</c><00:21:34.240><c> we</c><00:21:34.480><c> need</c><00:21:34.640><c> to</c><00:21:34.799><c> talk</c>

20:26.641 --> 20:26.651 align:start position:0%
atmosphere at all. So, we need to talk
 

20:26.651 --> 20:28.882 align:start position:0%
atmosphere at all. So, we need to talk
about<00:21:35.440><c> what</c><00:21:35.919><c> could</c><00:21:36.400><c> prevent</c><00:21:36.720><c> a</c><00:21:36.960><c> stable</c>

20:28.882 --> 20:28.892 align:start position:0%
about what could prevent a stable
 

20:28.892 --> 20:31.521 align:start position:0%
about what could prevent a stable
atmosphere<00:21:37.919><c> from</c><00:21:38.240><c> ever</c><00:21:38.559><c> forming.</c><00:21:39.520><c> And</c><00:21:39.679><c> in</c>

20:31.521 --> 20:31.531 align:start position:0%
atmosphere from ever forming. And in
 

20:31.531 --> 20:34.082 align:start position:0%
atmosphere from ever forming. And in
this<00:21:40.080><c> case,</c><00:21:40.559><c> it's</c><00:21:40.799><c> the</c><00:21:41.039><c> red</c><00:21:41.360><c> dwarf</c><00:21:41.919><c> star</c>

20:34.082 --> 20:34.092 align:start position:0%
this case, it's the red dwarf star
 

20:34.092 --> 20:37.521 align:start position:0%
this case, it's the red dwarf star
Trappist<00:21:43.039><c> 1</c><00:21:43.600><c> itself.</c><00:21:44.960><c> I</c><00:21:45.200><c> know</c><00:21:45.280><c> I</c><00:21:45.440><c> said</c><00:21:45.600><c> earlier</c>

20:37.521 --> 20:37.531 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1 itself. I know I said earlier
 

20:37.531 --> 20:40.242 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1 itself. I know I said earlier
that<00:21:46.080><c> Trappist</c><00:21:46.640><c> 1</c><00:21:46.960><c> was</c><00:21:47.440><c> not</c><00:21:47.679><c> as</c><00:21:47.919><c> bad</c><00:21:48.080><c> as</c><00:21:48.400><c> other</c>

20:40.242 --> 20:40.252 align:start position:0%
that Trappist 1 was not as bad as other
 

20:40.252 --> 20:43.042 align:start position:0%
that Trappist 1 was not as bad as other
red<00:21:48.880><c> dwarf</c><00:21:49.280><c> stars,</c><00:21:50.080><c> but</c><00:21:50.320><c> that's</c><00:21:50.799><c> not</c><00:21:50.960><c> a</c><00:21:51.200><c> high</c>

20:43.042 --> 20:43.052 align:start position:0%
red dwarf stars, but that's not a high
 

20:43.052 --> 20:45.842 align:start position:0%
red dwarf stars, but that's not a high
bar.<00:21:52.320><c> Let's</c><00:21:52.640><c> take</c><00:21:52.799><c> a</c><00:21:52.960><c> closer</c><00:21:53.360><c> look</c><00:21:53.600><c> at</c><00:21:53.919><c> this</c>

20:45.842 --> 20:45.852 align:start position:0%
bar. Let's take a closer look at this
 

20:45.852 --> 20:50.802 align:start position:0%
bar. Let's take a closer look at this
star.

20:50.802 --> 20:50.812 align:start position:0%
 
 

20:50.812 --> 20:53.521 align:start position:0%
 
Imagine<00:21:59.679><c> standing</c><00:22:00.080><c> with</c><00:22:00.240><c> me</c><00:22:00.559><c> on</c><00:22:00.799><c> Trappist</c><00:22:01.280><c> 1E</c>

20:53.521 --> 20:53.531 align:start position:0%
Imagine standing with me on Trappist 1E
 

20:53.531 --> 20:56.641 align:start position:0%
Imagine standing with me on Trappist 1E
just<00:22:02.080><c> for</c><00:22:02.240><c> a</c><00:22:02.480><c> second.</c><00:22:03.520><c> Look</c><00:22:03.760><c> up.</c><00:22:04.559><c> The</c><00:22:04.799><c> star</c>

20:56.641 --> 20:56.651 align:start position:0%
just for a second. Look up. The star
 

20:56.651 --> 20:58.882 align:start position:0%
just for a second. Look up. The star
above<00:22:05.360><c> us</c><00:22:05.600><c> would</c><00:22:05.840><c> appear</c><00:22:06.240><c> more</c><00:22:06.559><c> than</c><00:22:06.880><c> four</c>

20:58.882 --> 20:58.892 align:start position:0%
above us would appear more than four
 

20:58.892 --> 21:01.922 align:start position:0%
above us would appear more than four
times<00:22:07.600><c> as</c><00:22:07.919><c> large</c><00:22:08.240><c> as</c><00:22:08.559><c> our</c><00:22:08.799><c> sun</c><00:22:09.039><c> in</c><00:22:09.280><c> the</c><00:22:09.360><c> sky.</c>

21:01.922 --> 21:01.932 align:start position:0%
times as large as our sun in the sky.
 

21:01.932 --> 21:04.322 align:start position:0%
times as large as our sun in the sky.
The<00:22:10.559><c> star</c><00:22:10.799><c> would</c><00:22:11.039><c> be</c><00:22:11.200><c> a</c><00:22:11.360><c> deep</c><00:22:11.840><c> red</c><00:22:12.320><c> orange</c>

21:04.322 --> 21:04.332 align:start position:0%
The star would be a deep red orange
 

21:04.332 --> 21:07.122 align:start position:0%
The star would be a deep red orange
color<00:22:13.600><c> illuminating</c><00:22:14.080><c> the</c><00:22:14.320><c> sky</c><00:22:14.640><c> as</c><00:22:14.880><c> if</c><00:22:15.039><c> it</c><00:22:15.280><c> were</c>

21:07.122 --> 21:07.132 align:start position:0%
color illuminating the sky as if it were
 

21:07.132 --> 21:10.161 align:start position:0%
color illuminating the sky as if it were
in<00:22:15.840><c> perpetual</c><00:22:16.559><c> sunset.</c><00:22:17.600><c> What</c><00:22:17.760><c> a</c><00:22:18.000><c> sight</c><00:22:18.320><c> that</c>

21:10.161 --> 21:10.171 align:start position:0%
in perpetual sunset. What a sight that
 

21:10.171 --> 21:14.482 align:start position:0%
in perpetual sunset. What a sight that
would<00:22:18.720><c> be.</c><00:22:20.080><c> Now,</c><00:22:20.400><c> as</c><00:22:20.640><c> I</c><00:22:20.799><c> said,</c><00:22:21.520><c> red</c><00:22:21.760><c> dwarfs</c><00:22:22.400><c> are</c>

21:14.482 --> 21:14.492 align:start position:0%
would be. Now, as I said, red dwarfs are
 

21:14.492 --> 21:17.362 align:start position:0%
would be. Now, as I said, red dwarfs are
extremely<00:22:23.679><c> active</c><00:22:24.240><c> and</c><00:22:24.480><c> they</c><00:22:24.799><c> produce</c><00:22:25.280><c> more</c>

21:17.362 --> 21:17.372 align:start position:0%
extremely active and they produce more
 

21:17.372 --> 21:19.922 align:start position:0%
extremely active and they produce more
powerful<00:22:26.240><c> flares</c><00:22:26.559><c> than</c><00:22:26.799><c> our</c><00:22:27.039><c> sun</c><00:22:27.679><c> and</c><00:22:28.000><c> more</c>

21:19.922 --> 21:19.932 align:start position:0%
powerful flares than our sun and more
 

21:19.932 --> 21:22.562 align:start position:0%
powerful flares than our sun and more
often,<00:22:28.720><c> too.</c><00:22:29.760><c> The</c><00:22:30.000><c> worst</c><00:22:30.480><c> recorded</c>

21:22.562 --> 21:22.572 align:start position:0%
often, too. The worst recorded
 

21:22.572 --> 21:24.962 align:start position:0%
often, too. The worst recorded
geomagnetic<00:22:31.840><c> storm</c><00:22:32.080><c> to</c><00:22:32.400><c> ever</c><00:22:32.640><c> hit</c><00:22:32.880><c> Earth</c><00:22:33.200><c> was</c>

21:24.962 --> 21:24.972 align:start position:0%
geomagnetic storm to ever hit Earth was
 

21:24.972 --> 21:28.401 align:start position:0%
geomagnetic storm to ever hit Earth was
the<00:22:33.600><c> Carrington</c><00:22:34.080><c> event</c><00:22:34.400><c> in</c><00:22:34.799><c> 1859,</c><00:22:36.240><c> a</c><00:22:36.480><c> greater</c>

21:28.401 --> 21:28.411 align:start position:0%
the Carrington event in 1859, a greater
 

21:28.411 --> 21:32.882 align:start position:0%
the Carrington event in 1859, a greater
than<00:22:37.280><c> 1</c><00:22:37.600><c> in</c><00:22:38.000><c> 100year</c><00:22:38.799><c> event.</c><00:22:39.760><c> Trappist</c><00:22:40.400><c> 1</c><00:22:41.039><c> is</c>

21:32.882 --> 21:32.892 align:start position:0%
than 1 in 100year event. Trappist 1 is
 

21:32.892 --> 21:34.722 align:start position:0%
than 1 in 100year event. Trappist 1 is
believed<00:22:41.600><c> to</c><00:22:41.760><c> release</c><00:22:42.080><c> a</c><00:22:42.240><c> flare</c><00:22:42.720><c> this</c>

21:34.722 --> 21:34.732 align:start position:0%
believed to release a flare this
 

21:34.732 --> 21:38.962 align:start position:0%
believed to release a flare this
powerful<00:22:44.000><c> more</c><00:22:44.320><c> than</c><00:22:44.480><c> once</c><00:22:45.120><c> every</c><00:22:45.679><c> 2</c><00:22:46.159><c> days.</c>

21:38.962 --> 21:38.972 align:start position:0%
powerful more than once every 2 days.
 

21:38.972 --> 21:40.802 align:start position:0%
powerful more than once every 2 days.
You'd<00:22:47.679><c> likely</c><00:22:48.000><c> be</c><00:22:48.159><c> able</c><00:22:48.320><c> to</c><00:22:48.480><c> watch</c><00:22:48.799><c> solar</c>

21:40.802 --> 21:40.812 align:start position:0%
You'd likely be able to watch solar
 

21:40.812 --> 21:43.602 align:start position:0%
You'd likely be able to watch solar
flares<00:22:49.679><c> arcing</c><00:22:50.240><c> out</c><00:22:50.480><c> into</c><00:22:50.880><c> space</c><00:22:51.360><c> in</c><00:22:51.679><c> real</c>

21:43.602 --> 21:43.612 align:start position:0%
flares arcing out into space in real
 

21:43.612 --> 21:46.322 align:start position:0%
flares arcing out into space in real
time.<00:22:52.960><c> And</c><00:22:53.120><c> they</c><00:22:53.440><c> carry</c><00:22:53.840><c> huge</c><00:22:54.240><c> amounts</c><00:22:54.559><c> of</c>

21:46.322 --> 21:46.332 align:start position:0%
time. And they carry huge amounts of
 

21:46.332 --> 21:49.042 align:start position:0%
time. And they carry huge amounts of
energy<00:22:55.039><c> towards</c><00:22:55.440><c> a</c><00:22:55.600><c> planet</c><00:22:56.320><c> enough</c><00:22:56.720><c> that</c><00:22:57.120><c> over</c>

21:49.042 --> 21:49.052 align:start position:0%
energy towards a planet enough that over
 

21:49.052 --> 21:51.682 align:start position:0%
energy towards a planet enough that over
time<00:22:58.080><c> any</c><00:22:58.400><c> atmosphere</c><00:22:59.120><c> could</c><00:22:59.520><c> be</c><00:22:59.679><c> stripped</c>

21:51.682 --> 21:51.692 align:start position:0%
time any atmosphere could be stripped
 

21:51.692 --> 21:54.401 align:start position:0%
time any atmosphere could be stripped
away,<00:23:00.799><c> making</c><00:23:01.120><c> life</c><00:23:01.520><c> as</c><00:23:01.760><c> we</c><00:23:01.919><c> know</c><00:23:02.080><c> it</c><00:23:02.320><c> all</c><00:23:02.559><c> but</c>

21:54.401 --> 21:54.411 align:start position:0%
away, making life as we know it all but
 

21:54.411 --> 21:56.722 align:start position:0%
away, making life as we know it all but
impossible.<00:23:04.080><c> That's</c><00:23:04.320><c> assuming</c><00:23:04.720><c> that</c><00:23:04.960><c> the</c>

21:56.722 --> 21:56.732 align:start position:0%
impossible. That's assuming that the
 

21:56.732 --> 21:59.042 align:start position:0%
impossible. That's assuming that the
atmosphere<00:23:05.679><c> was</c><00:23:05.919><c> ever</c><00:23:06.320><c> allowed</c><00:23:06.640><c> to</c><00:23:06.799><c> form</c><00:23:07.200><c> at</c>

21:59.042 --> 21:59.052 align:start position:0%
atmosphere was ever allowed to form at
 

21:59.052 --> 22:01.761 align:start position:0%
atmosphere was ever allowed to form at
all.<00:23:08.320><c> As</c><00:23:08.640><c> mentioned,</c><00:23:09.120><c> red</c><00:23:09.360><c> dwarfs</c><00:23:09.919><c> are</c>

22:01.761 --> 22:01.771 align:start position:0%
all. As mentioned, red dwarfs are
 

22:01.771 --> 22:05.122 align:start position:0%
all. As mentioned, red dwarfs are
stupendously<00:23:11.200><c> longived.</c><00:23:12.480><c> Trappist</c><00:23:13.039><c> one</c><00:23:13.280><c> is</c>

22:05.122 --> 22:05.132 align:start position:0%
stupendously longived. Trappist one is
 

22:05.132 --> 22:07.922 align:start position:0%
stupendously longived. Trappist one is
expected<00:23:13.840><c> to</c><00:23:14.080><c> exist</c><00:23:14.480><c> for</c><00:23:14.799><c> 10</c><00:23:15.440><c> trillion</c><00:23:16.000><c> more</c>

22:07.922 --> 22:07.932 align:start position:0%
expected to exist for 10 trillion more
 

22:07.932 --> 22:11.281 align:start position:0%
expected to exist for 10 trillion more
years.<00:23:17.200><c> That</c><00:23:17.440><c> is</c><00:23:18.000><c> 700</c><00:23:18.640><c> times</c><00:23:18.960><c> the</c><00:23:19.200><c> current</c><00:23:19.440><c> age</c>

22:11.281 --> 22:11.291 align:start position:0%
years. That is 700 times the current age
 

22:11.291 --> 22:14.562 align:start position:0%
years. That is 700 times the current age
of<00:23:19.840><c> the</c><00:23:20.000><c> universe.</c><00:23:21.120><c> By</c><00:23:21.440><c> comparison,</c><00:23:22.240><c> our</c><00:23:22.559><c> sun</c>

22:14.562 --> 22:14.572 align:start position:0%
of the universe. By comparison, our sun
 

22:14.572 --> 22:17.122 align:start position:0%
of the universe. By comparison, our sun
likely<00:23:23.360><c> only</c><00:23:23.760><c> has</c><00:23:24.159><c> 5</c><00:23:24.559><c> billion</c><00:23:24.880><c> years</c><00:23:25.200><c> left</c>

22:17.122 --> 22:17.132 align:start position:0%
likely only has 5 billion years left
 

22:17.132 --> 22:20.482 align:start position:0%
likely only has 5 billion years left
before<00:23:25.760><c> it</c><00:23:26.000><c> becomes</c><00:23:26.320><c> a</c><00:23:26.559><c> red</c><00:23:26.720><c> giant.</c>

22:20.482 --> 22:20.492 align:start position:0%
before it becomes a red giant.
 

22:20.492 --> 22:22.322 align:start position:0%
before it becomes a red giant.
You<00:23:29.120><c> might</c><00:23:29.280><c> think</c><00:23:29.440><c> given</c><00:23:29.760><c> the</c><00:23:29.919><c> stability</c><00:23:30.480><c> and</c>

22:22.322 --> 22:22.332 align:start position:0%
You might think given the stability and
 

22:22.332 --> 22:24.401 align:start position:0%
You might think given the stability and
lifespan<00:23:31.200><c> of</c><00:23:31.280><c> a</c><00:23:31.440><c> red</c><00:23:31.600><c> dwarf,</c><00:23:32.320><c> there</c><00:23:32.480><c> would</c><00:23:32.640><c> be</c>

22:24.401 --> 22:24.411 align:start position:0%
lifespan of a red dwarf, there would be
 

22:24.411 --> 22:27.042 align:start position:0%
lifespan of a red dwarf, there would be
plenty<00:23:33.120><c> of</c><00:23:33.280><c> time</c><00:23:33.440><c> for</c><00:23:33.679><c> life</c><00:23:34.000><c> to</c><00:23:34.240><c> find</c><00:23:34.480><c> a</c><00:23:34.720><c> way.</c>

22:27.042 --> 22:27.052 align:start position:0%
plenty of time for life to find a way.
 

22:27.052 --> 22:29.602 align:start position:0%
plenty of time for life to find a way.
But<00:23:35.760><c> because</c><00:23:36.159><c> of</c><00:23:36.400><c> their</c><00:23:36.640><c> long</c><00:23:36.880><c> lives,</c><00:23:37.679><c> their</c>

22:29.602 --> 22:29.612 align:start position:0%
But because of their long lives, their
 

22:29.612 --> 22:32.161 align:start position:0%
But because of their long lives, their
chaotic<00:23:38.559><c> and</c><00:23:38.799><c> energetic</c><00:23:39.600><c> teenage</c><00:23:40.080><c> years</c>

22:32.161 --> 22:32.171 align:start position:0%
chaotic and energetic teenage years
 

22:32.171 --> 22:35.442 align:start position:0%
chaotic and energetic teenage years
before<00:23:41.039><c> red</c><00:23:41.360><c> dwarf</c><00:23:41.760><c> stars</c><00:23:42.240><c> settle</c><00:23:42.640><c> down</c><00:23:43.440><c> are</c>

22:35.442 --> 22:35.452 align:start position:0%
before red dwarf stars settle down are
 

22:35.452 --> 22:38.002 align:start position:0%
before red dwarf stars settle down are
correspondingly<00:23:44.799><c> longer.</c><00:23:45.760><c> It's</c><00:23:46.080><c> during</c>

22:38.002 --> 22:38.012 align:start position:0%
correspondingly longer. It's during
 

22:38.012 --> 22:40.482 align:start position:0%
correspondingly longer. It's during
these<00:23:46.720><c> formative</c><00:23:47.360><c> years</c><00:23:48.000><c> that</c><00:23:48.240><c> some</c><00:23:48.480><c> planets</c>

22:40.482 --> 22:40.492 align:start position:0%
these formative years that some planets
 

22:40.492 --> 22:42.802 align:start position:0%
these formative years that some planets
begin<00:23:49.200><c> to</c><00:23:49.360><c> produce</c><00:23:49.760><c> their</c><00:23:50.000><c> own</c><00:23:50.240><c> atmosphere,</c>

22:42.802 --> 22:42.812 align:start position:0%
begin to produce their own atmosphere,
 

22:42.812 --> 22:44.802 align:start position:0%
begin to produce their own atmosphere,
slowly<00:23:51.760><c> replacing</c><00:23:52.159><c> their</c><00:23:52.480><c> primordial</c>

22:44.802 --> 22:44.812 align:start position:0%
slowly replacing their primordial
 

22:44.812 --> 22:47.281 align:start position:0%
slowly replacing their primordial
hydrogen<00:23:53.840><c> helium</c><00:23:54.240><c> atmosphere</c><00:23:55.039><c> with</c><00:23:55.280><c> one</c>

22:47.281 --> 22:47.291 align:start position:0%
hydrogen helium atmosphere with one
 

22:47.291 --> 22:49.602 align:start position:0%
hydrogen helium atmosphere with one
comprised<00:23:56.159><c> of</c><00:23:56.400><c> heavier</c><00:23:56.880><c> molecular</c><00:23:57.440><c> gases</c>

22:49.602 --> 22:49.612 align:start position:0%
comprised of heavier molecular gases
 

22:49.612 --> 22:52.322 align:start position:0%
comprised of heavier molecular gases
such<00:23:58.240><c> as</c><00:23:58.559><c> carbon</c><00:23:58.880><c> dioxide,</c><00:23:59.840><c> nitrogen,</c><00:24:00.480><c> and</c>

22:52.322 --> 22:52.332 align:start position:0%
such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and
 

22:52.332 --> 22:54.882 align:start position:0%
such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and
methane.<00:24:01.840><c> These</c><00:24:02.159><c> chemicals</c><00:24:02.640><c> are</c><00:24:02.880><c> released</c>

22:54.882 --> 22:54.892 align:start position:0%
methane. These chemicals are released
 

22:54.892 --> 22:57.281 align:start position:0%
methane. These chemicals are released
from<00:24:03.679><c> inside</c><00:24:04.080><c> the</c><00:24:04.320><c> planet</c><00:24:04.720><c> through</c><00:24:05.120><c> volcanic</c>

22:57.281 --> 22:57.291 align:start position:0%
from inside the planet through volcanic
 

22:57.291 --> 23:00.161 align:start position:0%
from inside the planet through volcanic
activity.<00:24:06.720><c> The</c><00:24:06.960><c> problem</c><00:24:07.280><c> is</c><00:24:08.080><c> if</c><00:24:08.320><c> the</c>

23:00.161 --> 23:00.171 align:start position:0%
activity. The problem is if the
 

23:00.171 --> 23:02.322 align:start position:0%
activity. The problem is if the
aggressive<00:24:09.200><c> atmosphere</c><00:24:09.919><c> stripping</c><00:24:10.320><c> phase</c><00:24:10.559><c> of</c>

23:02.322 --> 23:02.332 align:start position:0%
aggressive atmosphere stripping phase of
 

23:02.332 --> 23:04.802 align:start position:0%
aggressive atmosphere stripping phase of
a<00:24:10.880><c> star</c><00:24:11.200><c> lasts</c><00:24:11.600><c> too</c><00:24:11.919><c> long,</c><00:24:12.720><c> then</c><00:24:12.960><c> an</c>

23:04.802 --> 23:04.812 align:start position:0%
a star lasts too long, then an
 

23:04.812 --> 23:06.962 align:start position:0%
a star lasts too long, then an
Earth-sized<00:24:13.840><c> planet</c><00:24:14.240><c> might</c><00:24:14.559><c> not</c><00:24:14.799><c> have</c><00:24:15.039><c> enough</c>

23:06.962 --> 23:06.972 align:start position:0%
Earth-sized planet might not have enough
 

23:06.972 --> 23:09.842 align:start position:0%
Earth-sized planet might not have enough
resources<00:24:16.000><c> within</c><00:24:16.400><c> its</c><00:24:16.720><c> interior</c><00:24:17.520><c> to</c><00:24:17.840><c> fully</c>

23:09.842 --> 23:09.852 align:start position:0%
resources within its interior to fully
 

23:09.852 --> 23:12.401 align:start position:0%
resources within its interior to fully
generate<00:24:18.799><c> a</c><00:24:19.120><c> stable</c><00:24:19.919><c> lifeupporting</c>

23:12.401 --> 23:12.411 align:start position:0%
generate a stable lifeupporting
 

23:12.411 --> 23:14.722 align:start position:0%
generate a stable lifeupporting
secondary<00:24:21.360><c> atmosphere.</c>

23:14.722 --> 23:14.732 align:start position:0%
secondary atmosphere.
 

23:14.732 --> 23:17.281 align:start position:0%
secondary atmosphere.
The<00:24:23.360><c> unfortunate</c><00:24:24.000><c> reality</c><00:24:24.480><c> is</c><00:24:25.039><c> that</c><00:24:25.279><c> if</c><00:24:25.440><c> a</c>

23:17.281 --> 23:17.291 align:start position:0%
The unfortunate reality is that if a
 

23:17.291 --> 23:19.042 align:start position:0%
The unfortunate reality is that if a
planet's<00:24:26.000><c> atmosphere</c><00:24:26.559><c> isn't</c><00:24:26.880><c> established</c>

23:19.042 --> 23:19.052 align:start position:0%
planet's atmosphere isn't established
 

23:19.052 --> 23:22.322 align:start position:0%
planet's atmosphere isn't established
before<00:24:28.000><c> 5</c><00:24:28.320><c> billion</c><00:24:28.720><c> years,</c><00:24:29.679><c> it</c><00:24:30.000><c> may</c><00:24:30.400><c> never</c>

23:22.322 --> 23:22.332 align:start position:0%
before 5 billion years, it may never
 

23:22.332 --> 23:24.562 align:start position:0%
before 5 billion years, it may never
generate<00:24:31.120><c> one,</c><00:24:31.679><c> condemning</c><00:24:32.240><c> the</c><00:24:32.400><c> planet</c><00:24:32.640><c> to</c><00:24:32.799><c> a</c>

23:24.562 --> 23:24.572 align:start position:0%
generate one, condemning the planet to a
 

23:24.572 --> 23:26.881 align:start position:0%
generate one, condemning the planet to a
death<00:24:33.279><c> sentence</c><00:24:34.080><c> before</c><00:24:34.480><c> it</c><00:24:34.720><c> was</c><00:24:34.960><c> ever</c>

23:26.881 --> 23:26.891 align:start position:0%
death sentence before it was ever
 

23:26.891 --> 23:33.442 align:start position:0%
death sentence before it was ever
allowed<00:24:35.679><c> to</c><00:24:35.840><c> live.</c>

23:33.442 --> 23:33.452 align:start position:0%
 
 

23:33.452 --> 23:35.521 align:start position:0%
 
I<00:24:42.159><c> know</c><00:24:42.559><c> it's</c><00:24:42.880><c> actually</c><00:24:43.200><c> sounding</c><00:24:43.600><c> rather</c>

23:35.521 --> 23:35.531 align:start position:0%
I know it's actually sounding rather
 

23:35.531 --> 23:37.682 align:start position:0%
I know it's actually sounding rather
hopeless<00:24:44.240><c> for</c><00:24:44.480><c> Trappist</c><00:24:44.960><c> 1e,</c><00:24:45.520><c> and</c><00:24:45.679><c> I</c><00:24:45.919><c> bet</c>

23:37.682 --> 23:37.692 align:start position:0%
hopeless for Trappist 1e, and I bet
 

23:37.692 --> 23:40.082 align:start position:0%
hopeless for Trappist 1e, and I bet
you're<00:24:46.400><c> wondering,</c><00:24:47.200><c> how</c><00:24:47.440><c> is</c><00:24:47.600><c> this</c><00:24:48.000><c> one</c><00:24:48.240><c> of</c><00:24:48.320><c> the</c>

23:40.082 --> 23:40.092 align:start position:0%
you're wondering, how is this one of the
 

23:40.092 --> 23:42.562 align:start position:0%
you're wondering, how is this one of the
most<00:24:48.640><c> promising</c><00:24:49.120><c> planets?</c><00:24:50.080><c> But</c><00:24:50.240><c> we</c><00:24:50.480><c> don't</c><00:24:50.640><c> yet</c>

23:42.562 --> 23:42.572 align:start position:0%
most promising planets? But we don't yet
 

23:42.572 --> 23:44.881 align:start position:0%
most promising planets? But we don't yet
know<00:24:51.360><c> one</c><00:24:51.600><c> way</c><00:24:51.840><c> or</c><00:24:52.159><c> the</c><00:24:52.320><c> other</c><00:24:52.640><c> whether</c><00:24:53.039><c> an</c>

23:44.881 --> 23:44.891 align:start position:0%
know one way or the other whether an
 

23:44.891 --> 23:47.362 align:start position:0%
know one way or the other whether an
atmosphere<00:24:53.760><c> has</c><00:24:54.000><c> survived</c><00:24:54.400><c> or</c><00:24:54.640><c> not.</c><00:24:55.360><c> We've</c>

23:47.362 --> 23:47.372 align:start position:0%
atmosphere has survived or not. We've
 

23:47.372 --> 23:49.122 align:start position:0%
atmosphere has survived or not. We've
already<00:24:56.080><c> seen</c><00:24:56.480><c> there</c><00:24:56.720><c> are</c><00:24:56.880><c> hints</c><00:24:57.120><c> of</c><00:24:57.279><c> its</c>

23:49.122 --> 23:49.132 align:start position:0%
already seen there are hints of its
 

23:49.132 --> 23:51.281 align:start position:0%
already seen there are hints of its
existence.<00:24:58.559><c> And</c><00:24:58.799><c> although</c><00:24:59.120><c> the</c><00:24:59.279><c> stars</c>

23:51.281 --> 23:51.291 align:start position:0%
existence. And although the stars
 

23:51.291 --> 23:53.602 align:start position:0%
existence. And although the stars
violent<00:25:00.080><c> outbursts</c><00:25:00.799><c> may</c><00:25:01.120><c> be</c><00:25:01.440><c> one</c><00:25:01.600><c> ease</c>

23:53.602 --> 23:53.612 align:start position:0%
violent outbursts may be one ease
 

23:53.612 --> 23:56.322 align:start position:0%
violent outbursts may be one ease
downfall,<00:25:02.960><c> they</c><00:25:03.200><c> may</c><00:25:03.440><c> also</c><00:25:03.840><c> be</c><00:25:04.159><c> completely</c>

23:56.322 --> 23:56.332 align:start position:0%
downfall, they may also be completely
 

23:56.332 --> 23:59.042 align:start position:0%
downfall, they may also be completely
necessary<00:25:05.200><c> for</c><00:25:05.440><c> life</c><00:25:05.760><c> to</c><00:25:05.919><c> begin.</c><00:25:07.039><c> UV</c>

23:59.042 --> 23:59.052 align:start position:0%
necessary for life to begin. UV
 

23:59.052 --> 24:01.362 align:start position:0%
necessary for life to begin. UV
radiation<00:25:07.919><c> from</c><00:25:08.159><c> flares</c><00:25:08.799><c> may</c><00:25:09.039><c> be</c><00:25:09.279><c> essential</c>

24:01.362 --> 24:01.372 align:start position:0%
radiation from flares may be essential
 

24:01.372 --> 24:04.322 align:start position:0%
radiation from flares may be essential
to<00:25:10.000><c> create</c><00:25:10.480><c> RNA</c><00:25:11.039><c> building</c><00:25:11.360><c> blocks,</c><00:25:12.159><c> molecules</c>

24:04.322 --> 24:04.332 align:start position:0%
to create RNA building blocks, molecules
 

24:04.332 --> 24:06.322 align:start position:0%
to create RNA building blocks, molecules
that<00:25:12.960><c> are</c><00:25:13.120><c> central</c><00:25:13.440><c> to</c><00:25:13.600><c> the</c><00:25:13.760><c> metabolism</c><00:25:14.400><c> of</c>

24:06.322 --> 24:06.332 align:start position:0%
that are central to the metabolism of
 

24:06.332 --> 24:09.362 align:start position:0%
that are central to the metabolism of
every<00:25:15.039><c> life</c><00:25:15.360><c> form</c><00:25:15.760><c> ever</c><00:25:16.080><c> found.</c><00:25:17.039><c> And</c><00:25:17.279><c> now</c><00:25:17.600><c> that</c>

24:09.362 --> 24:09.372 align:start position:0%
every life form ever found. And now that
 

24:09.372 --> 24:11.761 align:start position:0%
every life form ever found. And now that
Trappist<00:25:18.320><c> 1</c><00:25:18.559><c> is</c><00:25:18.720><c> in</c><00:25:18.880><c> its</c><00:25:19.120><c> calmer</c><00:25:19.760><c> main</c>

24:11.761 --> 24:11.771 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1 is in its calmer main
 

24:11.771 --> 24:15.202 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1 is in its calmer main
sequence<00:25:20.640><c> phase</c><00:25:21.440><c> with</c><00:25:21.919><c> lower</c><00:25:22.320><c> UV</c><00:25:22.799><c> and</c><00:25:23.039><c> X-ray</c>

24:15.202 --> 24:15.212 align:start position:0%
sequence phase with lower UV and X-ray
 

24:15.212 --> 24:18.322 align:start position:0%
sequence phase with lower UV and X-ray
radiation<00:25:24.480><c> than</c><00:25:24.720><c> in</c><00:25:24.880><c> its</c><00:25:25.200><c> juvenile</c><00:25:25.760><c> past,</c>

24:18.322 --> 24:18.332 align:start position:0%
radiation than in its juvenile past,
 

24:18.332 --> 24:20.881 align:start position:0%
radiation than in its juvenile past,
there<00:25:26.960><c> is</c><00:25:27.120><c> a</c><00:25:27.279><c> chance</c><00:25:27.520><c> of</c><00:25:27.679><c> a</c><00:25:27.919><c> stable</c><00:25:28.720><c> habitable</c>

24:20.881 --> 24:20.891 align:start position:0%
there is a chance of a stable habitable
 

24:20.891 --> 24:24.722 align:start position:0%
there is a chance of a stable habitable
atmosphere<00:25:30.080><c> existing</c><00:25:30.720><c> on</c><00:25:31.039><c> Trappist</c><00:25:31.600><c> 1e.</c><00:25:32.640><c> And</c>

24:24.722 --> 24:24.732 align:start position:0%
atmosphere existing on Trappist 1e. And
 

24:24.732 --> 24:26.641 align:start position:0%
atmosphere existing on Trappist 1e. And
that<00:25:33.360><c> atmosphere</c><00:25:34.080><c> could</c><00:25:34.400><c> have</c><00:25:34.640><c> protection</c>

24:26.641 --> 24:26.651 align:start position:0%
that atmosphere could have protection
 

24:26.651 --> 24:29.042 align:start position:0%
that atmosphere could have protection
from<00:25:35.279><c> the</c><00:25:35.520><c> continuing</c><00:25:36.080><c> flares</c><00:25:36.720><c> with</c><00:25:36.960><c> its</c><00:25:37.200><c> own</c>

24:29.042 --> 24:29.052 align:start position:0%
from the continuing flares with its own
 

24:29.052 --> 24:31.842 align:start position:0%
from the continuing flares with its own
magnetic<00:25:38.000><c> field</c><00:25:38.480><c> just</c><00:25:38.720><c> like</c><00:25:38.880><c> the</c><00:25:39.120><c> Earth</c><00:25:39.360><c> does.</c>

24:31.842 --> 24:31.852 align:start position:0%
magnetic field just like the Earth does.
 

24:31.852 --> 24:33.442 align:start position:0%
magnetic field just like the Earth does.
The<00:25:40.400><c> Earth's</c><00:25:40.720><c> magnetic</c><00:25:41.120><c> field</c><00:25:41.440><c> exists</c>

24:33.442 --> 24:33.452 align:start position:0%
The Earth's magnetic field exists
 

24:33.452 --> 24:35.602 align:start position:0%
The Earth's magnetic field exists
because<00:25:42.080><c> its</c><00:25:42.400><c> outer</c><00:25:42.720><c> core</c><00:25:42.960><c> is</c><00:25:43.120><c> a</c><00:25:43.360><c> moving</c><00:25:43.679><c> mass</c>

24:35.602 --> 24:35.612 align:start position:0%
because its outer core is a moving mass
 

24:35.612 --> 24:38.242 align:start position:0%
because its outer core is a moving mass
of<00:25:44.240><c> molten</c><00:25:44.720><c> iron</c><00:25:45.039><c> and</c><00:25:45.279><c> nickel.</c><00:25:46.080><c> There</c><00:25:46.320><c> is</c><00:25:46.480><c> a</c>

24:38.242 --> 24:38.252 align:start position:0%
of molten iron and nickel. There is a
 

24:38.252 --> 24:40.722 align:start position:0%
of molten iron and nickel. There is a
good<00:25:46.799><c> chance</c><00:25:47.120><c> that</c><00:25:47.360><c> Trappist</c><00:25:47.919><c> 1E</c><00:25:48.480><c> has</c><00:25:48.799><c> a</c>

24:40.722 --> 24:40.732 align:start position:0%
good chance that Trappist 1E has a
 

24:40.732 --> 24:44.161 align:start position:0%
good chance that Trappist 1E has a
similar<00:25:49.520><c> system.</c><00:25:50.799><c> In</c><00:25:51.039><c> fact,</c><00:25:51.440><c> Trappist</c><00:25:51.919><c> 1's</c>

24:44.161 --> 24:44.171 align:start position:0%
similar system. In fact, Trappist 1's
 

24:44.171 --> 24:46.161 align:start position:0%
similar system. In fact, Trappist 1's
close<00:25:52.880><c> orbit</c><00:25:53.279><c> to</c><00:25:53.360><c> the</c><00:25:53.520><c> red</c><00:25:53.679><c> dwarf</c><00:25:54.240><c> could</c>

24:46.161 --> 24:46.171 align:start position:0%
close orbit to the red dwarf could
 

24:46.171 --> 24:48.082 align:start position:0%
close orbit to the red dwarf could
actually<00:25:54.960><c> help</c><00:25:55.279><c> maintain</c><00:25:55.679><c> its</c><00:25:56.000><c> magnetic</c>

24:48.082 --> 24:48.092 align:start position:0%
actually help maintain its magnetic
 

24:48.092 --> 24:51.042 align:start position:0%
actually help maintain its magnetic
field.<00:25:57.360><c> If</c><00:25:57.600><c> Trappist</c><00:25:58.240><c> 1's</c><00:25:58.799><c> orbit</c><00:25:59.200><c> is</c>

24:51.042 --> 24:51.052 align:start position:0%
field. If Trappist 1's orbit is
 

24:51.052 --> 24:53.682 align:start position:0%
field. If Trappist 1's orbit is
eccentric,<00:26:00.640><c> this</c><00:26:00.880><c> would</c><00:26:01.039><c> cause</c><00:26:01.520><c> repeated</c>

24:53.682 --> 24:53.692 align:start position:0%
eccentric, this would cause repeated
 

24:53.692 --> 24:56.082 align:start position:0%
eccentric, this would cause repeated
compression<00:26:02.799><c> and</c><00:26:03.120><c> relaxation</c><00:26:03.760><c> of</c><00:26:03.919><c> the</c><00:26:04.080><c> planet</c>

24:56.082 --> 24:56.092 align:start position:0%
compression and relaxation of the planet
 

24:56.092 --> 24:58.722 align:start position:0%
compression and relaxation of the planet
shape.<00:26:05.360><c> This</c><00:26:05.679><c> process</c><00:26:06.159><c> creates</c><00:26:06.640><c> internal</c>

24:58.722 --> 24:58.732 align:start position:0%
shape. This process creates internal
 

24:58.732 --> 25:01.202 align:start position:0%
shape. This process creates internal
friction<00:26:07.600><c> that</c><00:26:08.000><c> could</c><00:26:08.240><c> heat</c><00:26:08.559><c> the</c><00:26:08.720><c> interior</c><00:26:09.360><c> as</c>

25:01.202 --> 25:01.212 align:start position:0%
friction that could heat the interior as
 

25:01.212 --> 25:05.761 align:start position:0%
friction that could heat the interior as
much<00:26:09.840><c> as</c><00:26:10.240><c> 0.18</c><00:26:11.520><c> W</c><00:26:12.000><c> per</c><00:26:12.320><c> meter</c><00:26:12.640><c> squared.</c><00:26:13.840><c> That's</c>

25:05.761 --> 25:05.771 align:start position:0%
much as 0.18 W per meter squared. That's
 

25:05.771 --> 25:08.802 align:start position:0%
much as 0.18 W per meter squared. That's
roughly<00:26:14.640><c> 24</c><00:26:15.360><c> times</c><00:26:15.679><c> the</c><00:26:15.840><c> tidal</c><00:26:16.320><c> heating</c><00:26:16.640><c> flux</c>

25:08.802 --> 25:08.812 align:start position:0%
roughly 24 times the tidal heating flux
 

25:08.812 --> 25:11.761 align:start position:0%
roughly 24 times the tidal heating flux
generated<00:26:17.760><c> in</c><00:26:18.000><c> the</c><00:26:18.240><c> earth.</c><00:26:19.279><c> We</c><00:26:19.440><c> see</c><00:26:19.600><c> a</c><00:26:19.840><c> similar</c>

25:11.761 --> 25:11.771 align:start position:0%
generated in the earth. We see a similar
 

25:11.771 --> 25:15.042 align:start position:0%
generated in the earth. We see a similar
process<00:26:20.640><c> in</c><00:26:20.960><c> Jupiter's</c><00:26:21.520><c> moon</c><00:26:21.840><c> Io.</c><00:26:22.880><c> Io</c><00:26:23.279><c> is</c>

25:15.042 --> 25:15.052 align:start position:0%
process in Jupiter's moon Io. Io is
 

25:15.052 --> 25:17.122 align:start position:0%
process in Jupiter's moon Io. Io is
tidily<00:26:23.919><c> locked</c><00:26:24.159><c> with</c><00:26:24.320><c> an</c><00:26:24.480><c> eccentric</c><00:26:24.960><c> orbit</c>

25:17.122 --> 25:17.132 align:start position:0%
tidily locked with an eccentric orbit
 

25:17.132 --> 25:19.362 align:start position:0%
tidily locked with an eccentric orbit
and<00:26:25.840><c> gets</c><00:26:26.159><c> stretched</c><00:26:26.640><c> and</c><00:26:26.880><c> squashed</c><00:26:27.360><c> by</c><00:26:27.600><c> the</c>

25:19.362 --> 25:19.372 align:start position:0%
and gets stretched and squashed by the
 

25:19.372 --> 25:20.962 align:start position:0%
and gets stretched and squashed by the
gravitational<00:26:28.400><c> interactions</c><00:26:28.960><c> with</c><00:26:29.120><c> the</c>

25:20.962 --> 25:20.972 align:start position:0%
gravitational interactions with the
 

25:20.972 --> 25:23.761 align:start position:0%
gravitational interactions with the
other<00:26:29.760><c> Jovian</c><00:26:30.320><c> moons</c><00:26:31.120><c> pumping</c><00:26:31.520><c> it</c><00:26:31.760><c> full</c><00:26:31.919><c> of</c>

25:23.761 --> 25:23.771 align:start position:0%
other Jovian moons pumping it full of
 

25:23.771 --> 25:26.401 align:start position:0%
other Jovian moons pumping it full of
energy<00:26:32.720><c> and</c><00:26:33.039><c> making</c><00:26:33.440><c> it</c><00:26:34.000><c> the</c><00:26:34.480><c> most</c>

25:26.401 --> 25:26.411 align:start position:0%
energy and making it the most
 

25:26.411 --> 25:28.881 align:start position:0%
energy and making it the most
volcanically<00:26:35.679><c> active</c><00:26:36.080><c> body</c><00:26:36.480><c> in</c><00:26:36.799><c> the</c><00:26:36.960><c> solar</c>

25:28.881 --> 25:28.891 align:start position:0%
volcanically active body in the solar
 

25:28.891 --> 25:30.482 align:start position:0%
volcanically active body in the solar
system.

25:30.482 --> 25:30.492 align:start position:0%
system.
 

25:30.492 --> 25:34.322 align:start position:0%
system.
So<00:26:39.600><c> where</c><00:26:39.840><c> does</c><00:26:40.000><c> this</c><00:26:40.320><c> leave</c><00:26:40.559><c> us?</c><00:26:41.919><c> Well,</c><00:26:42.320><c> we</c>

25:34.322 --> 25:34.332 align:start position:0%
So where does this leave us? Well, we
 

25:34.332 --> 25:36.641 align:start position:0%
So where does this leave us? Well, we
may<00:26:43.039><c> have</c><00:26:43.200><c> an</c><00:26:43.520><c> Earth-sized</c><00:26:44.320><c> volcanically</c>

25:36.641 --> 25:36.651 align:start position:0%
may have an Earth-sized volcanically
 

25:36.651 --> 25:38.722 align:start position:0%
may have an Earth-sized volcanically
active<00:26:45.600><c> rocky</c><00:26:46.000><c> planet</c><00:26:46.400><c> with</c><00:26:46.640><c> the</c><00:26:46.880><c> building</c>

25:38.722 --> 25:38.732 align:start position:0%
active rocky planet with the building
 

25:38.732 --> 25:41.442 align:start position:0%
active rocky planet with the building
blocks<00:26:47.440><c> for</c><00:26:47.679><c> life,</c><00:26:48.480><c> its</c><00:26:48.799><c> own</c><00:26:48.960><c> atmosphere</c><00:26:49.600><c> and</c>

25:41.442 --> 25:41.452 align:start position:0%
blocks for life, its own atmosphere and
 

25:41.452 --> 25:43.521 align:start position:0%
blocks for life, its own atmosphere and
magnetic<00:26:50.320><c> field,</c><00:26:50.960><c> orbiting</c><00:26:51.520><c> in</c><00:26:51.760><c> the</c>

25:43.521 --> 25:43.531 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, orbiting in the
 

25:43.531 --> 25:45.922 align:start position:0%
magnetic field, orbiting in the
habitable<00:26:52.400><c> zone</c><00:26:52.640><c> of</c><00:26:52.799><c> a</c><00:26:53.039><c> relatively</c><00:26:53.600><c> calm</c><00:26:54.080><c> red</c>

25:45.922 --> 25:45.932 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of a relatively calm red
 

25:45.932 --> 25:50.641 align:start position:0%
habitable zone of a relatively calm red
dwarf,<00:26:55.440><c> or</c><00:26:56.400><c> it</c><00:26:56.720><c> could</c><00:26:56.960><c> be</c><00:26:57.440><c> a</c><00:26:57.760><c> cold,</c><00:26:58.400><c> dead</c>

25:50.641 --> 25:50.651 align:start position:0%
dwarf, or it could be a cold, dead
 

25:50.651 --> 25:56.161 align:start position:0%
dwarf, or it could be a cold, dead
world.

25:56.161 --> 25:56.171 align:start position:0%
 
 

25:56.171 --> 25:58.641 align:start position:0%
 
So,<00:27:05.360><c> let</c><00:27:05.600><c> us</c><00:27:05.760><c> know</c><00:27:05.919><c> in</c><00:27:06.159><c> the</c><00:27:06.320><c> comments</c><00:27:06.640><c> which</c>

25:58.641 --> 25:58.651 align:start position:0%
So, let us know in the comments which
 

25:58.651 --> 26:01.842 align:start position:0%
So, let us know in the comments which
you<00:27:07.360><c> think</c><00:27:07.679><c> will</c><00:27:08.080><c> eventually</c><00:27:08.720><c> be</c><00:27:08.960><c> confirmed.</c>

26:01.842 --> 26:01.852 align:start position:0%
you think will eventually be confirmed.
 

26:01.852 --> 26:03.922 align:start position:0%
you think will eventually be confirmed.
We<00:27:10.559><c> might</c><00:27:10.799><c> not</c><00:27:11.039><c> get</c><00:27:11.200><c> an</c><00:27:11.440><c> answer</c><00:27:11.760><c> until</c><00:27:12.080><c> the</c>

26:03.922 --> 26:03.932 align:start position:0%
We might not get an answer until the
 

26:03.932 --> 26:06.641 align:start position:0%
We might not get an answer until the
proposed<00:27:12.880><c> Habitable</c><00:27:13.440><c> Worlds</c><00:27:13.840><c> Observatory,</c><00:27:14.799><c> a</c>

26:06.641 --> 26:06.651 align:start position:0%
proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory, a
 

26:06.651 --> 26:08.242 align:start position:0%
proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory, a
telescope<00:27:15.520><c> designed</c><00:27:15.840><c> to</c><00:27:16.080><c> look</c><00:27:16.240><c> for</c><00:27:16.400><c> life</c>

26:08.242 --> 26:08.252 align:start position:0%
telescope designed to look for life
 

26:08.252 --> 26:10.562 align:start position:0%
telescope designed to look for life
around<00:27:16.960><c> stars</c><00:27:17.360><c> like</c><00:27:17.600><c> our</c><00:27:17.919><c> own,</c><00:27:18.640><c> which</c>

26:10.562 --> 26:10.572 align:start position:0%
around stars like our own, which
 

26:10.572 --> 26:13.442 align:start position:0%
around stars like our own, which
launches<00:27:19.600><c> in</c><00:27:20.159><c> 2041.</c>

26:13.442 --> 26:13.452 align:start position:0%
launches in 2041.
 

26:13.452 --> 26:15.442 align:start position:0%
launches in 2041.
But<00:27:22.000><c> until</c><00:27:22.400><c> then,</c><00:27:22.960><c> James</c><00:27:23.360><c> Webb's</c>

26:15.442 --> 26:15.452 align:start position:0%
But until then, James Webb's
 

26:15.452 --> 26:18.962 align:start position:0%
But until then, James Webb's
observations<00:27:24.880><c> are</c><00:27:25.279><c> our</c><00:27:25.679><c> best</c><00:27:25.919><c> bet.</c><00:27:26.960><c> The</c><00:27:27.200><c> fact</c>

26:18.962 --> 26:18.972 align:start position:0%
observations are our best bet. The fact
 

26:18.972 --> 26:20.401 align:start position:0%
observations are our best bet. The fact
we<00:27:27.679><c> are</c><00:27:27.840><c> able</c><00:27:28.000><c> to</c><00:27:28.159><c> measure</c><00:27:28.400><c> the</c><00:27:28.559><c> light</c>

26:20.401 --> 26:20.411 align:start position:0%
we are able to measure the light
 

26:20.411 --> 26:22.802 align:start position:0%
we are able to measure the light
absorbed<00:27:29.279><c> by</c><00:27:29.440><c> a</c><00:27:29.600><c> thin</c><00:27:30.080><c> gaseous</c><00:27:30.799><c> layer</c><00:27:30.960><c> around</c>

26:22.802 --> 26:22.812 align:start position:0%
absorbed by a thin gaseous layer around
 

26:22.812 --> 26:25.922 align:start position:0%
absorbed by a thin gaseous layer around
a<00:27:31.360><c> rocky</c><00:27:31.760><c> planet</c><00:27:32.400><c> orbiting</c><00:27:32.960><c> a</c><00:27:33.200><c> dim</c><00:27:33.600><c> red</c><00:27:33.919><c> dwarf</c>

26:25.922 --> 26:25.932 align:start position:0%
a rocky planet orbiting a dim red dwarf
 

26:25.932 --> 26:28.722 align:start position:0%
a rocky planet orbiting a dim red dwarf
star<00:27:34.799><c> 40</c><00:27:35.200><c> lighty</c><00:27:35.440><c> years</c><00:27:35.679><c> away</c><00:27:36.480><c> is</c><00:27:36.799><c> pretty</c>

26:28.722 --> 26:28.732 align:start position:0%
star 40 lighty years away is pretty
 

26:28.732 --> 26:31.521 align:start position:0%
star 40 lighty years away is pretty
incredible.<00:27:38.559><c> And</c><00:27:38.799><c> scientists</c><00:27:39.360><c> haven't</c><00:27:39.679><c> given</c>

26:31.521 --> 26:31.531 align:start position:0%
incredible. And scientists haven't given
 

26:31.531 --> 26:33.682 align:start position:0%
incredible. And scientists haven't given
up<00:27:40.080><c> hope.</c><00:27:40.960><c> They've</c><00:27:41.279><c> learned</c><00:27:41.520><c> from</c><00:27:41.679><c> the</c><00:27:41.840><c> first</c>

26:33.682 --> 26:33.692 align:start position:0%
up hope. They've learned from the first
 

26:33.692 --> 26:36.161 align:start position:0%
up hope. They've learned from the first
sets<00:27:42.320><c> of</c><00:27:42.480><c> James</c><00:27:42.880><c> Web</c><00:27:43.120><c> data</c><00:27:43.760><c> and</c><00:27:44.080><c> modified</c>

26:36.161 --> 26:36.171 align:start position:0%
sets of James Web data and modified
 

26:36.171 --> 26:38.562 align:start position:0%
sets of James Web data and modified
their<00:27:44.799><c> technique</c><00:27:45.200><c> to</c><00:27:45.440><c> achieve</c><00:27:45.919><c> more</c><00:27:46.320><c> precise</c>

26:38.562 --> 26:38.572 align:start position:0%
their technique to achieve more precise
 

26:38.572 --> 26:40.962 align:start position:0%
their technique to achieve more precise
measurements.<00:27:48.080><c> And</c><00:27:48.240><c> as</c><00:27:48.480><c> they</c><00:27:48.720><c> examine</c><00:27:49.120><c> the</c>

26:40.962 --> 26:40.972 align:start position:0%
measurements. And as they examine the
 

26:40.972 --> 26:43.362 align:start position:0%
measurements. And as they examine the
results<00:27:49.600><c> of</c><00:27:49.840><c> more</c><00:27:50.159><c> web</c><00:27:50.400><c> data,</c><00:27:51.120><c> they</c><00:27:51.360><c> hope</c><00:27:51.520><c> to</c>

26:43.362 --> 26:43.372 align:start position:0%
results of more web data, they hope to
 

26:43.372 --> 26:45.122 align:start position:0%
results of more web data, they hope to
be<00:27:51.840><c> able</c><00:27:52.000><c> to</c><00:27:52.159><c> confirm</c><00:27:52.480><c> the</c><00:27:52.720><c> presence</c><00:27:53.120><c> or</c>

26:45.122 --> 26:45.132 align:start position:0%
be able to confirm the presence or
 

26:45.132 --> 26:47.761 align:start position:0%
be able to confirm the presence or
absence<00:27:54.000><c> of</c><00:27:54.240><c> carbon</c><00:27:54.640><c> dioxide</c><00:27:55.600><c> and</c><00:27:55.919><c> a</c>

26:47.761 --> 26:47.771 align:start position:0%
absence of carbon dioxide and a
 

26:47.771 --> 26:50.802 align:start position:0%
absence of carbon dioxide and a
secondary<00:27:56.640><c> atmosphere,</c><00:27:57.760><c> a</c><00:27:58.080><c> key</c><00:27:58.399><c> step</c><00:27:58.720><c> in</c><00:27:58.960><c> the</c>

26:50.802 --> 26:50.812 align:start position:0%
secondary atmosphere, a key step in the
 

26:50.812 --> 26:54.962 align:start position:0%
secondary atmosphere, a key step in the
search<00:27:59.440><c> for</c><00:27:59.679><c> life</c><00:28:00.159><c> on</c><00:28:00.480><c> one</c><00:28:00.799><c> E.</c><00:28:02.240><c> No</c><00:28:02.559><c> joy</c><00:28:02.960><c> on</c><00:28:03.120><c> that</c>

26:54.962 --> 26:54.972 align:start position:0%
search for life on one E. No joy on that
 

26:54.972 --> 26:57.042 align:start position:0%
search for life on one E. No joy on that
front<00:28:03.600><c> yet,</c><00:28:03.919><c> though.</c><00:28:04.480><c> The</c><00:28:04.720><c> most</c><00:28:04.880><c> recent</c><00:28:05.200><c> study</c>

26:57.042 --> 26:57.052 align:start position:0%
front yet, though. The most recent study
 

26:57.052 --> 26:59.442 align:start position:0%
front yet, though. The most recent study
on<00:28:05.600><c> the</c><00:28:05.760><c> topic</c><00:28:06.240><c> tentatively</c><00:28:07.039><c> suggests</c><00:28:07.600><c> that</c>

26:59.442 --> 26:59.452 align:start position:0%
on the topic tentatively suggests that
 

26:59.452 --> 27:02.001 align:start position:0%
on the topic tentatively suggests that
Trappist<00:28:08.399><c> 1e</c><00:28:09.039><c> might</c><00:28:09.520><c> have</c><00:28:09.760><c> a</c><00:28:10.000><c> methane</c>

27:02.001 --> 27:02.011 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1e might have a methane
 

27:02.011 --> 27:04.401 align:start position:0%
Trappist 1e might have a methane
atmosphere,<00:28:11.200><c> but</c><00:28:11.440><c> this</c><00:28:11.679><c> might</c><00:28:12.000><c> also</c><00:28:12.640><c> be</c>

27:04.401 --> 27:04.411 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, but this might also be
 

27:04.411 --> 27:06.802 align:start position:0%
atmosphere, but this might also be
interference<00:28:13.360><c> from</c><00:28:13.520><c> its</c><00:28:13.760><c> host</c><00:28:14.080><c> star.</c><00:28:14.799><c> Methane</c>

27:06.802 --> 27:06.812 align:start position:0%
interference from its host star. Methane
 

27:06.812 --> 27:09.761 align:start position:0%
interference from its host star. Methane
in<00:28:15.440><c> Trappist</c><00:28:16.000><c> 1</c><00:28:16.240><c> itself</c><00:28:17.200><c> getting</c><00:28:17.600><c> in</c><00:28:17.840><c> the</c><00:28:18.000><c> way</c>

27:09.761 --> 27:09.771 align:start position:0%
in Trappist 1 itself getting in the way
 

27:09.771 --> 27:12.962 align:start position:0%
in Trappist 1 itself getting in the way
of<00:28:18.399><c> the</c><00:28:18.640><c> smaller</c><00:28:19.039><c> planet.</c><00:28:20.399><c> Perhaps</c><00:28:20.880><c> Trappist</c>

27:12.962 --> 27:12.972 align:start position:0%
of the smaller planet. Perhaps Trappist
 

27:12.972 --> 27:15.042 align:start position:0%
of the smaller planet. Perhaps Trappist
1E<00:28:21.760><c> and</c><00:28:21.919><c> its</c><00:28:22.159><c> neighbors</c><00:28:22.559><c> will</c><00:28:22.799><c> turn</c><00:28:22.960><c> out</c><00:28:23.200><c> to</c>

27:15.042 --> 27:15.052 align:start position:0%
1E and its neighbors will turn out to
 

27:15.052 --> 27:18.082 align:start position:0%
1E and its neighbors will turn out to
have<00:28:23.679><c> a</c><00:28:24.000><c> unique</c><00:28:24.559><c> inhospitable</c><00:28:25.600><c> atmosphere.</c>

27:18.082 --> 27:18.092 align:start position:0%
have a unique inhospitable atmosphere.
 

27:18.092 --> 27:20.161 align:start position:0%
have a unique inhospitable atmosphere.
Or<00:28:26.640><c> perhaps</c><00:28:27.039><c> one</c><00:28:27.279><c> that</c><00:28:27.520><c> could</c><00:28:27.760><c> theoretically</c>

27:20.161 --> 27:20.171 align:start position:0%
Or perhaps one that could theoretically
 

27:20.171 --> 27:23.362 align:start position:0%
Or perhaps one that could theoretically
support<00:28:28.960><c> life.</c><00:28:29.840><c> Or</c><00:28:30.080><c> maybe,</c><00:28:30.720><c> just</c><00:28:31.039><c> maybe,</c>

27:23.362 --> 27:23.372 align:start position:0%
support life. Or maybe, just maybe,
 

27:23.372 --> 27:26.082 align:start position:0%
support life. Or maybe, just maybe,
we'll<00:28:32.000><c> find</c><00:28:32.240><c> one</c><00:28:32.559><c> just</c><00:28:32.880><c> like</c><00:28:33.120><c> home.</c><00:28:34.159><c> It's</c>

27:26.082 --> 27:26.092 align:start position:0%
we'll find one just like home. It's
 

27:26.092 --> 27:28.001 align:start position:0%
we'll find one just like home. It's
exciting<00:28:34.880><c> to</c><00:28:35.120><c> find</c><00:28:35.360><c> so</c><00:28:35.600><c> much</c><00:28:35.840><c> potential</c><00:28:36.159><c> for</c>

27:28.001 --> 27:28.011 align:start position:0%
exciting to find so much potential for
 

27:28.011 --> 27:30.562 align:start position:0%
exciting to find so much potential for
life<00:28:36.720><c> relatively</c><00:28:37.279><c> nearby,</c><00:28:38.240><c> even</c><00:28:38.559><c> in</c><00:28:38.799><c> the</c>

27:30.562 --> 27:30.572 align:start position:0%
life relatively nearby, even in the
 

27:30.572 --> 27:33.362 align:start position:0%
life relatively nearby, even in the
midst<00:28:39.200><c> of</c><00:28:39.360><c> an</c><00:28:39.679><c> extreme</c><00:28:40.240><c> environment.</c><00:28:41.520><c> But</c>

27:33.362 --> 27:33.372 align:start position:0%
midst of an extreme environment. But
 

27:33.372 --> 27:35.442 align:start position:0%
midst of an extreme environment. But
whatever<00:28:42.159><c> the</c><00:28:42.320><c> atmosphere</c><00:28:42.960><c> turns</c><00:28:43.279><c> out</c><00:28:43.440><c> to</c><00:28:43.679><c> be</c>

27:35.442 --> 27:35.452 align:start position:0%
whatever the atmosphere turns out to be
 

27:35.452 --> 27:37.682 align:start position:0%
whatever the atmosphere turns out to be
on<00:28:44.000><c> Trappist</c><00:28:44.559><c> 1e.</c><00:28:45.360><c> With</c><00:28:45.600><c> the</c><00:28:45.760><c> recent</c>

27:37.682 --> 27:37.692 align:start position:0%
on Trappist 1e. With the recent
 

27:37.692 --> 27:40.161 align:start position:0%
on Trappist 1e. With the recent
discovery<00:28:46.640><c> of</c><00:28:46.960><c> formations</c><00:28:47.520><c> on</c><00:28:47.840><c> Mars</c><00:28:48.159><c> that</c><00:28:48.399><c> are</c>

27:40.161 --> 27:40.171 align:start position:0%
discovery of formations on Mars that are
 

27:40.171 --> 27:42.082 align:start position:0%
discovery of formations on Mars that are
thought<00:28:48.720><c> to</c><00:28:48.880><c> have</c><00:28:49.120><c> been</c><00:28:49.279><c> impossible</c><00:28:49.840><c> to</c><00:28:50.080><c> form</c>

27:42.082 --> 27:42.092 align:start position:0%
thought to have been impossible to form
 

27:42.092 --> 27:44.641 align:start position:0%
thought to have been impossible to form
without<00:28:50.960><c> life,</c><00:28:51.760><c> I</c><00:28:52.000><c> find</c><00:28:52.159><c> it</c><00:28:52.320><c> hard</c><00:28:52.559><c> to</c><00:28:52.720><c> shake</c>

27:44.641 --> 27:44.651 align:start position:0%
without life, I find it hard to shake
 

27:44.651 --> 27:46.562 align:start position:0%
without life, I find it hard to shake
the<00:28:53.200><c> feeling</c><00:28:53.679><c> that</c><00:28:53.919><c> the</c><00:28:54.159><c> discovery</c><00:28:54.640><c> of</c>

27:46.562 --> 27:46.572 align:start position:0%
the feeling that the discovery of
 

27:46.572 --> 27:49.682 align:start position:0%
the feeling that the discovery of
extraterrestrial<00:28:56.000><c> life</c><00:28:56.399><c> feels</c><00:28:56.960><c> inevitable.</c>

27:49.682 --> 27:49.692 align:start position:0%
extraterrestrial life feels inevitable.
 

27:49.692 --> 27:55.042 align:start position:0%
extraterrestrial life feels inevitable.
The<00:28:58.320><c> only</c><00:28:58.559><c> question</c><00:28:58.880><c> is</c><00:28:59.679><c> when.</c>

27:49.692 --> 27:49.702 align:start position:0%
you'll love having this in your inbox
 

27:49.692 --> 27:52.412 align:start position:0%
you'll love having this in your inbox
every<00:29:35.360><c> week.</c>